S-EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
3Ts for Reducing Lead
in Drinking Water
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
TRAINING
Why Read
this Guide?
This booklet is designed for small child care facilities to help them
ensure the drinking water in their buildings does not contain elevated
levels of lead. This guide uses the 3Ts (training, testing, telling) to assist
you with the steps needed to reduce children's exposure to lead in
drinking water.
> Training: information about health effects and sources of lead
> Testing: simple instructions for testing water and recommended
solutions for fixing a lead problem if one is identified
> Telling: sharing information with parents and staff
If you own or direct a large child care facility you should obtain a copy
of 37s for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised
Technical Guidance. This guide can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/
safewater/schools or ordered by calling the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
Lead and Children's Health
Lead exposure is a serious health concern, especially for young children
and infants. Children's bodies absorb more of the lead they are
exposed to than do adults. For infants and children, exposure to high
levels of lead may result in delays in physical or mental development,
lower IQ levels, and even brain damage. Because children spend so
much time in child care facilities and lead exposure is a serious health
risk for children, these facilities need to know if their drinking water is
safe. Learn more about the health effects of lead on page 4 of this
Guide.
Lead in Drinking Water
Drinking water is one possible source of lead exposure. Some drinking
water pipes, taps, solder, and other plumbing components contain
lead. Lead in the plumbing can leach into water, putting children at
risk. Other possible sources of lead exposure include paint, dust, soil
and dirt, and pottery. Drinking water is not usually a major source of
lead but facilities that serve young children should test their water to
make sure it is safe. Read more about how lead gets into drinking
water on page 5.
Testing for Lead
Testing water in child care facilities is important because children spend
a lot of time in these facilities, and are very likely to consume water
while there. Even though water delivered from the community's public
water supply must meet federal and state standards for lead, the
building plumbing may contribute to elevated lead levels in the
drinking water. Testing the water at each outlet is the only sure way to
find out if the water contains too much lead. Follow the instructions
on page 8 to test the drinking water in your facility.
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Finding Help
You may be able to find help in your efforts to ensure the drinking
water in your facility does not contain elevated levels of lead.
> Contact your local drinking water supplier. They can provide
information on the quality of the water and may be able to help
with testing and analysis.
> Contact your state drinking water program to see if any
requirements apply or if they can provide help.
> Contact the state or local health agency to discuss your needs.
l* Local community organizations may also be able to help you in your
efforts.
13456789 I 23
Health Effects
of Lead
Lead is a toxic metal that is harmful to human health when it is
ingested or inhaled. Unlike most other contaminants, lead is stored in
our bones, and can be released over time into the bloodstream. Even
small doses of lead can build up and become a significant health risk.
While everyone is at risk, infants and young children are the most
vulnerable to the harmful effects of lead.
Risks to Children
Children are especially susceptible to the effects of lead because their
bodies are still developing. Children younger than six are at the most
risk. Even at low levels of lead exposure, children may experience
lower IQ levels, hearing loss, reduced attention span, learning
disabilities, hyperactivity, and poor classroom performance. Exposure
to high lead levels can cause coma, convulsions, and even death.
Risks to Pregnant Women
Pregnant women who are exposed to lead may bear children with low
birth weight and slowed mental and physical development.
Levels of Risk
A variety of factors determine how harmful exposure to lead will be
for an individual. The amount of lead, the number of times a person is
exposed to elevated lead levels, and the length of exposure all affect
the degree of risk. Age, nutrition, and health also impact risk levels.
The degree of harm depends on total exposure to lead from all
sources in the environmentair, soil, dust, food, and water. Lead in
drinking water can be a contributor to overall exposure, particularly for
infants whose diet consists of liquids made with water, such as baby
food, juice, or formula.
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
How Lead Gets
into Drinking Water
Lead is not usually found in
water that comes from wells or
water treatment plants. More
commonly lead can enter the
drinking water when the water
comes in contact with plumbing
materials such as lead pipes or
lead solder, or when it comes in
contact with faucets, valves, and
other components made of
brass. (Brass may have lead in it.)
This interaction is referred to as
corrosion.
Even though your public water
supplier may deliver water that
meets all federal and state
standards for lead, or even
though the water coming from
your own well may have no lead
or low lead levels, you may end
up with elevated lead levels in
your drinking water because of
the plumbing in your facility. The
longer water remains in contact
with leaded plumbing, the more
the opportunity exists for lead to
leach into water. As a result,
facilities with intermittent water
use patterns, such as child care
facilities, may have elevated lead
concentrations. Water may sit in
the pipes of these facilities for
Sources of Lead
Exposure
Lead is distributed in the environment
by natural and human activity. (Past
human activities are the major source
of lead in the environment.) Possible
sources of lead include:
> Lead-based paint that can flake
off into soil, window sills, or floors
> Lead in the air from industrial
activities
> Dust and soil from roadways
and streets where automobiles
which used leaded gas traveled
> Lead dust brought home by
industrial workers on their clothes
and shoes
* Lead in water from the
corrosion of plumbing products
containing lead
Although most lead exposure occurs
when people eat paint chips and
inhale dust, EPA estimates that 10 to
20 percent of human exposure to
lead may come from lead in drinking
water. Lead in
drinking water
may be a
significant source
of lead exposure
for infants who
consumeformula
m ixed with water.
I Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
long periods, such as overnight,
weekends, and holidays, allowing lead to
leach into the water.
Factors Contributing to
Corrosion
Potential Sources of
Lead In Drinking Water
Common sources of lead in
drinking water include:
Lead solder
Lead fluxes
Lead pipe and lead pipe
fittings
Fixtures, valves, meters, and
other system components
containing brass
Sediments
Lead dissolves more quickly in "soft"
water (i.e., water that lathers soap easily)
and acidic water (i.e., low pH). Other
factors, including the amount of time
water is in contact with leaded plumbing,
the age and condition of the plumbing, and certain characteristics of
the water (such as temperature, velocity, alkalinity, and chlorine
levels), affect corrosion.
The public water supplier takes steps to reduce the corrosiveness of
the water. However, if the plumbing in your building is made of lead
or contains lead parts, corrosion may occur once the water reaches
your building and lead may leach into your drinking water.
Your child care facility may have a lead problem if:
> The facility has lead pipes in the plumbing. The pipes will be
dull gray in color and will appear shiny when scratched with a
knife or key; lead pipes have not been widely used since the 1930s
and their use has been banned since 1986.
> The facility has copper pipes joined by lead solder. The solder
joints will be dull gray in color and appear shiny when scratched
with a knife or key. Use of lead solder in plumbing has been
banned since 1986, and in many communities was banned prior
to 1986. ^m
* The facility has brass pipes, faucets, fittings,
and valves. These materials may contain alloys of
lead and may contribute lead to drinking water.
> The water supplied to the facility is too
corrosive. Contact your public water supplier to
determine what steps it takes to minimize these
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
I Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
TESTING
characteristics. Also, talk to your public water supplier about any
questions or concerns you may have about lead levels in your
facility's drinking water.
> Sediment in the screens on faucets contain lead. Debris from
plumbing can collect on screens and may contain lead.
> The service line to your facility is made of lead. A service line is the
pipe that carries water from the public water system main to the
building.
> Water coolers in the facility are known to contain lead parts or
have lead-lined water tanks (see EPA's listing of water coolers in
Appendix B).
Note: If you rent your facility, ask your landlord to help identify
potential lead in drinking water in pipes or plumbing in your building.
Some states and local jurisdictions may require lead testing in child care
facilities. Consult your state or local public health agency or drinking
water program to learn more. These organizations may help you test
your drinking water for lead.
for Lead
You cannot see, taste, or smell lead in water; testing is the only sure
way to tell if there are elevated levels of lead in your drinking water.
This section outlines simple steps you can take to test your water and
provides information on how to interpret the results.
If you rent your facility, notify the building owner of your testing
plans, ask for help, and provide him or her with a copy of your test
results. Encourage your landlord to participate in this testing process
and to take corrective actions if lead problems are found.
Choose a Certified Laboratory to Test Your Samples
Most child care facilities will need to work with a certified drinking
water laboratory to analyze samples. Contact your state drinking water
program (See Appendix A for contact information) or EPA's Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791 for a list of certified
laboratories in your area.
Questions to ask when choosing a laboratory:
> Will the laboratory take samples for you or will they provide
training and 250 milliliter (ml) sample containers for you to do the
sampling on your own?
> What is the cost of the laboratory's services? Costs should range
between $20 and $100 per sample, depending on the services provided.
> Do the samples have to be hand delivered to the laboratory, or can
they be shipped? How quickly must they reach the laboratory after
the sample has been taken?
* How long will it take to receive the results?
> When will the laboratory provide information on the results?
> Is the laboratory willing to establish a written agreement or
contract with you for services?
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Pay Special Attention to Water Coolers
Many older (1987 and earlier) water coolers (fountains) may contain
lead parts or have a lead-lined tank. Check to see if the make and
model of your water coolers are listed by EPA as a possible lead risk (see
Appendix B for a full list). If you have a water cooler that has a lead
lined tank, contact the manufacturer to
determine their requirements for repairing,
replacing, or providing a refund for your
water cooler, or contact the Consumer
Product Safety Commission for follow-up
steps (see Appendix A for contact
information).
Where to Sample
It is important to test all of the drinking water outlets in your facility,
including those that provide water for drinking, cooking lunch, and
preparing juice and infant formula. Outlets include drinking fountains
and water faucets. Samples should be collected from cold water taps.
How to Handle Sample Containers
If you take the samples yourself, the laboratory will provide sampling
containers and instructions. Make sure to tell the lab you want to
collect 250 milliliter (ml) samples, not 1 liter. Carefullyfollowthe
instructions for handling the containers. Fill the container only to
the level indicated (250 milliliters).
Label each container with your name, a unique sample number, and
the specific location where the sample was collected ("first floor
hallway water fountain"). In your own files, keep a separate record for
each sample with the location, sample number,
date and time the sample was collected and
any other pertinent information. This
information may come in handy if you find
elevated lead levels in your drinking water. You
will want to match the result to a specific
water source so you can address the problem.
Either mail or deliver your samples to the laboratory. The "holding" time
on samples is usually short. Make sure you coordinate shipping with the
laboratory receiving the samples.
How to Collect Samples
Initial Samples
The initial sample is representative of the water that may be consumed
at the beginning of the day or after infrequent use. This is water that
has been in contact with the faucet or drinking water fountain and the
section of plumbing closest to the outlet.
Helpful Hints for
Testing
Don't take samples after a
vacation or weekend
because the water you
collect will not be
representative of the water
you drink.
Don't close the valve to a
water fountain or sink
before sampling. Small
scrapings from the valves
may get into your sample
and produce inaccurate
results. If you want to
prevent use before you
sample, place a sign over
the unit to prevent its use.
You may want to collect
repeat initial samples (first
draw) at the same time
you collect follow-up
(flush) samples. A repeat
of the initial/first draw
sample will give you more
confidence in the result.
However, the trade-off is
the cost for analysis of this
repeat sample.
Collect cold water samples in the morning
before the facility opens for the day. Make
sure that no water has been used yet
don't run faucets or flush toilets before
you sample. Collect the water immediately
after turning it on without allowing any
water to run into the drain. For best
results, the outlets you are testing should
not have been used for 8 to 18 hours
prior to collection of the samples. This is
called a first draw sample. Take follow-up
samples from outlets where test results
show lead levels greater than 20 ppb
(parts per billion).
Follow-up Samples
This sample is representative of the water
that is in the plumbing upstream from the
faucet or drinking water fountain. Take
this sample before the facility opens and
before any water is used. Let the water
from the faucet or drinking water
fountain run for 30 seconds before
collecting the sample. This is called a flush
sample.
10
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
What To Do With Your Results
Interpreting Your Results
When the laboratory returns your test results, the concentrations of
lead in your drinking water samples will be reported in metric form
such as milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter ((Jxj/L), or they
will be reported as a concentration such as parts per million (ppm) or
parts per billion (ppb), respectively.
Milligrams per liter (mg/L) is essentially the same as parts per million
(ppm). Micrograms per liter (|^g/L) is essentially the same as parts per
billion (ppb).
Examples: 1 mg/L = 1000 ^g/L = 1 ppm = 1000 ppb
.020 mg/L = 20 ^g/L = .020 ppm = 20 ppb
Recommended Actions
EPA recommends that child care facilities take action if samples from
any drinking water outlets show lead levels greater than 20 parts per
billion (ppb). Contact your state or local health agency to see if they
have more stringent standards for lead in drinking water. Any drinking
water outlet with test results above this level should not be used until
the source of the contamination is found and the lead levels are
reduced to 20 ppb or less.
Consider providing water from a known lead-free source, such as
bottled water, until the problem is corrected.
If the test results from the follow-up samples show lead levels above
20 ppb again, you will know that lead is entering your drinking water
from the building's interior plumbing. You will need to take additional
samples to pinpoint the exact sources of lead. If you plan to conduct
such sampling yourself, consult EPA's publication 37s for Reducing
Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised Technical Guidance,
available for download at www.epa.gov/safewater/schools. If you rent
your facility, ask your landlord to conduct follow-up testing and to
take any necessary corrective measures.
11
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Correcting
Lead Problems
Preventing Lead Problems: Routine Steps
To minimize exposure to lead in your facility, there are several things
you can do on a routine basis. These activities include:
1. Flush all drinking water outlets.
Flushing drinking water outlets is
important because the longer water is
exposed to lead pipes or solder, the greater
the likelihood of lead contamination. At
the start of each day, before using any
water for drinking or cooking, flush the
cold water faucet by allowing the water to
run for 30 seconds to one minute. Do this
at each drinking water outlet.
Even if all your first-draw samples and flushed samples show low
lead levels, there is still a possibility that lead may get into water
that sits in your plumbing for long periods (such as during vacations
or over long weekends). To be safe, on the first day back, flush all
drinking water outlets prior to opening the facility.
2. Use only cold water to prepare food and drinks. Hot water
dissolves lead more quickly than cold water and is therefore more
likely to contain greater amounts of lead. If hot water is needed,
water should be drawn from the cold tap and heated.
Use only thoroughly flushed water from the cold water tap for
drinking and when making formula, juices, or foods.
3. Clean debris out of all water outlet screens on a regular
basis. Small screens on the end of a faucet can trap sediments
containing lead.
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Responding to High Lead Levels: What Can You Do?
* Provide an alternative and lead-free source of
drinking water, such as bottled water. Bottled water
should be used as a temporary measure. Make sure the
bottled water distributor guarantees that the water
meets federal and state bottled water standards (see
the label or manufacturer's Web site).
* Install point-of-use treatment devices, also called 'home
treatment devices'. These devices are installed on a faucet or other
outlet to remove contaminants. If you are interested in a home
treatment device, research your options carefully. Make sure to use
a device that is certified to remove lead and is NSF International
approved. Some devices that claim to remove many contaminants
do not remove lead. Maintaining a treatment device is very
important. If not maintained properly, some treatment devices may
actually increase lead levels. Before investing in any such device, you
may want to contact NSF International, an independent
organization that evaluates the effectiveness of home treatment
units and lists brands and models certified to remove lead (see
Appendix A for contact information).
* Remove sources of lead in the plumbing system. These
remedies are probably more appropriate for localized
contamination problems and are best handled by a licensed
plumber:
> Replace solder joints with lead-free joints.
» Replace the outlet or fixture/faucet with lead-free materials.
» Replace piping with lead-free materials.
Note: New brass faucets, fittings, and valves, including those
advertised as "lead-free," may contribute lead to drinking water. Before
purchasing any such materials, ask the manufacturer or distributor
where to find information on the results of lead testing. Plumbing
components 6 months old or less should not be tested for lead. The
inside surfaces need time to stabilize.
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I Water in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
TELLING
Communicating
With Your Community
Telling parents and staff about your lead monitoring program will
demonstrate your commitment to protecting children and staff health.
Lead in drinking water can be an emotional and sensitive issue,
especially for parents who are concerned about their children's safety.
Communicating early and often about your testing plans, results, and
next steps will build confidence in your facility's ability to provide a safe
environment.
When to Communicate
Whenever public health risks are involved, public communication efforts
are less complicated and generate less conflict if those potentially
affected are notified in advance of important issues and events. At a
minimum, EPA recommends providing information to parents and staff:
> Before you begin testing.
> In response to questions from parents or other caretakers and staff.
> After you receive your testing results - Make sure to share your
results and if a lead problem exists, your plans to correct any
problems.
What to Communicate
It is important to provide clear, accurate, and complete information
about your lead monitoring program to parents or other caretakers
and staff. Designate one staff person as a resource for parents to
contact if they have more questions.
Be sure to include the following:
> Your plans to test the drinking water in your facility.
> Results from your facility and your plans for correcting any
identified problems.
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
* Information on obtaining detailed
testing results for your facility.
> Health effects of exposure to lead.
> Potential sources of lead (e.g., food,
air, dust, and soil) and the significance
of lead in drinking water versus other
sources.
> Resources for learning more about
drinking water (e.g., our local health
department, state drinking water
program, and EPA).
> Information on blood-lead level
testing, and recommendation to visit
a physician for further assistance.
How To Communicate
There are a variety of effective ways to
communicate information to parents and
staff. Depending on the size of your
facility, some methods may be more
appropriate than others. In general, it is
a good idea to have materials available in
languages other than English or to
provide a contact for non-English
speakers, particularly if your community
has a large proportion of non-English
speaking residents. Consider the options
below when designing a communication
strategy for your lead monitoring
program.
> Letters/Flyers - You can mail a letter
or flyer or distribute them to
children's parents or other caretakers
in person. A good letter or flyer will
Hints for Effective
Communication
> Take the initiative:
Provide information
before you are asked.
> Be a reliable source of
information: Provide
honest, accurate, and
comprehensive
information.
> Always speak with one
voice: It is a good idea to
designate one contact
person (provide a phone
number!) to respond to
interest in your lead
monitoring program.
> Anticipate likely
questions: Different
members of your
community may have
different concerns or
viewpoints on the
subject of lead testing.
* Be positive, proactive,
and forthcoming when
working with the media.
> Keep members of the
community up-to-date:
Share every piece of new
information you have
about your lead
monitoring program.
> Have materials available
in languages other than
English.
15
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
describe the health effects of lead, your testing plan, your results or
when to expect results, and your planned next steps.
> Newsletter - If you have a regular newsletter, include an eye-
catching headline and a short description of your lead monitoring
program.
> Email and Web sites - If you have an email distribution list for your
clients and staff, email is a great way to regularly update your
community about your lead monitoring program. If you have a Web
site, it is a good idea to include regular updates about your lead
monitoring program on your site, but also consider more direct
outreach, such as a flyer, email, or newsletter article, to make sure
your target community sees your lead monitoring program
information.
> Presentation - If you are initiating a lead monitoring program
because of past problems or a significant risk of lead in your
facility's drinking water, an in-person presentation for children's
caretakers and staff is perhaps the most effective way to
communicate your message. It helps to send invitations announcing
the presentation and asking caretakers and staff to attend to make
sure you get your target audience in the room. An in-person
presentation gives you a chance to directly communicate your
commitment to safeguarding your drinking water, and it gives your
audience a chance to ask questions.
> Press Release - If you find a significant lead contamination problem
when you test, you may want to consider issuing a press release. It
is always a good idea to be proactive about communications with
the press. If you don't tell the media first, they may be more likely
to cast your story in a negative light.
For additional information on developing a communications strategy
and to see sample public notice materials, download the 37s for
Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised Technical
Guidance by visiting www.epa.gov/safewater/schools.
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
Appendix A: Contact Information
for State Drinking Water Programs
and Other Sources
Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1 (800)426-4791
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) 1 (800) 638-8772
National Lead Information Center 1 (800)424-LEAD
Alabama
Mr. Ed Hughes, Chief
Drinking Water Branch
Dept. of Environmental Management
P.O. Box301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone:334-271-7774
Fax: 334-279-3051
E-mail: ekh@adem.state.al.us
Alaska
Dr. James Weise, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Health
Alaska Dept. of Environmental
Conservation
555 Cordova St.
Anchorage, AK 99501
Phone: 907-269-7647
Fax: 907-269-7655
E-mail: james_weise@dec.state.ak.us
American Samoa
Ms. Sheila Wiegman, Environmental
Coordinator
American Samoa
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Governor
Pago Pago, AS 96799
Phone: 684-633-2304
Fax: 684-633-5801
Arizona
Mr. John Calkins
Drinking Water Section
Arizona Dept. of Environmental
Quality
1110 W.Washington St.
Phoenix, AZ 85007
Phone:602-771-4617
Fax: 602-771-4634
E-mail: calkins.john@azdeq.gov
Arkansas
Mr. Harold R. Seifert, P.E., Director
Division of Engineering
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street
MailSlot37
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
Phone:501-661-2623
Fax: 501-661-2032
E-mail: hseifert@HealthyArkansas.com
California
Dr. David P. Spath, Chief
Division of Drinking Water
and Environmental Management
California Dept. of Health Services
P.O. Box 997413
Sacramento, CA 95899-7413
Phone:916-449-5582
Fax: 916-449-5575
E-mail: DSpath@dhs.ca.gov
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Colorado
Mr. Chet Pauls, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Water Quality Control Division
Colorado Dept. of Public Health and
Environment
WQCD-DW-B2
4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
Phone:303-692-3610
Fax: 303-782-0390
E-mail: Chester.pauls@state.co.us
Connecticut
Dr. Gerald R. Iwan, Director
Drinking Water Division
Connecticut Dept. of Public Health
410 Capitol Ave. MS-51 WAT
P.O. Box 340308
Hartford, CT 06134-0308
Phone: 860-509-7333
Fax: 860-509-7359
E-mail: gerald.iwan@po.state.ct.us
Delaware
Mr. Edward G. Hallock, Program
Administrator
Office of Drinking Water
Division of Public Health
Delaware Health and Social Services
Blue Hen Corporate Center, Suite 203
655 Bay Road
Dover, DE 19901
Phone:302-741-8590
Fax: 302-741-8631
E-mail: edward.hallock@state.de.us
District of Columbia
Ms. Jerusalem Bekele, Chief
Water Quality Division
Department of Health
51 N Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002
Phone:202-535-1603
E-mail: jerusalem.bekele@dc.gov
Florida
Mr. Van R. Hoofnagle, Administrator
Drinking Water Section
Florida Dept. of Environmental
Protection
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: 850-245-8631
Fax: 850-245-8669
E-mail: van.hoofnagle@dep.state.fl.us
Georgia
Mr. Nolton G. Johnson, Chief
Water Resources Branch
Environmental Protection Div., Georgia
DNR
2 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, S.E.
East Tower - Suite 1362
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone:404-651-5168
Fax: 404-651-9590
E-mail:
noltonjohnson@mail.dnr.state.ga.us
*Mr. Brad Addison is Manager
of the Drinking Water Program
(see address above)
Phone:404-651-5155
Fax: 404-651-9590
E-mail: brad_addison@dnr.state.ga.us
Guam
Mr. Jesus T. Salas, Administrator
Guam Environmental Protection
Agency
Government of Guam
P.O. Box 22439 GMF
Barrigada, GU 96921
Phone:671-472-8863
Fax: 671-477-9402
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
Hawaii
Mr. Thomas E. Arizumi, Chief
Environmental Management Division
Hawaii Department of Health
919AlaMoanaBlvd.
Room 300
Honolulu, HI 96814-4920
Phone: 808-586-4304
Fax: 808-586-4352
E-mail:
tarizumi@eha.health.state.hi.us
*Mr. Bill Wong is the Chief of
the Safe Drinking Water Branch
(see address above, except Room 308)
Phone: 808-586-4258
Fax: 808-586-4351
E-mail: waterbill@aol.com
Idaho
Mr. Lance E. Nielsen, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Idaho Dept. of Environmental Quality
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: 208-373-0291
Fax: 208-373-0576
E-mail: lance.nielsen@deq.idaho.gov
Illinois
Mr. Roger D. Selburg, P.E., Manager
Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois EPA
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone:217-785-8653
Fax: 217-782-0075
E-mail: roger.selburg@epa.state.il.us
Indiana
Mr. Patrick Carroll, Chief
Drinking Water Branch
Office of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Management
P.O. Box6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone:317-308-3281
Fax: 317-308-3339
E-mail: pcarroll@idem.in.gov
Iowa
Mr. Dennis J.Alt, Environmental
Program
Supervisor
Water Supply Section
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
401 SW 7th Street, Suite M
Des Moines, IA 50309-4611
Phone: 515-725-0275
Fax: 515-725-0348
E-mail: dennis.alt@dnr.state.ia.us
*Mr. Steve Hopkins is Supervisor of
the Water Supply Operations
(see address above)
Phone: 515-725-0295
Fax: 515-725-0348
E-mail:
Stephen.hopkins@dnr.state.ia. us
Kansas
Mr. David F.Waldo, Chief
Public Water Supply Section
Bureau of Water
Kansas Dept of Health & Environment
1000 SW Jackson St. - Suite 420
Topeka, KS 66612-1367
Phone: 785-296-5503
Fax: 785-296-5509
E-mail: dwaldo@kdhe.state.ks.us
Kentucky
Ms. Donna S. Marlin, Manager
Division of Water - Drinking Water
Branch
Kentucky Dept. for Environmental
Protection
14Reilly Road, Frankfort Ofc. Park
Frankfort, KY40601
Phone: 502-564-3410
Fax: 502-564-5105
E-mail: donna.marlin@ky.gov
19
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Louisiana
Ms. Karen Irion, Administrator
Safe Drinking Water Program
Center for Environmental and Health
Services
Office of Public Health
Louisiana Dept. of Health and Hospi-
tals
6867 Blue Bonnet Blvd.
Baton Rouge, LA 70810
Phone: 225-765-5046
Fax: 225-765-5040
E-mail: Kirion@dhh.la.gov
Maine
Ms. Nancy Beardsley, Director
Drinking Water Program
Maine Department of Health and
Human Services
Division of Health Engineering
11 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone: 207-287-5674
Fax: 207-287-4172
E-mail: nancy.beardsley@maine.gov
Maryland
Mr. Saeid Kasraei, Manager
Water Supply Program
Maryland Dept. of the Environment
Montgomery Park Business Center
1800 Washington Blvd. - Suite 450
Baltimore, MD 21230-1708
Phone:410-537-3702
Fax: 410-537-3157
E-mail: skasraei@mde.state.md.us
Massachusetts
Mr. David Terry, Director
Drinking Water Program
Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection
One Winter Street, 6th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
Phone:617-292-5529
Fax: 617-292-5696
E-mail: david.terry@state.ma.us
Michigan
Mr. James K. Cleland, P.E., Chief
Water Bureau
Michigan Dept. of Env. Quality
P. O. Box 30630
Lansing, Ml 48909-8130
Phone: 517-241-1287
Fax: 517-335-0889
E-mail: clelandj@michigan.gov
Minnesota
Mr. Doug Mandy, Manager
Drinking Water Protection Section
Minnesota Department of Health
Metro Square Building, Suite 220
P.O. Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
Phone:651-215-0757
Fax: 651-215-0775
E-mail:
douglas.mandy@health.state, mn.us
Mississippi
Mr. Keith Allen, Director
Division of Water Supply
Mississippi State Department of Health
P.O. Box 1700
570 E. Woodrow Wilson Dr.
Jackson, MS 39215-1700
Phone:601-576-7518
Fax: 601-576-7822
E-mail: kallen@msdh.state.ms.us
Missouri
Mr. Ed Galbraith, Director
Water Protection Program
Missouri Dept of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone:573-751-6721
Fax: 573-751-1146
E-mail: ed.galbraith@dnr.mo.gov
20
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
21
Montana
Mr. Jon Dillard, Bureau Chief
Public Water and Subdivisions Bureau
Montana Dept. of Environmental
Quality
Box 200901
1520 East Sixth Ave.
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: 406-444-4071
Fax: 406-444-1374
E-mail: jdillard@mt.gov
Nebraska
Mr. Jack L. Daniel, Administrator
Environmental Health Services Section
Nebraska Health and Human Services
System
301 Centennial Mall South, 3rd Floor
P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509-5007
Phone:402-471-0510
Fax: 402-471-6436
E-mail: jack.daniel@hhss.ne.gov
Nevada
Mr. Andrew Huray, Chief
Public Health Engineering Section
Nevada State Health Division
1179 Fairview Drive
Carson City, NV 89701
Phone: 775-687-6353
Fax: 775-687-5699
E-mail: ahuray@nvhd.state.nv.us
New Hampshire
Mr. Rene Pelletier, Program Manager
Water Supply Engineering Bureau
Dept. of Environmental Services
Post Office Box 95
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03302-0095
Phone:603-271-3434
Fax: 603-271-5171
E-mail: rpelletier@des.state.nh.us
* Ms. Sarah Pillsbury is Drinking Water
Administrator
(see address above)
Phone:603-271-1168
Fax: 603-271-2181
E-mail: spillsbury@des.state.nh.us
New Jersey
Mr. Barker Hamill, Chief
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
P.O. Box 426
Trenton, NJ 08625
Phone: 609-292-5550
Fax: 609-292-1654
E-mail: barker.hamill@dep.state.nj.us
New Mexico
Mr. Fernando Martinez, Chief
Drinking Water Bureau
New Mexico Environment Department
525 Camino De Los Marquez
Suite 4
Santa Fe, NM 87505
Phone: 505-827-1400
Fax: 505-827-7545
E-mail:
fernando_martinez@nmenv.state.nm.us
New York
Mr. Jack Dunn, Director
Bureau of Public Water Supply
Protection
New York Department of Health
Flanigan Square, Rm. 400
547 River Street
Troy, NY 12180-2 216
Phone:518-402-7650
Fax: 518-402-7659
E-mail: jmd02@health.state.ny.us
North Carolina
Ms. Jessica G. Miles, P.E., Chief
Public Water Supply Section
North Carolina Dept. of Env. and
Natural Resources
1634 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1634
Phone:919-715-3232
Fax: 919-715-4374
E-mail: jessica.miles@ncmail.net
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
North Dakota
Mr. Larry J. Thelen, Program Manager
Drinking Water Program
NDDept. of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, Room 203
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58506-5520
Phone:701-328-5257
Fax: 701-328-5200
E-mail: lthelen@state.nd.us
Northern Mariana Islands
Mr. John I. Castro, Director
Division of Environmental Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands
Post Office Box 501304
Saipan, MP 96950-1304
Phone: 670-664-8500
Fax: 670-664-8540
E-mail: deq.director@saipan.com
*Mr. Joe M. Kaipat is the Manager of
the Safe Drinking Water Branch
(see address above)
Phone: 670-664-8500
Fax: 670-664-8540
E-mail: joe.kaipat@saipan.com
Ohio
Mr. MikeG. Baker, Chief
Division of Drinking and Ground
Waters
Ohio EPA
Lazarus Gov't Center
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
Phone:614-644-2752
Fax: 614-644-2909
E-mail: mike.baker@epa.state.oh.us
*Mr. Kirk Leif heit is Assistant Chief of
Drinking Water in the
Division of Drinking and Ground
Waters
(see address above)
Phone:614-644-2769
Fax: 614-644-2909
E-mail: kirk.leifheit@epa.state.oh.us
Oklahoma
Mr. Jon L. Craig, Director
Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
707 North Robinson
Suite 8100
P.O. Box 1677
Oklahoma City, OK 73101 -1677
Phone:405-702-8100
Fax: 405-702-8101
E-mail: jon.craig@deq.state.ok.us
*Mr. MikeS. Harrell is Administrator of
the Public Water Supply Program
(see address above)
Phone:405-702-8158
Fax: 405-702-8101
E-mail: mike.harrell@deq.state.ok.us
Oregon
Mr. David E. Leland, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Office of Public Health Systems
Oregon Department of Human
Services
800 NE Oregon St.-Rm. 611
Portland, OR 97232
Phone: 503-731-4010
Fax: 503-731-4077
E-mail: david.e.leland@state.or.us
Pennsylvania
Mr. Jeffrey A. Gordon, Chief
Division of Operations Management
and Training
Bureau of Water Standards and Facility
Regulation
Department of Environmental
Protection
P.O. Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8467
Phone:717-772-4018
Fax: 717-772-3249
E-mail: jegordon@state.pa.us
22
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
Puerto Rico
Ms. Olga Rivera, Director
Public Water Supply Supervision
Program
Puerto Rico Department of Health
Office of the Secretary
Nacional Plaza Building
431 Ponce De Leon Ave.
9th Floor-Suite 903
HatoRey, PR 00917
Phone: 787-648-3903
Fax: 787-758-6285
E-mail: orivera@salud.gov.pr
Rhode Island
Ms. June A. Swallow, P.E., Chief
Office of Drinking Water Quality
Rhode Island Department of Health
3 Capitol Hill, Room 209
Providence, Rl 02908
Phone:401-222-6867
Fax: 401-222-6953
E-mail: junes@doh.state.ri.us
South Carolina
Mr. Alton C. Boozer, Chief
Bureau of Water
South Carolina Dept. of Health &
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: 803-898-4259
Fax: 803-898-3795
E-mail: boozerac@dhec.sc.gov
South Dakota
Mr. Rob Kittay, Administrator
Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Regulation
SD Dept. of Env. and Natural Resources
523 East Capital Ave, Joe Foss Bldg
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone: 605-773-4208
Fax: 605-773-5286
E-mail: rob.kittay@state.sd.us
Tennessee
Mr. W. David Draughon, Jr., Director
Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Dept. of Environment &
Conservation
401 Church Street
L & C Tower, 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
Phone: 615-532-0152
Fax: 615-532-0503
E-mail: david.draughon@state.tn.us
Texas
Mr. E. Buck Henderson, Manager
Public Drinking Water Section
Water Supply Division
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 13087 (MC-155)
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: 512-239-0990
Fax: 512-239-0030
E-mail: ehenders@tceq.state.tx.us
Utah
Mr. Kevin W. Brown, Director
Division of Drinking Water
Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 144830
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4830
Phone:801-536-4188
Fax: 801-536-4211
E-mail: kwbrown@utah.gov
Vermont
Mr. Jay L. Rutherford, P.E., Director
Water Supply Division
Vermont Dept. of Env. Conservation
Old Pantry Building
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671 -0403
Phone:802-241-3434
Fax: 802-241-3284
E-mail: jay.rutherford@state.vt.us
23
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Virgin Islands
Mr. Leonard Reed, Assistant Director
Division of Environmental Protection
Dept. of Planning & Natural Re-
sources
Wheatley Center 2
St. Thorn as, VI 00802
Phone: 340-777-4577
Fax: 340-774-5416
* Mrs. Christine M. Lottes is Supervi-
sor of Public Water System Supervi-
sion (PWSS)
Dept. of Planning & Natural Resources
Water Gut Homes 1118
Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-
5065
Phone: 340-773-0565
Fax: 340-773-9310
Virginia
Mr. Jerry Peaks, Director
Office of Drinking Water
Virginia Department of Health
109 Governor St.
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: 804-864-7488
Fax: 804-864-7520
E-mail: jerry.peaks@vdh.viginia.gov
Washington
Ms. DeniseAddotta Clifford, Director
Office of Drinking Water
WA Department of Health
7211 Cleanwater Lane, Bldg. 9
P.O. Box 47828
Olympia, WA 98504-7828
Phone:360-236-3110
Fax: 360-236-2253
E-mail: denise.clifford@doh.wa.gov
West Virginia
Mr. Walter Ivey, Director
Environmental Engineering Div.
Office of Environmental Health
Services
West Virginia Dept. of Health and
Human Services
815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone:304-558-6715
Fax: 304-558-0289
E-mail: walterivey@wvdhhr.org
Wisconsin
Ms. Jill D. Jonas, Director
Bureau of Drinking Water and
Groundwater
Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
P.O. Box7921
Madison, Wl 53707
Phone: 608-267-7545
Fax: 608-267-7650
E-mail: jill.jonas@dnr.state.wi. us
Wyoming
Mr. John Wagner, Administrator
Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building
4th Floor West
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: 307-777-7055
Fax: 307-777-5973
E-mail: jwagne@state.wy.us
*Wyoming's Drinking Water Program
is managed by EPA Region VIII
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
Appendix B: Water Cooler
Summary
The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA), which amended the Safe
Drinking Water Act, was signed into law on October 31,1988 (RL. 100
572). The potential of water coolers to supply lead to drinking water in
schools and child care centers was a principal focus of this legislation.
Specifically, the LCCA mandated that the Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) order the repair, replacement, or recall and refund
of drinking water coolers with lead-lined water tanks. In addition, the
LCCA called for a ban on the manufacture or sale in interstate
commerce of drinking water coolers that are not lead-free. Civil and
criminal penalties were established under the law for violations of this
ban. With respect to a water cooler that may come in contact with
drinking water, the LCCA defined the term "lead-free" to mean:
"not more than 8 percent lead, except that no drinking water
cooler which contains any solder, flux, or storage tank interior
surface which may come in contact with drinking water shall be
considered lead free if the solder, flux, or storage tank interior
surface contains more than 0.2 percent lead."
Another component of the LCCA was the requirement that EPA
publish and make available to the States a list of drinking water
coolers, by brand and model, that are not lead-free. In addition, EPA
was to publish and make available to the states a separate list of the
brand and model of water coolers with a lead-lined tank. EPA is
required to revise and republish these lists as new information or
analyses become available.
Based on responses to a Congressional survey in the winter of 1988, three
major manufacturers, the Halsey Taylor Company, EBCO Manufacturing
Corporation, and Sunroc Corporation, indicated that lead solder had been
used in at least some models of their drinking water coolers. On April 10,
1988, EPA proposed in the Federal Register (at 54 FR 14320) lists of
drinking water coolers with lead-lined tanks and coolers that are not lead-
free. Public comments were received on the notice, and the list was
revised and published on January 18, 1990 (Part III, 55 FR 1772). See
Table B-2 for a list of water coolers and lead components.
25
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Prior to publication of the January
1990 list, EPA determined that Halsey
Taylor was the only manufacturer of
water coolers with lead-lined tanks.1
Table B-1 presents a listing of model
numbers of the Halsey Taylor drinking
water coolers with lead-lined tanks
that had been identified by EPA as of
January 18, 1990.
SPECIAL NOTE:
Experience indicates that
newly installed brass plumbing
components containing 8
percent or less lead, as
allowed by the SDWA, can
contribute high lead levels to
drinking water for a
considerable period after
installation. U.S. water cooler
manufacturers have notified
EPA that since September
1993, the components of
water coolers that come in
contact with drinking water
have been made with non-
lead alloy materials. These
materials include stainless steel
for fittings and water control
devices, brass made of 60
percent copper and 40
percent zinc, terillium copper,
and food grade plastic.
Since the LCCA required the CPSC to
order manufacturers of coolers with
lead-lined tanks to repair, replace, or
recall and provide a refund of such
coolers, the CPSC negotiated such an
agreement with Halsey Taylor through
a consent order published on June 1,
1990 (at 55 FR 22387). The consent
agreement calls on Halsey Taylor to
provide a replacement or refund program that addresses all the water
coolers listed in Table B-2 as well as "all tank-type models of drinking
water coolers manufactured by Halsey Taylor, whether or not those
models are included on the present or on a future EPA list." Under the
consent order, Halsey Taylor agreed to notify the public of the
replacement and refund program for all tank type models. Currently, a
company formerly associated with Halsey Taylor, Scotsman Ice
Systems, has assumed responsibility for replacement of lead-line
coolers previously marketed by Halsey Taylor. See below for the
address of Scotsman Ice Systems.
Scotsman Ice Systems
775 Corporate Woods Parkway
Vernon Hills, IL 60061
PH: (800) SCOTSMAN or 800-726-8762
PH: (847) 215-4500
1Based upon an analysis of 22 water coolers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data
obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler contamination problems are
associated with water coolers that have lead-lined tanks.
26
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3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Child Care Facilities: Revi
Table B-1
Halsey Taylor Water Coolers With Lead-Lined Tanks2
The following six model numbers have one or more units in the model series with lead-
lined tanks:
WM8A WT8A GC10ACR GC10A GC5A RWM13A
The following models and serial numbers contain lead-lined tanks:
WM14A Serial No. 843034 WM14A Serial No. 843006 WT11A Serial No. 222650
WT21A Serial No. 64309550 WT21A Serial No. 64309542 LL14A Serial No. 64346908
27
2Based upon an analysis of 22 water coolers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data
obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler contamination problems are
associated with water coolers that have lead-lined tanks.
ater in Child Care Facilities: Revised Guidance
Table B-2
Water Coolers With Other Lead Components
EBCO Manufacturing
+ All pressure bubbler water coolers with shipping dates from 1962 through 1977 have
a bubbler valve containing lead. The units contain a single, 50-50 tin-lead solder joint
on the bubbler valve. Model numbers for coolers in this category are not available.
> The following models of pressure bubbler coolers produced from 1978 through 1981
contain one 50-50 tin-lead solder joint each.
CP3 DP15W DPM8
DP16M DP5S C10E
WTCIO DP13M-60 DP14M
DP20-50 DP7SM DP10X
CP3-50 DP13M DP3RH
CP10 DP20 DP12N
7P 13P
PX-10 DP7S
CP10-50 CP5
DP13A DP13A-50
DP5F CP3M
DP7WM DP14A-50/60
DPM8H DP15M DP3R DP8A
DP13SM DP7M DP7MH DP7WD
CP5M DP15MW DP3R DP14S
EP10F DP5M DP10F CP3H
EP5F 13PL DP8AH DP13S
Halsey Taylor
* Lead solder was used in these models of water coolers manufactured between 1978
and the last week of 1987:
WMA-1
S3/5/1OD
SCWT/SCWT-A
BFC-4F/7F/4FS/7FS
SWA-1
S300/500/1OOD
DQDHC-1
» The following coolers manufactured for Haws Drinking Faucet Company (Haws) by
Halsey Taylor from November 1984 through December 18, 1987, are not lead free
because they contain 2 tin-lead solder joints. The model designations for these units
are as follows:
HC8WT HC14F HC6W HWC7D HC8WTH HC14FH HC8W HC2F HCI4WT
HC14FL HC14W HC2FH HCI4WTH HC8FL HC4F HC5F HC14WL HCBF7D
HC4FH HC10F HCI6WT HCBF7HO HC8F HC8FH HC4W HWC7
If you have one of the Halsey Taylor water coolers noted in Table B-2, contact Scotsman
Ice Systems (address and phone noted on page 26) to learn more about the
requirements surrounding their replacement and rebate program.
28
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EPA816-R-05-001
December 2005
Office of Water (4606)
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