902R76001
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
AREAWIDE WASTE TREATMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
APPENDIX I
ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY AND DATA BASE
(Preliminary Draft, Subject to Revision)
June, 1976
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SOILS
Soil Associations
Soil Permeability
Soil Erodibility
So1'Is Suitable for Waste Disposal
HYDROLOGY
The Hydro logic Cycle
Surface Water Hydrology
Groundwater
Designated Uses of Receiving Waters
Precipitation
Temperature .
fABU OF CONTENT;>
FOREWCT.?
SUMMARY i i i - v i i i
INTRODUCTION 1 - *
GEOLOGY 4 - "
Bedrock Geology - '
Surface Formations (
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE tr 7
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"7.1
Page
VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE .................... 73 - 8J
Vegetation ........................ 73-7
Wildlife ......................... 74 - HI
RECREATION, HISTORIC AND NATURAL AREAS ............. 82 - %
Recreation ........................ 82-83
Historic and Natural Areas ................
AIR QUALITY .......................... 9fo ~
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................... 100-101
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LIST OF PLATES
P^ate Pane
1 Bedrock Geology '.
2 Surface Formations
3 Slope, Jackson County L:
4 Slope, Hillsdale County n
5 Slope, Lenawee County 14
6 Soil Associations 13
7 Soil Infiltration Rates ?0
8 Soil Erodibility .: >.
9 Soil Suitability for Waste Disposal .>:>
10 Drainage Basins u
11 Flood Prone Areas 49
12 Groundwater Availability from Glacial Deposits .... rn
13 Groundwater Availability and Quality from Bedrock
Deposits 59
14 Designated Uses
15 Vegetation and Wildlife
16 Recreation, Historic and Natural Areas
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USJ_OF_ TABLES
Tabjj? Page
0 U.S.G.S. Gaging Station Description ;M - "H
1 Drought Flows /it,
2 Average Monthly Precipitation 67
3 Average Monthly Temoeratures o;
4 Evaporation 7."
5 Inventory of Game Species - Jackson County 78-7"
6 Inventory of Game Species - Hillsdale County .... an
7 Inventory of Game Species - Lenawee County 81
8 Public Recreation Areas - Region II 82
9 Historic Sites 85 - R7
10 Inventory of Natural and Scenic Areas B9 _ y_,
11 National Ambient Air Quality Standards w
12 Measured Air Quality Data for Hillsdale and
Jackson Counties 99
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 The Hydro!ogic Cycle ;>Q
2 Average Monthly Stream Flow 41
3 Composite Frequency Curves V)
4 Flood Frequency Regions ;,l
5 Variation of Mean Annual Floods :>;'
6 Hydrologic Areas 0 ;
7 Rainfall Intensity - Duration - Frequency
Curves 68
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FOREWARD
This Report is one of a series dealing with water quality, bo inn
prepared for the Region II Planning Commission by its staff and engineer-
ing and management consultants. The result of this effort will be an
Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan for the Counties of Jackson,
Hillsdale, and Lenawee.
Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972 provided for the establishment of Areawide Planning Agencies
and the development of a regional approach to water quality planning.
Significant aspects of water quality planning which are considerations
under Section 208 of the Act are:
-"point-source" water pollution control, including municipal
wastewater treatment facilities planning and planning for
treatment of industrial pollution discharges.
-"non-point" water pollution control including strategies
for management of stormwater runoff, soil erosion from
construction activity, agricultural runoff of fertilizers
and pesticides, and seepage of effluent from on-site waste
disposal systems into surface and groundwaters.
-development of a planning and management structure which has
the necessary legal authority, political and public accep-
ability and financial resources to carry out the adopted
Water Quality Management Plan.
The following reports will be prepared for the Commission in the
development of the Plan:
June 76 - Environmental Inventory and Data Base
June 76 - Point Source Waste Loads Facilities Inventory
June 76 - Institutional System Inventory
August 76 - Socio-Economic Inventory and Data Base
August 76 - Water Quality Inventory
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September 76 - Institutional System - Mdt.cr Quality Relationships
September 76 - Base Line Socio-Economic and Land Use Projections
September 76 - Base Line Waste Loads and Regional Projections
September 76 - Projected Waste Treatment Facilities
October 76 - Base Environmental Future
December 76 - Non-point Source Waste Load Inventory
December 76 - Environmental Conditions - Water Resources and Quality
Relationships
December 76 - Socio-Economic-Water Resources and Quality Relationships
January 77 - Existing Water Supply, Existing Waste Loads and Facilities
Water Quality Relationships
March 77 - Alternative Non-structural Tactics and Plans
March 77 - Alternative Structural Tactics and Plans
May 77 - Anticipated Water Resources and Quality Without Plan
May 77 - Alternative Environmental Futures
May 77 - Alternative Institutional Plans
June 77 - Alternative Water Quality Goals
June 77 - Consequences of Alternative Tactics and Plans
August 77 - Summary of Public Participation and Decision Processes
August 77 - 208 Waste Management Plan
August 77 - Plan Management and Update Program
September 77 - Environmental Assessment
November 77 - Summary of Public Hearings and Approval Process
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Appendix I - Environmental Inventory and Data Base
Summary
This Appendix presents an inventory of Regionally-significant environ-
mental features, both natural and man-made, which are important to water
quality management planning. This inventory is essential to the develop-
ment of future elements of the areawide plan. The inventory will:
-Assist in defining alternative environmental futures
-Permit environmental assessment of alternative plans
-Allow further study of environmentally sensitive areas during the
development of future land use patterns and water quality manage-
ment alternatives
The inventory supplements previous studies conducted by the Region II
Planning Commission which provided analyses of environmentally-sensitive
areas throughout the Region. Aspects of the environment which are
described herein include geology, slope, soil characteristics, hydrologic
data, climate, vegetation and wildlife, recreation, historic and natural
areas, and air quality.
Geoljxjy
The Region is underlain primarily by Mississippian and Pennsylvanian
bedrock geological formations, with Devonian bedrock formations extending
into the eastern portion of Lenawee County. These formations are part
of the Michigan Basin, a series of sedimentary rock layers which cross the
lower peninsula of the State. Bedrock formations in the Region consist
of limestones, shales, sandstones and shales.
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Surface formations of the Region were shaped by the movement of four
successive glaciers, which covered the upper midwest about one million
years ago. Glaciation scraped the bedrock formations clean of all debris
and sorted or deposited the material where parts of the glaciers stopped,
melted and receded. Surface formations in the Region which were developed
by the glacial action include moraines, outwash and glacial channels,
glacial lake beds, eskers and deltas.
Topography
Slope, a measurement of vertical change per one hundred feet of
horizontal distance, is an important physical characteristic related to
water quality. Not only does slope to a large extent determine land
development potential, but also affects amounts of surface water
runoff and soil erosion. Steeply sloped areas which are developed for
intensive land uses impose increased costs due to additional drainage
facilities needed, more rigorous erosion control methods, and additional
excavation requirements.
The following slopes ranges have been identified: 0-8%, 8-16%, 16-24%
and greater than 24%.
Soils
The following soil characteristics are discussed in Appendix 1: soil
associations, soil permeability, soil erodibility, suitability of soils for
waste disposal.
Eight basic soil associations have been mapped for the Region, with
each association comprised of two or three major soils having one common
characteristic, such as parent material, drainage or depth.
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Permeability characteristics of soils, to a large extent, determine
groundwater recharge and discharge to streams. Stream basins that are
underlain by permeable materials are less likely to flood and have a
high sustained flow during dry periods. Infiltration rates have been
developed for the soils in the Region. These rates are estimates of the
time necessary for downward movement of water in the major soil layers
when saturated, but allowed to drain freely.
Areas having highly erodible soils require special consideration in
water quality management planning. Soil credibility is a function of
texture, slope, vegetative cover, precipitation, permeability, organic
content and other factors. Erodibility ratings were developed for soils
within the Region, based primarily on soil texture and structure.
The major soil characteristics used to define a particular soil
suitability for on-lot waste disposal are: soil permeability, percolation,
general slope tendencies, groundwater level, depth to bedrock and flooding
hazard. Appendix I describes three degrees of on-lot suitability:
1. Slight - relatively free of limitations or limitations are easily
overcome.
2. Moderate - limitations need to be recognized, but can be overcome
with good management and careful design.
3. Severe - limitations are severe enough to make use questionable.
Hydro!og_y
Appendix I discusses the following aspects of the water resources within
the Region: the hydrologic cycle, surface water, groundwater and designated
uses of receiving waters. Hydrology is a study of the quantity and movement
of water resources and is significant in terms of affecting water quality.
Influences of hydrology which are significant to water quality include
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quantity of receiving waters, variations in stream flow, and flooding
potential. Characteristics of surface water hydrology which are
discussed include:
Drainage basins
Annual runoff
Seasonal variation of flow
Low flow characteristics
Regional flood magnitudes
Mean annual flow
Effects of man
Groundwater is a significant component of the hydrologic system which
is often neglected in water quality planning. Groundwater quality varies
by location, depending upon the nature of the bedrock or glacial deposits
within which it is found and on the chemical and biological pollution
sources it encounters. Hydrologic factors which are significant in water
quality planning are related to the movement of groundwater (recharge,
groundwater flow, and discharge).
Groundwater availability is important, particularly in determining
sources for municipal and industrial water supplies. In the Region, ground-
water sources include the Marshall bedrock formation in Jackson County and
glacial drift in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties.
Surface waters within the Region are protected for several specific
uses, based on Michigan Water Resources Commission general rules. Types
of uses for which various lakes and streams within the Region are protected
include public water supply, industrial water supply, total body contact
recreation, partial body contact recreation, cold water fish, warm water
fish, and agricultural use.
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Cl ima to
Cliinatologic information presented within Appendix I includes delta on
historical precipitation, temperature and evaporation. Estimates of expected
precipitation are necessary to predict the "clean water" input to the
hydrologic cycle. Average annual precipitation for the Counties varies
from 30 to 36 inches, with an average unmelted snowfall of 40 inches
included in these precipitation measurements.
Temperature data are available for locations near Hillsdale, Jackson
and Adrian. A variance of less than 2°F in average monthly temperatures
for the three stations is shown. Average temperatures range from 71"F in
July to 74°F in December.
Appendix I presents evaporation data for Class "A" evaporation plans.
The pan coefficient, or difference in evaporation rates between a small
pan and a large water body, is approximately 0.70. Pan evaporation rates
must be multiplied by the pan coefficient to determine evaporation rates
for water bodies. April through October rates for pan evaporation average
38.53 inches.
Vegetatjon and Wi 1 dl i fe
The vegetative characteristics of the Region are significant in
determining soil erosion potential, runoff rates, groundwater recharge
capabilities, and evaporation. Agricultural activities, woodlands and
wetlands are the major uses of the Region's land area. Agricultural
uses occupy nearly 88% of the land area, with field corn, soybeans, hay
and wheat being predominant crops produced. Woodlands are the second
largest use of land in the Region, with the variety of trees ranging
from mixed hardwood to swamp hardwoods.
Vll
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The preservation of aquatic habitats is a significant, qoal of water
quality planning. Fish habitats in streams have been defined by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources including trout feeder and
mainstreams and warm water fish feeder and mainstreams. Game range /one
maps included in Appendix I depict the relative abundance and management
potential for many game species.
aid Natural Areas
Recreation areas inventoried include state parks, state game areas,
county and municipal parks. Historic Resources which are described include
sites and structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places
and the State Register of Historic Sites. Thirty-three sites are
identified, including twenty sites listed on the National Register.
Natural and scenic areas within the Region have also been identified, based
on their unique aesthetic value.
Ai_r Qu_al_i]ty
Air quality within the Region must be considered in the development
of the water quality management plan. Air quality degradation or improve-
ment will be a direct result of future development locations, which will
be influenced by the availability of wastewater treatment facilities.
National ambient air quality standards have been identified, as well as
data from two air quality monitoring stations location in the Region.
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of Appendix I is to present an inventory of natural
and manmade environmental features of significant Regional extent which
are pertinent to Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning efforts.
The environmental inventory presented herein is intended to be used as a
basis for measuring the Regional impact of alternative Waste Treatment
Management Plans on the environment. Through an understanding of
recognized environmental planning principles, suggested Waste Treatment
Management Plans can solve not only specific water pollution problems,
but can also achieve more broadly based environmental goals. By
inventorying environmental characteristics such as soils, geology,
climate and cultural features, and relating these features to aspects
of water quality, the Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan will be
comprehensive and sound, in both technical and environmental terms.
Appendix lisa necessary feature of the Waste Treatment Manage-
ment Plan and will serve as basic data for subsequent phases of the
areawide study. More detailed, site-specific investigations may be
required to determine individual effects of the plan on environmental
conditions. This Appendix fulfills two important functions: to assist
in the definition of alternative environmental futures (Appendix XVI)
and also to permit an assessment of the environmental effects of the
selected Areawide Plan. Additionally, information presented in this
Appendix will broaden the Regional Planning Commission's data base and
awareness of critical environmental characteristics. Building on the
environmental sensitivity analyses presented in the three published
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reports prepared for individual counties within the Region (The Physical
Environment), the Appendix assists by further defining critical or
sensitive areas within the Region. Thus, Areawide Waste Treatment
Management alternatives can be developed which are both environ-
mentally compatible and publicly acceptable.
The concept of Alternative Environmental Futures is one of the
unique aspects of the Areawide Management Plan being developed. By
analyzing several available "futures", which are developed through
different arrangements of land use patterns, waste treatment strategies,
and development policies and programs, the "least-cost" environmental
alternative may be selected. Selection of such a "least-cost" alter-
native will be accomplished at a later date through active participation
by the general public and elected officials with decision-making based
on this Appendix, additional available information on the social, cultural,
and economic activities of the Region and recognition of water quality
objectives to be attained.
The development and environmental assessment of alternative plans
requires a recognition of the complex interrelationships between the
natural and manmade environment. This Appendix as well as forthcoming
chapters will provide the basis for such recognition.
The intent of this analysis is to obtain an inventory of regional1y-
significant environmental features which relate to the issue of water
quality. As indicated previously, it is not intended to be "site-specific";
the decisions which relate to individual areas in development projects
should be made only after such on-site environmental investigations are
performed.
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Most of the information contained in the environmental inventory
was based on secondary research, with most data being attributable to
U. S. Geological Survey Reports, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
reports, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service information and previous
Region II Planning Commission published reports and file data. If
possible, the information has been presented in mapped format with an
accompanying analysis.
The Environmental Inventory contained in Appendix I contains the
following components:
Geology
Topography
Soils
Hydrology
Climate
Vegetation and Wildlife
Recreational, Historical and Natural Areas
Air Quality
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GEOLOGY
Bedrock Geology
In geological terms, the lower peninsula of the State of Michigan
is classified as the Michigan Basin. Deep sedimentary rock formations
lie across the State one upon another with the smaller layers on top.
Layers of deep rocks formed as the total land mass of the North American
continent arose, with water and sediments covering areas of decreasing
size. Deposited sediments varied as to heights of surrounding lands,
water depth, temperature and vegetation, thus geologists could identify
rock layers, dividing them into systems which represent periods of
time. In order, from the bottom upward, these are: Cambrian,
Ozarkian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvania!!
representing a total of 250 million years, and at least the same length of
time has elapsed since the end of the Pennsylvanian period.
The Region II planning area is underlain primarily by Mississippian
and Pennsylvanian geologic rock formations, with Devonian formations
extending only slightly into the eastern portion of Lenawee County, as
depicted on Plate 1.
The Devonian system of rock formations is the oldest grouping of
deep rocks located within the Region, and consists of undifferentiated
limestones and shales.
Following the Devonian age came the Mississippian, which is also
known as the Carboniferous period - one of abundant vegetation and
brackish, shallow waters in the Michigan Basin. Mississippian rocks
within the Region consist of sandstones, limestones and shales. More
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GEOLOGY
.SANDSTONE)
FORMATION (LIMESTONE, COAL)
ylESTONE)
1ALE)
IATION (SANDSTONE)
(SHALE)
JSTONE)
\LE)
IMESTONE)
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
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L.
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specifically, the Mississippian geologic formations include Antrim
shales, Beria sandstones, Coldwater shales, Lower Marshall sandstones,
Napoleon sandstones, Michigan shales and sandstones and Bayport lime-
stones. Mississippian rocks underlie the majority of the land area of
Jackson and Lenawee Counties and the entire area of Hillsdale County,
and range in depth from 40 to 1,000 feet beneath the surface.
The youngest system of bedrock geological formations is the
Pennsylvanian system of rocks which extends across the central portion of
the lower Peninsula. Pennsylvanian rocks are also Carboniferous, and
contain the only workable coal beds found within the state. This system
is located across the northern half of Jackson County. Contained within
the Pennsylvanian system are Parma sandstones, Upper Saginaw and Lower
Saginaw Verne limestones and Woodville sandstones. Depth of this
bedrock formation ranges from 0 to 535 feet. Sandstones within this
formation are noted for excellent water-bearing qualities.
Surface Formations
The geologic history of the Region was next shaped by the movement
of glaciers. The form of the Region's surface geology influences
the general structure and texture of the terrain including the topography,
drainage, soils and vegetative conditions of the land.
The characteristics of the surface geology were formed during the
Great Ice Age or Pleistocene era, about one million years ago, when a
succession of four ice caps or continental glaciers moved southward
from the Canadian Highlands to the Ohio River, thus shaping the surface
features. Moving at a slow pace because of their immense size, the giant
glaciers scoured the surface of the land, robbing Canada and Northern
Michigan of valuable top soil and depositing it in Southern Michigan and
Central Ohio. Glaciation scraped the bedrock formations clean of all
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LL PLAINS
-' GLACIAL CHANNELS
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
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debris and worked the material to consistencies varying from very fine
clay and sand, to coarse gravel and boulders. Some of the material was
sorted while other material was simply deposited where portions of
glaciers stopped, melted and receded. The surface formations map (Plate
2) depicts the five following types of surface geological features found
within the Region: moraines, outwash and glacial channels, glacial lake
beds, eskers, and deltas.
Moraines
Glacial moraines and till plains cover extensive areas within the
Region. These features are composed of a conglomeration of materials
that are neither stratified nor sorted. The topography of moraines is
undulating with slopes varying from slight to severe, with depressions
and knobs dispersed throughout. Moraines were formed by the leading
edges of glaciers (end or terminal moraines), by the sides of glaciers
(lateral moraines), or by materials that were actually collected and
carried by glaciers. Till plains are quite similar in composition to
moraines and have flat to gently rolling topography.
Outwash Plains and Glacial Channels
Outwash plains and glacial channels were formed by the flow of
glacial meltwater across till plains and moraines. These formations
consist of sorted glacial drift deposits including boulders, gravel,
sand and clay and extend across substantial areas in Jackson and
Hillsdale Counties. Glacial channels are characterized as areas of
gravel deposition created by faster-moving waters rather than the outwash
plain formations of slower waters. Areas of glacial drainage serve
as channels for present-day surface drainage.
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Lake Bed Plains
Lake plains are evidence of the huge glacial lakes which extended
in front of the ice as far north as Adrian and later as far as Tecumseh.
Throughout the lake plains are entrenched drainage ways with steep sides
having narrow low beaches, bars and gentle swells occuring locally. The
northern and southern parts of the lake plains are composed of textured
till materials while the central part of the lake bed plain through which
the River Raisin now flows are covered by a layer of deltaic deposits.
Eskers
Eskers are narrow ridges of water-deposited sediments which traverse
moraines. Their composition is coarse in comparison to outwash plains,
making them a valuable source of washed sand and gravel. Eskers are
located in Rives, Blackman, Napoleon, Summit and Liberty Townships
within Jackson County.
River Deltas
River Deltas were formed by the action of glacial drainage, with
this geological feature being found in east central Lenawee County.
Deltaic deposits are similar to outwash deposits, consisting of gravel,
sand, silt and clay.
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TOPOGRAPHY
Plates 3, 4, and 5 show the slope characteristics of Jackson,
Hillsdale, and Lenawee Counties,respectively. These were mapped using
United States Geological Survey Quadrangles at 30 foot contours.
Slope is a measurement of the vertical change per one hundred
feet of horizontal distance. For example, a 25% slope would indicate
a vertical change of 25 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.
Steep slopes are one of the most important topographic characteris-
tics related to water quality. Not only do they control development
but they also have a very significant effect on runoff and non-point
pollution loads. It can easily be seen that the runoff quantity and
pollutant load from steeply sloped areas will be greater than for
gently sloped areas, all else being equal. Unless proper management and
controls are used, extreme sediment pollution will result from the
disturbance of steeply sloped areas.
Steeply sloped areas are a determinant of land use. These areas
are limited in their development potential because of the associated
difficulties and costs of construction. High costs are involved in the
development of steep slopes in a number of aspects:
1. Heavy surface and groundwater runoff require extensive
drainage facilities.
2. Erosion is severe and natural control measures are difficult
to maintain.
3. Soils are usually shallow resulting in bedrock close to the
surface.
4. Road construction is difficult and in severe conditions
retaining walls are required.
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5, Extensive excavation is usually required.
6. Excavation of bedrock for public sewers may be required due
to the presence of shallow soils making the installation of
septic systems very difficult.
7. Soil and rock creep may occur as the land tends to reestablish
the equilibrium that existed prior to excavation.
Generally, slope can be classified as follows:
Sljope
8%-16%
%-24%
Greater
than 24%
Descriotion
Level to
gently
sloping
Moderately
sloping
Excessive
slope
Very steep
slope
Development
C h a ra i ct e rs t u
Suitable for all
kinds of development
Limited residential
development
Very limited de-
velopment potential
Development is gen-
erally unfeasible
and uneconomical
Hajter Qual_vty_ Inipact
Low sediment runoff
Disturbed areas
result in moderate
erosion and sediment
loads
Moderate erosion
from all land; heavy
sediment loads from
disturbed areas
Heavy sediment load
from most land
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JACKSON
COUNTY
MICHIGAN
SLOPE MAP
0-8%
!6%-24%
> 24%
PLANNING COMMISSION
THE PREPARATION Of THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THROUGI
VIOED BY MEMBER UNITS OF THE REGION H PLANNING COMMISSIO
JANUARY 1971 REVISED JULY 1973
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IILLSDALE
COUNTY
MICHIGAN
SLOPE MAP
0-8%
8%-16%
!6%-24%
> 24%
ING (SIT) TiMBOO
HILLSDALE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
FEBRUARY 1974
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LENAWEE
COUNTY
MICHIGAN
R E G To N
n
SLOPE MAP
0-8%
16%-24%
> 24%
PLANNING COMMISSION
LENAWEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
FEBRUARY 1074
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SOILS
Soil Associations
Devejopment_of Soil Associatiqns_
A soil association is composed of a number of soils with the same
characteristics, thus creating a pattern large enough to be shown on a
small scale map. An association is comprised of usually two or three
major soils making up 50% to 90% of the association with minor soils
completing the association. The major soils have one characteristic
in common, such as parent material, drainage, or depth.
The soil associations used in this study were mapped by the Soil
Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The
original soil survey for Lenawee County was done in 1947 and for
Jackson and Hillsdale Counties the surveys were done in 1926.
Summary^_pjM5oULAjloclatjjws _by C_ounty_
Plate 6 is a regional map of the soil associations. There are
basically eight different associations. For practicality, the total
number of associations was reduced to these eight based upon similar
parent materials and drainage characteristics. Following is a
summary by county of the associations:
Jackson County
a) Riddles-Teasdale-Houghton Association: nearly level to roll
ing, well-drained sandy loams and nearly level, very poorly
drained organic soils.
b) Riddles-Hillsdale-Spinks Association: undulating to hilly,
well-drained sandy loams and loamy sands.
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c) Riddles-Hillsdale-Houghton Association: nearly level to hilly,
well-drained sandy loams and nearly level, very poorly drained
organic soils.
d) Riddles-Hillsdale-Napoleon Association: rolling to very steep,
sandy loams and nearly level, very poorly drained organic soils
e) Fox-Oshtemo-Houghton Association: nearly level to rolling,
well-drained sandy loams and loamy sands and nearly level,
very poorly drained organic soils.
f) Palms-Lamson-Colwood Association: nearly level, poorly and
very poorly drained organic soils and loamy soils.
Hillsdale County
a) Hillsdale-Locke-Spinks Association: moderately to strongly
sloping, well-drained sandy loams and loamy sands.
b) Miami-Conover Association: moderately sloping to nearly
level, well-drained and somewhat poorly drained loams.
c) Morley-Blount-Pewamo Association: moderately sloping to near-
ly level, well-drained to very poorly drained loams and clay
loams.
d) Blount-Pewamo-Hoytville Association: nearly level somewhat
poorly drained to very poorly drained clay loams.
e) Fox-Kalamazoo Association: nearly level to moderately sloping,
well-drained sandy loams.
f) Spinks-Brady-Gilford Association: nearly level, well-drained
to very poorly drained loamy sands and sandy loams.
g) Houghton-Gi1 ford Association: nearly level, very poorly
drained organic soils and loamy sands.
Lenawee County
a) Hillsdale-Spinks-Fox-Oshtemo-Boyer Association: rolling to
hilly, well-drained loamy sands and sandy loams.
b) Miami-Conover Association: gently rolling to rolling, well
drained and imperfectly drained loams.
c) Morley-Blount-St. Clair-Napoanee Association: undulating and
rolling soils developed from limy clay loams, silty clay loams,
and clays.
d) Blount-Pewamo-Nappanee Association: nearly level, imperfectly
and poorly drained soils developed from clay loams, silty clay
loams, and clays.
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e) Fox-Bronson-Oshtemo Association: level t.o gently rolliruj,
well-drained soils developed from sandy loam and loamy sand
overlying sand and gravel.
f) Brady-Sebewa Association: level to nearly level, poorly drained
soils developed from loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand overlying
lime sand and gravel.
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IATIONS
LOAMY SANDS AND SANDY LOAMS
'ELL DRAINED AND IMPERFECTLY DRAINED
DEVELOPED FROM LIMY CLAY LOAMS,
^^ND POORLY DRAINED SOILS DEVELOPED
LOAMS, AND CLAYS
LL DRAINED SOILS DEVELOPED FROM
) OVERLYING SAND AND GRAVEL
DRAINED SOILS DEVELOPED FROM LOAM,
3 OVERLYING LIMY SAND AND GRAVEL
CVELOPED FROM CLAY LOAMS, SILTY
CTLY AND POORLY DRAINED SOILS
OJSTRINE DEPOSITS
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
JACKaON COUNTY TOWKM UILOINO
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f
Soil Permeability
When water infiltrates the ground it is either stored in the ground-
IP, water reservoir or slowly percolated through the ground until it is
eventually discharged through springs and seeps to become surface runoff.
| Characteristics of groundwater discharge to streams are determined
_ by the permeability of the soil and rock that underlie the stream basin.
Stream basins that are underlain by permeable materials are less likely
to flood and have a high sustained flow during dry periods.
The movement of water through groundwater reservoirs is slow. The
' time span between recharge and discharge may vary by as much as a few
days to many centuries.
Plate 7 shows the infiltration rates of the soils in the Region.
^L These infiltration values are estimates of the range in time it takes
for downward movement of water in the major soil layers when they are
saturated, but allowed to drain freely. These values are provided by
the Soil Conservation service, United States Department of Agriculture.
The estimates are based on soil texture and structure, available data
on permeability and infiltration tests, and drainage observations of the
water movement through soils. On a given soil type the percolation
through the surface layers varies according to the land use and manage-
ment as well as with initial moisture content.
Below is a list of the major soils within the Region and their
corresponding infiltration rates in inches per hour.
Hillsdale 2.5 - 5.0
_ Spinks 5.0 - 10.0
Fox 2.5 - 5.0
Oshtemo 2.5 - 5.0
Boyer 2.5 - 5.0
Miami 0.8 - 2.5
I
- 19 -
-------
J RATE
;x>v PER HOUR
PER HOUR
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
JACKMON COUNTY TOWKM ulLdllMO
-------
Conover 0.6 - 2.0
Morley 0.8 - 2.5
Blount 0.8 - 2.5
St. Clair 0.8 - 2.5
Nappanee 0.8 - 2.5
Pewamo 0.8 - 2.5
Bronson 2.5 - 5.0
Brady 2.5 - 5.0
Sebewa 2.5 - 5.0
Hoytville 0.1 - 0.2
Macomb 0.8 - 2.5
Berville 0.8 - 2.5
Rimer 2.5 - 5.0
Wauseon 2.5 - 5.0
Colwood 0.8 - 2.5
Locke
Kalamazoo
Gilford
Houghton 5.0 - 10.0
Riddles
Teasdale
Napoleon
Palms 5.0 - 10.0
Lamson
Soil Erodibility
Areas having highly erodible soils require special consideration in
water quality management planning. If these soils exist on a steep slope,
they become extremely important. Much more care and thought in regard to
sediment and erosion problems must be used if development is to occur in
these areas.
Soil credibility is a function of texture, slope, vegetative cover,
precipitation, permeability, organic content, and other factors. Plate 8
shows a regional map of soil credibility. The preparation of this map
was based primarily on soil texture and structure.
The soil credibility rating (K factor) is one of five factors used
to create the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The primary use of this
equation is to estimate the amount of soil that will be lost from a site
21 -
-------
"in tons per acre per year.
Soil Loss = KRLSCP
(K) = soil credibility factor
(R) = rainfall factor
(LS) = slope length and steepness
(C) = vegetative cover
(P) - conservation practices
The K factor is a numerical value assigned to each particular soil
type and is determined through laboratory measurements.
The rainfall factor is the average annual rainfall erosion index
which is a measure of the erosive force of rainfall.
The slope length and steepness are actually two separate factors
which are very closely interrelated and have been combined into one
value.
L = the slope length factor
S = the slope - gradient factor
The vegetative cover (C) is a ratio of soil loss from land cropped
or developed under specific conditions. The value of C increases as the
soil becomes more disturbed during agricultural or development operations.
The P factor is concerned with such practices as strip cropping,
crop rotations, tillage, etc.
Following is a list of soils in the region and their corresponding
K values as designated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
under Michigan's Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1972:
Hillsdale .24
Spinks .15
Fox .32
Oshtemo .20
Boyer .17
Miami .32
Conover .32
Morley .43
Blount .43
St. Clair .37
Nappanee .43
Pewamo*
- 22 -
-------
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
-------
Bronson .17
Brady .20
Sebewd*
Hoytville*
Macomb .28
Berville*
Rimer .17
Wauseon*
Col wood*
Locke .24
Kalamazoo .32
Gilford*
Houghton*
Riddles .32
Teasdale .28
Napoleon*
Palms*
Lamson*
Indicates organic soils
These values were combined by association to form the map shown
in Plate 8. A K value of less than 0.23 indicates low credibility,
0.24 to 0.36 is moderate credibility, and greater than 0.36 is high
credibility.
Soils Suitable for Waste Disposal
Land disposal of wastes is becoming more popular as an alternative
to stream discharge. This is, basically, because of the environmental
and economic benefits which may be derived. There are three separate
categories of land disposal of wastes: spray irrigation of treated
municipal or industrial liquid wastes; land disposal of municipal or
industrial sludge; and on-lot disposal utilizing septic tanks, soil
absorption fields and other adaptations. On-lot disposal is used ex-
tensively in rural areas and is presently being phased out of use in
urban areas.
There are a number of benefits to be achieved through the use of
- 24 -
-------
land disposal of wastes. A popular example is the use of sludge disposal
on agricultural lands to reduce the need for inorganic fertilisers and
to add organic material to the soil. Not all areas are suited for land
disposal of wastes due to variations in geology, soils, and topography.
Plate 9 shows the suitability of the Region's soils for on-lot
disposal of wastes. This map represents the generalized suitability of each
soil association for waste disposal and is not site-specific. The
major soil features used to define a particular soil suitability for on-lot
disposal are: soil permeability, percolation rate, general slope ten-
dencies, groundwater level, depth to bedrock, and flooding hazard. A
groundwater level that rises periodically to the sewage system height or
remains there will not allow the system to function properly. This is
very typical of poorly drained soils. A high water table will frequently
force the sewage effluent to the surface. In very sandy soil, or cracked
or creviced bedrock near the surface, the effluent may seeo down and
contaminate the shallow water supplies. The layout and construction of
filter fields is often difficult and even impractical in soils with slopes
of 10% or more.
As can be noted from Plate 9, there are three degrees of on-lot
suitabil ity:
1. Slight - relatively free of limitations or limitations are
easily overcome.
2. Moderate - limitations need to be recognized, but can be
overcome with good management and careful design.
3. Severe - limitations are severe enough to make use questionable.
Following is a list of soils in the Region and their suitability limitation
for on-lot disposal :
-------
Slight Moderate
Hillsdale Miami
Spinks Brady
Fox Riddles
Oshtemo
Boyer
Bronson
Locke
Kalamazoo
Gilford
Severe
Conover
Morley
Blount
St. Clair
Nappanee
Pewatno
Sebewa
Hoytville
Macomb
Bervil le
Rimer
Wauseon
Colwood
Teasdale
Houghton
Palms
Lamson
Napoleon
- 26 -
-------
ONS FOR
L SYSTEMS
ATE
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
HEQlQN II PLANNING COMMISSION
L __ J^LL^S PALE. /* £^SL_!- ^^g
-------
HYDROIOGY
The Hydro Ionic Cycle
Hater continually moves from the atmosphere to earth and back
again to the atmosphere. This cyclical movement by various paths is
called the hydrologic cycle.
Upon reaching the earth's surface, precipitation may follow one of
several routes before returning to the atmosphere. It may run off as
direct surface flow to a stream or lake, some may be evaporated directly
from the land surface, and the remainder will infiltrate to the underlying
soil and rock materials. A portion of the infiltrating precipitation will
be evapotranspired and a portion will be taken up in solid voids as soil
moisture. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid
to a gas. Transpiration is the process by which plants give off water vapor
during synthesis of plant tissue. Evapotranspiration is the total evaporation
from all sources such as free water, ground, and plant-leaf surfaces.
Figure 1 is an illustration of the hydrologic cycle. Two components of
the hydrologic cycle which are of vital importance to Areawide Waste Treat-
ment Management Planning are surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology.
The following sections discuss each of these components.
Surface Water Hydrology
Hydrology is a study of the quantity and movement of water. This
is very important in determining the quality of water in a number of
respects:
1. The assimilative capacity of a stream is very definitely in-
- 28 -
-------
HYDROLOGIC CYCL
GROUNDWATER FLOW
FIGURE 1
-------
fluenced by the receiving water quantity. For example, a
stream with a higher flow will be able to accept greater
wastewater discharges without creating adverse conditions
than will a lower flow stream.
2. The variation of stream flow over time determines how fast
pollutants will be flushed out of the stream.
3. High stream flows will contribute to non-point pollution by
bank erosion (sediment) and scouring of the bottom organic
deposits (benthic material).
4. The availability of water for water supplies is an important
determinant of wastewater discharge volumes. For example,
dischargers may recycle and reuse wastewater, thereby decreasing
pollutant loads to streams.
5. The availability of water for municipal and industrial supplies
directly affects development which in turn helps determine
future location of point and non-point discharges.
6. Water quantity related aspects, such as flood plains, can
be termed environmentally sensitive areas and must be considered
in developing water quality management plans.
The characteristics of surface water hydrology which are significant
in areawide waste treatment management planning are:
Drainage Basins
Annual Runoff
Seasonal Variation of Flow
Low Flow Characteristics
Regional Flood Magnitudes
Mean Annual Flow
Effects of Man
These items will be discussed below.
HraJ naJ3e_J^asijls
Plate 10 shows the five major drainage basins within the Region.
These basins were mapped using United States Geological Survey Quadrangles
and information available from their office in Okemos, Michigan. The five
major rivers are: Grand River, Kalamazoo River, River Raisin, St. Joseph
River, and St. Joseph of the Maumee River. As can be noted by the mao,
the headwaters of all five major rivers are contained within the Region.
This is one reason that the water quality in this Region is so important;
- 30 -
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Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
PEBIOrj II PLANNING COMMISSION
JACKBOM, Ht 1C Hid AIM 4BBO1
-------
it has a direct effect on all the Regions surrounding us.
All of the water in our Region will flow to either Lake Erie or Lake
Michigan. The Grand River, Kalamazoo River, and St. Joseph River flow
to Lake Michigan. The River Raisin and St. Joseph of the Maumee River
flow to Lake Erie. The drainage basins for all five Rivers begin in the
northeast quarter of Hillsdale County.
Annual Runoff
That portion of precipitation which reaches a stream and has not
been trapped in ground storage or evapotranspired into the atmosphere
is called runoff. Runoff can be classified into one of three categories
dependent on the path taken to a stream: surface runoff, subsurface
runoff, or groundwater flow.
Surface runoff moves across the land until it comes to a stream
at which point it becomes stream flow. After joining the stream flow,
it combines with the other components of the stream to become total
runoff.
Subsurface flow infiltrates only the upper soil layers without
joining the main groundwater body. Moving laterally, it may continue
underground until it reaches a stream or returns to the surface and
continues as overland flow. It is commonly assumed that subsurface
flow reaches a stream during or shortly after a storm but the time
involved is largely dependent on the geology of the area.
Groundwater flow is that flow supplied by deep percolation and this
flow requires long periods, sometimes several years, to reach a stream.
Groundwater flow is responsible for the dry weather flow of streams and
remains practically constant during a storm.
- 32 -
-------
There are a large number of factors that comprise The complex
problem of trying to accurately determine runoff. Thorp are two major
groups of factors affecting runoff: climatic characteristics and
drainage basin characteristics. A list of these factors in outline
form follows:
1. Climatic Characteristics
a. Precipitation - form (rain, hail, snow, frost, dew),
intensity, duration, time distribution, areal dis-
tribution, recurrence interval, antecedent precipita-
tion, soil moisture, direction of storm movement.
b. Temperature - variation, snow storage, frozen ground
during storms, extremes during precipitation.
c. Wind - velocity, direction, duration
d. Humidity
e. Atmospheric pressure
f. Solar radiation
2. Drainage Basin Characteristics
a. Topography - size, shape, slope, elevation, drainage net,
general location, land use and cover, lakes and other
bodies of water, artificial drainage, orientation, chan-
nels (size, shape of cross section, slope, roughness,
length).
b. Geology - soil type, permeability, groundwater formation,
stratification.
The average annual runoff for the region is between 8 and 10 inches.
This was compiled by the United States Geological Survey Water Resources
Division and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources for a period
of 1951 through 1960. The average annual precipitation is between 31
and 35 inches, for a period from 1931 through 1960.
Hydro1ggi c Data
Shown in Table 0 is a list of the available United States Geological
Survey (USGS) gaging records for Region II streams and the corresponding
-------
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-------
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- 37 -
-------
CTi ,
-------
periods of record. The gaging records are of two typos, flip first are
continuous records of flow which yield average daily I lows lor the
entire period of record. The second type of gages are parlial rr< onl
ing gages which yield the peak flow rate for single events.
To predict the evaporated flows at a given site, it is necessary to
study the long-term variations of streamflow, as measured by a continuous
record of flow, for sites with similar hydrologic characteristics. As
listed in Table 0 there are only seven sites which have had continuous
streamflow gages. Two of these have relatively short periods of
record. Thus, the following are the only streams with long-term contin-
uous records:
Hog Creek
Grand River
River Raisin at Adrian
River Raisin at Tecumseh
Bean Creek
Because of the lack of continuous stream flow records for many of
the smaller watersheds within the study area, it will be necessary to
use available records for gaged streams outside Region II. Using the
available streamflow records for watersheds in and adjacent to Reqiori II
and their associated hydrologic characteristics for each, it is possible
to estimate the stream discharge for extreme and average flow conditions
for any watershed within the Region.
Seasonal VarjaJJon of Flow
The study of a stream's time-varying flow pattern can allow insight
into factors important in water quality management, such as low flow
response, groundwater recharge and travel time. Figure 2 represents the
average monthly flow for four major streams in the Region. Two of the
streams presented, St. Joseph River at Three Rivers and Kalamazoo River
-------
CO CO h-
=5 <
O CD I
IS)
CO
\ I I I ~f~ t~*
-------
STREAM FLOW
-------
at Battle Creek, do not havo gagino stations within the Region. Ihr-.r
streams were included l.o demonstrate the similarities in I he seasonal
variation of flow of the Region's streams. Figure '/> show, thai t he
high flow tends to occur during the months of March and April and low
flow occurs during August and September. The average monthly flows
shown in Figure 2 include a period of record of at least nine years.
It should be noted that these are unregulated flows and records were
not used when there was enough regulation to distort natural stream
flows as, for example, when large lakes just above the gage act as a
regulating body or when the surface and groundwater divides.
Drought Flow
In determining the waste assimilative capacity of a stream durinu
extreme flows, it is necessary to quantify the stream flow during drought
conditions. These drought flows are generally expressed as the lowest
average seven-day flow to be expected during a 10-year period.
These 7 day, 10 year low flows have been determined for gaging
station locations with long periods of record. The low flow for any other
location may then be estimated by area ratioing the drainage area at the
gaging station to the drainage area at the point desired. Table 1 presents
the 7 day, 10 year low flow at the discharge location of several municioal
treatment plants as determined by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
-------
Municipality
Adrian WWTP
Blissfield WWTP
Brooklyn WWTP
Clinton WWTP
Deerfield WWTP
Hillsdale WWTP
Jonesville WWTP
Onsted WWTP
Rollin-Woodstock Sanitary
Dist.
Spring Arbor WWTP
(College)
Tecumseh WWTP
Waldron WWTP
TABI[ 1
DROUGHT HOWS
7 Dciy, 10 Year
Low ("low
8.85 cfs
34
2.7
12
35
9
9
cfs
cfs
cfs
cfs
cfs
cfs
1.3 - 2.0 cfs
2.7 cfs
0
15
0
cfs
cfs
cfs
SI ream
South Branch River Raisin
River Raisin
River Raisin via Goose Creek
River Raisin
River Raisin
St. Joseph River
St. Joseoh River
Wolf Creek
Bean Creek - Maurnee River
Kalainazoo River
River Raisin
Maumee River
R.?9Jonal _Flqqd Magnitudes and Mean Annual Flow
A knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of floods is necessary for
structural and economic design of wastewater control structures in and across
stream channels or encroaching on flood plains. This section presents a
method for determining the flood magnitudes and mean annual flow for any
stream in Region II.
The data presented in this section were taken from a United States Geolog-
ical Survey (USGS) study for streams in southeastern Michigan. Available
long-term streamflow records for southern Michigan, northern Indiana and northern
Ohio were used to define the relationships presented in the USGS report. The
resulting relationships can be used to define a flood-frequency curve
for any site in southeastern Michigan.
The USGS report covered all of Lenawee and Jackson Counties but
did not include Hillsdale County. Based on a knowledge of the Region II
hydrologic factors (slope, soil type, etc.), the relationships developed
for Lenawee and Jackson Counties were extrapolated to include Hillsdale
County.
- 46 -
-------
The composite frequency curve for Region II consist.s of t.wo
major parts. The first expresses the relation of the mean annual flood
to floods having recurrence intervals of 1.1 to 50 years. This
relationship is shown in Figure 3 for the three homogeneous regions
(based largely on slope) within the study area. Figure 4 is a map
showing the boundaries of each of these three regions. The second
part defines the mean annual flood for any area in Region II. This
relationship between the size of the drainage basin and the magnitude
of the mean annual flood is shown in Figure 5. This relationship is
dependent on surface geology and soils rather than slope. Thus, the
study area was divided into the three regions with homogenous surface
geology and soils shown in Figure 6.
Using the relationship presented above, a complete frequency curve
of annual floods for any site in Region II can be developed. The
frequency curve derived in this manner is a better indication of the
frequency of future floods at the site than a curve obtained from
streamflow records at the site alone. The relationships presented
here were extended to the limits warranted by the base data. Thus,
further extensions may be considerably in error.
The following is a procedure for computing the flood frequency curves
for any site in Region II:
1. Determine the drainage area in square miles above the selected
site.
2. Determine from Figure 6 the hydrologic area in which the site is
located.
3. Determine the mean annual flood for the site from the appropriate
curve in Figure 5.
4. Determine the flood-frequency region in which the site is
located from Figure 4.
5. Determine the ratio to mean annual flood for the flood of the
selected recurrence interval from the appropriate curve in Figure 3.
- 47 -
-------
6. Multiply the rat.io to moan annual flood (stop b) by l.ho mron
annual flood (step 3) to obtain the do*, km-flood murjri i tudc.
7. Repeat step 5 and 6 for the range of recurrence intervals
desired.
As an example of the above procedure, assume that a 30-year flood
magnitude for the South Branch of the River Raisin at a site upstream from
Adrian is desired. The drainage area as determined from the hydrologic
subdivision map is found to be 50 square miles. From Figure 6, the
site is in hydrologic area 2. From Figure 5, the mean annual flood is
180 cfs (cubic feet per record). From Figure 4, the site is in flood
frequency region A. From Figure 3, the ratio of the 30-year flood is
2.55 x 180 cfs = 459 cfs. The reverse procedure is used to determine
the frequency of a flood of known discharge at the given site.
Plate 11 depicts flood prone areas for the Region. Areas shown
are subject to flooding based on a 100-year frequency storm event, or,
in some cases, more frequently. These areas were developed based on
(1) available U.S. Geological Survey data describing flood prone areas,
(2) HUD Federal Insurance Administration Flood Hazard Boundary Maps, and
(3) Soil Conservation Service soil survey mapping which indicated the
presence of alluvial soils. In addition to the areas described as
flood prone, areas having highly organic or wet soils may also be
considered as highly susceptible to periodic flooding.
- 48 -
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AREAS
- SERVICE
BOUNDARY MAP,
JD URBAN DEVELOPMENT
RVEY
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
L.
-------
COMPOSITE FREQUENCY CURVKS FOR F1DOD.S IN RllllONf, A, H, AND C
uean Qi aBjmpsTQ 30
FIGURE 3
-------
I M i ICL '
A oh , wU-r-p£*. I
__ a j u ~fc I bNbiowi
-------
100,000
4J
u
H
r
I
50,000
20,000
10,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
500
200
100
20
VARIATION OF MEAN ANNUAL FLOOD WITH DRAINAGE AREA IN
1IYDROLOGIC AREAS 1-3
50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000
Drainage Area, In Square Miles
FIGURE 5
-------
>tV---f--r^i^~^--
-------
Effects of Man
Man's activities have sionificant effects on surface water hydrology.
Man is capable of increasinq or decreasing stream flow to such an extent
that often serious ecological, water quality and/or water supply
consequences may result. Below is a summarization of stream flow
response to some of man's activities.
ACTIVITY
Sewerage Practices -
Septic Tanks
Treatment Plant Discharge
Infiltration/Inflow
Water Supply -
Dams, Reservoirs
Importation of Water
Groundwater & Pumping
Development Related Activities
Urbanization
Channel Modifications
Mining Practices -
STREAM RESPONSE
Recharges groundwater which results in more
base flow to stream.
Increases stream flow
During high groundwater conditions, infil-
tration can cause groundwater table to
lower somewhat; also infiltration/inflow
overflows can add to stream flow. During
low groundwater conditions, exfiltration of
sewage may recharge groundwater which in-
creases base flow; this base flow increase1
is offset by the decrease in treatment
plant discharge.
Stores surface water which tends to reduce
peak flows and increase low flows.
Increase water resource in receiving water-
shed at the expense of decreased resources
in the supply watershed.
Decreases groundwater which effects stream
flow. In some cases, exfiltration from
stream to groundwater may occur.
Increases peak flows; may cause lower flows
during dry periods.
Channel straightening, brush control, dredging,
etc., will change travel times, usually result-
ing in quicker flush, greater peak flows.
Although peak flows may increase, flooding may
decrease due to better hydraulic efficiency.
Mine pumping alters natural qroundwater/surface
water relationships.
- 54 -
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G_rpundwajter
Groundwater is defined as that water which occurs beneath the land
surface in saturated soil and rock materials, the upper surface of which
is called the water table. While it is a significant component of
hydrologic systems, its occurrence and movement have largely been
misunderstood in the past. It has therefore often been neglected or
taken for granted and too few people realize the importance of ground-
water as a water supply source, as the major contributor to streamflow
and as an important control on the natural water quality of a stream.
An estimated 97% of the world's fresh water exists as groundwater
while the remaining 3% occurs as surface water in rivers and lakes. This
enormous reservoir is nonetheless highly susceptible to water quality
degradation, since groundwater moves very slowly, mixes very little,
contains only small amounts of dissolved oxygen, and is therefore less
able to dilute pollutants than is surface water.
Groundwater quality varies by location, depending upon the chemical
nature of the rocks and soils within which it occurs and moves and on
the man-related chemical and biological pollution sources it encounters.
The basic mechanisms controlling the occurrence and movement of ground-
water must be understood before the groundwater resources of the Region
can be adequately managed.
This portion of Appendix I summarizes components of groundwater
movement, availability, and quality. Appendix VIII, to be produced at
a later date, will present a more detailed analysis of groundwater
availability for water supplies and also an assessment of groundwater
qua!ity problems.
- 55 -
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Groundwater Movement
The occurrence and movement ot groundwater is controlled by cjeoloqh
and hydrologic factors. Geologic factors provide the framework of the
groundwater environment, and are related to the physical characteristics
of earth materials which, in turn, determine the size and distribution
of pore spaces and fractures through which groundwater moves. Hydrologic
factors are related to the movement of groundwater into, through and out
of (recharge, groundwater flow, and discharge, respectively) this geologic
framework, and can be characterized by general principles of flow which
can be applied to all rock types.
Recharge
Flow
Discharge
Precipitation is source of all natural aroundwater
recharge
Recharge function of rainfall (intensity, duration,
frequency), infiltration capacity, vegetative cover,
temperature and land use.
When precipitation exceeds infiltration capacity,
runoff rather than recharge occurs.
Quantity of groundwater flow is a function of
permeability, groundwater gradient and cross sectional
area through which groundwater flows.
Permeability dependent on geologic properties of
rock and degree of fracturing.
Fracture permeability controls majority of
groundwater flow.
Normally, a groundwater flow system is present
for every topographic drainage basin with a
discharge zone occurring at the stream draining
the basin; recharge zone normally occurs in the
basin uplands.
Groundwater discharge zones occur naturally as
streams, springs, lakes and wetlands.
Man-induced discharge points include wells, excavation
pumpage and sewer infiltration.
Management of water quality at discharge zones means
protection and management of recharge zone and ground-
water flow system.
Natural groundwater discharge equals natural recharge
(during year of average precipitation) unless changes
made by man. Man-induced discharge may alter ground-
water flow system, cause induced infiltration from
stream to groundwater or dry up wells.
- 56 -
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Groundwater Availability
Groundwater nccurs in pnen snacns in rocks, such as solution channels,
fissures or voids. All rocks that have ooen spaces are caoable of stronn
water, but not all yield water to wells. Sopie rocks, such as clay and
shale, have high norosity and can store large quantities of water. Hrcause
the spaces are extrencly small, however, these rocks do not readily
transmit or yield water. Rocks that have many large inter-connected
open spaces, such as sand and gravel, sandstone, and some limestones,
yield water readily and are called aquifers. Good aquifers in the Region
occur in the cjlacial deposits and bedrock and are important sources of
water supply.
Principal sources of public groundwater SUDD lies in the Men ion art1
the Marshall bedrock formation in Jackson County and glacial drift in
I enawee and Ilillsdale Counties. A few communities within the '^eqiori
utilize surface water for public supplies. The approximate dot>th to
the base of groundwater supplies throughout most of the Region is 400
feet, according to li.S.G.S. Reports. The U. S. Geological Survey has
determined the general availability of groundwater from both glacial
drift and bedrock, as depicted in Plate 12 and Plate 13.
Water In Bedrock
The Marshall formation is a productive aquifer in the southern nart
of Michigan's Lower Peninsula and is tapped by several cities for v/ater
supply. The Marshall is mostly sandstone, but contains some shale.
Throughout most of the formation, wells in bedrock which are ten inches
or more in diameter will yield more than 500 gallons oer minute (G.P.M.).
The area underlain by most nrcductive F'arsh^ll formation is that of central
Jackson County, '..'ater from the flershaH is generally of good chenical
quality, but very hard.
-------
/AILABILITY
'EAS WELLS IN GLACIAL DEPOSITS
REAS WELLS 6 INCHES OR MORE
"S WILL YIELD FROM 10 TO 100 GPM
WELLS 8 INCHES OR MORE
TS WILL YIELD 100 TO 500 GPM
REAS WELLS 10 INCHES OR MORE
'S WILL YIELD MORE THAN 500
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
JABK*ON COUNTY TOWKM MUILDINB
-------
VAILABILITY AND
ROCK DEPOSITS
REAS WELLS IN BEDROCK WILL
AREAS WELLS IN BEDROCK 6 INCHES
:LD FROM 10 TO 100 GPM
r\REAS WELLS IN BEDROCK 8 INCHES
ILD FROM 100 TO 500 GPM
3EAS WELLS IN BEDROCK 10 INCHES
LD MORE THAN 500 GPM
REAS WELLS IN BEDROCK WILL
iLY MINERALIZED FOR DOMESTIC
SOLIDS CONTENT OF MORE
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
.IACKIOM counrrv TOWIM BUILDINB
-------
Portions of the Marshall forma Lion with lower qroundwa tor dv.i i lah i I i I y
surround the central part of Jackson County and extend into northern
Hillsdale County. Throughout most of these areas wells in bedrock 8 inches
or more in diameter will yield from 100 to 500 gallons per minute. Similar
yields of groundwater may be found along the Jackson County - Inqham County
boundary in the Saginaw formation and in eastern Lenawee County in the
Antrim shales and Traverse limestones.
The U.S.G.S. has also identified areas having yields of 10 to 100
gallons per minute from wells of 6 inches or more in diameter. These
areas are located in a band extending across northern Jackson County and
across central and northern Hillsdale County. Bedrock formations
producing groundwater in these areas include the Coldwater shales and
Saginaw 1imestones.
Areas having the lowest groundwater productivity from bedrock are
located across southern Hillsdale County and across much of Lenawee
County. Throughout most of these areas wells will yield less than 10
gallons per minute. These bedrock formations include coldwater shales,
Berea sandstones and Antrim shales.
Berea sandstones, Antrim shales and Traverse limestones, all of
which are located in eastern Lenawee County, produce water that is too
highly mineralized for domestic or public supplies, having dissolved
solids content of more than 1000 ppm (parts per million).
Water In Glacial Deposits
Outwash is the most significant aquifer in the glacial deposits.
Outwash, which is generally composed of beds or lenses of well-sorted
sand and gravel, provides storage for large quantities of water. The
most productive formations are located in eastern Jackson County and in
Cambridge and Rome Townships in Lenawee County, where outwash deposits
- 60 -
-------
and glacial moraines will yield more l.han bOO
-------
Designated Uses of Receiving Waters
The passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, P.L. 92-500, brought about the need for a major review and
revision of the state's prior Water Quality Standards. Section 303 of
the Act required that the State adopt interstate water quality standards.
The State revised its standards into the form of rules and regulations
which more closely coincide with the requirements of P.L. 92-500. These
revised standards were accepted by the EPA in 1973.
The purpose of these general rules of Water Resources Commission
covering Water Quality Standards reads:
"It is the purpose of the water quality standards as prescribed
by these rules to establish water quality requirements applicable
to the Great Lakes, their connecting waterways and all other surface
waters of the state, which shall protect the public health and
welfare, enhance and maintain the quality of water, serve the pur-
poses of United States Public Law 92-500 and the commission act;
and which shall protect the quality of waters for recreational
purposes, public and industrial water supplies, agriculture uses,
navigation and propagation of fish, other aquatic life and wildlife."
These rules also establish the following:
1. Definitions of each of the designated uses.
2. Definition of the water quality standards which apply to
each designated use.
3. Designated uses for all state surface waters.
Application of these rules to the surface waters of Region II yields
the following general designated uses:
1. All lakes are protected for total body contact recreation
2. All streams and impoundments are protected for:
warmwater fish
partial body contact recreation
agricultural uses
industrial water supply
navigation
public water supply (at the point of intake)
- 62 -
-------
In addition to these minimum standards, the following surface water1
are further protected:
1. All surface waters of the Maumee River Basin (including
the St. Joseph River of the Maumee) - total body contact
recreation.
2. The Lake LeeAnn impoundment - total body contact recreation.
3. Portions of the St. Joseph River near l.itchfield - total body
contact.
4. Portions of Sandstone Creek and its tributaries - coldwater
fish.
5. Portions of the North Branch of the Kalamazoo River - coldwater
fish.
Plate 14 illustrates the locations of these surface waters which
are protected beyond the minimum standards.
Several broad categories of designated uses are referred to in the
rules. The following is a brief explanation of these uses:
Public or Municipal Water Supply
A surface raw water source which, after conventional treatment,
will provide a safe, clear, potable and aesthetically pleasing water for
uses which include, but are not limited to, human consumption, food
processing and cooking and as a liquid ingredient in foods and beverages.
!JLcLLl:itri_al
A water source not protected for public water supply and intended
for use in commercial or industrial applications and noncontact food
processing.
!°laJ Body Cojrtact
An activity where the human body may come intr direct contact with
water to the point of complete submergence including, but not limited
to, activities such as swimming, water skiing and skin diving.
- 63 -
-------
Partial Bpdy_Contact Recreation
This is the water source which is intended for uses where the human
body may come into direct contact with the water, but not normally to
the point of complete submergence. In addition, this water is not likely
to be ingested nor will critical organs such as the eyes, ears and nose
normally be exposed to the water.
Cold Wat er_Fjsh
Those fish species whose populations thrive in relatively cold
water, including, but not limited to trout, salmon, white fish and cisco.
Warm Water Fish
Those fish species whose populations thrive in relatively warm
water, including, but not limited to bass, pike, walleye and panfish.
Agricultural J/Jater JJse
The use of water for agricultural purposes, including, but. not
limited to,livestock watering, irrigation and crop spraying.
Although all surface waters of the Region are currently designated
for municipal water supply, there are currently only three public water
supplies using surface water. These three public water supplies,as located
in Plate 14,are for Adrian, Blissfield, and Deerfield. The raw water
supplies for these three municipalities are considered potentially unsafe.
The three water supplies, serving a total population of 24,000 people,
are located in the lake bed region of eastern Lenawee County. The area,
as previously presented, has a minimal potential for development of ground-
water supplies. Public water supply for the remaining population of the
Region is entirely from groundwater.
- 64 -
-------
I
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>UT
\L BODY CONTACT
rED FOR; RECREATION - PARTIAL BODY
lASS, PIKE, ETC), AGRICULTURAL USES,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY (AT THE POINT
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REOIOIM II PLAIMIMIMC COMMISSION
-------
CLIMATE
A summary of the climatologic data to be used in developing the
Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan is presented in the following
sections. These climatologic data include available records of historical
precipitation, temperature and evaporation.
Precipi tation
Estimates of expected precipitation are necessary to predict the "clean
water" input to the regional hydrologic cycle. These rainfall predictions
were based on National Weather Service records for stations in and
adjacent to the Region.
The National Weather Service maintains records for three precipitation
gages within Region II. The Jackson station has an hourly recording qage.
Gages at Hillsdale and Adrian record daily precipitation amounts. Table 2
presents the average monthly precipitation values for each of these three
stations. These data show that Hillsdale consistently receives the
highest average monthly precipitation while Jackson consistently receives
the lowest. The total average annual precipitation at Hillsdale is
36.76 inches, at Jackson it is 30.35 inches, while at Adrian it is 32.98
inches. A yearly average unmelted snowfall of approximately 40 inches
is included in these precipitation measurements as a melted depth.
In order to determine the probability of a given rainfall event at
a specific location, it is necessary to analyze a long-term record of
rainfall. As records for stations within the Region do not cover a
sufficiently long period of time, it is necessary to use the rainfall
frequency relationship developed for stations adjacent to the study area.
Rainfall probability relationships have been developed by the National
- 66
-------
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Detroit, Michigan 1903-1949
tipt
tort --
10 o
iftO
East Lansinq, Michinan 1910 - 1951
_L_:::.T:j.niTU i
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Fort Wayne, Indiana 1911 - 1951
rTTrr"'
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Toledo, Ohio 1903 - 1950
.:_rj..u-rn
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<0 15 2'1 >O
FIGURE 7
-------
Weather Service for several local ions outside Km) ion II. Itir'.e d
-------
of approximately 71" ! while January is the coldesl. morit.h with an average
temperature of approximately 24" F.
There is a slight tempering effect of the lakes on the regional
climate due to the winds crossing the Great Lakes. The average frost
free season extends from May 5 to October 10. During winter, temperatures
at the Adrian gage reach zero or lower on an average of four days; about
one out of five winters experience no readings as low as zero. At the
other extreme, 100° F or higher is recorded in one summer out of two, and
the days with 90° F or above average 32 per summer.
Evaporation
The design of water retention and wastewater treatment facilities
requires a reasonable estimate of the amount of evaporation that can be
expected at the design location.
Evaporation data presented here are for Class "A" evaporation pans.
Differences in evaporation that would occur from a small pan and from a
large body of water are expressed as a pan coefficient. The average pan
coefficient for the region has been found to be approximately 0.70. Pan
evaporation rates as presented here must be multiplied by the pan coefficient
to determine evaporation rates for large bodies of water.
The National Weather Service (NWS) maintains three evaporation stations
in lower Michigan. These stations are located at South Haven, Dearborn,
and East Lansing. The pan evaporation at East Lansing averages are
5 to 10 percent lower than that at South Haven and Dearborn. The pan
evaporation rates at East Lansing were judged to be the most representative
of that for Region II because both are located outside the immediate
influence of the Great Lakes.
- 70 -
-------
The Last Lansing gage has a 21 year period ol record. Due to lroc,l
interference, pan evaporation measurements art1 made only lor (he monl.hs
of May through October with occasional measurements during April.
Table 4 presents the monthly average evaporation amounts in inches
for the entire period of record. The monthly totals have been adjusted
to reflect the inclusion of estimated evaporation during days for which
data were missing. This data demonstrates that an average total pan
evaporation of approximately 38.53 inches can be expected for April
through October. This converts to a lake evaporation of approximately
27 inches for the same period. The total average precipitation recorded
at the East Lansing station for the April through October season was
19.70 inches. Thus, the ratio of lake evaporation to precipitation for
April through October is 1.37. Table 4 also illustrates that the monthly
average evaporation rates continually increase until the peak evaporation
month of July. From July through October the average monthly evaporation
rates continually decrease.
- 71 -
-------
Exp. Farm
Hort Farm
3 SE
TABLE 4
EAST LANSING - FVAPORATION (Inches)
Year
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
(1957)
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Years
Recorded
Average
April
6.02
3.48
3.25
5.20B
3.77B
4.84
4.09
3.52
2.81B
4.60
4.21B
5.33
12
4.26
May
7.83
6.53B
6.13
5.79
5.04
6.12
6.27
5.69B
5.78B
(5.00B)
8.11
6.31
4.64
6.63B
6.90
5.35
6.88
6.80
5.82
6.28
4.89
5.74B
5.49
6.92
5.90
4.06
4.63
6.41
27
6.03
June
8.61
7.75
5.25
8.71
7.76
6.66B
7.74B
7.45
5.84
(6.77)
6.62
8.16
6.82
6.90
7.21
6.95
7. SOB
7.52
6.93B
6.57
5.67B
6.02
5.97B
7.68
5.47
6.52
6.04
6.47
27
6.93
July
7.99B
7.09
8.47B
8.25
7.10
7.89B
7.12
7.84B
(7.74B)
6.65
7.89
6.60
6.96
7.56
7.44
9.21
7.75
6.83
7.89
5.89B
7.50
6.83
7.11
8.59
7.83
2b
7.51
August
6.47
6.64
5.76
6.66
7.17
6.03
7.28B
5.76
6.26
(6.59)
7.01
5.87
5.61
5.34
6.76
5.63
6.28
6.18
6.13B
6.76B
6.27
6.73
6.75
6.80
4.67
6.19
6.53
5.24B
27
6.25
Seasonal Average = 38.53 inches
Sept ember October
4.89
3.99B
79
84
23B
4.87
5,
5.
3.
(3.
4.
4.
89
61B
60
99)
15
93
4.60
14
83
86
34
85
30
56
00
4.44
3.57
4.28
3.68
5.54
4.60
3.04
27
4.46
4. OOB
3.19
2.95
4.06B
3.94
2.52B
3.48
4.7?
2.85B
(2.74)
3.61
2.28
2.97
2.64B
2.60B
3.93
2.61
2.51
3.72
2. SOB
2.85
2.45
2.28
2.72
2. 3HB
2.96
3.25
3.25
27
3.09
B - Adjusted to full month
() - Not used in averages
- 72 -
-------
Gf TAT I ON AND Mil HI
Natural environmental effects on water quality are many and perhaps
the most important natural positive effect comes from forested areas.
Woodlands act as a moderator to the environment; trees help prevent soil
loss through extensive root systems which hold soils in place. Fallen
leaves, on becoming humus, enter the soil and increase its permeability.
This process prevents major runoff from heavy rainfalls and thus deters
soil erosion. Increased permeability of the soil also helps to increase
groundwater storage. Forests can account for significant amounts of
evapotranspiration , reducing base flow recharge to streams.
Woodlands are the second largest use of land in the Region, occupying
nearly 230,000 acres. Agricultural activities have reduced the amount of
original forested land. As a result, most of the woodlots in the Region
are scattered land areas not suitable for croplands due to steep slopes
or poor drainage.
Within the Region, the variety and quality of trees range between
mixed hardwoods which are located in areas having dry soils and are easy
to manage and have good quality, to swamp hardwoods of the ash - soft maple
variety which are located in areas having poor drainage and are difficult
to manage and have only fair quality.
Wetlands serve as surface water reservoirs, groundwater aquifer
recharge areas and aquatic and terrestrial wildlife habitats. Wetlands
are scattered irregularly across much of the Region, with concentrations
in eastern Jackson County, and the northwest portion of Lenawee County.
These areas are located in depressions, shallow basins, overflow bottom
lands, and associated with intermittent streams, seepage areas, and
open water.
- 73 -
-------
Agricultural lands occupy approximately 1,170,000 a< res or 88"' ol
the Region. These lands include some pasture and woodlands, but are
used predominately for production of field corn, soybeans, hay, wheat
and other grains.
Plate 15 depicts the location of woodlands, wetlands and prime
agricultural lands within the Region. Although most of the Region's land
area is utilized for agricultural production, only portions of Lenawee and
Hillsdale Counties are considered to be "prime" agricultural lands, as
defined by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service.
Wildlife
Wildlife habitats are places where animal species naturally live
with the necessary food and shelter they need to survive. These habitats
can be extremely sensitive, especially for aquatic life, because of the
delicate natural balances of food supplies and predators. The altering
of any portion or element of the habitat can create severe consequences
to all forms of life within the entire ecosystem.
Aquatic habitats are those wildlife environments within or primarily
associated with water. The quality and quantity of fish life in lakes,
streams, or marshes is determined by many factors including water tempera-
ture, velocity, and depth as well as the composition of the bottom material,
the amount and types of aquatic vegetation, the availability of other food
sources, and the quality of water including silt conditions, dissolved
oxygen content, and chemical and mineral composition.
The State Department of Natural Resources has prepared a rating of
streams for their suitability as fish habitats. These categories include:
Top Quality Trout Feeder Streams: These streams are typically less
than 15 feet wide and contain good self-sustaining trout populations. They
- 74 -
-------
?? WILDLIFE
AL LANDS
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REGION II PLANNING COMMISSION
-------
are characterized as having consistently cool water and minimal pollution.
The only top quality trout feeder streams in the Region are Soap Creek
in Litchfield Township, and Mackey Brook in Sandstone Township.
Second Quality Trout Mainstreams: These mainstreams contain trout
populations which are somewhat limited by a less desirable water quality.
Stream bottoms are less desirable for feeding and reproduction, being
composed of shifting sand and gravel which tends to cover aquatic
food and conceal breeding areas. These streams, which typically have
cool water and are over 15 feet wide, also contain some warmwater fish
such as bass and bluegill, as well as suckers. Parts of Sandstone Creek
and the Kalamazoo River in Jackson County fit this category.
Second Quality Trout Feeder Streams: These streams contain troul
populations that are somewhat limited by less desirable water quality.
Second quality trout streams are generally characterized as wider than
15 feet with stream bottoms less desirable for feeding and reproduction.
Second quality trout feeder streams include portions of Sand Creek, the
Kalamazoo River, and the St. Joseph of Maumee River.
Tpj3__Qu_al i_ty Warmwater Mainstreams and Feeder Streams: These streams
contain good self-sustaining populations of warmwater game fish including
bass, bluegill, and northern pike. Mainstreams are over 15 feet wide
while feeder streams are less than 15 feet wide. Top quality warmwater
mainstreams and feeder streams include streams in the St. Joseph River
watershed, the St. Joseph River, the St. Joseph of Maumee River, Goose
Creek, the River Raisin, part of Wolf Creek, northern portions of the
Grand River and Spring Brook, and the Kalamazoo River.
- 76 -
-------
Second Quality Warmwater^ Mainstreams and Feeder Streams: These
streams contain significant quantities of warmwater fish, but tjame
fish populations are limited due to poor water quality, a limilod food
supply, and conditions causing inadequate natural reproduction such ,ti,
pollution, currents, and coor stream bed quality. These streams are
the most abundant in the Region and include many streams in the St. Joseph
of Maumee River and Kalamazoo River watersheds, as well as Slater Creek.
Terrestrial habitats include the homes of insects, birds, and
mammals not primarily associated with aquatic habitat areas. In
agricultural areas, terrestrial habitats are siqnificantly influenced by
farm activities, because of the variety of food and shelter found in
these areas. Other areas of terrestrial habitats include woodlands and
brushlands. General characteristics of good wildlife habitats include
an adequate year-round food supply for both herbivorous and predatory or
carnivorous animals, a good water supply, and cover near the food and
water supplies that provides shelter from the weather and protection
from natural enemies.
Game species are abundant throughout the Region, particularly
white-tailed deer, ring-necked pheasant, fox, and waterfowl. Good to
fair populations of quail, cottontail rabbit, racoon and squirrel are
also found throughout the three-county area.
Plate 15 also depicts game range zones for each of the three
counties. The following tables are inventories of game species manage-
ment potential and relative abundance in each game range zone.
As human population increases, the management potential of wildlife
species will decrease proportionately, due to destruction of habitat and
intolerance to humans.
- 77 -
-------
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RECREATION, HISTORIC AND NATURAL AREAS
Recreation
Recreation areas are important to water quality because they often
affect water quality, such as the location of waste treatment systems
at park facilities, and water quality often affects recreation potential,
such as fishing and boating. The region has an abundance of state and
municipal recreation areas. The Region II Planning Commission is
currently preparing a recreation plan for the three-county area. Thus,
the information presented herein will be substantially revised based
on information developed during the current recreation study.
The following table depicts state parks, state game areas, and county
and municipal park acreages within the Region:
TABLE 8
Public Recreation Areas - Region_J_I
State Parks Acre_s
Jackson
Portage Lake 50
Lenawee
Hayes 666
State Game Areas
Jackson
Sharonville 5,600
Waterloo 10,000
Hillsdale
Lost Nations 3,000
Lenawee
Onsted 400
County and Municipal _Parks
Jackson 1,661
Hillsdale 229
Lenawee __6_45
Total Public Recreation Area 22,251
- 82 -
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Fishing and boating opportunities are also abundant. The Region contains
over 22,000 acres of surface water, with hundreds of lakes available lor outdoor
water - oriented activities. Access is available lor fishing and boating
through 14 public access areas maintained by the Department of Natural
Resources. Panfish, pike and trout are common species taken from the
Region's lakes.
___ Areas
The aesthetic, economic, educational and recreational values which
are inherent in the Region's historic resources and natural areas are
vital to the enhancement of environmental quality. Historic and natural
areas of the region are many, and serve to fulfill inspirational needs
as well as provide important locations for recreational purposes.
Many of the Region's historic sites have been restored to their
original setting, and through many voluntary efforts on the part of
area landowners, important areas of natural beauty and significance
have been preserved.
While individually historic sites and natural areas are obviously
important, the Management Plan must be concerned with regionally - significant
sites which could be affected by proposed treatment facility arrangements,
future development patterns or land management techniques. The Michigan
Department of State, History Division, has prepared an inventory of historic
districts, sites, structures and objects. Table 9 and Plate 16 present
information on all sites in the Region which are listed in the National
Register of Historic Places and the State Register of Historic Sites. The
areas listed in the table represent the major areas which are especially
important to regional water quality management; it does not suggest that
the listed areas represent the region's only sinnificant historic areas.
- 83 -
-------
The three County Soil Conservation Districts in cooperation with
a number of other federal, state and local agencies, have prepared an
f inventory of natural and scenic areas within each County. Each
significant site or area of superior, distinctive or unique aesthetic-
value was inventoried and described. The natural qualities of the
environment-topography, vegetation, wildlife, geologic formations-are
the major elements.
Table 10 presents an inventory of natural and scenic areas by County,
located on Plate 16.
-------
HISTORIC SITES
Jackson County
+ Birthplace of the Republican Party - 1864
Franklin and 2nd Sts., Jackson
site of July 6, 1854 political convention;
the first meeting to adopt a platform for
the Republican Party.
*+ Clark - Stringham Site - 3000 BC - AD 1100
Rives Township
Archaeological Site
+ State Prison - 1839
Mechanic Street - Jackson
Site of Michigan's first State Prison
*+ Mann House - 1883
205 Hanover, Concord
*+ Siebold Farm - 1855
9998 Waterloo - Munith Rd., Waterloo Twp.
*+ Ella Sharp House - 1850's
3225 4th St., Jackson
*+ Sidney T. Smith House - 1846
Grass Lake
+ Spring Arbor College - 1835
Spring Arbor
Site of Spring Arbor Seminary, Michigan Central College,
and Spring Arbor College
*+ Stone Post Office - 1839
Rear of 125 N. Jackson St., Jackson
Oldest sandstone structure in town.
Has served many purposes, but originally
was a post office and general store.
Hillsdale County
*+ Bruce Coleman House - 1860
446 Meridian, Hudson
+ Delevan House C - 1840's
Route 99, Fayette Twp.
- 85 -
-------
Hjl ls_da]e County - contd.
*+ Grace Episcopal Church - 1849
360 E. Chicago St.
Jonesville
+ Hillsdale College - 1853
Hillsdale
The College was first established in Spring Arbor by a group
of Freewill Baptists, moved to Hillsdale and was granted a
state charter. Hillsdale College was the first in Michigan
to grant degrees to women.
+ Hillsdale County Courthouse - 1898
Hillsdale
Lenawee Count
*+ Adrian Board of Education Office
(Bidwell Mansion) - 1860
+ Adrian College - 1859
Adrian
Chartered in 1859, the College is affiliated with the
Methodist Church.
+ Anderson House - 1832
410 W. Chicago, Tecumseh
+ Bauer Manor - 1839
US-12, Tipton
Built on the site of an earlier tavern, the present Inn
was constructed some time between 1839-1864.
+ Carlton House - 1850
14995 Carleton Rd., Hudson Twp.
A farmhouse, the childhood home of Michigan poet Will Carleton.
*+ Civil War Memorial - 1801; 1870
Momument Park, Adrian
Stone, Ionic column from the Bank of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
The bank was the first buildinn in the United States to incorporate
the Greek Order.
+ Clayton Village - 1870 - 1900
Dover and Hudson Twps.
*+ Governor Charles Croswell House - C. 1840
228 N. Broad St.
Residence of former Michigan Governor
- 86 -
-------
*+ Dennis and State Streets Historic District -
Adrian
Seventy-nine homes in district reveal the evolution of
architectural styles in the area. Examples include Greek
Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, arid shingle-style
*+ Musgrove Evans House - 1876
409-411 Logan Street, Tecumseh
One of the oldest structures in the State, this house was built
for Musgrove Evans, a surveyor and engineer who platted
Tecumseh.
*+ First Presbyterian Church of Blissfield - 1849
306 Franklin St., Blissfield
Constructed for John Montieth, the first minister of Detroit's
English - speaking residents. Montieth was also the first
president of the University of Michigan.
*+ Hudson Downtown Historic District - 1854-1891
W. Main and Church Sts., Hudson
+ Lenawee County Courthouse - 1884
Adrian
*+ Pennington - Ford House - C. 1840's
8281 Clinton - Macon Rd., Macon
Built by Macon's founder, John Pennington, later associated with
Henry Ford, who conducted agricultural and social experiments
in the area.
+ Sutton Place - 1853
Sutton Rd., Adrian
*+ William Thompson House - 1891
101 Summit St., Hudson
*+ Walker Tavern - 1832
US-12 at M-50, Cambridge Junction. A small Inn on the Chicago
Road where stagecoaches and pioneer wagons once stopped.
Archaeological excavations at the site were conducted in
1967, 1968 and 1974.
*+ Nathaniel Wheeler House - C. 1835
6075 M-50, Onsted
+ Woodstock Manual Labor Institute - 1844-1850's
18123 Greenleaf Rd., Addison
Site of a school for both blacks and whites founded in 1844 by
black educator Prior Foster.
*Denotes listing in National Register of Historic Places
+Denotes listing in Michigan Register of Historic Sites
- 87 -
-------
ID NATURAL AREAS
\ME AREAS
, AREAS
i COMMISSION
Jackson, Lenawee,
and Hillsdale Counties
REBIOINJ II PLANNING COMMISSION
JACKBON COUNTY TOWBH HulLOINia
JACKVOM. MICHIBAN
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AIR QUALI!Y
Air quality is of significance to Areawide Haste Treatment Manage-
ment Planning for several reasons. Atmospheric pollution is washed out
of the air with rainfall and becomes a water quality problem. Presumably,
poorer air quality will result in a greater water pollution load.
Air quality must be considered in the environmental impact assess-
ment of waste treatment management plans. VJastewater facilities have
a direct effect on air quality (incineration of sludge) and an indirect
impact (associated development resulting in increased air pollution
from stationary and mobile sources). Both of these air quality
-------
TABU 1 I
NATIONAL AMBKNT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Primary Secondary
i culates
(micrograms/cu. meter)
annual geometric mean 75
max. 24-hr, cone.* 260 150
(micrograms/cu. meter)
annual arith. aver. 80 (.03 ppm)
max. 24-hr, cone.* 365 (.14 ppm)
max. 3-hr, cone.* - 1300 (.5 ppm)
Ca rboji _Monqxj de
(mill igrams/cu. meter)
max. 8-hr, cone.* 10 (9 ppm) 10
max. 1-hr, cone.* 40 (35 ppm) 40
Oxidants
(micrograms/cu. meter)
max. 1-hr, cone.* 160 (.08 ppm) 160
(micrograms/cu. meter)
annual arith. aver. 100 (.05 ppm) 100
Hydro^arbpjns
(micrograms/cu. meter)
max. 4-hr, cone.* 160 (.24 ppm) 160
(6-9 a.m.)
*Not to be exceeded more than once a year per site.
- 98 -
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TARIJ; 12
MEASURED AIR QUA1 ITY DATA I OR HIM SHAM AND JAl.KSON CONNl
Susoondeci P
-------
Selected Hi I) I ioqranhy
1. Grand River Coordinating Committee, "Grand River lias in, Michigan,
Comprehensive Water Resources Study, Main Report", No Date.
2. Hudgins, Bert, Ph.D., "Michigan Geographic backgrounds in the
Development of the Commonwealth", Detroit, Michigan, 1961.
3. Knutilla, R. L., "Flow Characteristics of Michigan Streams",
U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, 1967.
4. Nurnberger, Fred V., "Summary of Evaporation in Michigan",
Michigan Dept. of Agriculture, 1976.
5. Martin, Helen M. , "Outline of the Geologic History of Hillsdale
County", Michigan Department of Conservation, 1957.
6. Martin, Helen M., "Outline of the Geologic History of Lenawee County",
Michigan Department of Conservation, 1958.
7. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, "Michigan Soil frosiori and
Sedimentation Control Guidebook", 1975.
8. Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service, "County
and Regional Facts", Mo Date.
9. Miller, J. B. , Thompson, T., "Compilation of Data for Michigan lakes",
U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, 1970.
10. Region II Planning Commission, "Land Use, Jackson, Hillsdale and
Lenawee Counties", 1975 (unpublished).
11. Region II Planning Commission, "The Physical Environment", 1973,
(Jackson County).
12. Region II Planning Commission, "The Physical Environment" 1975,
(Hillsdale County, unpublished).
13. Region II Planning Commission, "The Physical Environment", 1975,
(Lenawee County, unpublished).
14. Stoimenoff, L. E., "Floods in Southeastern Michigan Magnitude and
Frequency", U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, 1963.
15. Strommen, Norton D. , "Monthly Precipitation Probabilities for
Climatic Divisions in Michigan", Michigan Dept. of Agriculture, 1974.
16. Soil Conservation Service, "Hillsdale County, The Playground of
Southern Michigan, Its Recreation Potentials and Their Development",
1968.
17. Soil Conservation Service, "Jackson County, Michigan, An Appraisal
of Potentials for Outdoor Recreational Development", 1969.
- 100 -
-------
18. Soil Conservation Service, "An Appraisal of Potential Outdoor
Recreational Developments in Lenawoe County", No Date.
19. Twonter, F. R. , "Southeastern Michigan Water Resource1, Sludv,
Grouridwater and Geology", II. S. Depf. of Inferior, (Sen loci ii .11 Survey
1975.
20. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources
Division, "Influence of Surface Glacial Deposits on Streamflow
Characteristics", 1971.
21. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, "Water Resources Data
for Michigan, Part 1. Surface^Water Records", 1961 - 1974.
22. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey, "Water Resource
Investigations in Michigan", 1972.
- 101 -
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