EPA-650/3-75-009
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION
STUDY PROGRAM
OBJECTIVES AND PLANS
by
C.S. Burton and G.M. Ilidy
Rockwell International Air Monitoring Center
2421A Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, California 91320
Contract No. 68-02-1081
Task Order No. 9
ROAP No. 26AAI
Program Element No. 1AA003
EPA Project Officer: F. A. Schiermeier
Office of the Director
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
December 1974
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
Thiii report has been reviewed by the National Environmental Research
Center - Research Triangle Park, Office of Research and Development,
EPA, and approved lor publication. Approval does not ignify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade- names or commercial
prociucts constitute endorsement or recommendation lor use.
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into series. These broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and applica-
tion of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was
consciously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface
in related fields. These series are:
1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
2 . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
3. ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
5. SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
6. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS
9. MISCELLANEOUS
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series.
This series describes research on the effects of pollution on humans ,
plant and animal species, and materials. Problems are assessed for
their long- and short-terrn influences. Investigations include formation,
transport, and pathway studies to determine the fate of pollutants and
their effects. This work provides the technical basis for setting standards
to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the aquatic,
terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public for sale through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Publication No. EPA-650/3-75-009
11
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FORWARD
This task order was conducted during the period of November 1973
to June 197*». The Final Report was revised in December
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CONTENTS
Section Page
INTRODUCTION ]
ST. LOUIS REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY (RAPS) ]
A RAPS PLAN 2
REPORT ORGANIZATION 2
I RAPS STRUCTURAL PLAN k
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT k
TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF THE RAPS 6
MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION 8
Objectives of Model Development and Evaluation
Program 8
A Plan for Model Development and Evaluation 8
Recommendations 10
EMISSION INVENTORIES 12
Objectives of Emission Inventory Program 12
A Plan for Emissions Inventories 12
Summary of Recommendations 17
AEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 18
Objectives of Aerometric Measurements Program .... 18
A Plan for Aerometric Measurements 19
The Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS) 19
The Aerial Monitoring System (AMS) 20
Upper Air Sounding Network (UASN) 26
Field Expeditions 28
Recommendations 46
DATA MANAGEMENT kj
Objective of Data Management Effort kj
A Plan for Data Management 47
Recommendations kS
II INTEGRATION AND SYNTHESIS OF THE RAPS ELEMENTS 50
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RAPS ELEMENTS 50
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Section Page
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE CONDUCT OF RAPS
FIELD EXPEDITIONS 54
Elements of a Field Expedition 54
Management Utilization of Experiment Designs 58
MASTER PROGRAM MILESTONE SCHEDULE 59
Program Management Task 59
Model Development and Evaluation Task 61
Aerometric Measurement Task 61
Data Management Task 62
Emission Inventory Task 62
III SUMMER 197^ FIELD EXPEDITIONARY EXERCISE 67
APPENDIXES
A. Work Breakdown Structure
B. PERT Charts for Modeling Effort
iii
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 RAPS Management Summary 5
2 Principal Elements of Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS .... 7
3 Broad Schedule for Model Development and Evaluation Program ... 9
k Flow Chart of Model Development and Model Evaluation 11
5 Schedule for Emission Inventory Activity 13
6 Geographical Locations of RAMS Stations 23
7 Elements of Field Expeditionary Programs 29
8 Flow Diagram of Data Management Effort k8
9 Conceptual Integration of RAPS Elements 52
10 Flow Chart of Experimental Design Phase 55
11 Flow Chart of Preparation Phase 56
12 Master Milestone Chart 60
13 Field Expeditions Planned for Duration of the RAPS 63
IA Hardware Allocation (by Field Expedition Period) Matrix 6k
15 Aircraft Allocation (by Field Expedition Period) Matrix 65
16 Tracer Allocation (by Field Expedition Period) Matrix 66
17 Summer '74 Field Expeditionary Schedule (Field Expedition #2) . . 68
18 Field Expeditionary Coordination Matrix (Expedition #2) 69
19 RAPS Measurement Element Data Classification Matrix 70
20 Field Expeditionary Measurement Coordination Matrix 71
21 RAMS Station Field Expeditionary Utilization Matrix 72
IV
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TABLES
Table Page
1 Participants and Responsibilities for Methodology
Development (and Data Collection) for RAPS
Emission Inventory 15
2 RAMS Instrumentation 21
3 Special Distribution of Instrumentation for
St. Louis RAMS 22
k Helicopter Instrumentation 2k
5 Summary of Upper Air Sounding Network 27
6 Nomenclature for Figure 9 53
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INTRODUCTION
This report presents an integrated program for the conduct of the
St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS). Its purpose is to provide
the Environmental Protection Agency with an aid to (a) the effective manage-
ment of the RAPS, (b) the implementation of a systematic and logical
direction and coordination of the laboratory and field programs of the RAPS,
and (c) assurance of flexibility in evolution of the experimental program
of the RAPS.
ST. LOUIS REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY (RAPS)
The St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study is the most ambitious study
of its type ever attempted. The three major objectives sought of the RAPS
are:
1. Develop, evaluate and validate air quality simulation models
(AQSM) on a regional scale covering urban/rural stationary and
mobile sources.
2. Develop, evaluate and validate models of local-scale phenomena
which complement regional-scale models.
3. Create a comprehensive, accurate and readily retrievable data
base for all criteria pollutants and selected non-criteria pol-
lutants to use in evaluating future air quality simulation models
and effects models.
As currently envisaged, a spectrum of regional air quality simulation
models will be produced for all criteria pollutants, plus sulfates, nitrates
and selected aerosols (e.g., fine particles), which have been validated
against St. Louis field data.
This spectrum will incorporate subsidiary meteorological and chemical
mathematical models which are needed as inputs to the AQSM and are capable
of predicting analytically the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants as
functions of pollutant levels, urban structure and heat emissions.
Within these objectives, the highest priority will be given to sulfur
oxides. The rationale behind choosing these materials for focus at highest
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priority is that acid sulfate aerosols, which originate principally from
sulfur dioxide oxidation, adversely affect human health, vegetation,
materials and visibility.
A RAPS PLAN
The experimental plan described here focuses attention on the RAPS
objectives. The specific purposes of the plan include:
1. Development and organization of existing information of the RAPS
plans, ideas and concepts.
2. Establishment of a framework for the scheduling and control of
the RAPS operations, including measurements and to a lesser extent
modeling and data management requirements.
3. Provision for focusing the mainstream of the RAPS effort while
allowing for incorporation of new experiments and new knowledge
to be accounted for in establishing acceptable air quality models.
To achieve these goals, a dynamic procedure was chosen (after discussion
with EPA/RAPS management) that can be used to review the progress
of the project with maximum flexibility, but with necessary conformity to
scheduling, utilization of resources, reporting procedures, etc.
REPORT ORGANIZATION
An overview of RAPS is presented via a discussion of the five basic
elements of activity within the RAPS: 1) Model Development and Evaluation,
2) Emission Inventories, 3) Aerometric Measurements, k) Data
Management and 5) Program Management.
The essential role of each activity is then established by illustrating
the logical relationship between all RAPS technical elements. Specifically,
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for all technical elements discussed their role in model development and
evaluation is presented schematically in terms of the parameter(s) measured
and model requirements.
Procedures for reviewing the various pieces of the RAPS are discussed
and specific recommendations made. All of these elements are then brought
together in time via a Master Milestone Chart of the entire program.
Finally, the use of the procedures recommended is demonstrated for the
summer '7^ field expeditionary program plan.
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1 RAPS STRUCTURAL PLAN
The past experience in comparing air quality simulation models with
observations has provided only limited knowledge of the model sensitivity
to key elements, particularly those which define the meteorological processes
and the atmospheric chemistry and transformation processes involved. In
addition, there has been a general absense of simultaneous measurement and
data collection for defining these processes. In this respect, the develop-
ment of air quality models has suffered from the lack of simultaneous
measurements of parameters needed for model validation. Qualitatively, it
is clear that one can expect that the key features for satisfactory modeling
must center around the accuracy of:
pollutant measurement
the emission inventory,
the characterization of meteorology on a maximum scale of tens
of kilometers,
the material balance of the pollutant species in question.
Thus, the RAPS must address itself to establishing an improved knowledge
base for these elements; their relationship to AQSM output must reflect
the regulatory requirements of the 1970 Clean Air Act.
Although the development of local scale models is not a major objective of
RAPS, such models would indeed complement the regional scale models being
produced. The aerometric measurements gathered in the St. Louis bi-state
area will be added utility for more limited-scale studies that are under-
taken through other programs.
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
The implementation of the proposed plan requires either the existence
or establishment of program management. This is a vitally important element
of the RAPS structure. This effort must be successful in planning, organizing,
directing and controlling the resources, skills and knowledge to complete the
RAPS (by 30 June 1977) in an orderly manner and meet established objectives
in time, budget and technical results.
The plan proposed herein is intended to be consistent with our current
understanding of the EPA/RAPS program management. In Figure 1 the principal
members of this management team are given along with the geographical location.
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TECHNICAL ELEMENTS Of THE RAPS
The RAPS can be structured in different ways to implement programs for
achieving its objectives. We have chosen to structure the program as indi-
cated in Figure 2 with an operational classification in terms of four basic
elements: a) model development and evaluation, b) emissions inventories,
c) aerometric measurements, and d) data management.The data management
function serves as a bridge between the model development and the emissions
and aerometric measurements efforts to insure the interaction and feedback
between field oriented activities and data utilization or interpretative
activities (a project breakdown structure with significantly more detail
may be found in Appendix A).
The structure and content of the proposed plan benefitted measurably
from the RAPS No. 1 Study Plan even though when its content is compared with
Figure 2 it may not be readily apparent. As will be evident later, virtually
every component of the Study Plan remains.
In the sections which follow, the roles of each of these principal
elements will be discussed.
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MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
In the plan proposed, the model development and evaluation efforts
take a leading and crucial position. Of the variety of models to evolve
under the RAPS framework, the initial effort will be concentrated on the
emissions and aerometric models. The development of the ecological and
economic models are not within the scope of this report. Although these
depend on the emission and aerometric models, they can be derived partially
in parallei.
Objectives of Model Development and Evaluation Program
The objectives of the RAPS model development and evaluation activity
are:
1. Establish criteria for evaluation of air quality simulation
models consistent with RAPS objectives.
2. Establish a protocol for the quantitative validation and
acceptance of each model or sub-increment within the context
of the present ambient air quality standards.
3. Quantitatively test and evaluate existing models or submodels
for the applicability to the regional air quality specification.
4. Identify the critical elements and limitations (quantitatively
whenever possible) of the models that require further improvement
to meet acceptable levels of model performance.
A Plan for Model Development and Evaluation
The importance of technical leadership by the model development and
evaluation team cannot be overstated. A schedule for the overall modeling
activity is given in Figure 3- Leadership by the modelers is established
through periodic and formal recommendations reports. As a minimum, these
reports are to be concerned with improvements in aerometric measurement,
emission inventories and data management operations and procedures. As
Figure 3 shows, two full years for model evaluation are available following
the conversion and implementation of all models for the St. Louis Air
Quality Control Region (AQCR).
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During this period, nearly two full years of data will be accessible.
Figure 4 presents a relatively detailed flow chart for carrying out
the modeling activity through the first full year of evaluation (up to
January 1976) for each and any model applicable to the RAPS objectives.-
The second year of evaluation is similar to the first year of evaluation
and, along with the full modeling effort, is presented in the PERT NETWORK
(Figure B.I in Appendix B).
Estimates of time for each activity in the network (represented by
the horizonal lines in Figure B.I) are given only for the period following
January 1, 1975. The status of current models with respect to conversion
and implementation to the St. Louis AQCR is strongly determined by the
particular model being considered.
The flow diagram in Figure *» is, in principle, applicable to each
model. Thus, the progress of the models considered applicable to the RAPS
objectives can be followed by reference to it. In implementing this plan,
it is therefore recommended that the status of each model under consideration
be assessed according to this chart. With this information a more detailed
schedule would then be established and the network in Figure B.I also
implemented.
Finally, the importance of establishing evaluation criteria in the
very early stages of the model development program cannot be overemphasized.
It is recognized that these may change in the course of the RAPS, but the
direction these criteria will give to the modeling effort and therefore to
the entire RAPS is paramount.
Recommendat i ons
In summary therefore, the following recommendations are made:
The leading role of the modelers be established and implemented.
A relatively complete list is in Figure A.I in the Project Breakdown Structure
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-a
-------
requirements and current state-of-the-art, 2) emission inventory methodologies
(by source types), 3) emission inventory data handling system, k) emission
inventory data collection, and 5) data validation and source monitoring.
As indicated in Figure 5, the first step in this plan is virtually complete.
The existence of the NEDS inventory for St. Louis in IPP format has been
completed. This data base insures that emissions data are available for the
early exercising of RAPS models. It is recognized, however, that such information
(although capable of being used) is based upon an annual time scale and rela-
tively low spatial resolution and is therefore inadequate to meet the final
RAPS objectives. The recommended uses of the NEDS inventory (for RAPS purposes)
are clearly indicated in the study by Stanford Research Institute, A Regional
Air Pollution Study (RAPS) Preliminary Emission Inventory, under Contract
68-02-1026. This study presents an operational plan for providing emissions
data for RAPS as well as reviews in detail the emissions models used in the
past to provide emissions data.
The second major element in the emissions plan, establishment of meth-
odologies for emissions data, is underway, either under contract or in co-
operation with other governmental agencies. The objective of this effort is
to develop a detailed methodology to acquire the data to bring the individual
sources and emission inventory items up to the minimum specification of the
RAPS. The data included in this methodology include emission estimates,
operational variations fes a function of time of day, season, or year), product(s)
produced, control equipment information, temperature, geographical identifiers
and physical data such as stack height, diameter, etc.
Presented in Table 1 is a list of the participating groups with their
respective responsibilities. Both the SRI report and the NEDS inventory
provide the base from which these groups work. From this base, supplemental
data requirements are identified which could include finer detail and analysis
concerning process or operational variations or continuous emission monitoring
-------
TABLE 1
PARTICIPANTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (AND DATA
COLLECTION) FOR RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY
Group
AMC
Rockwell International
GCA Corp.
ESE
SWRI
DOT
WU
Dept. Federal Highway
AMC
Rockwell International
AMC
Rockwell International
Classification
Point Sources
Ai rports, mobile
Stationary Area
Mob Me, of f -h i ghway
Railroad, river vessels
Mobile Source
Mobile, freeways
Special Expeditionary
Support
Heat Emissions
Nature of Effort*
M (+ D later)
M (+ D later)
M (+ emission factors)
M
M + D
Line Source, highway
methodology for
St. Louis
M + D
M for emissions
related to field
expedi tions
M + D
*M = methodology development
D = data col lection
15
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of selected (and identified) sources. Sensitivity analysis is then employed
to determine the significance of these (potential) requirements. The com-
pletion date for all methodology development is March 1, 1975.
The third element of the RAPS emission inventory data handling system
can be carried out in parallel with the methodology development element, but
not completely Independent of it. It is the objective of this effort to
design, implement, execute, and demonstrate a system capable of recording,
storing, retrieving, editing, and updating all data required for the compu-
tation of emissions on an hourly basis with a spatial resolution commensurate
with RAPS modeling requirements.
We recommend that, for those models already identified in the detailed
project breakdown structure (Appendix A), user (modeler) requirements of
emissions data be specified by mid-March. It must be realized at the
outset of this effort that the utility and efficaciousness of any data
handling system will be determined to a significant extent by the incorpor-
ation of user design requirements. It is recognized that this requirement is
difficult to achieve at this time (i.e., prior to exercising all of the RAPS
candidate models); however, every effort must be made to specify the user
design requirements.
We also recommend that meetings be established between key individuals
in groups indicated in Table 1, EPA/RAPS emissions personnel, and the data
handling personnel to insure the establishment of a properly designed data
handling system.
The components required to complete the data handling system, which is
being carried out via a task order agreement with the Rockwell Air Monitoring
Center are:
input record format and content design
retrieval format design
' file des ign
16
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systems design
systems Implementation and software development
demonstration
It is planned that this effort be completed by November 30,
The fourth major element given in Figure 5 (emission inventory activity)
is data collection. This effort is designed to follow an iterative data
upgrading procedure. With the currently available NEDS inventory, AQSM's
can now be exercised. As methodologies are developed and data collection
begins, the data handling system will be implemented; its designed capability
of updating bysource and/or by pollutant classifications insures the upgrade
of the emission inventories as an on going activity.
We recommend that a mechanism be established to assure close working
relationships at the NADB and Model Development Branch interface. This Is
essential for the RAPS objectives to be served.
The final element of the emission inventory effort is data validation
and source monitoring, currently planned to be initiated in early GFY '75
for point, mobile and area source classifications. Although the nature and
scope of the source testing and monitoring plans have yet to be specified,
we concur with the SRI recommendations that, as a minimum, emphasis be given
to emission validation during periods of intensive field activity.
Summary of Recommendations
The following recommendations are made:
User requirements of the emissions data be specified by mid-October,
197*.
Meetings be arranged between key individuals in groups indicated
in Table 1, EPA/RAPS emissions personnel and the data handling
personnel by mid-August, 197^, with the purpose of Insuring that
17
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the emissions data handling system design is compatible with the
data being collected.
. A close coordination between EPA/RAPS Program Management, NADB
personnel and Model Development be maintained.
Data validation procedures be included as part of future methodology
development upgrading.
As soon as possible, a methodology for obtaining a land-use inventory
be Initiated and completed by December, 1971*. As such an Inventory
is one of the basic differences between St. Louis and a different
region, the RAPS models must be parameterized according to this
information. The nature of this effort should be coordinated with
J. McElroy of Monitoring Systems Research and Development Laboratory,
NERC, Las Vegas
AEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
The aerometric measurements program constitutes the largest and most
concentrated effort ever undertaken to define and describe the state of an
urban atmosphere. As indicated in Figure 2, this program consists of: 1) an
extensive (regional) ground-based air monitoring system (RAMS); 2) a vertical
extension of the RAMS which consists of three fully-instrumented helicopters,
one of which serves as backup; 3) an upper air sounding network, and A) a
series of concentrated field expeditions using portable samplers conducted
during special periods.
Objectives of Aerometric Measurement Program
The objectives of the aerometric measurement program are:
1. Produce a documented and validated data base of sufficient scope
(variety of meteorological/pollutant conditions in space and time)
to support the objectives of the model development and evaluation
program.
2. Extend the understanding of atmospheric phenomena as required to
support the model development and evaluation program.
18
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A Plan for Aerometric Measurements
In designing an operational plan for an aerometric measurement program,
two guiding principles must be employed. First, the capricious nature of the
weather requires a certain vagueness when It comes to specifying the scope
of a data base required to meet the RAPS objectives. This will be particularly
true in the early phases of the study and may be expected to improve in the
latter phases. Therefore, extensive and continuous data collections are re-
quired despite the fact that the use of some data may be infrequent.
Secondly, there must be specified predetermined periods wherein a maximal
effort by all investigators toward the collection of data is made, i.e.,
a portion of time where most of the measurements are being made for most of
the time. These periods are selected on the basis of historical meteorological/
pollutant conditions.
The Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS)
By any means of evaluation, the RAMS is a most essential element of
the aerometric measurement program. It is the objective of this network
to provide a long term, uniform, verified data base of ground-based measure-
ments. In fulfilling its objective, the RAMS is expected to be used to test
the ability of aerometric models to provide quantitative measures of regional
air quality based exclusively on a monitoring network. It is presently pro-
jected to operate continuously over the two-year period from September 197*»
to December 1976.
The RAMS consists of 25 remotely operated, automated stations controlled
and polled via telemetry to a central data aquisition system. The stations
are "managed" by a mini-computer which provide for automatic calibration of
the pollutant gas instruments.
19
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The principal features of the RAMS instrumentation are listed in
Table 2. The allocation of special instrumentation is presented in
Table 3. The site locations for the RAMS stations are shown in
Figure 6.
The network layout, as well as cirteria for specific station sitings
are presented in a paper by F. Pooler, "Network Requirements for the St.
Louis Regional Air Pollution Study." A restatement of these criteria is
outside the scope of this report. The stations are arranged in concentric
circles centered on Site 101, located in downtown area just north and
west of the St. Louis arch. The radii of the concentric circles are 4, 9,
20 and kO km.
The RAMS will be operated for the EPA by the Rockwell Air Monitoring Center
team through at least the first six months of its operation.
The Aerial Monitoring System
It is the objective of the aerial monitoring system, which is operated
by NERC, Las Vegas, to provide a uniform data base for aero-
metric measurements aloft. The aerial system consists of three Sikorsky-58
helicopters which have been modified to carry two complete aerial monitoring
systems; the third unit serves as a helicopter back-up only.
The principal features of the aerial monitoring system are given in
Table A. Industry-compatible tapes from the data acquisition system are
to be translated and verified using the POP 11/AO mini-computer at the
RAPS St. Louis facility.
Data will be collected to yield vertical distributions and pollutant
maps aloft. In addition to providing data for model validation, initial
and boundary conditions will be obtained. Although the flight plans have
not been formally finalized at this time, they will include the
20
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TABLE 2
RAMS INSTRUMENTATION
Network
25 Stations
Automatic operation, POP - llAO central computer
Telemetered digital information plus data acquisition
each station
1-minute interrogation
Display by CRT and printer/plotter
Mag tape storage
Station Instrumentation (all stations unless specified)
Ozone
NO, N02, N0x
CO, CH^, NMHC
Total Sulfur (12 sta)
H2S, S02, TS (13 sta)
Gas Bag Samplers
Partlculates: Hi-vol filters (10 sta)
Nephelometer
Dichotomous sampler (10 sta)
Wind, speed and direction
Ambient temperature
Differential temperature (12 sta, 30-meters)
Dew Point
Pressure (7 sta)
Solar radiation:
*f stations: three spectral pyranometers
one direct pyreheliometer
one long wave pyrogeometer
2 stations: two spectral pyranometers
Turbulence (5 sta, u, v, w, local recording only)
21
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TABLE 3
SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR ST. LOUIS RAMS
Station
ID
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
]]
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Complete Simple
Radiation Radiation
X
X
X
X
X
X
Turbu- Temp
lence Diff
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
Pres- Sulfur
sure 6.C.*
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
Hi-
Vol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
30-m
Tower
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DIchotomus
Sampler
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
^Remaining 12 stations receive Total Sulfur only
22
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23
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TABLE A
HELICOPTER INSTRUMENTATION
Type Instrument
Fluorescent particle counter
Particle size counter
Nephelometer
NO-NO analyzer
x 7
0- analyzer
CO analyzer
S02 analyzer
CH^ - THC analyzer
Bag Sampler
Temperature and dewpoint
Pressure altimeter
Data logger, A/D converter
Tape deck
Strip Chart, k channel
Model Designation Quantity
NEE 110 2
Royco 220 2
MRI 1550B 2
TECO HB 5
REM 612B 3
Andros 7000 2
Meloy SA 160 2
MSA 11-2 2
EPA 2
Cambridge CS-137 2
Computer Instrument Corp. 2
Monitor 7200 2
Cipher 70SE 2
MFE M-24 CRAHA 2
-------
capability of providing time histories of boundary conditions.
The general aspects of the flight plans call for two missions per day
with the two helicopters flying in concentric circles -- the inner flight
circle covers the core of the RAMS while the outer flight circle covers the
outer RAMS sites. Each flight is intended to be approximately two hours in
duration with the first starting at 0600 and the second at approximately
1330. To the circular horizontal flight pattern will be added seven to
eight downward spirals (for each helicopter) with the location of spirals
chosen as closely as possible to the RAMS site. Vertical profiles will be
obtained from near ground level to 200-500 ft. (61 - 152 m) above the top of the
invers ion.
Although discussed informally from time to time, more serious con-
sideration should be given to nighttime flights. These are particularly
valuable in establishing initial and boundary conditions as well as detei
mining the formation and disappearance of materials In the absence of solar
radiation.
The helicopter aerial monitoring operations are scheduled during field
expeditionary periods from August 5, 197^ through 1976. A total flight time
of approximately 20 hours per week per helicopter is planned during each
expeditionary period.
For the immediate helicopter program, we recommend that debriefing
reports and procedures be established following each mission. These will
not only aid in data interpretation efforts later, but would be of signifi-
cant value in the data validation procedure. We also recommend that photo-
graphs of observations be included as part of each mission and that these
be logged into the RAPS data base.
Finally, we recommend that consideration be given soon to the incorp-
oration of particle collection devices compatible with (subsequent) chemi-
cal analysis. Although we have sulfate and nitrate analyses in mind, heavy
25
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metals analyses, via X-ray fluorescence, would be of definite value in
assessing the variety of probable mechanisms for sulfate and possibly
nitrate formation. The S0_ oxidation rate (which leads to sulfate formation)
in aerosols is known to be enhanced by the presence of heavy metals
(e.g., Mn+ +).
Upper-Air Soundinq Network(UASN)
The RAMS network provides a relatively dense data base of surface winds,
temperature and relative humidity. The combination of these data with
those obtained from upper-air soundings allows the determination of changes
in winds, local stability, and mixing depth throughout the area, particularly
as they relate to terrain features and synoptic scale meteorology. It is
the objective of the upper-air sounding network to provide a data base of
the upper air structure over the St. Louis AQCR. This data base will consist
of winds, temperature, dew point and relative humidity aloft. Special
emphasis is given to the lower (< 700 MB) levels. Temperature resolution
is + 0.5° C. The frequency of observation of winds aloft is every 30 sec.
This sounding network consists of four fixed stations which have been
given numerical designations of 1^1 through 1M. Their locations are
indicated on Figure 6. Table 5 shows the periods of operation and kinds of
soundings taken for each site.
The simultaneous operation of the upper-air sounding network and RAMS
will provide: 1) a means of correlating air quality measurements with mean
transport across the St. Louis ACQR: 2) determination of variations in
mixing heights; and 3) definition of atmospheric stability classes associated
with the distribution of pollutant concentrations in the St. Louis AQCR.
Installation and operation of the network, which includes quality
control procedures, is the responsibility of the Rockwell Air Monitoring
Center. Data from the upper air sounding network will be available on a semi-
real time basis for forecasting purposes during intensive periods of study as
26
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TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF UPPER AIR SOUNDING NETWORK
Station
ID
Period(s) of
Operation
Soundings
Rawinsondes
PJbals
, 142
5 days/week, 24 hrs/day
from October 1974 thru
December 1976; 7 days/
week during the inten-
sive study periods
4 per day at
6-hour intervals
to9-8 kft (3.0 km)
20 per day at
hourly intervals
between radiosondes
143, 144
7 days/week, 24 hrs/dy
during the intensive
study periods
Same as 14J and
Same as 141 and
27
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well as in a form suitable for subsequent entry into the RAPS data bank.
Graphical data will be provided on standard NOAA low-level sounding
adiabatic charts. Radiosonde angular observations and reduced radiosonde
wind directions, wind speeds, and heights are provided on formatted forms
designed for 30-second intervals and consistent with the requirements of the
RAPS Data Manager. Pibal theodolite data are provided also on formatted
forms designed for 30-second intervals. It is recommended that post-analysis
summaries of meteorological conditions be available to the RAPS participants
during the intensive expeditionary periods.
Field Expeditions
A great body of earlier work has demonstrated that the observational
data base required for model validation substantially exceeds that pro-
vided by a routine monitoring network. Thus, the principal objective of
the field expeditions is to supply short term, detailed atmospheric obser-
vations in support of the development and validation of the RAPS aerometric
models. Based on present knowledge, there are four major classes of expedi-
tions (as shown in Figure 7). The objective of each is described as follows:
1. Meteorological Characterization
Objective: To supplement the routine meteorological elements of
the RAPS with data sufficient to characterize the micro-scale and
boundary layer phenomena with respect to its varying (spatial and
temporal) mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Successful
completion of this element of the RAPS can only be achieved if a
land use inventory is available. It is recommended that arrange-
ments for this be started immediately.
28
-------
1
1
1
1
1
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oc o
Z3 z:
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- 3CO
^ Ci '"' '^
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ife £g
0. 1-
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i «-,
Z J
^C HH
i ca
ra <:
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._!
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i*~" ' ^~
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JLU I I
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METEOROLOGTCAL""
CHARACTERIZATION
BOUNDARY
LAYER
STRUCTURE
>-l
t3 LU
or 03
LU Q
LU CO
1
29
-------
2. Sub-Grid Scale Characterization
Objective: To develop and implement a methodology to establish a
relationship between stationary point (RAMS) measurements and average
measurements in a grid approximately one km square.
3- Atmospheric Transformations
Objective: To characterize the complex physical and chemical
transformations of an air mass over the St. Louis region.
A. Advanced Field Programs *
Objective: To enhance the RAPS data base by a) improving the
phenomenological characterization of uncertain processes, such as
removal processes and interactions with water clouds and precipitation,
and b) developing new measurement techniques for characterizing trace
constituents in urban areas, especially related to the sulfur cycle.
Each of the four classes of expeditionary projects listed above can be
further subdivided. At the outset we make two recommendations. First, we
recommend that uniformity be adopted with respect to the periods within each
season that field expeditions are to be conducted. The need for this already
has been mentioned (Page 19). Second, we recommend that field expeditions
conform to a schedule which consists of the following phases: 1) an experi-
mental design phase at the end of which its approval from EPA/RAPS management
is obtained; 2) a preparation phase; 3) a measurement or an experiment
phase; and k) a data validation and analysis phase. Discussions with the
majority of the RAPS investigators lead us to believe that these recommen-
dations are acceptable.
Neteoro1og i ca1 Characterization. Referring once again to the elements
of the Field Expeditionary Program (Figure 7), it is seen that the meteoro-
logical characterization experiments consist of atmospheric boundary layer
* The function of this class of expedition is to provide flexibility to RAPS
experiments in allowing for growth into new areas which appear promising
(but whose technology may not be well established)
30
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structure and energy budget studies. This work is planned to be performed
primarily by EPA/ML staff, supported by Rockwell Air Monitoring Center.
Boundary Layer Structure
Objective/Purpose: Experimentally specify the three-dimensional struc-
ture and temporal variations of the boundary layer
over the St. Louis region in order to define model
boundary conditions, to parameterize the turbulent
mixing processes, and to validate and advance the
model development and evaluation program.
Approach: This study is to be divided into two phases. The
first consists of defining and specifying the
boundary layer structure, while the second phase
will consist of validation and verification via
tracer studies. Daytime and nighttime measurements
will be made. Vertical temperature profiles from
aircraft (helicopter and fixed wing) ascents will
be made with major emphasis being given to the
region at the top of the mixing layer. Due to the
lowering of the mixing layer at night, the time for
each profile is reduced which allows an increase in
the number of ascents. Other measurements to yield
vertical wind profiles and horizontal trajectories
will be made to supplement the upper-air sounding
network. In addition, lidar scans of the aerosol
loading to determine the degree and variations in
mixing will be made.
Schedule: Effort on Phase I began in 1973 and is currently
planned through summer of 1975- The experimental
activity on Phase II is scheduled to begin in
summer of 1975 and extend through 1976.
31
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Energy Budget
Object i ve/Purpose:
Experimentally determine the components of the energy
budget over the St. Louis AQCR, document differences
in urban and rural energy budgets for the surface
(land use) and boundary layers, and quantitatively
assess the effects that variations in the energy
budget have on the boundary layer.
Approach: The study is divided essentially into three parts:
the determination of (1) the radiation, (2) the
sensible heat flux, and (3) the energy storage terms
of the energy balance equation. To determine the
components of the radiation term, airborne and
ground-based measurements will be made over rural
and urban areas. The airborne program will provide
measurements of the surface albedo over representa-
tive land use areas and vertical solar flux measure-
ments. Airborne measurements include six pyranometers,
three of which look up and three look down in order
to measure the incident global solar irradiance in
UV, visible and 1R bands. Ground surface tempera-
ture, dew point and aerosol measurements will be
made.
The sensible heat flux term will be determined via
airborne and ground-based measurements using the
eddy correlation method. Two approaches will be
used: the first (airborne)employs taking the pro-
duct of the coincident measurements of turbulent
vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations,
while the second (ground based) uses a device called
a fluxatron, which makes the above computation in
"real-time."
32
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The storage term will be measured by imbedding
thermistors at various depths below representative
surfaces at RAMS sites.
Schedule: Initial efforts begin in the Summer, 197^ with the
exeption that measurements of the storage term are
not planned. These (latter) measurements will begin
in the Fall, 197*» period. The energy budget study
is planned to continue through 1976.
Sub-Grid Scale Characterization. The criteria employed for siting RAMS
stations were instituted to provide data representative of the area monitored,
i.e., to minimize unrepresentative siting effects. Similarly, instrument
related errors are minimized through the quality control (QC), quality assurance
(QA), and data validation (DV) procedures used in the RAMS measurements.
Sub-Grid Scale Characterization Studies are planned in order to assess
quantitatively the nature of these fluctuations and, in turn, the represent-
ativeness of the RAMS air quality and meteorological observations. The
studies will also allow assessment of the degree of ambient variability
(involved in the verification of computations) depends upon emissions field
and land use variations. They will be conducted initially on an exploratory
basis as functions of selected meteorological conditions and various source-
receptor combinations deemed most important by the model development and
evaluation team. Moreover, the scope of these studies must be sufficiently
large to permit a determination of the extent to which the observed variabilities
are determined by both emissions and land use variations. It is clearly
recognized that without such a determination the transfer of RAPS models to
other ACQRs would be speculative, however without any experimental data,
specific field studies related to the assessment of emission and land use
variations cannot be recommended. It is recommended that these studies be
33
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followed very closely as they are of great significance to the model verifi-
cation and evaluation portion of the RAPS. Furthermore, it is through these
studies that one of the most vital interfaces of RAPS participantsthat of the
interface between the participants involved in modeling, meteorological measure-
ment, emission measurement and the investigation of atmospheric chemistry and
physics processes--wi11 be established.
The studies currently planned are: 1) Pollutant Variability, and
2) Meteorological Variability. It can be expected that the scope of these
studies will expand and, although specific studies are not recommended,
field programs which examine sub-grid emission variabilities and land use
variabilities should be anticipated. These latter studies may be more
theoretical than experimental initially and some field work should be expected.
Pollutant Variabi1ity
Objective/Purpose: To determine, for specified grid areas, the pollutant
heterogeneities (or homogeneity) in order to para-
meterize the relationship between point (station)
measurements and grid-averaged measurements.
Approach: The basis for the approach is the use of mobile units
carrying an array of air quality instrumentation and
individual, portable sampling units. Bag samplers are
also included. In addition, long-path optical measure-
ment techniques will be employed, including laser and
non-laser techniques. The initial efforts on the PV
Study will be to develop a coordinated methodology;
more extensive field expeditions will occur during
subsequent periods. In the initial efforts, measure-
ments of SO-, 0, and CO will be made with the portable
sampling units, while with the mobile unit, NO , hydro-
/\
carbons and aerosol (nephelometry) measurements will
also be possible. This collection of instrumentation
will be used in two ways. Firstly, at specified RAMS
«
sites (initially 103, 105, 108 and 123) the portable
sampling units will be used to validate the time and
-------
spatial averages determined from the long-path
methods. Secondly, the portable and mobile units
will be deployed to determine the spatial and temporal
pollutant variability. For both measurements, the
methodologies would be the same, i.e., the sampling unit
will either travel along prescribed paths or be sta-
tioned along prescribed paths. In either case spatial
and temporal variabilities are obtained from which
averages and their variances can be calculated which
would then provide information with which the RAPS
AQSMs would be compared. Finally, in these initial
phases, the mobile (Winnebago) monitoring unit will
serve as the principal means by which preliminary sur-
veys of pollutant variability for candidate grid areas
are made. The unit is equipped with instrumentation
which will allow its position to be located during
movement.
Schedule: Initial measurements in St. Louis at sites 103, 105,
108 and 123 will begin in mid-July, 197^ for S0_, 0-
and CO, with some hydrocarbon, NO and NO measurements
J\.
done in an exploratory manner. With the field method-
ology developed and refined and the RAMS fully opera-
tional, the program should be expanded in the winter,
1975 period.
Meteorological Variability
Objective/Purpose: To determine, for specified grid areas, the meteoro-
logical heterogeneity in order to parameterize the
relationship between point (station) measurements and
grid-averaged measurements.
Approach: The basis for the approach is to employ a mobile van
2
traversing specified 1 km grid areas possessing
35
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relatively homogeneously (i.e., approximately the
same aerodynamic roughness) land use patterns."
The van will make temperature and moisture measure-
ments initially. Current plans call for the van to
first take measurements along the grid perimeter and
then enter the grid and take measurements by traveling
a saw-tooth route. The measurement period is com-
pleted by retracing the route about the grid peri-
meter. This cycle is repeated on an hourly basis
during transitional periods. It should be expected
that this effort will increase in scope in subse-
quent expeditionary periods.
Schedule: Exploratory studies of the type outlined above will
begin in summer, 197^ program over only one land use
area. Candidate areas are: downtown, old residen-
tial, new residential and heterogenous areas (50%
park and 50% houses).
Atmospheric Transformations. It is the objective of the five studies indi-
cated here to characterize, in either physical or chemical terms, the trans-
formations taking place in a moving air mass as it moves across the city and
into the surrounding area. Existing AQSMs currently account for S02 transfor-
mations, simply via an empirically derived disappearance rate factor. Labora-
tory studies establish that the observed factors are much too fast to be due
solely to photooxidation via direct photoexcitation of S0_. A myriad of
other processes are possible, which include other photooxidation routes, and
range from homogeneous chemical to heterogeneous chemical and physical pro-
cesses. The relative importance of any one process has yet to be established.
The success of the RAPS will be determined partially by success in this area.
The time frame and available monetary resources of the RAPS requires emphasis
*The need for a land use inventory for St. Louis is once again indicated here.
36
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on field studies; nevertheless, semi-control led experiments (e.g., bag
irradiation of St. Louis air samples) are required.
The studies planned are: 1) Urban Plume, 2) Aerosol
Characterization, 3) Point Source Plume and *t) Bag
I rradiat ions.
Urban Plume Study
Objective/Purpose;
Approach:
To determine urban plume size and composition under
a variety of meteorological conditions in order to
identify the major rate processes, such as chemical
reactions, gas-particle conversion and dry deposition
(removal), which take place in the urban air mixture.
The basis of the approach is the use of an instru-
mented aircraft. Flight patterns and measurements
are made which lead to the construction of three
dimensional maps of gaseous pollutant concentrations,
particulates, and related meteorological parameters.
Measurements of SO,, 0-, CO, NO, NO., total light
scattering, CNC, sulfate and particle size are made.
Cross-sections of the urban plume are determined by
making three to five traverses across the plume at
different altitudes at the top and within the mixing
layer and for three to five distances downwind of
the urban complex.
Using wind field data, the total flux of pollutants
are determined and compared with the corresponding
emission flux to assess the importance of con-
version processes and/or the quality of emission
inventories. By comparing SO. to total sulfur
(SO. + S0,~)at various distances downwind, the
importance of chemical conversion can be determined;
by comparing the changes in the total mass of the
aerosol and size distributions, gas-particle
37
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Schedule:
conversion rates can be estimated. These determi-
nations, when combined with emissions data and
vertical pollutant profiles, afford a method for deter-
mining the importance of dry deposition. (Note approach
to study of removal processes, where the determination of
the deposition velocity of SCL on three to five repre-
sentative surface classifications is described.)
Exploratory measurements were completed in summer,
1973 which demonstrated the feasibility of the above
approach as well as providing useful data. Additional
experiments are planned to begin in August, 197^ and
the winter of 1975-
Aerosol Characterization
Object i ve/Purpose:
Approach:
Schedule:
To characterize the aerosols sampled In the
St. Louis AQCR in terms of their physical and chem-
ical properties and their probable origins and evo-
lution.
An extensive array of instruments and devices are
assembled into two moveable laboratories, each with
a computer compatible data acquisition system, in
order to measure the chemical and physical proper-
ties of the St. Louis aerosol. One of the units
makes both chemical (vapor and particulate) and
physical measurements, while the second Investigates
principally the optical properties. Measurements
are made in either real time or (in the case of aerosol
samples) collected for subsequent chemical analysis using
XRF, NAA, HRMS, ESCA and more traditional methods.
In addition, a network of portable aerosol (Nelson)
samples located at the RAMS sites will be operated.
This program started In the summer, 1973 period and
measurements were made in the winter of
Measurements will also be made in summer,
period as well as the winter, 1975 period. During
the 197** program this study Is to be closely coord-
inated with the urban plume and point source plume
38
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Plume Study
Object i ve/Purpose:
Approach:
Schedule:
studies. This will require that the relatively immobile
trailers be placed in representative locations.
1) To determine the diurnal variation in sulfur
dioxide and the extent to which it is converted
to sulfate in plumes (in order to elucidate the
role played by humidity).
2) To determine the rate of oxidation of nitric
oxide to nitrogen dioxide and the extent to
which nitric acid Is formed In power plant
plumes.
The basis of the approach Is to use a fixed wing
aircraft containing real-time gaseous monitors
and particle sampling devices to provide the
construction of three-dimensional maps of a
power plant plume at numerous downwind distances.
Both plume location and pollutant dilution are
determined by using SF, tracer techniques
(frontal chromatography with EC detection). In
addition, measurements of S0_, SOi (isotoplc
Ratio Tracer method), NO, NO. and HNO, are made.
SF,/S02 ratios for the various downwind distances
yield SO. loss rates (other than by dilution)
while SOr measurements yield SOi formation
rates. Similar analyses allow determination of
NO. and HNO., formation rates.
Exploratory measurements were made In mid-June,
197** and more extensive measurements are planned
for the summer, 197^ period. Additional
measurements are planned for the winter, 1975
period. It is recommended that the aircraft be
outfitted with an ozone chemi1umlnescent monitor.
Moreover, it Is recommended that particulate
39
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samples be collected for subsequent heavy metal
analysis and ESCA. Finally, the measurement
capabilities should be expanded to include particle
size distribution mapping.
Photochemical Transformation (Bag Irradiation) Study
Objective/Purpose: To ascertain the photochemically stimulated trans-
formations in the sulfur cycle in order to develop
a chemical kinetic model of the processes Involved.
Approach: The initial approach taken in this study will be to
isolate chemical effects from meteorological and
variable emissions effects by Irradiating represen-
tative atmospheric samples In irradiation chambers.
In these studies Tedlar bags are used and irradia-
tions are conducted at the Central RAPS St. Louis
facility. Two identical air samples are collected
in the bags. The contents of one bag Is modified
either by the addition or removal of particular
materials. During the simultaneous irradiation of
the two bags the comparative results are noted and
related to known and/or postulated chemical and
physical phenomena. The processed data are sent to
SAI for chemical kinetics model development work.
Initial experiments will determine: 1) the effects
of S02 on NO oxidation and 0- formation, 2) the
effect of toluene on smog formation, 3) the effect
of partlculates from auto exhuast, and A) effect
due to atmospheric dilution with clean air. Meas-
urements of S02, NO, NO., 0^, CO, non-CH^, CH^,
hydrocarbon distribution, CH,, CHO, PAN, particle
size and % RH are made. Measurements of other
sulfur compounds should also be Included. If not
40
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in these initial experiments, measurements of
H.S and other reduced sulfur compounds should be
planned for later efforts as they are known to
react with 0, in the presence of particles.
Irradiation intensity is determined by measuring
the disappearance of N0? during an experiment
containing NCL and N only.
Schedule: Initial experiments are scheduled to begin during
the summer, 197^ expeditionary period, using the
above approach. It is recommended that for subse-
quent experiments ammonia measurements, as well as
sulfate measurements, be made if the results of
these initial experiments warrant it.
Advanced Programs (Recommended). The studies in this classification
represent activities that are important to RAPS objectives but represent a
leading edge of knowledge that may be of principal significance in pollutant
material balance or in characterizing materials that heretofore have not been
measurable (reliable or otherwise). It is expected that, with further
definition, portions of these studies would become independent studies or
be incorporated into an expanding study already mentioned.
Removal Processes
Objective/Purpose: To determine the rate of removal of SCL, CO and
NO via dry deposition (surface absorption and
adsorption on ground and vegetation), aerosols and
water cloud processes.
Approach: In initial study efforts the basis for determining the
dry deposition of S0« (as a function of different land
classes) involves the use of the flux gradient method
where the deposition velocity is defined through the
mass transfer relationship and experimentally deter-
mined via direct measurement of SO- vertical concentrations
gradient near the surface. Measurements made over areas
-------
of homogeneous surface types (3 to 5 different
surface classifications), using an instrumented
mobile van and 10 m tower (with automatic record-
ing capability), is the basic measurement system.
Plans for an expanding effort must be forthcoming and this
effort must include (in addition to increasing the
scope of the S0_ measurements) measurements for CO and
NO . In laboratory studies, it has been shown that CO
X
concentrations are very effectively reduced by ground
absorption processes (specifically, bacterial activity).
0, has not been given as great as an importance in these
efforts because of the low concentration levels and the
difficulty in measurement of gradients. The design
of all of these experiments, as a minimum,
requires knowledge of the St. Louis AQCR land use.
Measurements over vegetative (three to five classi-
fications), soil and covered surface (cement, black-
top, etc.) areas throughout the day for different
stability classes are required in order to eluci-
date the diurnal variations due to plant and bac-
terial activity (for the different modeling
classes). Use of the gradient method provides the
basis for a measurement approach.
The Interface of the Removal Process Study
with the Aerosol Characterization Study Is apparent.
As the nature of the data from this study becomes
available (size spectra as well as chemical compo-
sition), an experimental approach to refine the gas-
particle removal process can be developed. Although
this is one of the goals of the Aerosol Characteri-
zation Study, the removal process aspects should be
brought out separately and given greater focus
after the development of the St. Louis aerosol data
base. It Is intended that this will insure Impor-
tant direction and definition In future field
studies.
-------
In order to elucidate the importance of precip-
itation scavenging in the removal process (to include
the transport of material to the scavenging site, in-
cloud scavenging by the cloud elements and precipitation
and below-clowd scavenging by the precipitation) it is
recommended that use be made of the METROMEX/RAPS
interface. Through the acquisition of only a few
pollutant monitors and their use in the METROMEX
aircraft, important data may be acquired. The
principal disadvantage with this approach is the
time differences between the RAPS and METROMEX schedules.
Initial measurements of S0« deposition were scheduled to
begin in the summer 197^. Measurements under the
recommended program of expanded scope should start no
later than the winter, 1975 expeditionary period.
Initially, the expanded effort should coincide with those
RAMS stations which possess the turbulence instrument
package. Design of the study requires the availability
of a land use inventory. Efforts to secure this must
be forthcoming. Additional instrumentation is also
required. At a minimum this will require approximately
10 - 15 additional pollutant monitors. The results of
the initial SO Dry Deposition Study should be studied
closely. If the gradient method employed is deemed success-
ful, then additional (three to five) instrumented
mobile 10 m towers will be required. These are
available from the NERC-LV. Data acquisition and
processing systems may be obtained from those
portions of the EPA CHESS program which have been
replaced by the CHAMP network.
Measurement Technology (Recommended)
Objective/Purpose: To make the EPA/RAPS management aware of new,
significant advances in measurement principles
-------
and technology as it relates to the model develop-
ment and evaluation program and the aerometric
program. In addition to the measurement of sub-
stances deemed important, but heretofore not
measured or measureable, emphasis is placed on Q.C
and QA practices.
Approach: At least three important activities are currently required.
The first, a NCL monitor comparison test, consists of
comparing the N0_ chemiluminescent monitor with a N0?
laser induced fluorescent monitor. This comparison will
be made in St. Louis. The second activity is the appli-
cation of a recently developed sulfuric acid monitor to
the RAPS. Although not completely field evaluated at this
time, the field performance of this instrument is expected
to be characterized prior to completion of RAPS field
studies. Progress toward achieving field reliability
should be monitored closely. Such an instrument, when
implemented on even a limited basis, would provide the
extremely valuable data needed for elucidating the role
this material plays in the SCL oxidation/sulfate formation
mechanism. The third need, currently not planned but
strongly recommended, is the establishment of a mobile
quality control unit. As a minimum this unit would
contain a complete set of air quality and meteorological
instruments (including devices required for their
calibration). This unit would serve as the focal point
for all measurement related quality control activities
(e.g. calibration of RAPS measurement systems and inter-
comparisons between RAPS measurement systems).
Schedule: The NO- monitor comparison is to begin during the
Summer, 197^ expeditionary period. The initial com-
parisons will be between a Bendix NO-NO.-NO monitor
£- /\
and the Aerospace Corporation N02 fluorescence monitor.
It is recommended that this comparison be made during
-------
each of the expeditionary periods for at least one
year. Furthermore, it is recommended that as soon as
possible a comparison be made at one or more of the
RAMS stations. This allows a more direct comparison
with the RAMS' NCL monitor which is manufactured by
Monitor Labs. The particular RAMS station should be
selected following a review of the overall RAMS data
in the late fall 197^.
At this writing, there exist no definite plans for
application of the sulfuric acid monitor in the RAPS.
It is recommended that arrangements begin in September
to have the existing unit field operated in St. Louis
during the winter 1975 period. If the results are
encouraging, a broadened program should be developed
for the summer 1975 expeditionary period.
Moreover, it is recommended that consideration be
given as soon as possible to placing sulfuric acid
monitors in the RAPS Aerial Monitoring System (the
helicopters).
As with the development of a program for use of sulfuric
acid monitors, no plans exist for use of a QC van.
It is recommended that such a van be equipped for and
operated during the winter 1975 period. Based upon
the number of expeditionary measurement systems currently
participating in the RAPS (mobile units, trailers,
aircraft, etc.), as well as the extent of the St. Louis
AQCR, this Q.C van can be expected to be utilized
virtually full-time during the expeditionary periods.
-------
RecommendatIons
The following recommendations are made:
Uniformity should be adopted with respect to the periods within each
season that field expeditions are to be conducted.
Each study program should maintain conformity to a schedule consisting
of the following four phases:
1) experimental design with EPA/RAPS management approval;
2) preparations; 3) measurements; and A) data validation and
analysis.
With the coordination of the Meteorology Laboratory, Chemistry and
Physics Laboratory, and the National Air Data Branch, action should
be taken to start development of the St. Louis AQCR land use inventory
no later than October 1, 1972*.
Special awareness should be given to the Sub-Grid Scale Characterization
program.
Greater emphasis should be given to Removal Process studies. Although
some experiments are now planned, this area requires more attention.
The development of field programs focussed on the sulfur cycle should
be closely monitored.
An advanced program concept should be added which consists of early
activities that can be expected to play an important role in meeting
the RAPS objectives (e.g., an NCL monitor comparison test and a program
for use of suIfuric acid monitors are two specific recommendations).
A mobile quality control van should be equipped and placed into service
during the winter 1975. The unit should contain a complete set of air
quality and meteorological instrumentation and serve as the focal
point for all measurement related QC activities during the expeditionary
periods .
-------
-^^Uve of n_ .. ^Ps with ^
o
-------
Plans for storage and user access of RAMS and upper air data may be
obtained from Mr. Browning. Briefly, the data management system being imple-
mented for RAPS allows an investigator to obtain RAMS data for any station,
on any day, for any measured parameter. This is accomplished via the use
of System 2000 data management language. At this writing turn around times
for such request have not been specified, although availability in near
real-time is desired by some principal investigators.
Recommendations
Two additions to planned data management operations are recommended.
Firstly, it is recommended that pollutant distribution and wind field maps,
based on RAMS and upper air soundings, be made available to RAPS participants
following the special expeditionary periods. Maps for days of particular
interest or, as appropriate to the investigation, maps for the entire length
of certain expeditionary periods should be provided upon request of a RAPS
principal investigator. The nature of the requests, i.e., number of maps,
specific parameters, hourly summaries vs. daily summaries, etc., will depend
upon the nature of the investigation and should be coordinated during
planning of the field expeditionary exercise.
Secondly, it is recommended that pollutant distribution and wind field
maps for several meteorological conditions be made available to RAPS
participants as soon as the RAMS becomes operational. These maps would be
prepared on a selective basis and would be representative of general
meteorological conditions of interest to all investigations. For example
meteorological conditions may be those which are: 1) typified by wind fields
with flow from each of the four cardinal directions with associated pollutant
distributions for a range of stability conditions observed; 2) representative
of those situations which have a high expected frequency of occurrence for
each month or season; and 3) considered to be examples of extreme situations,
i.e., intense inversions, fumigation situations, extremely unstable air mass,
etc. A more precise definition of the requirements and the means for sorting
data by category should be coordinated among the RAPS participants to insure
maximum usefulness of the information. Such maps would greatly enhance the
planning of the special field expeditions, particularly in planning times of
day, month or season for experiments, location of mobile equipment and
types of measurements desired.
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II. INTEGRATION AND SYNTHESIS OF THE RAPS ELEMENTS
The elements of the RAPS discussed in previous sections all focus on
achievement of program objectives. It is the purpose of this section to
discuss those aspects of the RAPS required to establish: (1) the logical
relationship between RAPS elements and program objectives; (2) operational
aspects of these elements as they relate to management factors; (3) the
scheduling requirements; and (k) what elements are missing and/or need
strengthening, if any.
Thus, presented in this section are the "pieces" of RAPS and their
"products", as they relate to the principal program objectivesval idated
models. With these relationships established, operational procedures for
the conduct of field expeditions are presented. This is then followed by
the presentation of a Master Program Schedule.
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RAPS ELEMENTS
The relationship between the various pieces of the RAPS and model
development and evaluation can be illustrated by considering the schematic
diagram in Figure 9.
Whatever the application chosen, air quality models relevant to RAPS
focus on establishing the relationship between emissions and ambient air
quality as defined by the existing or projected regulatory structure. With
the exception of the regional heating or energetics (heat balance and
radiative interaction) model, air quality represents a solution to the mass
conservation for pollutant species S, which is given in mathematical short-
hand by Equation (1) in Figure 9- Nomenclature used in Figure 9 may be found in
Table 6. This expression must include boundary and initial conditions, as
illustrated. In the case of sulfur, for example, total sulfur can be
expressed in terms of gaseous components Sg and particulate components, Sp.
That is S=Sg+Sp.
In a turbulent medium, such as the atmosphere, the trace pollutants
fluctuate in concentration with variations in the fluid. For averaging over a
given time (or over space),Equation (1) in Figure 9 can be rewritten with well
50
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TABLE 6 NOMENCLATURE FOR FIGURE 9
S concentration of pollutant
t time
y" wind velocity
D molecular diffusivity of species S
K eddy diffusivity coefficient
k chemical rate constant
a loss rate coefficient
E emission rate
L loss rate
ST total time derivative (dS/dt)
Sj- partial time derivative (3S/3t)
v wind field
Sx spatial derivative of S, VS
Sxx Laplacian of S, V^S
T temperature
RH relative humidity
hv radiation as a function of
frequency, v
1 ] ight intensity
Q heat flux
z vertical coordinate
X horizontal coordinate
X location of source S
as height of source S
At time interva.l of source measurement
v volume of aerosol particle
n particle size number density function
ds surface loss coefficient
C corrosion rate
bscat Inte9rated extinction coefficient for scattered light
b lidar back scatter coefficient
H mixing height
51
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§
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; s s
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rs
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known approximations as Equation (2). Here the time averaged pollutant concentra-
tion S relates to transport and source or loss contributions in a manner
analogous to the expression for the instantaneous concentration, S.
Formally, Equation (2) also could be written in terms of a spatial average , with suitable assumptions.
Existing air quality models simplify Equation (2) of Figure 9 further by
disregarding molecular diffusion and simplifying the eddy-diffusion terms
with the K-theory approximation, as indicated in Equation (3)
Accepting the K-theory model on a conceptual basis, the fundamental
elements of the RAPS can be identified with the various terms of the mass
conservation equation. These elements are classed as (1) directly calcu-
lated with no physical assumptions, and (2) those derived parameters based
on theory, laboratory experience or the history of previous field study
parameterizations. Within this framework, the various elements of the RAPS
can be linked to the model heirarchy as shown in Figure 9-
On the left side, the RAPS currently planned experiments are listed.
These have been classified as routine and non-routine field studies, and
laboratory or other fundamental studies. The field programs generate and
list measurement outputs. Fundamental elements of the models are deduced
from the measurements. These, in turn, are used to establish the inputs
and the initial boundary conditions for the model heirarchy. Through
the exercise of the model inventory and associated development work, the
experiment (measurement) output is interfaced with the model output for
comparison and validation. This interface is defined by the protocal for
test and validation. The protocol must be laid out on a rational basis
and it must take into account model applications, application requirements
and the known limitations of the individual models.
The heart of the RAPS experiment achievements center around the
intercomparison module shown conceptually at the middle right hand side of
Figure 9- Although no explicit mention is made of data management, it should
be obvious that it is related to virtually every element of the program
53
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OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE RAPS FIELD EXPEDITIONS
The relatively large number of RAPS participants, along with their
varied interests and activities, requires that standardized operational proce-
dures be established. It is therefore recommended that all field
expeditions conform to a schedule which consists of the following phases:
1) an experimental design phase at the end of which its approval from
EPA/RAPS management is obtained; 2) a preparation phase; 3) a measurement
or an experiment phase; and k) a data validation and analysis phase. The
duration of any phase for a particular expedition may be different. Dis-
cussions with virtually all RAPS investigators lead us to believe this
recommendation is acceptable. Not only will this make program control more
possible, it also affords management the opportunity to maintain and dissem-
inate efficiently to all participants information vital to the conduct of
an informed program.
Elements of Field Expedition
Figures 10 and II depict logic flow charts of the elements comprising
each phase. These figures are intended to stand alone and therefore do not
require extensive discussion; however, for purposes of completeness a
discussion follows.
At the outset it should be recognized that not all elements are
necessarily applicable. As indicated in Figure 10 the experimental design
begins with two activities occurring in parallel, the identification of
model requirements and an aerometric evaluation of the St. Louis AQCR with
respect to the particular expedition being proposed. This might include
consideration and evaluation of available aerometric data from RAMS, the upper
air sounding network (UASN), the aerial monitoring system (AMS) and the air
monitoring networks of St. Louis City, St. Louis County, Illinois and
Missouri. Consideration of these data, coupled with the identification of
model requirements which are consistent with established RAPS objectives,
enables development of criteria for when and where the expedition should be
conducted. For the candidate locations and periods of interest,
5k
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FOR I
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IDENTIFICATION
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)ATA MANAGEMENT
JESIGN & PLAN
'OR INTEGRATION
INTO RAPS DATA
JASE
AEROMETRIC
EVALUATION
CRITERI/
SITE !
EXPER.
PERIOI
55
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meteorological and pollutant conditions are examined. A number of data
requirements may then be specified for the particular expedition. Following
instrument selection, procurement arrangements (as well as the final speci-
fication of data requirements) would be initiated. Consideration of the
operational and logistical aspects (along with the development of candidate
measurement schedules and patterns) and requirements from the RAPS St. Louis
facility, leads to the design of a data management plan.
The nature of the data management plan requires additional comment. It
should include a description of the proposed data flow, the medium upon
which the data are collected, EPA computer use requirements, RAPS-St. Louis
computer use requirements and a quality control plan.
The completion of the data management plan logically is followed by
the development of an integrated experimental design that contains a
schedule to completion, which is to be forwarded to RAPS management.
Subsequent to this a briefing may be deemed necessary.
The duration of the entire experimental design may take a few days
to a few weeks. Regardless of the time, it is the most effective means
to communicate the plans of the investigator, not only to RAPS management,
but also to other participants. As these plans can be expected to change,
RAPS management can be kept informed, and all the benefits of this communi-
cation disseminated to the rest of the program participants. If plans for
support from Rockwell are required, Rockwell may also be given advance
notice along with copies of the relevant design elements.
With completion of the Experimental Design Phase, a planned field
expedition enters the Preparation Phase. Figure 11 depicts the logic flow
charts for this activity. For the most part, this diagram also stands
alone. It should be pointed out however, that both preliminary data
processing plans as well as any required exploratory measurements which
would further advance the expedition would be started immediately.
57
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Moreover, if Rockwell support is required during the expedition, there
should be sufficient time to allow for participation in personnel training.
Obviously the nature of the mea'surement and data analysis phases can-
not be discussed in any detail; however, as demonstrated in the discussion
of the Master Program Schedule, every effort must be made to get tabulated,
if not analyzed, valid data into the RAPS Data bank as soon as possible.
Management Utilization of Experiment Designs
The delivery of properly developed Experimental Designs (ED) will
provide RAPS management with a great deal of information designed to
maintain up-to-date program status. It is the purpose of this section to
indicate some of the uses.
The ED will obviously specify who the participants are, what they
will be doing, where they will be doing it, when they will be doing it
and with what they will be doing it. In addition, coordination requirements
with the RAMS, UASN, AMS, the RAPS St. Louis facility, and other field
expeditions will be indicated. Finally, the media upon which all data are
collected can be inventoried and evaluated in advance against available
resources.
All of these data can be collated and presented in easily maintainable
matrices. Thus, a number of hardware allocation matrices (one each for
mobile units, trailers, aircraft, tracers, etc.) can be maintained, which
keeps track of when and where a particular unit is to be used and who is
responsible for the unit. A RAMS/Field Expeditionary utilization matrix
can also be developed and maintained which indicates what stations are to
be used, by whom, when the users intend to be there and what are their
station requirements. A matrix indicating which Field Expeditions
require data from the RAMS, UASN and AMS can be maintained. Finally,
a Field Expeditionary coordination matrix can be developed and maintained
58
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which indicates which investigators wish to coordinate their activities
either via measurement systems, data exchange, site location, etc.
MASTER PROGRAM MILESTONE SCHEDULE
In previous sections of this report the logical development and relation-
ships of the RAPS elements have been presented. Integration of these elements
with time included is best accomplished through the use of a Master Program
Milestone Schedule.
As indicated earlier, the RAPS is viewed as being comprised of five
major tasks: 1) a Model Development and Evaluation Task, 2) an Aerometric
Measurement Task; 3) an Emission Inventory Task: k) a Data Management
Task; and 5) a Program Management Task. Whereas the plan proposed herein
places the Model Development and Evaluation Task with the overall guidance
in the technical sense, it is the Program Management Task which provides the
overall guidance in the timing and resource sense in order to comply with
the RAPS objectives on schedule and within budget.
A master milestone chart for these five tasks is presented in Figure 12.
Only those specific events (milestones) which are presently considered as
important reference points in meeting the objectives have been included.
Program Management Task
Starting at the bottom of Figure 12, it is noted that the Program
Management Task consists of five parts. Short term and annual progress is
monitored via approvals of experimental designs, kick-off meetings just
prior to the periods of field expeditionary activities and annual status
reports of the principal investigators which are phased (dotted lines) with
the annual critical RAPS review meetings. Program direction is achieved
through the experimental design reviews and program control meetings. More-
over, as previously indicated, program status of the important field
expeditionary program is maintained via the experimental designs and is
59
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-------
the responsibility of the Field Director. The overall status of the RAPS
is formally communicated to the participants through the critical RAPS review
meetings. Responsibility for overall RAPS final reporting lies with the
Program Manager. Although the scope of the Program Management task as
recommended is deemed adequate, it is not considered excessive for an
effort of the magnitude and complexity of the RAPS.
Model Development and Evaluation Task
The model evaluation (and evaluation criteria) and the recommendations
to the emissions, measurement and data management task constitute the key
milestones of this effort. The former are phased with the RAPS critical
meetings while the latter are phased with the program control change
meetings of the PM task. The need for early consideration for establishing
evaluation criteria is clearly established by examination of the timing. In
fact, this should be considered a critically important item at this time.
Aerometric Measurement Task
The organization of this task assumes that the recommendation made
earlier concerning the adoption of specified period for intensive field
expeditions was accepted. Thus, the numbering in Figure 12 denotes the first
such period, the second such period, etc. The field expeditionary programs
begin with the development and submission of experimental designs and, follow-
ing the measurement period, pass through an initial data validation and
experimental analysis phase. Two expeditionary activities have been
conducted without formal experimental designs. While the first was small
and consisted of only two investigators, the second was quite large and
traumatic in the early preparation activities due to the lack of adequate
communication. The second activity constitutes a first-cut at data collection
and analysis. With the RAMS systems acceptance test (SAT) completed in
early October, formal operations begin; however, as early as July, partial
operations will begin.
61
-------
The specific nature of the field expeditions planned for each expedi-
tionary period are indicated in Figure 13- The nature of these studies was
discussed on Page 18, while their relationship to the RAPS "product" is
indicated ?n Figure 9- In Figures 1*», 15, and 16 are indicated the specific
hardware systems planned for the various expeditionary periods. Thus, it
is seen that the summer period is scheduled to have approximately 12 mobile
units and 9 aircraft taking measurements in the St. Louis AQCR. Further-
more, it is seen that tracer studies begin in the summer '7**, with more
intensive activities beginning in the summer '75 period.
Data Management Task
The Data Management(DM) Task consists (cf. Figure 12) of the development of
the DM system, system (field expeditionary) validations, and operational/
procedural modifications. The system validations efforts are phased with
the initial data validation efforts of the aerometric measurements task and
constitutes a machine validation of the field experiment data. Operational/
procedural modifications are phased with the program change controls as
derived from the PM task.
Emissions Inventory Task
The first four broad segments of the emission inventory task represent
a condensation of the schedule presented in Figure 5 with the one exception of
the modifications which are, once again, phased with the program change
controls.
As indicated by the schedule, emission data from the data collection
activity will not be available until late in the program. It should be noted
that the NEDS inventory can be used for initial model testing; however,
critical delays (depending upon the vagaries of the industrial and local
authorities as to data attainability) in model evaluation and validation
are possible. At this writing cooperation by local industry appears to be
favorable.
62
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66
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111. SUMMER 197*» FIELD EXPEDITIONARY EXERCISE
The summer '7^ Field Expeditionary Exercise will constitute by far
the largest RAPS activity to date. More than twelve intensive activities
are planned to begin in late July and continue through most of August.
A few studies will run through mid-September.
One of the authors spent approximately seven weeks at the NERC, RTP,
working with investigators and other RAPS participants to develop plans for
the summer activities. Although experimental designs were necessarily brief,
through the use of questionnaires and extensive personal discussions,
sufficient information was gathered to prepare the schedule of activities
for the summer period indicated in Figure 17- Activities were planned such
that the majority of the effort is to be expended in August.
The field expeditionary coordination matrix for the summer period is
presented in Figure 18. The matrix identifies those investigators who
desire coordination in the conduct of joint experiments, in the sharing
of instruments or in performing joint data analysis. The media upon which
the data will be collected for expedition is shown in the matrix of Figure 19.
By developing a Field Expeditionary/Routine Measurement Coordinator matrix
(shown in Figure 20), those activities which are interfaced with the RAMS,
UASN, AMS and EPA/RAPS St. Louis facility are easily displayed. For those
expeditions requiring RAMS use, the specific site is given in the RAMS
Station/Field Expeditionary Utilization Matrix in Figure 21. The matrices
in Figures 18-21 should allow the Field Director to monitor continuously
the summer ' 7*t activities
67
-------
FIELD EXPEDITIONARY TASKS
SEPTEMBER
BOUNDARY LAYER STUDIES (BLS) u
HELICOPTER
MOBILE VAN
GROUND BASED LIDAR (LIDAR VAN)
FIXED WING AIRCRAFT (LIDAR.NERC-LAS VEGAS) SECOND VEHICLE FOR SURFAi
ENERGY BUDGET
PENN. STATE UNIV. (PSU) AEROCOMMANDER
GROUND BASED LIDAR (LIDAR VAN) SEE BLS ABOVE
RAMS RADIATION MEASUREMENTS
AEROSOL SPECIAL STUDIES
MOVEABLE AEROSOL LAB
AEROSOL OPTICS LAB
RAPS MOBILE LAB (WINNEBAGO)
MRI AIRCRAFT
BROOKHAVEN AIRCRAFT
MOBILE PIBAl UNITS - MRI OR EOR TECHNICAL SERVICE AGREEMENT
RAPS HELICOPTERS
ARRIVAL IN ST. LOUIS
- START OPERATIONS
COMPLETE OPERATIONS
ACTIVITIES
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
NO,
FLUORESCENCE - NOX CHEMILUMINESCENCE COMPARISON
(ST. LOUIS UNI
(AEROSPACE - E-
LONG PATH MEASUREMENTS
LINCOLN LAB TRAILER
G£ TRAILER
EMI - BARRINGER
POLLUTANT VARIABILITY- PORTABLE MONITORS
PORTABLE MONITORS, TRAINING OF STUDENT OPERATORS
BAG SAMPLING AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS
SITES (103,105,108,123)
BAG IRRADIATION STUDIES
SITE SURVEY FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
IRRADIATION CHAMBER
INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIAL
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND IRRADIATION
DATA TO SAZ
POLLUTANT VARIABILITY - WINNEBAGO
SITE 103 AND 105
INTERSTATION POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION
URBAN AND STACK PLUMES
RAMS SUPPLEMENT
SOURCE CHARACTERIZATIONS
SITES 102 AND 109
1,05
_A" SITE 108 AND FOR 123
SITE 105
SITE 123
-$'
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ELEMENT
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SOUNDING NETWK.
RAMS VERTICAL
EXTENSION
CAMP STATION
G. E. TRAILER
EPA MOTOR HOME
(LINCOLN LAB)
METEOROLOGY
PANEL VAN
MOBILE
LIDAR TRUCK
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UNIT #1
U. WYOMING
UNIT H
C.N.L. MOBILE UNIT
MOVEABLE
AEROSOL LAB
WINNEBAGO
MOBILE TOWER
SCOTT OFFICE
TRAILER
FOSTAIRE (orequlv)
HELICOPTER
PErfrt STATE
FIXED WING
U. WYOMING
UUEEN AIR
NCAR FIXED WING
MRI FIXED WING
BNL FIXED WING
STANDARD
TAPE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NON-
STANDARD
TAPE
X
X
X
X
PAPER
TAPE
-
-
CARDS
X
FORMS
IN CARD
IMAGES
--
X
STRIP
CHART
X
X
X
»
X
X
X
X
JOU RrtALEl)
DA.
X
X
SPECIFY
OTHER
CHARTS
POLAROID
FILM
-
Figure 19. Summer '7k RAPS Measurement Element Data Classification Matrix
70
-------
Special Field
Exped i tion
Boundary Layer Structure
McElroy)
Energy Budget
Peterson/McEl roy)
Point Source Plume
Transformation Study
Newman)
Pollutant Variabi 1 i ty
McClenny/Cnaney)
Long Path Measurements
McClenny/Cnaney)
Pol lutant Mapping
Kopceynski )
METROMEX
Bag 1 rrad iat ion
Urban Plume Study
(Wi Ison/Husar/Blumenthal)
Aerosol Characterization
Study (Wi Ison/Durhan)
RAMS
X
X
X
X
X
X
Upper Air
Sounding Ntwk
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ai r Moni tor-
inq System
X
X
X
Central
Faci 1 i ty
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Figure 20. Summer '74 Field Expeditionary Measurement
Coordination Matrix
71
-------
RAMS
S tJ I ion Numbei s
101
102
103
10<<
105
106
107
108
109
no
111
112
113
ni)
115
116
117
118
m
120
121
122
123
121)
a25
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G. C. Bay
Samples
E.8. (R) P.V
(j.C. Bag Samp
E.U. (R)
(HF) P.V.L.P
G . C . bag Samp
G.C. Bag Samp
E.B. (R) P.V.
L.P. G.C.
Bag. Samp.
G.C. Bag Samp.
E. B. (R)
E.B. (R)
G.C. Bag Samp
E.B. (H.F.)
P.V. L.P.
E.B. (R)
Field Expeditionary Periods
3
E.B. (HF)
It
E.B. (R)
E.B. (R) (HF)
E.B. (R)
E.B. (R)
E.B. (R)
E.B. (H.F.)
E.B. (R)
5
E.B. (R)
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P.V. L.P.
E.B. (R)
P.V. L.P.
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E.B. (R)
E.B. (H.F.)
P.V. L.P.
E.B. (R)
t>
P.V.
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t.B. IHF)
E.B. (H.F.)
7
E.B. (R)
P.V. L.P.
L.B. (nF) (R)
'.V. L.P. '
:.B. (R)
P.V. L.P.
E.B. (R)
E.B. (R)
E.B. (H.F.)
P.V. L.P.
E.B. (R)
8
m
E.U. (R)
P.V. L.P.
C.B. (HF) (R)
P.V. L.P.
E.tf. (R)
P.V. L.P,
E.D. (R)
E.B. (R)
E.B. (H.F.)
/
P.V. L.P,
E.B. (R)
9
E.B. (HP)
E.B. (H.F.)
E.B. » Energy Budget
(R) - Radiation
L.P. - Long Path
(I1.F.)= Heat Flux
Figure 21. RAMS Station Field Expeditionary Utilization Matrix
72
-------
Appendix A
Page 1 of 9
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Appendix B
Page 1 of 2
PERT FOR FIELD EXPERIf
PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENTAL OF MODEL
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
O 1
o
FINAL DATA
PROCESSING
,PLANS
PRELIM
REAL T
POLLUT
AEROSO
_REQ.
PRELIMINARY
AEROMETRIC/ML
.EVALUATION
o 1
(CRITERIA
SITE SELECTION
EXPERIMENTAL
PERIOD
PRELIC
MET GR
BASED 1N<. I
REQUIC!!Q 1
PRELIf
AIRCW
POLLU1
KQUH
OPERATIONAL
PROCEDURES
COLLE
POLLU'I
CONDI
O
PERSONNEL
^TRAINING
PERFORM
.EXPERIMENT,
ANALYZE
RESULTS
WRITE
.REPORT
-------
Appendix B
Page 2 of 2
R MODIFICATIONS
PROGRAM
MS
KID-YEAR MINOR MODIFICATIONS TO AEROHETRIC PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS
IMPLEMENT MODEL
EVAL. TECH.
E MODEL f
ION ' EVALUATE
RES | NUMERICAL
OGY PROCEDURES
""'
MODIFICATIONS AND
THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
IN MODEL EVALUATION
CRITERIA, MOOEL
EVALUATION PROCEDURES
AND MODEL EVALUATION
^TECHNIQUES
PROGRAM MGT.
PROJECT MGT..
SUMMARY DECISIONS
PRIORITIES BASED
ON 1/76 MEETING
1/76 MEETING
O 1
MODIFICATIONS
IN CRITERIA
FOR MOOEL
EVALUATION
MODEL MODIFICATIONS
BASED ON CUMULATIVE
(75 I 75) OPERATIONS
(NUMERICAL PROCEDURES,
EMISSION MODEL.
METEOROLOGICAL MODULE.
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESS MODULE)
IMPLEMENTATION OF
OATH SELECTION S
DATA EXAMINATION
MODIFICATION
TA TO MODELERS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FIELD
OPERATIONS S EXPERIMENTS
WHICH LEAD TO
MODEL REFINEMENTS
MEASUREMENT REFINEMENTS
ADVANCING NEEDED
UNDERSTANDING
.MODEL MODIFICATION RECOMMENDED
RECOMMEND. FOR MODIFICATIONS TO
DATAMANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
DISCUSSION OF MOOEL VALIDITY
76 DAYA TO MODELERS (EMISSIONS DATAJ)
FINAL
EVALUATION
OF NUMERICAL
PROCEDURES
EVALUATION OF
DATA BASE AND
DATA MANAGEMENT
FUNCTION
REPORT FROM
« ""'
MODELERS ,
FIRST VERSION I FINAL
°F fINAL SETION
IATA MODS MADE
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(/'/case read Instructions on I lie tevene he fore completing)
1 REPORT NO
EPA-650/3-75-OD9
1 TITLE AND SLJB I I 1 LI
Regional Air Pollution Study Program Objectives and
Plans
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
G REPORT DATE
December 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AU I HORlS)
C.S. Burton
G.MHidy
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International Corporation
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Director
Regional Air Pollution Study
Research Tn'annlp Paric3 N r. ?7711
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003. ROAP 26AAI
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081. Task Order 9
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16 ABSTRACT
The immediate goal of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is the evaluation
of existing local and regional scale air quality simulation models. Inherent in
this effort is the creation of a comprehensive, accurate, and readily-retrievable
data base containing emission rates and concentrations of atmospheric pollutants,
and pertinent meteorological variables. An integrated program plan has been
prepared for the conduct of the RAPS. Its specific purposes are to provide the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with guidelines for: (a) the effective
management of the RAPS; (b) the implementation of a systematic and logical
direction and coordination of the laboratory and field programs of the RAPS; (c)
the assurance of flexibility in evolution of the RAPS experimental program.
Existing information is summarized and future efforts are outlined for the basic
elements of activity within RAPS: (a) Model Evaluation and Development; (b)
Emission Inventories; (c) Aerometric Measurements; (d) Data Management; (e)
Program Management. The essential role of each activity is established by
illustrating the logical relationship between all RAPS elements. Finally procedures
are established for on-going review of the RAPS elements and specific recommendations
made.
17
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Field Studies
RAPS
Program Management
Model Evaluation
Emission Inventories
Aerometric Measurements
Data Management
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I field/Group
13 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UnclaoGificd
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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