ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
Report On
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE SOURCE INVESTIGATIONS
MISSOURI RIVER AND KANSAS RIVER
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
National Field Investigations Center-Denver
Denver, Colorado
and
Region VII, Kansas City, Missouri
April 1973
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ........................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................ viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................... ix
LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES ................... x
LIST OF APPENDICES FIGURES .................. xv
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................... xvii
I. INTRODUCTION ....................... 1
A. 1957 CONFERENCE ON THE MATTER OF POLLUTION ...... 1
B. 1960 PUBLIC HEARING ................. 2
C. 1965 PROGRESS EVALUATION MEETING ........... 3
D. STATUS PRIOR TO 1970 (FALL) SURVEY .......... 4
E. 1970 SURVEY ..................... 5
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................. 7
III. RECOMMENDATIONS ..................... 17
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ................. 21
A. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION ................. 21
B. CLIMATE ....................... 22
C. HYDROLOGY ...................... 22
D. POPULATION AND ECONOMY ................ 23
V. APPLICABLE STANDARDS ................... 25
A. KANSAS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ............ 25
B. MISSOURI WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ........... 26
VI. STREAM SURVEY ...................... 29
A. KANSAS RIVER ..................... 29
Bacteriological Conditions ............. 29
Dissolved Oxygen .................. 33
July 1972 . ................... 33
September 1972 .................. 34
Turbidity ..................... 34
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Sediment and Benthos Characteristics 34
Fish Flavor 37
Heavy Metals 38
B. MISSOURI RIVER 40
Bacteriological Conditions . . 40
Dissolved Oxygen 42
VII. WASTE SOURCES 45
A. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 45
1. Discharges to the Missouri River 45
West Side Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 48
Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant 49
2. Discharges to the Kansas River 56
3. Discharges to Turkey Creek 57
B. INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES 58
1. Phillips Petroleum Company ... 58
2. Private Brands Incorporated-Gordon Corporation . . 59
3. Penn Central Company, Inc 60
4. Colgate-Palmolive Company 60
5. Sims Barrel Company 61
6. Acme Plating Corporation 62
C. DIRECT DISCHARGES OF UNTREATED DOMESTIC WASTES .... 63
1. Kansas River 63
2. Turkey Creek 65
3. Jersey Creek 66
REFERENCES 71
vi
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
VI-1 SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS FOR KANSAS AND
MISSOURI RIVERS JULY 10-15, 1972 32
VI-2 OFF-FLAVOR AND DESIRABILITY SCORES OF CAGED
CHANNEL CATFISH, MISSOURI RIVER 1969 and 1972 39
VI-3 CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN FISH AND CRAYFISH
EXPOSED IN KANSAS AND MISSOURI RIVERS
KANSAS CITY, 1972 41
VII-1 SALMONELLA SEROTYPES ISOLATED IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS KANSAS CITY
METROPOLITAN AREA 47
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Follows
Figure No. Pace
Inside
1 STUDY AREA, KANSAS CITY, KANSAS Back Cover
VI-1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AT WHICH BACTERIAL DENSITIES
EXCEEDED KANSAS AND MISSOURI WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS CRITERIA, KANSAS CITY AREA
JULY 10-15, 1972 30
VI-2 LOCATIONS AT WHICH DISSOLVED OXYGEN VIOLATED WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS, KANSAS CITY AREA JULY 10-15, 1972 34
VI-3 DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES IN THE KANSAS RIVER,
KANSAS SEPTEMBER 18-19, 1972 34
VI-4 SURFACE TURBIDITY IN THE KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER, 1972 34
VI-5 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BENTHOS IN THE KANSAS RIVER,
KANSAS SEPTEMBER, 1972 36
VI-6 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AT WHICH BACTERIAL DENSITIES
EXCEEDED KANSAS AND MISSOURI WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS CRITERIA, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
TO LEXINGTON, MISSOURI JULY 16-20, 1972 40
VI-7 BACTERIAL DENSITIES-MISSOURI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
KANSAS CITY TO LEXINGTON, MISSOURI
JULY 16-20, 1972 42
VI-8 LOCATIONS AT WHICH DISSOLVED OXYGEN VIOLATED WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI TO
LEXINGTON, MISSOURI JULY 16-20, 1972 44
viii
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LIST OF APPENDICES
A WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (EXCERPTS)
B MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES B-l
B-I. KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT B-3
B-II. TOWNSHIP WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT B-15
B-III. WEST SIDE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT .... B-31
B-IV. JOHNSON COUNTY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT . . B-39
C INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES C-l
C-I. WILSON PACKING COMPANY C-3
C-II. STANDARD RENDERING COMPANY C-9
C-III. GENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION . C-15
C-IV. CHICAGO ROCK ISLAND RAILROAD C-21
C-V. OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION C-27
C-VI. COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY C-33
C-VII. SIMS BARREL COMPANY C-39
C-VIII. ACME PLATING CORPORATION C-49
C-IX. PRIVATE BRANDS INCORPORATED
GORDON CORPORATION C-55
C-X. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY C-63
C-XI. PENN CENTRAL COMPANY, INC C-73
D DIRECT DISCHARGES TO RECEIVING STREAMS
E CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
F PERMISSION TO SAMPLE ON COMPANY PROPERTY
G BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA, MISSOURI RIVER, KANSAS CITY
TO LEXINGTON JULY 16-20, 1972
H JAR TESTS, KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
I KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, ORDINANCE NO. 42913
J BACTERIA SURVIVAL STUDIES
K METHODS OF ANALYSIS
L DYE STUDIES
M DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY TREATED
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
N SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
0 KANSAS CITY, KANSAS ORDINANCE NO. 51421
P STREAM SURVEY DATA
ix
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LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES
Table No. Page
B-l Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
September 22, 1972 B-9
B-2 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
September 23-24, 1972 B-10
B-3 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
September 25-28, 1972 B-ll
B-4 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 5, September 15-17, 1972 B-22
B-5 Summary of Bacteriological Results, Turkey
Creek, September 16-18, 1972 B-22
B-6 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 6, September 15-17, 1972 B-23
B-7 Summary of Bacteriological Results, Unnamed
Creek Discharging to Turkey Creek
September 16-18, 1972 B-23
B-8 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 7, September 30-October 2, 1972 B-24
B-9 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 8, September 15-17, 1972 B-25
B-10 Summary of Bacteriological Results, Barber
Creek, September 16-18, 1972 B-25
B-ll Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 9, September 30-October 2, 1972 B-26
B-12 Summary of Bacteriological Results, Little
Turkey Creek, October 1-3, 1972 B-26
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LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES (Cont.)
Table No.
B-13 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant No. 20, September 30-October 2, 1972 B-27
B-14 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Missouri, West Side Waste-
water Treatment Plant, September 22, 1972 B-34
B-15 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Missouri, West Side Waste-
water Treatment Plant, September 23-24, 1972 B-35
B-16 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Kansas City, Missouri, West Side Waste-
water Treatment Plant, September 25-28, 1972 B-36
B-17 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Johnson County, Kansas, Main Wastewater
Treatment Plant, September 15-17, 1972 B-42
B-18 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Johnson County, Kansas, Turkey Creek
Wastewater Treatment Plant
September 15-17, 1972 B-43
C-l Summary of Field Measurements and Analytical
Data, Wilson Packing Co., Kansas City,
Kansas, September 19-21, 1972 C-4
C-2 Summary of Field Measurements and Analytical
Data, Standard Rendering Company, Kansas
City, Kansas, September 19-21, 1972 C-9
C-3 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, General American Transportation Corp.,
Kansas City, Kansas, September 26-28, 1972 C-13
C-4 Organic Compounds Present in Accelator Effluent
General American Transportation Corp., Kansas
City, Kansas, September 27-28, 1972 C-14
xi
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LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES (Cont.)
Table No. Page
C-5 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Rock Island Railroad, Kansas City,
Kansas, September 26-28, 1972 C-19
C-6 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Kansas
City, Kansas, October 3-5, 1972 C-26
C-7 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Kansas City,
Kansas, September 19-21, 1972 C-31
C-8 Sims Barrel Company, Oil-Line Operation C-37
C-9 Sims Barrel Company, Paint-Line Operation C-38
C-10 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Sims Barrel Company, Kansas City,
Kansas, October 3-5, 1972 C-40
C-ll Organic Compounds Present in Clarifier Effluent
From Sims Barrel Company and the 12th Street
Sewer, October 3, 1972 C-41
C-12 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Acme Plating Corp., Kansas City,
Kansas, October 3-5, 1972 C-48
C-13 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Private Brands Incorporated-Gordon
Corp., Kansas City, Kansas, July 20-21, 1972 C-54
C-14 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Private Brands Incorporated-Gordon Corp.,
Kansas City, Kansas, September 26-28, 1972 C-55
C-15 Summary of Field Measurements and Chemical
Data, Phillips Petroleum Company, Kansas City,
Kansas, September 14-15, 1972 C-65
C-16 Field Measurements, Chemical and Bacteriological
Results, Penn Central Company, Inc., Kansas
City, Kansas, September 25, 1972 C-75
xii
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LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES (Cont.)
Tab le No
D-l Outfall Locations, Kansas River, RM 10 to
Mouth, June 15-16, 1972 D-2
D-2 Effluent Characteristics of Direct Discharges
to Kansas River, July-September-October, 1972 D-7
D-3 Outfall Locations, Turkey Creek, Wyandotte
County Line to Kansas River, June 13-15, 1972 D-8
D-4 Effluent Characteristics of Direct Discharges
Turkey Creek and Jersey Creek, May 25 and
September 25, 1972 D-12
D--5 Outfall Locations, Jersey Creek, 38th Street
to 13th Street, May 15-19, 1972 D-13
G-l Bacteriological Data-Missouri River, Kansas
City, Kansas to Lexington, Missouri
July 16-20, 1972 G-2
H-l Laboratory Filtration of Kansas City, Kansas,
Kaw Point WWTP Influent H-4
J-l Bacteria Survival Studies, Missouri River-
Kansas City, Kansas, September-October, 1972 J-2
N-l Kansas City, Kansas, Stream Survey Locations N-l
N-2 Kansas City, Kansas, Survey Stations
Identification, September-October 1972 N-3
P-l Summary of Field Measurements and Analytical
Data, Kansas and Missouri Rivers-Kansas
City Area, July 10-15, 1972 P-l
P-2 Summary of Bacteriological Analyses, Kansas
and Missouri Rivers, Kansas City Area
July 10-15, 1972 P-3
xiii
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LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES (Cont.)
Table No. Page
P-3 Water Quality, Kansas River, Kansas
September 18, 1972 P-5
P-4 Water Quality, Kansas River, Kansas
September 18, 1972 P-7
P-5 Benthos-Kansas River, Kansas
September 1972 P-9
P-6 Physical and Chemical Characterization of
Sediments, Kansas River, Kansas
September 1972 P-ll
P-7 Summary of Bacteriological Analyses, Missouri
River and Tributaries, Kansas City, Missouri
to Lexington, Missouri, July 16-20, 1972 P-16
P-8 Summary of Field Measurements and Analytical
Data, Missouri River-Kansas City Area
to Lexington, Missouri, July 16-20, 1972 P-18
xiv
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LIST OF APPENDICES FIGURES
Follows
Figure No. Page
B-l Kansas City, Kansas Kaw Point Wastewater
Treatment Plant B-4
B-2 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 5 B-16
B-3 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 6 - B-16
B-4 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 7 B-18
B-5 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 8 B-18
B-6 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 9 B-18
B-7 Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 20 B-20
B-8 Kansas City, Missouri West Side Wastewater
Treatment Plant B-32
B-9 Flow Diagram, Johnson County Wastewater
Treatment Plant 5800 Nail B-40
C-l Wilson Packing Company C-4
C-2 Standard Rendering Company C-10
C-3 General American Transportation Corporation C-16
C-4 Rock Island Railroad Waste Treatment Facility C-22
C-5 Owens-Corning Fiberglas C-28
C-6 Colgate-Palmolive Company C-34
C-7 Sims Barrel Plant and Wastewater Treatment
Facility C-40
C-8 Acme Plating C-50
xv
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LIST OF APPENDICES FIGURES (Cont.)
Follows
Figure No. Page
C-9 Private Brands Incorporated-
Gordon Corporation C-56
C-10 Phillips Petroleum Company C-64
C-ll Penn Central Company, Incorporated C-74
H-l Jar Tests, Untreated Influent Raw Point
Wastewater Treatment Plant H-2
H-2 Optimum Result-Jar Tests, Untreated Influent
Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant H-2
xvi
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ti'.iy - Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 5-day
<-'Ji) -- Chemical Oxygen Demand
IX) - Dissolved Oxygen
M[JN - Most Probable Number
rlF - Membrane Filter
NH-N - Ammonia as Nitrogen
NO, + NO^-N - Nitrate Nitrite as Nitrogen
TOG - Total Organic Carbon
nil - River Mileage (e.g. 367.5/4.0) with first number
denoting distance from mouth of the Missouri River
to the confluence with a tributary stream, and
second value indicating distance upstream of mouth
of the tributary stream.
Pb - Lead
Zn - Zinc
Cu - Copper
Cr - Chromium
Cd - Cadmium
Hg - Mercury
M! - Nickel
WwTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant
H - Normal solution, one that contains 1 gram equivalent
weight of solute/liter of solution.
bbi - Volume in barrels =o.159 m
°C - Temperature in degrees Centigrade = 5/9 (°F-32)
t-tin - Flow rate given in cubic feet per minute
= 0.4720 liters per second
xvii
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Cont.)
cfs - Flow rate given in cubic feet per second
= 0.0283 cubic meters per second or
28.3 liters per second
cm - Length in centimeters = 0.3937 in. or 0.03281 ft.
9
G - Giga, a prefix for billion - 10
gpd - Flow rate in gallons per day - 0.003785 m /day
gpm - Flow rate in gallons per minute = 0.0631 liters
per second
kg - Weight in kilograms =» 2.205 pounds
km - Distance in kilometers - 0.621 miles
2
km - Area in square kilometers = 100 hectares or
0.3861 square miles
1 - Volume in liters = 0.2642 gallons
m - Length in meters » 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards
M - Mega, a prefix for million » 10
3
m /day - Flow rate in cubic meters per day
- 0.000264 million gallons per day
mgd - Flow rate in million gallons per day
= 3,785 cubic meters per day
mg/1 - Concentration given in milligrams per liter
Ug/1 - " " " micrograms "
pmhos/cm - Unit of specific conductance (mhothe inverse of
the standard unit of electrical resistance, the ohm)
measured over a 1-centimeter distance, conventionally
at 25°C.
ppm - Concentration given in parts per million parts
xviii
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I. INTRODUCTION
A" 1^5/ CONFERENCE ON THE MATTER OF POLLUTION
On December 3, 1957, a Conference on the Matter of Pollution of the
Missouri River and Tributary Streams, held in Kansas City, Missouri,
was called by the Surgeon General of the United States. The conferees,
representing the official water pollution control agencies of the States
of Missouri and Kansas and the Surgeon General of the Public Health
Service, found that the principal sources of pollution in the Kansas
Cities metropolitan area were untreated and inadequately treated sewage
and industrial wastes from Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri;
North Kansas City, Missouri; and local industrial establishments.
The conferees agreed that the effects of the pollution were:
(1) deterioration of water quality for public water supply of downstream
municipalities, with associated enhancement of possible disease trans-
nuHsiou; (2) increased concentrations of coliform and other organisms
associated with human diseases that constituted a health hazard to
commercial and recreational users of the river; (3) deterioration of
water quality so as to prevent full employment of the river as a com-
mercial fishery and for sport fishing; (4) impairment of water quality
so at, to interfere with navigation and actual and potential use of the
river for many industrial uses; (5) interference with water quality so
as to degrade the Missouri River area below the Kansas City metropolitan
area as a wildfowl habitat; and (6) deterioration of water quality to
the extent that severe sight and odor nuisances were created, resulting
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in serious impairment of the river as a recreational area and
specifically preventing the use of various river-front sites for
recreational areas and parks.
The conferees agreed that treatment works and the collection of
sewage in the Kansas City metropolitan area would be completed and in
operation by March 1, 1962, with the understanding that the complete
separation of storm and sanitary sewage from Kansas City, Kansas, might
not be effectuated until January 1, 1963. The City of Kansas City,
Kansas, represented by Leo J. Moroney (representing Mayor Paul Mitchum),
expressed no dissent or disagreement with the schedule.
In a letter, dated January 31, 1958, the Surgeon General recommended
to the Missouri Department of Public Health and Welfare and to the Kansas
State Board of Health that they take appropriate action under their State
water pollution programs to ensure that contributors to such pollution
within their jurisdiction take steps to meet the time schedule for
remedial action unanimously agreed upon by the conferees.
B. 1960 j>UBLIC HEARING
On May 18, 1960, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
called a public hearing for June 13, 1960, in Kansas City, Missouri,
because the remedial action recommended by the Surgeon General to secure
21
abatement of the pollution had not been taken. On the basis of the
evidence presented at the hearing the Hearing Board found, regarding
interstate waters, that pollution which endangered the health or welfare
of persons was occurring and that effective progress toward its abatement
was not being made.
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'the Board recommended that certain measures should be taken to
afoace the pollution. With respect to Kansas City, Kansas, these recom-
mendations were that the City should cease discharging sewage and other
wasces without proper, adequate, and effective control and treatment.
The City should construct and place in operation effective municipal
aiul industrial sewage and waste collection, treatment, and disposal
facilities as are necessary to abate the pollution. On or before
Novamber 15, 1960, individual industries desiring to be served by the
public sewerage should inform the City of the volume and character of
the waste each industry proposed to discharge to the sewer system. On
or before May 1, 1961, the City should complete arrangements for financing
of remedial facilities and should instruct its engineer to proceed with
final plans and specifications for the facilities. On or before July 1,
1962, final plans and specifications for all remedial facilities were to
be completed and submitted to the State Board of Health for review and
approval, and that on or before January 1, 1963, all such remedial facili-
ties were to be placed under contract for construction, to be completed
and placed in operation within a reasonable time.
c- 1965 PROGRESS EVALUATION MEETING
On April 21, 1965, a progress evaluation meeting was held in Kansas
3/
City, Missouri. On the basis of statements made at the meeting,
unanimous accord was reached between the State and Federal agencies
involved, with respect to the cities comprising the Kansas City metro-
politan area, stipulating that previous deadlines should be extended.
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All major contracts should be let by January 1, 1966, all construction
completed by January 1, 1967, and that all financial arrangements for
such construction should be made within 60 days from April 21, 1965.
Then, it was also agreed that the State of Kansas would recommend that
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare take appropriate legal
action to ensure compliance.
D. STATUS PRIOR TO 1970 (FALL) SURVEY
Although primary waste treatment plants have been completed by the
City of Kansas City, Kansas, and are presently operating, the waste col-
lection system that was to be completed by March 1, 1962, remains incom-
plete. The Turkey Creek Interceptor sewer has been partially constructed
but does not connect to the treatment plant. Part of the Argentine Inter-
ceptor sewer has been completed, but portions of the project are not yet
under construction. Construction has not begun either on the Muncie
Interceptor sewer or on plant enlargement and secondary treatment for
the Kaw Point Uastewater Treatment Plant and District Treatment Plant
Number 20, which also includes an interceptor sewer, pumping station,
and force main. [Figure 1. See inside back cover.]
Because the City has failed to construct and complete its waste
collection facilities, industrial and domestic wastes flow directly and
indirectly (via municipal sewers and tributary streams) into the Kansas
and Missouri Rivers.
Lax enforcement of the Kansas City, Kansas, Ordinance No. 42913
which requires industries connected to the City sewer system to pretreat
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their wastes to meet limits only for nontoxic parameters has resulted in
discharge of toxic industrial wastes to the Kaw Point WWTP. These have
inhibited and destroyed the organisms necessary for proper operation
of the sludge digesters at the plant.
In November 1960 the citizens of Kansas City, Kansas, by popular
referendum, had approved a 15 million dollar bond issue to finance con-
struction of sewage collection and treatment facilities. Ordinance No.
42913 imposed a sewer-use fee in order to provide necessary funds for
repayment of bonds issued. The total expenditures authorized by the bond
issue have not been made. It is doubtful that the sewer-use fees so
imposed provide sufficient income to allow full utilization of the ap-
proved bond issue.
E. 1970 SURVEY
During September 1970, Region VII of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted an investigation of water-quality conditions and
of municipal and industrial waste sources discharging to the lower 16 km
4/
(ten miles) of the Kansas River within Kansas City, Kansas. Results
of the investigation revealed that water quality in the Kansas River as
it enters the metropolitan area was moderately degraded by the residual
effects of pollution from a variety of sources in the Kansas River Basin.
Discharges of municipal and industrial wastes to the lower reach further
degraded the river. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were below the
minimum allowable limit, 5 mg/1, bottom sediments were anaerobic, toxic
materials were present, and oil was observed on the water surface and
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river banks and in bottom sediments. High bacterial concentrations
rendered the water unfit for use as a public water supply or for any
type of recreational use.
Turkey Creek, a small tributary of the Kansas River with a watershed
2
of 62.2 km (24 square miles), was a primary source of pollution. Twenty-
four outfalls were identified, in the lower eight km (five miles) of
Turkey Creek, as potential sources of pollution.
As a result of the 1970 survey and the lack of action by the City
of Kansas City, Kansas, to eliminate the pollution of the Kansas and
Missouri Rivers, Region VII, EPA, requested that the National Field
Investigations Center-Denver (NFIC-D) conduct a water-quality and waste-
source survey in the Kansas City, Kansas, metropolitan area in order to
determine the extent of the pollution problems. This survey was conducted
from July 10 to 20, 1972 and from September 14 to October 5, 1972.
The Department of Justice, on October 6, 1972, filed a civil action
pursuant to Section 1160 of Title 33 of the United States Code. This
action, taken at the request of the Environmental Protection Agency,
was to enjoin the City of Kansas City, Kansas, from discharging untreated
and inadequately treated sewage and industrial wastes into the Kansas
and Missouri Rivers.
This report documents the steps that have been taken toward ful-
fillment of the 1957 Conference recommendations, the recommendations of
the 1960 Hearing Board, and the requirements of City Ordinance No. 42913,
and provides information to support the current litigation against the
City of Kansas City, Kansas.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. In July 1972, bacteriological studies were conducted of the
lower 16 km (ten miles) of the Kansas River and of the Missouri River
from upstream of the confluence with the Kansas River (KM 367.5) down-
stream to Lexington, Missouri (RM 317). The results disclosed that the
Kansas Water Quality Standards for fecal-coliform bacteria were viola-
ted at all stations in the Kansas River, from Turner Bridge (RM 367.5/9.1)
downstream to the confluence with the Missouri River. The dissolved-
oxygen criterion was violated at all stations from the 7th Street
Bridge (RM 367.5/3.5) to the mouth of the Kansas River.
The fecal-coliform bacterial densities in the Missouri River vio-
lated Kansas and Missouri State Water Quality Standards at all stations.
Bacterial survival studies demonstrated that enteric pathogens would
survive for long periods of time and would be present at the intake of
the Lexington, Missouri, municipal water supply, thus creating a serious
health hazard. Dissolved-oxygen levels that were less than the 5 mg/1
criterion were found at eight stations, including the Lexington water
supply intake structure.
Salmonella was isolated at three locations in the Kansas River and
seven locations in the Missouri River, including the Lexington water
supply intake. The presence of S. agona at stations on the Kansas
River and in the Missouri River downstream from the mouth of the Kansas
River showed that pathogenic bacteria were contributed from sources in
Kansas to the interstate waters of the Missouri River.
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2. A biological study of the lower 14.5 km (nine miles) of the
Kansas River, conducted in September 1972, indicated that the river was
of good quality from Turner Bridge (KM 367.5/9.1) downstream to West
Kansas Avenue Bridge (RM 367.5/5.8). However, it was evident from
the decrease in benthos variety, the increase in sludgeworms, and the
presence of organically rich stream deposits that the lower eight-km
(five-mile) reach was polluted.
3. A study in 1969 demonstrated that the flesh of caged channel
catfish which were exposed for four days in the Missouri and Kansas
Rivers was tainted by pollution. In 1972 the tests were repeated and,
with the exception of fish exposed near the Kansas City, Missouri,
water supply intake (upstream of the mouth of the Kansas River) ,
pollution again tainted the flesh to the degree that fish from all
sites were unacceptably off-flavor.
4. Samples of Kansas-River water were analyzed for heavy metals.
Results showed that the concentrations of copper (0.026 to 0.17 mg/1)
and of cadmium (0.02 to 0.03 mg/1) approached or exceeded the toxicity
threshhold for fresh-water fish and invertebrates.
Channel catfish and crayfish were exposed to the waters of the Kansas
and Missouri River waters for a period of 14 to 23 days. Copper was con-
centrated, by a factor of nine, in the flesh of catfish exposed in the
Kansas River (RM 367.5/0.2). Cadmium accumulated to a maximum of 3.6 ug/g
in crayfish (tails) and 4.4 yg/g in catfish fillets that were exposed in
the Missouri River (RM 367.0). Accumulation of cadmium could kill the
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fish: if large quantities of these fish were consumed by humans,
cadmium poisoning could be the result.
5. The Kansas City, Kansas, Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment
Plant has experienced several operational difficulties. According to
plant personnel, if all four clarifiers are used simultaneously, the
waste becomes septic due to increased detention times. Digesters have
been used primarily for storage for several years because of toxic ma-
terials in the sludge. All sludge is now incinerated, although in the
past, sludge was frequently discharged to the river.
The effluent is not disinfected. Fecal-coliform bacterial densities
in the Missouri River increased downstream as a result of the discharge
and violated the Missouri and Kansas State Water Quality Standards.
Influent and effluent concentrations averaged 412 mg/1 and 355 mg/1
BOD and 600 mg/1 and 348 mg/1 suspended solids, respectively. These
levels are considerably greater than those normally found in municipal
systems. The plant did not achieve primary treatment removal efficiencies
normally expected for BOD and suspended solids. Additional treatment is
required to reduce the waste load discharged to the river.
Settleability tests were conducted on the influent to the Kaw Point
Wastewater Treatment Plant in order to determine whether treatment could
be improved. The results of these studies indicate that chemical addition
achieves a significant improvement in effluent quality (75 percent re-
duction in suspended solids and 50 percent reduction in BOD). The plant
solids-handling facilities should be able to handle the additional sludge
created by chemical treatment.
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10
Approximately 60 percent of the flow and 80 percent of the BOD
and suspended solids influent to the Kaw Point WWTP originate from
industrial sources. The plant received an average of 54,000 kg
(121,000 Ib) suspended solids and 38,100 kg (83,900 Ib) BOD per day.
Under Ordinance No. 42913, Wilson Packing Company, Standard Rendering
Company, and Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation contributed a total
of 20 percent of the suspended solids (11,150 kg or 24,600 Ib) and
33 percent of the BOD (13,000 kg or 28,600 Ib) received at the Kaw
Point Wastewater Treatment Plant and paid approximately $235/day (total)
in treatment fees (14 percent of the treatment costs). The average cost
for daily treatment at the Kaw Point plant is $1,700 (excluding capital
costs). On December 12, 1972, a new Water Pollution Control Ordinance
(No. 51421) established new sewer service charges and surcharge rates
that will make pretreatment of high-strength industrial wastes more
economical than direct discharge to the Kaw Point WWTP.
The pretreatment section of Ordinance No. 42913 has not been
enforced. Toxic materials (phenols, cyanides, etc.) and high concen-
trations of oil and grease were discharged to the municipal sewers.
Heavy metals in the Kaw Point WWTP influent were either greater than
or approached concentrations specified in the Ordinance. Wastes with
pH values less than five or greater than ten were discharged to the
municipal sewers by the Chicago Rock Island Railroad, Owens-Corning
Fiberglas Corp., Sims Barrel Company, and the Acme Plating Corporation.
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11
6. The Kansas Water Quality Standards stipulate that all municipal
wastes discharged shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment by
December 31, 1975. All industrial wastes discharged will receive an
equivalent treatment by December 31, 1975.
7. The City of Kansas City, Kansas, operates six township waste-
water treatment plants within the corporate boundaries. Plants No. 7,
8, and 20 are primary facilities. Plant No. 8 was the only one achiev-
ing acceptable primary treatment for BOD and suspended solids. Plants
No. 5, 6, and 9 (secondary plants) were removing approximately 85
percent of the BOD and suspended solids.
Digester facilities at the primary plants have been abandoned.
Settled solids from the primary clarifiers at each plant are hauled
to the Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant for incineration.
None of the plants provide disinfection. Kansas water quality
criterion for fecal-coliform bacteria was violated in Turkey Creek,
Little Turkey Creek, Barber Creek, in an unnamed tributary to
Turkey Creek, and the Kansas River.
8. The Kansas City, Missouri, West Side Wastewater Treatment
Plant was found to be operating efficiently as a primary facility.
However, the effluent was not disinfected and sustained the bacterial
contamination in the Missouri River from upstream sources. The
Missouri water quality criteria for bacteria are not applicable in
"specified mixing zones adjacent to or downstream from waste outfall,"
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12
or when the stream is affected by storm water run-off. The "specified
mixing zone" has not been defined by the State.
9. The Johnson County Main Wastewater Treatment Plant and Turkey
Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant produced a combined effluent with a
BOD of 32 rag/1 and suspended solids of 24 mg/1. The effluents were
not adequately disinfected; however Salmonella were isolated in the
chlorine contact chambers.
10. Sixty-six sewer outfalls were located in the lower 16 km (ten
miles) of the Kansas River. Of these, 17 outfalls discharged untreated
industrial or domestic wastes. During the survey the outfalls which
contributed most of the pollutants were the 34th Street sewer
(RM 367.5/6.6), Osage Street sewer (RM 367.5/5.5), Argentine sewer
(RM 367.5/5.1), and 12th Street sewer (RM 367.5/4.4). The combined
3
flow was estimated at 68,100 m /day (18 mgd), and the combined BOD and
suspended solids load were 26,300 and 15,900 kg/day (58,000 and 35,000
Ib/day), respectively. The Turkey Creek inflow (RM 367.5/3.4) constituted
a significant source of pollution to the river.
11. Thirty-six outfalls were located in the reach of Turkey
Creek from the Wyandotte-Johnson County line (RM 367.5/3.4/3.8)
downstream to the confluence with the Kansas River. Ten of these
outfalls discharged either domestic or industrial wastes. An estimated
3
7,600 m /day (2 mgd) of untreated domestic waste was discharged from the
Turkey Creek Interceptor Stub. This waste was originally to be trans-
ported across the state line for treatment by Kansas City, Missouri.
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13
However, completion of the interceptor has been delayed since 1964
because of a lack of agreement between the two municipalities. By
the direction of the Kansas State Board of Health, the City of Kansas
City, Kansas, was to arrive at a final decision on a plan of action
before January 1, 1972. Currently, the city has applied for an EPA
construction grant to connect this discharge to the Kaw Point
Wastewater Treatment Plant before December 31, 1975.
Bacterial densities in Turkey Creek violated the Kansas water
quality criterion for intermittent streams for fecal-coliform bacteria.
12. The Sims Barrel Company discharged treated industrial waste
to the 12th Street sewer which flows into the Kansas River (RM 367.5/4.4).
Treatment was not adequate as the waste loads discharged by the company
contained high concentrations of BOD (1,400 rag/1), COD (2,800 mg/1),
phenols (9.8 mg/1), heavy metals, and organic compounds.
13. The Acme Plating firm has a permit, issued by the City of
Kansas City, Kansas, to discharge untreated industrial wastes to the
Argentine storm sewer. The storm sewer flows into the Kansas River
(RM 367.5/5.11). Concentrations of heavy metals in the company
effluent were: lead, 0.28 mg/1; zinc, 4.4 mg/1; copper, 1.03 mg/1;
chromium, 2.7 mg/1; cadmium, 0.45 mg/1; nickel, 2.8 mg/1; and mercury,
1.5 yg/1. These concentrations exceeded the limits of the EPA Interim
Effluent Guidelines, but were within the concentrations specified by
the new City Ordinance No. 51421. The concentrations of metals in
the Argentine sewer discharge to the Kansas River were significant.
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14
The company effluent also contained an average of 9.4 mg/1 cyanide
and had pH values as low as 2.8 (violations of the City Ordinance).
The low pH combined with the large concentration of cyanide produced
hazardous acidic conditions whereby hydrogen cyanide, an intensely
poisonous gas, is released.
14. The Colgate-Palmolive Company discharged sanitary and process
wastewater to the Osage Street sewer which discharges to the Kansas
River (RM 367.5/5.5), approximately 0.8 km (one-half mile) away. Slug
discharges of water treatment plant filter backwash water, containing
approximately 1,650 ms/1 suspended solids, were discharged daily.
15. Although the FBI-Gordon Corporation has made numerous
changes in its operating procedures and wastewater discharges in
order to eliminate the discharge of pesticides directly to the Kansas
River (RM 367.5/1.2), pesticides were found in the effluent. The
materials discharged are highly toxic to aquatic life and in small
quantities can cause localized water quality problems. Pesticide
concentrations and flows were less than those reported in the Refuse
Act Permit Program Application.
16. The Phillips Petroleum Company industrial waste effluent
is treated before discharge to the Missouri River (RM 368.9). Except
for the amounts of phenols and oil and grease, the effluent met the
EPA interim Effluent Guideline for a Class-D refinery. The effluent
contained 1.8 kg of oil and grease/100 m3 (6.3 lb/1000 bbl) and
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15
0.11 kg phenols/100 m3 0.4 lb/1,000 bbl) ; the Guidelines limit these
constituents to 1.4 and 0.014 kg/100 m (5.0 and 0.05 lb/1,000 bbl),
respectively. Additional treatment is required to reduce these concen-
trations to limits of the guideline. Sanitary wastes are discharged to
septic tanks located on company property. The septic tank effluents are
discharged to the industrial waste-treatment facility before being dis-
charged to the river.
17. The Penn Central Company, Inc., discharged oils and organic
materials (spilled on the plant ground in transfer and storage
operations) directly to Turkey Creek via the plant storm sewer.
Containment of this waste could be accomplished by preventing oil and
chemical spills on the plant grounds.
18. Sixteen storm sewers and seven sanitary outfalls discharged
to Jersey Creek. Conditions in the creek from 22nd Street to llth Street
were characterized by stagnant, septic pools, scattered trash and
debris, and rat-infested areas. Channel improvements and elimination
of waste discharges are currently being accomplished. Because the
Jersey Creek watershed includes one of the most densely populated areas
in Kansas City, Kansas, the improvement of the creek must be continued
in order to eliminate pollution and potential health hazards.
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III. RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to eliminate the endangerment to the health and welfare
of citizens of the United States, as documented herein, and to attain
compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, it is recommended that:
1. Appropriate City and County officials be formally advised
that the following actions are required:
a. secondary-treatment effluent limitations for publicly
owned treatment works established pursuant to the Amendments be met
by December 31, 1975, and that maximum waste loads be predicated on
the basis of effluent limitations (e.g. concentration of BOD and
suspended solids and present design flow),
b. the BOD and suspended solids in the effluent from the
wastewater treatment plants each not exceed a monthly average of 30 mg/1
and weekly average of 45 mg/1, or 85 percent overall reduction, whichever
produces better water quality by December 31, 1975 (this quality of ef-
fluent being achievable through a well-operated secondary plant),
c. the fecal-coliform bacterial density in the effluent from
the wastewater-treatment plants shall not exceed a weekly average of
400/100 ml and a monthly average of 200/100 ml,
d. owing to the high percentage of industrial wastes in the
influent to the Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant and to the equally
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18
high probability that toxic materials can enter the plant, concurrent
biological and physical-chemical treatment process pilot-plant studies
of the Kaw Point influent be conducted, to last for several months, in
order to determine reliability before a full-scale plant is designed
(the pilot plant studies not being used as a basis to obtain an ex-
tension of the December 31, 1975 deadline for secondary treatment),
e. in order to reduce the amount of contaminants entering the
Missouri River and to upgrade the existing plant to achieve primary
treatment efficiencies until a secondary plant can be put on line, the
Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant staff proceed immediately with
testing procedures on the influent to determine possible treatment
methods to remove additional amounts of BOD and suspended solids and
immediately apply the results to the full-scale plant,
f. the City of Kansas City, Kansas, establish pretreatment
regulations for industries discharging to the municipal sewers, thus
requiring the removal of pollutants and toxic substances not suscep-
tible to treatment or that would either interfere with the operation
of the treatment works or pass through the public systems in con-
centrations or loads inconsistent with effluent limitations for
secondary treatment plants established pursuant to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
g. the new Water Pollution Control Ordinance, No. 51421,
should be reviewed and revised as necessary to meet the stipulations
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of Section 307 of the 1972 Amendments and the regulations established
pursuant thereto, and the Ordinance, in its final form, be strictly
enforced,
h. the City of Kansas City, Kansas, eliminate the discharge
of all untreated domestic and industrial wastes, flowing through
municipal sewers, to the Kansas and Missouri Rivers and their tribu-
taries, with an implementation schedule, to establish the dates when
the discharges will be eliminated, being submitted to the EPA for
approval, and
i. a course of action be implemented to eliminate the con-
tinued reliance upon numerous small wastewater-treatment plants now
in use and to provide for a regional treatment system;
2. The Acme Plating Corporation take immediate steps:
a. to neutralize the pH of its waste to between 6 and 8.5,
b. to reduce the cyanide concentrations of its waste to 0.1
mg/1 or less, and
c. if the City of Kansas City, Kansas does not connect the
Argentine sewer to a wastewater treatment facility by December 31, 1974,
to reduce heavy-metal concentrations in the effluent to levels in the
EPA interim Effluent Guidelines for the metal-finishing industry,
based on best practicable control technology available by that date,
and if the Argentine sewer is connected to a wastewater treatment plant
by December 31, 1974, the effluent shall meet the limitations specified
in the pretreatment guidelines established by the 1972 Amentments;
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20
3. The FBI-Gordon Corporation conduct additional in-plant
surveys to locate and eliminate the sources of chemical-pollutant
entry to the company sewer system, sand the City permit the discharge
of all wastes, with the exception of cooling water, to the
Armourdale sewer, and if the pollutant sources cannot be eliminated,
the discharge be contained in an impervious holding basin or pond
and monitored for toxic materials before discharge to the City
sewer, with all monitoring date being reported to the City;
4. The Phillips Petroleum Company reduce the oil and grease
and phenols discharged to the Missouri River to 1.4 and 0.014 kg/100
3
m /day (5.0 and 0.05 lb/1,000 bbl/day) or less, respectively, by
December 31, 1975, these values being based on best practicable con-
trol technology currently available for the petroleum industry,
and that the company provide secondary treatment for its sanitary
wastes or discharge those wastes to the municipal wastewater treat-
ment plant by December 31, 1975;
5. The Penn Central Company practice good-housekeeping tech-
niques on their grounds outside of the plant, in order to prevent
oil and chemical spills from reaching Turkey Creek, with protective
diking or other approved facilities being constructed to contain
oil and chemical spills from damaged storage tanks, and with an
implementation schedule being submitted to the EPA for approval.
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21
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
A- PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
The Kansas River, formed by the confluence of the Republican and
Smokey Hill Rivers near Junction City, Kansas, flows eastward for approxi-
mately 193 km (120 miles) to its confluence with the Missouri River in
Kansas City, Kansas, on the Kansas-Missouri border. [Figure 1. See
inside back cover.] The topography of the greater Kansas River Basin
varies from rolling, semi-arid grassland in the west to steeply rolling,
partially wooded farmland in the east.
The drainage area directly tributary to the lower Kansas River
reach considered in this study totals approximately 171 km (66 square
3
miles), including 62 km (24 square miles) in the drainage area of
Turkey Creek, a tributary joining the Kansas River about 5 km (three
miles) upstream of its mouth.
The topography of the Kansas City metropolitan area is characterized
by hills flanking narrow flood plains along major water courses. Business
districts and residential areas are primarily located on the hills with
industrial districts on the flood plains. The flood plain of the Kansas
River averages one-to-three km (1-2 miles) in width in Kansas City. The
railroad yards of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and Union Pacific
and the Armourdale and Argentine industrial districts occupy much of this
floodplain.
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22
B. CLIMATE
The climate is typical of the central continental area, with extreme
fluctuations on both temperature and annual precipitation common. Winters
are generally dry and fairly mild; summers are hot with humid conditions.
Recorded temperatures at Kansas City ranged from 45°C (113°F) to minus
30°C (-22°F) with a mean temperature of 13°C (55°F).-
Annual precipitation averages 89 cm (35 inches) at Kansas City.
Thunderstorms and tornadoes are common in the summer. Climatic extremes
that range from droughts to cloudbursts-induced flash floods have been re-
corded. Annual runoff ranges from 20 cm (8 inches) at Kansas City to less
than 1.3 cm (0.5 inches) in western Kansas.
C. HYDROLOGY
The lower Kansas River is subject to large seasonal variations in
streamflow. Low-flow conditions usually occur during late summer and
may extend well into the winter months. High flows occur during the
spring months, primarily as the result of spring rains. At the Bonner
Springs, Kansas, gaging station, located about 34 km (21 miles) upstream
of the mouth of the river, the record streamflow ranged from 4.5 to
3 3
14,430 m /s (160 to 510,000 cfs) with an annual average of 189 m /s
(6,663 cfs). Annual runoff averages 5.9 Gm (4.8 million acre-feet).
Streamflow at Bonner Springs ranged from 39 to 219 m /s (1,390 to
7,750 cfs) during the July 5 through 21, 1972, and from 232 to 255 m3/s
(8,200 to 9,000 cfs) during the September 18 through 24 stream surveys.
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Streamflow in all of the major tributaries of the Kansas River is
regulated by flood control or irrigation reservoirs. This regulation
tends to reduce extreme variations in flow in the lower rivers. Runoff
from uncontrolled tributaries following heavy rainfall can produce
sudden increases in streamflow.
The hydrology of the Missouri River exerts an important influence
on the lower Kansas River. Water surface elevations in the Missouri
River are frequently higher than elevations that would normally occur
in the Kansas River at its mouth under free-flowing conditions. High
stages in the Missouri River produce backwater conditions in the Kansas
River which cause a ponding effect with increased water depths and
reduced flow velocities. High flood stages on the Missouri River can
produce backwater effects extending as much as 16 km (ten miles) up-
stream in the Kansas River. Stream flows in the Missouri River,
measured at the Kansas City gaging station, ranged from 1,470 to 2,120
m /s (52,000 to 75,000 cfs) during the July stream survey to between
1,980 to 3,400 m /s (70,000 to 120,000 cfs) during the September stream
survey.
D- POPULATION AND ECONOMY
The economy of the Kansas River Basin is primarily based on agri-
culture. Because of the rural nature of the basin, population density
is relatively low and decreases from east to west. The population of
Kansas City, Kansas, was 168,000 in 1970, a substantial increase from
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24
the 1960 population of 121,900. The metropolitan area encompassing
Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, Kansas, and other suburban com-
munities had 1960 and 1970 populations of 597,440 and 675,300, respec-
tively. Much of the metropolitan area growth in Kansas occurred in
the suburban areas adjacent to Turkey Creek or the Kansas River.
Kansas City is an important manufacturing center; products manufac-
tured include chemicals, paper goods, automobiles, railroad cars, petro-
leum products, casting and foundary materials, and dairy and agricul-
tural commodities. Meat packing, once a major industry, has declined
with only a few operations remaining.
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V. APPLICABLE STANDARDS
A. KANSAS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
The Missouri River In Kansas and the main stem of the Kansas River
are used for public water supply; industrial water supply; recreation,
including sport fishing; agricultural purposes; and receipt of treated
wastes. The Missouri River is also used for commercial fishing. Pol-
lutional substances are to be maintained below maximum permissible con-
centrations that would be detrimental to these or any other established
beneficial uses. [Excerpts of Water Quality Standards for Kansas and
Missouri are contained in Appendix A.]
All municipal wastes discharged within the Kansas River and Missouri
River Basins shall receive at least secondary treatment in order to
achieve a minimum of 85-percent reduction of the five-day BOD by December
31, 1975. All industrial wastes discharged within these basins will
receive an equivalent treatment by December 31, 1975.
Specific standards applicable to this survey include:
1. The fecal-coliform bacterial densities shall not exceed
2,000/100 ml sample in waters designated for public water
supply and recreation including sport fishing. In waters
designated for body-contact recreation the fecal-coliform
bacteria "content based on a minimum of not less than five
samples taken over not more than a 30-day period, shall not
exceed a log mean of 200 per 100 ml sample, nor shall more
than 10 percent of total samples during any 30-day period
exceed 400 per 100 ml sample."
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2. "The dissolved oxygen of the river shall be maintained at or
above 5 mg/1. Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 5 mg/1
shall not be due to man-made waste discharges."
3. "The river shall be free of floating debris, scum, and other
floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial, or
other waste disposal practices in amounts sufficient to be
unsightly or detrimental to established beneficial use."
4. "Taste and odor producing substances for man-made sources shall
be limited to concentrations in the river that will not inter-
fere with the production of potable water by reasonable water
treatment processes or impart unpalatable flavor to fish, or
result in noticeable offensive odors in the vicinity of the
water, or otherwise interfere with established beneficial use
of the river."
5. "All waste discharges to tributaries of the Kansas river shall
be controlled so that the quality of the water will not be
reduced beyond the limits of established criteria. In inter-
mittent stream waters, the fecal coliform shall not exceed
4,000 per 100 ml sample. Tributaries shall additionally be
controlled so that public health hazards or nuisance conditions
will not develop within tributary streams or drainage courses."
B. MISSOURI WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
The Missouri Water Pollution Board prohibits the discharge of all
municipal, industrial, agricultural, and mining effluents that would
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27
adversely affect either the present or future water uses as they become
current. The Missouri River is used for public and industrial water
supply, agricultural purposes, recreation, and commercial and sport
fishing.
Specific water quality standards applicable to this survey include:
1. The concentration of dissolved oxygen shall be maintained at a
minimum 5.0 mg/1 or greater.
2. The fecal-coliform bacterial densities shall not exceed
2,000/100 ml (either MPN or MF count), except in specified
mixing zones adjacent to or downstream from waste out;falls.
These criteria shall not be applicable when the stream is
affected by storm water runoff. [The Missouri Water Pollution
Board has not defined the "specified mixing zone."]
3. "Taste and odor producing substances discharged shall be limited
to concentrations in the stream that will not interfere with the
production of potable water by reasonable waste treatment pro-
cesses, or impart unpalatable flavor to food fish, or result in
noticeable offensive odors in the vicinity of the water, or
otherwise interfere with the reasonable use of the water."
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VI. STREAM SURVEY
In July, September, and October 1972, EPA investigators conducted
surveys on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers to determine effects of waste
discharges on water quality. A bacteriological survey was carried out
in two phases. Phase I, July 10-15, included examination of the Kansas
River from the Turner Bridge (RM 367.5/9.1) to its confluence with the
Missouri River and the portion of the Missouri River from the Jersey
Creek confluence (RM 368.2) downstream to the Armour-Swift-Burlington
(ASB) Bridge (RM 365.5). Phase II, July 16-20, covered the reach of the
Missouri River from the ASB Bridge downstream to Lexington, Missouri
(RM 317). A limited biological investigation of the lower 14 km
(nine miles) of the Kansas River was made in September. Chain-of-custody
procedures [Appendix E] were followed for samples as needed.
A. KANSAS RIVER
BacteriplpgicajL Conditions
In order to ascertain both the dispersion of wastes in the receiving
waters and the mixing pattern of the Kansas River and Jersey Creek with
the Missouri River, several dye releases were made in conjunction with
the bacteriological studies. [Dye studies are discussed in detail in
Appendix L.j These dye studies revealed that the Kansas River water
mixed only to the mid-channel of the Missouri River: that the Kaw Point
WWTP (Kansas City, Kansas) discharge stayed along the south bank of the
Missouri River and gradually mixed to one-third point of the channel at
the Broadway Street Bridge (RM 366.2): and that the West Side WWTP
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(Kansas City, Missouri) discharge mixed out to one-fourth point of
the channel of the Missouri River downstream at the Broadway Street
Bridge. The flow pattern of the West Side WWTP discharge was different
than that of the Kaw Point WWTP discharge.
Following the results of the dye studies, twenty sampling stations
[Figure VI-1] were established in the Kansas and Missouri Rivers from
the Turner Memorial Bridge (RM 367.5/9.1) on the Kansas River down-
stream to its confluence with the Missouri River and at three locations
on the Missouri River: upstream of the Jersey Creek confluence, down-
stream, and across the Kansas-Missouri State Line to the ASB Bridge.
Sample stations were also established in Turkey Creek, a tributary of
the Kansas River, and in Jersey Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River.
Grab samples were collected daily from the stream stations and
analyzed for total- and fecal-coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci.
Field determinations of conductivity, pH, and temperature were performed
daily at each station [Table P-l, Appendix P]. Analyses for pathogenic
Salmonella bacteria were performed at ten stream locations [Figure VI-1].
At all stations in the Kansas River, fecal-coliform bacterial densi-
ties were in violation of the Kansas Water Quality Standards [Figure
VI-1; Table P-2, Appendix P].
Polluted stream flow from Turkey Creek (RM 367.5/3.4/0.1) contri-
buted to the degradation of the water quality of the Kansas River. This
tributary had a range of fecal-coliform bacterial densities from 63,000
* The Kansas Water Quality Standards read: "Fecal coliform content
shall not exceed 2,000/100 ml sample."
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it which Bacterial Densities Exceeded Kansas and Missouri
ards Kansas City Area July 10-15, 1972
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31
to 520,000/100 ml, a violation of the Kansas bacterial criterion.
Pathogenic Salmonella bacteria were isolated at three stations,
Nos. 2, 5, and 6, in the Kansas River [Table VI-1]. The presence of
pathogens at these stations, in addition to the excessive fecal-coliform
bacterial densities, indicates the presence of a public health hazard.
Fecal-colifom bacterial densities were in excess of 2,000/100 ml
in all samples collected at Stations No. 9 and 10 in the Missouri
River, upstream of the mouth
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TABLE VI-1
SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS FI.OM
KANSAS AND MISSOURI RIVIiRS
JULY 10-15, 1972
Station
No.
Station Description
liver
Mileage
Serotype(s) Isolated
12
12A
13
15
16
40
Kansas River at 7th Street 36: .5/3.5
Bridge, 1/3 distance from
south bank.
Kansas River at Central Avenue 361.5/1.1
Bridge, mid-channel.
Kansas River at 1-70 Bridge, 361.5/0.2
1/4 distance from east bank.
Missouri River upstream of the 36? .0
mouth of the Kansas River, 2/3
distance from east bank.
Missouri River downstream from 361 .3
mouth of Kansas River.
Missouri River at Kansas City, 36;.25
Kansas, WWTP discharge.
Missouri River downstream from 36] .2
Kansas City, Kansas, WWTP
discharge.
Missouri River downstream from 36t.2
the Kansas City, Missouri West
Side WWTP discharge at the
Broadway Bridge, 1/4 distance
from south bank.
Missouri River at the ASB 36!.5
Bridge, 1/2 distance from
south bank.
Missouri River at Lexington, 311.0
Missouri, water treatment
plant intake.
Salmonella agona
S. agona
S. muenohen
5. taksony
S. senftenberg
S. senftenberg
S. neuport
S. agona
S. anabwn
S. bredeney
S. montevideo
S. derby
S. e-imabuettel
S. lexington
S. neuport
S. oronienbupg
S. thomasville
S. infontis
S. "Lexington
S. infant-is
S. meleagridis
&l Analysis was performed August 15-18, 1972
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the fecal-coliform bacterial criterion (range: 12,000 to 220,000/100 ml),
Because of the dilution effects of the Missouri River, fecal-coliform
bacterial levels had decreased at downstream Stations No. 16 to 20
but still exceeded the Missouri Standards.
Salmonella bacteria were isolated in the Missouri River upstream
of the confluence with Jersey Creek and immediately downstream from
the confluence of the Kansas River; at the point of discharge of the
Kaw Point WWTP; and downstream from the West Side WWTP at the Broadway
Street and ASB Bridge [Table VI-1]. The presence of these pathogens
constitute a threat to the health of individuals in contact with
Missouri River water [Appendix M]. The presence of S. agona at
sampling stations on the Kansas River, Stations No. 2 and 5, and in
the Missouri River downstream from the Kansas River (Station No. 12)
indicated that pathogenic bacteria originated from sources in the
State of Kansas to the interstate waters of the Missouri River.
Dissolved Oxygen
July 1972 - Dissolved-oxygen determinations were made in July
at the bacteriological sampling stations. With the exception of the
station at Turner Bridge (01), concentrations of dissolved oxygen
[Figure VI-2; Table P-l, Appendix P] were less than 5 mg/1 (a vio-
lation of Kansas Water Quality Standards) at all other stations in
the Kansas River. The DO ranged from 3.1 to 6.5 mg/1 in Turkey Creek
(RM 367.5/3.4/0.1) and from 0 to 0.5 mg/1 in Jersey Creek (RM 368.2/0.1)
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September 1972 - Surface and near-bottom water samples were col-
lected at 30 stations, during the early morning (0600-0900 hours) and
the mid-afternoon (1200-1500 hours), for analysis of dissolved oxygen.
These depths and time intervals were selectee to determine whether or
not bottom sediments were exerting a measuratle oxygen demand and to
measure diurnal DO fluctuations.
These studies did not show any DO deficiencies or significant
effects of sediment oxygen demand [Figure VI-3; Tables P-3 and P-4,
Appendix P]. Observed DO concentrations ranged from 6.4 to 7.5 and
from 6.8 to 8.0 mg/1 in the morning and afternoon studies, respectively.
Precipitation in September could have contributed to the high DO
concentrations.
Turbidity
One of the most striking features of the lover reach of the Kansas
River is the silt load transported by the stream. Turbidity levels in
the surface waters (80-190 JTU) were typical of prairie-type streams
receiving runoff from agricultural lands. Generally, turbidity de-
creases downstream from RM 367.5/9.0 to the stream mouth [Figure VI-4].
Suspended particulate matter, carried by the stream, tended to settle
out in the lower river reach.
Sediment and Benthos Characteristics
The lower portion of the Kansas River (R* 367.5/9.0 to 0.5) is
characterized by reaches of shallow water, lar<»e flow fluctuations,
-------
AVE BRIDGE
(1-2. Locations at which Dissolved Oxygen Violated Water Q
July 10-15, 1972
-------
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-------
35
high turbidity, and a shifting sand-silt bottom. In combination, these
conditions provide a limited habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates.
The least desirable habitat for benthos appeared to be the mid-stream
bottom [Table P-5, Appendix P]. Precipitation in September 1972
caused the river flows to increase, and much of the silt, clay, and
detritus was scoured from the shallow channel (RM 9.0 to 6.0), leaving
a substrate of sand and gravel. Exposed rock or accumulated organic
detritus near the stream shoreline provided a better habitat than at
mid-stream; generally, the numbers and variety of benthos were greater
near the shores [Table P-5, Appendix P].
The reach of the Kansas River between RM 9.0 and 6.0 contained a
flood-plain bottom deposit of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. Chemical
characterization [Table P-6, Appendix P] indicated that the organic
fraction, as measured by the percentage of organic nitrogen and carbon
present, was typical of well stabilized sediments (<5 percent organic
carbon and <0.2 percent organic nitrogen). Benthos taken from this
substrate with an Ekman dredge and from shoreline dipnet collections
or artificial substrate collections contained a variety of invertebrates
including pollution-sensitive stone-flies, mayflies, and caddisflies
[Table P-5, Appendix P]. The type of sediments and benthos found in
the stream reach between RM 9.0 and 6.0 indicated that the overlying
water was of good quality.
Near RM 5.5 an island divides the Kansas River into two channels.
The character of the water quality, sediment, and benthos in the channel
-------
36
to the north of the island was similar to that found at unpolluted,
upstream locations. In contrast, the channel along the south side
of the island was degraded. Bottom sediments and shoreline vegetation
were coated with an oily substance. Disturbance of the sediment
caused an oil film to appear on the surface of the water. Examination
of the river sediments disclosed the pollution source to be a ditch
on the south shoreline near RM 5.1 or approximately 68 m (75 yd)
downstream from the Argentine-sewer discharge. The oil pollution
appeared to be limited to the shoreline near RM 5.0; other downstream
locations (RM 4.0 to 0.5) gave no evidence of the oil pollution.
Benthos were apparently affected by the oil-contaminated sub-
strate at RM 5.0 [Figure VI-5]. Clean-water organisms such as
mayflies and caddisflies were virtually eliminated from the benthic
community. Pollution was severe enough that even the pollution-tolerant
sludgeworms were reduced in number (as much as 88 percent).
Chemical analyses of the stream sediments revealed environmental
degradation in the Kansas River from RM 5.0 downstream to its con-
fluence with the Missouri River [Table P-6, Appendix P]. In most
cases the organic-nitrogen and carbon content of the sediments were
more than twice as high in this lower 8-km (5-mile) reach than those
found in sediments collected from upstream locations (RM 9.0 to 6.0).
At RM 0.5 and 2.0 the chemical characteristics (>0.2 percent organic
g /
nitrogen) were typicalof partially stabilized sewage sludge. On
the other hand, at RM 1.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 chemical characterization
indicated the sediments to be more organically stable.
-------
-------
37
Other evidence of pollution was shown by changes in the stream
life. As previously described, oil pollution was evident at RM 5.0
which reduced or eliminated many kinds of aquatic organisms. From
RM 4.0 downstream to the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers
the population of pollution-tolerant sludgeworms increased sharply
[Table P-5, Appendix P]. Concomitant with the continued reduction
in kinds of cleanwater benthos, these conditions indicated that the
lower 8 km (5-mile) reach of the Kansas River was polluted.
4 9/
Previous studies ' have found extensive oil pollution, sludge
deposits, and septic conditions in the lower 8-km (5-miles) of the
9/
Kansas River. In 1966 the benthic population in this reach was
reported to consist of less than four kinds, with sludgeworms account-
2 2
ing for the bulk of the organisms (as many as 284,000/m or 26,400/ft ).
These conditions indicated gross pollution in the Kansas River.
The September 1972 study showed evidence of marked changes in
the environment of the lower Kansas River. Sludge deposits were much
less extensive than reported in 1966 [Table P-3 and P-4, Appendix P].
Oil pollution was detected but was limited to the shoreline near RM 5.0.
Also, the aquatic life of the lower river reach has improved since
1966 but continues to reflect pollution.
Fish Flavor
Studies were conducted, in 1969=^ and 1972, to determine the
effect of pollutants on fish flavor. Channel catfish, an important
-------
38
resident species, were exposed in cages for 72 hr (September 1972)
at sites upstream and downstream from significant waste discharges.
After exposure, the fish were removed from the water, dressed, quick-
frozen, and submitted to a food-flavor test panel.
In 1969, caged channel catfish were exposed at five sites in
the Missouri River and one site in the Kansas River. Fish from four
of these sites were unacceptably off-flavor [Table VI -2]. ' These
tests were repeated in 1972 at three of the six sites used in 1969
and at a new site upstream of the Turner Bridge (RM 9.2) on the
Kansas River. With the exception of fish exposed near the Kansas City,
Missouri, water intake (RM 370.4) upstream of the Kansas River, fish
from all sites were unacceptably off-flavor.
Heavy Metals
In October 1972, samples of water from the Kansas River were
analyzed for selected heavy metals of lead, zinc, copper, chromium,
cadmium, and mercury [Appendix C, Tables C-10 and C-12]. The concen-
trations of copper (0.026 to 0.17 mg/1) and cadmium (0.01 to 0.04 mg/1)
approached the toxicity threshold for fresh-water fish and inverte-
In order to evaluate the biological magnification of metal pol-
lutants, in the fall of 1972, channel catfish and crayfish were placed
* The National Surveillance Network has previously reported equivalent
concentrations of copper and cadmium in the Kansas River at De Soto,
Kansas, and in the Missouri River at Kansas City, Missouri, and
Missouri City, Missouri [data available from STORET].
-------
39
TABLE VI-2
OFF-FLAVOR AND DESIRABILITY SCORES
OF CAGED CHANNEL CATFISH
MISSOURI RIVER, 1969 and 1972
River
Mile
370.4
370.0
367.8
367.5/0.5
367.5/9.2
366.6
364.2
Bank-/
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
Location
Kansas City, MO water intake
Downstream from Fairfax Dump
Upstream of Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River upstream of
Turner Bridge
Downstream from Kansas River
confluence and downstream
from Kansas City, Mo. and
Kansas City, Kan. WWTP
Downstream from Kansas River
and Kansas City, Mo. and
Kansas City, Kan. Sewage
Discharge .
Flavor. Score'
1969^ 1972
5.5 5.25
3.6
5.5
2.9 4.93
4.63
3.9 3.79
4.6
aj R indicates right river bank facing upstream;
L the left river bank facing upstream.
b_/ Scores of less than 5.0 represent unacceptable flavor.
-------
40
in submerged cages at four locations in the Kansas and Missouri Rivers.
The comparison [Table VI-3] made between concentrations of heavy metals
detected in the flesh of test animals (fish and crayfish exposed to the
Kansas or Missouri River waters) and those found in a reference sample
(fish and crayfish not exposed to the Kansas or Missouri River waters)
yields the following results: after the exposure test the flesh of both
the crayfish and the catfish were tainted with copper and cadmium;
compared with reference samples, there was a nine-fold increase in the
copper that was concentrated in the flesh of catfish after an 18-day
exposure in the lower Kansas River (RM 0.2); the concentration of cad-
mium increased about 80 percent in crayfish (tails) and 22 percent in
catfish (flesh) after exposure in the Missouri River (RM 367.0). These
concentrations (copper and cadmium) can impart off-flavor to fish and
render them undesirable for human consumption. Continued accumulation
of cadmium could kill fish, or consumption of large quantities of
these fish by humans could result in cadmium poisoning.
B. MISSOURI RIVER
Bacteriological Conditions
Twenty-two sampling stations were selected on the Missouri River
between the ASB Bridge (RM 365.5) and the intake (RM 317.0) of the
Lexington, Missouri, water-supply-treatment plant and on the major
tributaries [Figure VI-6]. Precipitation occurred during July 16
through 17, 1972. The effects of the resultant surface runoff on
-------
10
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
SCALE IN MIL
STATION LOCATIONS
A SALMONELLA SWAB PL;
ity Standards
% OF 5 SAM
% OF 4 SAW
-------
41
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-------
42
bacterial densities were evident [Appendix G].
As was the case in the Phase I study, bacterial densities from
Stations No. 18, 19, and 20 (ASB Bridge) violated the Missouri cri-
terion for fecal-coliform bacteria [Figure VI-6; Table P-7, Appendix P].
Furthermore, violations of the fecal-coliform bacteria criterion oc-
curred at all stations in the Missouri River and at all tributary
stations.
Waters of Rock Creek (RM 362.6/0.1), the Blue River (RM 358/0.2),
and the channel of the Old Blue River (RM 356.7/0.1) contributed to
the bacterial degradation of the Missouri River [Figure VI-7].
Effects of these tributaries on the water quality of the Missouri
River were measured at RM 356 (Station No. 26 and 27). The log-mean
fecal coliform densities were 12,000 and 4,800/100 ml, respectively.
The remaining tributaries sampled were of better quality than
those mentioned previously. However, coliform bacterial levels con-
tinued to remain high and violated the Missouri Water Quality Standards.
At the Lexington, Missouri, water-supply intake, fecal-coliform
bacterial densities ranged from 3,900 to 58,000/100 ml. Salmonella
infant-is and S. meleagrides were isolated at Station No. 40 [Table VI-1]
The presence of any pathogen in a municipal-drinking-water supply con-
stitutes a severe health hazard.
Dissolved Oxygen
In July 1972 the dissolved-oxygen concentration was below 5 mg/1
-------
I
339.9/0.2
LITTLE BLUE RIVER
334.1/0.2
FISHING RIVER
Tributaries Kansas City to Lexington, Mo. July 16 -
-------
43
(violation of Missouri Water Quality Standards) in eight stations in
the Missouri River from the ASB Bridge (RM 365.5) downstream to
Lexington (RM 317) [Figure VI-8; Table P-8, Appendix P]. Forty per-
cent of the samples from Stations No. 40 and 41 (adjacent to the
Lexington water supply intake) had DO levels of less than 5 mg/1.
Three tributaries, Rock Creek, Blue River, and the channel of the
Old Blue River, each had 80 percent of the DO samples less than 5 mg/1.
-------
5
SCALE IN KILOMETE
SCALE I
STATION LOCATIONS
% OF 5 SAMP
n Violated Water Quality Standards, Kansas City, Mi:
July 16-20, 1972
-------
45
VII. WASTE SOURCES
Waste-source investigations were conducted in the Kansas City
metropolitan area to determine the quantity and quality of wastes dis-
charged to the Kansas and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, evaluate
the adequacy of present treatment practices, and document direct dis-
charges of untreated domestic and industrial wastes to the receiving
streams. Ten municipal wastewater treatment plants and eleven industries
were included in the investigations. [Individual reports for each muni-
cipal wastewater treatment plant and industry are summarized in Appen-
dices B and C, respectively. The location of the wastewater treatment
plants, industries, and four sewer outfalls discharging directly to the
Kansas River are shown in Figure 1. See inside back cover.]
A. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Discharges to the Missouri River
The Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (Kansas City, Kansas) and
the West Side Wastewater Treatment Plant (Kansas City, Missouri), both
primary treatment facilities, are located within 0.5 km (1/3 mile) of
each other in the Woodswether Industrial District. The Kaw Point WWTP
has six sludge digesters, but they are used for sludge-storage, instead
of digestion, purposes. The West Side WWTP pumps primary sludge approxi-
mately 11 km (seven miles) to the Blue River WWTP for incineration.
The Kaw Point WWTP has two 4.26 m (14-foot) diameter FLUOSOLIDS (fluid-
ized bed) incinerators.
-------
The overflows from the primary clarifiers at the West Side
and the Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plants discharge directly to
the Missouri River (RM 367.0 and 367.25, respectively) through sub-
merged outfalls. Disinfection is not provided. The effluents from
the two plants were analyzed for Salmonella. Samples from the Missouri
River upstream of and downstream from the discharges were analyzed for
total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Salmonella bacteria
[Section VI, "Stream Survey"]. Salmonella serotypes isolated in the
Kaw Point effluent were S. senftenbern and 5. bornion; S. tennessee
and 5. senftenberg were isolated in the West Side WUTP effluent
[Table VII-1]. In July 1972, .9. eimsbuettel, S. lexinaton. S. neu^ort,
S. opanieriburg, and ,7. thonasville were isolated downstream (RM 367.20)
from the Kaw Point plant outfall and upstream of the West Side outfall:
S. infantes and S. lezington were isolated downstream (RM 366.2 and
365.5) from the West Side outfall [Table VI-1]. Fecal-coliform bac-
terial densities ranged from 3,600 to 7,500/100 ml upstream (RM 367.3)
of the Kaw Point outfall, from 28,000 to 850,000/100 ml downstrean from
the Kaw Point outfall, and from 12,000 to 222,000/100 ml downstream from
the West Side outfall [Appendix P, Table P-2]. These concentrations
violate the Missouri Water Quality Standards for bacterial densities.
The presence of fecal colifom. bacteria and DaLnonella constitute a
threat to the health of individuals contacting Missouri River water.
Bacteria survival studies [Appendix J] revealed that the bacteria persist
for long periods of tiiie, are carried over long distances in the river,
and pose a serious health hazard to users of the Lexington, Missouri,
(RM 317) water supply.
-------
47
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48
West Sj.de Wastewater Treatment Planet - Plant records, March through
June of 1972, disclosed the following operating characteristics:
*
Parameter JL3!1.^8. Averape
Flow (m3/d) 38,000-54,100 42,900
Flow (mgd) 10.05-14.29 11.34
BOD (influent) 137-172 155
BOD (effluent) 84-118 97
Removal Efficiency (percent) 29-44 37
Suspended Solids (influent) 135-207 165
Suspended Solids (effluent) 42-62 47
Removal Efficiency (percent) 64-80 72
Data collected, from September 22 through 28, 1972, indicated that
the West Side WWTP was operating efficiently, with BOD and suspended
solids removal ranges of 33-52 percent and 60-68 percent, respectively.
The waste loads and concentrations discharged to the river were:
Parameter Mon.-Fri. Sat.-Sun.
Flow (m3/d) 50,000 31,400
Flow (mgd) 13.2 8.3
BOD (mg/1) 136 50
BOD (kf^/day) 6,800 1,570
BOD (Ib/day) 15,000 3.460
Suspended Solids (mg/1) 80 55
Suspended Solids (kg/day) 3,990 1,720
Suspended Solids (Ib/day) 3,800 3,800
Oil & Grease (mg/1), range 14-55 23-36
* Values are reported in np/1, except where otherwise snecified.
** [Additional, waste-constituent concentrations are listed in
Tables B-14, B-15, and B-16 in Appendix B.]
-------
49
The strength of the plant influent was typical for domestic waste-
waters although the plant serves an extensively developed industrial
and commercial area.
K.aw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant - Plant records were avail-
able for the period from January 1971 to April 1972. Operating
characteristics were reported as follows:
January-September 1971
Parameter
Flow (m3/d)
Flow (mgd)
BOD (influent)
BOD (effluent)
Removal Efficiency (percent)
Suspended Solids (influent)
Suspended Solids (effluent)
Removal Efficiency (percent)
Flow (m3/d)
Flow (mgd)
BOD (influent)
BOD (effluent)
Removal Efficiency (percent)
Suspended Solids (influent)
Suspended Solids (effluent)
Removal Efficiency (percent)
* Values are monthly averages and reported in mg/1, except where
otherwise specified.
Range
34,820-47,690
9.2-12.6
550-1,105
364-712
17-46
318-1,008
138-512
29-86
October
Range
81,380-95,380
21.5-25.2
406-669
294-400
31-48
372-619
76-226
56-84
Average
43,900
11.6
805
515
36
734
252
66
1971-Ap_ril 1972
Averaee
87,430
23.1
509
322
37
490
176
64
-------
50
The 100-percent increase in flow from October 1971 to April 1972
was caused by the connection of new interceptors to the system. The
increased flow, although double that of the earlier flow, did not
result in a doubling of the waste loads to the river: there was a
25-percent increase in BOD in the load discharged, from 22,590 to
28,120 kg/day (49,800 to 62,000 Ib/day) , and approximately a 39-percent
rise in suspended solids, from 11,070 to 15,380 kg/day (24,400 to
33,900 Ib/day). The average removal efficiencies remained essen-
tially the same.
The Kaw Point influent and effluent were sampled from September
22 through 28, 1972. The plant removed from 7.5 to 21 percent of the
BOD and 11.4 to 47 percent of the suspended solids. These efficiencies
were less than those normally expected from primary treatment, i.e.,
147
35 percent removal of BOD and 65 percent of suspended solids.
The BOD and suspended solids in the effluent were higher than levels
147
found in municipal systems. The waste loads and concentrations
discharged were:
*
Parameters Mon. -Fri. .S_3.t^_~j3.un.
Flow (m3/d) 101,060 71,160
Flow (mgd) 26.7 18.8
300 (mg/1) 413 150
BOD (kp/day) 41,640 10,660
BOD (Ib/day) 91,800 23,500
Suspended Solids (mg/1) 348 350
Suspended Solids (kg/day) 35,150 24,890
Suspended Solids (Ib/day) 77,500 54,880
Oil & Grease (mg/1), ranpe 35-170 58-60
* [Additional waste constituents are listed in Tables R-l. B-2, and
B-3 in Appendix B.]
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51
The BOD in the effluent was 355 mg/1 and the suspended solids
was 348 mg/1 (7-day, flow-weighted mean). The figure for BOD was
essentially the sane as the value reported in the plant records
(October 1971 to April 1972), but that for suspended solids was
considerably higher.
From October 7 through 12, 1972, EPA personnel conducted jar
tests on the influent to Kaw Point WWTP [Appendix H]. The results
of these studies indicate that a significant improvement in effluent
quality (75 percent reduction in suspended solids and 50 percent
reduction in biochemical oxygen demand) could be achieved by chem-
ical addition. The additional solids removed in the clarifiers
would have to be incinerated, or disposal accomplished by other
approved methods. The monthly records from October 1971 to April
1972 disclosed that the plant incinerated an average of 9.5 metric
tons (10.2 tons) of dry solids a day. The centrifuges and both
incinerators are currently operating 16 hr/day, 5 days/week (80 hr
out of a possible 168). Therefore, it is probable that the plant
could handle the additional sludge created by chemical treatment.
Although the plant serves 40,000 to 50,000 people, approximately
60 percent of the flow and 80 percent of the HOD and suspended solids
come from industrial sources. The City of Kansas City, Kansas, Pol-
lution Control Ordinance, No. 42913 [Appendix I] established sewer
service charges and provided for the collection of these charges,
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52
as well as for penalties for violations (of the ordinance). On
December 12, 1972, this ordinance was superseded by a new ordinance,
No. 51421 [Appendix 0], A comparison of the two ordinances follows.
Under the old ordinance, industries discharging to the municipal
sewer were grouped into four classes. Classes I, II, and III paid a
sewer-service charge on water consumption only; Class IV industries
paid an additional surcharge fee, based on a rate of one cent per
pound for suspended solids for concentrations greater than 1,000 ppm.
The new ordinance groups waste dischargers into three classes.
Class I includes all waste discharged containing not more than 250 mg/1
of suspended solids or BOD or 375 mg/1 COD. Wastewater shall not be
more difficult to treat than domestic waste, and slug discharges are
not allowed. Class II includes all waste discharged with suspended
solids or BOD ranging from 250 to 500 mg/1 and 375 to 750 mg/1 of
COD. Class III includes all waste discharged with suspended solids
or BOD more than 500 mg/1 and 750 mg/1 of COD.
At the time of the survey industries were allowed to discharge
*
high-strength wastes into the municipal system without paying a sur-
charge fee, provided the suspended solids remained less than 1,000 ppm.
Among the industries in Kansas City, Kansas, discharging strong wastes
to the Kaw Point WWTP are Wilson Packing Company, Standard Rendering
Company, and Owens-Corning Fiberglas, Corp. [Appendix C: C-I; C-II;
and C-V]. Discharges from these three companies have the following
waste characteristics [Appendix C, Tables C-l, C-2, and C-61.
* Normal domestic waste has an average BOD and suspended-solids
concentration of 200 and 300 mg/1, respectively.
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53
Flow
BOD
Suspended
Solids
Approx.
Sewer
Serv. Cii
Wilson Packing Co.
Standard Rendering Co.
4,920
307
Owens-Corning Fiberglas
Corporation
Sunshine Rd. Effluent 1,305
Fiberglass Rd. Effluent 1,360
1.3 1,200
0.081 800
0.345 1,120
0.360 261
1,400
430
1,300
500
115
35
36
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. was required to pay only $3.45 in
surcharges per day to have 1,815 kg (4,000 Ib) of suspended solids and
2,380 kg (5,240 Ib) of LOD treated; 1,'ilson Packing Co. paid about $43
in surcharges per day to treat 6,900 kg (15,200 Ib) of suspended solids
and 5,900 kg (13,000 Ib) of BOD; Standard Rendering Co. would not be
required to pay any surcharge on its waste. The Kaw Point WWTP re-
ceived an average of 54,920 kg (121,080 Ib) of suspended solids/day
and 38,030 kg (83,840 Ib) BOD/day. These three industries contributed
* *
a total of 20 percent of the suspended solids and 33 percent of the
, and only paid approximately $235/day in treatment fees (14 percent
of treatment costs). Treatment costs are approximately $l,700/day (not
including capital costs).
The new ordinance reflects more realistic costs of treatment. All
three industries, previously mentioned, are in Class III. The approxi-
mate new sewer service charges and surcharges would be as follows :
* Percent-figures include percentages based on the calculated flow of
5,680 m /day (1.5 mgd) for Standard Rendering Co: using Standard
Rendering Co. - reported flow of 307 m /dav (0.081 mgd), the percent
ages are 16 percent suspended solids and 24 percent EOD.
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54
Surcharge Fee
Sewer Service Fee (Suspended Solids
(Flow only) and COD)
_ _$/day _____ __
Wilson Packing Co. ^ 260 1,100
Standard Rendering Co. 16 37
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. 141 536
The new surcharge and sewer service fees will make pretreatraent of
wastes and wastewater recirculation or conservation a necessity for
industries .
Both ordinances prohibit the discharge of any waste containing
"solids, greases, slurries or viscous material of such character or
in such quantity that may cause an obstruction to the flow in the
sewer or otherwise interfere with the proper functioning of the sewage
works." Several industries were sampled to determine quantities of
oil and grease discharged to the municipal system. These industries
and the concentrations of oil and grease discharged [Appendix C: C-I:
C-1I; C-III: and C-IV] were:
Oil and Grease (m%/l_)_ Range
Wilson Packing Co. 1,000-2,300
Standard Rendering Co. 580-1,600
Chicago Rock Island RR 220-620
General American Transportation Corp. 350-1,100
* These figures are based on COD because 2/3 of the COD concen-
tration exceeds the BOD concentration.
** These figures are based on company flow of 307 m /day (0.081 mgd).
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55
Well-mixed samples for analysis of oil and grease were collected
at different times during the day. The city pump station and inter-
ceptor sewer serving Standard Rendering have been clogged with fats
and greases, according to Standard Rendering Company officials.
Because the ordinances do not specify concentrations, industries are
allowed to discharge large amounts of oil and grease as long as sewers
are not clogged. Kaw Point WWTP received an estimated 12,200 kg
(26,900 Ib) of oil and grease per day and, based on grab samples, re-
moved only 5,190 kg/day (11,450 Ib/day). Clearly, the ordinance was
not being enforced.
Concentrations of toxic materials were not specified in the old
ordinance. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. discharged from 20 to 64 mg/1
of phenols [Table C-6, Appendix C]. The Kaw Point WWTP discharged an
average of 2 mg/1 phenols to the river. Heavy metals in the Kaw Point
influent either exceeded concentrations specified in the old ordinance
or approached them [Tables B-l, B-2, and B-3, Appendix B]. Toxic mate-
rials may have been responsible for the failure of the sludge digesters
to function properly [Appendix B: B-I, Subsection C].
The new ordinance limits the discharge of phenols and phenolic
derivatives to 0.1 mg/1; chlorinated hydrocarbons to 0.05 mg/1; cyanides
to 2.0 mg/1; and arsenic to 2.0 mg/1. Heavy metals are limited to the
following: cadmium, 2 mg/1; chromium, 3 mg/1; copper, 5 mg/1; lead,
2 mg/1; zinc, 5 mg/1; nickel, 5 mg/1; and mercury, 0.3 mg/1. The
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allowable pll range has been changed from 5 to 10 to values of 6 to 9.
All concentrations are specified for effluents discharged to the muni-
cipal sewer and not concentrations received at the treatment plant,
as was the case for the old ordinance. Because of the new ordinance
limitations the concentrations in the I'aw Point effluent probably will not
meet the pretreatment requirements that are to be promulgated by the EPA.
Discharges jtp ^he Kansas River^
Kansas City, Kansas, operates four wastewater treatment plants
that discharge to the Kansas River. Three plants, No. 7, 8, and 20
are primary treatment facilities, and each has two sludge digesters
which are not used. Sludge from the clarifiers is hauled to the Kaw
Point WWTP for incineration.
At the time of the survey Plant No. 8 was operating efficiently,
with BOD and suspended solids removals of 41 and 84 percent, respect-
ively. However, the plant received wastes high in BOD and suspended
solids (395 mg/1 and 700 mg/1, respectively). Consequently, the
effluent BOL) concentration was 235 mg/1; suspended solids concentration
was 110 mg/1 [Table B-7, Appendix B], Plants No. 7 and 20 removed
44 percent of the suspended solids; Plant No. 7 removed 26 percent
of the incoming BOD and Plant No. 20 removed only 9 percent of the
BOD [Tables B-8 and B-13, Appendix B].
The fourth plant, No. 9, is a secondary facility consisting of
two separate systems treating the flows from two trunk sewers. Plant
No. 9A is a trickling filter facility and Plant No. 9B consists of
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57
2
two 20,000-m (5-acre) lartoons, operated in series. The first pond
is aerated and receives the effluent from No. 9A; the effluent from
the second pond discharges into Little Turkey Creek which flows into
the Kansas River (RM 367.5/11.8).
Plant No. 9 achieved an overall BOD and suspended-solids reduc-
tion of 83 and 93 percent, respectively [Table B-8, Appendix B].
The effluent is not disinfected.
Salmonella bacteria were isolated from effluent samples of all
four plants [Table VII-1] and in the Kansas River (RM 367.5/3.5)
downstream from the outfalls [Table VI-1]. Fecal-coliform bacterial
densities violated the Kansas criterion at all stations in the Kansas
River.
Pis charges to Turkey Creek
Three municipal wastewater treatment plants (Johnson County:
Turkey Creek and Main plants, and Kansas City, Kansas Plant No. 5)
discharge secondary treated domestic wastes to Turkey Creek between
the Wyandotte-Johnson County line and the confluence with the Kansas
River. The secondary effluent from Kansas City, Kansas, Plant No. 6
enters the creek approximately 2.1 km (1.3 miles) upstream of the
county line.
The Johnson County plants were operating efficiently. The com-
bined load discharged to the creek through the common outfall structure
was 1,400 kg BOD/day (3,100 Ib/day) and 1,040 kr suspended solids/day
(2,300 Ib /day). The effluent was disinfected; however Salmonella
were isolated in the chlorine-contact basins.
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58
Plants No. 5 and 6 had average BOD removals of 83 and 92 percent
and suspended solids reductions of 84 and 85 percent, respectively.
The daily waste load discharged by Plant No. 5 was 46 kp (102 Ib) of
BOD and 58.5 kg (129 Ib) of suspended solids: Plant No. 6 discharged
59.5 kp (131 Ib) of BOD and 79 kg (175 Ib) of suspended solids.
Neither effluent is disinfected. Fecal-coliform bacterial densities
in Turkey Creek downstream from the discharges violated the Kansas
Water Ouality Standards. Salmonella were isolated in the effluents
from all four plants [Table VII-1] and in the Kansas River (KM 367.5/1.1)
downstream from the confluence with Turkey Creek (RM 367.5/3.4).
B- INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
Six industrial waste sources were evaluated; three of these
discharged directly to the receiving waters and three to municipal
sewers which subsequently discharged to the Kansas River without
treatment.
Phillips Petroleum Company
This company [Appendix C: C-X] discharges all industrial and
sanitary wastes directly to the Missouri River (RM 363.9). This
wastewater is treated in three API oil separators, operated in
parallel, followed by a clarifier and an air-flotation unit. Re-
covered oil is re-used, and solids are hauled to a landfill. A
RAPP application has been filed for the wastewater outfall as well
as a storm-water outfall (RM 369.5).
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59
Except for phenols and oil and grease, the effluent met the EPA
interim Effluent Guidelines for a Class-D refinery. The guidelines
limit the discharge of phenols to 0.014 kg/100 m3 (0.05 lb/1,000 bbl)
per day and oil and grease to 1.4 kg/100 n (5 lb/1,000 bbl) per day:
Phillips discharge 0.11 kg phenols/100 m3 (0.4 lb/1,000 bbl) and
1.8 kg oil and grease/100 m3 (6.3 lb/1,000 bbl) per day.
Private Brands IncorporatedGordon Corporation
FBI-Gordon [Appendix C: C-IX] formulates and packages
ready-to-use" chemicals and pesticides for private brand names.
Numerous changes have been made in wastewater discharges: wash water
is held in 208-liter (55-gal.) drums and re-used; floor drains have
been plugged, products are formulated in batches and proceed from
minimum-to-maximum concentrations, and sanitary wastes, as of October
1972, are discharged to the municipal sewer. Wastewater (approx.
3
4.5-7.6 m /day or 1,200-2,000 gpd) was discharged directly to the
Kansas River (RM 367.5/1.2); a RAPP application has been filed for
this discharge.
Although the effluent supposedly contained only cooling water,
boiler water, and sanitary wastes, concentrations of 2,4-D Methyl
Ester (36-300 pg/1), 2,3-dichlorophenol (40-2,000 ug/1), Banvel-D
Methyl Ester (10-51 ug/1), and p-chlorophenol (180-35,000 yg/1) in
the effluent indicate that all process waste discharges have not
been eliminated. Although there were no stream data collected
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60
immediately downstream from the discharge to illustrate the effects
of the waste, degradation of water quality could occur in a localized
section of the river.
Penn Central Company, Inc.
The company [Appendix C: C-XI] packages, and occasionally mixes,
3
946 m /week (250,000 gal./week) of oils and chemicals for large oil
corporations. Storm and boiler water are discharged to Turkey Creek
(RM 367.5/3.4/2.4) from a storm sewer on company property. Oils and
chemicals, spilled on the grounds, flow into this storm sewer and
into Turkey Creek. A RAPP program application has not been filed.
The effluent concentrations were: 360 mg/1 of BOD, 555 mg/1 of
COD, 126 mg/1 of suspended solids, 410 mg/1 of oil and grease, and
fecal coliform densities of 420/100 ml. The flow (est. at 0.06 1/s
or 1 gpm) was intermittent. Control of this waste discharge could
be readily accomplished by preventing oil and chemical spills on the
plant grounds.
Colgate-Palmolive Company
Colgate-Palmolive [Appendix C: C-VI] produces varied amounts of
soap, detergents, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations. All
wastewater is discharged either to the Kansas Avenue or Osage Street
municipal sewer. The Osage Street sewer flows into the Kansas River
(RM 367.5/5.5) approximately 0.8 kilometer (0.5 mile) down-sewer of
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61
the Colgate-Palmolive discharge. Characteristics of the waste
[Table C-7, Appendix C] indicate that process and sanitary
wastes were being discharged.
Effects of the Colgate-Palmolive discharge in the Kansas
River were not evident as the Osage Street sewer carries a large
volume of domestic wastewater. The waste discharged by the company
is amenable to treatment and should be intercepted by the City.
Sims Barrel Company
The Sims Barrel Company [Appendix C: C-VII] reclaims, cleans,
and paints approximately 1,500 two-hundred-eight-liter (55 gal.)
barrels per day. The barrels contain residues from chemicals,
paints, and petroleum products. Industrial waste is treated before
discharge to the 12th Street sewer which flows into the Kansas
River (RM 367.5/4.4). The City plans to intercept the 12th Street
sewer discharge in late 1973.
The effluent had large concentrations of BOD (1,400 mg/1), COD
(2,800 mg/1), oil and grease (180 mg/1), and phenols (9.8 mg/1).
Heavy metals and organic compounds [Tables C-10 and C-ll, Appendix C]
were found in the effluent. The pH of the effluent ranged from 7.2
to 11.2, thus violating City Ordinances No. 42913 and No. 51421
[Appendices I and 0], The outfall of the 12th Street sewer had BOD,
COD, oil and grease, phenols, and metal concentrations [Table C-10]
much greater than domestic waste, indicating that the Sims Barrel
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62
effluent contributed a significant portion of the pollutants dis-
charged to the Kansas River. Organic compounds in the Sims Barrel
waste could cause localized degradation of water quality in the
Kansas River downstream from the 12th Street sewer outfall. Pre-
treatment is required to reduce the previously named parameters
to acceptable levels.
Acme .Plating Corporation
This custom plating firm [Appendix C: C-VIII] has the facilities
to perform various types of metal finishing. Industrial wastewater
of approximately 242 m /day (0.064 mgd) is discharged to the Argen-
tine storm sewer which flows into the Kansas River (RM 367.5/5.1).
The firm was issued a permit, by the Office of the City Engineer, to
discharge into the sewer because no other sewers were available.
The City plans to connect the Argentine storm sewer in 1974 to the
Kaw Point WWTP. A RAPP application has been filed.
Heavy metals detected in the effluent included: lead (0.28 mg/1),
zinc (4.4 mg/1), copper (1.03 mg/1), chromium (2.7 mg/1), cadmium
(0.45 mg/1), nickel (2.8 mg/1), and mercury (1.5 yg/1) . These av-
erage concentrations are greater than the limits in the EPA interim
Effluent Guideline for the metal finishing industry. In addition, the
effluent contained an average of 9.4 mg/1 cyanide and had a pH as low
as 2.8: both were violations of City Ordinances No. 42913 and No. 51421
and created hazardous conditions in the plant and storm sewer
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63
(i.e., IICN p,as is released). Treatment is required to reduce the
cyanide discharged and neutralize the pH. Heavy-raetal concentrations
are within the limits specified by the new City Ordinance No. 51421,
but will not meet the Pretreatment Standards to be promulgated under
the 1972 Amendments of the FI7PCAA.
c DIRECT DISCHARGES OF UNTREATED DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Sewer outfalls discharging to the Kansas River (RM 367.5/10 to
367.5/0), Turkey Creek (RM 367.5/3.4/3.8 to 367.5/3.4/0.0), and South
Jersey Creek (RM 369/4.1 to 369/0.0) were located in May and June of
1972. [Locations of outfalls and waste characteristics are listed
in Appendix D.] The majority of the outfalls were storm sewers;
however, untreated wastes were beins discharged directly to the three
receiving streams.
Kansas_ Ri ver
Sixty-six sewer outfalls were located in the lower 16 kin (ten
miles) of the river. Of these, 17 outfalls discharged untreated
industrial or domestic wastes. The outfalls that contributed most of
the pollutants were the 34th Street sewer (RM 367.5/6.6), Osape Street
sewer (RM 367.5/5.5), Argentine sewer (RM 367.5/5.1), and 12th Street
sewer (RM 367.5/4.4). The Turkey Creek outflow (RM 367.5/3.4)
discharged significant amounts of pollutants to the river.
3
The flow from the 34th Street sewer (estimated to be 11,350 m /day
or 3 med) contained untreated domestic wastes. The fecal-coliform
bacterial were 1,300.000/100 ml.
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The Osafte Street sewer contained untreated domestic and in-
dustrial (Colgate-Palmolive) wastes. The measured flow was
3
34,060 m /day (9 mgd) . The fecal-coliform bacterial densities ranged
from 19,000 to 370,000/100 ml.
Untreated industrial wastes fron the Acme Plating Company,
treated industrial wastes from the Santa Fe Railroad Yards, and un-
treated domestic wastes were discharged from the Argentine sewer.
3
The flow was estimated to be 7,570 m /day (2 mgd) . Fecal coliforras
were low, log mean of 490/100 ml, but cyanide (1.3 mg/1) and heavy-
metal concentrations were high [Table C-12, Appendix C].
Effluent from the 12th Street sewer outfall was characterized
by a BOD of 1,650 mg/1, COD of 2,380 mg/1, and a log mean fecal
coliform density of 1,400,000/100 ml. Heavy metals, phenols [Table
C-10, Appendix C], and organic compounds [Table C-ll] from the Sims
Barrel Company were also discharged. The flow was estimated to range
from 11,300 to 18,900 n /day (3 to 5 mgd). The estimated waste loads
discharged are as follows :
BOD
Suspended Solids
Sewer
*
34th St.
Osage St.
Argentine
12th St.
(kg/day)
590
500
320
24,900
(Ib/day
1,300
1,100
700
55,000
5,400
7,480
160
:,860
12,000
16,500
350
6,300
* This is based on one grab sample.
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65
This tributary to the Kansas River drains a predominantly urban
2
and suburban watershed of 62 km (24 square niles). The creek is
degraded by urban runoff, discharges of industrial and treated domes-
tic wastes, and internittent by-passes nnd direct discharges of un-
treated domestic wastes. Turkey Creek constitutes a significant
source of pollution to the Kansas River.
Thirty-six outfalls were located in the 6.1 km (3.8-mile) reach.
Discharges from ten of these contained either domestic and/or indus-
trial wastes.
One major waste source is the Turkey Creek Interceptor Stub
[Tables D-3 and D-4, Key No. T-2, Appendix D]. The flow was esti-
mated to be 7,570 m /day (2 mgd), and the characteristics were sim-
ilar to domestic waste. This outfall discharged 1,040 kg (2,300 Ib)
of BOD and 1,540 kg (3,400 Ib) of suspended solids to the creek.
The waste originally was to be transported across the state line for
treatment by a Kansas City, Missouri, UWTP. However, completion has
been delayed, since 1964, for lack of an agreement between the two
municipalities. The Kansas State Board of Health required that the
City of Kansas City, Kansas, develop a plan of action regarding this
sewer before January 1, 1972, and to include a commitment for the fa-
cility to be operational no later than December 31, 1975. The City has
applied for an EPA construction grant to connect this discharge to the
Kaw Point IJWTP by December 31, 1975.
A second major waste source is a 2.4-m (8-ft) horseshoe sewer
[Appendix D, Tables D-3 and D-4, Key No. T-5] that discharged
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66
approximately 11,300 m /day (3 mgd). This sewer runs underneath the
Frisco Railroad yards. The chemical analyses disclosed that the dis-
charge contained domestic waste. The outfall discharged about 540 kg
(1,200 Ib) of BOD and 520 kg (1,150 Ib) of suspended solids to the
creek. The fecal-coliform bacterial density was 1,400,000/100 ml.
The log mean bacterial densities in Turkey Creek 0.2 km (0.1 mile)
upstream of its confluence with the Kansas River were: total coliforms,
3,800,000/100 ml; fecal coliforms, 210,000/100 ml; and fecal strep-
tococci, 64,000/100 ml [Appendix P, Table P-2]. Salmonella
[Table VH-1] were isolated in the effluent from each of the waste-
water treatment plants discharging to the creeks. The large bac-
terial concentrations, a violation of the Kansas water quality bac-
teriological criteria, constituted a health hazard in Turkey Creek
and the Kansas River.
Jersey Creek
The Jersey Creek watershed includes one of the most densely
populated areas in Kansas City, Kansas. Land use is predominately
residential and commercial. North Jersey Creek originates at Kimbal
Avenue, west of 32nd Street, and joins South Jersey Creek at 18th
Street and Chelsea Trafficway. South Jersey Creek originates at
38th Street between Everett and Oakland Avenues. The creek provides
the only natural outlet to the Missouri River for wastes generated
by the adjacent community. Combined and interceptor sewers discharge
untreated wastewaters directly to the creek.
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67
In January 1969 the City of Kansas City, Kansas, retained the
consulting engineering firm of Taliaferro and Browne to develop
plans and recommendations for improvements to the Jersey Creek area.
A two-stage approach was proposed. The long-range proposal was to pro-
vide separate storm and sanitary sewer systems in the Jersey Creek
watershed. A short-range or interim proposal was to eliminate all
domestic waste entering the creek, except during periods of intense
or extended storms. The wet-weather overflow would be diverted to
the creek. Channel improvements and realignment plus use of the land
adjacent to the creek for parks and recreational purposes were also
proposed to improve environmental conditions.
The Jersey Creek Project was divided into five phases for the
construction of channel improvements, interceptor sewers, and re-
lated sewer separation facilities:
Phase I - Between 4th and llth Streets:
Phase II - Between llth and 18th Streets;
Phase III - On North Jersey Creek between 18th and 34th Streets:
Phase IV - On South Jersey Creek between 18th and 38th Streets.
Phase V called for the construction of sewer separation facilities
throughout the Jersey Creek watershed.
In November 1968 the citizens passed a bond issue that included
five million dollars for improvements to the Jersey Creek area. In
addition, Federal funds under the Water and Sewer Facilities Grant
Program of the Department of Housing and Urban Development were secured.
All funds have been committed, and only Phase I has been completed.
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68
Phases II and III are either partially complete or are in the
construction stage.
Sixteen storm sewers (of which> two transport sanitary wastes)
and seven sanitary outfalls were located in South Jersey Creek.
from 13th Street to its source [Tables D-4 and D-5, Appendix D].
(Uastes discharged to North Jersey Creek have been intercepted.)
The sanitary outfalls have not been eliminated as yet. Conditions
alonp the creek in the reach from 22nd Street to llth Street were
characterized by stagnant, septic pools, scattered trash and debris,
and rat-infested areas. The creek is a blight in the community and a
menace to health. The improvement of the area must be continued in
order to eliminate the pollution and potential health hazards.
A brief description of raw-waste discharges are as follows
[See Table D-5, Appendix D, for location]:
121.9-cin (48 in.) dia. pipe - this pipe serves as an overflow
for the Kensington Sanitary Interceptor Sewer [Key No. J-14]:
10.2-cm (4 in.) dia. clay pipe - kitchen wastes (spaghetti, soap
suds, garbage) that accumulated at the outfall, apparently came from
the residential area. The flow vas a small trickle [Key No. J-15]:
10.2-cm (4 in.) dia. pipe - sanitary waste solids, apparently
from a residential area, had accumulated at the outfall. No flow was
observed [Key No. J-16]:
38.1-cm (15 in.) dia. concrete j>ipe - waste flow was from the
overflow manhole on a sanitary intercepting sewer under Clendale
Avenue [Key No. J-17]:
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69
10.2-crn_(4 iru) dia_^ clay pipe - the source of black sludge
that had accumulated at the outfall is apparently a septic tank. The
flow was small and the wastewater had a septic odor [Key No. J-18];
Hidden p_ipe j!b_ehind_rpcks_) of _ynknpwn_ sjLze - located behind APCO
service station at 18th Street and Troup Street. Rats were observed
in the area [Key No. J-19]:
JjJ.rA~cn\__(_6 J^O_J*i£i_JLast J^^H PAPJl ~ fl°w was small and it was not
possible to determine the type of waste discharged [Key No. J-20];
10.2-cm (4 in.) dia. clay pipe - sanitary waste solids had accu-
mulated at the outfall. Large colonies of bloodworms were observed in
the creek downstream from this outfall. This sewer evidentally serves
the residential area. The flow was a small trickle [Key No. J-21] ; and
45.7-cm (18 in..)_dia.- 5lay_ pipe - the source of this discharge was
the overflow from a manhole, about 6.1 m (20 ft.) up the bank. The
invert of the pipe was at ground level (i.e., pipe was exposed and not
adequately protected), and the pipe was broken at both the manhole in-
3
let and outlet. The flow, estimated at 3785 m /day (1 mgd), was dis-
charging from the pipes outside of the manhole [Key No. J-24].
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71
REFERENCES
1. Pollution of Interstate Waters, Missouri River, Kansas City
Metropolitan Area, Transcript of Conference, December 3, 1957.
2. Pollution of Interstate Waters, 'Missouri River and Connecting or
Tributary Haters In or Adjacent to the Kansas City Metropolitan
Area, Transcript of Hearing, U. S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, Public Health Service. Kansas City, Missouri.
June 13-17, 1960
3. Progress Evaluation Meeting in the ''otter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the f Missouri River and 'Tributary Waters
Kansas City Metropolitan Area, Transcript of Proceedings, U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service. Kansas City, Missouri. April 21, 1965.
4. Peaonnaissanoe Survey of the Louer Kansas River, Kansas,
Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, Division
of Field Investigations-Denver Center, Denver, Colorado, and
Missouri Basin Region, Kansas City, Missouri. March 1971.
5. "Water Resources for the Kansas City Area, Missouri and Kansas"
Geological Survey Circular 273, United States Geological Survey,
Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. 1953.
6. "Surface Water Records," Water Resources Date for Kansas. United
States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior,
1969. Washington, D.C.
7. "1970 Population Census, U. S." Census Bureau, United States Depart-
ment of Commerce. Washington, D.C. 1970.
8. D. G. Ballinger and G. D. McKee Chemical Characterization of Bottom
Sediments. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. Vol. 43 No. '2 pp 216-227.
1971.
9. Ross E. Powers, Biological Survey of the Kansas River Basin.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Missouri Basin Region. Kansas City, Missouri.
22 pp (Mimeo). 1966.
10. Dean Shumway and John R. Palensky. Impairment of the Flavor of
Fish by Water Pollutants. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University for the Office of Research and Monitoring,
EPA, Grant No. 18050DDM, 80 pp. 1972.
-------
72
REFERENCES (Cont.)
11. Anon, Quarterly Research Report-National Water Quality Laboratory,
EPA Duluth, Minnesota, December 31, 1971 (Mimeo).
12. J. E. McKee and H. W. Wolf. Water- Quality Criteria, 2nd ed._,
State Water Quality Control Board of California. Publ. No. 3-A.
1963.
13. J. H. Hubschman Effects of Copper on the Crayfish Oraoneotes
rustiaus (Gerard) I. Acute toxicity. Crustaceana 12(1) 33-41.
14. Harold E. Babbitt, and E. Robert Baumann, Sewerage and Sewage
Treatment t John Wiley and Sons. New York, N.Y. 1958.
15. Engineering Report Jersey Creek Improvement Kansas City, Kansas,
Taliaferro and Browne Consulting Engineers, P. A. Kansas City,
Kansas. September 1970.
-------
APPENDIX A
WATER DUALITY STANDARDS (EXCERPTS)
-------
A-l
WATER QUALITY STAMHARDS (LXCiiKPTR") POR KAMS/S
KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
All municipal wastes discharged within the Kansas river basin shall
receive a minimum of secondarv treatment to achieve ,\ minimum oT oS r.t-r-
cent reduction of the five-dav biochemical oxvcn Hen and hv December 31,
1975. All industrial wastes discharged within the Kansas rivor basin
./ill receive an equivalent treatment by December 31, 1075. The obiertive
of treatment or control will be to reduce the organic load, oil, erease,
solids, alkali, acids, toxic materials, color and turbiditv, taste anr'
odor products and other deleterious materials to the lowest practicable
leve1.
Continuous disinfection of treated wastes shall be provided for
those municipalities and industries which contribute bacterial loadings
to a river or stream used as a downstream public water sunply and which
supplies are within the zone of bacterial influence.
Seasonal disinfection (April 1 through October 31) of treated wastes
shall be provided for those municipalities or industries which contribute
bacterial loadings to rivers or streams which are tributarv to waters used
for body contact recreation and such waters are within the zone of bac-
terial influence.
(1) Kansas River - Main stem. (A) Water uses. The Kansas river
is used for public water supply, industrial water supply, recreation
including sport fishing, agricultural purposes, and receipt of treated
wastes.
(B) Oeneral criteria. The cumulative effect of waste dis-
char^es to the Kansas river will be guided by the 19^2 U. S. public
health service drinking water standards except that for substances toxic
to fish, standards generally accepted for fisher'" environment will be
considered. Pollutional substances will be maintained below maximum
permissible concentrations which would be detrimental for public water
supplies, recreation requirements, agricultural needs, industrial needs,
and other established beneficial use.
(C) Specific criteria. (1) Bacteria: (a) In waters desir-
nated for public water supplv, the fecal coliform content shall not exceed
2,000 per IOQ ml sample.
(b) In waters designated for bodv contact recreation,
the fecal coliform content based on a minimum of not less than five
samples taken over not more than a 30-day period, shall not exceed a
log mean of 200 per 100 IT] sample, nor shall more than 1° percent of
total samples during anv 30-day period exceed 400 per 100 ril samn'e.
-------
A-2
(c) In waters designated for recreation including sport
fishin?, the fecal coliform content shall not exceed 2000 per 100 ml sample.
(2) Dissolved oxygen: The- dissolved oxygen of the river shall be
maintained at or above 5 mg/1. Dissolved oxvcen concentrations less than
5 mg/l shall not be due to nan-made waste discharges.
(2)
(3) Temperature: " Waste discharges shall not elevate the temperature
of the river above 90°F. Heat of artificial origin shall not be added to
a stream in excess of the amount that will raise the temperature of the
water more than 5°F above natural conditions. The epilimnion of lakes shall
not be raised more than 3°F above that temperature which existed before the
addition of heat of artificial origin. The normal daily and seasonal
temperature variations before the addition of heat due to other than natural
cases should be maintained. The measurement system to be used in each case
should provide for temperature measurements at the outfall and with the
maximum temperature allowed at tiie outfall reflecting a reasonable mixing
zone in the receiving waters so that the 5°F or 3°F rise specified is not
violated in the contiguous receiving waters. Any barrier to migration and
and the free movement of the aquatic biota is prohibited.
(4) Hydrogen ion potential: Waste discharge shall not cause the pH
of the river to vary below 6.5 nor above 8.5. '
(5) Oil and grease: The river shall be essentially ' free of visible
oil and grease. Dissolved or emulsified grease concentrations shall be
kept below levels which will interfere with established beneficial use.
Solids: There shall be no man-made deposits of solids in the
river, either organic or inorganic, which will be detrimental to estab-
lisned beneficial use.
The river shall be free of floating debris, scum, and other floatine
materials attributable to municipal, industrial, ami other waste disposal
practices in amounts sufficient to be unsightly or detrimental to estab-
lished beneficial use.
(7) Turbiditv; There shall be no turbiditv increase, of other than
natural origin, that will cause substantial visible contrast with the
natural appearance of the river or be detrimental to established bene-
ficial use.
(8) Taste and odor producing substances: Taste and odor producing
substances from man-made sources shall be limited to concentrations in
the river that will not interfere with the production of potable wator bv
reasonable water treatment nrocesses or impart unpalatable flavor to fish,
or result in noticeable offensive odors in the vicinit^ of the water, or
otherwise interfere with established beneficial use of the river.
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A-3
(9) Color: Man-made discharges of color producing substances shall
be limited to concentrations which will not be detrimental to established
beneficial use.
(d) Tributaries to the Kansas river. All waste discharges to
tributaries of the Kansas river shall be controlled so that the quality
of water will not be reduced beyond the limits of established criteria.
In intermittent stream waters, the fecal coliform shall not exceed 4,00^
per 100 ml sample.^ ' Tributaries shall additionally be controlled so
that public health hazards of nuisance conditions will not develop within
tributary streams or drainage courses.
MISSOURI RIVER, KANSAS
All municipal x^aste discharged within the Missouri river basin shall
receive a minimum of secondary treatment to achieve a minimum of 85 percent
reduction of the five-day biochemical oxyeen demand by December 31, 1975.
All industrial wastes discharged within the Missouri river basin will
receive an equivalent treatment by December 31, 1975. The objective of
treatment or control will be to reduce the orsanic load, oil, grease,
solids, alkali, acids, toxic materialn, color and turbiditv, taste and odor
products and other deleterious materials to the lowest practicable level.
Continuous disinfection of treated wastes shall be provided for those
municipalities and industries which contribute bacterial loadings to a river
or stream used as a downstream public water supply and xtfhich supplies are
within the zone of bacteri-il influence.
Seasonal disinfection (April 1 through October 31) of treated wastes
shall be provided for those municipal! ties or industries which contribute
bacterial loadings to rivers or streams which are tributary to waters used
for body contact recreation and such waters are within the zone of bacterial
influence.
(1) Missouri River - Main stem. (A) Water uses. The Missouri river
in Kansas is used for public water supplv, industrial water supply,
recreation including sport fishing, agricultural purposes, commercial
fishing, and receipt of treated wastes.
(ft) Oeneral criteria. The cunulati^o effect of va«>te disch^rc'es
to the yissourt river will be guided bv the l°f>2 U. S. Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards except that for substances toxic to fish, standards
generally nccented for fipherv environment vill 'tc considered. Pol 1 ution.-il
substances wilJ be maintained helm-: roaxinur- permissible concentrations
which voulfl be detrimental for public water supplies, recreation renuire-
rents, agricultural, needs, industrial -ice.'r,, and ot!r?r established
Beneficial use.
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A-4
(C) Specific criteria. (1) Bacteria: (a) Tn waters
designatet' for public water supr.lv, t.io fecal col i form content shall not
exceed 2,000 per 101 ml sampJe.
(b) In waters designated for body contact recreation, the
fecal coliform content based on a minimum of aot lens than five
taken over not more than a 30-dav period, shall not exceed a lop mean of
200 per 100 ml sample nor shall more than 10 percent of total samples
during any 30-day period exceed 400 per 100 ml sample.
(c) In waters designated for recreation including sport fish-
ing, the feca] coliform content shall not exceed 2,100 per 100 ml sample.
(2) Dissolved oxygen: The dissolved oxyeen of the. river shall be
maintained at or above J> mg/1 . Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than
_5 mft/1 shall not be due to man-made waste discharges .
(2)
(3) Temperature: Waste discharges shall not elevate the temper-
ature of the river above 90°F. Heat of artificial origin shall not he
added to a stream in excess of the amount that will raise the temperature
of the water more than 5°F above natural conditions. The epilinmion of
lakes shall not be raised more than 3°F above that temperature which existed
before the addition of heat of artificial oriein. The normal daily and
seasonal temperature variations before the addition of heat due to other
than natural causes should be maintained. The measurement system to be
used in each case should provide for temperature measurements at the out-
fall and with the maximum temperature allowed at the outfall reflecting
a reasonable mixing zone in the receiving waters so that the 5°F or 3°F
rise specified is not violated in the contiguous receiving waters. Anv
barrier to migration and the free movement of the aquatic biota is
prohibited.
(4) Hydrogen ion potential: Waste discharge shall not cause the oH
of the river to vary below 6.5 nor above ".5.
(5) Oil and grease: The. river shall be e.ssentiallv free of visible
oil and grease. Dissolved or emulsified grease concentrations shall be
kept below levels which will interfere with established beneficial use.
(6) Solids: There shall be no nan-made deposits of solids in the
river, either organic or inorganic, which will be detrimental to estab-
lished beneficial use.
(7) Turbidity: There shall be no turbidity increase, of other thm
natural origin, that will cause substantial visible contrast with thn
natural, appearance of thr river or be detrimental to established bene-
ficial use.
-------
A-5
(S) Taste and odor producing substances: Taste and odor rr
substances from man-made sources sin 11 be limited to concentrations in thr
river that will not interfere with the production of potable water by
reasonable water treatnent processes or impart unpalntahJe flavor to fi^1-,
or result in noticeable offensive odors in thr vicinity of the water, or
otherwise interfere with established beneficial use of the rivT.
(c)) Color: "an-mado. disciiarrcs of color producing mihstances °>!in 11
be limited to concentrations which will not be drtrinont.il to ostabli^V
beneficial use.
(d) Tributaries in the Missouri River. All waste discharges
to tributaries of the Missouri river shall be controlled so that the qua1 it/.
of the water will not be reduced beyond the limits of established criteria.
In intermittent stream waters the fecal col ifora shall not exceed 4,""^"i
per 1^0 ral sample*- '. Tributaries shall additionally be controlled so
that public health hazards or nuisance conditions will not develop within
tributary streams or drainage courses.
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A-7
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (I^CERPTS) FOP MISSOURI
:HSSOURI RIVER, MISSOURI
General Criteria
1. All tributary streams and all municipal, industrial, agricultural,
and mining effluents shall not create conditions in the stream which will
adversely affect the present water uses or the future water uses as they
become current.
2. Minimum water quality conditions applicable to all waters of the
State including: 1) low flow streams which are. defined as any stream with
a flow of 0.1 cfs or less for an average of seven consecutive days which
average flow is expected to recur once every two years or less: 2) any
streams for which an exception to the water quality criteria has been
granted due to low flow conditions or other reasons: and 3) any other
streams for which criteria have not been specifically established.
a. Substances attributable to municipal, industrial, agricultural ,
mining, or other effluents shall not cause the formation of
putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits on tho
stream bed.
b. The stream shall be free from floating debris, oil, scum, an;!
other floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial,
agricultural, mining or other effluents in amounts sufficie.nt
to be unsightly or deleterious.
c. The stream shall be free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial, agricultural, mining or other effluents producing
color, odor or other conditions in such degree as to create a
nuisance.
d. Substances attributable to municipal, industrial, agricultural,
mining or other effluents shall not have a harmful effect on
human or animal life.
1. The Missouri Water pollution Board will require all necessary
and reasonable measures to prevent the water quality of all waters of the.
State for being less than these minimum standards.
Specific Criteria
1. Flow - Water oualitv standards shall be met at all times re^rd-
less of the. flow unless an exception is grants1 h^r the >'issouri Water
Pollution Board. For flow information, the U.S. Army Corns of Engineers
and U. S. Geological Survey should be consulted.
-------
A-P
2. Stream Saniplinr - Sampling points for interstate streams shrill
be determined by the Missouri River Pollution BoarJ -ind the State ',';:(.<> r
Pollution Control Agencies of contiguous states. Sar.plin? points f»r all
other streams shall be determine.,! bv the Missouri Water Pollution Boar.'.
3. Methods of Sampling, Preservation and AnaJvsrs - The mefho-I.i of
sample collection, preservation, analyses, and inaasun^erts to determine
water quality and the accuracy of results shall be in accordance with the
Twelfth Edition of Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, published jointly by the American Public Health Association,
American Water Works Association aad the Water Pollution Control Federation,
or in the case of interstate streams, other methods mutually agreed upon
by the Missouri Water Pollution Board and the State Water Pollution Control
Agencies of contiguous states.
Water Quality Criteria
1. Missouri River
a. pH
The pH shall be between 6.5 and 9.0 in the stream. A nH
above 9.0 in the stream shall not be, due to effluents or
surface runoff.
b. Dissolved Oxygen concentration shall be maintained at a
minimum 5.0 mg/1 or greater. It is recognized that this
standard is violated at frequent intervals for periods of
2 to 3 weeks during rising river stages or floodinp in the
basin. The specific sources which cause such depressions
include major contributions from surface runoff (urban
areas, farms, and associated activities) which have not
been clearly identified. We recognize the need for a co-
ordinated effort on the part of the tributary States and
Federal Government to inventory these waste sources so that
implementation plans can be developed to remedv thf> dis-
solved oxygen deficiency.
c. Temperature
Effluents shall not elevate or depress the average cross
sectional temperature of the stream more than 5°F. The
stream temperature shall not exceed 90°F due to effluents.
-------
A-9
d. Substances Potentially Toxic, or Detrimental
Substances toxic to humans, fish and wildlife or detrimental
to agricultural, mining, industrial, recreational, naviga-
tional, or other legitimate uses shall be limited to non-
toxic or non-detrimental concentrations in the stream.
*
e. Bacteria
The fecal coliform, in waters designated for drinking water
supply, boating and canoeing, and/or fishing, shall not
exceed 2,000/100 ml. (either MPN or MF count) except in
specified mixing zones adjacent to or downstream from waste
outfalls. The above criteria shall not be applicable when
the stream is affected by storm water runoff.
f. Taste and Odor Producing Substances
Taste and odor producing substances discharged shall be
limited to concentrations in the stream that will not
interfere with the production of potable water by reason-
able water treatment processes, or impart unpalatable
flavor to food fish, or result in noticeable offensive
odors in the vicinity of the water, or otherwise inter-
fere with the reasonable use of the water.
g. Color
There shall be no color or other than natural origin
that will cause substancial visible contrast with the
natural appearance of the stream or interfere with its
legitimate uses.
h. Oil and Grease
The stream shall be virtually free of oil and grease.
Emulsified oil and grease, concentrations shall be kept
below levels which will interfere with beneficial uses
of the stream.
i. Solids
There shall be no noticeable man-nade deposits of organic
solids on the stream be"!. The stream shall bo free of
floating debris, scum, and other floating materials attri-
butable to minicipal, in^ustrifl and other waste disposal
nractices In anounts sufficient to 'IP unsightly or deleterious,
* These criteria are the objectives which will be used until studies and
monitoring can be coinIcted by December 31, 1^70.
-------
j. Radioactive !'.it e rials
The dissolved raiiiun 22-". aiid strontium 9^ shall not exceed
3 and 10 picocuries/liler (pc/1) , respectively, in the
stream due to effluents or surface runoff. In the absence
of strontium 90 and alpha emitters, the j^ross beta concen-
tration shall not exceed 1,000 pc/1 in the stream due to
effluents or surface runoff.
k. Fluorides
The soluble fluoride concentration in the stream shall not
exceed 1.2 mp;/l due to effluents or surface runoff.
-------
APPENDIX B
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
-------
B-l
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
This appendix summarizes information on those municipal waste
sources investigated in the Kansas Citv, Kansas, metropolitan area,
September 14 to October 5, 1972. Ten municipal plants were evaluated
in order to determine both the adequacy of present treatment practices
and the waste loads being discharged. Seven of the plants are located
in Kansas City, Kansas; two in Johnson County, Kansas; and one in Kansas
City, Missouri. Permission for EPA personnel to sample the influent and
effluent and to make flow measurements was requested [Appendix F]. All
plant officials were cooperative and pranted permission to sample on
their premises. The Chain-of-Custodv Procedure was followed for each
sample [Appendix E].
The following format was used in preparation of the individual
evaluation reports:
A. General includes background information and contacts;
B. Waste-Treatment Facilities includes type of system,
number and sizes (where information was available) of
units, and a flow diagram;
C. Operations includes plant maintenance and onorational
procedures and difficulties;
D. Treatment Plant Evaluation and Findings includes infor-
mation on evaluation procedure, data from chemical and
bacteriological analyses, anJ oh.sorvations r
K. Suranarv ami Conclusions;
-------
B-2
F. Recommendations waste treatment requirements recommend
wero based on the following factors:
1. Compliance with applicable water quality standards
2. Waste load limits consistent with those established
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972.
-------
5-3
B-I. KAW POINT WASH-WATER TREATS?:? "IA\'T
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
The Kaw Point WWTP, located in the Woodswethcr Industrial District
[Figure 1.], became operational In 19AS. This primary treatment nlant
receives domestic and industrial waste from the Arnoui~cl.ile, Centr.nl
Industrial District and Fairfax punning stations. A staff of 46 neople,
including nine state certified operators, are employed to maintain an
-------
B-4
Personnel from the EPA conducted an In-plant evaluation from Septem-
ber 22-28, 1972. Robert B. Cooke, director, and Myron L. Cailteux,
manager, Water Pollution Control Department, Kansas City, Kansas, provided
assistance and information on the Kaw Point plant and the six district
wastewater treatment plants under their management.
B. WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
The hydraulic design capacities are as follows: maximum dry- and
wet-weather flow, 492,000 m /day (130 mgd); average daily flow,
132,500 m3/day (35 mgd); and peak daily flow, 193,000 m3/day (51 mgd).
A list of the principal plant components [Figure B-l] and a brief
description of each follows.
1. Preliminary treatment mechanically cleaned bar screens
followed by four enclosed pre-aeration basins (each 3.7 m or
12 ft wide x 5.2 m or 17 ft deep x 27.4 m or 90 ft long)
equipped for grit collection and removal,
2. Primary treatment four clarifiers (each 32 m or 105 ft square
by 2.4 m or 8 ft deep) with sludge-removal systems. The over-
flow from the clarifiers discharges to the Missouri River through
a submerged outfall. Disinfection is not practiced.
3. Digestion six anaerobic digesters, each with a capacity
of 2,180 m3 (577,000 gal.) and (12.2-m or 40 ft dia., 18.3 m
or 60 ft deep). Two of the digesters are heated and sludge
recirculation provided. Gas from the digesters can be used
for heating and incineration fuel. Methane can be stored in
a gas storage tank.
-------
DIGESTER GAS
STORAGE TANK
OUTFAU TO
MISSOURI RIVER
Figure B-1. Kansas City, Kansas Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
-------
5-5
4. Incineration sludge and grease removed from the clarifiers
and the digesters are dewatered in 12 Mercobowl centrifuges,
rated at 270 kg (600 Ib) dry solids/hr and operating in par-
allel, and burned in two 4.3m (14-ft) diameter, Dorr-Oliver
FLUOSOLIDS Reactor incinerators rated at 49,900 kg (110,000 Ib)
dry solids/day. The incinerators are operated approximately
16 hr/day, 5 days/week. Stack gases pass through a venturi
scrubber followed by an impingement plate capable of reducing
*
the particulate concentration to 0.02 grains/standard cu ft.
Fly ash is drained to a holding pond and the concentrate from
the centrifuges is returned to the head of the plant.
5. By-pass methods one is to discontinue pumping and allow all
the flow to go to the river. The second method is to continue
to pump and allow the excess flow to go to the river. By-passing
occurs when the wet-weather flow is greater than three times the
dry-weather flow of 132,500 m /day (35 mgd).
6. Flow measurement because flow-measuring equipment is
inoperative, the approximate flow was determined from lift-
station pump-rating curves and the duration of pumping.
C. OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES
The plant uses only three clarifiers at one time. The use of four
clarifiers increases the detention time so that the wastewater becomes
septic. When a clarifier is not on line, it is cleaned, all iron work
* This value would be slightly different in metric units since the cubic
meter is standardized at 760 mm of mercury at 0°C and varies with the
type of gas.
-------
B-6
is checked for deterioration, and corner sweep arms are checked and
lubricated for freedom of movement. Each clarifier is cleaned once
a year.
The digester facilities are inoperative and are presently used only
for sludge storage. Sludge-digestion difficulties were experienced
approximately 1-1/2 to 2 years after the plant went into operation in
1968. New industries were being continually tied into the plant, deteri-
orating the efficiency of digestion, until methane gas could not be
produced, even after repeated attempts to seed the digesters. Plant
personnel concluded that industries were discharging toxic materials
that settled with the sludge in the clarifiers. The Director of the Pol-
lution Control Department alleged that Proctor and Gamble was discharging
NTA (Nitrilotriacetic acid), to the Kaw Point WWTP, which caused the
digester failure. In late 1970 the Proctor and Gamble Company engaged
*
the services of Dr. Perry McCarty to investigate the digester problem.
Dr. McCarty found that an inhibitory substance appeared to be present
in the digesters. The sludge was analyzed for heavy metals in order
to determine whether these were responsible for the poor performance.
Results indicated that the metals were not responsible.
Dr. McCarty also analyzed the effluent from Proctor and Gamble.
He determined that one particular waste stream (from a process that
removed material created as a side reaction in the manufacture of an
ammonia based compound) showed considerable inhibitory effects. This
* Dr. McCarty is a consultant and professor of Sanitary Engineering,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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B-7
waste stream was recycled in the process. Other waste streams that were
suspect were eliminated. The digesters still did not function.
3
Because of the failure the digesters had approximately 13,920 m
(5 million gal.) of "dead" sludee. According to Mr. Cooke, the incin-
erators were operated for 196 hr/veek instead of the normal 35 to 40 hr
in order to reduce the volume of sludae to 10,600 m (2.8 million pal).
The remaining sludge was returned to the clarifiers and discharged to
the river with the plant effluent. It was reported that the river
turned black when the sludge was discharged but cleared up approximately
15 m (50 ft) downstream from the outfall. Records of operational
procedure at Kaw Point show that the sludge was Dumped directly to the
river and not returned to the clarifiers. An anonymous letter sent to
the Environmental Protection Agency stated that the sludee was discharfed
*
directly to the river.
D. TREATMENT PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
On Friday, September 22, hourly grab samples of the influent and
effluent tvere collected manually. After a 24-hr period the samples were
composited on a flow-weighted basis, with hourly flow data supplied by
the plant personnel. Similarly, six 24-hr composites of the influent
and effluent were collected, on September 23 through 28, usinc SERCO
automatic samplers. One effluent sample for analysis of phenols plus
one effluent and one influent sample for oil-and-p,re.ase analysis were
collected each day. Temperature, pH, am' conductivity were measured
* The records of the Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant and the
anonymous letter are on file at the EPA Regional VII office, Kansas
City, Missouri.
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B-fi
(kg/day)
35,000
10,670
42,900
(Ib/day)
77,145
23,520
94,575
(kg/day)
20,050
24,900
38,810
(Ib/day)
44,200
54,880
85,570
periodically. [Chemical data and field measurements are summarized
in Tables B-l, B-2, and B-3.]
The average BOD and suspended solids loads discharged to the
Missouri River were as follows:
__ BOD Suspended Solids
Date
September 22
September 23-24
September 25-28
Removal efficiencies (7-day period) ranged from 7.5 to 21 percent
for BOD and from 11.4 to 47 percent for suspended solids. These removal
efficiencies were for less than the normally expected primary-treatment
capabilities of 35 percent BOD removal and 65 percent suspended solids
2/
removal. Biochemical oxygen demand and total- and suspended-solids
concentrations in the plant effluent were higher than concentrations
2/
of raw waste found in municipal systems.
The City of Kansas City, Kansas, Ordinance No. 42913 prohibits the
discharge of harmful industrial wastes [Appendix I] and limits the 24-hr
average concentrations of particular constituents received at the plant.
The limits on heavy metals are:
Chromium 0.25 rag/1
Copper 0.5 mg/1
Cadmium 0.5 mp/1
Zinc 1.0 mg/1
Lead 0.2 mg/1
The concentrations of lead and chromium received at the plant exceeded
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B-9
TABLE B-l
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 22,
Parameter
3
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH.-N
T
NO, + NO.-N
3 2
Phenols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (pg/l)
Influent
94,620
25
6.5-8.8
24-29
900-2,000
400
1,410
250
1,360
392
300
410
0.25
0.51
0.066
0.26
0.06
3.2
Effluent
6.5-10.7
25.5-27.5
1,210-1,600
370
777
200
1,300
212
156
170
5.9
5.9
32.6
20.6
0.2
0.20
0.49
0.049
0.27
0.04
6.9
a] All samples were collected manually.
b_/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-10
TABLE B-2
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 23-24, 1972
Parameter-
Flow (m/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NEL-N
NO.: + N02-N
Phenols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (yg/1)
Influent
71,160
18.8
7.7-8.1
24-24.5
1,000-1,200
190
650
160
1,500
395
287
80
0.13-0.30
0.28-0.34
0.041-0.044
0.57-2.12
0.04-0.05
1.3-1.5
Effluent
7.6-7.8
25-26
1,200
150
470
160
1,400
350
285
59
5.6
3.3
38.5
28.5
1.7
2.0
0.14-0.15
0.20-0.80
0.026-0.054
0.17-0.69
0.03-0.05
1.8
a/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-ll
TABLE B-3
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 25-28, 1972
a/
Parameter
3
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO:: + NO?-N
Phenols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (yg/1)
Influent
102,200
27
7.0-7.8
25-28
1,150-3,750
490
1,590
260
1,830
720
620
78
0.17-0.25
0.60-0.80
0.048-0.072
0.14-0.48
0.02-0.05
0.9-1.6
Effluent
6.9-7.6
23-28
1,300-1,800
420
865
220
1,475
380
290
69
10.4
7.4
31.5
22.2
0.3
2.0
0.17-0.20
0.43-1.00
0.053-0.061
0.16-0.73
0.02-0.05
0.9-4.6
<*/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified
-------
B-12
the specified limitations. The average concentration of phenols dis-
charged to the Missouri River was 2.0 mg/1. The ordinance does not pro-
hibit phenols from being discharged to the treatment plant.
All samples of oil and grease collected from both the influent and
effluent were well mixed. The average concentration of oil and grease
received at the treatment plant was 79 mg/1 (range: 47-410 mg/1) and
corresponds to at least 6,830 kg/day (15,050 Ib/day). On Friday after-
noon, September 22, the influent oil-and-grease concentration was 410 mg/1
(grab sample). This high concentration might have been due to a slug dis-
charge from industrial clean-up operations. The effluent oil-and-grease
concentration was also high, 170 mg/1. For a prolonged period of time
concentrations of this magnitude could cause obstructions in the sewers
or interfere with treatment equipment. The ordinance does not limit the
*
concentrations of oil and grease that can be discharged.
E. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Kaw Point plant experienced several operational difficulties.
Only three of the four clarifiers can be used at one time, or the waste
becomes septic due to the prolonged detention time. The digesters have
been used for storage for several years because of toxic materials in
the sludge. All sludge is now incinerated, although, in the past, it
was frequently discharged to the river.
2. The plant influent and effluent averaged 412 mg/1 and 355 mg/1
BOD and 600 mg/1 and 348 mg/1 suspended solids, respectively; the levels
* It is common practice for industrial waste ordinances to prohibit the
discharge of all insoluble oil and grease and to limit the discharge
of soluble oil and grease to 100 mg/1.
-------
INFLUENT
f
WET WELL
PUMP
CONTROL H
BY-PASS
TO CREEK
OJ>
O9
SECONDARY
CLARIFIER
NOT TO SCALE
Kansas Wastewater Treatment Plant
-------
5-1
for each parameter are considerably higher than those normally found
in municipal systems. The plant did not achieve normal primary-treat-
ment removal efficiencies for BOD or suspended solids, and more adequate
treatment measures are required.
3. Ordinance No. 42913 is not practical. Specific limits of heavy
metals are based on average 24-hr concentrations received at the treat-
ment plant (which does not prevent slug discharges with high concentra-
tions) ; toxic-materials limitations are not specified. The ordinance
does not prohibit the discharge of phenols, neither does it specify
limits for oil and grease.
4. Disinfection was not provided. Bacterial densities in the
Missouri River increased downstream from the effluent [See Chapter V] and
violated the Missouri and Kansas water quality criteria for bacteria.
F. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Secondary-treatment effluent limitations for publicly owned
treatment works established pursuant to the 1972 Amendments be met by
December 31, 1975, and that maximum waste loads be predicated on the
basis of effluent limitations (e.g. concentration of BOD and suspended
solids and present design flow);
2. The BOD and suspended solids in the effluent from the waste-
water treatment plants each not exceed a monthly average of 30 mg/1 and
weekly average of 45 mg/1, or 85 percent overall reduction, whichever
produces better water quality by December 31, 1975 (this quality of
effluent being achievable through a well-operated secondary plant);
-------
B-14
3. The fecal-coliform bacterial density in the effluent from the
wastewater plants shall not exceed a weekly average of 400/100 ml and
a monthly average of 200/100 ml;
4. Owing to the high percentage of industrial wastes in the influ-
ent to the Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant to the equally high
probability that toxic materials can enter the plant, concurrent bio-
logical and physical-chemical treatment process pilot-plant studies of
the Kaw Point influent be conducted, to last for several months, in
order to determine reliability before a full-scale plant is designed
(the pilot plant studies not being used as a basis to obtain an exten-
sion of the December 31, 1975, deadline for secondary treatment);
5. In order to reduce the amount of contaminants entering the
Missouri River and to upgrade the existing plant to achieve primary
treatment efficiencies until a secondary plant can be put on line, the
Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant staff proceed immediately with
testing procedures on the influent to determine possible treatment
methods to remove additional amounts of BOD and suspended solids and
immediately apply the results to the full-scale plant;
6. The City of Kansas City, Kansas, establish pretreatment regu-
lations for industries discharging to the municipal sewers, thus re-
quiring the removal of pollutants and toxic substances not susceptible
to treatment or that would either interfere with the operation of the
treatment works or pass through the public systems in concentrations
or loads inconsistent with effluent limitations for secondary treatment
plants established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
-------
B-15
B-II. TOWNSHIP WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Waste collected by the trunk sewers within the study area is treated
in six separate treatment facilities [Figure 1.]. Treatment Plants
No 5, 6, and 9 have secondary treatment facilities, and Plants No. 7,
8, and 20 provide primary treatment. More than 95 percent of the flow
is domestic waste. The effluents from these plants are not disinfected.
Each primary plant has two sludge digesters. However, plant personnel
have been unable to make the digesters operate properly (i.e., produce
methane gas). Therefore, the digesters are not used. Settled solids
from the six plants are routinely pumped into a 11.4 m (3,000-gal.)
tank truck, hauled to the Kaw Point WWTP, and added to the influent.
Plants No. 7, 9, and 20 have Parshall flumes to measure influent flows,
However, flow-measuring and recording equipment was not installed. Plants
No. 5, 6, and 8 do not have flow-measuring facilities.
Plants No. 5 and 6 will be abandoned once the Turkey Creek Inter-
ceptor sewer is constructed, but contracts have not been let for this
project. Present plans are to expand Plants No. 8 and 20 to secondary
treatment.
EPA personnel evaluated Plants No. 5, 6, and 8 on September 15
through 17, 1972, and on September 30 through October 2, 1972, Plants
No. 7, 9, and 20.
B. WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
1. Plant No. 5 This facility serves areas adjacent to Turkey
-------
B-16
Creek and is located at 24th Street and Lamar. The design
flow is 1,045 m /day (0.276 mgd). The effluent is discharged
into Turkey Creek. The treatment facilities [Figure B-2] include:
a) Preliminary treatmentmanually cleaned bar screen
followed by a lift station;
b) Primary treatmenttwo-cell Imhoff tank with one
common compartment for sludge; and
c) Secondary treatmentone 24.4 m (80-ft) dia. trickling
filter followed by a secondary clarifier (3.7 m or 12 ft
wide by 15.8 m or 52 ft long). Sludge from the secondary
clarifier is returned to the influent, ahead of the bar
screen.
The flow was measured by attaching time meters to the constant
speed, lift-station pumps. Each pump was turned on individually, and
the effluent from the clarifier measured with a current meter. This
determined the amount of effluent flow per unit of time of operation
for each pump. The total effluent flow for each day was calculated
from the total time each pump operated.
2. Plant No. 6 This facility also serves areas adjacent to
Turkey Creek and is located at 4708 Shawnee Drive. The
O
design flow is 1,415 m/day (0.374 mgd). The effluent dis-
charges to a small tributary of Turkey Creek and constitutes
the only flow during dry weather. Treatment facilities
[Figure B-3] include:
-------
LTS
0)
at
to
CO
ra
CO
ra
CD
CO
CO
CM
tofl
-------
A \
O
-------
B-17
a) Preliminary treatmentmanually cleaned bar screen
followed by a lift station;
b) Primary treatmenttwo-cell Imhoff tank with one
common compartment for sludge;
c) Secondary treatmentone 32-m (105 ft) dia. trickling
filter followed by a secondary clarifier (A m or 13 ft
wide by 20.7 m or 68 ft long). Sludge from the clari-
fier is returned to the influent ahead of the bar screen.
The flow was measured in the same manner as that at Plant No. 5.
3. Plant No. 7 This plant is located at 55th Street and Kaw
3
Drive. The design flow is 15,140 m /day (4 mgd). The effluent
is discharged directly to the Kansas River (RM 367.5/8.5). The
treatment facilities [Figure B-4] include:
a) Preliminary treatment45.7-cm (18 in.) Parshall flume fol-
lowed by bar screen, lift station, and grit channel; and
b) Primary treatmenttwo primary sedimentation basins,
with common-wall construction. (Overall dimensions:
11.45 m or 37 ft 7 in. wide by 30.5 m or 100 ft long.)
Each basin is divided into two cells. There are two
3
digesters, each with a capacity of 780 m (205,000 gal).
The flow was measured by installing a continuous-flow recorder
in the Parshall flume.
4. Plant No. 8 This plant is located at 59th Street and Inland
3
Drive. The design flow is 1,325 m /day (0.35 mgd). The efflu-
ent discharges to the Kansas River via Barber Creek (RM 367.5/10)
-------
B-1P
because the effluent pipe, running under the stream, was
broken and never repaired. If repaired, the effluent would
discharge directly to the Kansas River (RM 367.5/9.3). The
treatment facilities [Figure B-5] include:
a) Preliminary treatmentbar screen followed by a
lift station; and
b) Primary treatmenttwo sedimentation basins, common
wall construction (overall dimensions: 3.4 m or 11 ft
wide by 11.6 m or 38 ft long), with two digesters each
with a capacity of about 130 m (35,000 gal.)
A 90° V-notch weir was installed in the wet well, and the
influent flow measured with a continuous-flow recorder.
5. Plant No. 9 This facility, located at 82nd Street and
Riverview, consists of two separate systems treating the
flows from two trunk sewers. The effluent from the trickling-
filter facility flows into the aerated lagoon facility. The
combined effluent from both systems discharges into Little
Turkey Creek which flows into the Kansas River (RM 367.5/11.8).
The treatment facilities [Figure B-6] include:
a) Plant 9A (Trickling Filter) ~
i) preliminary treatment15.2-cm (6 in.) Parshall flume
followed by bar screens and a lift station;
ii) primary treatmenttwo-cell Imhoff tank with
common compartment for sludge; and
iii) secondary treatmentone 21-m (69 ft) dia. trickling
-------
DIGESTERS
(NOT IN USE]
PJMP
HOUSE
AND
WET WELL
PARSNALL FLUME
KEY
^ SEWAGE
TO KANSAS RIVER
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
[NOT IN USE]
Figure B-4. Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment Plant No. 7
-------
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
(NOT IN USE]
-IM-
TO KANSAS RIVER
NOT IN USE
BY-PASS
CONTROL
HOUSE
RAW SEWAGE
Figure B-5. Kansas City, Kansas Wastewater Treatment Plant No. 8
-------
B-19
filter followed by a secondary clarifier (3.4 m or
11 ft wide by 11.9 m or 39 ft long) with sludge from
the clarifier recycled back to the influent wet well
downstream from the bar screens and flume.
The flow was measured by installing a continuous flow recorder
in the Parshall flume.
b) Plant 9B (Lagoon System)
i) preliminary treatmentsplitter box followed
by bar screen: and
2
ii) primary and secondary treatmenttwo 20,235-m (5 acres)
lagoons operated in seriesthe first cell having two
5.22-kilowatt (7 hp) surface aerators and receiving the
effluent from Plant 9A.
The flow was measured by installing a 90° V-notch weir and a
continuous-flow recorder in the splitter box.
6. Plant No. 20 The facility is located at 78th and Kaw Drive.
The design flow is 3,785 m3/day (1 mgd). The effluent dis-
charges directly to the Kansas River (KM 367.5/11.4). The
treatment facilities [Figure B-7] include:
a) Preliminary treatmentbar screen, manually cleaned grit
chamber and a 22.9-cm (9 in.) Parshall flume.
b) Primary treatmenttwo sedimentation basins with common-
wall construction (overall dimensions: 11.6 m or 38 ft
wide by 24.4 m or 80 ft long) having two digesters with
3
570 m (150,000-gal.) capacity each.
-------
B-20
The flow was measured by installing a continuous flow recorder
in the Parshall flume.
C. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
Two crews, each consisting of three men, operate and maintain the six
plants. On each week day the crews spend about two hr at each plant.
There are no routine operational tasks assigned to either crew. Attempts
are made to correct problems as they occur.
Daily maintenance procedures at the plants are as follows.
1. Clean the bar screen.
2. Remove grit from grit chambers.
3. Break up scum layer and scum accumulation on the overflow
weir in primary sedimentation units.
4. Free gas vents on each Imhoff tank and chain the slots.
5. Check the packing glands on lift pumps.
6. Check sump pumps for proper operation.
Weir notches are cleaned on a weekly basis. Grounds maintenance
is a summer function and is performed by part-time summer personnel.
D. TREATMENT PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
For a three-day period that included a weekend, the influent and
effluent of each plant were sampled using SERCO automatic samplers.
Samples were composited on an equal-volume basis at the end of each
24-hour period. One grab sample per day for oil-and-grease analysis was
collected from the effluent. In the receiving stream, grab samples for
bacteriological analyses were collected upstream of and downstream from
the discharges of treatment Plants No. 5, 6, 8, and 9. Bacteriological
-------
(3sn NI ION
CO
-------
B-21
samples were not collected at Plants No. 7 and 20 because they discharge
directly to the Kansas River, and violations of Kansas water-quality
criteria for bacteria had been demonstrated in July 1972 [Chapter VI].
Field measurements for pH, temperature, and conductivity were made
periodically. [Chemical and bacteriological data and field measurements
are summarized in Tables B-4 through B-13.]
Of the three primary treatment plants, only Plant No. 8 was oper-
ating efficiently. Removals of BOD and suspended solids from the influent
levels were 41 percent and 84 percent, respectively. However, the levels
of BOD and suspended solids in the plant were stronger than those in
normal, domestic waste; consequently effluent concentrations were high.
Plants No. 7 and 20 were each removing only 44 percent of the sus-
pended solids. These plants removed 26 and 9 percent, respectively, of
the incoming BOD. Neither plant was overloaded hydraulically. Character-
istics of the raw waste indicate that it was primarily domestic sewage.
Only Plant No. 6 was operating at the efficiency defined by the
Kansas water quality criteria for secondary treatment (85 percent BOD
removal). The efficiencies measured at the secondary plants are tabulated:
BOD Removal Suspended Solids Removal
Plant No. percent percent
5 83 84
6 92 85
9A 70 64
(Trickling Filter)
9B 80 92
(Lagoon)
9 83 93
(combined)
-------
B-22
TABLE B-4
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
a/
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO. 5=
SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1972
Parameter
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units), range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO 3 + N02-N
Influent
6.9-7.3
22-25
900-1,400
270
995
155
1,290
360
315
Effluent
1,010
0.267
7.1-7.3
22-25
1,025-1,475
46
250
45
620
58
42
16
18.1
14.6
16
9.0
5.6
a/ This is a secondary treatment plant.
b/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
TABLE B-5
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS, TURKEY CREEK
SEPTEMBER 16-18, 1972
Location
Range^
Log Mean-
Percentage
in Excess of
4,000/100 ml
Upstream of WWTP No. 5
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal Streptococci
Downstream of WWTP No.
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal Streptococci
86,000-360,000
2,400-8,400
2,000-3,700
370,000-3,100,000
15,000-86,000
2,600-25,000
180,000
5,400
2,600
1,000,000
31,000
6,000
67
100
£/ All values are expressed as number/100 ml, using MF Technique; the value
is based on six samples per station.
-------
B-23
TABLE B-6
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO.
SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1972
-a/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (pmhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO 3 4- N02-N
Influent
6.9-7.6
22-25
1,000-1,300
385
795
215
1,330
260
210
Effluent
1,980
0.524
6.9-7.4
23-25
950-1,200
30
165
30
795
40
32
20
18.2
16.1
10.2
5.7
3.8
_a/ This is a secondary treatment plant,
b/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
TABLE B-7
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS,
UNNAMED CREEK DISCHARGING TO TURKEY CREEK
SEPTEMBER 16-18, 1972
Location
a/
Range-
Log Mean-
Percentage
in Excess of
4,000/100 ml
Upstream of WWTP No. 8
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal streptococci
Downstream of WWTP No.
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal streptococci
9,000-230,000
150-2,900
750-72,000
950,000-16,000,000
39,000-290,000
7,000-64,000
44,000
890
14,000
7,300,000
160,000
29,000
100
aj All values are expressed as number/100 ml, using MF technique; the value
is based on six samples per station.
-------
B-24
TABLE B-8
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO. 7-
SEPTEMBER 30-OCTOBER 2, 1972
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units), range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (umhos/cm), ranee
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO 3 + N02-N
Influent
7,380
1.95
7.0-7.4
18.5-23
1,100-1,400
290
685
185
1,030
325
275
Effluent
6.7-7.2
18.5-22
1,100-1,250
215
455
115
970
180
115
25
16.0
11.5
35.1
25.0
0.47
&J This is a primary treatment plant.
b/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-25
TABLE B-9
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO.
SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1972
,a/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units), range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (umhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Crease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO;: + NO -N
Influent
630
0.1*6
6.5-7.6
22-25
1,050-1,400
395
810
280
1,485
700
550
Effluent
6.6-7.0
22-25
1,100-1,400
235
635
135
945
110
80
48
21.2
17.7
43.3
37.1
0.1
aj This is a primary treatment plant.
_b/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
TABLE B-10
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS, BARBER CREEK
SEPTEMBER 16-18, 1972
Location
a/
Range-
Log Mean
Percentage
in Excess of
4,000/100 ml
Upstream of WWTP No. 8
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal streptococci
Downstream from WWTP No.
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Fecal streptococci
19,000-110,000
370-2,600
1,600-6,900
6,700,000-34,000,000
290,000-1,000,000
8,300-110,000
38,000
1,100
2,800
15,000,000
580,000
48,000
100
aj All values are expressed as number/100 ml, using MF technique; the value
is based on six samples per station.
-------
B-26
TABLE B-ll
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SEPTEMBER 30-OCTOBER 2, 1972
a/
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO. 9-
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (vimhos/cm),
range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total K-jeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NOj + N02-N
Plant A
(Trickling Filter)
Influent Effluent
136
0.036
7.0-7.
21.5-26
950-1,
310
940
165
1,435
455
405
8 7.1-7.7
19-24.5
800 1,000-1,400
100
310
70
1,005
125
92
68
16.3
16.3
22.4
14.6
1.8
Plant B
Influent£'
829
0.219
6.8-7.7
18.5-24.5
850-1,600
250
575
130
1,120
375
315
(Lagoon)
Effluent
7.3-8.8
13.5-21.5
850-1,100
50
165
38
760
30
25
11
6.8
6.2
14.2
5.7
0.3
This is a secondary treatment plant.
b_/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
c/ This flow includes effluent from Plant A and untreated influent to Plant B.
TABLE B-12
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS, LITTLE TURKEY CREEK
OCTOBER 1-3, 1972
Percentage
. , in Excess of
Location Range^' Log Mean^ 4,000/100 ml
Upstream of WWTP No. 9
Total coliform 2,000-16,000 4,500
Fecal coliform 150-2,600 230 0
Fecal streptococci 470-1,500 810
Downstream from WWTP No. 9
Total coliform 80,000-530,000 218,000
Fecal coliform 1,500-10,000 4,400 50
Fecal streptococci 560-3,000 1,300
a./ All values expressed as number/100 ml, using MF technique; The value is
based on six samples per station.
-------
B-27
TABLE B-13
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NO.
SEPTEMBER 30-OCTOBER 2, 1972
a/
Parameter
Influent
Effluent
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units), range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH.-N
NO:; + NO--N
3,070
0.81
7.0-7.6
21-24.5
1,250-2,000
215
570
110
1,040
170
125
6.7-7.2
20.5-24
1,000-1,325
195
370
100
845
95
75
36
17.8
16.6
31.0
25.4
<0.1
aj This is a primary treatment plant.
b_/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified,
-------
B-28
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 require that
effluent limitations based on secondary treatment must be established
by July 1, 1977. An effluent containing 30 mg/1 of suspended solids as
a monthly average and 45 mg/1 as a weekly average is attainable through
secondary treatment. Treatment must be improved in order to achieve an
effluent of this quality.
Fecal coliform bacteria in all downstream receiving water samples
exceeded the level established by the State of Kansas for intermittent
streams, 4,000/100 ml. Upstream of the discharges the bacterial den-
sities were lower than this level except at the Turkey Creek Station,
upstream of Plant No. 5. Sixty-seven percent of the samples at this lo-
cation contained greater than 4,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. Plant No. 6
which discharges approximately 2.1 km (1.3 miles) upstream of Plant No. 5
was responsible for the high densities. During the study these discharges
caused violations of Kansas water-quality criterion for fecal coliform
bacteria in intermittent streams.
E. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Treatment Plants No. 7, 8, and 20 are primary facilities. Plant
No. 8 was the only one achieving normal primary treatment for BOD and
suspended solids.
2. Treatment Plants No. 5, 6, and 9 are secondary plants. All
three plants were removing approximately 85 percent of the BOD and
suspended solids.
3. The treatment plants are not maintained or operated properly.
Digester facilities have been abandoned. Settled solids from the primary
-------
B-29
clarifier at each plant are hauled to the Kaw Point plant for incineration.
Flow-measuring equipment at Plants No. 7, 9, and 20 was not being used.
No flow-measuring equipment was available at Plants No. 5, 6 and 8.
4. The effluents from the plants were not disinfected. The fecal-
coliform bacteria violated the State of Kansas water-quality criterion for
Turkey Creek, Little Turkey Creek, Barber Creek, and for the unnamed tri-
butary of Turkey Creek.
F. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Secondary treatment effluent limitations established pursuant
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 be met by
December 31, 1975, and maximum waste loads be predicated on the basis of
effluent limitations (e.g., concentration of BOD and suspended solids
and present design flow);
2. The BOD and suspended solids in the effluent from the wastewater
treatment plants each not exceed a monthly average of 30 mg/1 and weekly
average of 45 mg/1, or 85 percent overall reduction, whichever produces
better water quality (this quality of effluent being achievable through
a well-operated secondary plant);
3. The fecal-coliform bacterial density in the effluent from the
wastewater plants shall not exceed a weekly average of 400/100 ml and
a monthly average of 200/100 ml;
4. A course of action be implemented to eliminate the continued
reliance upon numerous small wastewater treatment plants now in use and
to provide for a regional treatment system.
-------
B-31
B-III. WEST SIDE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
A. GENERAL
The West Side facility, located approximately one-half kilometer
east of the Kansas City, Kansas, Kaw Point WWTP, serves the central
industrial district, the old municipal airport, and a portion of the
downtown commercial area [Figure 1]. The major facilities include
a) the Turkey Creek sewage pumping station and force main, b) the
Santa Fe sewage pumping station, and c) the West Side Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant. The area is served by a system of combined sewers carrying
storm water, domestic waste, and industrial waste. Both pumping stations
have been designed to intercept the flows and to by-pass when the wet-
weather flow is greater than two and one-quarter times the dry-weather
flow; the treatment plant has never by-passed. The combination of sewage
and industrial wastes have a BOD strength equivalent to a population of
662,000.
From September 22 through 28, 1972, EPA personnel conducted an
in-plant evaluation. John D. Reece, chief of the treatment division,
Pollution Control Department, City of Kansas City, Missouri, provided
assistance and information.
B. WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
3
The plant was designed for an average flow of 113,550 m /day (30 mgd)
and a maximum flow of 255,500 (67.5 mgd). The treatment facilities
[Figure B-8] include:
-------
B-32
1. Preliminary treatment
a) Santa Fe and Turkey Creek pumping stationsmechanically
cleaned bar screens, grit removal, and chlorination equip-
ment for sulfide control.
b) West Side Planttwo parallel pre-aeration basins with
grit removal by pantry crane from grit-storage pump.
3
Retention time at 113,550 m /day (30 tngd) is 45 min. The
3
air available is 750 cm per rain./I per min. (0.1 cfm/gpm)
sewage flow.
2. Primary treatment Two parallel primary sedimentation basins,
each 38.1 m (125 ft) square, equipped with "Squarex" sludge
removal equipment for continuous sludge and scum removal.
3. Primary sludge Sludge and scum are collected in a scum
manhole and pumped to the Blue River WWTP for incineration.
The force main is 30.5 cm (12 in.) in dia. and approximately
11 km (7 miles) long. The concentration of sludge pumped is
one percent or less.
4. Effluent The effluent is discharged via a submerged out-
fall to the Missouri River (RM 367). The effluent is not
disinfected.
Flow is measured with a magnetic flowmeter installed in the influ-
ent line. The flow rate is transmitted to a receiver on the plant
instrument panel where it is indicated, recorded, and totalized.
C. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
The plant is operated and maintained 24 hr/day, 7 days/week by
-------
SUF
R ROAD
UDGE TO BLUE
/ER TREATMENT
ANT BY FORCE MAIN
OOM
E
vTION
PR IM ARY
SED IMENT
BASIN
AERATED
GRIT CHAMBER
LU
z
10
<
Q.
I
>
CD
INFLUENT
EFF
(FORCE MAIN)
West Side Wastewater Treatment Plant
-------
B-33
15 employees (9 operators, 1 chief plant operator, and 5 maintenance
personnel). They make up three shifts and one relief shift. The crews
are responsible for the two pumping stations and the treatment plant.
A skeleton crew operates the plant on weekends.
D. TREATMENT PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
On Friday, September 22, the influent (pre-aerators) and effluent
were manually sampled, hourly for 24 hr, and composited on a flow-
weighted basis. Similarly, six 24-hr composites of the influent and
effluent were collected on September 23 through 28, using SEROO automatic
samplers. Grab samples of the influent and effluent were collected once
daily for oil-and-grease analysis; one grab sample of the effluent was
also collected each day for phenols analysis. Temperature, pH, and con-
ductivity were measured periodically. [Chemical data and field measure-
ments are summarized in Table B-14 through B-16].
The average BOD and suspended-solids loads discharged to the
Missouri River were:
BOD Suspended Solids
Date
September 22
September 23-24
September 25-28
Removal efficiencies ranged from 33 percent to 52 percent for BOD
and from 60 percent to 68 percent for suspended solids. These reductions
are consistent with those expected in primary treatment.
Although the plant serves an extensively developed industrial and
kg /day
8,104
1,570
6,486
Ib/day
17,865
3,460
14,300
kg/ day
3,472
1,724
4,128
Ib/day
7,655
3,800
9,100
-------
B-34
TABLE B-14
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, WEST SIDE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 22, 1972*/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO;: + N02-N
PhSnols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (wg/1)
Influent
57,910
15.3
6.4-8.5
23.5-26
800-1,060
210
438
92
820
188
150
140
0.24
3.65
0.10
0.20
0.05
2.4
Effluent
6.3-9.4
23.5-26
825-1,000
140
265
62
683
60
52
55
38
2.2
14.3
7.7
0.7
0.12
1.40
0.061
0.12
0.05
a/ All samples were collected manually.
b/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-35
TABLE B-15
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, WEST SIDE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 23-24, 1972
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , ranee
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (vimhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH~-N
3
NO^ + N02-N
Phenols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (ug/1)
Influent
31,410
8.3
7.1-7.4
24.5-25
800-950
105
285
50
700
136
108
70
0.08-0.19
0.41-0.52
0.027-0.038
0.10-0.48
0.03-0.04
1.4-1.6
Effluent
7.5
24-25
800-1,000
50
195
32
650
55
43
30
4.1
2.2
10.5
7.9
0.3
0.9
0.07-0.08
0.07-1.3
0.018-0.025
0.06-0.09
0.02-0.03
1.6-4.3
a_l All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-36
TABLE B-16
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, WEST SIDE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 25-28, 1972
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NHL-N
NO;: + N02-N
Phenols
Total Lead
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury (pg/1)
Influent
48,070
12.7
6.8-8.4
23.5-26
540-1,100
225
523
101
973
251
205
29
0.25-0.46
1.00-1.84
0.082-0.203
0.17-0.19
0.02-0.04
2.0-4.6
Effluent
7.0-7.9
22.5-26
750-1,000
135
354
64
802
86
70
20
4.5
2.6
13.4
9.5
0.2
0.21
0.10-0.48
0.61-1.20
0.039-0.103
0.07-0.11
0.02-0.03
1.6-2.9
a/ All values are reported as tng/1, except where specified.
-------
B-37
commercial area, the influent generally had the characteristics of
domestic sewage. The highest value of oil and grease reported was on
Friday (September 22), indicating that the concentration could be due
to sludge discharges from industrial clean-up operations.
E. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The West Side Wastewater Treatment Plant was operating effec-
tively as a primary facility.
2. Disinfection of the effluent was not provided. The Missouri
water-quality criteria for bacteria was violated downstream from the
discharge.
F. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Secondary-treatment effluent limitations for publicly owned
treatment works established pursuant to the 1972 Amendments be met by
December 31, 1975, and that maximum waste loads be predicated on the
basis of effluent limitations (e.g. concentration of BOD and suspended
solids and present design flow);
2. The BOD and suspended solids in the effluent from the waste-
water treatment plants each not exceed a monthly average of 30 mg/1 and
weekly average of 45 mg/1, or 85 percent overall reduction, whichever
produces better water quality (this quality of effluent being achievable
through a well-operated secondary plant);
3. The fecal-coliform bacterial density in the effluent from the
wastewater plants shall not exceed a weekly average of 400/100 ml and
a monthly average of 200/100 ml.
-------
B-39
B-IV. JOHNSON COUNTY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Johnson County, Kansas, has four wastewater treatment plants in
operation, one under construction, and is expected to take over an
existing plant in Lenexa, Kansas. The Main and the Turkey Creek Waste-
water Treatment Plants are located adjacent to each other, atop a hill
at 5800 Nail Avenue [Figure 1]. Domestic waste (no industrial waste
at all) must be pumped up to both plants. The effluent from these
plants combine at the bottom of the hill and are discharged to Turkey
Creek (RM 367.5/3.4/3.6) upstream of Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater
Treatment Plant No. 5 (RM 367.5/3.4/3.0). The influents and effluents
are chlorinated.
Both plants have secondary treatment facilities. The Main plant
was placed in operation in 1949; the Turkey Creek plant, in 1962. The
Main and Turkey Creek plants are operating at the design capacities of
70,000 and 40,000 population equivalents, respectively.
From September 15 through 17, 1972 EPA personnel conducted an
in-plant evaluation. Myron Nelson, chief engineer; Jim Bills, plant
superintendent; and Clarence Monday, chief chemist, of the Johnson
County Sewer District, provided assistance and information.
B. WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
The Main plant has a design flow of 70,020 m /day (18.5 mgd) and
the Turkey Creek plant, 37,850 m /day (10 mgd). The treatment facili-
ties [Figure B-9] include:
-------
B-40
1. Main Plant
a) Preliminary treatmentlift station, chlorination (wet-
and dry-weather flows chlorinated up to 10 mg/1) , grit
removal, and bar screens.
b) Primary treatmentsedimentation basins with sludge re-
moval systems with two primary and two secondary digesters.
c) Secondary treatmenttwo parallel trickling filters fol-
lowed by intermediate clarification, then by three parallel
trickling filters, final clarification, and disinfection.
Sludge is either digested or is vacuum filtered and
incinerated.
2. Turkey Creek Plant
a) Preliminary treatmentlift station, chlorination (dry-
weather flow), grit removal, and bar screens.
b) Primary treatmentprimary sedimentation basins with
sludge-removal systems. Sludge is digested and incin-
erated at the Main plant.
c) Secondary treatmenttrickling filters, final clarifier,
and disinfection.
Flows were measured with recorders in the chlorine-contact chambers
at the Main plant and in the lift station for the Turkey Creek plant.
C. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
The plants are operated and maintained 24 hr/day, 7 days/week. The
staff includes 12 certified operators, four laboratory employees, and
maintenance crews.
-------
TO MAIN PLANT
INCINERATOR
OR DIGESTERS
CHLORINE
CONTACT
BASIN
EFFLUENT TO
TURKEY CREEK
TURKEY CREEK PLANT
Figure B-9. Flow Diagram, Johnson Coun
-------
B-41
D. TREATMENT PLANT EVALUATIONS AND FINDINGS
The effluents from each plant were sampled for a three-day period that
included a weekend. Samples were composited on an equal-volume basis
at the end of each 24-hr period. SERCO automatic samplers were used at
each location. On September 15 and 16, 4 ml of 0.1N sodium thiosulfate
were added to each SERCO bottle to destroy the chlorine residual. On
September 17 the sodium thiosulfate was not used. One grab sample was
collected daily for oil-and-grease analysis from each effluent. Field
measurements for pH, temperature, and conductivity were made periodically.
[Chemical data and field measurements are summarized in Tables B-17
and B-18.]
The combined load discharged to Turkey Creek on September 15 and 16
was 1,400 kg (3,100 Ib) of BOD/day and 1,040 kg (2,300 Ib) of suspended
solids/day. On September 17, the day when sodium thiosulfate was not
used in the SERCO bottles, the BOD and suspended solids were considerably
less. Chlorine oxidizes organic material, thereby reducing the carbon-
aceous BOD demand. The treatment plant personnel continuously sample ef-
fluents from both plants and composite each one on a 24-hr, flow weighted
basis. Data obtained from plant personnel on BOD showed average effluent
values of 29 mg/1 for the Turkey Creek plant and 15 mg/1 for the Main
WWTP, with ranges of 5 to 70 mg/1 and 5 to 47 mg/1, respectively. These
ranges are comparable to the data obtained September 15 through 17.
Solids data were not made available to EPA personnel.
Although the concentration (log mean) of fecal coliform bacteria
in Turkey Creek downstream from the outfalls of the Johnson County
-------
B-42
TABLE B-17
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS, MAIN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1972
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH -N
NO^ + N02-N
Sept. 15-16
Effluent
(with sodium
thiosulfate)
21,950
5.8
6.7-6.8
22.5-25
1,000-1,200
40
378
26
1,445
24
12
15
12.5
11.4
11.0
3.8
2.2
Sept. 17
Effluent
(without sodium
thiosulfate)
5.8
6.7-6.9
23.5-25.5
900-910
14
156
24
662
8
6
18
13
12.2
8.1
2.0
2.7
£/ All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified
-------
B-43
TABLE B-18
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS, TURKEY CREEK WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1972
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C) , range
Conductivity (umhos/cm) , range
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Total Phosphorus as P
Ortho Phosphate as P
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
NH.-N
NO;: + N02-N
Sept. 15-16
Effluent
(with sodium
thiosulfate)
13,250
3.5
6.7-7.1
22-24
975-1,100
40
360
27
1,310
40
22
24
12.4
10.2
17.7
13.7
0.5
Sept. 17
Effluent
(without sodium
thiosulfate)
3.8
7.0
24
860-950
22
142
25
734
22
16
7
13.7
13.7
16.6
12.1
1.3
All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
-------
B-44
complex and Kansas City, Kansas, Plant No. 5 was 31,000/100 ml [Table
B-5], most of the bacteria was contributed by Plant No. 5 because its
effluent was not disinfected. The chlorine residual in the Johnson
County effluent ranged from trace amounts to 1.6 mg/1,
E. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Main Wastewater Treament Plant and the Turkey Creek Waste-
water Treatment Plant produced effluents with BOD and suspended solids
concentrations of 32 mg/1 and 24 mg/1, respectively. The plants were
operated efficiently and were well maintained.
2. Effluents were disinfected; however Salmonella was isolated
in the chlorine contact basins.
F. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Secondary-treatment effluent limitations for publicly owned
treatment works established pursuant to the 1972 Amendments be met by
December 31, 1975, and that maximum waste loads be predicated on the
basis of effluent limitations (e.g. concentration of BOD and suspended
solids and present design flow);
2. The BOD and suspended solids in the effluent from the waste-
water treatment plants each not exceed a monthly average of 30 mg/1
and weekly average of 45 mg/1, or 85 percent overall reduction, which-
ever produces better water quality (this quality of effluent being
achievable through a well-operated secondary plant);
-------
B-45
3. The fecal-coliform bacterial density in the effluent from the
wastewater plants shall not exceed a weekly average of 400/100 ml
and a monthly average of 200/100 ml.
-------
B-46
REFERENCES
1. G. N. McDermott. Correspondence to Arthur N. Masse, Environmental
Protection Agency, National Field Investigations Center-Denver.
Proctor and Gamble Company, Kansas City, Kansas, November 7, 1972.
2, Harold E. Babbitt and E. Robert Baumann, Sewerage and Sewage Treatment,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1958.
-------
APPENDIX C
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
-------
C-l
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
This appendix summarizes information concerning industrial waste
sources investigated in the Kansas City, Kansas, metropolitan area,
September 14 through October 5, 1972.
Eleven industrial plants were evaluated in order to determine
water-pollution control practices and waste loads discharged to the
Kansas City, Kansas, Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant and to
receiving streams via municipal storm and sanitary sewer systems.
Included in these industries were three companies that discharge di-
rectly to the Missouri River and its tributaries:
Industry Receiving Stream
Wilson Packing Co. Kaw Point WWTP
Standard Rendering Co. Kaw Point WWTP
General American Transportation Corp. Kaw Point WWTP
Chicago Rock Island Railroad Kaw Point WWTP
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Kaw Point WWTP
Colgate-Palmolive Co. Kansas River via city sewer
Sims Barrel Co. Kansas River via city sewer
Acme Plating Corp. Kansas River via city sewer
FBI-Gordon Corp. Kansas River
Phillips Petroluem Co. Missouri River
Penn Central Co. Turkey Creek
All industrial waste sources were manually sampled by EPA National
Field Investigations Center-Denver (NFIC-D) personnel. The Chain-of-
Custody procedure [Appendix E] was followed for each sample.
Each industry was requested to grant permission [Appendix F] to
allow EPA personnel to sample waste sources and make flow measurements
on company property. With one exception, all industries were cooperative
and granted the EPA permission to sample on their premises. The
-------
C-2
Standard Rendering Company refused to allow EPA personnel on their
property. Wastewater samples were obtained from the city manhole
where that industrial flow entered the municipal sewer.
The format employed in preparation of the individual evaluation
reports was as follows:
A. General includes background information and contacts;
B. Waste Sources and Treatment includes types of processes,
sources of pollution, and waste-treatment practices.
C. Plant Evaluations and Findings includes information on
evaluation procedure, data from chemical and bacteriological
analyses, field measurements, and observations.
D. Summary and Conclusions
E. Recommendations waste-treatment requirements that are based
on the following criteria:
1. Compliance with applicable water quality standards;
2. Compliance with Kansas City, Kansas, Water Pollution
Control Ordinance No. 42913;
3. Waste-load limits achievable by the installation of best
practicable control technology currently available.
-------
C-3
C-I. WILSON PACKING COMPANY
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Wilson Packing is the largest cattle- and hog-slaughtering operation
in the Kansas City metropolitan area. The company employs 700 people
and operates for 24-hr/day, 5 days/week. Slaughtering and processing
are done on a 40-hr week basis, the remainder of the time is used for
cleanup. At the time of the survey the plant was slaughtering and pro-
cessing 1,600 cattle and 9,000 hogs per week.
Management decided to eliminate the slaughter of cattle, effective
September 30, 1972, because of costs and an overall aesthetic nuisance
that had caused problems due to plant location.
From September 19 through 21, 1972, NFIC-D personnel evaluated the
waste discharged to the Kansas City, Kansas, municipal sewer system.
Plant Manager Victor Stensrud provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
Water (4,920 m /day or 1.3 mgd) obtained from Kansas City, Kansas,
is employed for plant cleaning, processing of carcasses, domestic use,
and cooling purposes.
All plant process, cooling, cleaning, and domestic wastewater is
discharged to the municipal sewer system for treatment at the Kaw Point
WWTP. Pretreatment of wastewater generated in the slaughtering and
processing includes:
1. The capture of all blood (dried and sold for protein);
2. Collection of all hair (sold) ;
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C-4
3. Hydro-sieving of paunch manure (used as dry fill); and
4. Collecting unmarketable by-products (sold to the Bruce
Milling Rendering Company).
The remainder of plant wastewater is discharged without treatment.
Approximately 50 percent of the storm water from plant grounds
flows to the Kansas River. The remainder is discharged to the sani-
tary sewer.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the plant effluent were collected and composited
at hourly intervals at the manhole on the southwest corner of the pro-
cessing plant [Figure C-l]. The samples were composited on an equal-
volume basis. One well-mixed grab sample for oil-and-grease analyses
was collected daily. Temperature, pH, and conductivity were measured
each time a sample was collected. Flows were obtained from the plant
manager. [Chemical data and field measurements are summarized in
Table C-l].
The daily waste load discharged to the municipal sewer averages
5,900 kg (13,000 Ib) BOD (8.0 kg/500 kg or 16.1 lb/1,000 Ib LWK*) and
6,900 kg (15,200 Ib) suspended solids (9.4 kg/500 kg or 18.8 lb/1,000 Ib
LWK). The quantity of oil and grease ranged from 1,000 to 2,300 mg/1.
Because sampling for oil-and-grease determination was done on a grab
basis, the samples could have been taken during periods of slug dis-
charges. However, the time of sampling was varied each day (2 PM,
* Live Weight Kill is based on company figures: average hog weight,
119 kg (262 Ib); average cow weight, 475 kg (1,047 Ib).
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C-6
3 PM, and 4PM), and the concentrations remained high. If the oil-and-
grease concentrations were typical, the estimated load discharged to
the Kaw Point WWTP could be as much as 4,540 kg/day (10,000 Ib/day)
(based on 8 hr of kill, 4 hr of clean up).
Effluent limitations for direct discharge to a navigable stream
have been proposed for this industry based on "best practicable" treat-
ment, plant capacity, and receiving water requirements. These loads
are 0.07 kg BOD/500 kg LWK (0.14 lb/1,000 Ib) and 0.05 kg suspended
solids/500 kg LWK (0.1 lb/1,000 Ib).
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Wilson Packing Company discharged wastes, to the Kaw Point
WWTP, containing 1,200 mg/1 BOD (8.0 kg/500 kg or 16.1 lb/1,000 Ib LWK),
1,400 mg/1 suspended solids (9.4 kg/500 kg or 18.8 lb/1,000 Ib LWK); the
concentration of oil and grease ranged from 1,000 to 2,300 mg/1.
2. Pretreatment included the recovery of blood, hair, paunch manure,
and unmarketable by-products. However, the waste load discharged contri-
butes to the high-strength waste received at the Kaw Point WWTP, and
additional pretreatment is required to reduce the BOD, suspended solids,
and oil and grease.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that pretreatment regulations be established for
Wilson Packing Company requiring the removal of pollutants to levels
that will not inhibit treatment of the combined wastes by biological
treatment processes or pass through the publicly owned treatment systems
-------
C-7
in concentrations or loads inconsistant with effluent limitations
established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
-------
C-9
Oil. STANDARD RENDERING COMPANY
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Standard Rendering produces tallow, oil, and greases from edible
and unedible scraps collected from packing plants in the metropolitan
area. The plant operates 24 hr/day, 5 days/week, and 12 hr on Saturdays;
there are 24 employees. The rendering plant operates on a batch basis
and has a rated capacity of 1.25 million Ib of scraps/week. A new, con-
tinuously operating plant is scheduled to be built in 1973 on adjacent
property; at that time the old plant will be removed.
The parent company, Darling-Delaware Rendering, refused to allow
NFIC-D personnel on the premises for the purpose of collecting waste
samples or measuring flow. A. E. Millis, manager of Standard Rendering,
provided information to NFIC-D personnel concerning operations.
On September 19 through 21, 1972, the waste load discharged to the
municipal sewer system was evaluated by NFIC-D personnel. The waste
was sampled at the manhole on Shawnee Street, a public thoroughfare
[Figure C-2], where the Standard Rendering effluent empties into the
City sewer. Flows were obtained from Mr. Millis.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
3
Thirty-four hundred m /months (900,000 gal./month) , as estimated
3
by Mr. Millis, of well water and 3,320 m /month (878,000 gal./month)
of municipal water are used for boilers, sanitary purposes, and steam
makeup.
-------
C-10
The plant has nine cookers for scraps and one cooker for grease,
each with a capacity of approximately 3,200 kg (7,000 Ib). Scraps and
grease are cooked at atmospheric pressure. In order to prevent grease
from returning to the boilers the steam generated in them is wasted
instead of being recycled.
Most of the wastewater is generated in the wash-rack area and
clean-up operation. All wash water from the plant goes to a baffled
catch basin (5.5 m x 1.82 m x 1.22 m deep or 18 x 6 x 4 ft) where
grease is removed manually in the morning hours. The grease is re-
turned to the grease cooker; the effluent from the catch basin flows
to the city sewer. After the grease has been removed, a plug is re-
moved from the basin, and the entire contents are drained to the city
sewer and the Kaw Point WWTP. Several times a year the Armourdale
pumping station becomes clogged with fats and grease.
Paunch manure, rags, and solids are hauled to a landfill three times
a week. There are no storm drains or storm sewers on the property.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the effluent were taken hourly and composited on an
equal-volume basis. A well-mixed grab sample for oil-and-grease analysis
was collected each day. Temperature, pH, and conductivity were measured
each time a sample was collected. [Chemical data and field measurements
are summarized in Table C-2.]
The average flow reported was 307 m /day (81,000 gpd); however, the
25.4 cm (10-in.) diameter pipe was observed flowing full every time
-------
RENDERING PLANT
SHAWNEE AVE.
57" STORM
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14" SANITARY
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KANSAS
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FigureC-2. Standard Rendering Company
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C-12
samples were collected, thus indicating a much higher flow, about
3 *
5,680 m /day (1.5 mgd). The variance in flow may be caused by not
measuring the well water used.
On the basis of the calculated flow the BOD and suspended solids
discharged to the Kaw Point WWTP were 4,540 kg/day (10,000 Ib/day) and
2,450 kg/day (5,400 Ib/day) respectively. The amount of oil and grease
discharged ranged from 590 to 1,600 mg/1.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Standard Rendering Company discharged high amounts of BOD,
suspended solids, and oil and grease to the city sewer and Kaw Point
WWTP. The oil and grease has caused problems in the city pump station
and could damage equipment at the treatment plant. The BOD and sus-
pended solids contributed to the high values reported in the influent
to the Kaw Point plant.
2. Observations revealed that the effluent pipe was flowing full
each time samples were collected. The flow reported by the company was
(303 m /day or 0.08 mgd); whereas calculations indicate aa flow of
3
5,680 m /day (1.5 mgd). The difference in the flows could be due to
the unmetered well water used in the plant.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that pretreatment regulations be established for
Standard Rendering Company requiring the removal of pollutants to levels
that will not inhibit treatment of the combined wastes by biological
* This is a calculated flow; it was obtained using the Darcy-Weisbach
equation and from blueprints of the profile of the company sewer.
-------
C-13
treatment processes or pass through the public systems in concentrations
or loads inconsistant with effluent limitations established pursuant to
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
-------
C-15
C-III. GENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
The General American Transportation Corporation (GATX) leases rail-
road transportation cars. The facility at Kansas City, Kansas, repairs
tank and freight cars and hydrostatically tests tank cars previously
cleaned on the site. Approximately 12 cars can be repaired and cleaned
each day. The plant employs 110 people and operates 8 hr/day, 5 days/week.
On September 26 through 28, 1972, NFIC-D personnel made an in-plant
survey. Robert Mercer, plant manager, and Joe Arcurie, assistant general
superintendent, provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
All water used by GATX is supplied by the City, at a rate of approxi-
mately 284 m /day (75,000 gal./day). In order to reduce consumption
water re-use is practiced where ever possible.
There are three direct discharges to the Santa Fe Ditch, which
flows to the Kansas River [Figure C-3]. Two of these discharges con-
tain storm water, and the third discharge contains clean water from
the hydrostatic testing area, compressor cooling water, boiler blow-
down, and storm-water drainage. An application for discharge under the
Refuse Act Permit Program has been filed with the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers for the three outfalls.
Residue from the cleaned tank cars is pretreated before being dis-
charged into the Kansas City, Kansas, sewer system. This residue is
3
conveyed by flumes to two holding basins (each, 190 m or 50,000-eal.
-------
C-16
capacity) equipped with surface skimmers and sludge removal equipment.
Skimmed oil and bottom sludge are hauled to a landfill. The effluent
from the holding basins is treated with lime or acid (concentrated
sulfuric) to adjust the pH to 7; alum is added as a flocculant. The
waste stream then flows to an Infilco ACCELATOR upflow flotation unit
for solids removal. The solids, manually removed by turning a valve,
flow back to the holding basins. The effluent from the flotation unit
is discharged to the city sewer. The treatment plant is continually
manned and operates only during work hours. A pH monitor on the dis-
charge end of the plant records the effluent pH; lime or acid is auto-
matically added to the ACCELATOR influent, as required, in order to
maintain the effluent at pH 7.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the effluent (from the ACCELATOR) discharged
to the city sewer, were collected and composited on an equal-volume
basis. A well-mixed grab sample, for analysis of oil and grease, and
a grab sample, for analysis of phenols, were collected daily. Temper-
ature, pH, and conductivity were measured each time a sample was col-
lected. Flows were obtained from the treatment-plant flow totalizer.
[Chemical data and field measurements are summarized in Tables C-3
and 4.]
3
The normal flow rate for the treatment system is 60.5 m /day
(16,000 gpd). On two of the three days, flow was less than normal.
The COD of the effluent was 7,880 mg/1, and the suspended solids were
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C-18
TABLE C-4
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN ACCELATOR EFFLUENT
GENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION CORP., KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 27-28, 1972
Effluent Concentration, ye/1
Parameter
Napthalene
1-Methyl napthalene
2-Methyl napthalene
Phenanthrene
Acenapthene
3,4-Dichloroaniline
2 , 5-Dichloroaniline
«-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Decane
n-Hendecane
n-Tetradecane
rz-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
Pentachlorophenol
Sept. 27
2,500
1,400
1,800
1,100
400
14,000
3,200
2,500
3,500
1,000
2,000
3,500
3,000
2,000
500
14,000
Sept. 28
2 , 800
900
1,900
1,300
300
12,500
3,100
3,000
3,500
1,500
2,500
4,000
4,000
2,000
500
-------
C-19
approximately 2,720 mg/1. The oil-and-grease concentration ranged
from 350 to 1,100 mg/1. Similar treatment units have produced efflu-
ent concentrations of oil and grease of 20 rag/1 or less.
Some of the organic compounds [Table C-4] were present in high
concentrations, notably dichloroanilines (17 mg/1) and pentachlorophenol
(14 mg/1). These compounds are toxic and could effect the efficiency
of biological treatment processes.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The GATX Corporation cleans railroad tank cars that contained
petroleum products and chemicals. The residue from the cleaning oper-
ation was pretreated before being discharged to the municipal sewer
system. The effluent from the pretreatment facility had concentrations
of suspended solids, oil and grease, and COD of 2,700 mg/1, 700 mg/1,
and 7,880 mg/1, respectively. The pretreatment facility was not oper-
ating efficiently.
2. Some of the organic compounds present could adversely affect
biological treatment processes.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that pretreatment regulations be established for
the GATX Corporation requiring the removal of toxic substances and pol-
lutants to levels which will not inhibit biological treatment or pass
through the public systems in concentrations or loads inconsistant with
effluent limitations established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972.
-------
C-21
C-IV. CHICAGO ROCK ISLAND RAILROAD
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Operations at the Rock Island Railroad terminal yard include loco-
motive and railroad-car repair, maintenance, cleaning, fueling, painting,
and classification. The operation is continuous, 7 days/week, 24 hr/day.
About 250 people are employed in the yard and shops. The shop repairs
and maintains 18 diesel locomotives a day.
From September 26 through 28, 1972, NFIC-D personnel conducted an
in-plant survey to determine the characteristics and volume of waste
discharged to the municipal sewer and Kaw Point WWTP. Warren Taylor,
engineer for Rock Island, provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
All water employed in the operations is purchased from the City
and is used for washing, servicing, sanitary, air conditioning, and
steam production.
Industrial wastes are generated in the washing and fueling areas,
maintenance and repair shops, and from storm run-off that contains oils,
fuels, and lubricants spilled on the grounds. These industrial wastes
are treated in an oil-recovery system before being discharged to the 12th
Street sewer [Figure C-4], According to the director of the Kansas City,
Kansas, Water Pollution Control Department, the waste is intercepted at
12th Street and Kansas Avenue and flows to the Kaw Point WWTP. When the
wet-weather flow exceeds the dry-weather flow by a factor of three, storm
water is diverted from the oil-recovery plant to the 12th Street sewer.
-------
C-22
The Rock Island industrial-waste treatment plant is composed of a
wet well, two Clow Air-0-Flo Air Ejection System pumps, and an API
separator equipped with a Walker Process oil skimmer and bottom scraper
system. Recovered oil is pumped to a holding tank and periodically
hauled away by a commercial contractor. The effluent from the separator
flows to a second wet well and then to the municipal sewer.
Spilled chromate cooling water, used in the locomotive engines,
flows to the treatment system, but is not removed.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the API-separator effluent were collected hourly
and composited on an equal volume basis. A well-mixed grab sample,
for oil-and-grease analysis, and a grab sample for determination of
phenols were collected daily. Temperature, pH, and conductivity were
measured each time a sample was collected. Mechanical recorders were
attached to the counter-weight arms on the elector pumps. Each time
an ejector was activated, the counter-weight arm would trip the mechan-
ical recorder. An ejector pumped 945 liters (250 gal.) each time it
was activated. Flows were determined from the total number of times
the ejectors were activated. [Chemical data and field measurements are
summarized in Table C-5.]
During 1971, 418 m (110,400 gal.) of oil were recovered in the
API separator. In March 1972 the Walker Process skimmer-and-sludge
scraper was placed into operation, but figures were not available to
determine whether the oil recovery had improved. The separator effluent
had an average oil concentration of 430 mg/1. Because detergents flowed
-------
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-------
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C-24
through the separator, much of the oil remained emulsified and was not
removed. The detergents, used in the cleaning operation, have a high
pH to aid in emulsifying oils (the pH of the effluent ranging from
7.6 to 10.5).
The average COD of the effluent was 2,220 mg/1, thus indicating a
high organic content, probably due to fuels, oils, and solvents used in
the operation. The concentration of total chromium was 0.9 mg/1 and
phenols averaged 1.6 me/1.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Chicago Rock Island Railroad pretreatment facility dis-
charged an average of 430 mg/1 of oil and grease to the Kaw Point
WWTP. Because detergents are used in car-cleaning operations and
flow through the separator, the oil-and-grease remains emulsified.
The facilities do not adequately treat the wastes.
2. Fuels, solvents, and oils in the effluent contributed to a
high organic content (COD = 2,220 mg/1).
3. The pH ranged from 7.6 to 10.5. This condition violated the
Kansas City, Kansas, Ordinance No. 42913 which prohibits the discharge of
any waste with a pH lower than 5.0 or higher than 10.0 to the city sewer.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Pretreatment regulations be established for Chicago Rock Island
Railroad requiring that removal of toxic substances and pollutants to
levels which will not inhibit biological treatment processes or pass
-------
C-25
through the public systems in concentrations or loads inconsistent
with effluent limitations established pursuant to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
2. The Chicaeo Rock Island Railroad neutralize the oH of the
effluent in order to comply with the City Ordinance limitations.
-------
C-27
C-V. OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Owens-Corning produces approximately 396 metric tons/day (874,000
Ib/day) of glass fibers for home and industrial insulating and con-
struction products. Approximately 254 metric tons/day (280 tons/day)
of sand, dredged from the Kansas River, is mixed with other ingredients
and melted to form the glass fibers. The plant operates three shifts,
7 days/week, and employs 1,200 people.
NFIC-D personnel conducted an in-plant survey, October 3 through 5,
1972, to determine the waste characteristics and flows discharged to the
Kaw Point WWTP. William C. Brunker, environmental superintendent,
provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
3
The plant has four wells that furnish 7,570 m /day (2 mgd) of water.
3
An additional 114 m /day (30,000 gpd) is purchased from the City. Most
of the water is used in the once-through cooling process and is dis-
charged to the Fairfax Cooling Water Diversion Sewer which empties into
the Missouri River. Storm water is also discharged to this sewer. (A
Refuse Act Permit Program Application was filed for this discharge.)
The plant has been actively involved in a water conservation and
recycle program. Gullet water (fractured glass) is recycled; storm and
sanitary wastes (including industrial waste) have been separated. All
industrial wastewater is scheduled to be recycled by September 1975.
-------
C-28
In addition, the once-through cooling system is to be replaced by a
recirculating system by January 1, 1974.
The main waste problem originates in the chain-washing process.
The "chain" is a continuous belt screen on which the glass fiber is
caught and deposited as a blanket. A resin, a phenolic compound, is
sprayed on the fiber, before deposition but after attenuation, by flame
or steam. The chain is washed after removal of the fiber blanket in
order to remove resin and glass-fiber particles and thus, prevent clog-
ging of the chain.
Industrial waste is discharged to the municipal sewer system on
Sunshine and Fiberglass Roads [Figure C-5]. The only pretreatment pro-
vided is screening to remove solids which are subsequently hauled to a
landfill. To remove fibers each of the seven production lines have two
Ty-Rocke shakers (one used as a standby). The wastewater is re-screened
in the plant sewers just before being discharged to the municipal system.
EPA interim Effluent Guidelines developed for the Glass Fiber
Industry allow the discharge of wastewater from the manufacturing pro-
cess only to a municipal treatment plant with acceptable secondary or
higher treatment and the ability to handle the process load.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the effluents to Sunshine Avenue and Fiberglass Road
were taken at hourly intervals and composited on an equal-volume basis.
A grab sample for phenols analysis was collected daily from each effluent.
One well-mixed sample for determination of oil and grease was collected
from the Fiberglass Road effluent. Temperature, pH, and conductivity
-------
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-------
C-29
were measured each time a sample was collected. Flows were obtained
from company flow totalizers on each discharge line. The flow to
Fiberglass Road was measured in a 22.9-cm (9 in.) Parshall flume with a
recorder while the flow to Sunshine Avenue was measured with a 22.9-cm
(9 in.) magnetic flow meter. [Chemical data and field measurements are
summarized in Table C-6.]
The combined waste load discharged to the Raw Point WWTP was
2,377 kg BOD/day (5,240 Ib) and 1,833 kg suspended solids/day (4,040 Ib);
the concentration of phenols ranged from 20 to 64 mg/1. The pH of the
Fiberglass Road effluent ranged from 6.1 to 12.2.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The waste discharged to the municipal sewer contributed approxi-
mately six percent of the BOD and three percent of the suspended solids
reported in the influent to the Kaw Point WWTP. This waste load will
be eliminated by September 1975 when all wastewater will be recycled.
Additional treatment is required to reduce the concentration of BOD
and solids discharged.
2. Concentrations of phenols ranged from 20 to 64 mg/1. Phenols
are not removed in the Kaw Point WWTP.
3. The Fiberglass Road effluent had a pH range of 6.1 to 12.2,
the upper range of which violated the Kansas City, Kansas, Ordinance
No. 42913 that prohibits the discharge of any waste with a pH lower
than 5.0 or higher than 10.0.
-------
C-30
TABLE C-6
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP., KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
OCTOBER 3-5, 1972
, Sunshine Ave. Fiberglass Road
Parameter Effluent Effluent
Flow (m3/day) 1,306 1,363
Flow (mgd) 0.345 0.360
pH (standard units), range 7.4-8.7 6.1-12.2
Temperature (°C), range 12.0-35.5 18.0-29.0
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range 900-8,000 500-15,000
BOD 1,300 500
COD 4,670 1,910
TOC 1,400 360
Total Solids 3,990 1,570
Suspended Solids 1,130 264
Volatile Suspended Solids 680 175h/
Oil & Grease 140^'
Phenols, range 28-98 11-35
a_l All values are reported as rog/1, except where specified.
b/ This figure is based on one value.
-------
C-31
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Pretreatment regulations be established for the Owens-Corning
Fiberglas firm requiring the removal of toxic substances and pollutants
to levels that will not inhibit biological treatment or pass through
the public systems in concentrations or loads inconsistent with effluent
limitations established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972.
2. The Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation neutralize the pH of
the effluent to comply with the limitations of the City Ordinance.
-------
C-33
C-VI. COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Colgate-Palmolive produces varied amounts of soap, detergents,
glycerine, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations. Soap is produced
by the batch-kettle method. Powdered detergents are batch mixed and
processed through continuous spray drying towers. Liquid detergents
and toilet articles are produced by batch mixing systems. Glycerine
is produced by evaporation and distillation.
The plant operates 24 hr/day, 7 days/week, and employs 650 people.
From September 19 through 21, 1972, NFIC-D personnel conducted
an in-plant survey. R. L. Swinney, plant manager, and E. B. Nease,
soap and process manager, provided assistance and information.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
3
Colgate-Palmolive uses municipal water (approx. 1,855 m /day or
3 3
0.49 mgd) and ground water (4,010 m /day or 1.06 mgd). About 4,540 m /day
3
(1.2 mgd) are used for cooling, 680 m /day (0.18 mgd) for processes water,
3 3
455 m /day (0.12 mgd) for boiler feed water, and 230 m /day (0.06 mgd) used
for sanitary purposes (values based on yearly consumption figures).
A portion of the water is chemically softened and filtered for use
in the plant. During the summer approximately 136 kg (300 Ib) of lime
and 82 kg (180 Ib) of soda ash/day are used in the softening process;
these amounts are doubled during the winter. The filters are backwashed
each day. The backwash water flows to the municipal sewer on Osage Street.
-------
C-34
A major source of waste is the kettle-house operation where the
spent lyes raise the pH of the wastewater to 12 or greater. This waste
is neutralized with sulfuric acid (80 %), either in a large-batch tank
or on a continuous basis. Local grease traps and separators are employed
to remove oils and fats in wastewater from the soap-production processes.
The company has the ability to vary the volume of its wastewater flows
and possibly can re-route them through the plant.
There are five outfalls to the municipal sewer system. Four of
these outfalls connect to the Kansas Avenue Interceptor sewer which
flows to the Kaw Point WWTP. The outfall on the southwest corner of
company property connects to the Osage Street sewer [Figure C-6] which
discharges to the Kansas River (RM 367.5/5.5) approximately 0.8 km
(0.5 mile) to the west. The discharge to the Osage Street sewer con-
stitutes the only flow at this location. However, about 0.4 km (0.25
mile) to the west (down sewer), a 1.52-m (5 ft) diameter interceptor
sewer combines with the Osage Street sewer.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the effluent to the Osage Street sewer, the Osage
Street sewer outfall to the Kansas River, and of the Kansas River up-
stream of the outfall were collected hourly, and composited on an equal-
volume basis. Additional grab samples were taken of the Colgate-Palmolive
discharge when the water-softening filters were backwashed. Temperature,
pH, and conductivity were measured each time a sample was collected.
Instantaneous flows of the Colgate-Palmolive effluent were measured,
hourly, with a Marsh-McBirney electromagnetic water-current meter.
-------
KANSAS AVE.
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Figure C-6. Colgate-Palmolive Company
-------
C-35
[Chemical and bacteriological data and field measurements are summarized
in Table C-7.] On September 19, 1972, Rhodamine WT dye was introduced
into the Colgate-Palmolive effluent and was observed in the Osage Street
outfall at the river 15 minutes later.
Company records (April 1971) show that the flow to the Osage Street
3
sewer was 867 m /day (0.229 mgd) ; the concentrations of BOD, COD, and
suspended solids were 15 mg/1, 88 mg/1, and 14.5 mg/1, respectively, and
the average pH was 8.1. A RAPP application was not filed with the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. According to the opinion of the legal depart-
ment of the Colgate-Palmolive Company, a permit was not required.
The average concentrations of BOD, COD, and suspended solids dis-
charged through the Osage Street sewer were 29 mg/1, 77 mg/1, and 140 mg/1,
respectively. The suspended-solids concentration was ten times more than
that reported in company data. The pH ranged from 6.0 to 10.0. These
data indicate that process waters were discharged. In addition, the fecal-
coliform bacterial densities ranged from 130 to 17,000/100 ml, indicating
that domestic waste was also discharged to the Osage Street sewer. Foam
was observed in the waste stream, indicating detergents to be present.
Solids characteristics of the slug discharges of filter backwash
water were as follows:
Volatile
Total Solids Suspended Solids Suspended Solids
Date mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
120
160
184
Sept. 19
Sept. 20
Sept. 21
2
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-------
C-36
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C-37
The discharges had an average pH of 7.1, were white in color, and had
a duration of approximately 30 minutes.
The effects of the Colgate-Palmolive discharge in the Kansas River
were not evident owing to the large volume of flow in the Osage Street
sewer. On September 20, EPA personnel, using a Marsh-McBirney electro-
magnetic current meter, made instantaneous flow measurements in the
3
river outfall structure. The average flow was 35,050 m /day (9.26 mgd).
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The data collected during the effluent sampling indicate that the
Colgate-Palmolive Company discharged sanitary and process wastewater to
the Osage Street sewer which subsequently discharges to the Kansas River.
Slug discharges of water-treatment plant filter backwash water were dis-
charged each day and contained approximately 1,650 mg/1 of suspended
solids. Effects of the Colgate-Palmolive discharge in the Kansas River
were not evident because the Osage Street sewer carries a large volume
of domestic wastewater.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Pretreatment regulations be established for the company requir-
ing the removal of toxic substances and pollutants to levels that will
not inhibit biological treatment or pass through public systems in
concentrations or loads inconsistant with effluent limitations estab-
lished pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, if the City of Kansas City, Kansas connects the Osage St.
sewer to a wastewater treatment plant, or
-------
C-38
2. If the Osage St. sewer is not connected to a wastewater treat-
ment plant, the company meet the requirements in the EPA interim Efflu-
ent Guidelines for direct discharges.
-------
C-39
C-VII. SIMS BARREL COMPANY
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
The Sims Barrel Company, a subsidiary of International Minerals
and Chemical Corporation (Libertyville, Illinois), reclaims, cleans,
and paints used 210-liter (55 pal.) barrels. Approximately 1,500 of
these barrels are renovated each day; major sources of these barrels
include petroleum, chemical and paint companies. The plant operates
8-to-9 hours a day, 5 days/week, and employs 7a people.
From October 3 through 5, 1972, NFIC-D personnel conducted an in-
plant survey. Joseph E. Doninger and Jim Burleson of the IMC Corporation
provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
The amount of water employed in the reclaiming operation and boilers
3
depends upon the quantity of barrels processed. Between 76 and 132 m
(20,000 and 35,000 gal.) of municipal water are used each day.
Sanitary wastes have been separated from the industrial waste
streams. Both are discharged to the 12th Street sewer which flows into
the Kansas River (RM 367.5/4.4), approximately 0.4 km (0.25 mile) south
of the company [Figure C-7]. A RAPP application was filed for the
discharge.
Industrial waste is pretreated before being dischareed to the city
sewer. Because of the variety of substances contained in the barrels
that are received each day, the company has, for more efficient operation,
-------
C-AO
divided its processes into an oil line and paint line; all barrels
containing paints are fed to the paint line; all other barrels, con-
taining chemicals, oils, solvents, etc., go to the oil line.
The barrels are segregated upon arrival. Those containing oils
and lubricants pass through an incinerator before proceeding to the oil
line. [The oil-line and paint-line sequences are listed in Tables C-8
and 9 and shown in Figure C-7.]
After passing through the oil and paint lines, the barrels are
spray-painted in a water curtain paint booth that is drained every two
weeks. The paint residue and solids flow to the company treatment plant.
The pretreatment system receives all industrial waste streams. The
3
combined waste flows into a 7.6-m (2,000 gal.) mixing tank divided into
eight compartments. Solutions of concentrated sulfuric acid (190-
230 !3/day or 50-60 gpd) and ferric sulfate (90 kg/day or 200 Ib/day)
are added to the influent to produce a pH of 2 to 3. Sodium hydroxide
(190-230 1 /day or 50-60 gpd.) is added near the end of the tank to
produce an effluent pH of 8 to 9. The mixing-tank effluent flows to
a 38-m (10,000 gal.) clarifier; the clarifier sludge flows to a lagoon.
Settled lagoon sludge is hauled to a landfill, and the lagoon overflow
is returned to the influent of the mixing tank. Oil, separated in the
clarifier, is stored in a tank and used for fuel in the incinerator.
The effluent from the clarifier discharges to the 12th Street sewer.
Preflush and outside stripper water from the oil line passes through
a oil separator. The recovered oil goes to the oil storage tank.
The company is continuously running pilot studies to improve waste
-------
4 1
-------
TABLE C-8
SIMS BARREL COMPANY
OIL-LINE OPERATION
C-41
Operation
Contaminants
in wastewater
a/
1. Preflush: continuous overflow,
drained daily (379 1 or 100 gal.)
2. Outside Stripper: no overflow,
drained weekly (5.7-7.6 m or
1,500-2,000 gal.)
3. Outside Rinse: continuous overflow,
drained weekly (1.5 m or 400 gal.)
4. Four Automatic Washers, operated in
series (soda ash used as caustic wash):
1st Washer, continuous overflow,
drained daily
2nd Washer, continuous overflow,
drained daily
3rd Washer, no overflow,
drained daily
4th Washer, continuous overflow,
drained weekly
5. Neutralization and final flush:
cleaned drums are prepared for
painting
6. Acid wash, neutralization, and
final flush: rusty drums are
prepared for painting
110,000 ppm oil & grease
63,000 ppm oil & grease
Not reported
1,100 ppm oil & grease
1,500 ppm oil & grease
Uses recycled water
800 ppm oil & grease
Not reported
Not reported
a/ This information was reported June 8, 1972, by Sims Barrel Company.
-------
C-42
TABLE C-9
SIMS BARREL COMPANY
PAINT-LINE OPERATION
Operation
a/
Con t ami Tients-
in wastewater
1. Preflush: no overflow, drained
weekly (3.4 m3 or 900 gal.)
water recycled
2. Submerged Washer: no overflow,
drained every 2-3 months
(9.4 m3 or 2,500 gal.),
water recycled
3. Outside rinse: no overflow,
drained weekly (1.5-1.9 m3 or
400-500 gal.) water recycled
4. Chain Clean-out: Abrasion,
no water used
5. Flushout: continuous overflow,
hot water used on once-through
basis (190 1 or 50 gal. per hr),
drained weekly (1.9 m3 or 500 gal.)
6. Outside rinse: continuous
overflow, drained weekly
(1.1 m3 or 300 gal.)
75,000 ppm oil & grease
75,000 ppm oil & grease
Not reported
2,000 ppm oil & grease
Not reported
a/ This information was reported June 8, 1972, by Sims Barrel Company.
-------
C-43
treatment and incorporating the results into their treatment facility.
Therefore, the pretreatment operation is continually changing, to re-
flect results of their studies.
After the City intercepts the 12th Street sewer (scheduled in
1973), the effluent will flow to the Kaw Point WWTP.
C. PLANT EVALUATIONS AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the clarifier effluent, the 12th Street sewer
outfall to the Kansas River, and of Kansas River water, 100 m upstream
of the 12th Street sewer, were collected hourly and composited on an
equal volume basis. One well-mixed grab sample each for analyses of
phenols and oil and grease, was collected daily. Temperature, pH, and
conductivity were measured each time a sample was collected. A 60°
V-notch weir was installed in the effluent line from the clarifier,
and flows were measured with a Stevens Type-F Flow Recorder. [Chemical
data and field measurements are summarized in Tables C-10 and 11.]
The effluent characteristics reported in the Refuse Act Permit
Program Application were as follows:
Concentration
(mg/1, except where noted)
Flow (m3/day) 83
Flow (mgd) 0.022
pH (standard units) 12.5
COD 13,097
TOC 4,433
Total Solids 16,080
-------
C-44
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-------
C-45
TABLE C-ll
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CLARIFIER EFFLUENT FROM
SIMS BARREL COMPANY AND THE 12TH STREET SEWER,
OCTOBER 3, 1972
Effluent 12th St. sewer
Concentration Outfall Concentration
Parameter pg/1 ng/1
Toluene 280 2
Tetrachlorethylene 220
Ethylbenzene 140
m & p-Xylene 420
o-Xylene 310
n-Hendecane 50
Trimethylbenzene 35
n-Dodecane 50
n-Tridecane 50 15
n-Tetradecane 50 35
Napthalene 100
t-Butylphenol 170
2-Methylnapthalene 170
1-Methylnapthalene 100
n-Hexadecane 50 70
Diraethylnapthalene 140
n-Heptadecane 50 70
rt-Octadecane 50 70
n-Pentadecane 70
n-Nonadecane 70
n-Eicosane 35
n-Heneicosane 35
-------
C-46
Suspended Solids 2,380
Volatile Suspended Solids 1,940
Oil & Grease 2,970
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 358
NO--N 121
Total Phosphorus as P 54
Ortho Phosphate as P 54
Total Aluminum 23
Total Lead 24
Total Zinc 14.5
Total Copper 0.5
Total Chromium 4.9
Total Cadmium 0.06
Phenols 2.2
The flow and the concentration of phenols (11.1 mg/1) discharged
to the 12th Street sewer were higher than the reported value; the other
constituents were considerably less. The pH remained high, ranging
from 7.2 to 11.2, a violation of City Ordinance No. 42913 [Appendix I].
The 12th Street sewer outfall to the Kansas River had concen-
trations of BOD, COD, TOC, oil and grease, phenols, and heavy metals
much higher than those found in domestic waste. Although the flow to
the Kansas River was not measured, the fact that the constituents of
the 12th Street sewer effluent exhibited the same high values as those
found in the Sims Barrel effluent is indicative of this industrial ef-
fluent being a contributor of a significant portion of the pollutants
found in the sewer.
-------
C-47
A variety of organic compounds [Table C-ll] were identified in the
Sims Barrel effluent. The concentrations were relatively low, but could
cause localized degradation in the Kansas River downstream from the
discharge. Because most of the compounds found in this effluent are
aromatic in nature (resistant to biodegradation), they would be expected
to persist in the receiving waters for a long time.
The compounds identified in the 12th Street sewer outfall were n-
alkanes, as found in petroleum. None of the other compounds found in
the Sims Barrel effluent were identified in the sewer outfall.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Sims Barrel Company reclaims and cleans barrels from various
industrial sources (chemical, petroleum, paints). Wastewater was pre-
treated before being discharged via the 12th Street sewer to the Kansas
River, 0.4 km (0.25 mile) away. The effluent had high concentrations of
BOD, COD, TOG, oils and greases, phenols, and heavy metals. These high
concentrations were found in the 12th Street sewer effluent, indicating
that the Sims Barrel effluent contributed a significant portion of the
pollutants. Pretreatment was not adequate.
2. The range of pH of the Sims Barrel effluent rose to 11.2, a level
which violated the Kansas City, Kansas Ordinance No. 42913, prohibiting
the discharge of any waste with a pH lower than 5.0 or higher than 10.0.
The pH of the 12th Street sewer ranpe from 6.8 to 10.6.
3. The company is continually working on its pretreatment methods
to develop more efficient and better treatment.
-------
C-48
4. The City plans to divert the 12th Street sewer discharge from
the river to the Kaw Point WWTP by late 1973.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Pretreatment regulations be established for Sims Barrel Company
requiring the removal of toxic substances and pollutants to levels that
will not inhibit biological treatment processes or pass through public
systems in concentrations or loads inconsistent with effluent limitations
established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972.
2. The Sims Barrel Company neutralize the pH of the effluent to
comply with the City Ordinance limitations.
-------
C-49
C-VIII. ACME PLATING CORPORATION
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Acme Plating has the facilities to perform all types of metal
finishing: chrome, aluminum anodizing, copper, silver, cadmium, brass,
gold, tin, solder, and zinc. The custom plating firm operates 24 hr/day,
5 days/week, and employs 26 people. The day shift operates at full
capacity, the second shift at one-half capacity, and the third shift
at one-fourth capacity. Chrome and zinc plating each make up 30 to
35 percent of the operation.
The firm, because it discharged to a municipal sewer that flows
directly into the Kansas River, filed for a permit to discharge into
a navigable water under the Refuse Act Permit Program.
From October 3 through 5, 1972, NFIC-D personnel conducted an
in-plant survey. Harold L. Copeland, owner of Acme Plating, provided
assistance and information.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
All water is supplied by the City and is employed in the metal
solution and re-use tanks and in cooling operations. Mr. Coneland
3
estimated the use at 1,890 m /day (0.50 mgd).
In August 1964 the Office of the City Engineer issued the firm a
permit to discharge to the Argentine storm sewer which flows into the
Kansas River (RM 367.5/5.1) approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mile) to the East
[Figure C-8]. It should be noted that the Santa Fe Railroad shops and
yards also discharge treated industrial wastes to this storm sewer.
-------
C-50
Spills and overflows from the plating and rinse tanks are collected
in floor troughs and transmitted to a central trough and floor drain.
Although there is no treatment before discharge, good housekeeping
techniques are employed in order to minimize waste. Each chemical tank
is followed by a recovery tank used to rinse the chemical off the plated
item. When the chemical tank requires additional make-up water, water
is taken from the recovery tank. The anodizing tank has a titanium coil
for cooling while the bright acid tin solution tank has a plastic tube
containing cold water. Water is cooled in a 1.8-metric ton (2 ton)
Copeland refrigerator; all water is recycled continuously.
The effluent from the plant was analyzed, in 1971, by Gray Labora-
tories in Kansas City. The analysis was based on grab samples. The
results were as follows:
Concentration
Parameter (in mg/1; unless otherwise noted)
Chloride 119
Cyanide 3.3
Sulfate 321
Sulfide None detected
Aluminum 1.5
Cadmium 2.1
Chromium 3.0
Copper 1.8
Nickel 18.4
Gold <50 yg/1
-------
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-------
C-51
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the Acme Plating effluent, the Argentine sewer out-
fall to the Kansas River, and of the Kansas River water, 100 m upstream
of the outfall of the Argentine sewer were collected hourly and compos-
ited on an equal-volume basis. Temperature, pH, and conductivity were
measured each time a sample was collected. Flows were obtained from the
City water meter. [Chemical and bacteriological data and field measure-
ments are summarized in Table C-12.]
The flow averaged 240 m /day (0.064 mgd), considerably less than
the 1,890 m /day (0.5 mgd) reported, and employees in the plant said that
they were operating under normal conditions of water consumption.
The EPA interim Effluent Guidelines have recommended the following
limits on discharges from the metal-finishing industry.
Concentration
Parameter (mg/1, except pH)
pH 6-8.5
Suspended Solids 50
Cyanide 0.1
Lead 0.1
Zinc 1.0
Copper 0.5
Chromium 0.5
(solution & suspended solids)
Cadmium 0.2
Nickel 2.0
-------
C-52
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-------
C-53
The concentrations of heavy metals discharged were less than those
reported as discharged in 1971, but higher than the limitations of the
interim Effluent Guidelines. (No sanitary sewer is in close proximity
to the plant.) Evidence of the Acme Plating discharge is indicated by
the metal concentrations in the Argentine sewer. At the concentrations
discharged these metals could impart off-flavor to fish and render them
undesirable for human consumption.
Cyanide concentrations averaged 9.4 mg/1 in the company effluent and
1.3 mg/1 in the Argentine sewer. These concentrations are dangerous at
low pH because HCN gas is easily released. The pH of the effluent was as
low as 2.8. Therefore, a hazardous condition in the plant and sewer
was created.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
3
1. The Acme Plating Corporation discharged approximately 240 m /day
(0.064 mgd) of waste containing heavy metals to the Argentine storm sewer
that flows to the Kansas River. Concentrations were: lead, 0.28 mg/1;
zinc, 4.4 mg/1; copper, 1.03 mg/1; chromium, 2.7 mg/1; cadmium, 0.45 mg/1;
nickel, 2.8 mg/1; and mercury, 1.5 yg/1. The concentrations exceeded the
EPA interim Effluent Guidelines and were evident in the Argentine-sewer
discharge to the Kansas River.
2. The company effluent contained an average of 9.4 mg/1 cyanide
and had a pH as low as 2.8. This combination produced hazardous conditions
in the plant as hydrogen cyanide gas (poisonous) is released under acidic
conditions. Similar conditions could occur in the Argentine storm sewer
as the cyanide concentration was 1.3 mg/1.
-------
C-54
3. The effluent from the Acme Plating Corporation violated City of
Kansas City, Kansas, Ordinance No. 42913 which prohibits the discharge
of any waste containing more than 2.0 ppm cyanides and any wastes with
a pH lower than 5.0 or greater than 10.0.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. The Acme Plating Corporation take immediate steps to neutralize
its waste to a pH range of 6 to 8.5 and reduce the cyanide concentration
to 0.1 mg/1 or less.
2. Pretreatment regulations be established requiring the removal
of toxic substances and pollutants to levels which will not inhibit
biological treatment processes or pass through the public systems in
concentrations or loads inconsistent with effluent limitations estab-
lished pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, if the Argentine sewer is connected to a wastewater treatment
plant by December 31, 1975; or
3. If the Argentine sewer is not connected to a wastewater treat-
ment plant by December 31, 1975, heavy metal concentrations in the ef-
fluent shall be reduced to levels in the EPA interim Effluent Guide-
lines for the metal finishing industry, based on best control tech-
nology currently available.
-------
C-55
C-IX. PRIVATE BRANDS INCORPORATEDGORDON CORPORATION
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
PBI-Gordon is a formulator and packager of "ready-to-use" chemicals
for private brand names. Concentrated materials are purchased in bulk
quantities, appropriately formulated, and distributed. Formulation pro-
cedures are conducted in batch operations, consisting of both solid pro-
ducts (dusts, powders, granules) and liquid products (solutions, emulsi-
fiable suspensions) in organic or aqueous phases. Formulations include
ethylene plycol anti-freeze and 150 varieties of pesticides.
The plant operates on a 40-hr, 5-day week, and employs between 40
to 60 people, depending on seasonal demands.
Because the PBI-Gordon Corporation failed to meet the deadline for
filing an application to discharge to a navigable water (Kansas River)
under the 1899 Refuse Act Permit Program, enforcement action was taken
by Region VII, EPA. The corporation was fined. An application was
subsequently filed with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
From July 20 through 21 and September 26 through 28, 1972, NFIC-D
personnel conducted in-plant surveys. R. M. Mueller, president, and
Everett Mealman, executive vice-president, provided information and
assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATT1ENT
PBI-Gordon has two sources of water for its use, well water and
3
municipal water. Groundwater was used (9,080 m or 2.4 million gal.
per year) for condenser cooline water in the esterification process,
-------
C-56
but this process has been discontinued as esters are now purchased.
Yearly consumption of municipal water is itemized as follows:
Cubic Meters Million Gal.
per year per year
Formulation Water 1,510 0.4
Cooling Water 4,540 1.2
Wash Water 1,140 0.3
Boiler Water 2,080 0.55
Bath Water for
Heat-Exchange Purposes 530 0.14
Roto Clone Water 1,890 0.5
Sanitary Water 1,330 0.35
TOTAL 13,020 3.44
Originally, all wastewater from FBI-Gordon flowed to a common wet
well and was then discharged to the Kansas River (RM 367.5/1.2)
[Figure C-9]. The company has made numerous changes in their process
waste discharges. Products are formulated in batches that progress from
minimum concentrations to maximum concentrations. Wash water, used to
clean mixing vessels, is held in drums and re-used at a later date.
Herbicide wash water is scheduled to be broadcasted on weeds located on
their property (7.3 hectares or 18 acres). To prevent accidental dis-
charge all known floor drains have been plugged. Sludge from the two
Roto Clones (used to collect fine particles suspended in the air) is
hauled away to a landfill twice a year. Water used in the Roto Clones
is recycled.
The Armourdale sanitary interceptor is the municipal sewer located
-------
ate Brands Incorporated -Gordon Corporation
-------
C-57
nearest to the company. An 20.3-cm (8 in.) dia. sanitary sewer was
installed at company expense (approximately 250 m) and connected to
the interceptor in late October 1972. The Director of the Kansas City,
Kansas, Water Pollution Control Department has refused to accept any
waste other than sanitary because of possible toxicity to proposed bio-
logical treatment processes at the Kaw Point WWTP.
Cooling water, boiler water, and bath water (used to provide
indirect heating to closed containers immersed in the baths) are dis-
charged to the river.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the FBI-Gordon effluent and Kansas River water,
both 100 m upstream of and 10 m downstream from the outfall, were col-
lected hourly and composited on an equal-volume basis. Temperature,
pH, and conductivity were measured each time a sample was collected.
The effluent flow was measured hourly by recording the time required
to fill a 9.5-liter (2.5 gal.) container. [Chemical data and field
measurements are summarized in Tables C-13 and 14.]
The effluent characteristics reported in the RAPP application were:
Concentration
Parameter (in mg/1, except where noted)
Flow (m3/day) 76
Flow (gpd) 20,000
pH (standard units) 7.3
Diazinon 0.025
Malathion O.A76
-------
C-58
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C-60
Chlordane 5.02
Toxaphene 3.62
Disyston 0.074
alpha-; delta-; gamma-BHC 1.28
Isobutyl 2,4-D 0.078
The discharge flow from the plant has been decreased through in-
3
plant changes. The volume ranged from 4.4 to 8.3 m /day (1,160 to
2,175 gpd). Isobutyl 2,4-D concentrations ranged from 36 to 300 ug/1
and were less than reported values. The concentrations of the herbi-
cides and methoxychlor were not considered toxic. However, the levels
of p-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol might have detrimental effects
on the taste of fish and on other aquatic species.
The company was formulating Banvel-D, Mercoprop, and 2,4-D in July
and Methoxychlor and technical chlordane in September. The effluent
supposedly contained only cooling water, boiler water, and sanitary
wastes. Although it was possible that these chemicals could have been
deposited in the sewers previously and then washed out during the
period of sampling, the concentrations found in the effluent indicate
that all drains have not been plugged.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The FBI-Gordon Corporation has made numerous changes in their
operating procedures and wastewater discharges. Wash water is recycled
and stored for later use, floor drains have been plugged, sanitary waste
is discharged to the city sewer, and product formulation procedures have
been revised.
-------
C-61
2. However, pesticides were still being discharged to the Kansas
River; these pollutants could have been deposited in the sewer from
previous operations and then washed out during tthe sampling period.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. The FBI-Gordon Corporation conduct additional in-plant surveys
in order to locate and eliminate the sources of pollutant entry to the
sewer system.
2. The City permit the discharge of all the wastes, with the pos-
sible exception of cooling water, to the Armourdale sewer. The wastes
should be pretreated to remove toxic substances to levels that will not
inhibit treatment of biological treatment systems. If the pollutant
sources cannot be eliminated, the discharge shall be contained in an
impervious holding basin and monitored for toxic materials before dis-
charge. The FBI-Gordon Corporation should continuously monitor the
waste stream and report the data to the City.
-------
C-63
C-X. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
The Phillips Petroleum Company operates a standard refining process
in Kansas City, Kansas. The plant employs 575 people and operates
24-hr/day, 7 days/week. Products manufactured include motor gasoline,
distillates, jet turbine fuel, jet and diesel fuel, lube oils, lube oil
additives, fuel oil, road oil, asphalt, emulsion asphalt, propane, and
butane. The principal raw material is crude oil which is transported to
the plant via a pipeline. The plant operates at its maximum capacity,
12,400 m /day (78,000 bbl/day). The additional rax7 materials used are
isobutane (consumed in the process) and n-butane (used for blending).
Processes used at the refinery include:
Crude-oil fractionation:
Catalytic cracking:
Alkylation;
Catalytic reforming;
Hydrogen desulfurization;
Vacuum distillation;
Propane deasphalting;
Phenol extraction;
Propane dewaxing;
Steam generation;
Chemical treating;
Sulfur production in sulfur recovery unit; and
Blending.
-------
C-64
The refinery has been operating continuously, with wastewater dis-
charges to the Missouri River, since 1913. A RAPP application has been
filed with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for two discharge locations.
The discharge (Serial No. 001, RM 368.9) at the southeast corner of the
plant property flows continuously and consists of treated industrial
wastes. The second discharge (Serial No. 002, RM 369.5), located on
the northeast corner of the property, is used only during heavy rains
and contains excess water from surface run-off, boiler blowdown, and
excess flow (during wet weather) from two API separators [Figure C-10].
In June 1972, during a thunder shower, an oil slick was observed in
the Missouri River near discharge No. 002. The overflow from the surge
box (containing oil) at the north end of the plant was being discharged
to the river. The EPA Regional Office, Region VII, presented the case
to the Federal Grand Jury, in Topeka, Kansas, and the company was indicted
on November 8, 1972. The coiroanv entered a plea of nolo contendere and
was fined $1,000.
NFIC-D personnel conducted, from September 14 through 15, 1972, an
in-plant survey. On September 16 the catalytic cracker and support
operations were shut down for approximately 4-to-6 weeks for repairs.
Jesse W. Scarborough, manager of plant operations, and H. H. Comstock,
director of environmental control, provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
3
The plant uses an average of 17,520 m /day (4.63 mgd) of water,
3
consisting of municipal water (1,550 m /day or 410,000 epd) and eround
-------
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-------
C-65
3 1
water (15,970 m /day or 4.22 mgd) . The uses are: sanitary, 75.7 m /day
(20,000 gpd); cooling, 10,560 m3/day (2.79 mgd); boiler, 5,410 m3/day
3
(1.43 mgd); and other 1,480 m /dav (0.39 mgd) . Water is not used di-
rectly in the refinery processes.
Cooling water is recycled to cooling towers to reduce the volume of
make-up water. Full use is made of heat recovery to conserve fuel and
reduce cooling make-up water.
Foul or sour process waters are steam stripped for removal of
hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. The stripped foul water is re-used by
allowing it to become in contact with crude oil in a two-stage electrical
crude desalting process; phenol is extracted from the foul water. The
desalter effluent is cooled, to control temperature before discharge to
an air-flotation unit, then combined with other plant wastewater before
being discharged to the waste treatment system employed for crude-oil
recovery.
Sanitary wastes are discharged to a septic tank. The effluent from
the septic tank flows to the crude-oil, waste recovery system.
Crude-oil spillage is collected throughout the refinery process is al-
lowed and flows to a wet well at the north end of the plant. Wastewater
containing oil is similarly collected throughout the refinery process and
flows to a wet well adjacent to the crude-oil wet well [Figure C-10].
Two API separators are located next to the wet wells. One is designated
3
as the North API Box (crude oil) and has a capacity of 310 m (81,900 gal.)
and size of 6.1 m x 23.8 m x 2.1 m (20 ft x 78 ft x 7 ft): the second is
3
designated as the North API Water Box and has a capacity of 150 m
-------
C-66
(39,880 gal.) and size of 3.7 m x 19.2 m x 2.1 m (12 ft x 63 ft 4 in. x 7 ft).
Separated oil is returned to the crude-oil process. The effluents from
these two separators discharge into a surge box (4.6 mx2.4mx2.3mor
15 ft x 8 ft x 7 ft 7 in.). The entire contents of the surge box is
pumped to the clarifier located at the south end of the plant.
A third separator, designated as the South API Oil Box with a 360-m
(94,000 gal.) capacity and size of 6.1 m x 24.7 m x 2.4 m (20 ft x 81 ft
x 7 ft 9 in.), is located adjacent to the clarifier-flotation facility.
This separator receives brine wastes, septic tank effluent, oil recycled
from the clarifier, boiler-blowdown water, and water-treatment sludge
(hot soda ash and zeolite process). The effluent from the separator is
pumped into the clarifier.
3
The clarifier has a capacity of 4,380 m (1,157,000 gal.) and is
(115 ft) in dia., 7.6 m (25 ft) in total height, and a 1.5 m (5 ft)
conical bottom. The air-flotation unit (13.0 m or 42.5 ft in dia.,
3.3 m or 10 ft 9 in. deep with 0.6-ra or 2 ft free board) receives the
discharge from the clarifier. The effluent from the air-flotation unit
is discharged to the Missouri River (Serial No. 001). Waste oil re-
covered in the clarifier (skimming device used for collection) is re-
turned to the South API separator. Waste sludge, recovered from the
flotation unit, is hauled to a sanitary landfill.
Waste oil recovered from the South API separator passes through a
horizontal centrifuge (Super-D-Canter) to remove coarse solids. These
solids are then pumped to a vertical sludge-settling and loading tank.
-------
C-67
The effluent from the horizontal centrifuge, flows to a vertical centri-
fuge for additional solids removal; these solids are also pumped to the
settling and loading tank. The oil from the vertical centrifuge is pumped
to a clean oil tank for re-use.
Solids are removed by gravity in the vertical settling and loading
tank and transported to the landfill. For further sludge removal the
water from the vertical tank is pumped through a small air-flotation
unit (2.4 m or 8 ft in dia.). This sludge is hauled to the landfill.
Most of the effluent from the small, air-flotation unit returns to the
South API separator; a small portion is diverted to the centrifuges in
order to maintain a constant flow.
The average flow through the treatment process, under dry-weather
o
conditions, is 7.2-8.3 m /minute (1,900-2,200 gpm), 24 hr, 7 days/week.
Storm water is discharged to the Fairfax, combined-sanitary storm
sewer that feeds into the Kansas City, Kansas, Kaw Point WWTP. Excess
storm water is by-passed to the Missouri River (RM 369.5 and RM 368.9).
There are several methods available to by-pass to the river. Two
automatic pumps, located in the crude-oil line and water line at the
north end of the plant, discharge directly to a ditch leading to the
river (Serial No. 002). These are up sewer of the pumps in the wet wells
which pump into the API separators.
The two pumps in the north-area wet well can manually be changed
to pump directly to the ditch leading to the river from the wet well.
The two pumps that pump the effluent from the surge box to the clarifier
also can be manually changed to divert the river. (One of these pumps
-------
C-68
can take the flow from the pipes connecting the API separators to the
surge box while the second pump takes the effluent from the surge box.)
When these two pumps are diverted to the river, two additional pumps,
located in the mid-section of the plant grounds, pump a portion of the
effluent from the surge box to the clarifier. The manual changinp of
the pumps, diverting flow to the river, occurs when a float device in
the surge box trips an alarm, indicating flooding conditions.
At the south end of the plant by-passing is accomplished at the
air-flotation unit. The pumps are manually changed to divert the ef-
fluent from the clarifier to the river (Serial No. 001) instead of the
flotation unit.
C. PLANT EVALUATIONS AND FINDINGS
NFIC-D personnel sampled the company outfall to the Missouri River
(Serial No. 001) and Missouri River water, 100 m upstream of and 10 m
downntream from the Phillips outfall, hourly and composited the samples
on an equal-volume basis. Grab samples for analysis of phenols were
taken each day. Skimmed grab samples from the Missouri River and
well-mixed grab samples from the outfall for oil-and-grease analysis
were taken daily. Flows were obtained from the flow meter attached to
the clarifier effluent line. Field measurements for pH, temperature,
and conductivity were made each time a sample was collected. [Field
measurements and chemical data are summarized in Table C-15.]
The RAPP application listed the following concentrations of con-
stituents in the effluent:
-------
TABLE C-15
SUMMARY OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL DATA
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY, KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 14-15, 1972
C-69
a/
Parameter
j
Flow (m /day)
Flow (cfs)b7
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) , range
Temperature (°C), range
Conductivity (ymhos/cm), range
COD
TOG
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Phenols
Phillips
Effluent
11,355
3.0
7.4-9.0
35.0-41.1
1,450-2,000
178
41
1,275
32
11
19.5
1.2
Mo. River
upstream of
Effluent
288.7 x 106
118,000
76,265
7.1-7.8
20.0-23.5
450-530
56
36
2
<0.05^'
Mo. River
downstream
from Effluent
7.0-8.6
24-34
480-1,500
72
35
6
0.58
aj All values are average and in mg/1, except x^here otherwise specified.
b_/ Flow was measured at USGS station, Kansas Citv, Missouri.
c/ These are minimum detectable limits.
-------
C-70
Daily Avg Concentration,
Parameter (mg/1, except pH and flow)
Flow (m3/day) 12,490
Flow (mgd) 3.3
pH (standard units), range 8.2-9.6
COD 102
TOC 32
Total Solids 993
Suspended Solids 69
Volatile Suspended Solids 24
Oil & Grease 14.1
Phenols 507
The concentrations of the effluent constituents were essentially the
same as those reported in the RAPP application, with the exception of
phenols. The phenol concentration was only 1.2 mg/1 instead of 507 mg/1
as reported.
A comparison of the EPA interim Effluent Guidelines for the petroleum
industry (Class D Integrated plants-topping, catalytic cracking plus
lube oil processing) and the actual loads discharged to the Missouri
River is as follows:
Phillips Effluent Effluent Guidelines Limits
COD
TOC
Suspended Solids
Oil & Grease
Phenols
lb/1,000 bbl
per day
57
13
10.3
6.3
0.4
kg/100 m*
per day
16.3
3.7
2.9
1.8
0.1
lb/1,000 bbl
per day
61
16
10
*
5.0
0.05
kg/100 mj
per day
17.4
4.5
2.8
1.4
0.01
* The concentration equivalent is 10 mg/1.
-------
C-71
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Except for excess storm water, the Phillips Petroleum Company
treats all of its sanitary and industrial wastewater before discharge
to the Missouri River. A RAPP application has been filed with the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
2. The company was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury on November 8,
1972, for discharging oil to the Missouri River; the company entered a
plea of nolo contendere and was fined $1,000.
3. The company effluent met the EPA interim guideline limitations
for a Class D refinery except for phenols and oil and grease. The ef-
fluent contained 19.5 mg/1 of oil and grease (1.8 kg of oil and grease/
3
100 m or 6.3 Ib of oil and grease/1,000 bbl, based on two samples) and
0.1 kg phenols/100 m3 (0.4 lb/1,000 bbl); the guidelines limit these
constituents to 1.4 kg/100 m3 (5.0 lb/1,000 bbl) and 0.01 kg/100 m3
(0.05 lb/1,000 bbl), respectively. Additional treatment is required to
reduce these concentrations to guideline limits.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. The loads of oil and grease and phenols, discharged to the
3
Missouri River, be reduced to 1.4 and 0.01 kg/100 m /day (5.0 and
0.05 lb/1,000 bbl/day), respectively, by December 31, 1975. These
values are based on best practicable control technology currently
available for the petroleum industry.
2. The Company shall provide secondary treatment for sanitary
wastes, or discharge these wastes to the municipal wastewater treatment
plant by December 31, 1975.
-------
C-73
C-XI. PENN CENTRAL COMPANY, INC.
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
A. GENERAL
Penn Central (2727 Roe Blvd.) is located adjacent to Turkey Creek.
The company packages and occasionally mixes 950 m /week (250,000 gal,,/
week) of oils, chemicals, and anti-freeze for large oil companies. Raw
material is received at the plant in bulk form in railroad tank cars
and tank trucks. The company employs 50 people and operates 8 hr/day,
5 days/week.
On September 25, 1972, NFIC-D personnel conducted an in-plant sur-
vey. Robert Nelling, president, provided information and assistance.
B. WASTE SOURCES AND TREATMENT
3
Penn Central uses about 150 m (40,000 gal.) of city water per
month. Water is used for two boilers and sanitary purposes; none is
used in the processes.
According to Mr. Nelling, municipal sewers are not available in the
area for waste disposal. Although the company discharges sanitary waste
into a septic tank and leach field, they still pay a sewer user charge
to the city.
Good housekeeping techniques are practiced inside the packaging area.
Spillage, occurring in the packaging area, is cleaned up and recovered;
there are no floor drains in the plant. The spillage is collected,
placed in a holding tank, and sold to a salvage company.
Outside of the plant, conditions were considerably worse. Oils and
-------
C-74
greases have been spilled on the ground throughout the area. It was
evident that poor techniques were beine employed; little care was taken
in transferring oil from tank cars to the storage area.
Numerous drop inlets, roof drains, and the boiler blowdown water
line are connected to the storm sewer that flows into Turkey Creek
[Figure C-ll). Oil is spilled on the plant grounds continually, flows
into this sewer, and is carried to Turkey Creek.
C. PLANT EVALUATION AND FINDINGS
Grab samples of the effluent were collected at 8:30 a.m. on September
25, 1972, from the storm sewer outfall to Turkey Creek. Field measure-
ments for pH, temperature, and conductivity were made at the time of
sampling. Flow was intermittent and estimated at about 4 I/minute (1 gpm).
[Chemical, bacteriological and field measurements are listed in Table C-16.]
Based on the grab samples, the effluent was shown to contain a large
amount of organic matter and oil and grease. It is impossible to deter-
mine all the sources of the pollutants from the data, but it was evident
from the in-plant inspection that a major source of them was the outside
area around the plant.
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Penn Central Company packages petroleum products and anti-
freeze for large oil companies. Wastes are generated from oil spills
on the grounds outside the plant. These oils and other organic materials
flow into the plant storm sewer and then into Turkey Creek.
2. Oil spilled in the nrocess areas in the plant are recovered
-------
TURKEY CREEK
STORM WATER INLET
to.
'**
SEPTIC TANK
BOILER
BLOWDOWN-
PENN CENTRAL
(WAREHOUSE AND PACKAGING PLANT]
OUTSIDE STORAGE
: (BARRELS & '
RECLAIMED OIL)
KKXXXHKKKKK
D
o$»o
Figure C-11. Penn Central Company, Incorporated
-------
C-7!>
TABLE C-16
FIELD MEASUREMENTS, CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
PENN CENTRAL COMPANY, INC., KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 25, 1972
(GRAB SAMPLE: 8:30 AM)
a/
Parameter- Storm Sewer Effluent
Flow (I/rain.) 3.8
Flow (gpm) 1
pH (standard units) 6.5
Temperature (°C) 23
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 8,000
BOD 360
COD 555
TOC 96
Total Solids 1,100
Suspended Solids 126
Volatile Suspended Solids 76
Oil & Grease 410
Total Coliforms (KF/100 ml) 700,000
Fecal Coliforms (MF/100 ml) 420
Fecal Streptococci (MF/100 ml) 210
a/ Values are reported in mg/1, except where otherwise specified.
-------
C-76
and sold. Floor drains are not available for wash-up purposes.
3. Sanitary sewers are not available in the area according to
company officials. All plant sanitary waste flows to a septic tank,
then to a leach field. However, the company is still required to pay a
sewer user fee to the city.
E. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that Penn Central practice good housekeeping techniques
on their grounds outside of the plant in order to prevent oil and chemical
spills reaching Turkey Creek. Protective diking or other approved faci-
lities shall be constructed to contain oil and chemical spills from
damaged storage tanks. An implementation schedule shall be submitted
to the EPA for approval.
-------
APPENDIX D
DIRECT DISCHARGES TO PvECEIVINC STREAMS
-------
D-l
DIRECT DISCHARGES TO RECEIVING STREAMS
This appendix summarizes information obtained in field recon-
naissance studies concerning direct discharges to the Kansas Paver,
Turkey Creek, and Jersey Creek, May to October, 1972.
KANSAS RIVER
Discharges to the Kansas River, from RM 10 to its confluence with
the Missouri River, were located in June [Table D-l]. Samples were
collected from outfalls that were flowing and appeared to consist of
domestic or industrial wastes. The Chain-of-Custody procedure
[Appendix E] was followed for all samples collected. [Chemical and
bacteriological results are shown in Table D-2.]
TURKEY CREEK
Discharges to Turkey Creek were located in the reach from the
Wyandotte-Johnson County Line (RM 367.5/3.4/3.8) downstream to the con-
fluence with the Kansas River (RM 367.5/3.4/0) on June 13 through 15,
1972 [Table D-3.] Crab samples were collected on September 25, following
the Chain-of-Custody procedure, from outfalls that were flowinp. [Chemical
and bacteriological results are shown in Table D-4.]
JERSEY CREEK
Discharges to Jersey Creek, from its source at 38th Street, down-
stream to 13th Street, were located in Mav [Table D-5]. Crab samples
were collected on Mav 25 and September 25 from flowinp outfalls. The
Chain-of-Custody procedure was followed for all samples collected on
September 25. [Chemical and bacteriological analyses? are shown in
Table D-4.]
-------
D-2 1
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APPENDIX E
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
-------
E-l
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
POLICY: Chain-ofCustody procedures will be followed on sufficient
samples to prove a water ^qual i ty standard violation and a
Refuse Act violation should court action ensue.
General:
The evidence gathering portion of a survey should be characterized
by the absolute minimum number of samples required to give a fair repre-
sentation of the effluent or water body from which taken.
The quantity of samples and sample locations will be determined
prior to the survey and based on the requirements to establish a Refuse
Act (civil or criminal) and Water Quality Standards violation.
Chain-of-Custody record tags will be prepared'prior to the actual
survey field work and will contain as much information as possible to
minimize clerical work by field personnel. The source of each sample
should also be written on the container itself prior to any field survey
work.
Field log sheets will also be pre-filled to the extent possible to
minimize repetitive clerical field entries.
Chain-of-custody procedures must be followed to maintain the docu-
mentation necessary to trace sample possession from the time taken until
the evidence is introduced into court. A sample is in your "custody" if:
1. It is in your actual physical possession, or
2. It is in your view, after being in your physical possession, or
3. It was in your physical possession and then you locked it up in
a manner so that no one could tamper with it;.
All survey participants will receive a copy of the study plan and
wi11 be knowledgeable of its contents prior to th^ curvey. A pre-survey
briefing will be held to reappraise all participants of the survey
objectives, sample locations and Chain-of-Custody procedures. After ail
Chain-of-Custody samples are collected, a de-briefing will be held in the
field to determine adherence to Chain-of-Custody procedures ana whether
additional evidence type samples are reauired.
Sample Col lection;
1. To the maximum extent achievable, as few people as possible should
handle the sample.
-------
E-2
Chain-of-Custody Procedures (Cont'd)
Sample Collection (Contd)
2. Stream and effluent samples should be obtained, using standard
field sampling techniques.
3. The Chain-of-Custody record tag, red in color, (Exhibit 1)
should be attached to the sample container at the time the
sample is collected and should contain the following infor-
mation: sample number, time taken, date taken, source of
sample (to include type of sample and name of firm), the pre-
servative, analyses required, name of person taking sample and
witnesses. The front side of the card (which has been pre-
filled) should be signed, timed and dated by the person
sampling. The sample container should then be sealed with a
preprinted, gummed seal containing our Agency designation, date
and sampler's signature (Exhibit II). The seal should cover the
string or wire tie of the Chain-of-Custody tag so it cannot be
removed. It should also prevent the opening of the container
without breaking the seal. The tags and seals must be legibly
filled out in ballpoint (waterproof ink).
k. Blank samples should also be taken. Include one sample con-
tainer without preservative and containers with preservatives
which will be analyzed by the laboratory to exclude the possi-
bility of container contamination.
5. A bound field notebook, or log, should also be maintained to
record field measurements and other pertinent information
necessary to refresh the sampler's memory in the event he later
takes the stand to testify regarding his action's during the
evidence gathering activity. A separate set of field notebooks
should be maintained for each survey and stored in a safe place
where they could be protected and accounted for at all times.
A standard format (Exhibit III) should be established to mini-
mize field entries and should include the date, time, survey,
type of samples taken, volume of each sample, type of analysis,
sample numbers, preservatives, sample location, field measure-
ments such as temperature, conductivity, DO, pH, and any other
pertinent information or observations. Tne entries should then
be signed by the field sampler. The preparation and conservation
of the field notebooks during the survey will be the responsi-
bility of the survey coordinator. Once the survey is complete.
field logs will be retained by the survey coordinator, or his
designated representative, as a part of the permanent record.
6. The field sampler is responsible for the care and custody of
the samples collected until properly dispatched to the receiving
laboratory or turned over to an assigned custodian. He must
assure that each container is in his physical possession or in his
view at all times, or locked in such a place and manner that no
one can tamper with it.
-------
E-3
Chain-of-Custody Procedures (Cont'd)
Sample Collection (Cont'd)
V
7. Colored slides or photographs should be taken which would
visually show the outfall sample location and any water pollution
to substantiate any conclusions of the investigation. Written
documentation on the back of the photo should include the sig-
nature of the photographer, time, date and site location. Phoi.o-
graphs of this nature, which may be used as evidence, should also
be handled recognizing Chain-of-Custody procedures to prevent
alteration.
Transfer of Custody and Shipment:
1. When turning over the possession of samples, the transferee will
sign, date and time the reverse side of the Chain-of-Custody
record tag. Custody transfers, if made to a sample custodian
in the field, will be made for individual samples. The back
side of the card (Exhibit 1) "Receipt of Sample", must be
filled in by the second person who takes custody. If a third
person takes custody, he must fill in the second "Receipt of
Sample" portion. An additional custody card must be filled in
by persons who thereafter take "custody"; therefore, the number
of custodians in the chain should be as few as possible.
Additional cards should be numbered consecutively.
2. The field custodian or field sampler, if a custodian has not
been assigned, will have the responsibility of properly packaging
and dispatching samples to the proper laboratory for analysis.
The "Dispatch of Sample" portion of the Chain of Custody record
tag will be properly filled out, dated, and signed.
3. Samples will be properly packed to avoid breakage. Preprinted
gummed seals will be utilized to seal the package so that
tampering can be detected (Exhibit II).
A. All packages will be accompanied by a Sample Transmittal Sheet
showing identification of the contents (Exhibit IV). The
original and one copy will accompany the shipment, a copy mailed
directly to the laboratory, a copy mailed to Data Management
and a copy retained by the survey coordinator.
5. If sent by mail, register the package with return receipt re-
quested. If sent by common carrier, a Government Bill of Lading
.- U **, i 1 ~J k,-, ^U-H-^Ti-ta.-! D.a«~#3"n1"f £ ** r»rn r-./-vc-J- ,-. £ -P : /- o c - - r! K ; 1 1 c- .. *-
3MWUlC U^ GuuUllldl. I \SCC I fj I .» I I (Jill ^s*J~r \. VI I I s_* > ±41 I** 1*1 1 I -. ~ I
lading will be sent to and retained by the laboratory cus-
todians as part of the permanent Chain-of-Custody documentation.
6. If samples are delivered to the laboratory when appropriate
personnel are not there to receive them, the samples must be
-------
E-4
Chain-of-Custody Procedures (Cont'd)
Transfer of Custody and Shipment (Cont'd)
locked in a designated area within the laboratory in a manner
so that no one can tamper with them. The same person must then
return to the laboratory and unlock the samples and deliver
custody to the appropriate custodian.
^
Laboratory Custody Procedures;
I. The laboratory shall designate one full-time employee as a
"sample custodian". An alternate will be designated in his
absence. In addition, the laboratory shall set aside a
"sample storage security area". This should be a clean, dry,
isolated room which can be securely locked from the outside.
The custodian shall also maintain a permanent log book in
which he records, for each sample, the person delivering the
sample, the person receiving the sample, date and time received,
source of sample, sample number, how transmitted to lab, and a
number assigned to each sample by the laboratory. A standardized
format should be established for log book entries.
2. All samples should be handled by the minimum possible
number of persons.
3. All incoming samples shall be received only by the custodian,
who will indicate receipt by signing the Sample Transmittal
Sheets accompanying the samples and retaining the sheets as
permanent records.
4. Immediately upon receipt, the custodian will affix a number to
the attached tag, record the required information in the log book
and place the sample in the sample room, which will be locked at
all times except when samples are removed or replaced by the
custodian. To the maximum extent possible, only the custodian
should be permitted in the sample room.
5- The custodian shall ensure that heat-sensitive or light-sensitive
samples, or other sample materials having unusual physical
characteristics, or requiring special handling, are properly
stored and maintained.
6. Only the custodian will distribute samples to personnel who
are to perform tests. The custodian will enter into the log
the laboratory sample number, time and date, and the signature
of the person to whom given.
7. Laboratory personnel should examine, the seal on the container
prior to opening and should be prepared to testify that their
examination of the container indicated that it had not been
opened or otherwise tampered with.
-------
F S
Chain of Custody Procedures (Cont'd)
Laboratory Custody Procedures (Cont'd)
8. The analyst will record in his log book the name of the person
from whom the sample was received, whether it was sealed,
identifying information describing the sample (by origin and
sample identification number), the procedures performed and
the results of the testing. The notes should be signed and ^
dated by the person performing the tests and retained as a
permanent record in the laboratory. In the event that the
person who performed the tests is not available as a witness
at time of trial, the government may be able to introduce the
notes in evidence under the Federal Business Records Act.
9. To the extent possible, standard methods of laboratory analyses
shall be used. If laboratory personnel deviate from standard
procedures, they should be prepared to justify their decision
during cross-examination.
10. Laboratory personnel are responsible for the care and custody
of the sample once it is handed over to them and should be pre-
pared to testify that the sample was in their possession and
view or securely locked up at all times from the moment it was
received from the custodian until the tests were run.
11. Once the sample testing is completed, the unused portion of the
sample, together with all identifying tags and seals, should be
returned to the custodian who will make the appropriate entries
in his log. The returned tagged sample will be retained in the
sample room until it is required for trial. Strip charts and
other documentation of work will also be turned over to the
custodian.
12. Samples, tags and laboratory records of tests may be destroyed
only upon the order of the laboratory director, who will first
confer with the DPI Director to make certain that the infor-
mation is no longer required or the samples have deteriorated.
-------
E-6
EXHIBIT 1
CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
National Field Investigations Center Denver
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
SAMPLE
SOURCE
SAMPLE
NO. TIME TAKEN (hours
OF SAMPLE
COLLECTOR WITNES
) DATE TAKEN
PRESERVATIVE
S(ES)
REMARKS: (Analyses Required, Sample Type, etc )
Front
1 hereby certify that 1 received this sample and disposed of it as noted below:
L
i__l
n Q-
sa
cc
RECEIVED FROM
DISPOSITION OF SAMPLE
DATE RECEIVED
SIGNATURE
TIME RECEIVED
\ hereby certify that 1 received this sample and disposed of it as noted below:
i
]jW
K
RECEIVED FROM
DISPOSITION OF SAMPLE
DATE RECEIVED
SIGNATURE
TIME RECEIVED
1 hereby certify that 1 obtained this sample and dispatched tt as shown betow:
u.
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na.
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"%
OTW
U
DATE OBTAINED TIME OBTAINED
SOURCE
DATE DISPATCHED TIME DISPATCHED METHOD OF SHIPMENT
SENT TO
SIGNATURE
Back
-------
E-7
EXHIBIT II
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SAMPLE NO.
SIGNATURE
PRINT NAME
AND TITLE (Inspector, Jaalyat or Technician}
] AS N3XCUB TY-IC)
1
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-------
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-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
* 1 O
Office of Enforcement
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATION CENTER-DENVER
Building 53, Room B1405, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
SAMPLE TRANSMITTAL SHEET
TO:
FROM:
Sample No. Preservative Analysis Required
To be completed in field:
Prepared by: Date:
Signature
Field Notebook No. Time:
To be completed by Laboratory:
Received by: Date:
Signature
Time:
Distribution: Orig. & 1 copyAccompany shipment
1 copy mail directly to Laboratory
1 copy mail to Data Management
1 copy Survey Coordinator Field Files
-------
APPENDIX F
PERMISSION TO SAMPLE ON COMPANY PROPERTY
-------
F-l
PERMISSION TO SAMPLE ON COMPANY PROPERTY
The following letter was sent to all industries and municipalities
involved in the Kansas City, Kansas Water Quality Survey, requesting
their cooperation and assistance.
Dear Mr.
This is to confirm recent contact with you by Messrs. Barrett E.
Benson and Dennis T. Cafaro of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
National Field Investigations Center-Denver (NFIC-D) relative to a water
quality and waste source investigation which EPA plans to conduct in the
Kansas City area during the period September 5 through October 15, 1972.
With your permission, the liquid waste discharge(s) from your premises
will be sampled during this survey.
The purpose of the survey is to collect information and water quality
data which will be used as the basis for: (1) evaluation of Corps of
Engineers permits as required under the River and Harbor Act of 1899;
(2) determination of present water quality conditions in the Missouri
and Kansas Rivers and their tributaries; (3) evaluation of the individual
and collective impacts of wastewater discharges on the beneficial water
uses of the Missouri and Kansas River and their tributaries; (4) deter-
mination of water pollution control needs within the area; and (5) abate-
ment proceedings as necessary or warranted under the River and Harbor
Act of 1899, the Water Quality Act of 1965, and/or other applicable local,
State, and Federal laws. This means is taken to advise you that infor-
mation provided by you, as well as data regarding discharges from your
Company's premises, may be used as evidence against your Company in
abatement proceedings under the applicable laws.
We are asking you to provide to this office by August 28, 1972,
written permission for EPA representatives to conduct waste discharge
sampling, analysis, and flow measurement, as may be required in the
course of the investigation. We wish to assure you that any data col-
lected on your discharge will be furnished to you upon request.
Your cooperation in the conduct of this investigation is essential
to success of the Clean Water effort, and is therefore earnestly solicited.
Very truly yours,
Jerome H. Svore
Regional Administrator
-------
APPENDIX G
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
MISSOURI RIVER
KANSAS CITY TO LEXINGTON
JULY 16 - 20, 1972
-------
G-l
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
MISSOURI RIVER
KANSAS CITY TO LEXINGTON
JULY 16-20, 1972
Total-and fecal-coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci samples
were collected from 22 stations in the Missouri River from the ASB
bridge (RM 365.5) downstream to Lexington, Missouri (RM 317). Samples
collected on July 16 and 17, 1972, were influenced by rainfall.
Samples collected from July 18 through 20, 1972, were not influenced
by rainfall.
The enclosed table summarizes the bacteriological data; log means
of bacterial densities were calculated to illustrate the effects of
the rainfall.
-------
G-2
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-------
APPENDIX H
JAR TESTS, KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
-------
H-l
JAR TESTS, KAW POINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
During the period October 7-12, 1972, NFIC-D personnel con-
ducted jar tests on the influent to the Kansas City, Kansas Kaw Point
WWTP. The samples were taken from the "splitter box" that feed the
wastewater into the pre-aeration basins. Jar testing was initiated
within an hour of the time of sample collection.
Unfortunately, the time available did not permit conducting sus-
pended-solids and BOD determinations during the testing, but the re-
sults of the turbidity determinations indicate that a significant im-
provement in effluent quality could be obtained by chemical addition.
The use of polymers alone was helpful in reducing the turbidity,
but the most significant results were obtained with the use of ferric
chloride (Fed..), as a primary coagulant, together with the polymer.
The best polymer used in conjunction with the ferric chloride was
W.T. 2600, an anionic polymer manufactured by Calgon Corporation. The
first two samples employing W.T. 2600 and FeCl. were carried out on a
sample taken on the morning of October 12; with 5 mg/1 of polymer, the
turbidity was reduced to 3-4 Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU). The third
test employing W.T. 2600 and Fed, was conducted on a sample taken in
the afternoon of October 12; the turbidity was only reduced to 14 JTU
with 5 mg/1 of polymer. In light of past experience this is not
surprising because the effectiveness of polymers changes as the char-
acteristics of the wastewater vary.
[Figure H-l is a photograph of the jar test conducted on the
-------
H-2
morning of October 12 with 15 mg/1 of Fed (as Fe) and varying amounts
of Polymer No. 2600 (from left to right - blank, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 3.0 and
5.0 mg/1). The picture was taken one minute after the mixing speed had
been adjusted to 5 r.p.m. Figure H-2 is a closeup of the blank and the
sample containing 15 mg/1 Fed. and 5 mg/1 of Polymer No. 2600 photo-
graphed 20 minutes after the speed had been ad-justed to 5 r.p.m.]
Even with this short test it will not be possible to accurately
predict the results of the addition of chemicals to the plant feed, but
there are indications that a 75-percent reduction in suspended solids
and a 50-percent reduction in BOD entering the Missouri River could be
expected. These predictions are based on workj during the last week
of September, preformed on the effluent of the Kaw Point WWTP. In the
laboratory samples of the influent were filtered. The results [Table
H-l] indicate that the average BOD removal was 13.8 percent by the
plant and 53 percent by filtration. BOD removal in an efficient
flocculation could be better than BOD removal by filtration because
some of the soluble BOD may adsorb on the floe and settle out.
As a follow through to this testing, it is recommended that the
plant staff conduct or have conducted, more extensive jar testing with
analyses for BOD and SS as well as for turbidity. Following jar testing,
the investigator should evaluate one or more chemicals or combinations
of chemicals by using one of the plant primary settling tanks. The plant
is ideally designed for this testing. Each primary tank is preceded by
an aerated grit chamber. The chemical(s) could be added to the feed to
the grit chamber which would serve as both a rapid-mix and a flocculation
-------
Figure H-l: Jar Tests, Untreated Influent Kaw Point Wastewater
Treatment Plant.
Figure H-2: Optimum Result - Jar Tests, Untreated Influent
Kaw Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
-------
H-3
tank. Capital costs for both the plant testing and full-scale operation
using chemicals would be minimal. Only make-up tanks, hold tanks, and
feed pumps would have to be purchased. The cost of adding the chemicals
found best in the jar test (15 mg/1, as Fe, of Fed, and 5 mg/1 Polymer
W.T. 2600) was 2.2c/l,000 liters (8.4c/l,000 gal.), based on a cost of
22c/kg (10c/lb) for FeCl3 and $2.54/kg ($1.15/lb) for the polymer.
Calgon W.T. 2600 is one of the more expensive polymers. Further jar
testing should develop a considerably less expensive combination of
chemicals that will be equally effective. Improved capture of suspended
solids will increase the amount of sludge to be handled, but the chemical
addition could also improve the sludge-handling characteristics. A deter-
mination of the effect of chemical addition on the sludge-treatment facil-
ity will have to be made on a larger scale.
If FeCl, is selected as the coagulant to be used on a full scale, a
side benefit will be removal of about 80 percent of the phosphate entering
the plant. Another consideration in using FeCl, is the possibility of
employing spent pickling liquor, if such is available.
-------
H-4
TABLE H-l
LABORATORY FILTRATION OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, KAW POINT WWTP INFLUENT
Date
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
Influent
500
500
480
480
BOD (mg/1)
Effluent
380
380
430
500
Filtered
Influent
200
230
230
250
Percent
Without
Filtration
24
24
10
-4
Removal
With
Filtration
60
54
52
48
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APPENDIX I
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
ORDINANCE NO. 42913
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CITY OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS I~1
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ORDINANCE NO.
AN ORDINANCE relating to water pollution and to protect and promote the public health,
safety, welfare and convenience; to establish service charges for the
use of the sewer system of Kansas City, Kansas, or the discharging of
sewage in Kansas City, Kansas; to provide for the collection and at1) u -
istration of such sewer charges, and providing penalties for the vioi'itioi
thereof.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE CITY OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS:
SECTION I Unless the context specifically indicates otherwise, the meaning of terms
used in this ordinance shall be as follows:
"SEWAGE WORKS" shall mean all facilities for collecting, pumping,
treating and disposing of sewage.
"SEWAGE" shall mean a combination of the water-carried wastes from
residences, business buildings, institutions, and industrial establipfi-
ments, together with such ground, surface, and storm waters as may
be present.
"SEWER" or "SEWER SYSTEM" shall mean sanitary and storm severs,
pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, main sewers, intercepting
sewers, outfall sewers, surface drains and works for the collection,
transportation, pumping, treating, and disposing of water carried vvstrs
or storm or surface waters, and all appurtenances necessary in th"
maintenance and operation of the same.
"PUBLIC SEWER" shall mean a sewer in which all owners of abutting
properties have equal rights or is controlled by public, authority .
"COMBINED SEWER" shall mean a sewer receiving both stirforp runoff
and sewage.
"SANITARY SEWER" shall mea> i sewer which carries- sewage one! tn
which storm, surface, and ground waters are not intentionally adniitiec1.
"STORM SEWER" or "STORM DRAIN" shall mean a sewer which
carries storm and surface waters and drainage, but excludes sanitan-
sewage and polluted industrial wastes.
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1-2
"SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT" shall meau any arrangement of
devices and structures used for treating sewage.
"INDUSTRIAL WASTES" shall mean the liquid wastes from itiuas-
trial processes as distinct from sanitary sewage.
"GARBAGE" shall mean solid wastes from the preparation, cooking
and dispensing of food, and from the handling, storage and sale of;
produce.
"PROPERLY SHREDDED GARBAGE" shall mean the
preparation, cooking, and dispensing of food that have been shredded
to such degree that all particles will be carried freely under the flew
conditions normally prevailing in public sewers, with no particle
greater than 1/2 inch in any dimension.'
"STANDARD METHODS" shall mean the examination and analytical
procedures set forth in the most recent edition of "Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes, " published
jointly by the American Public Health Association, the American Water
Works Association and the Federation of Sewage and Indu|ifijtl Wastes
Associations.
"PARTS PER MILLION" or "ppm" shall mean a weight-to
the parts-per-million value multiplied by the factor 8.34
equivalent to pounds per million gallons of water.
"B.O.D." (denoting Biochemical Oxygen Demand)shall rifliSt'the quantity
of oxygen utilized in the biochemical oxidation of organic ijufji^r,under
standard laboratory procedure in 5 days at 20° C . expr«^H|^in parts
per million by weight.
"pH" shall mean the logarithm of the reciprocal of the we|gfet of hydrogen
ions in grams per liter of solution.
"SUSPENDED SOLIDS" shall mean soUd^ thftl(%r float on the surface
of, or are in suspension in water, sewage, oi? otter liquids; and which
are removable by laboratory filtering.
"SLUG" shall mean any discharge of water, sewage or industrial
waste which, in concentration of any given constituent or in quantity
of flow, exceeds for any period of longer duration than 15 minutes,
more than 5 times its average hourly concentration or flow.
"1LJNPOLLUTED WATER or LIQUIDS" shall mean any water or liquid
containing none of the following: emulsified grease or oil; acids or
alkalis; substances that may impart taste-and-odor or color charac-
teristics; toxic or poisonous substances in suspension, colloidal s': ; v
-------
1-3
or solution; odorous or otherwise obnoxious gases. It shall contain
not more than 500 parts per million by weight of dissolved solk'.s, and
not more than SO parts per million each of .suspended solids or bio-
chemical-oxygon-demand, and shall be essentially free of setthvible
solids. Analytical determinations shall be made in accordance with
procedures set forth in "Standard Methods."
"NATURAL OUTLET" shall mean any outlet into a watercourse, pond,
ditch, lake or other body of surface1 or ground water.
"WATERCOURSE" shall mean a channel in which a flow of water occiius,
either continuously or intermittently,
"PERSON" shall mean any individual, firm, company, association,
society, corporation, or group.
"SHALL" is mandatory; "MAY" is permissive.
"CLASS T" will include all sewage discharged with not more than 250
ppm of suspended solids or BOD wilh no matter more difficult to in at
than domestic sewage, with no slugs, and where the waste is dis-
charged throughout 24 hour day, 7 days per week. Normally, this will
include all residential sewage.
"CLASS II" will include all sewage discharged with 250 to 500 ppm of
either suspended solids or BOD and the waste may be discharged
throughout less than 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Normally,
this will include all commercial, except those listed in Class III.
"CLASS III" will include all sewage discha rged with 500 to 1, 000 ppm
of suspended solids or over 500 ppm of HOD and where the waste may
be discharged throughout less than 24 hours per day, 7 days per wccl'.
Normally, this will include all Industrie's in addition to laundries1,
restaurants, and dairy products processing establishments.
"CLASS IV" will include all -ewas. <'>,.e in the d;v of Fnnsas
City, Kansas, except into the. sewer ,i-\-'J of i'a." ;>s City, i °nsas,
without a special permit from the 1'o'n i ' OMIP-I:' oners of Kansas
City, Kansas, and the prior appri of i i',-- ). r;- ]\n >-d of
Health. N;o person slia'l disc'.a '< o > << .. , <> >! lh" f '" of
Kansas Citv, Kansas, or into a sr, - . s'T'.'ic'O c.lvi
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1-4
as set out in Section III or Section VI hereof. Provided, however,
persons who have completed plans approved by the Kansas Sink'
Board of Health for construction and maintenance of a private .- (\vage
treatment works may apply to the Board of City Commissioners o"
Kansas City, Kansas, for abatement of sewer service charges ; : ret
out in Sections III and VI herein. The Board of City CommissHtn/M-!-
shall abate future sewer service charges on such application end upon
the certification by the parties applying that the City need nor pi ovHp
treatment works capacity for their wastes. Provided furlhe", ; o
sewer service charge shall be made against a resident not co1)"' ct<>d
to a sewer whenever the resident is not within 200 feet of a s^yf-r.
TJ III Rates. The following monthly rates per 100 cubic feet shall bo charge:
all persons discharging sewage in the City of Kansas City, Kansas:
(100 Cu. Ft.)
1 INITS
0-40
40-100
100-200
200-500
500-2500
2500-5000
5000-10000
10000-
-.UM Mom hi v Bill
CLASS I CLASS II
$ O.-W^J $ 0.-2-1 ZS
0.4-2/V* O.H-/7
0.40/ji (M-2-/V
Oi-08 /6 ().\(}-/3~
Qi-Qkt'7 O.-Ott-/'"'
* 0-rfti ''X
* OrOfr^'/
0^)5 ^C
-1*00^* -±rHi/-.J»
CLASS III
$ 0 .-23- ^ 7
OJL6 /?
0.14 /7
0..12- f*f
0.40- /2
0.-98- /^
0-rG?-^^'
OJ36- #'?
^'-
CLASS IV shall have the charges applicable to CLASS III plus a sur-
charge at the rate of l''< ra:
(^ity, Kansas, all or a part of which is: d'schavo(>d inf(- ;'.. jv" i;i
sewers, the person shall install and maintain a' his cxpersr- t--e\'rve
me'i'^'s or water meters of ,i t\pe appi" \>s/i i '' -"i^' (> i1^1 p
<' d (em1 tuinp the oohmie ol scnva >t' . ; \
-i
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1-5
Provision for Deductions. In the event that a person discharging
waste produces evidence satisfactory to the City that more than Hi
per cent of tTic total annual volume of water used for all pin-po^-y
does not reach the public sewer, then the determination of thr vaicr
consumption to he used in computing the waste volume disch-'>rpc d
into the pul^lu: sewir may he made a matter of agreemen, b'Mv
the City ant) llie person.
SECTION V Any pers»n, political unit or organization discharging sewage from
outside the City limits of Kansas City, Kansas, into the City sewer
system or into a sewer that eventually discharges into a City sewer
shall be subject to the sewer service charges as set out in Section.1-'
Ill and VI. It shall be the duty of such person, political unit or organ-
ization to furnish the proper metering devices to measure the volume
and strength of such sewage. It shall be the duty of the person,
political unit or organization to bill and collect all such charges "'id
pay such charges directly to the City Treasurer of Kansas City, I ansas
SECTION VI Special rates. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this ordinance,
where in the judgement of the Board of City Commissioners special
conditions affecting the property of any person served by the sewer
system of Kansas City, Kansas, shall exist to the extent that the
charges for sewer services specified herein will result in inequitable
or unfair charges for either the City of Kansas City, Kansas, or to
such persons served, the Board of City Commissioners may., hnf-d
upon the facts and circumstances of each individual case, chanrr t'">
classification or levy a special service charge in lieu of the
hereinbefore set forth.
SECTION VII
Sanitary Sewers. No person shall cause to be discharged anv storm
water, surface drainage, sub-surface drainage, ground-vau " or roof
run-off into any sanitary sewer.
Combined and storm sewers. Storm water, surface drainage, sub-
surface drainage, ground water, roof run-off, cooling v;Mf- e-
unpolluted water may be admitted to such sewers or ; ~c < r ; "i ally
designated as combined sewers or storm sewers ami v !'. ' "
adequate capacity for their accommodation.
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1-6
Except as hereinafter provided, no person shall discharge into the
public sewers: (All laboratory analyses indicated shall be in accordance
with the Standard Methods .)
(a) Inflammable or highly volatile wastes such as gasoline, cleaning solvents,
fuel oil, benzene and naphtha .
(b) Ashes, sand, straw, cinders, metal and wood chips or shavings.
(c) Tars, plastics, heavy oils and other viscous materials.
(d) Free or floating mineral oil.
(e) Any solids, greases, slurries or viscous material of such character or in
such quantity that may cause an obstruction to the flow in the sewer or
otherwise interfere with the proper functioning of the sewage works.
(f) Feathers, hair, rags, animal hoofs or toenails, paunch manure, stomach
casings, poultry entrails, poultry heads or feet, hides and fat or flesh
particles not passing 1/2 inch mesh screen. .
(g) Unshredded garbage or shredded garbage which will not pass a 1/2 inch
mesh screen.
(h) Toxic, explosive and excessively corrosive or malodorous gases.
(i) Acetylene generation sludge.
(j) Any waste having a temperature greater than 150° F.
(k) Any waste having a pH lower than 5.0 or higher than 10.0.
(1) Any waste containing more than 2.0 ppm of cyanides as CN.
(m) Any waste containing more than 1.0 ppm of sulfides as S.
(n) Any waste containing more than a proportional amount (pro-rated on the
basis of flow) of the following materials, with the limit specified as the
24 hour average concentration received at the treatment plant:
Chromium as Cr 0.25 ppm
Cyanide as CN 0.25 ppm
Copper as Cu 0.5 ppm
Nickel as Ni 0.5 ppm
Cadmium as Cd 0.5 ppm
Zinc as Zn 1.0 ppm
Lead as Fb 0.2 ppm
(o) Any toxic radioactive isotopes, with a half-life exceeding 100 days, except
by special permit.
f-FCTION VIII No person shall maliciously, willfully or negligently break, damage,
destroy, uncover, deface or tamper with any structure, appurtenance
or equipment which is part of the municipal sewage worhs or of a
private sewage system. No person shall discharge into the public
sewers any matter that may cause an obstruction to the flcn" in t',o
sewer or otherwise interfere wjtn the proper functioning of the scvn^
works.
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1-7
SECTION IV Sewer service charge provided for in this ordinance vill be hosed
upon wafer meter readings of the. Hoard of Public Utilities of }!>!,-;;
City, Kansas, or meter readings approved by the Board of Ci''y
Commissioners, and the strength and volume of sewage contri-' " ed.
and shall be billed by the Roird of Public Utilities of Kansas <",' ' ,
Kansas, and in accordance with the existing practice of the said ! v.ai d,
Sewer service charges shall be payable at the office of the Cit--
Treasurer. The sewer service charge for CLASS 1 shall be billed
for a two-month period. The sewer service clnrges shall be a debt
due the Citv. The penalty of five percent (;><';',) shall be charged if ;h >
billing is not paid withm ten (10) days of the rendition date. If Mii"
debt is not paid on the rendition date, it shall be deemed delin 'H
and may be recovered by civil action in the name of the City ag,v u
the property owner, the occupant of the premises, the person rl ^d
or either of them. In the event of the failure to pay-any service
charges after they become delinquent, the City shall have the rivu
to discontinue water service or to remove or close sewer Conner'iop,
and enter upon the property for accomplishing this purpose. The ^. \<
of such discontinuance, removal or closing, as well as the expep1-'1
of restoring service sin 11 likewise be a debt dvie to the City and a, "Men
upon the property and may be recoverable by civil action in the nnr,'--
of the City against the property owner, the person or both. Sever
service shall not be restored until all charges, including the expense
of removal, closing or rerfor.'iHon ph-ill have been paid. Change of
ownership or occupnncv of premises found delinquent shnll not be
cause for reducing o- eliminating these penalties.
SECTION X All monies collected by the sewer service charges herein provjdi-f
for shall be deposited with the Citv Treasurer of Kansas City, Kansat ,
in a separate fund. All such mor,;os collected shall be used to d^f'^y
the expense of administering the terms and provisions of this ordh >n-~e
and to plan, alter, enlarge, ev^nd, improve, construct, reoonr-'~v ",
develop, redevelop, operate ;i»r; '->intain tin Citv p^ver synt-r^-
pay the principal and intererf on revenue bonds for rho pi ^nn '-.'
enlarging, extending, improving, coT.-'triicting, rei-c.nstructip'. '
redeveloping, operating and nvi r'nining the City sev/cr pypt^ri ,
-------
1-8
STATION XI Penalty, Any person violating any of ttie provisions of this on '<.
shall be cK-med guilty of a misdemeanor and upon copvictiri fV
shrill bo fined not exceeding Two-Hundred Dollars ($200) c-. . ,, :
mcnt in the Citv jail not exceeding sixty (60) d-iys, or by both \u '>.
fine and imprisonment. Each violation shall constitute a ;' ;
offen.se for each and every day on which such violation shall LO t:i
SECTION XII Scverahility. Each of the provisions of this ordinance is sf\. ; ;'(
and if any provision shall be declared to be invalid, the remain)uf,
provisions shall not be affected but shall remain in full force an-!
-------
APPENDIX J
BACTERIA SURVIVAL STUDIES
-------
J-l
BACTERIA SURVIVAL STUDIES
PROCEDURE
In order to determine the ability of the water in the Missouri
River, and of inadequately treated sewage contained therein, to sustain
bacteria, water samples were collected, in September and October of 1972,
from the Missouri River (RM 367.20) downstream from the Kansas City,
Kansas, WWTP discharge (RM 367.25).
Pollution indicator bacteria were studied both in vitro and in situ.
The in vitro procedure involved initial quantitative examinations of the
samples, incubation of the samples at or near the temperature of the
river water, and analyses of aliquots of samples at time increments up
to 72 hr. Data on Salmonella were obtained similarly; however, the
samples were first sterilized, then inoculated with a known concentra-
tion of a pure culture of the bacteria.
The in situ studies involved placement of approximately 1,300 ml of
*
river water, from the sampling point, into a sterile collodian bag that
was then suspended in the river and involved aliquots being examined
quantitatively for indicator bacteria. The "entrapped" sample was re-
examined after 20, 44, and 72 hr of exposure in the river.
RESULTS
In Vitro Studies
The in vitro study [Table J-l] disclosed that coliform bacteria
Collodian bags consist of cellulosic microporous material that allows
smaller molecules of substances (water, minerals, and some organic
materials) to penetrate; larger, more complex particles such as
bacteria are retained inside the bag.
-------
J-2
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-------
J-3
contained in the sample were associated with highly favorable nutrient
concentrations.
Total coliform bacteria increased, more than six-fold, during the
three days of the study. Fecal-coliform bacterial densities also in-
creased but considerably less than did the densities of total coliform
bacteria. Fecal streptococci responded less to nutrient levels. These
organisms showed an initial decrease followed by a gradually accelerating
die-away. Densities of Salmonella remained relatively constant through-
out the three-day survival study.
In_ Situ Studies
The in situ study results exhibit a more positive response to actual
environmental conditions in the stream than did the in vitro studies.
The bacteria are more directly exposed to constantly changing environ-
mental conditions. Changing pH, temperatures, and toxic and nutritive
substances directly affect the bacterial populations. The aquatic
environment, in general, is unfavorable to these particular organisms.
Total- and fecal-coliform bacterial and fecal streptococci densities de-
creased initially and presented a gradually accelerating die-away during
the three-day in situ survival study.
CONCLUSIONS
The studies reveal that the enteric pathogens could survive for
long periods of time and are carried over long distances in the river.
The maximum flow time, from Kansas City to the intake of the Lexington,
Missouri, water-treatment plant, is less than 10 hr, much less than the
-------
J-4
survival times measured in the in vitro and in situ studies. Therefore,
it is concluded that a serious, potential health hazard exists in the
use of Missouri River water for the Lexington, Missouri, water supply.
-------
APPENDIX K
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
-------
K-l
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Bacteriological analyses for total and fecal coliform bacteria and
fecal streptococci were performed, according to accepted methods, using
the membrane filter technique. To prevent contamination, all samples
were collected aseptically in sterile bottles prepared according to
standard techniques.
Salmonella sampling involved placement of sterile gauze pads at
selected stream locations for a five-day period. The pads were retrieved,
placed in sterile plastic bags, chilled, and transported to the laboratory
within three hours for analyses. There is no standard procedure for de-
tection of Salmonella in surface waters. The method employed by NFIC-
21
Denver was the elevated temperature technique of Spino with modifi-
cations. Selective enrichment media included dulcitol-selenite broth
and tetrathionate broth base. Incubation temperature was 41.5CC. On
each of five successive days the growth in each of the enrichment media
containing the pads was streaked onto selective plating media that
consisted of brilliant green and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agars.
Colonies with characteristics typical of Salmonella were picked and
subjected to biochemical identification using a multi-test system.
t
Salmonella were identified serologically and representative cultures
from each location were sent to the National Center for Disease Control,
Atlanta, Georgia, for serological confirmation. A one-liter sample was
collected at the waste discharge of the Kansas City, Kansas, WWTP waste
discharge. The sample was filtered through sterile diatomaceous earth
and the "plug" analyzed for Salmonella.
-------
K-2
The BOD and DO tests were conducted according to standard methods-
using the azide modification of the Winkler method.
All other laboratory analyses and field measurements were con-
3/
ducted in accordance with accepted standard techniques.
REFERENCES
J./ M. J. Tarus, A. E. Greenberg, R. D. Hoak, and M. C. Rand
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
13th Edition, American Public Health Association New York,
New York 1971.
2J Donald F. Spino, Elevated-Temperature Technique for the Isolation
of Salmonella from Streams Applied Microbiology, Volume 14,
Number 4 July 1966.
^/ Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center,
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio July 1971.
-------
APPENDIX L
DYE STUDIES
-------
L-l
DYE STUDIES
In order to determine bacteriological sampling points for Phase I
of the stream survey, NFIC-D personnel conducted a flow-pattern study
from June 23 through 27, 1972, on the Missouri and Kansas Rivers. The
dye employed was Rhodamine WT, 20 percent solution. A Turner Model 110
fluorometer equipped with a far-UV lamp and 546/590 filter configuration
was used for tracing. The dye study was conducted a second time July 6
through 8, 1972; the latter confirmed the initial results.
Jersey Creek
Dye was released (June 26, 1972) on the surface at the pumping struc-
ture at the mouth of Jersey Creek (RM 369.0). The wind blew the dye up-
stream into Jersey Creek for a short distance, forming an eddy on the
south bank of the creek. The dye subsequently flowed into the Missouri
River and remained within 10 m of the west bank downstream to the con-
fluence (RM 367.5) of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. At the mouth of
the Kansas River, because of the backwater effects of the Missouri River»
the dye traveled around the north bank of the Kansas River and was
carried upstream for approximately 15 m. The dye was then carried out
of the Kansas River and into mid-channel of the Missouri River. The
dye concentration was detected from the west bank to mid-channel of the
Missouri River downstream to the Broadway Street Bridge (RM 366.2).
Kansas River
On June 25, 1972, dye was released on the surface across the width
of the Kansas River downstream from the Missouri Pacific Railroad Bridge
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L-2
(RM 367.5/0.25). First, the south edge of the dye entered the Missouri
River, followed by the north edge. The dye in mid-channel of the Kansas
River was the last segment to enter the Missouri River. At the Missouri-
Kansas State Line (RM 367.2) the highest concentration was at the south
bank. The concentration decreased to background levels at mid-channel.
This pattern was traced downstream to the Broadway Street Bridge.
Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek enters the Kansas River over a dam and then through
a diversion tunnel at RM 367.5/3.4. Dye was released (June 27, 1972)
on the surface upstream of the dam and entered the Kansas River via
the tunnel. The dye rapidly traveled outward approximately one-third
of the width of the channel. Vertical stratification occurred, as
very little dye was detected in the upper one-meter layer. Downstream
at the East Kansas Avenue Bridge (23rd Street Bridge) (RM 367.5/2.09)
the dye had mixed to mid-channel. Again, vertical stratification was
evident as very little dye was detected in the top 0.3 meter of water.
The dye was almost completely mixed downstream at the Union Pacific
Railroad Bridge (RM 367.5/1.49).
Kansas City, Kansas, Wastewater Treatment Plant
Dye was introduced into the effluent structure (June 24, 1972) of
the wastewater treatment plant; the outfall into the Missouri River is
submerged. The dye was traced along the south bank (about 10 m out)
downstream about 1.25 km. The dye then spread to one-fourth channel
and gradually mixed to one-third channel at the Broadway Street Bridge.
Vertical stratification was not evident.
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L-3
Kansas City, Missouri, West Side Wastewater Treatment Plant
Dye was placed (June 24, 1972) in the effluent of the primary sedi-
mentation basin, carried to the Missouri River, a distance of approxi-
mately 0.5 km, and discharged through the submerged outfall. At the
outfall the dye was detected at the south bank and traced to one-fourth
channel. This condition remained constant downstream to the Broadway
Street Bridge. Vertical stratification was not detected. The flow
pattern was different than that of the Kansas City, Kansas, WWTP. This
might be caused by barges docked upstream of the Kansas City, Missouri,
outfall which could have diverted the Kansas City, Kansas, WWTP effluent
towards the center of the river.
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APPENDIX M
DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY
TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE
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M-l
DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY
TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Inadequately treated sanitary or domestic waste contains significant
populations of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that multiply within the
gastro-intestinal tract of man and which are excreted in the feces of
warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Inadequately treated waste poses a health threat because of the high
numbers of pathogenic bacteria and viruses whose presence is indicated by
fecal coliform bacteria. Fecal coliform bacteria are that portion of the
coliform group of bacteria found in the feces of man and animals.
Among the disease-producing micro-organisms indicated by the presence
of fecal coliform bacteria are enteropathogenic E. aoli (causes acute
localized infections such as cystitis, oculitis, colitis, diarrhea, and
septicemias which sometimes are fatal for infants and aged), Leptospipa3
(commonly known as Weils disease, characterized by jaundice and kidney
hemorrhage), Salmonella (which causes gastro-enteritis, typhoid and
paratyphoid fevers), Shigella (which causes bacterial dysentery), Brucella
(which causes undulent fever), Ifyaobacterium tuberculosis (which causes
tuberculosis), and vibrio cholera (which causes cholera). The presence
of Salmonella also indicates a high probability of the presence of other
pathogenic bacteria. Waste may also contain protozoa such as those
causing amoebic dysentery.
Enteroviruses are concentrated in particulate fecal matter when
waste treatment is insufficient to adequately separate the solids from
wastewater. Massive numbers of virus particles can be dispelled in the
waste effluent to receiving surface waters.
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M-2
Enteroviruses are generally transmitted by the fecal-oral route. A
very small quantity of viruses are capable of infecting a susceptible
individual.
Enteroviruses are pathoeenic to humans and cause a variety of
diseases, including poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis (a paralytic disease
sinilar to paralytic polio) , herpangina (a throat infection common to
children), pleurodyna (an infection which causes excruciating muscular
pain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves), coxsackie virus
infection (a disease similar to polio but without paralysis), adenovirus
infection (causes common colds, respiratory disease, and rashes), and
other intestinal disorders such as diarrhea.
Also, the infectious hepatitis virus may be present in sewage and
cause serious liver diseases.
Such viruses have a water survival time of many months. This is
especially dangerous when they are replaced and supplemented by continued
discharges of waste. Additionally, viruses do not lose their virulence,
although they may diminish in number.
Enteroviruses, pathogenic bacteria, and protozoa endanger not only
the original host of the disease organism, but they also threaten whole
communities, because the initial host may infect his family and others
with whom he comes into contact. Also, these micro-organisms may increase
in virulence by host passage.
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APPENDIX N
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
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N-l
TABLE N-l
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
STREAM SURVEY LOCATIONS
July 5-20, 1972
Station
Designation
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Description/Location
Kansas River at Turner Memorial Bridge
Kansas River at 7th St Bridge, 1/3 distance
from south bank
Kansas River at 7th St Bridge, 2/3 distance
from south bank
Turkey Creek, upstream from mouth
Kansas River at Central Ave Bridge,
mid-channel
Kansas River at 1-70 Bridge, 1/4 distance
from east bank
Kansas River at 1-70 Bridge, 1/2 distance
from east bank
Kansas River at 1-70 Bridge, 3/4 distance
from east bank
Missouri River upstream of the mouth of
Kansas River, 1/3 distance from east bank
Missouri River upstream of the mouth of
Kansas River, 2/3 distance from east bank
Jersey Creek upstream of mouth
Missouri River, downstream from the mouth
of Kansas River
Missouri River, downstream from Kansas City,
Kansas, WWTP discharge
Missouri River, downstream from Kansas City,
Missouri, West Side WWTP discharge
Missouri River at Broadway Bridge, 1/4
distance from south bank
Missouri River at Broadway Bridge, 1/2
distance from south bank
River Mileage
367.5/9.1
367.5/3.5
367.5/3.5
367.5/3.4/1.0
367.5/1.1
367.5/0.2
367.5/0.2
367.5/0.2
369.0
369.0
368.2/1.0
367.3
367.25
366.8
366.2
366.2
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TABLE N-l (Cont.)
N-2
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
STREAM SURVEY LOCATIONS
July 5-20, 1972
Station
Designation
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Description/Location
Missouri River at Broadway Bridge, 3/4
distance from south bank
Missouri River at Armour-Swift-Burlington
Bridge, 1/4 distance from south bank
Missouri River at Annour-Swift-Burlington
Bridge, 1/2 distance from south bank
Missouri River at Armour-Swift-Burlington
Bridge, 3/4 distance from south bank
Rock Creek, upstream of mouth
Blue River, upstream of mouth
Old Blue River Channel, upstream of mouth
Missouri River, 1/3 distance from south bank
Missouri River, 2/3 distance from south bank
Big Shoal Creek, upstream of mouth
Mill Creek, upstream from mouth
Missouri River, 1/3 distance from south bank
Missouri River, 2/3 distance from south bank
Little Blue River, upstream of mouth
Missouri River, mid-channel
Fishing River, upstream of mouth
Fire Creek, upstream of mouth
Missouri River, 1/3 distance from south bank
Missouri River, 2/3 distance from south bank
Sni River upstream of mouth
Sni Creek upstream of mouth
Missouri River at Lexington Water Treatment
Plant Intake
Missouri River, 2/3 distance from south bank
River Mileage
366.2
365.5
365.5
365.5
362.6/0.1
358.0/0.2
356.7/0.1
356.0
356.0
351.6/0.3
350.5/0.1
345.4
345.4
339.9/0.2
334.5
334.1/0.2
330.7/0.2
327.5
327.5
322.7/0,2
321.2/0.2
3.7.0
3.7.0
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N-3
TABLE N-2
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
September-October 1972
Location
a/
Descript ion
Station
Number
Kansas City, Kansas
WWTP (Kaw Point)
Kansas City, Kansas
District WWTP's
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9A
No. 9B
No. 20
Influent 01
Effluent 02
Influent 03
Effluent 04
Influent 05
Effluent 06
Influent 07
Effluent 08
100 n> upstream of effluent
(Kansas River) 09
10 m downstream from effluent
(Kansas River) 10
Influent 11
Effluent 12
100 m upstream of effluent
(Barber Creek) 13
10 « downstream from effluent
(Barber Creek) 14
Influent to trickling-filter plant 15
Effluent from trickling-filter plant 16
Influent to aerated lagoon 17
Effluent from oxidation pond 18
100 « upstream of 9B effluent
(Little Turkey Creek) 19
10 » downstream from 9B effluent
(Little Turkey Creek) 20
Influent 21
Effluent 22
100 m upstream of effluent
(Kansas River) 23
10 IB downstream from effluent
(Kansas River) 24
Influent 25
Effluent 26
Effluent 27
Kansas City, Missouri
West Side WWTP
Johnson County Main
WWTP
ji/ Under individual station descriptions, metric unit equivalents can be
made as 1 m - 100 cm, 1.094 yd, 3.281 ft, or 39.37 in.
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N-4
TABLE N-2 (Cent.)
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
S epj:enber-gctobe r 1972_
Standard Rendering
Uilson Packing
Colgate-Palmolive
Phillips Petroleum
Missouri River
Missouri River
PBI-Gordon Corp.
Kansas River
Kansas River
GATX
Rock Island RR
Acme Plating
Sims Barrel
34th St. sewer
Osage St. sewer
Kansas River
Argentine sewer
Kansas River
12th St. sewer
Kansas River
Description
North Manhole in Shawnee Street
Station
Number
28
Manhole, SW corner of processing plant 29
Manhole on SW corner of property
(Osage Street) 30
Effluent outfall structure 31
30 m upstream of Phillips discharge
(SE corner of property) 32
5 m downstream from Phillips discharge
(SE corner of property) 33
Effluent pipe to Kansas River 34
100 m upstream of PBI-Gordon discharge
by-pass 35
10 m downstream from FBI-Cordon discharge 36
Effluent from oil separator 37
Effluent from oil separator 38
l/etwell inside plant 39
Effluent from treatment-plant clarifier 40
Outfall to Kansas River 41
Outfall to Kansas River 42
30 m upstream of Osage St. sewer 43
Outfall to Kansas River 44
30 m upstream of Argentine sewer 45
Outfall to Kansas River 46
30 m upstream of 12th St. sewer 47
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N-5
TABLE N-2 (Cont.)
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
September-October 1972
Location
Description
Station
Number
Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River
Kansas River
Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek
Unnamed Creek trib-
utary to Turkey Creek
Sewer outfall, 10 m downstream from
Kansas City Southern railroad bridge,
north bank
48
Sewer outfall, 100 m upstream of
James Ave. Bridge, north bank-91.4-cm dia. 49
Sewer outfall, 20 m upstream of Lewis
& Clark viaduct, north bank-61.0-cm dia. 50
Sewer outfall, 100 o downstream from
18th St. pumping station, south bank 51
Sewer outfall, 200 m upstream of 12th
St., south bank 52
Sewer outfall, 350 m downstream from
12th St. Bridge, south bank 53
Sewer outfall, 25 m upstream of 7th Ave.
Bridge, south bank
(twin outfall structure) 54
Sewer outfall, 20 m downstream from
7th Ave. Bridge, north bank-61.0-cm dia. 55
2.44 m horseshoe sewer outfall, 500 m
upstream of 7th Ave. Bridge, south bank 56
Sewer outfall, 900 m upstream of 7th
Ave. south bank-30.5-cm dia. VCP 57
Sewer outfall, 300 n downstream from
Roe Blvd. Bridge, south bank-(Penn
Central discharge) 58
100 m upstream of WWTP No. 6 effluent 59
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N-6
TABLE N-2 (Cont.)
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
September-October 1972
Location
Description
Station
Number
Unnamed Creek trib-
utary to Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek
Turkey Creek
Owens-Corning
Fiberglas
Owens-Corning
Fiberglas
Jersey Creek
Johnson County Turkey
Creek WWTP
Jersey Creek
RM 9.
RM 8.0
RM 7.0
10
downstream from WWTP No. 6 effluent 60
100 m upstream of Johnson County WWTP
effluent 61
10 m downstream from WWTP No. 5 effluent 62
Manhole, Sunshine Avenue 63
Manhole, Fiberglas Road 64
Hidden pipe (behind rocks) behind APCO
service station at 18th St. and Troup
St., south bank 65
Effluent 66
45.7-cm dia. clay pipe, 15 m upstream of
16th St. (broken inlet & outlet pipe
to manhole) 6 m up south bank 67
left bank-''
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
b/ This designation refers to River Mile on Kansas River.
£/ Descriptions are written as one faces upstream.
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N-7
RM 3.5
RM 3.4
RM 1.1
RM 0.2
TABLE N-2 (Cont.)
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
September-October 1972
Location
Description
Station
Number
Kansas City
RM
RM
RM
RM
RM
RM
RM
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
left bank
mid-channel
right bank
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
7th Street Bridge, 1/3 distance from
South Bank
Mouth of Turkey Creek
Central Ave. Bridge, mid-channel
1-70 or Lewis & Clark Bridge,
mid-channel
04d-/
05*/
d/ This refers to the July 5 through 20, 1972, station numbers.
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N-8
TABLE N-2 (Cent.)
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
SURVEY STATION IDENTIFICATION
September-October 1972
Location
RM 370.5^
Description
Kansas City Water Intake
Station
Number
98
RM 368.2 Jersey Creek Mouth 11-
d/
RM 367.3 Downstream from Kansas River 12
RM 367.25 Downstream from Kansas City, Kansas 4.
WWTP discharge 13
RM 366.8 Downstream from Kansas City, Missouri 4,
West Side WWTP discharge 14
Ai
RM 366.2 Broadway Bridge, mid-channel
RM 365.6 ASB Bridge, mid-channel
d/ This refers to July 5 through 20, 1972, station numbers.
e/ River Mile on Missouri River.
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APPENDIX 0
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
ORDINANCE NO. 51421
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0-1
ORDINANCE NO. 51421
AN ORDINANCE relating to water pollution; to protect and promote the public
health, safety, welfare and convenience; to establish service charges; to reg-
ulate the discharge of sewage within Kansas City, Kansas; to provide for the
collection and administration of .such sewer charges; to provide penalties for
the violation thereof; amending Articles I, II and III of Chapter 32 of the Code
of Ordinances, City of Kansas City, Kansas; and repealing original Articles
I, Hand III of Chapter 32.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE CITY OF KANSAS CITY,
KANSAS ARTICLE I - In General - Section I
DEFINITIONS. Unless the context specifically indicates otherwise, the mean-
ing of terms used in this chapter shall be as follows:
SEWAGE WORKS shall mean all facilities for collecting, pumping, treating and
disposing of sewage.
SEWAGE shall mean a combination of the water-carried wastes from residences,
business buildings, institutions and industrial establishments, together with such
ground, surface and storm waters as may be present,
SEWER or SEWER SYSTEM shall mean sanitary and storm sewers, pumping
stations, sewage treatment plants, main sewers, intercepting sewers, outfall
sewers, surface drains and works for the collection, transportation, pumping,
treating and disposing of water carried wastes or storm or surface waters and
all appurtenances necessary in the maintenance and operation of the same.
PUBLIC SEWER shall mean a sewer in which all owners of abutting properties
have equal rights or is controlled by public authority.
COMBINED SEWER shall mean a sewer receiving both surface runoff and sewage.
SANITARY SEWER shall mean a sewer which carries sewage and to which storm,
surface and ground waters are not intentionally admitted.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT shall mean any arrangement of devices and struc-
tures used for treating sewage.
STORM SEWER or STORM DRAIN shall mean a sewer which carries 'storm and
surface waters and drainage, but excludes sanitary sewage and polluted industrial
wastes.
COMMERCIAL or INDUSTRIAL WASTES shall mean the liquid wastes from, commer-
cial or industrial processes as distinct from sanitary sewage.
GARBAGE shall mean, solid wastes from the preparation, cooking and dispensing of
food and from the handling, storage and sale of produce.
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0-2
r
PROPERLY SHREDDED GARBAGE shall mean the wastes from the preparation,
cooking and dispensing of foods that have been shredded to such degree that all
particles will be carried freely under the flow conditions normally prevailing in
public sewers with no particle greater than 1/2 inch in any dimension.
STANDARD METHODS shall mean the examination and analytical procedures
set forth in the most recent edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water, Sewage and Industrial Wastes',' published jointly by the American Public
Health Association, the American Water Works Association and the Water Pollu-
tion Control Federation or the most recent edition of the "Annual Book of ASTM
Standards1,' Part 23, published by the American Society for Testing Materials,
MILLIGRAMS per LITER or MG/L shall mean a weight-to-volume ratio; the
milligrams per liter value multiplied by the factor 8,345 shall be equivalent to
pounds per million gallons of water,
C.O.D. (denoting Chemical Oxygen Demand) shall mean the oxygen equivalent
of that portion of the material in a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a
strong chemical oxidant and expressed milligrams per liter,
B.O.D (denoting Biochemical Oxygen Demand) shall mean the quantity of oxygen
utilized in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter under standard laboratory
procedure in five (5) days at 20° C expressed in milligrams per liter.
p_H shall mean the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen concentration in a
solution.
FILTERABLE RESIDUE shall mean solids that either float on the surface of or are
in suspension in water, sewage, or other liquids; and which are removable by lab-
oratory filtering.
SLUG shall mean any discharge of water, sewage or industrial waste which in
concentration of any given constituent or in quantity of flow, exceeds for any period
of longer duration than (15) minutes more than 5 times its average hourly concentra-
tion of flow.
NATURAL OUTLET shall mean any outlet into a water-course, pond, ditch, lake or
other body of surface or ground water.
WATERCOURSE shall mean a channel in which a flow of water occurs, either contin-
uously or intermittently.
PERSON shall mean any individual, firm, company, association, society, corporation,
or group.
SHALL is mandatory; MAY is permissive.
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0-3
CLASS I will include all sewage discharged with not more than 250 mg/1 of
filterable residue or B.O.D. or 375 mg/1 C.O.D. with no matter more dif-
ficult to treat than domestic sewage, with no slugs.
CLASS II will include all sewage discharged with 250 to 500 mg/1 of filterable
residue or B.O.D. or 375 to 750 mg/1 C.O.D.
CLASS III will include all sewage discharged with over 500 mg/1 of filterable
residue or B.O.D. or 750 mg/1 of C.O.D.
UNPOLLUTED WATER OR LIQUIDS shall mean any water or liquid containing
none of the following: emulsified grease or oil; acids or alkalis; subtances
that may impart taste-and-odor or color characteristics; toxic or poisonous
substances in suspension, colloidal state or solution; odorous or otherwise
obnoxious gases. It shall contain not more than 500 parts per million by weight
of dissolved solids, and not more than 50 parts per million each of suspended
solids or biochemical-oxygen-demand and shall be made in accordance with
procedures set forth in "Standard Methods".
POLICY Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Chapter, it is the intent
of this Chapter to establish a basis of charge which fairly assesses charges to
each discharger in true proportion to their contribution to the cost of treatment.
Therefore the Class I, II or III designation is entirely dependent on the strength
of their discharge, i.e. an industrial or commercial customer may earn the
normally residential Class I by the nature of the strength level of their discharge.
ARTICLE II - Department of Water Pollution Control
Section 2. Department created to administer regulations and ordinances .
There is hereby created a water pollution control department in the city to admin-
ister the provisions of regulations and ordinances concerning water pollution,
sewage treatment, and the sewage treatment system and to operate and maintain
interceptor sewers, pump stations, and treatment plants. The department shall
have charge of billing and collection of sewer service charges, enforcing this
article and all applicable ordinances, coordinating water pollution control between
city departments, consulting engineers, industry, and private persons in the
operation and maintenance of treatment facilities.
Section 3. Supervision of officers and employees of department.
The officers and employees of the water pollution control department shall work
under the supervision and direction of the Board of City Commissioners, The
director shall manage, control, and direct the Water Pollution Control Department.
The administrative assistant shall work under the direction of the director in the
billing and collecting of sewer service charges, purchasing and the administrative
control of the department. The superintendent of sewage treatment shall work
under the direction of the director in the operation and maintenance of the intercep-
tor sewers, pump stations and treatment plants.
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0-4
ARTICLE III - Discharge Permits
Section 4. No person shall discharge, directly or indirectly untreated sewage
in the City of Kansas City, Kansas, except into the sewer system of Kansas City,
Kansas, without a special discharge permit from the director and the prior approv-
al of the Kansas State Board of Health. No person shall discharge, directly or in-
directly, untreated sewage in the sewer system of Kansas City, Kansas, or use
private septic or disposal tanks in the city, or discharge sewage in Kansas City,
Kansas without paying the sewer service charges as set out in Article III (A) here-
of. Provided, however, persons who have completed plans, approved by the
Kansas State Board of Health for construction and maintenance of a private sewage
treatment works may apply to the Board of City Commissioners of Kansas City,
Kansas, for abatement of sewer service charges as set out in Article III herein.
Section 5. Discharge permit required - No person shall discharge wastes from
any commercial or industrial establishment into the city sewers without a valid
discharge permit from the director. Each discharge permit shall specify a max-
imum hourly and daily average pound of solids, B.O.D. and C.O.D. A new dis-
charge permit shall be required when the limits are exceeded or the character of
waste is changed from that described on existing permit. Processing fees for
Discharge Permits, Temporary Discharge Permits and Renewal Discharge Permits
will be based on the cost of field, laboratory and clerical expenses involved, but
shall be a minimum of Ten Dollars ($10.00) for each Class II, and Twenty-Five
Dollars ($25.00) for each Class III Discharge Permit.
Section 6. Any person filing an application for a discharge permit shall provide
information including: the name, address and telephone number of applicant; the
type of products handled or manufactured; the quantity of wastes including sea-
sonal, weekly, daily or hourly variations; and the chemical, physical, and other
characteristics of the wastes, all as requested on forms provided by the director
for this purpose; and any other pertinent and necessary information.
Section 7. If, after examining the information contained in the discharge permit
application, it is determined by the director that the characteristics of the proposed
discharge do not conflict with the provisions of this ordinance, a discharge permit
shall be issued allowing the discharge of such wastes into the city sewers. If it is
determined that a proposed discharge containing materials in excess of the limita-
tion s imposed by Section 27 of this ordinance, will not be harmful to the operation
of the treatment plant, then a conditional permit may be issued.
Section 8. If it is determined by the director that the characteristics of the wastes
are not in compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance, the application may be
denied by the director and the applicant advised by the director of steps which must
be taken to insure compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance.
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0-5
Section 9. A temporary discharge permit may be granted for a period of one
year to allow time for the commercial or industrial establishments to bring the
waste flow into compliance with the Ordinance.
Section 10. Discharge permits may be revoked at any time if the discharge is
not in compliance with the provisions of the Ordinance upon giving the holder
normally thirty (30) day's written notice, The permit may be revoked by the
director without thirty (30) day's written notice if the discharge has a serious
deleterious effect on the sewage works, treatment processes, or constitutes a
hazard to human beings, animals, or tne receiving stream.
Section II. -Rates. The monthly rates are based on a charge of $0.15 per 100
cubic feet of flow, $0.02 per pound of filterable solids and $0.03 per pound of
B.O.D. or $0.02 per pound of C.O.D. The C.O.D. charge shall be applied to
commercial and industrial wastes when two-thirds (2/3) of the C.O.D. in mg/1
exceeds the B.O.D. in mg/I.
Section 12. The following monthly rates per 100 cubic feet shall be charged all
persons discharging sewage in the City of Kansas City, Kansas:
Minimum Monthly Bill - Class I - $1.80, Class II - $4.15, and Class III - $4.15.
All flow over minimum (5 ccf/mo.)
"Class I
"Class II
Class III
Flow
s.s.
BOD
$ ,20/ccf
$ ,26/ccf
$ .15/ccf
$ 0.02/#
$ 0.03/#
Section 13. Class III charges over minimum shall be calculated according to
the following formula:
Charge* =
($0.15 (Q) + $0.02 (Q) (S) 0.00624+ $0.03 (Q) (B.O.D.) 0.0062^
or
Charge =
($0.15 (Q) + $0.02 (Q) (8)0.00624+ $0.02 (Q) (C .O.D.) 0.00624 - if (2/3 x C.O.D.)
is greater than B.O.D.
Q = Volume of Sewage in 100 cubic feet
S = Filterable Residue Concentration (mg/1)
BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1)
COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/1)
* Class I and II charges utilize above formula assuming 170 and 375 mg/1.
respectively, for (BOD) and (S).
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0-6
Section 14. Measurement of flow. The volume of flow used for computing
charges shall be the metered water consumption of the person as shown in
the records of meter readings maintained by the Board of Public Utilities of
Kansas City, Kansas, or in the event that an approved sewage discharge flow
meter has been installed, then the measurement of flow used as the basis of
charge shall be the readings of this device.
Section 15. If the person discharging wastes procures any part or all of Ms
water from sources other than the Board of Public Utilities of Kansas City,
Kansas, all or a part of which is discharged into the public sewers, the person
shall install and maintain at his expense meters or water meters of a type
approved by the director for the purpose of determining the volume of sewage
contributed or of water obtained from these other sources.
Section 16. - Provision for Reductions: Any sewer user (whose operation
involves a portion - more than 10% of his annual water consumption, that is
not a waste discharge) may request that the Water Pollution Control Director
make a study for the purpose of determining if a reduction would be recommend-
ed. Any recommended reduction given would be subject to the approval of the
Board of City Commissioners .
Section 17. Non-Residents . Any person, political unit or organization discharg-
ing sewage from outside the City limits of Kansas City, Kansas, into the City
sewer system or into a sewer that eventually discharges into a City sewer shall
be subject to the sewer service charges as set out in this Article III (A), It shall
be the duty of the person, political unit or organization to bill and collect all such
charges and pay such charges directly to the City Treasurer of Kansas City,
Kansas.
Section 18. Special rates. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Ordinance,
where in the judgment of the Board of City Commissioner's special conditions
affecting the property of any person served by the sewer system of Kansas City,
Kansas, shall exist to the extent that the charges for sewer services specified
herein will result in inequitable or unfair charges for either the City of Kansas
City, Kansas, or to such persons served, the Board of City Commissioners may,
based upon the facts and circumstances of each individual case, change the clas-
sification or levy a special service charge in lieu of the charges hereinbefore set
forth.
Section 19. Collections, Penalties and Discontinued Service. Sewer service charges
provided for in this Ordinance will be based upon water meter readings of the Board
of Public Utilities of Kansas City, Kansas, or meter readings approved by the director
and the strength and volume of sewage contributed, and shall be billed by the Sewer
Service Collection Department or its assigned agents.
The sewer service charges shall be a debt due the city. The penalty of five per cent
-------
0-7
(5%) shall be charged if the billing is not paid within ten (10) days of the rendi-
tion date. If this debt is not paid on the rendition date, it shall be deemed delin-
quent and may be recovered by applying the deposit and/or civil action in the
name of the City against the property owner, the occupant of the premises, the
person charged, or either of them. In the event of the failure to pay any service
charges after they become delinquent, the City shall have the right to discontinue
water service or to remove^ or close sewer connection and enter upon the property
for accomplishing this purpose. The expense of such discontinuance, removal, or
closing, as well as the expense of restoring service shall likewise be a debt due to
the City and a lien upon the property and may be recoverable by civil action in the
name of the City against the property owner, the person or both. Sewer service
shall not be restored until all charges, including the expense of removal, closing
or restoration shall have been paid. Change of ownership or occupancy of prem-
ises found delinquent shall not be cause for reducing or eliminating these penalties,
Section 20. Use of Sewer Service Charges. All monies collected by the sewer
service charges herein provided for shall be deposited with the City Treasurer
of Kansas City, Kansas, in a separate fund. All such monies collected shall
be used to defray the expense of administering the terms and provisions of this
Ordinance and to plan, alter, enlarge, extend, improve, construct, reconstruct,
develop, redevelop, operate and maintain the City sewer system and to pay the
principal and interest on revenue bonds for the planning, altering, reconstruct-
ing, developing, redeveloping, operating and maintaining the City sewer system. .
Section 21. Abatement in case of private sewage treatment works. Any person
who has completed plans approved by the State Board of Health for construction
and maintenance of a private sewage treatment works may apply to the Board of
Commissioners for abatement of sewer service charges imposed by this article.
The Board of Commissioners shall abate future sewer service charges on such
application and upon the certification by the person applying that the City need
not provide treatment works capacity for his wastes.
Section 22. Deposits - Required Amount.
Section 23. Deposits - Required Amount Disposition.
Section 24. Specified sewer service payments not subject to refund. Sewer
service charges made prior to October 1, 1968, shall not be subject to a refund.
Sewer service charges paid prior to June 1, 1971, shall not be subject to a refund
after December 1, 1971. Sewer service charges paid after June 1, 1971, shall not
be subject to refund on the expiration of six months after the date of payment.
-------
ARTICLE III (B) - Water Pollution Control
Section 25. Sanitary Sewers, No person shall cause to be discharged any
storm water, surface drainage, sub-surface drainage, ground water, sur-
face drainage, ground-water or roof run-off into any sanitary sewer.
Section 26. Combined and storm sewers, storm water, surface drainage,
sub-surface drainage, ground water, roof run-off, cooling water or unpolluted
water may be admitted to such sewers as are specifically designated as combined
sewers or storm sewers and which have adequate capacity for their accommoda-
tion.
Section 27. Except as hereinafter provided, no person shall discharge into the
public sewers:
(a) Any solid, liquid or gas which by reason of its nature and/or quantity
could cause fire or explosion.
(b) Any solids, natural or man-made fibers, insoluble or emulsified oils,
fats, or greases, slurries or viscous material of such character or in
such quantity that may cause an obstruction to the flow in the sewer or
otherwise interfere with the proper functioning of the sewage works.
(c) Unshredded or shredded garbage, feathers, hair, rags, animal hoofs
or toenails paunch manure, blood, stomach casings, poultry entrails,
poultry heads, or feet, hides and fat or flesh particles not passing 1/2
inch mesh screen.
(d) Septic tank sludge, except that such sludge may be discharged into
selected treatment plants at locations designated for this purpose by the
director.
(e) Any corrosive, noxious or malodorous material or substance which,
either singly or by reaction with other wastes, is capable of causing
damage to the sewage works or creating a public nuisance or hazard, or
prevent entry into the sewers for maintenance and repair,
(f) Any material or substance not specifically mentioned in this section
which is in itself corrosive, irritating to human beings and/or animals,
toxic or noxious, or which by interaction with other wastes could produce
undesirable effects, including deleterious action on the sewage works,
adversely affect any treatment process, constitute a hazard to human or
animals, or have an adverse effect upon the receiving stream.
(g) Acetylene generation sludge.
-------
0-9
(h) Any waste exceeding the following limits:
Temperature as °F 150
pH Between 6.0 and 10.0
Cyanides as CN 2.0mgA
Sulfides as S l.Omg/1
Arsenic as As ' 2.0mg/l
Cadmium as Cd 2.0 mg/1
Chromium as Cr 3.0 mg/1
Copper as Cu 5.0 mg/1
Lead as Pb 2.0 mg/1
Zinc as Zn 5.0 mg/1
Nickel as Ni 5.0 mg/1
Mercury as Hg 0.3 mg/1
Phenol and its Derivatives 0.1 mg/1
Surfactants 100 mg/1
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 0.05 mg/1
Section 28. Radioactive wastes. The introduction of radioactive wastes into the
City sewers shall be permitted only if a special permit is obtained prior to
introducing such wastes. While each case will be decided on its own merits,
in general, decisions will be in accordance with the principles laid down in the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919), Part 20, the Sub-Part D-Waste Disposal,
Section 20. 303, or successor principles as established by the Atomic Energy
Commission.
Section 29. Unusual wastes. Wastes which are unusual in composition, i.e.,
contain an extremely large amount of suspended solids, B.O.D.or C .O.D. are
high in dissolved solids such as sodium chloride, calcium chloride, or sodium
sulfate, contain substances conducive to creating tastes or odors in drinking
water supplies or otherwise making such water unpalatable even after conven-
tional water purification treatment, or are in any other way unusual, shall be
reviewed by the director who will determine whether such wastes shall be pro-
hibited from or may be admitted to the City sewers or shall be modified or
treated before being admitted.
Section 30. Storage of dangerous materials, The storage of any material in
sewered areas or in areas draining into a City sewer which, because of discharge
or leakage from such storage, may create an explosion hazard in sewage works or
in any other way have a deleterious effect upon these works, treatment processes,
or constitute a hazard to human beings or animals, or the receiving stream shall
be subject to review by the director, who at his discretion may require reasonable
safe guards to prevent discharge or leakage of large quantities of such materials
into the sewers. ,
-------
0-10
Section 31. Control structure. When deemed necessary by the director, the own-
er of any property served by a building sewer carrying commercial or industrial
wastes other than normal sewage shall have installed and shall maintain at his own
expense a suitable control structure or structures in the building sewers to facil-
itate observation sampling and measurement of each discharge. Such structures
shall be constructed in accordance with plans approved by the director, and shall
be located so as to permit the gauging of flow and the collection of samples truly
representing the wastes leaving the property,
Section 32. Owner's permit. The owner of any establishment discharging commer-
cial and industrial wastes to the City sewers shall submit to the director at such
intervals as he may prescribe a report accurately describing the character and
quantity of all such wastes other than sanitary sewage discharged to the City sewers
during the period covered by the report. In order to insure compliance with this
ordinance, the director may at any time take such measurements, collect such
samples, and run such laboratory analyses on representative sample of any wastes
as may be deemed necessary.
Section 33. Inspection authority. Any duly authorized representative of the director
possessing proper credentials and identification shall be permitted to enter all prop-
erties at reasonable times for the purpose of inspection, observation, measurement,
sampling and: tests in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance,
Section 34. Interference. No person shall maliciously, willfully or negligently
break, damage, destroy, uncover, deface or tamper with any structure, appur-
tenance or equipment which is part of the municipal sewage works or of a private
sewage system. No person shall discharge into the public system. No person
shall discharge into the public sewers any matter that may cause an obstruction
to the flow in the sewer'or otherwise interfere with the proper functioning of the
sewage works.
Section 35. Violations of Ordinance. Any person violating any of the provisions
of this Ordinance shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding $200,00 per offense.
Each 15-minute period in which the violation shall continue, shall be considered
a separate offense subject to the penalty discussed herein.
In cases of repeated violations, the Director may revoke the permit for the dis-
charge of the wastes into the sewer system, and effect the discontinuation of water
or sewer service, or both. Any person violating any of the provisions of this
Ordinance shall become liable to the City for any expense incurred as the result
of such violation.
-------
0-11
ARTICLE III (C) - Sewer Connections
Section 36. Within subsanitary sewer district.
Section. 37. Outside subsanitary sewer district,
Section 38. When sewer connection required.
»
Section 39. Notice to make sewer connection.
Section 40. Septic tanks generally.
Section 41. Privies, septic tanks, etc.
Section 42. Cleaning and filling of vaults, cesspools and septic tanks.
Section 43. Unlawful discharge of sewage. It shall be unlawful for any person
to permit any waste or drain from plumbing fixtures to empty into streets or alleys
or be discharged on private premises.
Section 44. Enforcement of Article. It shall be the duty of the health officer to
enforce the provisions of this Article III (C).
Section 45. That original Articles I, II and III of Chapter 32 of the Code of Or -
dinances, City of Kansas City, Kansas, be and the same are hereby repealed.
Section 46. This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its
passage, approval and publication in The Kansas City Kansan, and January I, 1973.
PASSED BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF KANSAS CITY,
KANSAS.
THIS DAY OF , 19 _.
Approved:
Richard F, Walsh - Mayor
Attest:
City Clerk.
-------
APPENDIX P
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P-5
TABLE P-3
WATER QUALITY, KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 18, 1972
River
Mile
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Station,
3 /
Number
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Time
COST
0927
0925
0923
0921
0919
0917
0912
0910
0907
0905
0902
0900
0852
0850
0848
0845
0842
0840
0830
0825
0823
0820
0817
0815
0802
0759
0750
0755
0745
0740
0735
0730
0725
0720
0710
0710
Water
Depth
/ "\ D/
0.3
2.1
0.3
3.7
0.3
3.0
0.3
1.8
0.3
3.4
0.3
4.6
0.3
3.7
0.3
4.6
0.3
6.4
0.3
4.5
0.3
3.4
0.3
4.6
0.3
3.0
7.6
0.3
0.3
3.7
0.3
4.6
0.3
3.7
0.3
4.0
Water
Temp.
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
Dissolved
Oxygen
mg/1
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.9
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.8
6.4
% Sat
85
87
88
88
87
85
84
84
83
84
84
84
83
83
83
83
83
83
81
81
84
85
82
79
79
81
82
79
79
84
83
79
78
83
78
-------
P-6
TABLE P-3 (Cont.)
WATER QUALITY, KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 19, 1972
River
Mile
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
Station,
Number^
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Time
COST
0715
0712
.0710
0709
0707
0705
0737
0735
0745
0740
0721
0720
0758
0756
0755
0753
0752
0750
0815
0810
0809
0807
0803
0801
Water
Depth
\ n /
in/
0.3
4.9
0.3
4.3
0.3
2.1
0.3
3.6
0.3
6.7
0.3
3.6
0.3
4.0
0.3
5.2
0.3
3.4
0.3
2.1
0.3
8.2
0.3
7.3
Water
Temp.
27
27
28
28
28
28
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
Dissolved
Oxygen
TUB /I
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.0
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.1
6.8
7,0
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.9
7.5
7.0
6.9
% Sat
90
89
91
91
89
87
89
88
88
85
87
85
93
aj See Appendix N for station identification.
b_/ One meter is equivalent to 0.3048 feet.
-------
P-7
TABLE P-4
WATER QUALITY, KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 18, 1972
River
Mile
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Station,
Number
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Time
COST
1619
1618
1616
1613
1612
1611
1602
1601
1559
1557
1556
1554
1535
1534
1531
1530
1527
1525
1516
1515
1513
1511
1509
1508
1458
1456
1455
1453
1452
1449
1442
1440
1434
1433
1431
1426
Water
Depth
0.3
3.0
0.3
3.4
0.3
2.1
0.3
1.8
0.3
3.6
0.3
5.5
0.3
3.4
0.3
5.2
0.3
6.1
0.3
5.2
0.3
5.5
0.3
4.0
0.3
2.1
0.3
4.9
0.3
2.1
0.3
3.6
0.3
3.4
0.3
3.6
Water
Temp.
26
26.5
27
26
27
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
Dissolved
Oxygen
mg/1
7.5
7.2
7.5
7.2
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.1
7.2
7.7
7.1
7.5
7.2
7.3
7.6
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.0
7.1
7.4
7.3
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.1
% Sat
91
88
94
87
89
89
94
91
91
90
90
88
Turbidity
(J.T.U.)
190
200
100
240
140
225
110
200
90
250
80
340
-------
P-8
TABLE P-4 (Cont.)
WATER QUALITY, KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS
SEPTEMBER 19, 1972
River
Mile
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
Station ,
Number
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Time
CDST
1328
1327
1325
1321
1320
1319
1341
1340
1338
1337
1335
1334
1352
1351
1349
1348
1347
1345
1403
1402
1400
1359
1358
1356
Water
5i>
0.3
4.0
0.3
4.9
0.3
3.6
0.3
4.6
0.3
6.4
0.3
4.0
0.3
3.4
0.3
5.2
0.3
3.6
0.3
1.8
0.3
9.1
0.3
8.5
Water
Temp.
(°C)
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
Dissolved
Oxygen Turbidity
me, /I 7, Sat (J.T.U.)
7.4
7.1
7.3 90 95
7.4 91 140
7.3
7.0
7.1
7.2
8.0 99 100
7.3 90 140
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.0
7.5 93 SO
7.3 90 290
7.3
7.5
7.0
7.4
7.0 86 90
7.3 90 160
7.7
7.6
a_l See Appendix N for station identification.
W One meter is equivalent to 0.3048 feet.
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