PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME1
1
Conference
In the matter of Pollution of
the navigable waters of the
Detroit River and Lake Erie
and their Tributaries in the
State of Michigan
SECOND SESSION
JUNE 15-18, 1965
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
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PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME 1
Conference
In the matter of Pollution of
the navigable waters of the
Detroit River and Lake Erie
and their Tributaries in the
State of Michigan
SECOND SESSION JUN E 15 -18. 1965
US. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604 ,,-JJ
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C.01NTENT.S.
PAGE;
OPENING STATEMENT
By Mr. Stein 3
STATEMENT OF;
REPRESENTATIVE JOHN D. DINGELL 16
REPRESENTATIVE WILLIAM D. FORD 30
RICHARD D. VAUGHAN 44
GEORGE L. HARLOW 703
ERNEST PREMETZ 852
GOVERNOR GEORGE ROMNEY 858
GOVERNOR JAMES RHODES 871
REPRESENTATIVE WESTON E. VIVIAN 880
COLONEL EDWARD C. BRUCE 912
LIEUTENANT MAURICE So POWER 927
KENNETH MACKENTHUN 1013
GERALD EDDY 1015
RALPH PURDY 1028
1092
JOHN E. VOGT 1035
C. C. CRUMLEY 1062
AL BARBOUR 1075
MERLIN DAMON 1110
TODD Ac GAYER 1112
JOHN CHASCSA 1118
GERALD REMUS 1231
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1-A
CONTENT^
PAGE;
STATEMENT OF;
GERARD H. COLEMAN 1435
GEORGE E. HUBBELL 1440
GEORGE J. HAZEY • 1465
GENE LITTLE 1478
JAMES D. OGDEN 1490
OLGA M. MADAR 1493
FRED E. TUCKER 1505-A
HAYSE H. BLACK 1564
ROBERT c. MCLAUGHLIN 1570
FRANK KALLIN 1582
A. J. VON FRANK 1607
ROBERT P. LOGAN 1622
JACK T. GARRETT 1651
WILLIAM R. DAY 1655
J. W. TRACHT 1662
C. D. BARRETT, SR., M.D. 1716
STANLEY DIROFF 1749
WILLIS H. HALL 1771
CLOSING STATEMENT
Mr. Stein 1782
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Second Conference in the Matter of Pollution
of the Detroit River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie, and
their Tributaries, convened at 9:30 a.m., Tuesday,
June 15, 1965, at the Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michi-
gan.
PRESIDING:
Mr. Murray Stein, Chief, Enforcement
Branch, Water Supply and Pollution Control,
Public Health Service, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare,
Washington 25, D. C.
CONFEREES:
Mr. Loring F. Oeming, Executive Secretary,
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Mr. H. W. Poston, Regional Program Di-
rector, Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Chicago, Illinois
PARTICIPANTS:
Hon. John D. Dingell, United States
Representative from the 16th District of
the State of Michigan
Hon. William D. Ford, United States
Representative from the 15th District of
the State of Michigan
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2-A
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Richard D. Vaughan, Director, Robert S.
Kerr Water Research Center, United States
Public Health Service, Ada, Oklahoma
George L. Harlow, Project Director,
United States Public Health Service, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michi-
gan
Ernest Premetz, Deputy Regional Director,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States
Department of the Interior, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
Hon. George Romney, Governor of the
State of Michigan
Hon. James Rhodes, Governor of the
State of Ohio
Hon. Weston E0 Vivian, United States
Representative from the State of Michigan
Colonel Edward C. Bruce, District
Engineer, United States Army Engineer Dis-
trict, Detroit, Michigan
Lieutenant Maurice S. Power, Assistant
Public Works Officer, United States Navy,
United States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie,
Michigan
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2-B
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Kenneth M. Mackenthun, Biologist, United
States Public Health Service, Robert A. Taft
Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Gerald E. Eddy, State Geologist, Con-
servation Department, Michigan Water Resources
Commission, Lansing, Michigan
Ralph W. Purdy, Chief Engineer, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan
John Eo Vogt, Director of Engineering,
Michigan Department of Health, Lansing,
Michigan
C. C. Crumley, Sanitary Engineer, Michi-
gan Department of Health, Lansing, Michigan
Al Barbour, Chairman, Wayne County Road
Commissioners, Michigan
Merlin E. Damon, Sanitary Engineer,
Macomb County Health Department, Mt. Clemens,
Michigan
Todd A. Gayer, Sanitary Engineer, United
States Public Health Service, 433 W. Van Buren,
Chicago, Illinois
John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie Cleanup
Committee, 7281 Center Street, Estral Beach,
Newport, Michigan
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2-C
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Gerald Remus, General Manager, Detroit
Water Board, Detroit, Michigan
Gerard H. Coleman, Executive Director,
Supervisors Inter-County Committee, 411
Veterans Memorial Building, Detroit, Michigan
George E. Hubbell, President, Hubbell,
Roth & Clark, Inc., 2709 Telegraph Road,
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
George Hazey, General Manager, City of
Wyandotte, 140 Elm Street, Wyandotte, Michi-
gan
Gene Little, Manager, News - Information,
Michigan State Chamber of Commerce, 215 South
Washington, Lansing, Michigan
James D0 Ogden, Administrative Assistant
to Walter P. Reuther, International Union,
United Auto Workers
Olga M. Madar, Director - Recreation,
United Auto Workers, 8000 E. Jefferson,
Detroit, Michigan
Fred E. Tucker, Coordinator, Industrial
Health Engineering, National Steel Corporation,
Research & Development, Weirton, West Virginia
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2-D
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Hayse H. Black, Industrial Wastes Con-
sultant, United States Public Health Service,
4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio
Robert C. McLaughlin, Vice President,
Public Relations and Public Affairs, McLouth
Steel Corporation
Frank Kallin, Ford Motor Company, The
American Road, Dearborn, Michigan
A. J. Von Frank, Allied Chemical Corpora-
tion, Margaret Street, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania
Robert P. Logan, Assistant to Vice Presi-
dent - Manufacturing, Scott Paper Company,
Philadelphia 13, Pennsylvania
Jack T. Garrett, Manager, Pollution
Abatement, Monsanto Company, 800 North Lind-
bergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri
William R. Day, Secretary, Wyandotte
Chemicals Corporation, Wyandotte, Michigan
J. W. Tracht, Manager - Maintenance of
Facilities (Corporate Representative), Penn-
salt Chemicals Corporation, 900 First Avenue,
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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2-E
PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
C. D. Barrett, Sr., M. D., Director,
Monroe County Health Department, Monroe,
Michigan
Stanley W. Diroff, Supervisor, Monroe
Township, 3090 S. Custer Road, Monroe,
Michigan
Willis H. Hall, President, Greater
Detroit Board of Commerce
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE;
Milton P. Adams, Retired State Adminis-
trator, 1314 Weber Drive, Lansing, Michigan
James E. Akers, Director, Environmental
Health, Monroe County Health Department,
Courthouse, Monroe, Michigan
Plinio Aguilera, Student, University of
Michigan, 2155-37 Cram Place, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
William J. Agusta, Mayor, City of Monroe,
City Hall, 120 S. Macomb Street, Monroe,
Michigan
Herbert A. Anderson, United States Public
Health Service, 418 Federal Building, 121
Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York
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2-F
OTHERS J.N ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Robert H. Anderson, Project Manager,
Stanley Engineering Company, 956 Hanna Build-
ing, Cleveland, Ohio.
Jack D. Andrews, Salesman, Birmingham
Construction Company, 32807 Red Oaks, Birming-
ham, Michigan
Rollin D. Andrews, III, Instructor, De-
partment of Fisheries, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Mrs. James H. Angel, Water Chairman,
Lakewood League of Women Voters, 2084 Elbur
Avenue, Lakewood, Ohio
J. 0. Appleton, Senior Engineer, Bechtel
Corporation, 220 Bush Street, San Francisco,
California
Joseph E. Archer, Laboratory Manager,
Firestone Steel Products Company, 17423 W.
Jefferson, Wyandotte, Michigan
William S. Armstrong, Supervisor, Waste
Control, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland,
Michigan
Emmett W. Arnold, M.D., Director of
Health, Ohio Department of Health, 306 Ohio
Departments Building, Columbus, Ohio
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2-G
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Ralph E. Bailey, District Game Biologist,
Michigan Department of Conservation, 3335
Lansing Avenue, Jackson, Michigan
Alvin R. Balden, Engineer, Chrysler
Corporation, P. 0. Box 1118, Detroit 31,
Michigan
L. F. Baldwin, Commissioner, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, 725 Water Street,
Eaton Rapids, Michigan
Albert G. Bailert, Director of Research,
Great Lakes Commission, 3528 Rackham Building,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
H. Beasley, United States Coast Guard,
Federal Building, Detroit, Michigan
Curtis G. Beck, Assistant Attorney General,
Michigan Attorney General's Department, State
Capitol, Lansing, Michigan
Mrs. Allan Becker, Water Chairman, Livonia
League of Women Voters, 30201 Acacia, Livonia,
Michigan
Raymond Bednarz, Plant Engineer, Darling
& Company, 3350 Greenfield Road, Melvindale,
Michigan
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2-H
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Wallace J. Benzie, Sanitary Engineer,
Michigan Department of Health, 2233 Hampden
Drive, Lansing, Michigan
Charles R. Bick, Writer, Campbell-Ewald
Company, G. M. Building, Detroit, Michigan
George R. Bingham, Sanitary Engineer,
Wayne County Road Commission, 726 City-County
Building, Detroit, Michigan
Molly M. Boelio, Public Information
Specialist, Michigan Water Resources Commission,
200 Mill Street, Lansing, Michigan
William J. Bojarski, Chemist, United
States Public Health Service, Naval Air Sta-
tion, Grosse lie, Michigan
Glen R. Blaint, Student, 1763-2, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
Urban W. Boresch, Chief, Operations &
Maintenance Branch, United States Army Corps
of Engineers, 150 Michigan Avenue, Detroit,
Michigan
Thomas E. Borton, Graduate Student,
University of Michigan, Department of Environ-
mental Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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2-1
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Paul F0 Bracke, Councilman, Harper Woods,
20233 Woodcrest, Harper Woods, Michigan
Robert A. Briggs, Chief, Civil Engineer
Division, Detroit Edison Company, 2000 Second
Avenue, Detroit, Michigan
Glenn Brown, Public Health Engineer,
Wayne County Department of Health, Merriman
Road, Eloise, Michigan
Jay C. Brown, Councilman, City of River-
view, 18062 Hinton Avenue, Riverview, Michigan
Rottert Bryan, Land Use Specialist, Huron-
Clinton Metropolitan Authority, 1750 Guardian
Building, Detroit, Michigan
Robert J. Burm, Sanitary Engineer, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Frank A. Burn, Vice President, Hubbell,
Roth and Clark, Inc., 2709 N. Telegraph Road,
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Gerald Calhoun, District Sanitary Engineer,
Michigan Water Resources Commission, 8227
Hampton, Grosse lie, Michigan
William R. Cady, Technical Assistant,
Solvay Process Division, Allied Chemical, 7501
W. Jefferson, Detroit, Michigan
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2-J
OTHERS W ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Andre L. Caron, Regional Engineer,
National Council for Stream Improvement,
Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Robert D. Carpenter, Executive Secretary,
Huron River Watershed Counsel, 306 County
Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Louis B. Carrick, Biologist, United States
Public Health Service, United States Naval
Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Philip Chakich, Technical Supervisor,
General Chemical Division, 800 Marion Avenue,
River Rouge, Michigan
Gerry Chapbonneau, Laboratory Technician,
Mount Clemens, Michigan
W. F. Chilton, Mechanical Engineer,
Darling & Company (Melvindale), 4201 S. Ashland
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
Janice M. Christensen, Observer, 7636
Trafalgar, Taylor, Michigan
Ralph G. Christensen, Chief of Bacteriology,
United States Public Health Service, LHPO,
7636 Trafalgar, Taylor, Michigan
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2-K
OTHERS W ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Jeannette Cleary, Observer, 129 Fanaud
Park, Hazel Park, Michigan, and Kelley's
Island, Ohio
William D. Collins, News Reporter, Monroe
Evening News, 20 W. First Street, Monroe,
Michigan
Grover W. Cook, Chief Biologist, United
States Public Health Service, 1819 W. Pershing
Road, Chicago, Illinois
Jack E. Cooper, DuBois-Cooper Associates,
10600 Puritan, Detroit, Michigan
Mrs. Max Coral, Detroit League of Women
Voters, 1426 Chicago Boulevard, Detroit,
Michigan
Ted Cotora, representing Congressman
Dingell, 718 Brady, Dearborn, Michigan
Richard F. Coulon, Director, Eastern
Michigan Nature Association, 153 Crocker,
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
I. D. Cox, Supervisor, Plant Engineering,
Ford Motor Company, P. 0. Box 711, Monroe,
Michigan
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2-L
OTHERS J.N ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Thomas P. Czepiol, Technical Director,
Scott Paper Company, 9125 W. Jefferson, De-
troit, Michigan
William Daniels, Vice President - Mills,
Consolidated Packaging Corporation, Elm Avenue,
Monroe, Michigan
Joseph Davis , Special Project Engineer,
Scott Paper Company, 9125 W. Jefferson, De-
troit, Michigan
Richard E. Davis, Sewage Plant Operator,
W.C.R.C., 32859 Mecosta Avenue, Wayne, Michi-
gan
Robert V. Day, Supervisor Sanitary Engineer,
United States Public Health Service, LEPO,
7298 York Road, Cleveland, Ohio
Mrs. Ralph Cair Deblin, League of Women
Voters, 17 Heatherwood, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Rolf A. Deininger, Assistant Professor,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Herb DeJonge, Administrative Assistant,
Governor's Office, Lansing, Michigan
Carl Leonard DeKeil, Representative 16th
Congressional District, State Democratic Com-
mittee on Agriculture, 29821 Fort, Rockwood,
Michigan
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2-M
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Andrew T. Dempster, Director, Bureau of
Sanitary Engineering, Detroit Department of
Health, 8809 John C. Lodge, Detroit, Michigan
Dennis J. Dilworth, Budget Analyst, Michi-
gan Department of Administration, Lewis Cass
Building, Lansing, Michigan
Beatrice Hill Ditto, Retired, 25 E. Palmer,
Apartment 44, Detroit, Michigan
Karl F. Dodge, Engineer of Design, Sewer
and Water, Wayne County Road Commission, City-
County Building, Detroit, Michigan
Richard H. Doherty, Drain Engineer, Macomb
County Drain Commission, 115 Groesbeck, Mt.
Clemens, Michigan
Beverly L. Driver, Student, University of
Michigan, 429 Third Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ronald K. Dunlap, Physical Science Tech-
nician, United States Public Health Service,
1151 Taylor Avenue, Detroit, Michigan
Marcel J. Dunn, Honeywell, 13631 Plymouth
Road, Detroit, Michigan
Agnes L. Dye, Microbiologist, United States
Public Health Service, 1269 Amanda Circle,
Decatur, Georgia
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2-N
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Dr. W. F. Echelberger, Jr., Institute &
Research Associate, Civil Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Duane Egeland, Chief Engineer, Wayne
County Department of Public Works, 400 First
National Building, Detroit, Michigan
Henning Eklund, Chief, Enforcement Sec-
tion, United States Public Health Service,
433 W. Van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois
Charles T. Elly, Analytical Chemist,
United States Public Health Service, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Berton E. Eubank, Assistant Superintendent
Sewer Maintenance and Construction, Department
of Water Supply, 19805 John R, Detroit, Michi-
gan
Robert D. Farley, Assistant Director,
Supervisors Inter-County Committee, 411 Veterans
Memorial Building, Detroit, Michigan
Marvin B0 Fast, Program Operations Officer,
United States Public Health Service, Midwest
Water Laboratory, 5114 First Building, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
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2-0
OTHERS .IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Carlos Fetterolf, Aquatic Biologist,
Michigan Water Resources Commission, 200 Mill
Street, Lansing, Michigan
Ray R. Filipchuk, Director, Public Ser-
vice & Engineering, City of Hazel Park, 22422
Stephenson, Hazel Park, Michigan
David Finck, Lake Erie Cleanup Committee,
3003 - llth Street, Detroit Beach, Monroe,
Michigan
Irene Finch, Secretary, Lake Erie Cleanup
Committee, 3003 - llth Street, Detroit Beach,
Monroe, Michigan
John Jay Fischer, Recreation Specialist,
United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,
15 Research Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Olive Fisher, 21727 Roslyn Road, Harper
Woods, Michigan
David W. Flotow, Technical Manager, Con-
solidated Packaging Corporation, Monroe,
Michigan
Mrs. Robert Foerch, President, Michigan
League of Women Voters, 4612 Woodward Avenue,
Room 317, Detroit, Michigan
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2-P
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Maria Fonseca, Student, University of
Michigan, 928 S. Forest, Ann Arbor, Michigan
James Foote, Game Biologist, Conserva-
tion Department, Pointe Mouillee, Rockwood,
Michigan
Sharm M. Francis, Secretary, United States
Coast Guard, Marine Inspection, 424 Federal
Building, Detroit, Michigan
Marianne Friedland, Editor, McGraw-Hill
News Bureau, 856 Penobscot Building, Detroit,
Michigan
Carl C. Friedrichs, Sales Engineer,
Wallace & Tiernan, 2540 S0 27th Avenue,
Broddview, Illinois
F. Bo Frost, Regional Engineer, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Station B, Lansing,
Michigan
S. L. Frost, Executive Secretary, Ohio
Water Commission, State Office Building,
Columbus, Ohio
Ernest Fuller, Research Engineer, Great
Lakes Steel, Ecrose, Detroit, Michigan
John J. Gannon, Professor of P. H. Engin-
eering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
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2-Q
OTHERS J.N ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Gordon Cast, Mayor Pro-Tern, City of
Madison Heights, 31502 Madison Avenue, Madison
Heights, Michigan
Edwin E. Geldrech, Research Bacteriologist,
United States Public Health Service, Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Columbia
Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio
Mary Georges, League of Women Voters,
8981 Dawes, Detroit, Michigan
Walter E. Gerdel, Commissioner, Division
of Sewage Disposal, City of Cleveland, 601
Lakeside Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio
Patricia S. Gilgallon, Water Resource
Chairman, Southfield League of Women Voters,
and Governor's Task Force on Water, 24407
Tamarack, Southfield, Michigan
Eugene A. Glysson, Associate Professor
Civil Engineering, University of Michigan,
Civil Engineering Department, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Brian L. Goodman, Project Director,
National Sanitation Foundation, 2355 W. Stadium,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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2-R
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Colonel L. J0 Goodsell, Executive Director,
Great Lakes Commission, Rackham Building,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Mrs. John Gord, Water Resources Committee,
League of Women Voters of Greater Toledo, 2643
Weslyan Drive, Toledo, Ohio
W. H. Gray, Assistant to President,
Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, Wyandotte,
Michigan
Karl D. Gregory, Assistant Professor,
Department of Economics, Wayne State University,
Detroit, Michigan
Michael A. Groen, Superintendent Sewage
Division - D.P.W., City of Dearborn, 7446
Ternes Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan
Emma P. Gross, Observer, 203 W0 Savannah,
Detroit, Michigan
Richard D. Hall, Staff Engineer, Diamond
Alkali Company, 300 Union Commerce Building,
Cleveland, Ohio
William J. Haney, Macomb County Deputy
Drain Commissioner, Macomb County, 115 Groes-
beck Highway, Mount Clemens, Michigan
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2-S
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Robert E. Hansen, Superintendent Water
Purification and Pumping, 36570 Jefferson,
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
John R. Hardy, Associate Civil Engineer -
retired, Department of Water Supply, 17301
Beaverland, Detroit, Michigan
Edna Harlow, Observer, 3393 Grange Road,
Trenton, Michigan
Iva Hartranft, Observer, 3213 Salem,
Trenton, Michigan
Dr. Rolf Hartung, Assistant Professor,
University of Michigan, School of Public Health,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Roland Hartranft , Draftsman, United States
Public Health Service, 3213 Salem, Trenton,
Michigan
Wilbur Hartranft, Boat Operator, United
States Public Health Service, 3213 Salem,
Trenton, Michigan
Don R. Hassall, Student, 1647-12 Beal
Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Spenser W. Havlick, United States Public
Health Service Traineeship, University of Michi-
gan Environmental Planning Associates, 1604
Dexter, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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2-T
OTHERS J[N ATTENDANCE (Continued):
John Ao Heath, Sales Engineer, Dow Chemi-
cal Company, 600 Northland Tower, Detroit,
Michigan
R. R. Henderson, Superintendent of Water
Treatment, City of Toledo, 600 Collins Park
Avenue, Toledo, Ohio
Charles Henricks, Boat Operator, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Harold J. Henris, Boat Operator, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Harold J. Henris, Mrs., Observer, 31025
Island Drive, Gibraltar, Michigan
Harold C. Hickman, Vice President, George
Jerome & Company, 1437 First National Building,
Detroit, Michigan
Arthur M. Hinkley, Staff Executive,
Greater Detroit Board of Commerce, 320 W.
Lafayette, Detroit, Michigan
W. C. Him, Pate, Him & Bogue, 726
Michigan Building, Detroit, Michigan
John F. Hunter, Wastes Control Engineer,
Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, 1609 Biddle
Avenue, Wyandotte, Michigan
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2-U
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Kenneth G. Jackson, Attorney, Great Lakes
Steel Corporation, 2900 Grant Building, Pitts-
burgh 19, Pennsylvania
Norbort A. Jaworski, Sanitary Engineer,
United States Public Health Service at University
of Michigan, 512 Hudson Avenue, Ypsilanti,
Michigan
Michael E. Jensen, Student, University of
Michigan, 1102 Oakland Avenue, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Mrs. J. Robert Jessup, Water Resource Com-
mittee Member, League of Women Voters of Grosse
Pointe, 945 Lakepointe, Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Mrs. Lee R, Johnson, President, League of
Women Voters of Grosse Pointe, 1214 Whittier
Road, Grosse Pointe, Michigan
David L. Jones, Water & Sewer Commissioner,
City of Livonia, 15100 Farmington Road, Livonia,
Michigan
James Jones, Mayor, City of Riverview,
17700 Fort Street, Riverview, Michigan
Dr. Philip H, Jones, Associate, Great
Lakes Institute, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada
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2-V
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Paul Kabler, Acting Deputy Chief, BASE,
United States Public Health Service, 4676
Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio
David B. Kahn, Observer, 15812 Kentucky,
Detroit, Michigan
Kenneth M0 Karch, Sanitary Engineer,
School of Public Health, University of Michigan,
2705 Golfside Drive, Ypsilanti, Michigan
Earl N. Kari, Project Director, United
States Public Health Service, 570 Pittock
Block, Portland, Oregon
William D. Kee, Jr., Assistant Sanitary
Engineer, United States Public Health Service,
United States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie,
Michigan
William Q. Kehr, Project Director, United
States Public Health Service, GLIRBP, 155 Rex
Boulevard, Elmhurst, Illinois
Charles L. Keller, Lieutenant, United
States Coast Guard, Belle Isle Coast Guard
Station, Detroit, Michigan
Robert J. Kelly, General Representative -
Civic & Community Affairs, Detroit Chapter,
M.S.P.E., 18932 San Juan Drive, Detroit,
Michigan
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2-W
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
H. Lincoln Kemp, Civic Affairs Committee,
Detroit Chapter M.S.P.E., 18932 San Juan Drive,
Detroit, Michigan
William T0 Killeen, City Engineer, City
of Birmingham, 151 Martin, Birmingham, Michigan
Evelyn Killutat, First Vice President,
Warren League of Women Voters, 11109 Irnington,
Warren, Michigan
G. C. Kimble, Technical Director, Union
Bag-Camp Paper Corporation, P. 0. Box 570,
Savannah, Georgia
F. J. Kirkman, Maintenance Superintendent,
Fireston Steel Products, Jefferson Avenue,
Wyandotte, Michigan
Betty Klaric, Reporter, Cleveland Press,
901 Lakeside, Cleveland, Ohio
Mary Klein, Student, University of Michi-
gan, 309 Maple Ridge, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Murray J. Knowles, Jr., County Drain
Engineer, Monroe County Drain Commission and
American Engineering Company, Courthouse,
Monroe, Michigan, 206 S. Main Street, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
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2-X
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
John J. Komraus, Administrative Assistant,
United States Public Health Service, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Alice Krawczyk, Observer, 9150 Byromar
Lane, Grosse lie, Michigan
Daniel F. Krawczyk, Chief Chemist, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
James V. LaMarre, Technical Supervisor,
Consolidated Packaging Corporation, Monroe,
Michigan
P. E. Landback, System Development Engineer,
Detroit Edison Company, 2000 Second Avenue,
Detroit, Michigan
V. W. Langworthy, Editor, Water & Sewage
Works Magazine, Box 1315, Lansing, Michigan
Edith J. Lee, M.D., Detroit League of
Women Voters, 150 Massachusetts, Highland Park,
Michigan
Lawrence Leibold, Secretary & Treasurer,
Lake Erie Cleanup Committee, 471 Arbor, Monroe,
Michigan
Patrick Leibold, Detroit Beach Boat Club,
471 Arbor, Monroe, Michigan
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2-Y
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
C. Leisure, Plant Manager, E. I. duPont
de Nemours and Company, P. 0. Box 4508,
Ecorse, Michigan
Julie Lentz, Laboratory Assistant, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Harold M. Leonhard, Superintendent, Sewage
Treatment, Wayne County Metropolitan System,
797 Central, Wyandotte, Michigan
George F. Liddle, Member, Michigan Water
Resources Commission, 1607 Sixth Street,
Muskegon, Michigan
Elbert C. Mackey, Budget Analyst, Michi-
gan State Department of Administration,
Lansing, Michigan
Ralph A. MacMullan, Director, Michigan
Department of Conservation, Mason Building,
Lansing, Michigan
Thomas H. Maher, University of Michigan,
615 Osweld Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Clarke W. Mangun, Jr., Regional Health
Director, Region V, United States Public
Health Service, 433 W. Van Buren Street,
Chicago, Illinois
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2-Z
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Patrick Manor, Aquatic Sample Collector,
United States Public Health Service, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse He, Michigan
Angelo J. Marino, Consulting Engineer,
Monroe, Frenchtown, Bedford Townships, South
Rockwood, Long Building, Monroe,Michigan
Richard W. Marshall, City Manager, City
of Madison Heights, 300 W. 13 Mile Road, Madi-
son Heights, Michigan
Mrs. Victor Martin, Member, League of
Women Voters, 1340 Balmoral Drive, Detroit,
Michigan
M. M. Mason, Engineer, United States
Rubber Company, 6600 E. Jefferson, Detroit,
Michigan
George McBride, District Engineer, Infilco
Division of Fuller, 22528 Ford Street, Dearborn,
Michigan
J. H. McCann, Administrator, St. Lawrence
Seaway, Cobo Hall, Detroit, Michigan
John H. McCarthy, President, Detroit Water
Board, 371 Chalmers Avenue, Detroit, Michigan
Thomas E. McCauley, District Service
Manager, Nalco Chemical Company, 24616 W. Michi-
gan Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan
-------
2-AA
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Nina I. McClelland, Student, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
E. J. McCoe, Technical Superintendent,
Union Bag-Camp Company, P. 0. Box 588, Monroe,
Michigan
F. L. McCormick, League of Women Voters, 5700
Hillcrest, Detroit, Michigan
George E. McCoy, Director, Eastern Michigan
Nature Association, 49 S. Highland, Mt. Clemens,
Michigan
James 0. McDonald, Construction Progress
Representative, United States Public Health
Service, Region V, 433 W. Van Buren Street,
Chicago, Illinois
Mary A. McGlathery, Secretary, United
States Public Health Service, LHPO, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Eddie McGloin, Administrative Aide, repre-
senting Senator Philip A. Hart, 848 Federal
Building, Detroit, Michigan.
G. S. Mclntyre, Director of Agriculture,
Michigan Water Resources Commission, Cass
Building, Lansing, Michigan
-------
2-AB
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Dorothy McLane, Observer, 8991 Niver,
Allen Park, Michigan
Judy McLane, Chemist, United States Pub-
lic Health Service, United States Naval Air
Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Lillian McMillin, 16139 Champaign, Allen
Park, Michigan
Helen M. McNaughton, Clerk-Stenographer,
United States Public Health Service, 7733
Cortland, Allen Park, Michigan
Walter MePartiin, Graduate Student, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, 512
Packard Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan
M. E. Meekins, Commander, Marine Inspection,
United States Coast Guard, 424 Federal Building,
Detroit, Michigan
James G. Meenahan, Technical Assistant,
Semet Solvay Division, Allied Chemical Corpora-
tion, P. 0. Box 58, Detroit, Michigan
Stephen Megregian, Deputy Project Director,
United States Public Health Service, GLIRBP,
1819 Pershing Road, Chicago, Illinois
-------
2-AC
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
Peter G. Meier, Student Aquatic Biology,
University of Michigan, 805 Oxford Road, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
Joe S. Metcalf, Manager, Product Quality,
Inorganic Division, Monsanto Company, 800 N.
Lindbergh, St. Louis, Missouri
Herbert J. Miller, Recreation Resource
Planner, Michigan Department of Conservation,
Steven T. Mason Building, Lansing, Michigan
Richard H. Miller, Information Officer,
St. Lawrence Seaway Corporation, Cobo Hall,
Detroit, Michigan
Edward Milliman, Commodore and Chairman,
Crestline Boat Club and Pointe Mouillee Booster
Club, 162 Detroit Street, Trenton, Michigan
John A. Moekle, Associate Counsel, Ford
Motor Company, The American Road, Dearborn,
Michigan
James B. Monahan, Associate, Consder,
Townsend and Associates, P. 00 Box 364, Bloom-
field Hills, Michigan
Albert G. Moore, Leglislation Department,
Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, 690 Union Com-
merce Building, Cleveland, Ohio
-------
2-AD
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Andrew J. Mozola, Associate Professor of
Geology, Wayne State University, Department of
Geology, Detroit, Michigan
Thomas A. Mulhern, Assistant Sanitary
Engineer, United States Public Health Service,
7298 York Road, Cleveland, Ohio
W. V. Murphy, Assistant Vice President,
McLouth Steel Corporation, 300 S. Livernois,
Detroit, Michigan
James V. Murray, Design Supervisor Engineer,
Michigan State Highway Department, S. T. Mason
Building, Lansing, Michigan
John J. Musser, Geologist, United States
Geological Survey, 2822 E. Main Street, Columbus,
Ohio
Naomi Nash, Secretary, United States Public
Health Service, United States Naval Air Station,
Grosse lie, Michigan
Mrs. Charles Naubrecht, Water Resources
Chairman, Detroit League of Women Voters, 9091
Esper, Detroit, Michigan
Mrs. Orville S. Newell, 12609 Monte Vista,
Detroit, Michigan
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2-AE
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
W. E. Nickels, Vice President Engineering,
Trilex Corporation, Wayne, Michigan
Charles W. Northington, Director, United
States Public Health Service, LEPO, 7298 York
Road, Cleveland, Ohio
Edward D. O'Brien, Technical Supervisor,
Time Container, Monroe Paper Products Division,
1151 W. Elm Avenue, Monroe, Michigan
Laurence B. O'Leary, Civil Engineer, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Victor X. Olesko, Civil Engineer, Wayne
County Road Commission, 1230 First National
Building, Detroit, Michigan
Bob Olson, District Representative,
Nalco Chemical Company, 1464 Hartsough, Ply-
mouth, Michigan
Chester Ordon, Brofessor, Wayne State
University, Department of Civil Engineering,
Detroit, Michigan
James. W. Orton, Sanitary Engineer, 8845
Salem, Detroit, Michigan
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2-AF
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
John E. Osmer, Staff Engineer, Michigan
Municipal League, 205 S. State Street, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
C. R. Ownbey, Sanitary Engineer, United
States Public Health Service, 1819 Pershing
Road, Chicago, Illinois
Jesus Pacheco, Student, University of
Michigan, 1738-7 Morfin, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Clyde L. Palmer, City Engineer, City of
Detroit, 528 City-County Building, Detroit,
Michigan
Steve Pappas, Assistant to Mr. McNutt,
McNutt Rehabilitation, 5725 Woodward, Detroit,
Michigan
M. Paraschak, Technical Supervisor, Allied
Chemical, Canada, Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada
James E. Pemberton, Chief Engineer, Oak-
land County Drain Commissioner's Office, 550
S. Telegraph Road, Pontiac, Michigan
Jean Pennock, Laboratory Assistant, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
-------
2-AG
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Robert J. Peterson, Vice President, DuBois
Cooper Associates, 10600 Puritan, Detroit,
Michigan
John D. Phaup, Instructor, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Donald M. Pierce, Sanitary Engineer, Michigan
Department of Health, Lansing, Michigan
D. E. Powell, Supervisory Process Engineer,
Mobil Oil Company, P. 0. Box 477, Trenton,
Michigan
Joseph W, Price, Sanitary Engineer,
Washtenaw County, County Building, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Albert C. Printz, Jr., Sanitary Engineer,
United States Public Health Service, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
George Pruette, Newsman, WWJ, Detroit,
Michigan
Howard Rafter, Superintendent Filtration,
City of Highland Park, 237 Moss, Highland Park,
Michigan
George Ramsey, Senior Stenographer, De-
partment of Water Supply, 735 Randolph, Detroit,
Michigan
-------
2-AH
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Richard D. Remington, Associate Professor
of Biostatistics, School of Public Health,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
J. W. Renaud, Geologist, Wayne State
University, 1443 Seminole, Detroit, Michigan
Wayne G. Rice, Deputy Secretary, Wayne
County Board of Public Works, 1230 First National
Building, Detroit, Michigan
John E. Richards, Engineer-in-Charge,
Sewage and I. W. Unit, Ohio Department of Health,
371 Park Boulevard, Worthington, Ohio
Irene Raether, Secretary, United States
Public Health Service, United States Naval Air
Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Robert L. Richardson, Student, 20037
Southfield, Detroit, Michigan
Maurice S. Richmond, Sanitary Engineer,
Michigan Department of Health, 3500 N. Logan
Street, Lansing, Michigan
John A. Roberts, Councilman, St. Clair
Shores, 22560 Manor Drive, St. Clair Shores,
Michigan
Jack Robertson, Manager Industrial Services,
Roy F. Weston, Inc., 4 st. Albans Avenue, Newton
Square, Pennsylvania
-------
2-AI
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
J. V. Robillard, Chief Chemist, Monsanto
Company, 5045 West Jefferson, West Trenton,
Michigan
Art Robinson, Director of Public Relations,
Ohio Department of Health, 450 East Town Street,
Columbus, Ohio
Bill G. Rowden, Director, Macomb County
Planning Commission, 115 Groesbeck Highway,
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
John H. Ruskin, Associate Sanitary Engineer,
Detroit Department of Health, 8809 John C.
Lodge Freeway, Detroit, Michigan
Estol L. Savern, City Engineer, City of
Madison Heights, 300 W. 13 Mile Road, Madison
Heights, Michigan
William T. Sayers, Deputy Project Director,
United States Public Health Service, TCUMRP,
United States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie,
Michigan
Leroy E. Scarce, Chief Microbiologist,
United States Public Health Service, 1819 W.
Perhsing Road, Chicago, Illinois
-------
2-AJ
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Richard S. Schmitz, Plant Engineering
Coordinator, Chrysler Corporation, Power Training
Group, Highland Park, Michigan
David A, Schuenke, Attorney, Office of
General Counsel, Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 5357 North Building, Washington,
D. C.
James R. Scott, District Representative,
Nalco Chemical, 24616 W. Michigan, Dearborn,
Michigan
Tony Selfridge, Sales Engineer, Nalco
Chemical 24616 W. Michigan Avenue, Dearborn,
Michigan
Charles L. Sercu, Staff Assistant, Dow
Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
A. M. Shannon, Chief Water and Sewage
Treatment, Department of Water Supply, 735
Randolph, Detroit, Michigan
J. W. Shaw, Civic Relations Coordinator,
Marathon Oil Company, 15911 Wyoming, Detroit,
Michigan
John M. Sherbeck, Superintendent Waste
Water Works, City of Bay City, 1912 6th Street,
Bay City, Michigan
-------
2-AK
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
G. W. Shumate, Mayor, City of Gibraltar,
31134 Island Drive, Gibraltar, Michigan
Evelyn Silva, League of Women Voters,
1800 Littlestone Road, Grosse Pointe Woods,
Michigan
Mrs* Leonard Slowin, Water Resource Chair-
man, League of Women Voters, 1124 Nottingham
Road, Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Raymond Smit, Partner, Ayres, Lewis, Norris
and May, 500 Wolverine Building, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
Donald V. Smith, City Administrator,
City of Southfield, Municipal Building, South-
field, Michigan
Lawrence Solomon, Governmental Analyst,
City of Detroit, 1100 City-County Building,
Detroit, Michigan
Merle E. Solomon, Supervisor, Grosse lie
Township, 8841 Macomb, Grosse lie, Michigan
Joseph R. Stanifer, Commissioner, City
of Monroe, 509 E, Second Street, Monroe,
Michigan
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2-AL
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Martin T. Steege, Newsman, United Press
International, 813 W. Lafayette, Detroit,
Michigan
Frank Steele, Director Public Relations,
Great Lakes Steel, Ecorse, Michigan
Morton Sterling, Chief, Bureau of Air
Pollution, Control Department, Building and
Safety Engineer, City of Detroit, 414 City-
County Building, Detroit, Michigan
John S. Stock, Director, Division of
Engineering & Sanitation, Wayne County Health
Department, Merriman Road, Eloise, Michigan
Ester Struhsaker, Secretary, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, 221 West Street,
Lansing, Michigan
Barrel G. Suhre, Senior Associate Civil
Engineer, Detroit Water Department, 735 Ran-
dolph Street, Detroit, Michigan
Floyd Swanson, Chemical Engineer, Stein
Hall, P. 0. Box 307, Argo, Illinois
George Syring, Superintendent, Darling
and Company, 3350 Greenfield Road, Melvindale,
Michigan
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2-AM
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Howard A. Tanner, Chief of Fisheries,
Michigan Conservation Department, Mason Build-
ing, Lansing, Michigan
Phillip L. Taylor, Sanitary Engineer,
United States Public Health Service, United
States Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Mrs. Phillip L. Taylor, Observer, 3105
Patton Drive, Trenton, Michigan
William C. Treon, Metropolitan Government
Reporter, The Plain Dealer, 1801 Superior Ave-
nue, Cleveland, Ohio
George Trombley, Manager, Downtown Dettoit
Civic Improvement Bureau, 2007 Third Street,
Detroit, Michigan
R. J. Tuholske, Division Manager, Pickands
Mather & Company, 700 Penobscot Building,
Detroit, Michigan
0. G. Uitti, Works Manager, Allied Chemical
Corporation Plastics Division, Delray P. 0.,
Detroit, Michigan
Joseph A. Urban, Chief Plant Engineer,
Detroit Department of Water Supply, 9300 W.
Jefferson, Detroit, Michigan
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2-AN
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Robert M. Vadasy, Aquatic Sampler, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Hazen Van Vliet, Supervising Engineer,
The Detroit Edison Company, 2000 Second Avenue,
Detroit, Michigan
C. J. Velz, Professor and Chairman, Depart-
ment of Environmental Health, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
C, R. Walbridge, Manager, Process Wastes
Control, Allied Chemical Corporation, General
Chemical Division, P. 0. Box 70, Morristown,
Neva Jersey
Mrs. J. H. Walker, Observer, 1555 Villa,
Birmingham, Michigan
Martin J. Walsh, Microbiologist, United
States Public Health Service, United States
Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
F» M. Warnement, Acting Commissioner -
Air & Water Pollution Control Division, City
of Toledo, 600 Collins Park Avenue, Toledo,
Ohio
Moneta B, Warner, Observer, 9840 Arden,
Livonia, Michigan
-------
2-AO
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Mrs. Neil Waterbury, Lake Erie Basin Study,
League of Women Voters, Ginger Hill Lane,
Toledo, Ohio
George H. Watkins, Executive Director,
Lake Erie Watershed Conservation Foundation,
2016 Superior Building, Cleveland, Ohio
Joe Weaver, Newscaster, WJBK-TV, 7441
Second Boulevard, Detroit, Michigan
Thomas S. Welsh, Drain Commissioner,
Macomb County, 115 Groesbeck, Mr. Clemens,
Michigan
James D. Westfield, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Department of Environ-
mental Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Roy H. Westphal, Director, Public Works,
City of Gibraltar, 29450 Munro, Gibraltar,
Michigan
P. M. Wilkins, Technical Manager, Mobil
Oil Company, P. 0. Box 477, Trenton, Michigan
Mrs. Leon Williams, Water Resources Com-
mission, League of Women Voters, 311 Prospect,
Toledo, Ohio.
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2-AP
OTHERS IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Mrs. Ayrees P. Wilson, Unit Chairman
(Central Unit), League of Women Voters of De-
troit, Detroit, Michigan
Ray E. Witter, Plant Manager, Monsanto
Company, P. 0. Box 306, Trenton, Michigan
Douglas J. Wood, Councilman, Village of
Beverly Hills, Birmingham, Michigan
Kurt Yacuone, Aquatic Sampler, United States
Public Health Service, United States Naval Air
Station, Grosse lie, Michigan
Curtis H. Yoas, Supervisor, Frenchtown
Township, Monroe County, 1804 Newport Road,
Newport, Michigan
C. V. Youngquist, Chief, Ohio Division of
Water, State Office Building, Columbus, Ohio
Karl Zollner, Jr., Graduate Student, School
of Public Health, University of Michigan, 512
Mack Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan
-------
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
The conference is open.
This second session of the conference in the
matter of pollution of the navigable waters of the Detroit
River and its tributaries within the State of Michigan,
and Lake Erie and its tributaries within the State of
Michigan, is being held under the provisions of Section 8
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare is authorized to call
a conference of this type when requested to do so by the
Governor of a State.
The purpose of the conference is to bring
together representatives of the State water pollution con-
trol agency, representatives of the U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, and other interested
parties to review the existing situation, the progress
which has been made, to lay a basis for future action by
all parties concerned, and to give the State, localities,
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 4
and industries an opportunity to take any indicated re-
medial action under State and local law.
This is a conference between the official
State water pollution control agency of Michigan and
representatives of the U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare. For the purposes of the Federal Act,
the official State water pollution control agency of
Michigan is the Michigan Water Resources Commission. The
Michigan Water Resources Commission may bring whomever it
wishes to the conference and have them participate in the
conference. However, only the representatives of the
Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare constitute the conferees.
The State of Michigan has designated as its
conferee for the conference Mr. Loring Oeming, Executive
Secretary of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, and
Mr. Oeming has several of his commission members and others
with him as consultants.
I wonder if you would introduce them at this
point, Mr. Oeming?
MR. OEMING: Yes, Chairman Stein.
I would like to introduce the members of the
commission or their alternates who are here and who are
acting, pursuant to an action taken by the commission, as
-------
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 5
consultants to the State conferee.
Starting at your left, Mr. Lynn Baldwin, who
represents conservation groups on the Water Resources
Commission.
Next is Mr. Al Balden, who is an alternate
for Jim Gilmore, representing industrial-management groups
on the commission.
Next is Mr. George Mclntyre, Director of
Agriculture and Chairman of the Water Resources Commission.
Next is George Liddle, who represents muni-
cipal groups on the commission.
Next is John Vogt, who is from the Michigan
Department of Health and is alternate for Dr. A. E. Heustis,
member of the commission*
Then we have Jim Murray, who represents the
State Highway Director.
And, last, Dr. Ralph MacMullan, Director of
Conservation.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Oeming.
Mr. H. W. Foston, on my right, of the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, who is the Regional
Program Director for this region, with headquarters in
Chicago, has been designated as conferee for the Federal
Government.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 6
My name is Murray Stein. I am from Washington,
D. C. headquarters of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, and the representative of the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Anthony J. Celebrezze.
Both the States and the Federal Government
have responsibilities in dealing with water pollution
problems. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act declares
that the primary responsibilities and rights for control-
ling water pollution rest with the State. Consistent
with this, we are charged by law to encourage State action
to abate pollution of navigable waters. However, the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare also is charged
by law with specific responsibilities in the field of
water pollution control, as pollution of navigable waters
which endangers the health or welfare of any person is
subject to abatement in accordance with the provisions of
the Federal Act.
A first session of this conference was held
March 27th and 28th, 1962, in Detroit. On the basis of a
written request to the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare, dated December 6, 1961, from John B. Swainson,
then Governor of Michigan, the Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare on January 19, 1962, called a conference
under the provisions of Section 8 of the Federal Water
-------
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 7
Control Act in the matter of pollution of the navigable
waters of the Detroit River and its tributaries within
the State of Michigan, and Lake Erie and its tributaries
within the State of Michigan.
In light of conference discussions, the con-
ferees unanimously agreed to the following conclusions
and recommendations:
1. Lake St. Glair, the Detroit River, and
Lake Erie, within the State of Michigan, and their tribu-
taries within the State of Michigan, are navigable waters
within the meaning of Section 8 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act.
2. Pollution of navigable waters subject to
abatement under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
is occurring in the Michigan waters of Lake St. Clair,
the Detroit River, and Lake Erie, and their tributaries.
The discharges causing and contributing to the pollution
come from various industrial and municipal sources.
3. This pollution causes deleterious condi-
tions so as to interfere with legitimate water uses,
including municipal and industrial water supplies,
fisheries resources, commercial and sport fishing,
swimming, water skiing, pleasure boating and other forms
of recreation.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 8
4o It is too early -- this was in 1962 —
on the basis of the record of the Conference, to make an
adequate judgment of the adequacy of the measures taken
toward abatement of the pollution. The Conference dis-
cussions demonstrate that there are many gaps in our
knowledge of sources of pollution and their effects.
5. Cognizance is taken of the program of
the Michigan Water Resources Commission for development
of adequate pollution control measures on a progressive
basis and the excellent progress being made by many
municipalities and industries under this program. Delays
encountered in abating the pollution may well be caused
by the existence of a municipal and industrial complex
concentrated in an area with a limited water resource.
The conferees are also aware of the vast problems that
Detroit faces as a result of the storm water outflow
from a system of combined sewers. The problem thus be-
comes one of approaching the entire area on a coordinated
basis and putting in adequate facilities based on an over-
all plan.
6. Cognizance is also taken of the six-
county study as a useful approach to the solution of the
pollution problem in the Detroit area.
7. The Department of Health, Education, and
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 9
Welfare, in order to close the gaps in the knowledge as to
sources of pollution, nature of pollution, and the effects
thereof, appropriate methods of abatement, and appropriate
methods to avoid delays in abatement, will initiate an
investigation and study to gather data and information on
the waters involved. This investigation and study will
be carried on in close cooperation with the State agencies
concerned, with the details of the investigation to be
determined by the technical staffs of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, the Michigan Health De-
partment and the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare will estab-
lish a resident survey group to provide technical assistance
for this investigation.
8. The Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare will prepare reports on the progress of this in-
vestigation at six month intervals which will be made
available to the Michigan Water Resources Commission. The
Michigan Water Resources Commission will make information
contained in these reports available to all interested
parties.
9. The Conference will be reconvened at the
call of the Chairman with the concurrence of the Michigan
Water Resources Commission to consider the results obtained
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10
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
from the investigation and study, and to agree on action
to be taken to abate pollution.
We are now here three years later. The study
has been made and has been completed. This second session
of the Conference, we hope, will be useful in describing
the problem clearly, in delineating the progress which has
already been accomplished, and in indicating what still
needs to be done to correct the pollution problems of the
Detroit River and Michigan waters of Lake Erie.
It was evident during the study and investi-
gation, and it was evidenced at the first session of the
Conference, that the City of Detroit, other municipalities,
and many of the industries in the area had done much to
prevent water pollution.
As has been pointed out many times, these
cities and industries did have an active program. However,
it was recognized that while they did have an active program,
the Conferees did find that the waters covered by the Con-
ference were in a polluted condition.
The task of the technical group was made con-
siderably more difficult by having to go out and determine,
with the present analyses, in all cases, which industries
were and which industries were not providing adequate treat-
ment, and, if so, how adequate they were.
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11
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
As you will see when the report is presented,
this is not a blanket indictment or a blanket improvement.
We should bear in mind that we should give credit where
credit is due, and recognize that as this country gets
more complex, there are situations such as we find in
Detroit, where you can't make a wide judgment applying to
all cities and all industries, and as this develops you
will see that considerable progress has been made.
You can imagine what the state of the river
would be, for example, if Detroit did not have the active
program that it has and had not had the waste collecting
treatment system that it has, and 1 think the river is in
the shape it is in now due to that effort, and we should
give the City of Detroit that kind of credit.
There is another point that should be made.
After this study, and we believe at least the investigators
who made the study believe that they have uncovered the
facts throughout the situation, we will try to get a con-
cession on all facts here, and move forward based on these
facts.
We believe that the situation in Detroit,
while very, very complex, can still be understood, because
the physical facts subject to measurements and the tech-
niques of measurement are the same, whether they are employed
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12
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
by representatives of the Federal Government, the State
Government, the Municipal Government, or industry. Hope-
fully, we will get an agreement on a factual basis. We
need an agreement before we can move forward.
Now a word about the procedure governing the
conduct of the Conference. The Conferees will be called
upon to make statements. The Conferees, in addition, may
call upon participants whom they invited to the Conference
to make statements. At the conclusion of such statements,
the Conferees will be given an opportunity to comment or
ask questions, and at the conclusion of the Conferees'
comments or questions, I may ask a question or two. This
procedure has proven effective in the past in developing
a clear statement of the problem and in reaching agreements
on equitable solutions.
At the end of all statements, we will have a
discussion among the Conferees and try to arrive at agree-
ment on the facts of the situation. Then we will attempt
to summarize the Conference orally, giving the Conferees,
of course, the right to amend or modify the summary.
Under the Federal law, the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare is required, at the conclusion of
the Conference, to prepare a summary of it which will be
sent to all the Conferees. The summary, according to law,
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13
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
must include the following:
1. Occurrence of pollution in navigable waters
subject to abatement under the Federal Act;
2. Adequacy of measures taken toward abate-
ment of pollution; and
3. Natureof delays, if any, being encountered
in abating the pollution.
Subsequent to the Conference, the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare is required to make recom-
mendations for remedial action if such recommendations are
indicated. In the past, when the Conferees are agreed
unanimously on the recommendations, the Secretary has al-
ways adopted those recommendations of the Conferees.
A record and verbatim transcript will be made
of the Conference by Mr. Al Zimmer. Mr. Zimmer is making
this transcript for the purpose of aiding us in preparing
a summary, and also providing a complete record of what is
said here. We will make copies of the summary and trans-
cript available to the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
We have found that, generally, for the purpose of maintain-
ing relationships within a State, that the people who wish
transcripts should request them through their State agency,
rather than come directly to the Federal Government. The
reason for this is that we would prefer that the people
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14
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
who are interested in the problem to follow their normal
relations in dealing with State agencies rather than the
Federal Government on these matters when the Conference
has been concluded. This has worked successfully in the
past, and we will be most happy to make this material
available to the State for distribution.
I would suggest that all speakers and par-
ticipants, other than the Conferees, making statements
come to the lectern and identify themselves for the purpose
of the record.
Those stairs coming up look a little more
precipitous and rickety than they are. I think you will
make it if you take a deep breath.
(Laughter.)
The first person we would like to call on is
indeed an old friend, and, from a technical person like
myself who has been in this program for almost a quarter
of a century, one of the national architects of the Federal
program and indeed recognized, as I saw by one of your
local papers a while ago, as Michigan's expert on water
pollution control. He has worked on all water pollution
control measures since he has been in Congress. He has
been one of our most perceptive critics and one of the
most instructive builders in the program, and has probably
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15
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
contributed as much to the progress of water pollution
control programs in the National Government and in the
States as any man in the country today.
The Honorable John D. Dingell.
(Rising applause.)
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16
Representative John D. Dingell
STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE JOHN
D. DINGELL, DEMOCRAT, 16th DISTRICT
OF MICHIGAN
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: Mr. Chairman, members
of the Conference:
For the record, my name is John D. Dingell.
I am a Member of Congress, elected from the 16th Con-
gressional District of Michigan. Geographically, my
district is perhaps the most critically and directly
affected by the proceedings today, and by the pollution
of the Detroit River, which is the subject matter of our
conference. My district extends down the Detroit River
beginning at the foot of West Grand Boulevard, and runs
clear to the mouth of the Huron River some 22 miles dis-
tant; it comprises the southwest portion of the City of
Detroit, all of the cities of Dearborn, Ecorse, River Rouge,
Wyandotte, Southgate, Riverview, Trenton, Gibraltar,
Rockwood, the Villages of Woodhaven and Flat Rock, and
the Townships of Grosse lie and Brownstown.
I do not intend to discuss the contents of
the Public Health Service Report on the Detroit River.
It is too well documented and sufficiently well known for
our purposes today. Suffice it to say, the modest and
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Representative John D. Dingell
reasonable recommendations contained therein should be
implemented forcefully and vigorously at the present
time. Neither the City of Detroit, nor any other muni-
cipalities or industries concerned have any God-given
right to befoul the waters of the River, its tributaries,
or Lake Erie.
The people -I have the honor to represent have
strong feelings on the subject of pollution of our Detroit
River. To them it is a source of water for home and in-
dustry. It is an area of recreation for hunting and
fishing, although now much degraded, and was formerly a
fine place for swimming. Its once pure waters were at
one time the seat of a flourishing sport and commercial
fishery. Today its commercial fishery is gone, and its
sport fishery produces catches running more and more
heavily to the less desirable species of fish. Our fisher-
men, with reason, complain of the taste of the fish,
tainted with industrial and municipal wastes.
Watercraft on the River are smeared with oil
and pollutants; all too frequently, there are well docu-
mented reports of duck kills, some of them massive, stemming
from the pollution of our River.
Cottagers, swimmers, and those who walk along
the shore complain of the quality, the color, and the smell
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Representative John D. Dingell
of the dying waters of our River.
The contents of the excellent Report on the
Pollution of the Detroit _Rlverr Michigan Waters of Lake
Erie, and their Tributaries, completed after three years
of study and an expenditure of some $750,000 of Federal
funds, fully and properly characterizes the condition of
the River and simply proves the obvious, and, Mr. Chairman,
very frankly documents the obvious. Almost any of my
constituents could tell us today, from their experience
on the River and from the knowledge common to all in this
area, that our River is grossly polluted.
We are gathered together today to discuss
what is to be done, indeed, what must be done! On behalf
of the people 1 have the honor to serve — and, let me say
that 1 take the trouble to familiarize myself very care-
fully with the view of my people, being a Member of
Congress, 1 say, let us clean up the River, and I say
further, let us carry out the recommendations of the re-
port.
We know the sources of pollution, industrial
and municipal. These are documented fully in the report.
We have ample knowledge in the art of cleaning up the
causes of the pollution such as exists in the Detroit
Metropolitan Area. Our scientific knowledge is adequate,
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Representative John D. Dingell
our knowledge of finances and our resources to meet the
clear need are sufficient. We must not be lacking in
determination.
I have heard the voices of only a very few
men of limited knowledge and vision cry for the status
quo, challenge the validity of the report, and attack
the veracity and character of its authors. I report to
you that this is not the attitude of the people of the
Sixteenth District of Michigan, nor is it the thinking
of the people of Southeast Michigan.
1 repeat to you, our people who know the
condition of our River cry, "CleanupI" Those who use
the River, the fishermen, the duck hunters, the cottagers,
the boaters and the water skiers, the citizens who would
swim again at Sterling State Park and at other beaches
in our area all say, "Cleanup."
Our industries with wise and provident leader-
ship know of the need for such cleanup, and our municipal
leaders, save only the very few of the most limited vision,
recognize and support the need for such cleanup.
We in this area ask only that the matter be
approached in the same reasonable and understanding manner
as have other cities which have found themselves in the
same position. The matter can be handled with deliberate
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Representative John D. Dingell
speed, and when I say "deliberate," I mean deliberate and
a growing effort.
Our people recognize the pollution of our
River from municipal and industrial discharge and the need
for additional and improved treatment facilities. That
secondary treatment must be installed by the City of
Detroit and other municipalities which utilize the River
for disposal of their sewage effluent, no one seriously
challenges. Our people agree that industry must spend
more for construction and repair and for more careful
and adequate operation of its waste treatment plants.
We ask again, respectfully, Mr. Chairman,
that only that time which is sufficient be afforded to
city and industry for this cleanup. Our people ask that
you consider, in fixing the time limits, the financial
abilities of our industry to program the cost of what we
all concede are badly needed improvements in waste
handling. This includes, of course, construction and
improvement in our existing plants. Our people urge that
you consider problems of the City of Detroit and of the
other municipalities in financing the cost of secondary
treatment.
%
The City of Detroit has performed better than
most cities in providing treatment of its municipal wastes,
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Representative John D. Dingell
/
and I wish to endorse the comment of the Chairman of the
Conference this morning on that point.
Unfortunately, its performance is no longer
adequate to the needs of this time. What would serve a
much smaller metropolitan area of the 1930's or 1940's
is not adequate to the demands of a thirsty giant of a
metropolitan area of the late 1960's. The knowledge of
those earlier days as to water use, the methods of treat-
ment, the hazards to our environment, the danger and
destruction to fish and wildlife and recreational values
have come a long way since the day when primary treatment
by a city the size of Detroit was considered adequate.
It is no small task that we face in this
area. The best estimates that I have seen place the cost
of secondary treatment of Detroit's sewage as high as
$100 mi11iono Similar preliminary estimates fix the
possible cost of new construction for abatement of in-
dustrial pollution at a nearly equal figure»
To the people of this area, and on their
behalf, to the officers conducting this Conference, I
say that these figures can be handled by our people and
industry without undue economic hardship.
Without going into the matter in detail, I
believe that a very modest increase in water rates to
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Representative John D. Dingell
the customers of the City of Detroit system will suffi-
ciently support a proper schedule of constructing adequate
facilities.
Public Law 660 as amended offers grants up
to $600,000 for one city construction and $2.4 million
for multiple city construction of sewage abatement works.
Changes in Public Law 660 now awaiting final
consideration in the Congress provide for grants of up
to $1.2 million for single city construction and $4.8
million for multiple city construction of abatement works.
In each case I believe on the basis of Detroit's services
to its suburbs in sewage treatment, the area would qualify,
under Public Law 660, for the larger, multiple city type
grants.
I anticipate, in the near future, introducing
amendments to Public Law 660 to provide for grants of up
to $5 million for single city facilities and $20 million
for multi-city grants. I believe that this will have a
further beneficial effect not only on the pollution prob-
lems of the City of Detroit, but also upon similar problems
of the many other large cities like New York, which has
need of pollution control and abatement construction,
the cost of which I have heard estimated as high as $1
billion; of Chicago, Philadelphia, and other cities whose
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Representative John D. Dingell
needs run to several hundred millions for the secondary
treatment of municipal sewage, and a great deal more for
elimination of combined storm and sanitary sewers and
for abatement of industrial pollution.
I feel that the Conference should not con-
sider, at this time, the problem of storm waters adding
to the pollution of the River resulting from the inade-
quately combined system of storm and sanitary drains of
the City of Detroit. This would be too costly at the
present time, and would, 1 believe, hinder completion of
secondary treatment, which is more important and more
economically feasible. The possibility of a breakthrough
in this area, because of research stimulated by new Federal
legislation, makes deferral of this problem both possible
and desirable.
It would seem preferable to me that this
Conference continue jurisdiction over the Detroit River
and its tributaries to assure a fair and expeditious
cleanup. This kind of continuing supervision could assure
reopening of the vexatious storm overflow problem at the
appropriate time.
I believe that the Michigan Water Resources
Commission, with the assistance and encouragement of the
United States Public Health Service, can carry out a plan
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Representative John D. Dingell
fixing an equitable time and manner for a real cleanup
in a way which will reasonably satisfy all concerned. I
believe that fine agency, under the able leadership of
Mr. Loring F. Oeming, with the strong backing of the
Federal Government, has the technical ability and the
inclination to do a good job. This I believe was clearly
demonstrated by Mr. Oeming1s recognition of the serious-
ness of the pollution problem when he publicly praised
the thoroughness of the Public Health Service Report.
I am sure Mr. Oeming recognizes the respon-
sibility which this entails. I am certain he knows that
failure to carry out this high responsibility will result
in the narrowing of the responsibility of the several
States in the area of pollution abatement. Certainly,
failure of Michigan's Water Resources Commission to
meet this test will increase the pressure for more Federal
action in this area.
Mr. Chairman, I have offered you no panacea
and I have given no solution. I have simply stated sup-
port of the people of my district for the incontrovertible
findings of the excellent study of the Detroit River,
which was completed so carefully by the Public Health
Service. Secondary treatment is not only possible, but
is economically feasible. It is also urgently needed.
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Representative John D. Dingell
I have stated that this problem can be resolved by reason-
able men with minimal cost to the many involved and with
enormous benefit to all, and I find it is something which
is made available in the case of about 70 percent of the
municipalities in the country today, and I can see no
reason why Detroit, through appointed officials, should
discuss the need for special privileges.
1 am sure that this Conference under its
able Chairman, Mr. Murray Stein, will manifest the order,
reason, and fairness I have seen in similar proceedings.
I only urge that the same fundamental philosophy of Pub-
lic Law 660 on whose original enactment 1 worked, and to
which I have authored so many amendments, motivate all
who are engaged in this program.
The benefits of cleaning up pollution of the
Detroit River mean longer life to Lake Erie, pure water
for municipalities, for industry, recreation, fish and
wildlife, and will make this a better place to live for
present and future generations. This is economically
possible without undue hardship and dislocation to our
people. I say, "Let us begin!"
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
MRo STEIN: Thank you, Congressman.
Are there any comments or questions, Mr.
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Representative John D. Dingell
Oeming?
MR. OEMING:. I have none.
MR. POSTON: No.
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: I do, Mr. Chairman,
have with me today the statement of my good friend and
colleague from the 15th Congressional District, Congress-
man William Ford, that I would like to present to the
Conference at this time.
Congressman Ford is very much concerned
with the pollution of the Detroit River, and I believe
his suggestions and his support of the Conference which
he states for consideration merit attention by this
body.
MR. STEIN: Could that be read into the
record?
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: I would present it to
the Chairman and to the Conference. If they desire to
have it read into the record, that will be appropriate,
but I think it should be inserted at this point.
MR. STEIN: I think perhaps Mr. Oeming wants
to hear it. If you wish, we can have someone read this
for you.
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: I've been getting very
dry, Mr. Chairman. I would prefer to have someone else
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Representative John D. Dingell
read it. A member of Mr. Ford's staff is here this morn-
ing, and I am sure he would be happy to present it.
MR. STEIN: Before you leave though, I would
like to comment that I think it is evident to all, by your
analysis of the problem in this particular area, why
Congressman Dingell is one of the nation's experts in
water pollution control.
I add again, as a technical man who stands
with his entire career in the field, as you can see,
Congressman Dingell is very strongly for water pollution
control in addition to the normal problems when he comes
into his own district. This, to my mind, takes considerable
fortitude and courage.
Your point is well taken, sir, about putting
an undue financial burden on anyone. As you know, our
philosophy is to see whether we can have industries and
municipalities, where appropriate, construct reasonable
treatment methods and works without putting a burden on
them or putting them out of their business.
Anyone can clean up pollution if you are
going to put an industry out of business or close down
a city. The challenge is to have industry maintain its
competitiveness and allow the city to grow, and still
have the water utilized for a maximum number of uses.
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Representative John D. Dingell
This often takes adroit financial analyses
and painstaking hard work, and, Congressman, this is a
notion that is well taken.
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: I would point out, Mr.
Chairman, that you have done this admirably in the con-
ferences that you have conducted on many other rivers,
and I think in some 34 cases, and I can see no reason why
our people here have anything to fear from the enforce-
ment of the Public Health Service.
MR. STEIN: I don't think so, sir. You know,
as we have pointed out before the Congress, we have had
cases involving more than 1,000 industries and more than
1,000 cities, the industries and the cities ranging from
the largest to the smallest.
Only once have we been to court against one
city. Never have we had to take an industry to court.
I think this speaks of our philosophy. We measure our
success by the solutions we arrive at at the conference
table, rather than by the number of court actions we
bring.
With reference to your last point, your
recommendation that we continue jurisdiction, just yester-
day and this morning I had word that the Governor of Ohio
has requested a similar conference and enforcement action
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Representative John D. Dingell
on the entire Lake Erie situation. This, as I see it
now, will probably involve Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania
and New York.
As you know, if any Governor makes a request
for an interstate action like that, we have no option and
we must take it, so I guess we will maintain jurisdiction.
I think Detroit is in an enviable position,
because we do have a head start in Detroit and possibly
we will be able to see our way clear to a solution. The
other areas involved in the Lake Erie situation may yet
have to go through the travail and agony of evolving a
program, and 1 think we are close to that in this area.
Thank you very much.
CONGRESSMAN DINGELL: Thank you, Mr. Chairman,
A member of Congressman Ford's staff is here,
and 1 am sure he would be more than pleased to read this.
(Applause.)
MR. STEIN: Would you identify yourself for
the record, please?
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Representative William D. Ford
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE WILLIAM
D. FORD, U. S. REPRESENTATIVE, 15TH
CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, MICHIGAN,
READ BY JAMES PLAKAS
MR. PLAKAS: For the record, I am Jim
Plakas, representing Congressman William D. Ford from
the 15th Congressional District.
The statement I am about to read is the
statement of the Congressman, and it reads as follows:
Mr. Chairman, members of the Commission,
and delegates to the meeting:
I should first like to commend you for the
effort which has been put forth to arrange this meeting
on the subject of Water Pollution in the Detroit River
and the waters tributary to and attached to it* There
can be no question in the mind of anyone in the Detroit
area that the time for delay and meaningless discussion
is long past, and we have arrived at a time for action,
the delay of which threatens one of the principal natural
resources not only of our own area, but of the entire
United States.
When one realizes that we in Michigan are
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Representative William D. Ford
virtually surrounded by what is estimated to be, not only
the largest fresh-water reservoir in the world, but a
fresh-water system of lakes and rivers representing one-
seventh of the total available supply in the world, we
can quickly grasp the enormity of our respon s ib i1i tv for
the future of this resource. We have recently received
the report on "Pollution of the Detroit River, Michigan
Waters of Lake Erie, and Their Tributaries — Summary,
Conclusions and Recommendations," prepared under the
direction of, and as the result of a Federal Grant to
the United States Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control.
This very comprehensive analysis of the
water pollution problem in the Detroit Metropolitan area
and its effect on the Great Lakes, gives scientific and
detailed support to facts concerning the pollution of our
rivers and Lake Erie which have long been known to the
residents df the area and people who have in recent years
watched the consistent diminution of available fresh
water for human consumption, swimming, boating and
recreational uses, not to mention the effect on fish and
wildlife.
I have lived within a very short distance of
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Representative William D. Ford
the Detroit River all of my life, and as a boy knew it to
be not only the place from which our drinking water came,
but a river lined with beaches used by many thousands of
our people, and fished from Lake St. Glair to Lake Erie
throughout the year. The people from my Congressional
District who still use the lower Detroit River for recrea-
tion, such as those owning small boats for fishing and
pleasure boating, are painfully aware of the increasing
sludge which chokes the lower Detroit River. I have
heard a neighbor say that "Putting your boat in the
Detroit River is like dipping a casting in a bath of oil."
For the first time, in this report, we have
the specific municipalities and private industries identi-
fied which are responsible for the pollution, in a very
direct analysis which discloses exactly the type and
volume of pollution entering the Rouge River, the Huron
River, the Raisin River, the Detroit River and, subse-
quently, Lake Erie.
The City of Detroit, which would not be where
it is but for the existence of the deep and once clear
waters of the Detroit River, contributes 95 percent of
the municipal waste which goes into the Detroit River
in its northern part, and becomes a principal source of
pollution to all those downstream from the city.
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Representative William D. Ford
In years gone by, cities like Wyandotte,
having water intakes in the Detroit River below the City
of Detroit, have expressed deep concern for the increase
in pollution which has in recent years made it necessary
to dump ever-increasing amounts of chlorine into the water
to make it potable, or at least passable.
Now, however, since the purchase of the Wayne
County Water Department by the City of Detroit, an invest-
ment, incidentally, of more than $50,000,000, the City
of Detroit and the many communities connected to its
water system, all have in common the problem of a water
intake on the lower Detroit River. More than $50,000,000
of Wayne County taxpayers' money has been invested in a
water plant intended to be a principal source of supply
for all of southern and western Wayne County, and which
will not produce usable tap water for human consumption
if present circumstances are permitted to continue.
Therefore, it is indeed a strange anomaly
to hear water officials from the City of Detroit attempt
to minimize the problem of Detroit River pollution, and
suggest that secondary sewage treatment, as recommended
in the Public Health Service report, would be a waste of
money. This kind of horse-and-buggy economy is largely
responsible for the situation we find ourselves in at
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Representative William D. Ford
the present time, and if it continues will diminish the
growth and development potential of the Detroit Metro-
politan area by amounts that are astronomical and repre-
sent literally thousands of times the cost of secondary
sewage treatment by the City of Detroit.
However, private industry certainly has an
obligation to discontinue, or mitigate, the conditions
which led them to contribute 1.1 billion gallons of waste
to our fresh water system every day, more than twice as
much as all municipalities discharging waste into the
river combined.
As the report so clearly indicates, industry
is polluting these waters "bacteriologically, chemically,
physically and biologically." The list of items deposited
in the river by industry reads more like an inventory of
a metal junkyard and chemical waste disposal facility
than an analysis of a fresh water supply necessary to
the sustenance of millions of people.
As people walk about our Capitol in Washing-
ton, one of the things that tourist guides call their
attention to is the huge cast-iron dome in the center of
the Capitol, which I am sure is familiar to every citizen
of this country. One of the figures which truly astounds
people as they stand below this overwhelmingly large
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Representative William D. Ford 35
structure is the guide's information that the dome weighs
nine million pounds.
Imagine then, if you will, what we are talk-
ing about in terms of daily pollution in the Detroit River
when you realize that every day six million pounds of
waste products are discharged from United States industries
and municipalities into the river, and twenty million
pounds of waste goes from the United States waters of
the Detroit River to the Michigan side of Lake Erie. We
are literally filling in Lake Erie with our own waste and,
in so doing, not only jeopardizing our own health and
future, but betraying the trust which we as caretakers
of this national resource owe to everyone else.
Mr. Stein, as the principal Federal officer
charged with water pollution enforcement, 1 think will
agree with me that no one wants to see the Federal
Government assume complete control of enforcement and
clean-up. It is an inescapable conclusion, reached by
anyone who will give the matter a*moment's thought,
that the immediate action necessary on every front to
halt this pollution and effectively do something to clean
up our waters, must be a joint effort between government
at all levels — municipal-county-State-Federal, private
industry and the citizens.
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Representative William D. Ford
Congressman John D. Dingell (16th District,
Michigan) and I are actively supporting legislation which
would increase Federal funds available to municipalities
who are willing to undertake the construction of improved
sewage treatment facilities for the purpose of water pol-
lution abatement, as well as improving, generally, public
health conditions. However, Federal money alone will not
do the job, and it will require a vigorous effort on the
part of local officials to inform the public of the need
for such facilities and to get projects started, which
will result in their design and installation without fur-
ther undue delay.
The State of Michigan has had great diffi-
culty in obtaining a water pollution law with teeth, and
some of the industries named in the report I have men-
tioned before have actively opposed enactment of legis-
lation in Lansing that would strengthen the enforcement
of anti-pollution measures. We have been greatly
encouraged by progress made in this session of the Michi-
gan Legislature, and certainly do not believe that it is
too early to act.
Many of you know that the first conference
on the Michigan waters of Lake Erie was called by the
then Governor, John B. Swainson, in March of 1962, and
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Representative William D. Ford
that as a result of that meeting, the United States
Government, through several agencies, became involved in
the activity which led to the study resulting in the re-
port we have been discussing today.
One might ask, however: Since that time in
1962, when the Federal Government and the State of Michigan
determined through its representatives to take bold steps
for a solution, what has the State of Michigan done? It
might also be asked: What have the major industries, who
must certainly have known in advance what the conclusions
of this research would be, done to demonstrate that water
pollution problems can be solved on a voluntary or coopera-
tive basis without Federal Government coercion?
It should be noted that most of the downriver
and out-County communities of Wayne County have recently,
entered into contracts obligating themselves to the ex-
penditures of large amounts of money for the construction
of new sewage treatment facilities, for sewage wastes
coming from those communities. We in the suburbs might
very well ask: What has our neighbor, the City of Detroit,
done as its share in this project?
There is much discussion from time to time
about the shift of responsibility for local problems to
the Federal Government. And our own Governor, who himself
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Representative William D. Ford
has been critical of this shift, has nevertheless suggested
a real reason for it when he has said, on more than one
occasion, that if the State fails to meet the needs of
the people, people will turn to Washington for assistance.
As a Congressman, I believe firmly that the
question of a fresh water supply, and the availability
of this supply as a national resource is clearly the proper
subject of Federal legislation. Further, I feel that there
can be no more admirable expenditure of public funds than
for the purpose of water pollution abatement.
However, I truly hope that consistent with
legislation we have already passed in this session of
the 89th Congress, the Federal Government will lend its
resources to an over-all citizen-business-government
partnership in solving these problems.
I am prepared to say, however, that if we
continue to discuss these matters without demonstrating
a genuine effort on the part of the people responsible
for pollution to abate these conditions, I will vigor-
ously support any Federal legislation for the enforcement
of pollution abatement that will make up for this lack
of enlightened cooperation by the people most directly
involved.
Thank you very much for permitting me to
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39
Representative William D. Ford
present this statement, and please accept my sincere best
wishes to everyone participating in this Conference, in
the hope that it will be a successful effort in the war
against pollution.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman*
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Do you have any comments or questions, Mr.
Oeming?
MR. OEMING: Well, yes, Mr. Chairman.
I would like to comment on one of the ques-
tions that is raised in Congressman Ford's statement as
to what has been done or what has transpired during this
two or three year period that the study has been going
on. /
Just for your information and those here
present, a report will be presented by the State agency
to review the situation and review the progress that has
been made, and, in addition, I am sure that many of the
individual municipalities and industries will have their
own statements to make upon invitation by the State Con-
feree.
So, I think this question will be answered
at this Conference, that there were so many things done,
and this Conference will bring those out.
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Representative William D. Ford
MR. P1AKAS: Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Do you have any questions or
comments, Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: No, sir.
MR. STEIN: I wonder if you would convey my
thanks to Congressman Ford.
Since he has been in Congress, and he is a
relatively new member, he has been consistently interested
in water pollution control and has taken hold of this
subject, and he seems to have quite a background.
We appreciate his contribution,
MR. PIAKAS: Thank you. I will convey your
message.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
At this point, I would like to review the
agenda so that we will know where we stand„ We are pretty
much on schedule.
We first had the opening remarks, and next
the appearances of members of Congress. Congressman
Vivian, who we expected might be here, I think may very
well have been delayed or called somewhere else in con-
nection with the reception for the astronauts. If the
Congressman should come in, we will put him on when he
does, as we usually do in cases of that kind with a
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Representative William D. Ford
Congressional delegation.
However, we are now going to have the Report
on Pollution of the Detroit River by the Federal repre-
sentatives. Then, after that, we will have a recess for
lunch. We will reconvene at 2:30, when we expect to have
appearances by Governor Romney, and the Governors of Ohio,
Pennsylvania and New York, and the Premier of Ontario, who
he has invited to attend. Perhaps one of them will appear
and make a statement. We will then resume the presenta-
tion of the report, and we will hope to recess at about
5:30.
Tomorrow morning, if the report has not been
completed today, we will continue with that, and then have
clarifying questions by the conferees. If the report is
completed this afternoon, we will start with the clarifying
questions, after which we will have appearances of other
invited Federal agencies, such as the Corps of Engineers,
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
and the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.
We will then have the same luncheon recess
tomorrow, following which we will have a presentation of
reports and statements by the State agencies, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of Health,
Conservation Department, and Economic Expansion.
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Murray Stein
On Thursday, and continuing on, we will have
appearances by the State invitees, with presentations of
reports and statements of the municipalities and other
local governmental units, and industries. This will con-
tinue until we have completed with that.
We will have a discussion and a resume of
the Conference at the end of all these appearances.
Of course, we would like to move ahead as
expeditiously as possible, but this can give you an idea
of the program to expect. Before we get into the meat
of the Federal report, we might take a five minute recess.
Let us make it just a five minute recess.
Thank you.
(After recess.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
Mr. Poston.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, Conferees:
I would like to proceed immediately with a
presentation of the Summary, Conclusions, and Recommenda-
tions of our studies that were made at the request of the
Detroit conferees at the time of their meeting in March
of 1962.
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43
H. W. Poston
For this purpose, Mr. Richard Vaughan, who
was Project Director up until October 4, 1964, and Mr.
George Harlow, who has been Director since that time,
will make this presentation.
Mr. Vaughan will come first, and will be
assisted by Mr. Harlow in pointing out some of the loca-
tions on the map that we have at the right.
I would like to give you Mr. Vaughan at this
time.
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44
Richard D. Vaughan
STATEMENT OF RICHARD D. VAUGHAN,
SANITARY ENGINEER AND DIRECTOR,
DETROIT RIVER - LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TO OCTOBER 4, 1964
MR. VAUGHAN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
For the record, my name is Richard D. Vaughan,
and I am a Sanitary Engineer and Director with the Public
Health Service of the U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare.
At this time, I would like to read to you a
Summary of the Report on Pollution of the Detroit River,
Michigan Waters of Lake Erie, and their Tributaries.
A water pollution investigation of the Detroit
River and the Michigan waters of Lake Erie has been made
by personnel of the Detroit River - Lake Erie Project of
the Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, under the authority of Section 8
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended
(33 U.S.C. 466 et seq) and at the request of the conferees
of the Federal - State conference on water pollution held
in Detroit, Michigan, on March 27 and 28, 1962.
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45
Richard D. Vaughan
The investigation was conducted to fill the
gaps in existing technical information on water quality,
sources and quantities of wastes, and the extent of pol-
lution in the United States waters of the Detroit River
and the Michigan waters of Lake Erie. The investigation
was conducted in cooperation with the State regulatory
agencies. The valuable assistance and special participa-
tion of personnel of the Michigan Water Resources Commis-
sion and Michigan Department of Health is recognized.
Assistance was also rendered by the Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Geological Survey, the International Joint Commis-
sion, and especially the U. S. Navy, who provided space
for the operations.
Intensive surveys were made of 6 municipal
and 42 industrial waste sources to ascertain their indi-
vidual contributions to the waste loadings in the waters
under study. These surveys were joint efforts of the
Project and the appropriate State regulatory agency. In
the area of industrial waste surveys, Michigan Water
Resources Commission personnel collected the samples and,
after analysis by the Project, the Commission personnel
evaluated the findings and made recommendations where
appropriate. In some cases the Project personnel made
additional recommendations.
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46
Richard D. Vaughan
A cooperative study was undertaken with the
Michigan Department of Health and the Michigan Water Re-
sources Commission to determine and compare the character-
istics of overflows from combined sewers with those from
separate storm sewers.
Generally, laboratory procedures were per-
formed in accordance with "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, Eleventh Edition."
Any deviations were based on proven research described in
the literature.
The main body of this report contains a narra-
tive description of all major activities of the Project,
accompanied by appropriate maps, graphs, and tables. All
tables and figures are contained in the seven sections
which constitute the main body of the report.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS - DETROIT RIVER
Water Uses
The Detroit River is actually a strait
connecting the waters of Lake St. Clair to those of Lake
Erie. Its average discharge, based on United States Lake
Survey records through April 1964, is 182,000 cubic feet
per second. During the study period the discharge aver-
aged 170,000 cubic feet per second.
The water uses of the Detroit River are as
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47
Richard D. Vaughan
follows:
1. Shipping and navigation. Tonnage shipped
through the Detroit River during a recent eight-month
season exceeded the entire combined tonnage shipped
through the Suez and Panama Canals during an entire year.
To maintain navigation, dredging operations are carried
on in the Detroit River and Lake Erie by the U. S. Corps
of Engineers.
2. Major staging area for migrations of
waterfowl. Estimated winter populations since 1950
ranged from a minimum of 5,000 in 1961-1962 to 100,000
in 1963-64.
3. Recreation. There are at least 18 recrea-
tional areas and 63 marine facilities in the study area.
4. Water supply. Heavy use is made of the
Detroit River for municipal and industrial water supply.
The major municipal user is the City of Detroit, serving
the water supply needs of over three million people both
in Detroit and adjacent communities. Three municipal
water supply intakes serving the Detroit area are located
in the U. S. section of the Detroit River.
5. Sport Fishing. The fish of the Detroit
River and adjacent waters of Michigan Lake Erie are a
valuable natural resource providing recreation for many
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48
Richard D. Vaughan
anglers in the metropolitan area. Sales of bait, tackle,
and fishing gear as well as sales and rentals of boats
and motors to sportsmen constitute a business activity
of considerable economic importance to the area.
Description of Water Quality and Inter-
ference with Water Uses
Several prior investigations concerning water
quality in the Detroit River have been made by government
agencies and private consulting engineering firms during
the last 50 years. Reports of these investigations show
the progressive deterioration of the Detroit River water
quality from headwaters to mouth due to municipal and
industrial waste discharges. Comparison of waste loadings
discharged to the Detroit River during the 1948 IJC
survey and the 1963 Public Health Service survey reveals
over 50 percent reduction in phenols, cyanide, oil, and
suspended solids from industrial sources during the 15-
year period.
The water quality of the Detroit River from
its head to its junction with the old channel of the
Rouge River (approximately 10 miles downstream) is
satisfactory during dry weather conditions. During
overflows from combined sewers, the only part of the
Detroit River free from pollution is the stretch above
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49
Richard D. Vaughan
Conners Creek and midstream down to the Rouge River.
From their points of discharge all types of
wastes had a tendency to hug the United States or Canadian
shores and then slowly extend outward into the main body
of the river. Thus the pollution is not as great in the
middle of the River.
Coliform Bacterial Density. High total
coliform densities, especially when accompanied by high
fecal coliform densities, indicate the presence of animal
(including human) wastes which may contain pathogenic
organisms capable of causing enteric diseases in humans.
The presence of these organisms above acceptable levels
is a threat to the health and welfare of those who use
this water for domestic water supply and recreational
purposes. A widely used standard for swimming is 1,000
organisms per 100 ml.
Bacterial densities differed greatly between
dry and wet weather conditions. During dry conditions
the geometric mean coliform density in the upper Detroit
River was under 500 organisms per 100 ml., with average
values at the headwaters under 100 organisms per 100 ml.
Below Zug Island and the Rouge River the geometric mean
coliform densities increased to values exceeding 5,000
organisms per 100 ml. During wet conditions no change
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50
Richard D. Vaughan
was noted at the head of the Detroit River, but below
Conners Creek geometric means rose to approximately
7,000 per 100 ml. in the upper River and to over 80,000
in the lower Detroit River. During wet and dry weather
almost all of the lower Detroit River has geometric mean
values in excess of 2,400 organisms per 100 ml., and
most of the lower Detroit River exceeds 5,000 organisms
per 100 ml. during wet conditions.
Fecal coliform ratio to or percentage of
total coliforms provides additional information on water
quality. The range noted during the study was 30 to 90
percent of the total coliform densities, with higher
values observed in the lower Detroit River during wet
conditions. Fecal streptococci were generally less than
either total or fecal coliforms.
Geometric mean densities depict only average
conditions and tend to mask extremely high values. These
high values can indicate significant effects on many
water uses, especially those affecting human health and
welfare. Maximum values during the survey ranged from
4,900 organisms per 100 ml. at the headwaters to 770,000
organisms per 100 ml. in the lower River.
At the head of the Detroit River average
total coliform densities were approximately the same
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51
Richard D. Vaughan
during wet and dry conditions throughout the range. At
all locations from just below Belle Isle to the mouth of
the Detroit River average coliform densities near the
United States shore during wet conditions were 5 to 10
times higher than corresponding values during dry weather.
Study of the results of sampling in the Detroit River
by personnel of the City of Detroit during the past four
years indicates a pronounced downward trend (as evidenced
by median values) in coliform densities in American waters
near the shore, especially during the years 1962 and 1963.
Effluents from the main Detroit Sewage
Treatment Plant, Wyandotte Sewage Treatment Plant, and
overflows from combined sewers are significant souces of
coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci to
the Detroit River.
Four years of operating records of several
area water and sewage treatment plants were evaluated.
These records indicate a substantial reduction in monthly
geometric mean coliform densities during 1962 and 1963
compared with the preceding two years, especially in
the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent. A corres-
ponding reduction in coliform density at the Wyandotte
Water Treatment Plant was observed in these two years.
Little change was noted in suspended solids in sewage
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52
Richard D0 Vaughan
effluent or influent in area plants during the period.
Monthly geometric mean values in several
Detroit River sewage treatment plant effluents indicate
substantial reduction during the past few years. During
certain months with geometric mean values under 20,000
organisms per 100 ml., densities of daily samples varied
widely, with daily averages frequently over 100,000 per
100 ml. Such erratic control of coliform organisms is
not considered unusual when chlorination is practiced
following primary sewage treatment.
Pollution from partially treated municipal
wastes and overflows from combined sewers endangers the
users of the domestic water supplies from the Wyandotte
intake and, at times, users of the domestic water supplies
from the Southwest intake of the City of Detroit. Pollu-
tion from these sources also interferes with recreational
uses at all times in the lower Detroit River. Pollution
originating from the Detroit and Wyandotte Sewage Treat-
ment plants and combined sewers along the entire shoreline
of the River must be abated to improve water quality and
increase the uses of the Detroit River.
BOD and DO. Insufficient dissolved oxygen in water can
kill fish and other aquatic life or prevent their propaga-
tion. Low levels of dissolved oxygen can cause objectionable
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53
Richard D. Vaughan
odors and thus interfere with recreation and aesthetic
enjoyment.
Dissolved oxygen in the upper River is stable
at 93 - 106 percent of saturation, but gradually diminishes
to an average saturation of 67 percent at the mouth in
that section of the River most affected by the Trenton
Channel. The minimum observed value during the survey
was 5.1 mg/1 at the mouth.
The major sources of biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) are the effluents of the main Detroit Sewage Treat-
ment Plant and the Scott Paper Company on the Rouge River.
While the present oxygen level in the lower
Detroit River does not cause major interference with water
uses, the drop from 100 percent saturation in the upper
River to 67 percent in the lower is a warning of dire
consequences in the future unless appropriate action is
taken and represents a threat to water uses in the De-
troit River and Michigan Lake Erie.
Suspended and Settleable Solids. " Excessive
amounts of suspended solids in water can cause interfer-
ence with domestic and industrial water treatment processes,
harmful effects to fish and other aquatic life by clogging
the gills and respiratory passages of aquatic fauna, tur-
bidity which interferes with light transmission, and can
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54
Richard D. Vaughan
interfere with boating and aesthetic enjoyment of the
water. When a part of the suspended solids settles out
on stream and lake bottoms as sludge or bottom deposits,
damage to aquatic life can occur since these deposits
blanket the bottom, killing eggs and essential fishfood
organisms and destroying spawning beds. When the sus-
pended solids carry with them toxic material, aquatic life
can be killed when the toxic materials leech out into the
water above.
A substantial increase in suspended solids
occurred in the Detroit River from its head to mouth with
a range of 5 - 20 mg/1 in the upper and 14 - 65 mg/1 in
the lower river. Settleable solids showed a similar in-
crease from a range of 5 - 10 mg/1 to 10 - 24 mg/1.
The largest contributor of suspended and
settleable solids is the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant.
The Wyandotte Chemical Company is also a significant
contributor of suspended and settleable solids.
Sludge banks are present and are particularly
extensive near the mouth of the River as it empties into
Lake Erie. These deposits of sludge are primarily due
to suspended and settleable solids in municipal and
industrial wastes discharging into the Rouge and Detroit
Rivers. The bottom deposits caused by pollution create
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55
Richard D. Vaughan
unfavorable environmental conditions for the propagation
of game fish. Sludge deposits along the shoreline and
in marinas interfere with recreational use and the aes-
thetic enjoyment of water. Pollution in the form of
these deposits interferes with navigation, requiring
annual dredging operation to maintain channels, marinas,
and harbor facilities.
Oil and Grease. Oil and grease were re-
peatedly observed in the Detroit River.
The major sources of oil are the main Detroit
Sewage Treatment Plant effluent and several industrial
sources.
Although good oil pollution .control has been
effected by the State regulatory agencies during wildfowl
over-winter ing periods, the co.ntinued presence of exces-
sive quantities of this pollutant in waste effluent poses
a constant threat to fish and wildlife, as well as inter-
fering with recreational use of the water. Oil spills
were observed during the study period by the Project.
Phenols. High levels of phenols in waters
cause disagreeable taste and odors in drinking water,
tainting of flesh in game fish, and may even result in
fish kills when concentrations are excessive. Phenols
are present in Detroit raw water supplies in sufficient
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56
Richard D. Vaughan
concentration to cause disagreeable tastes and odors,
and expensive water treatment procedures are required
to eliminate the problem. Average phenol concentrations
should not exceed 2 micrograms per liter (ppb) and maxi-
mum values should not exceed 5 micrograms per liter to
prevent nuisance taste and odors in water supplies.
Average phenol concentrations in the Detroit
River increased from 3-5 micrograms per liter at its
head to greater than 10 micrograms per liter in the lower
River, and 6-9 micrograms per liter at the mouth.
Average phenol concentrations at all ranges in the Detroit
River exceeded recommended levels during the survey.
The major sources of phenols are the main
Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent, which treats the
wastes of numerous industries, and other industrial
sources.
Excessive phenol concentrations in the waters
and bottom muds of the Detroit River taint the flesh of
fish and have interfered with domestic water treatment at
the Wyandotte plant.
Chlorides. Chloride concentrations above
certain levels can interfere with domestic and industrial
water supplies by causing objectionable tastes in drinking
water and corrosion in industrial processes.
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57
Richard D. Vaughan
Chlorides in the Detroit River increased
from uniform concentrations of 7 - 10 mg/1 at the head
to average values ranging from 9-69 mg/1 at the mouth.
High values were observed in the Trenton Channel and at
the mouth near the United States shore.
The principal contributors of chlorides to
the Detroit River are the Allied Chemical Corporation,
Pennsalt Chemical Company, and the Wyandotte Chemical
Company.
Increases in chloride concentrations indi-
cate a change in the mineral content of the Detroit River
from head to mouth. Although these concentrations are
not yet significant enough to cause major interference
with water use, the doubling of chloride loadings in a
30-mile stretch of the river is of concern. Future action
may be necessary to prevent an undesirable situation.
Iron. Excessive concentrations of iron in
water can cause interference with domestic and industrial
water supplies. Iron is toxic to certain species of fish
and other aquatic life in relatively low concentrations.
Iron concentrations should not exceed 0.3 mg/1 (ppm) in
the receiving stream to prevent interference with muni-
cipal and industrial water supply and to protect fish
and wildlife.
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58
Richard D. Vaughan
Average iron concentrations in the Upper
Detroit River meet recommended levels, but downstream
the concentrations increase to average values of 0.52
mg/1. The iron concentration at the mouth ranges from
0.47 - 0.63 mg/1.
Although the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant
is a significant contributor of iron to the Detroit River,
the largest sources of iron are the Great Lakes Steel
Company and the Ford Motor Company.
Iron concentrations in the waters and bottom
muds of the Detroit River pose threats to fish and other
aquatic life and represent a potential interference with
industrial water supply.
Nitrogen. Nitrogen compounds coupled with
phosphorus can act as essential nutrients causing the
growth of algae in bodies of water where other environ-
mental factors are satisfactory. In small quantities
these algae are desirable as a major source of food for
fish. When algal growth exceeds certain limits, nuisances
result from the blooms. They are unsightly, can result
in obnoxious odors, and some species can be toxic to
fish. The level of inorganic nitrogen compounds (nitrates,
nitrites, and ammonia) above which undesirable blooms can
be expected to occur is 0.30 mg/1.
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59
Richard D. Vaughan
Nitrogen compounds show a significant increase
from the head to the mouth of the River. Inorganic nitro-
gen (nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia) increased from ap-
proximately 0.2 mg/1 at the head to over 0.4 mg/1 at the
mouth of the River. Ammonia increased dramatically below
the Rouge River and Zug Island from a range of 0.08 - 0.14
mg/1 to 0.16 - 0.41 mg/1. High ammonia levels at the
Wyandotte water treatment plant causing a variable chlorine
demand, have necessitated greater chlorine dosages to
assure a safe supply at all times. The presence of this
material not only results in additional expense but also
represents an interference with the effectiveness of
chlorine in disinfecting water supplies, and thus is a
hazard to the health and welfare of the users. High
ammonia levels can be expected to cause similar problems
at the new southwest intake operated by the City of De-
troit.
The main source of nitrogen to the Detroit
River is the effluent of the main Detroit Sewage Treat-
ment Plant.
Essential nutrients for plant growth, in-
cluding inorganic nitrogen compounds and phosphates,
increase significantly from the headwaters to the mouth
of the Detroit River. Excessive concentrations of these
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60
Richard D. Vaughan
constituents cause interference with almost all legiti-
mate water uses.
Phosphates. Soluble phosphates in relatively
small concentrations are readily available as an essential
plant nutrient. The insoluble portion of the total phos-
phate concentration can be converted to the soluble form
and thus become available for such plant utilization.
Soluble phosphates present in greater concentrations than
0.015 nag/1, reported as phosphorus, in combination with
inorganic nitrogen compounds in excess of 0.30 mg/1 and
accompanied by satisfactory environmental conditions such
as light and heat, may produce overabundant growths of
algae with concomitant odors and detriment to fish life.
Phosphates (reported as phosphates) increased
from average values of 0.03 - 0.30 mg/1 at the head to
0.18 - 1.20 mg/1 at the River's mouth. All but two
soluble phosphate values in the upper Detroit River were
less than 0.001 mg/1 with the highest value located near
the United States shore just downstream from the combined
sewer outfall at Conners Creek. These values increased
to a range of 0.176 to 0.204 mg/1 at the mouth.
The main source of phosphates to the Detroit
River is the main Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent.
Biology. The waters of the Detroit River
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Richard D. Vaughan 61
from head to mouth were found to contain low numbers of
planktonic algae, with counts averaging 500 per ml.
Low densities of animal plankton were also found. Plank-
ton entering the river with water masses from Lake St.
Glair were carried as a "standing crop" downriver to
Lake Erie with little change in density or species compo-
sition either vertically or horizontally across the river.
The rate of travel is too rapid for the domestic and
industrial wastes to appreciably alter the number of
plankton.
The bacterial slime Sphaerotilus was found,
attached to bridge abutments, pilings, piers, buoys, etc.,
in abundant quantities in the Detroit River below the
Rouge River and Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant outfall.
Composition of bottom organisms in the De-
troit River changed from a pollution-sensitive population
typically found in clean waters to a predominantly pollu-
tion-tolerant population in the lower areas of the River
below Zug Island and the Rouge River. This change was
especially pronounced along the United States shore.
In the reach of the Detroit River from Zug Island to the
mouth, habitats suitable for the support of a variety of
bottom organisms have been destroyed by the deposition
of organic solids and oils, especially in areas nearest
the Michigan shore.
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Richard D. Vaughan 62
Clinging and burrowing mayfly nymphs, both
pollution-sensitive organisms associated with clean bot-
tom conditions, in themselves valuable as fish food, were
found in the upper ranges of the Detroit River but were
completely absent from the River below the Rouge River
and Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant and in the entire
Michigan waters of Lake Erie. Habitats in the lower De-
troit River formerly suitable for the support of this
once-abundant organism have been totally destroyed by
pollution.
Sources and Characteristics of Wastes
A total municipal waste volume of 540 million
gallons is discharged daily into the Detroit River, con-
taining the following loadings of constituents:
lo Wastes equivalent in oxygen-consuming
capacity to raw sewage from a population of over 3,000,000.
2. Innumerable coliform bacteria.
3. Over 25,000 pounds of iron.
4. Over 600,000 pounds of suspended solids
and almost 300,000 pounds of settleable solids.
5. Over 16,000 gallons of oil.
6. Over 1,200 pounds of phenolic substances.
7. Over 34,000 pounds of ammonia.
8. Over 150,000 pounds of total phosphates,
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63
Richard D. Vaughan
including 70,000 pounds of soluble phosphates.
9. Over 500,000 pounds of chlorides.
A total industrial waste volume of 1.1
billion gallons is discharged daily into the Detroit
River, containing the following loadings of constituents:
1. Wastes having an oxygen-consuming
capacity equal to raw sewage from a population of over
1,000,000.
2. Over 3,000 gallons of oil.
3. Over 800,000 pounds of suspended solids,
of which almost 700,000 are settleable.
4. Over 1,400 pounds of phenols.
, 5. Over 8,000 pounds of ammonia.
6. Over 80,000 pounds of iron.
7. Over 2 million pounds of chlorides.
8. Over 200,000 pounds of acid.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Vaughan, do you want these
tables which follow to appear in the record?
MR. VAUGHAN: Yes, I do, Mr. Chairman.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, it will be done.
MR. VAUGHAN: Would you like me to mention it?
We have other tables.
MR. STEIN: No; it will be done from this
point forward„
(Tables 11-V, 12-V and 13-V are as follows.)
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64
TABLE 11-V. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES--ROUGE RIVER
Industry
Allied Chemical Corporation
General Chemicals Division
Plastic Division
Semet-Solvay Division
Solvay Process Division
American Agricultural
Chemical Company
Darling and Company
Ford Motor Company
Peerless Cement Company
Scott Paper Company
TOTAL
Volume
(MOD)
9.11
0.48
5.9
15. 2
1.15
1.13
400
8.1
43.8
484.87
Product Production
sulfuric acid.
aluminum sulphate.
coal tar, pitch.
oil.
high-grade coke
and by-products
soda ash 1, 000
tons/dav
fertilizer, gelatin.
fluoride salts
fats and meat meal
steel, castings.
coke, glass, automo-
biles
Portland cement 3 1/4 million
barrels/year
high-grade paper 240 tons/day
tissue
Significant
Waste Constituents
acid
phenols, NHj
phenols
suspended solids.
chlorides, phenols
acid
BOD, coliform.
N, suspended
solids, oil
phenols, CN. NH3,
iron, oil
suspended
solids
BOD, pH, Susp.
solids, phenols.
Waste Treatment or
Control
ponds, pH monitors.
dephenolizers.
settling, oil
separators.
dephenolizer, oil
separator
lagoons
none
sedimentation
oil separator, sedi-
mentation, sub-
surface injection.
none
screening.
clarifiers
TABLE 12- V. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE—UPPER DETROIT RIVER
Industry
Allied Chemical Corporation
Solvay Process Division
Anaconda- American
Brass Company
Great Lakes Steel Corporation
Blast Furnace Division
Parke Davis and Company
Revere Copper and Brass
Company
U.S. Rubber Company
TOTAL
Volume
(MOD)
6.4
5.3
90
8.1
2.9
42
154.7
Product Production
soda ash 1, 000
tons /day
copper
coke, pig iron.
coke by-products
Pharmaceuticals
brass and copper
tires
Significant
Waste Constituents
suspended solids.
chlorides, phenols
toxic metals, acid
iron, susp. sol. ,
phenols, oil.
NH3, cyanides
none
oil, toxic metal
none
Waste Treatment or
Control
lagoons
neutralization.
settling
clarifiers.
dephenolizer
none
oil separators
oil skimmers
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65
TABLE 13-V. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES - LOWER DETROIT RIVER
Industry
Chrysler Corporation
Amplex Division
Chemical Products
Division
Engine Plant
Dana Corporation
E. I. duPont deNemours
and Company
Firestone Tire and
Rubber Company
Fuel Oil Corporation
Great Lakes Steel
Corporation
Hot Strip Mill
Rolling Mill
Koppers Company,
Incorporated
Me Lout h Steel
Corporation
Gibraltar Plant
Trenton Plant
Mobile Oil Corporation
Monsanto Chemical
Company
Pennsalt Chemicals
Corporation
East Plant
West Plant
Shawinigan Resins
Corporation and Monsanto
Saflex Division
Wyandotte Chemicals
Corporation
North Plant
South Plant
Propylene Oxide
Plant
TOTAL
Volume
(MGD)
0.32
0.27
1.1
0.38
1.4
1.0
12,240*
72
72
0.8
1.6
65.7
1.1
18
97
6.8
0.4
57
54.7
1.0
452.57
Product Production
gears
chemical ad-
hesives. brake
linings, soluble oils
engines 55,000/mo.
auto and truck
frames, trilevel
RR car carriers
sulfuric acid, oleum
wheel rims 11,400.000
Ibs. /mo.
ship washing 18 ships/yr.
sheet steel
strip, sheet and
bar steel
naphthaline, paraf-
fin epoxy resins
cold rolled steel 80, 000
tons/mo.
Stainless steel 2, 530, 000
tons/yr.
gasoline, naptha.
kerosine, oils
phosphates and
detergent
chlorine, caustic,
NHj, hydrogen per-
oxide, acid, ferric
chloride
organic chemicals
polyvinyl butyral 500, 000
Ethyl acetate Ibs/week
soda ash, bicarb of
soda, lime, calcium
carbonate, cellulose
chlorine, lime.
glycol, cement.
soda, dry ice
propylene oxide 65 tons/day
Significant
none
none
oil
phenols, acid, oil.
iron
acid
acid, iron, oil.
suspended solids
oil, suspended
solids
oil, iron,
suspended solids
oil, phenols, acid.
iron, suspended
40 lids
phenols, oil
acid, iron, sus-
pended solids, oil
iron, suspended
solids, oil
phenols, oil, chlo-
rides, suspended
solids
phosphates,
suspended solids
NHj, chlorine.
chlorides, sus-
pended solids
phenols, chlorides.
suspended solids.
oil, oxidizing
agents
acid, BOD, Sus-
pended solids
phenols, chlorides.
suspended solids.
nitrogen
chlorides, sus-
pended solids.
phenols
chlorides, sus-
pended solids
> Control
none
none
air flotation and
oil skimmer, chem-
ical coagulation
none
none
oil separator.
ponds, diffuser
pipes
oil separator
oil skimmers and
settling basins
oil separators
none
oil skimmers.
lagoons
chemical coagula-
tion, settling neu-
tralization, oil
separators
oil separator,
ponds
lagoons
none
lagoons, oil
skimmers
lagoons, neutral-
ization
lagoons
lagoons, oil
separator
lagoons
'gallons per hour when washing ship.
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Richard D. Vaughan
MRo VAUGHAN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Storrawater Overflow Studies
Studies were performed jointly with the
Michigan Department of Health and the Michigan Water Re-
sources Commission to compare the characteristics of
discharges from the combined sewers serving the City of
Detroit (Conners Creek system) and the separate storm
sewers serving Ann Arbor, Michigan.
The following is a summary of waste con-
stituents found in the stormwater overflows from combined
sewers:
1. Total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal
streptococcus densities many times approached values found
in raw sewage. Coliform counts of over 100,000,000 organ-
isms per 100 ml were found during summer months. Lower
results were found in the winter.
2. Total coliform densities in the separate
stormwater system at Ann Arbor regularly exceeded 1,000,000
organisms per 100 ml. Average total coliform densities
from the Detroit combined system were approximately 10
times higher than those in the Ann Arbor separate system.
Fecal coliform densities were found to be approximately
30 times greater than similar values in the separate sys-
tem, while comparable fecal streptococcus levels were at
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Richard D. Vaughan
least twice as high.
3. Phenol, BOD, phosphate, ammonia, and
organic nitrogen concentrations were two to five times
higher in the combined overflow than in separate storm
discharge.
4. In the Detroit area, rainfall sufficient
to cause overflows from all combined sewers (0.3 inch)
can be expected to occur approximately 33 days each year.
Rainfall sufficient to cause overflows from certain parts
of the system (0.2inch) can be expected to occur about
45 days each year.
5. Calendar year 1963 was the driest on
record for the City of Detroit according to rainfall
records of the U. S. Weather Bureau. Even during this
year, the Conners Creek pumping station was observed to
overflow 12 times during a 6-month period in 1963. During
the first 12 months of operation of the automatic sampler,
the Conners Creek installation overflowed and collected
samples 23 separate times. Both figures exclude the
period of raw sewage bypass from this station by the City
of Detroit.
6. The volume of overflow at the Detroit
installation during the survey varied from 40 million
gallons to 509 million gallons. The greatest volume was
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Richard D. Vaughan
observed during the overflow of longest duration. This
volume, which originated from only 25 percent of the
City of Detroit, is approximately the same as the daily
discharge of partially treated sewage from all sewage
treatment plants into the Detroit River.
7. Volume figures indicate a discharge into
the Detroit River of 4 1/4 billion gallons from the com-
bined sewers serving the Conners system during the first
year of operation of the sampling station.
8. It is estimated that 2 percent of the
total raw sewage contributed to the Detroit area sewers
reaches the Detroit River each year. This is over 5
billion gallons of raw sewage contributed to the Detroit
River from this source each year. This figure should be
considered conservative since the Conners system is de-
signed for more storage capacity than many other combined
sewers in the Detroit and downriver collection systems.
Total bacterial densities were found to in-
crease from the headwaters to the mouth during a typical
overflow. The following is a summary of data on bacterial
densities:
1. Coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal
streptococcus densities increased in the Detroit River,
following an overflow from combined sewers, 10 to 50 times
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Richard D. Vaughan
over the values found during dry weather conditions.
2. Coliform densities in the Detroit River
following an overflow often exceeded 300,000 organisms
per 100 ml and at times exceeded 700,000 organisms per
100 ml.
3. All high bacteriological values in the
Detroit River during or following an overflow were found
below Conners Creek. Bacteriological densities above
this point stayed fairly constant during wet and dry
conditions. Conners Creek represents the farthest up-
stream location on the Detroit River of many combined
sewer outfalls.
4. City of Detroit sampling records show
individual values exceeding 800,000 organisms per 100 ml
in the Detroit River on the day following significant
rainfall.
5. High bacteriological densities following
overflows were found at both the City of Wyandotte water
intake and the new intake of the City of Detroit near
Fighting Island. The Wyandotte values exceeded 100,000
organisms per 100 ml and the Fighting Island values 10,000
organisms per 100 mlo
6. Rainfall, overflow, and stream quality
records show that during a 9-month period in 1963 (March -
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Richard D. Vaughan
November) overflows from combined sewers affected water
quality in the Detroit River during part or all of 88
days. This represents 32 percent of the days in the 9-
month period* This phenomenon occurred during the year
of lowest accumulated rainfall and implies an even greater
effect on Detroit River water quality during a year of
normal rainfall.
During heavy rains causing overflow, visual
observations were made of the Detroit River by Project
field personnel, who noted condoms, debris, and garbage
as well as excrement floating down the River.
Special Studies
Several special studies were conducted by
the Project to provide additional information on complex
problems. The following were investigated:
1. The effect of pollution originating from
unsewered homes or from inadequately functioning installa-
tions on Grosse lie.
2. Growth and die-off of bacteria in the
Detroit River.
3. Bypass of 75 MGD of raw sewage for 10
consecutive days by the City of Detroit during November
1963.
4. Detroit's bypassing of treated effluent
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Richard D. Vaughan
through an alternate outfall to the Rouge River and its
adverse effect on water quality in the lower Detroit
River.
5. Physical and chemical characteristics
of deposits on the bottom of the Detroit River.
6* Distribution of flow in the Detroit River
by dye tracer studies.
7. Tributaries of the Detroit River thought
to be of significance in the contribution of industrial
or domestic wastes and subsequent deterioration of the
main river.
Detailed information on the results of these
studies can be found in Section V in the main body of the
report.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Vaughan, this material is
contained ~
MR. VAUGHAN: It is in the main body.
MR. STEIN: Would you want that to appear in
the transcript?
MR. VAUGHAN: Yes, I would.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, that will be
done. The main body of the report, which I think both
Mr. Poston and Mr. Oeming are familiar with, will appear
in the transcript.
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Richard D. Vaughan
I think that probably is a good idea, because
I don't know how these references could be checked if it
is not readily available.
MR. VAUGHAN: I might add that the reason we
are not giving the main body of the report is that it is
over 300 pages long.
(The main body of the report, entitled
"Findings," is as follows.)
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Richard D. Vaughan
REPORT ON
POLLUTION OF THE DETROIT RIVER,
MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE,
AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES
FINDINGS
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Under Section 8 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), the
Governor of any State may request that the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare call a conference on
pollution of interstate or navigable waters if that
pollution is endangering health or welfare. On Decem-
ber 6, 1961, the Honorable John B. Swainson, then
Governor of the State of Michigan, made such a request.
Governor Swainson, in his request, stressed
the exemplary record of pollution abatement of the Michi-
gan Water Resources Commission but stated that critical
pollution problems in Michigan's southeastern complex
made demands far beyond the scope of normal pollution
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Richard D. Vaughan
control activities. The letter specifically requested
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to as-
sist the State of Michigan to identify and recommend
methods for correcting the sources of pollution going
into the Detroit River and subsequently into Lake Erie.
On December 19, 1961, Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare Ribicoff replied to Governor
Swainson, agreeing to his request and stressing the
desirability of a cooperative State-Federal approach in
meeting these water pollution control problems in the
State of Michigan.
After a preliminary investigation of the
problem by Federal and State water pollution control
agencies, a conference was held on March 27 and 28, 1962,
at the Veterans Memorial Building in Detroit, Michigan.
Presentations concerning the present status of pollu-
tion in the southeast Michigan area were given by repre-
sentatives of local, State, and Federal governmental
agencies, civic groups, and industries to a group of
State and Federal conferees. Of a total of six conferees,
four represented the Michigan Water Resources Commission
and two, including the Chairman, the U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare. The proceedings of
this conference contain much valuable information covering
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Richard D. Vaughan
the status of pollution in the southeast Michigan area.
The conferees unanimously agreed to the
following conclusions and recommendations:
1. Lake St. Glair, the Detroit River, Lake
Erie, and their tributaries within the State of Michigan
are navigable waters within the meaning of section 8 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
2. Pollution of navigable waters subject
to abatement under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act is occurring in the Michigan waters of Lake St.
Glair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, and their tribu-
taries. The discharges causing and contributing to the
pollution come from various industrial and municipal
sources.
3. This pollution causes deleterious con-
*
ditions so as to interfere with legitimate water uses,
including municipal and industrial water supplies,
fisheries resources, commercial and sport fishing,
swimming, water skiing, pleasure boating, and other
forms of recreation.
4. It is too early, on the basis of the
record of the conference, to make an adequate judgment
of the adequacy of the measures taken toward abatement
of the pollution. The conference discussions demonstrate
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Richard D. Vaughan
that there are many gaps in our knowledge of sources of
pollution and their effects.
5. Cognizance is taken of the program of
the Michigan Water Resources Commission for development
of adequate pollution control measures on a progressive
basis and the excellent progress being made by many
municipalities and industries under this program. Delays
encountered in abating the pollution may well be caused
by the existence of a municipal and industrial complex
concentrated in an area with a limited water resource.
The conferees are also aware of the vast problems that
Detroit faces as a result of the storm water outflow
from a system of combined sewers. The problem thus be-
comes one of approaching the entire area on a coordinated
basis and putting in adequate facilities based on an
overall plan.
6. Cognizance is also taken of the six-
county study as a useful approach to the solution of the
pollution problem in the Detroit area.
7. The Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, in order to close the gaps in the knowledge as
to sources of pollution, nature of pollution and the ef-
fects thereof, appropriate methods of abatement, and
appropriate methods to avoid delays in abatement, will
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Richard D. Vaughan
Initiate an investigation and study to gather data and
information on the waters involved• This investigation
and study will be carried on in close cooperation with
the State agencies concerned, with the details of the
investigation to be determined by the technical staffs
of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
the Michigan Department of Health, and the Michigan
Water Resources Commission. The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare will establish a resident survey
group to provide technical assistance foe this investiga-
tion.
8. The Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare will prepare reports on the progress of this
investigation at six-month intervals which will be made
available to the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission will make infor-
mation contained in these reports available to all
interested parties.
9. The conference will be reconvened at
the call of the chairman with the concurrence of the
Michigan Water Resources Commission to consider the re-
sults obtained from the investigation and study, and to
agree on action to be taken to abate pollution*
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Richard D. Vaughan
ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT
In order to carry out the mandate of the
conference, the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project was
established by the Public Health Service of the U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, with the
following objectives:
1. To determine the extent of pollution in
the United States portion of the Detroit River and the
Michigan section of Lake Erie.
2. To investigate principal sources of
pollution in this area and the contribution from these
sources.
3. To determine the effect of pollution on
various water uses.
4. To prepare a plan, or plans, for abate-
ment of pollution in the area.
The Detroit River-Lake Erie Project was
conducted as a special project of the Enforcement Branch
of the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,
Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare. Immediate supervision was provided by
a Project Director who in turn was responsible to the
Regional Program Director, Water Supply and Pollution
Control, PHS, DHEW, Region V, Chicago, Illinois.
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Richard D, Vaughan
As required in conclusion number 8, six-
month Progress Reports were prepared by the Project and
furnished to the Michigan Water Resources Commission
for distribution to interested parties. These reports
described the organization and function of the Project
and were accompanied by pertinent facts regarding plans
and accomplishments toward meeting Project objectives.
Each report contained a current personnel roster and
organization table. A Technical Committee was established
to inform interested parties of Project plans and ac-
tivities of other local and State agencies to prevent
needless duplication of effort. Table 1-1 lists the
members and technical advisors to this committee.
TABLE 1-1
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
MEMBERS:
H* W. Poston (Chairman),
Regional Program Director
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare,
Public Health Service, Region V
Water Supply and Pollution Control
433 West Van Buren Street,
Chicago 7, Illinois
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Richard D. Vaughan
A. R. Balden
Chemical Engineering Department
Chrysler Corporation
Box 1118
Detroit 31, Michigan
Gordon Gregory
Metropolitan Research Bureau
United Auto Workers
8000 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit, Michigan
Peter G. Kuh
Enforcement Branch
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare
Public Health Service
Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control
330 Independence Avenue, S. W.
Washington 25, D. C.
J. 0, McDonald
Program Representative, Construction
Grants
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare
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Richard D. Vaughan
Public Health Service, Region V
Water Supply and Pollution Control
433 West Van Buren Street
Chicago 7, Illinois
Gerald Remus, General Manager
City of Detroit Board of Water
Commissioners
735 Randolph Street
Detroit 26, Michigan
TECHNICAL ADVISORS:
Keith So Krause
Chief, Technical Services Branch
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare
Public Health Service
Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control
330 Independence Avenue, S. W.
Washington 25, D. C.
Dr. Justin Leonard
Michigan Department of Conservation
Stevens T. Mason Building
Lansing, Michigan
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Richard D. Vaughan
Loring F. Oeming
Executive Secretary
Michigan Water Resources Coiaraission
Reniger Building, 200 Mill Street
Lansing, Michigan
Donald M. Pierce
Michigan Department of Health
Lansing, Michigan
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Vaughan
Project Director
Detroit River-Lake Erie Project
Public Health Service
U« S. Naval Air Station
Grosse lie, Michigan
Phone No.: 676-6500
After the decision of the conferees to es-
tablish a field study, headquarters were located at the
U. S. Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan. A staff
of 25 persons was recruited and necessary equipment and
supplies procured. Extensive modification of facilities
was required prior to full-scale operation. The technical
staffs of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, the
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Richard D. Vaughan
Michigan Department of Health, and the Public Health
Service met soon after the conference to discuss the scope
and function of the study. Agreement concerning each
agency's role in the undertaking was reached and procedures
established to assure satisfactory communication among
those concerned. The resultant operational plan recog-
nized the responsibilities of both Federal and State
organizations and was designed to obtain the needed facts
with a minimum expenditure of funds and maximum participa-
tion from each of the three agencies.
Following the acquisition of headquarters,
a detailed program management plan was compiled using
the Program Evaluation and Review Technique. A target
date of October 1, 1964, was established for completion
of the final report. A description of the office,
laboratory, and field activities as well as the magnitude
of accomplishments during each six-month period are given
in each of the four Progress Reports,
Coordination with the Detroit Field Unit of
the International Joint Commission was effected to in-
crease the efficiency of both organizations and prevent
needless duplication of effort. The IJC Detroit Field
Uiit is staffed by personnel of the Michigan Water Re-
ConmiSSion and the Public Health Service, making
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Richard D. Vaughan
In general, samples were collected weekly,
between 9 A. M. and 1 P. M. Intensive studies were also
conducted to determine variation in water quality through-
out the day, with samples taken at 3 hour intervals. In
all, over 25,000 samples were collected, upon which over
135,000 determinations were made. 44 types of bacterio-
logical, chemical, physical, and biochemical tests were
performed*
With the exception of certain biological
and bottom deposit studies, all samples were collected
at or near the surface of the River or Lake. A special
survey was made to assure that this procedure produced
representative results. Samples collected at varying
depths were compared for several measures of pollution
and the correlation coefficients computed. A coefficient
greater than 0.7 was considered sufficient to warrant
substitution of surface for depth sampling. The differ-
ences among results at varying depths were not great
enough to justify the additional time, expense, and
decrease in scope involved in conducting an overall
depth sampling program. Over 3,500 determinations were
made on 758 samples before this conclusion was drawn,
and for one index — dissolved oxygen — depth sampling
was continued (to cover the event that other seasons
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Richard D. Vaughan
might show greater differences among depths).
Spot samples from industrial waste sources
were collected throughout the survey, and special surveys,
conducted cooperatively with State agencies, were made
of both domestic and industrial installations. Composite
sampling for a continuous period coupled with waste dis-
charge measurements acted as controls to the special sur-
veys.
Seasonal bottom fauna studies were made in
the Detroit River to determine both the presence and
number of biological organisms in the bottom deposits,
and the effect of waste sources on these organisms. At
the same time physical and chemical measurements were
made in the waters under study to correlate with biologi-
cal observations. In addition to the bottom fauna studies,
plankton organisms were collected routinely.
Sampling Technique
Samples were collected in a special scoop
sampler designed to hold a half-gallon glass bottle for
future chemical and physical analysis and a small sterile
bottle for bacteriological analysis. This technique
eliminated the necessity for pouring from sampler to
bottle and allowed both the bacteriological and chemical
sample to be collected simultaneously. Standard equipment
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Richard D. Vaughan
was used for the collection of samples to be analyzed for
biologic specimens and dissolved oxygen• Accepted engin-
eering and biologic techniques were used in the collection
of these samples* Whenever applicable, procedures
described in "Standard Methods" were followed, especially
those limiting the elapsed time from collection to analy-
sis,
Sampling Analysis
After collection the samples were taken to
the receiving room of the Project laboratory. Samples
for bacteriological analysis were taken to this section
of the laboratory for immediate processing and incubation.
Samples for chemical analysis were divided into aliquots
to expedite the testing program. Special preparation
or preservation was required for certain chemical analy-
ses. At this time samples for analyses requiring special
laboratory equipment were mailed to the Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basin Project laboratory in Chicago.
All laboratory procedures were performed in
accordance with "Standard Methods." Minor modifications
were made on two determinations — ammonia nitrogen and
organic nitrogen — to improve the sensitivity and expe-
dite a systematic analytical scheme. Before adopting
these no dif ications a thorough study was made to evaluate
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Richard D. Vaughan
the impact of the change. After analysis the results were
recorded on combination laboratory and data sheets and
forwarded to a separate evaluation section.
Bacteriological Analysis
All water samples collected for bacterial
study were examined for total coliform content by the
Membrane Filter (MF) technique described in "Standard
Methods/' using lauryl sulfate tryptose broth. A Most
Probable Number (MPN) test by multiple tube dilution was
used as an occasional check against the MF technique.
Fecal streptococcus determinations were made using the
MF technique as described in "Standard Methods." KF
Streptococcus Agar (Difco No. 0496-01) was used in place
of M-enterococcus Agar.
Fecal coliform populations were estimated
by inoculating sheen colonies from the total MF plates
directly into fermentation tubes of EC Medium (Difco
No. 0314-02), one colony per tube of medium with incuba-
tion in a water bath set at 44.5 - 45°C for 24 (-) 2
hours. The number of colonies picked ranged from 10 to
20 per sample. If 10 colonies were picked and none was
positive, the result was recorded as "107.." If none of
20 colonies was positive, the result was recorded as
M57.o" This test is termed a temperature differential
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Richard D. Vaughan
test. The presence of gas in the fermentation tubes
indicates that the coliforms present originated from
the gut of warm-blooded animals (fecal coliforms).
Absence of gas indicates the absence of fecal coliforms,
since coliforms derived from non-fecal sources generally
fail to produce gas at 44.5 - 45° C. Mr. Harold F.
Clark of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
advised with regard to procedures, preparation of media,
incubation of cultures, and tabulation of results*
Over 100 duplicate samples were analyzed
for coliform density by both MF and MPN techniques; in
all but two cases the membrane filter result was within
the 957. confidence limit of the corresponding MPN re-
sult. The MF results were consistently lower than
corresponding MPN determinations, especially in lower
coliform densities. Nine samples representing degrees
of bacterial densities common in relatively unpolluted
river water were collected and ten replicates were
analyzed for total coliform organisms by both the MPN
and membrane filter technique. The MF results were
again lower than corresponding MPN determinations, with
the expected differential.
Data Evaluation
Results of laboratory analyses and field
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Richard 0. Vaughan
activities were tabulated and statistically summarized
by a separate Engineering Evaluation Section using
electronic data-processing facilities. The results of
the evaluation in the early stages of Project operation
furnished guidelines for future sampling activity. By
considering several statistical descriptions of data
collected early in Project operation, it was possible to
eliminate many sampling stations that furnished duplicate
or nearly duplicate results.
Dr. Richard D. Remington, Professor of Bio-
statistics at the University of Michigan, reviewed
statistical procedures and recommended, when appropriate,
additional or alternate methods of evaluation. He also
used complex statistical approaches to check the re-
liability of Project technical data and assure its
maximum use.
Dr. Lawrence Polkowski, Professor of Sani-
tary Engineering at the University of Wisconsin, assisted
in formulating statistical procedures and in the studies
of pollution from shorefront homes and unsewered communi-
ties.
Special Investigations
Bacterial regrowth in the receiving stream
after discharge from the Rouge River and the Detroit
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Richard D. Vaughan
Sewage Treatment Plant was studied specifically, with
negative results. The investigation showed neither
significant regrowth or die-off of coliform population
in the Detroit River after discharge from these waste
sources• The short time of water movement from waste
sources to the mouth of the River could have influenced
these findings*
Another special investigation was made of
the bottom of the waters under study to determine the
effect of waste sources upon this area of the environ-
ment. Bottom sediment samples were collected at one-mile
grids in Lake Erie and regular intervals in the Detroit
River. These samples were analyzed for significant
chemical and physical constituents and samples above
waste sources compared with those below.
To evaluate the effects of particular waste
sources upon water quality, a familiarity with currents
in the Detroit River and Lake Erie was necessary. Fluores-
cent dye was placed in waste sources and traced.
Effects of discharges from combined sewers
during or following significant rainfall were the subject
of another special study. The waters under study were
sampled during and following heavy rains and the results
compared statistically with dry-weather sampling. Results
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Richard D. Vaughan
of other investigations in the past were examined to see
if significant variation in water quality could be expected
downstream from outfalls of combined sewers. Later a
second study was conducted by the State regulatory agen-
cies and the Riblic Health Service in cooperation with
two municipalities* These results were correlated with
rainfall intensity in the drainage area. A special re-
port on this study has been compiled by the Michigan
Department of Health,
During the operation of this Project, several
unusual circumstances occurred which merit special mention.
One such is the by-passing to the Detroit River for 10
days of a substantial percentage of the domestic wastes
from the City of Detroit sewerage system. This action
was required to replace sluice gates in a major pumping
station in the system. Since advance notice of this
action was given, it was possible to design and carry
out a special sampling program which furnished a great
deal of insight into the effect of domestic waste on
water quality at different locations in the Detroit River
and Lake Erie.
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Richard D. Vaughan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During Che preparation of this report,
valuable assistance has been rendered by a great number
of individuals and representatives of private groups
and governmental agencies.
The extensive participation of the Michigan
Water Resources Commission and the Michigan Department
of Health in the conduct of the Project was an essential
part of this State-Federal undertaking.
Laboratory and administrative assistance
and industrial and demographic projections were furnished
by the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project of the
Public Health Service. In turn, information collected
by the Detroit Project will be utilized by the Great
Lakes Project in their comprehensive study of the Great
Lakes Basins.
Staff of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engin-
eering Center furnished guidance and assistance in the
preparation of the portion of this report on biology.
Special acknowledgement for important contri-
butions must go to the following agencies and organizations:
International
International Joint Commission
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Richard D. Vaughan
Federal
U. S. Coast Guard
U. S. Corps of Engineers
Detroit District Office
Lake Survey
U. S. Department of Commerce,
Weather Bureau
U. S. Department of Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Geological Survey
U.' S. Navy
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare,
Public Health Service
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Great Lakes - Illinois River Basins
Project, WS&PC, Region V, Chicago,
Illinois
State of Michigan Agencies
Michigan Department of Conservation
Michigan Department of Health
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Regional Agencies
Regional Planning Commission - Detroit
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Richard D. Vaughan
Metropolitan Area
Supervisors Inter-County Committee
County Agencies
Monroe County Health Department
Washtenaw County Health Department
Wayne County Health Department
Wayne County Road Commission
Municipal Agencies
City of Ann Arbor
City of Detroit
City Planning Commission
Department of Health
Department of Public Works
Water Department
City of Monroe
Port of Monroe Authority
City of Trenton
City of Wyandotte
Municipal Service Commission
Universities
Central Michigan University
Department of Biology
Ohio State University
Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory
University of Michigan
Great Lakes Research Division
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Richard D. Vaughan
School of Natural Resources,
Department of Wildlife Management
Museum of Zoology, Mollusk Division
School of Civil Engineering
School of Public Health
Others
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission
National Sanitation Foundation
Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the
many others, too many to name, whose help made this
study possible.
BACKGROUND
Other Investigations
Many investigations of water resources have been
made in the Detroit area. Some dealt with one
specific problem while others investigated water pollution
in general and the effect on water quality of various
wastes sources. These studies have been conducted
by governmental units at all levels, universities, and
consulting engineers. Four such undertakings will
be discussed here to provide background for the
investigations, findings, and conclusions of the
Detroit River-Lake Erie Project.
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Richard D. Vaughan
Investigation by the International Joint Commission, 1913
Following the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
between the governments of Canada and the United
States, a field investigation was made of the
bacteriological quality of certain international
waters, including the Detroit River. Bacteriological
techniques and methods of reporting differed from
modern practices, but the report is invaluable in
furnishing data on water quality at this early date,
prior to sewage treatment in the area.
Findings included:
(a) Bacterial densities changed markedly
from the head of the Detroit River to its mouth,
increasing from less than 5/100ml at the head to 11,592/
100ml at the mouth.
(b) High bacteriological densities were
most pronounced close to each shore.
(c) No sewage treatment was provided,
with numerous outfalls along the River Rouge and
both shores of the Detroit River.
(d) Sampling of bathing beaches near
Grosse lie indicated constant gross pollution.
(e) The Detroit River from Fighting Island
to its mouth was unfit for a source of drinking
water with any known method of water purification.
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Richard D. Vaughan
Three communities were, however, .asing
the River as a source of domestic supply.
Any reader of the report should consider the
date it was written and the status of sanitary
engineering technology at that time. Since 1913
sewage treatment facilities have been installed
at most locations, and water treatment technology
has progressed to the point where raw water of
higher bacterial density can be treated with safety,
so long as there is no operational failure.
Results were reported as an index per
100 ml rather than an actual colony count as in more
modern techniques. A crude approximation of comparable
MPN values may be obtained by multiplying the index
by 2.4.
In the latter part of May 1913, ten daily
samples were collected from each of ten stations
across the Detroit River near its mouth, and the
average coliform index during this period was
11,592 per 100 ml. The difference may be due to
seasonal changes, uneven choices of sampling stations,
or variableness of waste discharges.
The report emphasized the urgent need . for
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Richard D. Vaughan
effective sewage treatment in the area
and the bacterial deterioration of the Detroit River
from head to mouth.
Fox Creek Drainage Report, 1948
A board of consulting engineers, consisting
of Samuel A. Greely, Malcomb Pirnie,
and William Storrie, prepared this report for the
City of Detroit to evaluate the effect of combined
sewer overflows into the Detroit River upon the
City.'s raw water supply.
The findings of the Board regarding the
quality of raw water at the Detroit Water Works
intake are summarized below:
(a) Pollution of Lake St. Glair and the
Detroit River has increased over the years, and this
is reflected at the municipal water intakes.
(B) Despite increasing pollution, the
raw water at Detroit is better than that at several
of the large Great Lakes cities and is readily
amenable to treatment by methods commonly used in
practice today.
(c) The maximum M. P. N. in any sample
of recent years was 15,000 per 100 c. c. and the
maximum daily average was 7,030 per 100 c. c.
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Richard D. Vaughan
(d) For the most part the high M.P.N.
values follow rains and are accompanied by recog-
nizable increases in turbidity.
(e) Minor increases in coliform density
are frequent, with or without any unusual rainfall,
and usually are accompanied by small changes in
turbidity or chlorine demand.
The report described several sources of pollution
and how they affect the characteristics of the
raw water.
A. FOX CREEK. Of the several sources,
Fox Creek will cause the most serious trouble if
permitted to discharge increased pollution. At the
present time, at the sewage discharged into Fox
Creek is limited to excess combined flows from Grosse
Pointe Park not exceeding 800 c.f.s., and the effects
have not been severe. However, float tests have
deiBon>strated that under certain conditions water from
the mouth of Fox Creek at Windmill Point will reach
the intake. Thus the discharge of sewage into Fox
Creek at any time is undesirable.
B. CONNER CREEK. There is considerable
evidence of pollution of the Belle Isle bathing
beaches from Conner Creek, but very little to indicate
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Richard D. Vaughan
serious pollution of Detroit raw water since
the new intake was completed in 1932. The
inlet to the intake lagoon is 1,000 feet below
Conner Creek, on the opposite side of the United
States channel. A very strong wind from the west
or northwest might overcome the natural direction of
surface water flow downstream and force surface
water across the channel to the intake. However,
there is no record of such an occurrence and the new
intake, purposely located upstream to avoid pollution
from Conner Creek, has well served.
The report described the dangers involved
in the proposed discharge of combined sewage through
Fox Creek as follows:
If the proposed Fox Creek sewer should be
allowed to discharge any combined sewage through
Fox Creek, the effect on the Detroit water supply
would be damaging and perhaps disasterous.
To remove the dangers of such pollution,
the discharge of untreated sewage through e.~ty existing
or future outlets upstream of Conner Creek should be
prohibited. To accomplish this, the Board favors the
adoption of a comprehensive plan based largely on the
installation of separate sewers.
The Board made several recommendations to
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Richard D. Vaughan1
the City of Detroit, nine of these have been
selected as pertinent background to the present
study.
These are:
8. Lake Huron will become essential as a
source of water supply only if pollution within
practicable limits in Lake St. Glair and its tribu-
tary waters is not controlled.
9. The water works intake at the east
end of Belle Isle is well located and should be the
source of the raw water supply for many years. It is
the safest and most economical location in the upper
Detroit River and Lake St. Glair. The necessity for
moving to another location will arise only if the
"upstream" population increases far beyond the
present estimates, or if the pollution of the waters
of Lake St. Glair and the Detroit River is not
adequately controlled and the quality of these waters
is further deteriorated.
10. The characteristics of the present
raw water supply do not constitute an unreasonable
burden on water purification facilities as compared
to other large water purification plants on the
Great Lakes.
12. The capacity of the water works
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Richard D. Vaughan
chlorination equipment should be increased and
provision should be made for prechlorination at the
intake shaft on Belle Isle.
13. Adequate control of all factors causing
or likely to cause pollution of the water supply
requires that discharge of untreated sewage through
the existing and future outlets upstream from Conner
Creek and along the west shore of Lake St. Clair and
Anchor Bay be entirely prohibited. There should be
no discharge of untreated sewage at Fox Creek.
14. Immediate steps should be taken to
modernize equipment in the Fairview Pumping Station.
15. More effective regulations and control
should be instituted by the proper authorities over
the discharge of sewage and oil from vessels using
these waters.
21. To provide data for planning and
guidance for safe operation, it is recommended that
routine and regular samples of the waters related
to the Fox Creek problem be taken and analyzed.
Sampling stations should be selected in the head
waters of the Detroit River and at several points in
Lake St. Clair as far north as Anchor Bay where,
throughout the year, so far as practicable, samples
should be taken and analyzed at regular intervals,
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Richard D. Vaughan
and the trend of the quality of the raw water recorded.
In the selection of sampling points, consideration should
be given to those used by the International Joint
Commission in its 1947 survey.
22. The water recreation afforded to
the Metropolitan Area by Lake St. Clair and the
upper reaches of the Detroit River is unique and
invaluable. An adequate control of the several
sources of pollution together with a comprehensive
plan for sewerage and sewage disposal are essential
to the safeguarding of these waters.
IJC Report on Pollution of Boundary Waters, 1951
During the period 1946-48 the International
Joint Commission made a special survey of pollution
in international waters. Requested to do so in
April 1946 by the governments of Canada and the
U.S.A., the Commission was charged with answering
four basic questions:
1. Are the waters referred to, in the
preceding paragraph, or any of them, actually being
polluted on either side of the boundary to the
injury of health or property on the other side of
the boundary?
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Richard D. Vaughan
2. If the foregoing question is answered
in the affirmative, to what extent, by what causes,
and in what localities is such pollution taking place?
3. If the Commission should find that
pollution of the character just referred to is taking
place, what measures for remedying the situation would,
in its judgment, be most practicable from the ec-
onomic, sanitary, and other points of view?
4. If the Commission should find that
the construction or maintenance of remedial or
preventive works is necessary to render the waters
sanitary and suitable for domestic and other uses,
it should be to indicate the nature, location, and
extent of such works and the probable cost thereof,
and by whom and in what proportions such cost should
be borne.
Field investigations determined the
present condition of the waters under study (which
included the Detroit River) from the standpoint of
16 measures of water quality. Waste sources were
qualitatively and quantitatively investigated, as
well as physical features of the rivers including
discharge and transboundary movement of pollution.
Major uses of the waters and the effect of pollution
upon these uses were described. A summary of the
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Richard D. Vaughan
finding and recommendations is given below:
1. These waters are seriously polluted
in many places on both sides of the boundary. The
most serious pollution exists in the St. Glair River
below Port Huron and Sarnia, in Lake St. Clair along
the west shore, in the Detroit River below Belle Isle,
and in Lake Erie's west end. There is progressive
over-all degradation of the water between Lake
Huron and Lake Erie.
2. There is a transfer of pollution from
each side of the boundary to the other. This has
been demonstrated by float studies, by analytical results,
and by accidental discharges of specific substances.
3. There has been injury to health and
property on both sides of the boundary. This has
been manifested in the following ways:
a. Health. A potential menace is present
where these polluted waters are used for domestic
purposes. They are in such condition that they cannot
be safely used as a potable supply without complete
and continuously effective treatment. Much of the
threat to health arises from such factors as bacterial
overloading beyond the safe limits of water purification
processes; variations in pollution with accompanying
erratic chlorine demand; interference of certain
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Richard D. Vaughan
types of pollution with disinfectants; and the
probability of certain infections being carried through
a water treatment process, especially if there is any
interruption or breakdown in a part of that process.
This danger was realized in Detroit in 1926 when 45,000
cases of dysentery were reported among the water
consumers.
These waters are so polluted in many areas
as to render them unsafe for bathing purposes. Both
warning and prohibitory actions in this respect have
been taken by appropriate authorities. Case histories
of some typhoid fever patients in Detroit have pointed
strongly to infections contracted at a Lake St. Clair
beach. This damage is not only reflected in cases of
typhoid fever and other reportable diseases, but it
may include enteric, ear, and upper respiratory
infections.
The sewage pollution present in these bound-
ary waters must be considerable as an actual and potential
health hazard, whether it be through public water
supplies, bathing beaches, or to other means. If
the 1913 to 1948 trend in water pollution is permitted
to continue the time will come when it will be im-
possible to use these waters safely for domestic
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110
Richard D. Vaughan
purposes.
b. Property, Injury to property has
been illustrated in the cost of extending water
intakes and of water treatment, both for municip-
alities and industries; in economic loss to owners
of bathing beacnes and other waterfront property;
in damage to water craft; and in destruction of fish
and wildlife.
c. Industry. There is evidence that
these waters are polluted to such a degree as to
affect their use in certain industires. An economic
loss to the community and to industry as well will
occur when a plant is unable to locate in an area
because of inability to secure a satifactory water
supply.
4. Substantial progress has been made in
control or elimination of pollution during the period
of this investigation. Both municipalities and in-
dustries have contributed to this activity. Municipal
progress has been confined largely to the planning
stages, whereas industry has advanced many of its
programs to the construction stage. As a result
of improved control of industrial wastes discharge
taste difficulties in municipal water supplies were
much less pronounced at the conclusion of this study
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Ill
Richard D. Vaughan
than prior to 1946.
5. Public hearings held by the Commission
revealed a common acceptance on the part of municipal
officials and industrial management of the presence
of serious pollution in these waters and the need
for correction. The hearings also substantiated the
findings of the Advisory Board that there was injury
to health and property and interference with the
various water uses on both sides of the boundary.
Financing of the necessary remedial works was asserted
by municipal officials to be the principal obstacle
to correction.
6. Frequent releases of pollution in the
form of slugs or spills create intensified injury
to the users of these waters and cause acute difficulties
in water purification plants.
7. The condition of these waters requires
that remedial measures be undertaken as early as
possible.
The Advisory Board respectfully recommends to the
Commission that:
1. Remedial measures for the abatement and
control of pollution in the Lake Huron-Lake Erie
section of the boundary waters be undertaken
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Richard D. Vaughan
at the earliest possible date. These measures
should be sufficient to restore and protect the uses
of these waters to which the people of both countries
are rightfully entitled. Major consideration should
be given to uses for domestic and industrial water
supplies, recreation, fish and wildlife, sanitary
procedures, and navigation.
2. The "Objectives for Boundary Water
Quality Control," prescribed in this report, be
recognized in the development of remedial and pollution-
preventive measures by municipalities and industry,
these objectives should apply to both existing and
new sources of waste.
3. Treatment of municipal wastes by sed-
imentation and disinfection of the effluent be under-
taken by all communities as the initial step; that a
program of more efficient or secondary treatment be
inaugurated at as early a date as possible; and that
a median coliform M.P.N. value not exceeding 2,400 per
100 ml as set forth in the "Objectives for Boundary
Water Quality Control" at dilution of waste discharges
be considered as the objective for bacterial control
to attain reasonable stream sanitation. The more
efficient or secondary treatment recommended will be
most urgent .in those zones of concentrated waste
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Richard D. Vaughan
near large centers of population or where much
industrial waste is involved. It is recognized that
local conditions, on either side of the boundary,
may give additional emphasis to the need for this
higher degree of treatment. The estimated cost
for installation of intercepting sewers and primary
treatment works for municipalities in the sedtion
is $51,000,000, of which $35,000,000 is for United
States and $16,000,000 for Canadian communities. For
the additional cost of secondary treatment of municipal
wastes the estimate is $37,000,000, of which
$33,000,000 is on the United States side and
$4,000,000 on the Canadian side. These works must
be financed through public funds.
4. Overflows from combined sewers during
storm periods be treated by sedimentation and dis-
infection or by other methods where necessary to
protect the purposes for which these waters are or
may be utilized.
5. Industrial wastes be treated to comply,
as soon as ppssible with the "Objectives for
Boundary Waters Quality Control." The estimated
cost for industrial waste treatment works is
$16,000,000, of which $13,000,000 is for United
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114
Richard D. Vaughan
States and $3,000,000 for Canadian industries. The
correction and prevention of pollution resulting
from the disposal of industrial wastes is the res-
ponsibility of industry.
6. Slugs and spills of objectionable wastes
from industrial plants may be avoided.
Retention tanks or lagoons for equalizing rates of
discharge may be utilitzed when approved by enforcing
authorities where slugs and spills cannot be otherwise
controlled.
7. Sewage from vessels equipped with
flush toilets and from ccafts used for living purposes
be controlled by the installation of holding tanks,
and that the tanks be emptied either by transfer
of the contents to shore treatment facilities or
disinfected and dumped overboard in nonrestricted
areas. No garbage or other refuse be discharged
overboard into these waters.
8, Materials from dredging operations
be dumped only at locations where they will not
interfere with legitimate water uses.
9. Consideration be given to joint
community action on metropolitan or regional bases in
the effective solution of mutual water and sewerage
problems in this section.
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Richard D. Vaughan
10. Definite plans be made for
financing remedial municipal works be formulated.
In this, there should be cooperation between the
Commission and Federal, State, Provincial, and
municipal governments.
11. Continuing contact with pollution
control progress be maintained through a technical
committee or board having representation from both
countries.
12. The Commission take such measures
as may be legally available to it to have the pollution
abatement and prevention program herein outlined
inititated, promoted, and effectively prosecuted.
Two highly significant accomplishments were, first,
the establishment of IJC objectives for water quality
and, second, the establishment of a technical committee
or board to maintain continuing contact with pollution
control. The IJC objectives are listed in Table 2-1,
following.
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Richard D. Vaughan
TABLE 2-1. SUMMARY OF IJC OBJECTIVES
FOR BOUNDARY WATERS QUALITY CONTROL
General Objectives
All wastes, including sanitary sewage, storm
water, and industrial effluents, shall be in such
condition when discharged into any stream that they
will not create conditions in the boundary waters
which would adversely affect the use of those waters
for the following purposes: Domestic water supply
or industrial water supply, navigation, fish and
wildlife, bathing, recreation, agriculture, and other
riparian activities.
In general, adverse conditions are caused by:
1. Excessive bacterial, physical, or
I
chemical contamination.
2. Unnatural deposits in the stream,
interfering with navigation, fish and wildlife,
bathing, recreation, or destruction of aesthetic values,
3. Toxic substances and materials imparting
objectionable tastes and odors to waters used for
domestic or industrial purposes.
4. Floating materials, including oils,
grease, garbage, sewage solids, or other refuse.
Specific Objectives*
1. Coliform Organisms - Median MPN:
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Richard D. Vaughan
2400/100 ml.
2. Phenolic -type wastes: Average 2 ppb,
Maximum 5ppb.
3. pH: 6. 7 to 8.5.
4. Iron: 0.3 ppm..
5. Odor: 8.
6. Unnatural color and turbidity: Shall
not be offensive.
7. Oil and floating wastes: No adverse
effect on water use.
8. Highly toxic wastes: No adverse effect
on water use,
9. Deoxygenating wastes: No adverse
effect on water use.
Eff latent Recommendation to Achieve Specific Objectives
1. Phenolic - type waters: 20 ppb.
2. pH: 5. 5 to 10.6.
3. Iron: 17 ppm.
4. Oil: 15 ppm.
*After initial dilution.
Wayne County Water Supply Investigation, 1955
This report, prepared in 1955 by Hazen
and Sawyer, Consulting Engineers for the Wayne
County Road Commission, investigated possible
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Richard D. Vaughan
expansion of the Wayne County Metropolitan Water
Supply System to serve the Wayne County area south
and west of Detroit. A great deal of water quality
data was collected for this survey in the Detroit
River and upper Lake Erie during calendar year 1955.
Alternate sites and proposals for additional water
intake and treatment facilities were considered with
respect to cost and quality of water which could be
obtained. An intake tower between Grassy Island and
Fighting Island was recommended as most suitable.
Three of the conclusions are given below:
4. Previous investigations and the ex-
tensive data collected in the past year show that
the Detroit River flow effectively shields the mid-
river water from shore pollution, and that water of
good quality could be obtained by a properly-located
intake between Fort Wayne and Fighting Island South
Light.
5. Water of equally good bacterial quality
can be obtained from the western end of Lake Erie,
but in other respects Lake water is inferior to the
water available from the Detroit River above Fighting
Island South Light.
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Richard D. Vaughan
6. While the water in the middle of the
Detroit River is remarkably free of shore pollution
and Lake Erie water is good, it must be recognized
that no water supply from the Detroit River will
remain satisfactory unless upstream sewage and
industrial waste pollution is controlled by adequate
collection and treatment works. We anticipate that
the pollution control activity will continue in the
Great Lakes - Detroit River area and that disposal
facilities will be added as necessary. These steps
must be taken to protect existing water supplies
and bathing beaches whether or not a new water works
intake is built.
Several interesting observations contained in this
report pertain to the problems faced by the Detroit
River - Lake Erie Project. One is the description
of the shore-hugging or streamlined flow phenomenon
of wastes after they are discharged into the river.
This recognition of lateral stratification in the
River is coupled with the remark that there is little
cross-flow of water from one side of the River to
the other. The report also describes the existence
of barometric seiches in Lake Erie which can cause
reversal of flow in the Detroit River.
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120
Richard D. Vaughan
Use of the Wayne County sampling data for selecting
an area of the best quality water is of interest.
Chloride and coliform concentrations were used as
tracers of pollution and as an indication of current
distribution in the River and the Lake. The
engineers concluded that the most important single
source of pollution in upper Michigan Lake Erie was
the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River and that the
Livingston Channel and the western side of the
Amherstburg Channel discharge relatively light clean
water into the Lake. The report concludes that the
only good intake site in Lake Erie for domestic
water should be beyond Point Aux Peaux. Maps in-
dicate that coliform densities south of Point Aux
Peaux were less than 1,000 per 100 ml. These maps
also will show the dispersion of high concentrations
of coliforms and chlorides from the Detroit River out
into Lake Erie for a distance of approximately 7 to
10 miles.
The report refers to high and extremely variable
plankton counts in Lake Erie beyond the influence
of the Detroit River. It attributes these high
counts to nutrients carried into the Lake by the
Maumee and Raisin Rivers. The report also refers
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Richard D. Vaughan
to serious operation problems at the Monroe water works
caused by sudden and severe plankton growths, specifically
filter-clogging from algae. It also mentions the
relocation of the Monroe intake (to its present
position) in 1950 to obtain water less prone to
tastes and odors from algae. The report attributes
high turbidity in Lake Erie to algae and, in some
areas, to wind actions tfctring up mud on the shallow
bottom.
Another significant report statement is quoted below:
"Variations in mid-river coliform densities
may be caused by a number of circumstances, but for
the most part, high values in the lower Detroit River
follow heavy rains, freshets in the Rouge River, and
combined sewer overflows."
Graphs in the report pursue this point by showing
coliform results during wet and from dry periods on
logarithmic probability paper. At the west shore
location of a range near Fort Wayne the median coliform
density during wet weather was 82 times as great
as the median coliform density during dry weather.
This effect was less pronounced in mid-channel and
at other ranges but at other shore-line sampling
points the ratio of wet weather median densities
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122
to dry weather values was more than 7 to 1. Pro-
bability plots revealed two distinct log-normal
distributions for coliform densities during wet
and dry periods.
The report draws three conclusions on coliform
densities during wet and dry periods:
1. While the coliform density in the
mid-river water is greater following rains than
in dry weather, the relative increase is small.
2. Shore pollution does not make its way
across the river in concentrated slugs.
The pollution that reaches the main stream is mixed
with a large volume of water and diluted many times.
3. The effect of shore pollution on mid-
river water quality increases moderately with dis-
tance down the Detroit River as far as Fighting
Island South Light; below Fighting Island South
Light the effect is greater.
The report describes a special depth study which was
performed to determine the validity of using surface
samples to represent the bacterial quality of the
water. This study indicated sufficient similiarity
of surface to deep waters to permit the use of
surface sampling as representative of bacterial water
quality. This conclusion agrees with a similar study
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123
Richard D. Vaughan
performed by the Detroit Project in 1962 for bacterial,
chemical, and physical measures of water quality.
Principal sources of pollution are described in the
report and include industrial waste discharges into
the St. Glair River, combined sewer overflows into the
Detroit River from Conners Creek to Trenton, effluents
from the Detroit, Dearborn, and Wayne County Sewage
Treatment Plants, raw sewage from Windsor and
Amherstburg, Ontario, and wastes from industrial
plants on both sides of the Detroit River and on the
Rouge River.
The report recommends tnat the Michigan Water
Resources Commission continue its pollution control
program and that the Commission take steps to see that
on the United States side of the international boundary
the following are accomplished.
1. Municipal sanitary sewage is to receive
adequate treatment.
2. Sewage treatment plants and interceptors
are to be constructed for the growing suburban areas
around Detroit to minimize combined sewer overflows,
particularly where the results of such overflows may
affect the quality of water used for municipal supplies.
4. Industries are to install facilities
to prevent the discharge into the Detroit River of
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Richard D. Vaughan
oil and unsightly materials, and phenols and other taste-
producing substances where such wastes affect the
potability of water used for municipal purposes.
The report also says that: "The City of
Detroit should provide adequate chlorinatlon of
the effluent leaving the plant."
The report also warns that the mid-stream
quality in the upper part of the Detroit River may
not remain satisfactory indefinitely if upstream
pollution is allowed to increase without control.
Another important statement from this report
is quoted below:
If pollution of the Trenton Channel and possibly
the lower Huron River is allowed to go unchecked, the
water at Monroe is almost certain to suffer. Actually,
it is reasonable to believe that severe degradation
will not be permitted and that the State Water
Resources Commission will intervene to protect Lake
Erie water.
City of Detroit Sampling Program
The City of Detroit has been determining
total coliform densities in the Detroit River from
prior to the construction of the Detroit Metropolitan
Sewage Treatment Plant in 19^1. Ranges were selected
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Richard D. Vaughan
above and below the point of discharge of plant effluent.
Median counts were determined and plotted on serai-logarith-
mic graph paper. Figures 5-1 through 10-1 were taken from
graphs prepared by the City and depict trends in this
measure of water quality from 1959 through 1963. The
International Joint Commission boundary waters objective of
2,400 collform organisms per 100 ml is also shown on the
six graphs. Figure 4-1 shows a location map for the
sampling ranges.
While the median value for conform organisms
is accepted as a reasonable measure of central tendency
of occurrence, it certainly tends to mask unusually high
or low values. There appears to be a pronounced downward
trend in coliforra densities in American waters near the
shore, especially during the years 1962 and 1963.
Additional comments on trends in water quality in the water
under study will be made in Section V of this report.
(Figures 4-1 through 10-1 follow)
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126
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FIGURE 4-1
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CITY OF DETROIT SAMPLING PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF
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REGION V
HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
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127
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TY OF DETROIT SAMPLING PROGRAM
1959-63 RANGE 6A
1963
1962
1961
I960
1959
TIVE
U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE MICH CAN
500 100' 1500 2000 2500 3000
FEET FROM U.S. SHORE
-------
100.000^
129
FIGURE 7-1
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FEET FROM U.S. SHORE
-------
130
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COLIFORM MEDIAN VALUES
CITY OF DETROIT SAMPLING PROGRAM
1959-63 RANGE 8A-9A
U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE MICH GAN
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FEET FROM U.S. SHORE
-------
131
FIGURE 9-1
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1963
1962
1961
I960
1959
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COLIFORM MEDIAN VALUES
CITY OF DETROIT SAMPLING PROGRAM
1959-63 RANGE 58
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE MICHIGAN
500 1000 1500 ' 4000 4500 500O
FEET FROM U.S. SHORE
-------
132
FIGURE 10-1
100,000
10,00
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DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
COLIFORM MEDIAN VALUES
CITY OF DETROIT SAMPLING PROGRAM
1 959-63 RANGE 12
1963
1962
1961
I960
1959
TIVE
U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE MICH GAN
500
1000 1500 2000 2500
FEET FROM U.S. SHORE
3000
-------
133
Richard D. Vaughan
Water and Sewage Treatment Plant Operating Records,1960-1963
This Project has studied the operating records
of several municipal water and sewage treatment plants in
the southeast Michigan area. Figures 11-1 through 14-1
summarize the more significant findings for the period
1960-63, at Detroit, Wyandotte, Trenton, and Monroe plants.
Figure 11-I depicts monthly geometric mean coliform densities
in the plant effluents accompanied by maximum and minimum
dally geometric means occurring during each month. Figures
12-1 and 13-1 summarize the monthly geometric mean coliform
densities and monthly mean chloride values at the municipal
water Intakes. Figure 14-1 shows the monthly average
suspended solids in the effluent and influent of the area
sewage treatment plants. The coliform values for the
Monroe, Wyandotte, and Trenton Sewage Treatment Plants were
available only during those summer months during which the
plants chlorinated their effluent.
Figure 11-I indicates a notable reduction in the
monthly average total coliform density at all four plants, es-
pecially during the years 1962 and 1963. These values are
shown on semi-logarithmic paper to allow plotting of maximum
and minimum daily averages on the same chart as monthly
averages. The maximum daily geometric means are quite
erratic and still high.
(Figure 11-1 follows)- 2 pages
-------
134
100,000.000
10,000,000
1000,000
FIGURE ll-l
i
'v
E
o
o
10,000
fi
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 196} I960 1961 1962 1963
DETROIT * WYANDOTTE
LEGEND
Monthly Gaomttnc Mtan
Maximum Monthly Volu« *
------- Minimum Monlhly Volut *
^ Maximum ft Minimum Daily Gvomttnc Mtan
7 During The Month At Detroit
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS IN EFFLUENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V 8ROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
E
o
o
• 10,000
u- 1,000
135
FIGURE II-I (Cont'd.)
, I
JFUAMJ JASOND JF MAM JJASOHOJFMAIIJ JASONDJFUAMJ JASON D
I960 1961 1962 1963
TRENTON
JFMAMJJASOMDJFMAMJJASOHDJFMAUJJA30NDJFMHHJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
MONROE
LEGEND
Monthly Geometric Mean
Maximum Monthly Value
Minimum Monthly Value
DETROIT RIVEB-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS IN EFFLUENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
136
Richard D. Vaughan
Figure 12-1 shows consistently low total
coliform densities at the Detroit intake based on tri-
monthly geometric means of the Public Health Service
Water Pollution Control Surveillance System station located
there. Very little overall change is noted in the monthly
coliforra levels at the Monroe intake; however, very
erratic maximum daily values were observed during this
period. A closer look at the Monroe data reveals that
total coliform densities at the Intake exceeded 2,400 or-
ganisms per 100 ml 38 days in I960, 17 days in 1961, 13 days
in 1962, and 21 days in 1963. A significant reduction in
the monthly geometric mean coliform densities at the
Wyandotte intake was observed during the years 1962 and 1963.
Figure 13-1, showing average monthly chloride
concentrations at the Detroit and Monroe Intakes, depicts
a consistent chloride level at the Detroit Intake with all
values between the limits of 5 and 9 mg/1 and the great major-
ity of values between 6 and 8 mg/1. At the Monroe intake,
however, values rose from levels in the range of 30 mg/1
in I960 and 1962 to 40 mg/1 in 1963.
(Figures 12-1 and 1-1 follow.)
-------
137
FIGURE 12-1
JFMAMJJASONOJFMAMJJASONDJFMAVJJASI)NDJFMAMJJASONO JFMAMJ JASOND JFMAMJ j ASOND JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ j ASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963 I960 1961 1962 1963
DETROIT* WYANDOTTE
1,000,000 c=r
LEGEND
JFMAMJJASONOJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJ ASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
MONROE
•Monthly G«om«tnc Mtan
— —— Maximum Monthly Valut
-Minimum Monthly Volu»
jf Reiulti of Public Health S«rvic« Water Pollution
Surveillance System at Intake. (Tri — monthly )
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS AT INTAKE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
JFMAMJJASONOJFMAIUJJASONOJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
DETROIT*
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONOJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
MONROE
LEGEND
Monthly M.on
— — — Monimum Monthly Volut
. Minimum Monthly Volu.
# Rltultt of Public Hiolth S«rvic« Watir Pollution
Surv«illanc« Sy>t*m at Intake.
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS AT INTAKE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC
REGION V
HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
HEALTH SERVICE
6ROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
139
Richard D. Vaughan
Figure 14-1 reveals little significant change
in effluent suspended solids concentrations and indicates
removal efficiency in the general range expected of primary
sewage treatment facilities, or approximately 40-60$.
Since plotting values on semi-logarithmic
paper may tend to mask trends because of a compressed
scale, the monthly geometric mean coliform densities
were plotted in Figure 15-1 for the effluent of the
Detroit Sewage Treatment plant and the Wyandotte Water
Treatment Plant. This presentation more markedly
demonstrates the reduction in total coliform densities
at these two locations during the years 1962 and 1963.
(Figures 14-1 and 15-1 follow)
-------
140
FIGURE. 14-1 I
o
Z200
JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASONO J F M
1962
ONO JFMAMJJASONO
1963
DETROIT
o
Z200
JFMAMJJASONO JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASONO
I960 1961 1962 1963
LEGEND
WYANDOTTE
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN EFFLUENT a INFLUENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
141
FIGURE 14-1 (Cont'd.)
JFMAMJJASOND
I960
JFMAMJ JASOND
1961
FMAMJJASOND
1962
TRENTON
JFMflMJJASOND
1963
E
I
«300
Z200
LEGEND
JJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFM4MJJASONO
I960 1961 19 62 1963
MONROE
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN EFFLUENT 8 INFLUENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
142
FIGURF 15-1
800,000
700,000
: 600,000
40,000
° 400,000
300,000
100,000
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT
DETROIT
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONOJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
I960 1961 1962 1963
WATER TREATMENT PLANT INTAKE
WYANDOTTE
DETROIT RIVER —LAKE ERIE PROJECT
MONTHLY GEOMETRIC MEAN
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS
SEWAGE 8 WATER TREATMENT PLANT RECORDS
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V 6ROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
143
Richard D. Vaughan
DESCRIPTION OP AREA
The Detroit River, outstanding among great
waterways of the world, performs a number of important
functions for the area. It provides a shipping channel
for the heavy Great Lakes traffic between Lake Erie and
Lake Huron. In fact, the tonnese transported through the
Detroit River is greater than that past any other port in
the world. The River provides vast quantities of water
for municipal and industrial purposes on both sides of
the River. It receives large volumes of untreated and
partially treated sewage and industrial wastes. Finally,
the River provides, potentially, excellent opportunities
for recreation.
Due to its location in the heart of the Great
Lakes drainage basin, the Detroit area has developed into
one of the most important industrial centers in the entire
United States and the world's center of the automobile
industry. It has a four-county area of approximately
2,040 square miles and, according to the 1960 census, a
population of 3,863,480. Table 3-1 breaks down the
population figure by cities.
-------
144
TABLE 3-1, POPULATIONS OF MAJOR CITIES
MACOMB COUNTY
East Detroit 45,756
Mount Clemens 21,016
Roseville 50,195
St. Glair Shores 75,657
Warren 89,246
Berkley 23,275
Birmingham 25 , 525
Perndale 31,347
Hazel Park 25,631
Madison Heights 33,243
Oak Park 36,632
Pontiac 82,233
Royal Oak 80,612
Troy 19,058
MONROE COUNTY
Monroe 22,968
WAYNE COUNTY
Allen Park 37,052
Dearborn 112,007
Detroit 1,670,144
Ecorse 17,328
Garden City 38,017
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 145
WAYNEJSOUNTY (Continued)
Grosse Pointe Park 15,457
Grosse Pointe Woods 18,580
Hamtramck 34,137
Highland Park 38,063
Inkster 39,097
Lincoln Park 53,933
Livonia 66,702
River Rouge 18,147
Southgate 29,404
Trenton 18,439
Wayne 19,071
Wyandotte 43,519
Climate
Detroit is situated centrally in the Great Lakes
region and is under the climatic influence of these large
bodies of water. Because of the stabilizing influence of the
Great Lakes, extreme temperatures occur rather infrequently
in the Detroit area. Records from the U. S. Weather Bureau
station in Detroit Indicate that temperatures of 100°p
or more occur about once in every four years and sub-zero
temperatures occur on only ax>ut four days each winter.
-------
146
Richard D. Vaughan
The growing season, which is defined as being
the length of period between spring and fall frosts, has
ranged from 122 days to 208 days, the average being 171
days.
The mean annual temperature at "Detroit is about
49.1°P« The average annual precipitation at Detroit is
31.49 inches. (See Figure 16-1.) Variations in monthly
precipitation and in snowfall are shown in the same
figure. A little less than 25 per cent of this total
precipitation runs off to the streams. Short and Irregular
periods of drought occur from time to time but long periods
of drought are rare. Winters are marked by cloudiness
and frequent snow flurries. Summers have plentiful sunshine
without extreme heat. Prevailing winds are from the south-
west with winds from the northwest being next in frequency
of occurrence. The average wind velocity is about 10 miles
per hour. Figure 17-1 presents the climatological data
on per cent of sunshine, maximum and mean wind velocity,
relative humidity, and temperature.
(Figures 16-1 and 17-1 follow.)
-------
147
FIGURE 16-1
JFMAMJJASOND
JFMAMJ J ASON D
V)
UJ
X
o
50
— 40
- 30
20
O
LU
IT
Q.
10
188.0
•Average 31.49 in.
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
i940
1950
FROM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 183
AND RECORDS OF WEATHER BUREAU U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE
I960
DETROIT RIVER- LAKE ERIE PROJECT
PRECIPITATION AT DETROIT
U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
148
FIGURE 17-1
FMAMJ JASOND
Wind veloc ity —69-year record
J F M AMJ JASOND
Average relative hum idity-62-year record
125
100
-25
FMAMJ JASOND
Air temperature-80-year record
FM AMJ JASON
Sunshine— 60-year record
FROM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 183
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
CLIMATOLOGIC AL DATA FOR DETROIT
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
Richard D. Vaughan
149
Geology
The bedrock of this area consists mainly of
sedimentary rocks laid down during the Devonian Period
of the Paleozoic Era. These sedimentary rocks are prin-
cipally limestones, shales, and sandstones, with some
conglomerates. The thickness of the beds varies from
200 to 1,700 feet. A glacial and postglacial drift
mantle overlies these rock beds throughout the area.
It varies in thickness up to 600 feet and is responsi-
ble for much of the smoothness of the ground surface
of the region. While the surface in general is smooth
or broadly rolling, it is broken here and there by low
morainlc accumulations and by beach ridges of former lakes.
Extensive beds of rock sal€ underlie the entire
area. In the lower reaches of the Detroit River and in
the western end of Lake Erie, the depth of cover over the
salt beds is approximately 1,000 feet; in the upper reaches
the depth of cover increases to about 2,000 feet. Through-
out the area the beds are stratified by dolomitic sediment
and shale.
Groundwater
Groundwater occurs through the area, but that
available locally is usually of high mineral content and
uncertain quantity. It is principally a calcium and
-------
150
Richard D. Vaughan
magnesium bicarbonate water, with varying amounts of iron
and su&ate and, often, hydrogen sulfide.
Land Use and Development
The area serves three important economic
functions, agriculture, industry, and recreation. The land
bordering the western edge of Lake Erie is in general used
for farming and recreation while that in the Detroit area
is used for industrial purposes.
The inland area in the western Lake Erie basin
is mostly used for farming, chiefly divided Into small
individually owned farms growing field crops, vegetables,
sod grass, and fruits. There is also extensive dairy
and poultry farming. The forests have been cut down
and there remain only small, isolated woodlots which have
little or no effect upon the flow or quality of the streams.
The automobile Industry has been responsible
for rapid Industrial growth in the Detroit area during the
past 30 to 40 years. This industry has brought many related
activities such as steel mills, blast furnaces, tool and
die manufacturing, and coke plants.
Other industries include chemical plants, pulp
and paper mills, oil refineries, and the manufacture of
rubber and related products.
Extensive use has been made of the many islands
-------
151
Richard D. Vaughan
for Industrial and recreational purposes. Zug Island,
Fighting Island, and the upper end of Grosse lie are being
used for the disposal of waste materials resulting from the
nanufacture of caustic soda and soda ash. Grassy Island and
Mud Island are being used for the disposal of material from
dredging operations; Belle Isle and Bois Blanc Island are
devoted to recreational purposes.
Summer residences and cottages dot the western
shoreline of Lake Erie. Public bathing beaches are noted
in the Detroit River at Belle Isle and in Western Lake Erie
at Sterling State Park, Pointe Mouillee is. an Important wild-
life habitat along with other reaches of the waterway which
serve as overwintering locations for migrating birds.
Bodies of Water Under Study
A. DETROIT RIVER. The Detroit River is the
outlet for Lake St. Clair. It begins at Windmill Point
and flows in a southwesterly and then southerly direction
for about 31 miles to its mouth at Lake Erie. The normal
drop in water level between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie is
2.8 feet. The River, considering Just its own drainage area,
drains an area of 1,786 miles in the United States. The
upper 13 miles of the stream has an unbroken cross-section
with an average width of 2,400 feet, except at its head
where it is divided by Peach Island and Belle Isle. The
-------
152
Richard D. Vaughan
stream bed in the upper reach consists of clay. Mean
depth in this upper reach is approximately 25 feet; the
maximum depth reaches 52 feet. The lower portion broadens
out and is characterized by many islands and shallow ex-
panses. The two largest islands are Fighting Island and
Grosse lie. There are several smaller islands, and the
waters are spotted with large areas of marshland. In the
lower River underlying rock is exposed and the shipping
channels have been cut through it to a depth of 28 feet.
The flow of the Detroit River is exceptionally
steady. Because of the tremendous storage provided by
Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan, it is exceeded in this
respect by few, if any, rivers in the world. A monthly
hydrograph of the Detroit River since 1948 is shown in
Figure 18-1.
The average discharge of the Detroit River
for the period 1936 through April, 1964, was 182,000 cfs.
The monthly averages ranged from 100,000 cfs to 236,000
cfs. These extremes were probably affected by winds, ice,
or sudden change in barometric pressure. From April, 1962,
through April, 1964, the flow averaged 170,000 cfs.
(Figure 18-1 follows.)
-------
153
FIGURE 18-1
QNOD3S d 3d J.33J 01800 dO SQNVSnOHi Nl MOU A1HXNOW
-------
154
Richard D. Vaughan
In general, the higher the stage of a river,
the greater its flow. However, because of the small
differences in level between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie,
the relationship between stage and discharge for this River
is not easily determined. It is affected by several
factors: first, by dredging operations that are carried
on for the improvement of navigation through certain
reaches in the River; second, by differences in level
between Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair caused by varying
rates of inflow from the respective drainage areas; and,
t hird, the most pronounced, by winds or changes in barometric
pressure usually occurring over a part of Lake Erie and
causing abnormally high or low elevations of water at
the outlet of the Detroit River. When the effect of this
third factor occurs, the water may pile up at the western
end of Lake Erie to an elevation above that of Lake St. Clair
and, as a result, the flow of the Detroit River may actually
reverse its direction. This is an extremely rare occurrence
but, according to the U. S. Lake Survey (Table 4-1), has
occurred twelve times since 1911 with the last occurrence
to January, 1948. By a reverse mechanism the water level
at the lower end of the River may suddenly drop, causing a
great increase in discharge for a given stage. As an illustra-
tion, on January 31, 1914, the elevation of the water at the
mouth of the river dropped more than 6 feet in 10 hours. This
phenomenon resulted from a severe storm over Lake Erie.
(Table 4-1 follows.)
-------
155
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156
Richard D. Vaughan
B. ROUGE RIVER. The Rouge River, a tributary
to the Detroit River, rises northwest of Detroit and flows
southeasterly, emptying into the Detroit River near Ecorse.
It has two tributaries, the Middle and Lower branches, and
drains an area of about 467 square miles. Its basin lies
almost entirely in an old lake bed and as a result, except
for perhaps the upper fringe, it is relatively flat and
impervious and has practically no natural surface storage.
The main stream is approximately 32 miles long and falls
about 360 feet from its headwaters to the mouth. The
lower 3.5 miles, through the Short-Cut Canal, consists
of a dredged channel for use of vessel traffic serving
the industries in the area. Controlling depths approximate
21 feet for a middle channel width of 200 feet. The Short-
cut Canal is an artificial connection, 3>000 feet long,
from the Detroit River to a bend in the Rouge River which
eliminates an "S" shaped curve near the mouth.
Discharge measurements are taken by the U. S.
Geological Survey at the Rouge River, the Middle Rouge and
the Lower Rouge. The summation of the average discharges
of record from these three gages shows an average flow of
the Rouge River above the influence from Detroit River back-
water of approximately 235 cfs.
Two small tributaries, Ecorse River and Monguagon
Creek, enter the Detroit River below the Rouge River. Their
contribution of flow
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157
Richard D, Vaughan
is insignificant when compared to that of the Detroit River.
C. HURON RIVER. The Huron River rises west of
Detroit and flows in a southwesterly direction, emptying
into the Detroit River Just above Pointe Mouilles. Its
drainage basin has the shape of a mallet with the handle
providing the outlet. The river is about 80 miles long
and falls about 440 feet in its descent to the Detroit River.
The major part of its drainage reaches the main stem above
Ann Arbor and from this point downstream receives no important
tributaries. Most of the upper portion is hilly and con-
tains many lakes which provide much natural storage. The
drainage area is 890 square miles.
The closest gaging station to the mouth where
reliable records are kept by the U. S. Geological survey
is at Ann Arbor. Here the average discharge of record
is 445 cfs and the drainage area is 711 square miles. This
gage does not indicate the total or daily contribution
of water to the Detroit River because: (1) eight impounded
lakes between the gaging station and the mouth provide
considerable storage which smooths out the stream fluctua-
tions, and (2) it does not take into account approximately
179 square miles of drainage area.
D. MICHIGAN WATERS OP LAKE ERIE. The western
end of Lake Erie is characterized by shallow water, with
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Richard D. Vaughan 158
maximum depths of 29 feet. For several miles from the
Michigan shore, the water is generally less than 25 feet
deep, and near the Detroit River outlet, depths in excess
of 20 feet are rare. This ship channel is dredged through
the shallow water to a depth of 28.5 feet. Lake Erie is
subject to hard winds from both the east and west, and from
time to time barometric seiches occur. The effect of
changing winds and seiches Is to raise and lower the lake
level at the western end near Monroe, and to create marked
variations from normal water movements and currents. The
only significant tributary to Michigan Lake Erie besides
the Detroit River is the Raisin River. Minor tributaries
include the creeks named Swan, Stony, and Sandy north of
the Raisin River, and those called Plum, LaPlaisance, and
Otter south of the Raisin River. Table 13-1 gives descriptive
measurements of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.
TABLE 5"I. CHARACTERISTICS OP MICHIGAN 1AKE ERIE
Mean Depth 14.3 feet
Maximum Depth 29 feet
Surface Area 105 square miles
Volume 960,960 acre - feet
Drainage Area 1>525 square miles
1 Excluding the Detroit River and Lake surface area
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159
Pilchard D. Vaughan
E. RAISIN RIVER. The Raisin River, entering
the lake at Monroe, drains an area of 1,125 square miles.
It rises approximately 50 miles due west of Monroe and
for 20 miles flows in an easterly direction. For the
next 30 miles it flows southerly before taking a sharp
turn to flow in a northeasterly direction for 20 miles.
The final 15 miles of the River, flowing in an easterly
direction, receive no important tributaries. The shape
of the basin is very similar to that of Its neighbor, the
Huron River. The average discharge of record measured
near Monroe is 71^ cfs.
Five low-head dams are spaced at approximately
1-mile intervals near the mouth of the River.
The last 1.5 miles of the River contain a
dredged navigation channel serving the Port of Monroe
with controlling depths of 21 feet and a middle channel
width of 200 feet. Lake-affected backwater extends approxi-
mately 3 miles up the River to the first low head dam.
The Improved channel, widened to 300 feet, extends 3
miles Into Lake Erie.
F. LAKES. Numerous inland lakes are located
in the headwater reaches of the tributary streams in the
Detroit area. All of them are In headwater areas and are
fed by small drainage areas. These lakes, unlike many
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160
Richard D. Vaughan
small lakes elsewhere, do not provide much recharge
to groundwater supplies and thus the rate of water supply
that can be continuously obtained from lakes in this area
is generally limited to their outflow rates which are
relatively small.
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161
SECTION II
WATER USE INVENTORY
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162
Richard D, Vaughan
INTRODUCTION
In an area as diversified and complex as the
study area of the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project, all
water uses must be considered in order to arrive at the
best plan for maximum potential use of the waters.
This report contains a summary of the many
and varied water uses in the study area.
Water uses have been divided into the fol-
lowing categories: commercial shipping, dredging opera-
tions, fish and wildlife, recreational uses, municipal
and industrial water supply, industrial and domestic waste
disposal, and combined sewer overflows. No one use is
presented as more important than another,
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING
Because of a strategic geographical location,
the Detroit River has become an important artery of com-
mercial shipping between the upper and lower Great Lakes.
Millions of tons of iron ore from the Minnesota ranges
pass through the river on their way to the steel mills of
Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Coal is transported up the river
from the Appalachian fields to the industries along Lakes
Michigan and Superior. The opening of the St0 Lawrence
Seaway has also contributed significantly to the traffic
in the river. Tonnage shipped through the Detroit River
is so great that during a recent eight-month season,
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163
Richard D. Vaughan
130,560,000 tons of total commerce were shipped through
the river. This exceeds the entire combined tonnage ship-
ped through the Panama and Suez Canals in one year.
Although records for the 1963 shipping season
are not yet available, the shipping information for the
1961 and 1962 seasons is presented in Table 1-II0 All of
the following information is taken from the U.S0Army Corps
of Engineers publication entitled, "Waterborne Commerce
of the United States, Calendar Year 1961 and 1962." All
records include Port of Detroit traffic and Windsor-Detroit
traffic. This data therefore includes barge, ferry, and
tugboat traffic. An explanation of the terminology fol-
lows the tableso
(Table l-II follows)
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TABLE l-II. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE DETROIT RIVER
TOTAL PASSAGES 1961 1962
164
Upbound
Downbound
TONNAGE SUMMARIES
Upbound
Downbound
Dept. of Defense Controlled
and Special Cargo
Total
TONNAGE BREAKDOWN
Overseas Imports (upbound)
Overseas Exports (downbound)
Canadian Imports (upbound)
Canadian Imports (downbound)
Canadian Exports (upbound)
Canadian Exports (downbound)
Coastwise Shipping (upbound)
Coastwise Shipping (downbound)
Lakewise Shipping (upbound)
takewise Shipping (downbound)
Internal Shipping (upbound)
Internal Shipping (downbound)
Local (upbound)
Local (downbound)
PASSENGER TRAFFIC
Upbound
Downbound
Local Traffic
Through Traffic
Total
10,891
11,098
33,091,926 +
63,090,136
3,933
96,185,995
669, 3M
3,807,891
1,128,032
2,981,227
U, 267, 650
U, 986,691
75,650
H*,616
26,865,236
51,072,866
33,856
73,927
52,161
152,918
528,392
523,83U
1,051,065
1,161
1,052,226
10,191
10,390
35,375,199
6U, 663, 909
-
100,039,108
773,055
U,166,33U
2,lii9,l57
2,883,829
3,707,13k
6,2U9,152
119, 9U1
2U,523
28,510,856
5l,13U,8Uli
55,791
171,952
59,255
33,275
557,910
562,005
1,119,319
596
1,119,915
+ Tonnage figures for the Detroit River, as given by the Corps of Engineers,
do not include Canadian-Canadian or Canadian-Foreign trade. Figures for
this type of trade are kept at Sault Ste. Marie, and in 1961, 9,998,357
tons of such commerce are recorded at that point. A figure of 9,157,790
tons of eastbound commerce is recorded, and based on this, it is estimated
that about 7,500,000 tons of this foreign commerce passes through the
Detroit River unrecorded by the Corps of Engineers or by Canada.
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__ I-A
TABLE l-II (CONTINUED). WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE DETROIT RIVER
COMPARATIVE TRAFFIC
Year Tons Passengers
1962 100,039,108 1,119,915
1961 96,185,995 1,052,226
I960 111,165,158 1,092,975
1959 92,618,1*15 1,11*0,929
1958 87,878,763 979,021
1957 130,515,923 873,1*20
1956 121*, 81,9,617 1,078,1*52
1955 132,507,367 1,100,1*71*
TRANSACTIONS OF PORTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER 1961 1962
U.S; .Overseas Imports 171,131 233,U86
U.S. Overseas Exports 526,087 303,109
U.S. Receipts of Canadian Shipments 1,587,01*5 2,1*78,221
U.S. Shipments to Canadian Ports 210,91t* 182,826
U.S. Coastwise Receipts 61*,080 8l,li*6
U.S. Coastwise Shipments 1]*,616 13,173
U.S. Lakewise Receipts 20,958,960 22,337,730
U.S. Lakewise Shipments l,07l*,196 1,060,533
U.S. Internal Shipping Receipts 30,707 55,791
U.S. Internal Shipping Shipments 68,11*7 135,521
EXPIANATION OF TERMINOLOGY
Overseas Exports and Imports refers to tonnage shipped through the Detroit
River by the United States to and from foreign ports, including the Canal
Zone.
Canadian Exports and Imports refers to the shipping trade between the United
States and Canada.
Coastwise Shipping refers to domestic traffic involving transportation over
the ocean, e.g., Chicago to Boston.
Lakewise Shipping refers to traffic between U.S. ports on the Great Lakes
System.
Internal Shipping refers to traffic involving carriage on both inland water-
ways and the waters of the Great Lakes System.
Local commerce includes movement of freight within the confines of a single
arm or channel of a port, or within the limits of a port having only one
project, arm, or channel, except ferries. The term is also applied to
marine products, sand, and gravel taken from the Great Lakes.
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165
fomghan
different types of cargo were
river during the 1961 and 1962
ted ^aried from bulk products like iron ore to
,ed products such as steam turbines. The
go to be shipped overseas was scrap iron and
1,064,828 tons passing down the river during
ar 1961. Rolled and finished steel mill products
votituted the largest foreign import with 188,768 tons
^ssing through the river or being unloaded in the Detroit
port area during the 1962 season 0 In the domestic and U. S.
Canadian trade categories, the largest downbound tonnage
consisted of iron ore and concentrates with 34,986,741
tons of the material being recorded in 1962. The largest
upbound cargo was bituminous coal and lignite, with 26,446,249
tons passing up the river during the 1962 season.
The ships traversing the river varied from
tugboats and great lakes freighters to the latest ocean
vessels. One downbound vessel had a maximum draft of 28
feet while 8,825 of the vessels over the two year period
had a draft of 12 feet or less.
The passenger traffic figures show that the
majority of the passenger traffic is confined to the Detroit
area. The major contributors to the heavy local traffic
are the Bob-Lo Excursion Company1 s pleasure boats , the
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Richard D8 Vaughan
S.S, St. Claire and S.S. Columbia, which TL
cursion trips to Bois Blanc Island off the
of Grosse Ile0
'o
DREDGING OPERATIONS
The dredging operations in the Project's
study area come under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army
Engineer District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers. These
operations of the Corps are divided into the major categories
of New Work and Maintenance Work, All of the work under
their direction is handled by their own equipment and
personnel or is contracted out to low bidders. Figures l-II
and 2-II show the areas of new work and maintenance dredging
operations along with the designated disposal sites.
(Figures l-II and 2-II follow)
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167
FIGURE I-D
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS DREDGING
OPERATIONS AND DISPOSAL AREAS
U.S. WATERS
DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, E DU C AT I ON, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
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168
FIGURE 2-n
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS DREDGING
OPERATIONS AND DISPOSAL AREA
LAKE ERIE
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
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169
Richard D» Vaughan
NEW WORK
Trenton Channel
The Trenton Channel, on the west side of the
Detroit River and nine miles in length, flows in a
southerly direction between the Michigan mainland on one
side and Grassy Island, Michigan and Grosse lie, Michigan
on the other side. The Wyandotte Reach of the Trenton
Channel extends from the junction with the Detroit River
at the head of Fighting Island; downstream to the Grosse
lie toll bridge„ The Trenton Reach extends further down-
stream in the natural channel on the west side of Grosse
lie to the turning basin at the City of Trenton.
The work scheduled by the Corps of Engineers
for improvement of the Trenton Channel provided for the
following:
a. A channel 300 ft. wide and 27 ft. deep in
the Wyandotte Reach, extending for a distance of about six
miles from the Detroit River through channel to a point
just downstream of the Grosse lie toll bridge.
b. A channel 300 ft. wide and 28 ft. deep in
Trenton Reach, extending for a distance of about one mile
from the 27-foot deep channel just downstream of the Up-
per Grosse lie Bridge to, and including, a turning basin
28 feet in depth and about 15 acres in area outside the
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170
Richard D. Vaughan
dredging project channel limits at the McLouth Steel
Corporation dock.
The Corps of Engineers divided this work into
three sections for purposes of bidding and awarding of
contracts. These sections are as follows:
Section A - Comprising all of the work re-
quired in 6,450 feet of the
1 Wyandotte Reach. The materials
in this section to be excavated
consist principally of sand, clay
and gravel, which are being pumped
into the Mud Island dike by a 20-
inch hydraulic pipeline dredge.
The pay quantity for this section
was calculated as 180,000 cubic
yards and a contract amounting to
$299,810 awarded to Price Brothers -
McClung Division, Price Brothers
Company, Dayton, Ohio. Work began
around mid-April 1963 and was com-
pleted during the month of June 1963.
Section B - Comprising all of the work in the
lower 22,450 feet of the Wyandotte
Reach between the lower end of the
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171
Richard D0 Vaughan
Upper Wyandotte Reach and a point
approximately 700 feet downstream
of the Grosse lie toll bridge. The
excavated material in this section
also consists principally of sand,
clay and gravel and comprises a pay
quantity of 124,600 cubic yards.
This material was deposited in a
dump area located in Lake Erie south
of the Detroit River Light between
the West Outer Channel and East Outer
Channel. This work was contracted to
Peter Kiewit Sons Company, Omaha,
Nebraskao
Section C - Comprising all of the work required
between a point approximately 700
feet downstream of the Grosse lie
toll bridge and a point approximately
5,800 feet downstream of the bridge,
including the turning basin. This
section consists principally of a
limestone ledge rock with a sand,
gravel, clay and silt overburden. A
portion of the material 100,000 cubic
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Richard D. Vaughan 172
yards was hauled by dump and/or deck
scows to Mud Island where it was re-
handled by a land-based plant in the
construction of the Mud Island dike0
The remaining 342,700 cubic yards
of pay quantity was hauled to the
Lake Erie Disposal area in dump
scows. The contract for this sec-
tion was awarded to the Dunbar and
Sullivan Dredging Company, Detroit,
Michigan. The cost of sections B
and C together amounted to $4,491,036,
East Outer Channel
Dredging operations in the East Outer Channel
were confined to an area 35,000 feet in length beginning
about 6,000 feet down channel from the Detroit River Light-
house o The pay quantity of excavated material in the chan-
nel was 2,769,000 cubic yards of clay with some sand and
gravel. Disposal was in the dump ground located between
the East and West Outer Channels. Work was under contract
in September 1962 and completed in October 1962.
MAINTENANCE WORK
Rouge River
The dredging of the channels of the Main Rouge,
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173
Richard D0 Vaughan
Old Rouge and Short Cut Canal commencing at the Ford Motor
Company turning basin and extending to the Detroit River
is classified as maintenance work. Dredging operations are
annual and commence about the middle of September and con-
tinue until just before Christmas. In 1962 approximately
174,000 cubic yards of silt, industrial waste and clay were
removed and hauled by the U.S0 Hopper Dredge Hains to Grassy
Island and pumped within the diked area. In 1963, 255,000
cubic yards were removedg Table 2-II represents a summary
of the average chemical constituents of the Rouge River
shoal material as reported by the Corps of Engineers.
The costs of maintenance dredging by the Corps
of Engineers in the Rouge were $206,288 in 1962 and $258,
524 in 1963. To help defray the cost of dredging various
industries were charged an amount (see Table 3-II) com-
mensurate with the cost of removing that portion of the
dredged material deposited by industrial waste discharges.
(Tables 2-II and 3-II follow.)
-------
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TABLE 3-H. PARTICIPATING COSTS - ROUGE RIVER MAINTENANCE DREDGING
175
Industry
Ford Motor Company
Scott Paper Company
Allied Chemical Corporation-
Solvay Process Division
American Cement Corporation-
Peerless Cement Division
Year
1962
1963
1962
1963
1962
1963
Fixed Annual Charge
Amount
17,051.11
35,671.83
1,836.51*
8,701.66
M».W
5,379.53
3,500.00
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176
Richard D. Vaughan
Detroit River
The Corps of Engineers removes some 100,000
cubic yards annually from the Livingstone Channel and
200,000 cubic yards annually from the East Outer Channel.
The upper Livingstone Channel annual maintenance dredging
is primarily carried out to remove diked material (rocks
and boulders) which wave action has caused to topple into
the channel. The lower Livingstone Channel and the East
Outer Channel operation consists of removal of solids
originating upstream and deposited in areas where the
velocity decreases as the river approaches and enters Lake
Erie.
Raisin River
Monroe Harbor dredging is classified as main-
tenance work and in 1962 and 1963 consisted of dredging from
the Monroe Harbor terminal turning basin to a point about
8,000 feet into Lake Erie. This is an annual operation and
usually takes place during the month of October. Two hun-
dred and seventy one thousand cubic yards of excavated
material consisting principally of silt, paper pulp and clay
were hauled by the U.S. Hopper Dredge Hoffman to a disposal
area in Lake Erie in 1962. Similar operations were re-
peated in 1963 with 390,000 cubic yards of material being
removed by the U. S. Hopper Dredge Lyman0
The costs of maintenance dredging by the Corps
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177
Richard D. Vaughan
of Engineers in the Raisin River were $58,774 in 1962
and $128,536 in 1963. To help defray the cost of dredging
in the Raisin River, the Consolidated Paper Co. is charged
a fixed annual fee of $5,000.
FISH AND WILDLIFE
Sport Fishing
Values of the Detroit River sports fishery
are taken from the Michigan Department of Conservation
general creel census records, 1928 - 1963 (Table 4A-II).
Seven principal species are caught by anglers. In order
of importance, these are: yellow perch, white bass, rock
bass, walleye (also called yellow pike and pickerel),
sheepshead (or freshwater drum), smallmouth bass, and
northern pike0 The first four of these species constituted
about 90 per cent of the total catch for the period 1928-
1963: perch-49%, white bass-20%, rock bass-13%, walleye-9%.
In 1963, angling quality, as expressed in
catch of fish per hour of angling, was five times higher
than the composite average of 1.3 fish per hour. Species
composition of the 1963 catch did not follow the usual
pattern, however. Fifty percent of the catch was white
bass; the remainder was composed of about half perch and
half smelt. Only 2 percent of the catch was walleye, com-
pared with the composite catch of 8 percent. There is a
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178
Richard D. Vaughan
definite migration of this highly prized species between
Lake Erie and Lake St. Glair, as tagging studies have
demonstrated.
The sport fishery, especially in the lower
Detroit River, has a high potential resource value. This
was indicated by a study done by the Michigan Department of
Conservation in 19520 The Institute for Fisheries Research
in its report, "The Fish Fauna and the Fishing of the De-
troit River in Vicinity of Sugar and Stony Islands" (1952),
summarizes results of the netting survey and other analyses.
Game fish, belonging to 12 different species, composed 55
percent of the adult population,, There was a good variety
and abundance of forage fishes on which game fishes feed.
Neither the population of rough fishes, such as carp and
gizzard shad, nor the population of obnoxious fishes such
as the dogfish (or bowfin) and the gars, were too large.
(The parasitic sea lamprey is not found in the River or
Lake*)
The study also established that the several
species of game fish grew at well above the growth rate
of these species in inland waters of Michigan, and that
angling quality in the Grosse lie area compared favorably
with angling quality of other Michigan non-trout waters.
A netting survey, made by the Institute for Fisheries Re-
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179
Richard D. Vaughan
search in the spring of 1964 to supplement the 1952 sur-
vey of the area, substantiated the conclusion that the
fish population of the lower Detroit River is a valuable
resource for sport fishing (communication from the Insti-
tute's director, dated July 2, 1964).
In Michigan waters of Lake Erie, a large variety
of species are caught by sportsmen, as the composite creel
census data for the period 1928 - 1963 show (Table 4B-II).
The catch over this period has been composed predominantly
of perch (72 percent). Rock bass, bull heads, white bass,
and walleye rank next in order of importance. The 1963
census data indicates high angling quality, with a catch
per hour of angling at 4 fish, compared with the composite
catch per hour of 105 fish0 But all the fish caught were
of one species--yellow perch. Similarly, in 1960, 97 per-
cent of the catch was perch; in 1961, 70 percent was perch.
In 1962, only about a third of the catch was perch, with
white bass constituting another third and rock bass about
a fifth of the catch. The valued walleye composed only 3
percent of the 1962 catch, and it was absent from the 1960,
1961, and 1963 catches. Factors contributing to recent
changes in the species composition of the Lake Erie fishery
will be discussed in a later section of this report.
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180
Richard D. Vaughan
COMMERCIAL FISH CATCHES
Records of the Michigan Department of Con-
servation over the last 18 years show significant variations
in the amount of catch of various species of fish. Catches
from Lake Erie by Michigan fishermen for scattered years in
the last two decades expressed in pounds of fish presented
in Table 4-II. The fish are not necessarily caught in
the Michigan waters of Lake Erie since the fishermen living
in the State of Michigan may enter into Lake Erie waters
of other States,
Records obtained from the Michigan Department
of Conservation date back through 19449
The figures show interesting rises and declines
in the fish catches. Fish showing a definite decline through
the years are the bowfin, northern pike and the sauger.
Others such as the bullhead, catfish, sheepshead, white
bass, and yellow pike exhibit fluctuations in catch through
the years, while the yellow perch and carp show a definite
rising trend in the catch. Lake Erie also yielded good
catches of whitefish, lake herring, and ciscoe until the
turn of the century when their population was decimated.
(Tables 4-II, 4A-II and 4B-II follow.)
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184
Richard D. Vaughan
WATERFOWL
The Detroit River is known as a major staging
area for migrations of canvasbacks, redheads, scaups, and
black ducks, using the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways.
As a canvasback feeding area, the Detroit River is in a
class with the famous marshes of Chesapeake Bay. In the
Great Lakes region, the area is considered among the few
remaining areas providing significant waterfowl habitat.
The principal reason for this is the estimated 6,000 acres
of shoal water on the American side of the Detroit River
between the Ambassador Bridge and the head of Lake Erie,
which contain preferred natural waterfowl foods such as wild
celery, coontail, water milfoil, various pondweeds, and
waterweed. The celery beds constitute one of the few good
winter feeding grounds for the canvasbacks in the Great
Lakes region,, Associated with these plant beds are snails
and other crustaceans which are important animal foods for
the diving ducks.
Biologists from the Department of Interior1s
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Michigan
Conservation Department have conducted serial surveys of
waterfowl use in the Detroit River between the Ambassador
Bridge and Lake Erie during various seasons. Since 1950,
the minimum winter duck population was 5,000 in the 1961-62
-------
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191
Richard D. Vaughan
Area I The shoreline between Windmill Point
and confluence of the Detroit River
with the Rouge River,
Area II The shoreline of the Detroit River
between the Rouge and Ecorse Rivers.
Area III The shoreline of the Detroit River
and Lake Erie between the Ecorse and
Huron Rivers,
Area IV The Lake Erie shoreline between the
Huron and Raisin Rivers,
Area V The Lake Erie shoreline between the
Raisin River and the Michigan-Ohio
line.
The facilities listed in column 5 are general,
and in some cases may not be complete. The code explana-
tion is as follows:
A - Athletic facilities (tennis, baseball, etc.)
Am - Amusement facilities (ferris wheel rides,
etc.)
Bh - Bathhouse
C - Concession stand
D - Dance pavilion
F - Fishing area
G - Golf course and/or driving range
L - Extensive landscaping
-------
192
Richard D. Vaughan
M - Marina facilities and boat rentals
Mu - Music facilities (bandstand, music shell)
Pa - Picnic areas
Pg - Playground (children's equipment, etc.)
R - Boat Ramp
Sb - Swimming (beach)
Sp - Swimming (pool)
Wp - Wading pool or spray pool
MARINA FACILITIES
One of the fastest growing recreational uses
of water in the Detroit area, as well as in the entire
United States, is pleasure boating. Figures presented by
the Outboard Boating Club of America show that over $2,500,
000,000 was spent on recreational boating in the United
States in 1962 as compared with $720,000,000 a decade earlier.
An evaluation of the use of the Detroit area
water resources for pleasure boating can be obtained by
tabulating the various indicators of boating popularity
such as marina facilities, boat registrations and boat
launchings.
The major marinas and the number of boat wells
they represent are tabulated in Table 6-II and presented in
Figures 3-II and 4-II. The areas into which the facilities
are located contain the same boundaries as those areas in
the preceding section.
(Table 6-II follows, comprising 8 pages)
-------
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201
Richard D. Vaughan
BOAT REGISTRATIONS AND LAUNCHINGS
Of the five counties chosen for the boat
registration figures, all but Oakland County have shorelines
on Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, or Western Lake Erie.
The northwest suburbs of Detroit are in Oakland County, and
for this reason the boat registrations for this county are
also included in the list.
Exact boat launching figures for the Wyandotte
Municipal Ramp and the Elizabeth Park ramp are available
because a charge is levied at these ramps which necessitates
the keeping of launching records. There are other free
public launching ramps along the River for which usage
*
figures are not available,,
Boat Registrations!
Macomb County 18,057
Monroe County 5,899
Oakland County 37,302
St. Clair County 7,744
Wayne County 74,842
Total 143,844
Boat Launchings - Wyandotte Municipal
Boat Ramp2
1961 5,847
1962 5,382
-------
202
Richard D. Vaughan
Boat Launchings - Elizabeth Park Marina
Trenton^
1961 8,974
1962 8,418
Boat Launchings - Detroit Engel Parks Ramps^
1962 Season 18,000 (estimate)
^-Michigan Department of State, through September 30, 1962.
2city of Wyandotte, 1962 figures are through October 15,
1962.
•Hjayne County Board of Road Commissioners, through October 6,
1962.
^City of Detroit Department of Parks and Recreation.
INDUSTRIAL WATER USES
The information summarized in Table 7-II is
a compilation on the use of water by Michigan industries
in the study area. Figures 5-II and 6-II locate the points
of waste discharge from each industry. The order of pre-
sentation is basically geographical, with data given first
for plants on the Detroit River beginning at the head-
waters and proceeding downstream, then the industries on
the River Rouge, followed by data for those on the Raisin
-------
Richard D0 Vaughan
River. Space requirements have dictated the following
coded information:
Columns 2 and 8 - Source and Discharge Point
Det Riv - Detroit
Riv Rouge - Main stem of River Rouge
Rouge SC - Short cut canal of River
Rouge
Rouge OC - Old channel of River Rouge
UG - Underground
City or - The water supply or treat-
City Sewer ment facilities of the
municipality in which the
plant is located.
Rais Riv - Raisin River
Columns 3 - Amount
gpm - gallons per minute
gph - gallons per hour
gpd - gallons per day
mgd - million gallons per day
mgy - million gallons per year
Column 4 - Pre-treatment (treatment of water
by the industry prior to use)
Scr - Screening either course or
fine
F - Filtered
-------
204
Richard D. Vaughan
A - Addition of alum
SA - Addition of sodium aluminate
Chi - Chlorination
Column 6 - Final treatment (general treatment
given wastewater prior to discharge
into receiving waters)
AF - Air Floatation
CC - Chemical coagulation
Chi - Chlorination
Cl - Clarifier
DF - Drum filter
Dis - Distillation
Dp - Dephenolizing equipment
E - Excelsior filtration
GC - Grit chamber
N - Neutralization
OC - Oil centrifuging
OWS - Oil water separating ap-
paratus
P - Ponds
PS - Primary settling
SS - Sludge sintering
SSP - Sub-surface percolation
St - Sludge thickening
-------
205
Richard D. Vaughan
Column 7 - Major Constituents
A - Acidity as CaC03
B - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
C - Chlorides
Cn - Cyanide compounds
Cr - Chromium compounds
Fe - Soluble iron
Fl - Fluorides
N - Nitrogen compounds
0 - Oil
P - Phenols
pH - High or low pH values
S - Sulfur compounds
SS - Settleable solids
SusS - Suspended solids
T - High temperatures
X - Ether extractables
Bact - Coliform Bacteria
(Table 7-II, Figures 5-II and 6-II follow.)
-------
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226
FIGURE 7-n
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
DOMESTIC WATER INTAKES
SEWAGE PLANT OUTFALLS
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
U.S. WATERS-DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCAT ION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
227
Richard D. Vaughan
Detailed Notes for Columns:
Column 1 - Community
Communities which serve one or more additional
communities are preceded by an asterisk.
Column 3 - Estimated Population Served (1963)
This is the estimated total number of people
served by the facility shown in Column 6 - Source of Sup-
ply. The number enclosed in parentheses indicates the
people are served by some other facility.
Column 4 - Number of Accounts
This number represents the total number of
accounts served by the facility.
Column 5 - Number of Meters
This number represents the total number of
meters used in the water system.
Column 6 - Source of Supply
The following are the abbreviations used and
for what they stand:
W.C.M.W.A. - Wayne County Metropolitan Water
Authority.
W.C.M.W.S. - Wayne County Metropolitan Water
Supply,
-------
228
Richard D0 Vaughan
Column 7 - Rated Capacity
This figure is the maximum rated capacity
(in MGD) on the basis of design, where possible.
Column 8 - Average Daily Output
This column contains the average daily output
of the system during 1962 or the latest year of record if
not otherwise noted.
Column 9 - Treatment
Where the treatment is extensive, or one or
more symbols identifying the general type or function of
the plant precede those used to identify the particular
treatment plant or method. In general, a plant is not
classified as a "purification plant" unless filters having
fine granular material (sand or anthracite) are used.
Principal treatment features; identified by
capitalized letters, are further described by lower case
letters following them. In general, the symbols are ar-
ranged in the order in which treatment occurs. Combina-
tion units performing more than one function in a single
structure are denoted by enclosing the appropriate symbols
in parentheses. Enclosures in brackets indicate parallel
or alternate operation„
Treatment methods are coded as follows:
Type of Plant
-------
229
Richard D. Vaughan
P - Purification
H - Softening
I - Iron or manganese removal
Treatment or Device
A - Aeration
Ace. contact beds or trays, coke or
other material
Am.. patented aerator
As., spray aerator
At., overflow trays cascade or other
splash aerator
Ao.0 other type aerator
Af. forced draft aerator
C - Chemical dosage for coagulation or
softening
Ca.. alum
Ci,. iron salts
Cl.. lime
Cs. o soda ash
Ct0 activated silica
Co0 other coagulant
D - Disinfection
DC. chlorine gas
Dd. dechlorination
-------
230
Richard D. Vaughan
Dh,. hypochlorites
Ds.. free residual chlorine
Dx.. chlorine dioxide
Dz.. ozone
Do. other means
F - Filters
Fa.. anthrafilt
Fe.. roughing or contact
Fd.„ diatomaceous earth
Fg.. gravity (slow)
Fp.e pressure
Fr.. gravity (rapid)
Fs.. sand
Fz.. zeolite
Fm.. micro strainers
K - Chemical dosage for corrosion correction
or water stabilization
Kc0. phosphate compounds
Kg.. chlorine gas
Kh.. hypochlorite
Ko0. sodium silicate
Kpoo alkali feed for pH adjustment
-------
231
Richard D. Vaughan
M - Mixing device or tank
Ma .. air agitation
Mb .. baffle mix
Mh .. hydraulic (standing wave flume)
Mi .. Injection or pump suction
Mp .. slow mechanical mix
Ms .. patented sludge blanket
Mt .. rapid mechanical mix
(MtpsSv) .. "Liquon Reactor"; "Accelator"; or
"Precipitator"
N - Ammoniation
Nc .. ammonium compound
Ng - ammonia gas
R - Recarbonatlon
S - Sedimentation
Sb .. basins, baffled (other than inlet or outlet)
Sc .. covered basins (other than housed)
Sm - mechanical sludge removal
So .. open basin (may be in plant building)
Sv - upflow cylindrical tanks
(MtpsSv) ., "Liquon Reactor"; Accelator"; or
"Precipitator"
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 232
T - Chemical taste and odor control
To .. activated carfeon
Td .. chlorine dioxide
Ts - sulfur dioxide
Tz - ozone
To - other
V - Fluoride adjustment
Va .. hydrofluoslliclc acid
Vs - sodium silicofluorlde
Vt - sodium fluoride
Ve - ammonium sllicofluoride
Vo - other fluorides
V .. fluoride reduction
Vl 2~ "^*2 ppm
-------
DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 233
The major municipal sewage treatment facilities discharging into waters within the
Project's study area are tabulated in Table 9-II. Smaller public systems are operated
for the express purpose of serving subdivisions or housing areas. The majority of these
smaller facilities are located within Grosse He Township. Figures 6-II and 7-II represent
the location of the municipal water intakes in relation to domestic waste treatment plants
and outfalls in both the Detroit River and Lake Erie.
Key to symbols Table 9-II:
B - Sludge beds
Bo .. Open
C - Settling tanks
Cm . . Mechanically equipped
Cp . . Plain, hopper bottom or intermittently drained for cleaning
O - Digester, separate sludge
Df .. With floating cover
Dh .. Gas used in heating
Dr .. Heated
Ds .. Gas storage in separate holder
Dt .. Stage digestion
E - Chlorination
EC . . With contact tank
Eg .. By chlorine gas
G - Grit chambers
Gl .. Without continuous removal mechanism
Gm .. With continuous removal mechanism
H - Sludge storage tanks
S - Screens
Sc .. Comminutor
SI ,. Bar rack, hand cleaned
Sm .. Mechanically cleaned
V - Mechanical sludge dewatering
Vv .. Rotary vacuum filter
X - Sludge disposal
Xn .. incinerated
Z - Sludge conditioning
Zi .. Chemicals used, iron salt
Zl . . Chemicals used, lime
Zy .. Elutriation
-------
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STORMWATER OVERFLOWS
235
Table 10-11 and Figure 7-II give the location of all the stormwater overflows which
may have a significant effect on the Detroit River. In most cases the overflows are lo-
cated by the names of the streets to which they are nearest. The outfalls are listed from
upstream to downstream.
TABLE 10-n. STORMWATER OVERFLOW LOCATIONS
Location
CITY OF DETROIT
No. and Size
Fox Creek
Conners Creek
Fischer
Iroquois
E. Grand Blvd.
Helen
Mt. Elliott
Lieb
Adair
Jos. Campau
Chene
Dubois
St. Aubin
Orleans
Hastings
St. Antoine
Beaubien
Brush
Randolph
Bates
Woodward
Griswold
Cass
First
Second
Third
Brooklyn
S. of Tenth
Twelfth
Fourteenth
Eighteenth
Twenty-first
Twenty-fourth
W. Grand Blvd.
Swain
Scotten
McKinstry *"
Summit
Ferdinand
Morrell
2 - 10'0"xl0'0"
1- 12'0"
3 - 18'6"x21l9"
3 - 14'0"xl4lO"
1 - 13'9"
6 - 4'8"
1 - ll'O"
1 - 9'0"
4 - 5'0"
2 - 10'0"xl0'6"
1 - 5'0"
3 - 6'0"x8'8"
2 - 3'8"
2 - 5'0"x4'9"
1 - 4'9"
1 - 5'0"
1 - 3'0"
1 - 5'0"
1 - 5'0"
1 - 3'0"
1 - 2'6"x3'011
1 - 8'0"
1 - 13'6"
2 - 6'8"
1 - 8'0"
1 - 7'0"
2 - 4I0"x5I0"
2 - lO'CVxlO^"
1 - 4'9 l/2"x5'7"arch
1 - 5'0"x5'7" arch
3 - 4'0" arches
1 - 2'0"
2 - 5'0"
2 - 4'0"
2 - 4'3"
2 - 5'3"
1 - 4'6"x6'0" oval
1 - 8'0"
1 - 3'0"
1 - 3'0"
2 - 4'8"
2 - 4'6"
3 - 7'6"x8l8"
2 - 4'6"
4 - 5'0"
Receiving Water
Fox Creek
Conners Creek
Detroit River
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
ii
ii
n
ir
ti
ti
ii
ii
n
n
ii
n
n
it
n
it
n
ii
n
n
n
n
-------
Location
Junction
Campbell
Dragoon
Schroeder
Fort Cutoff &
Dearborn Ave.
Flora & Reisener
Pulaski
Dearborn Ave.
Gary
Anderson
Westwood
Silvery Lane
1000' W. of Telegraph
Telegraph
1000' E. of Telegraph
Outer Drive
Reginald
Military
Monroe
Willoway
750' E. of East End
of Garrison
2000' W. of
Southfield Road
2000' E. of
Southfield Road
2500' E. of
Southfield Road
N. Dearborn Road
8t Rotunda Drive
Ford Motor Company
Boat Slip
Jefferson
"
L. Rouge River
ii
CITY OF DETROIT— Continued
No. and Size Receiving Water
1 - 13'0" Detroit River
1 - 6'6"
1 - 6'2"
1 - 6'3"
1 - 10'6"
2 - 5'3"
1 - 6'10"
6 - 4l6"x4'0" F. Gates Rouge River
2 - TO" F. Gates
1 - 5'0"
1 - 6'6"
1 - 5'9"
2 - 3'0"
1 - 3'0"
CITY OF DEARBORN
1 - 2'6"
1 - 3'0"
1 - 8'0"
1 - 8'0"
1 - 7'6"
1 - I'O"
1 - 4'0"
1 - lO'O"
1 - 9'6"
1 - 6'3"
1 - 2'6"
1 - 4'6"
1 - 4'9"
1 - ir6"
1 - 12'0"
1 - 10'0"xl2'9"
1 - 5'0"xl0'0"
1 - 10'0"xl2l6"
1 - ID'O'^ll'S"
i - io'o"xiro"
CITY OF RIVER ROUGE
1 - 6'0"
CITY OF ECORSE
236
it
ii
Rouge River
Rouge River
Southfield
- 4'0'
Detroit River
-------
CITIES OF ALLEN PARK AND LINCOLN PARK
237
Location
White
Farnham
Near Junction of
S. Branch
Perry
Superior Blvd.
Orange
Ludington
Pennsalt Chemical
Company property
Sibley
Elm
Elizabeth
S. of Detroit Edison Co.
No. and Size
1 - 5'6"
1 - 5'6"
2 - VQ'WO"
1 - 5'6"
CITY OF WYANDOTTE
1 - 3'6"
1 - 3'0"
2 - 4'0"
1 - 3'0"
1 - 3'0"
CITY OF RIVERVIEW
1 . 4'0"x4'0"
1 - 3'6"
CITY OF TRENTON
1 - 4'6"
1 - 2'6"
Unknown
Receiving Water
Ecorse River
Detroit River
Trenton Channel
Trenton Channel
Trenton Channel
Elizabeth Park Canal
-------
238
Richard D. Vaughan
SECTION III
POPULATION AND MANUFACTURING TRENDS
INTRODUCTION
In an urban and highly industrialized region
such as the Detroit metropolitan area, lakes and rivers
are not only objects of beauty and recreation, but are
crucial to maintaining high levels of productivity and
prosperity. Vast quantities of water are consumed
daily by cities, to wash and nourish their citizens,
and by industries, to cool their machines and process
their goods. Approximately 3,582,850,000 gallons of
water per day are used for industrial purposes alone in
the Detroit area* Since industrial and population ex-
pansion is almost a sure thing in Detroit, it is also
probable that demands for water will increase. Pollution,
then, is not only a destruction of natural beauty but
an economic debit, for it cuts down the supply of water
that is useful. In this section the probability of a
need for increased quantities of clean water will be
demonstrated, in a general way, by estimates of projected
population and manufacturing growth in the Detroit area.
The State of Michigan is part of the large
industrial complex of the United States known as the
"manufacturing belt." The belt or "strip" comprises
-------
239
Richard D. Vaughan
portions of the three Middle Atlantic States of New Jer-
sey, New York, and Pennsylvania and of the five East
North Central States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Michigan is particularly closely
tied to the group of East North Central States, and a
description of manufacturing and population trends on
these five states is included here, as a context in
which to place the Detroit Project area* For the purposes
of this section, "the Project area" includes Macomb,
Monroe, Oakland, and Wayne counties. The Detroit Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (DSMSA) includes only
Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne Counties; Monroe County has
been added because of its contiguity to Lake Erie.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY
Regional Trends
Table l-III indicates the trends in value
added by total manufacture in the five-state region of
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
(Table l-III is as follows.)
-------
240
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Richard D. Vaughan
As a percent of the nation's total, the
five-state region declined slightly but steadily from
1939 to 1958. The 1958 five-state total of value added
by manufacture as a percent of the nation was about 29
as compared with about 31.4 percent in 1947. From
1958 to 1962 the percentage share of the nation increased
slightly again and, of course, actual dollar value great-
ly and steadily increased since 1939, though at a little
less than the national rate.
Project Area Trends
Manufacturing in Michigan and in the Detroit
area is characterized by heavy concentration in durable
goods production (automobiles, industrial machinery, etc.),
When the national economy enters a recession, durable
goods always suffer a greater contraction of their market
than do nondurable goods. Accordingly Detroit, because
of its heavy dependence on such manufacture, experience
widespread fluctuations in its local economy.
Manufacturing in the Detroit area is further
characterized by heavy concentration in a single industry,
namely, motor vehicle production. In recent decades,
however, the automobile industry has been responsible
for a decreasing proportion of total manufacturing
-------
242
Richard D. Vaughan
employment in the area, i.e. some diversification of the
manufacturing economy is occurring. The future may see
industries which are heavy users of water playing a
larger role in Detroit's economy. These are: food and
foodstuffs processing; paper and allied products manu-
facturing; chemicals manufacturing; petroleum and coal
processing; and primary metals manufacturing. Trends in
value added by manufacture for heavy water-using indus-
tries are shown in Table 2-I1I (data for Monroe County
were not available and it was not included in the Table).
(Table 2-III is as follows.)
-------
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244
Richard D. Vaughan
Table 2-III indicates that the Detroit SMSA's
share of the nation's total held relatively constant from
19^7 to 1954, declined sharply from 1954 to 1958, regained
a large part of the loss by I960, and turned downward again
in 1962. The large concentration of durable-goods industries
in the Detroit area, as mentioned earlier, is the major
cause of this wide fluctuation. The primary metals Industry,
a large water-user, showed a sharp Increase in activity
between 1938 and 1960.
Table 3-IH shows value added for all manufacture
in the Project area broken down by county. The trend was
down from 1939 to 1947, relatively constant from 1947 to
1958, and down sharply from 1954 to 1958, During 1962,
value added by manufacture in the four-county Project
area totaled approximately 6.1 billion - almost 4 per cent
of the nation's total, 51.0 of Michigan's total, and 11.6
per cent of the five-state total.
(Table 3-III follows.)
-------
245
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246
Richard D. Vaughan
Dollar figures indicating value added by total
manufacturing (Table 3-HI ) and by major water-using
industries (Table 2-III) were converted to 1960 constant
dollars by use of the wholesale price index (1947-49-100).
On the basis of I960 dollars as a measure of industrial
activity, all manufacturing output doubled between 1939 and
I960, and output of the major water-using industries in-
creased by 80 per cent between 1947 and I960. The growth
rate of all manufacturing in the area from 1939 to I960
was 3 3/4 per cent, annually compounded. The growth rate
of the major water-using industries from 1947 to I960
was 4 3/4 per cent annually compounded. Although little
room for new industries is available on the Detroit water-
front, there is evidence that future industrial growth will
be as great as previously and that means of obtaining
necessary water will be found. Using compound growth
rates it is anticipated that total manufacturing in the area
will double in value added and that major water-using
manufacture will increase by 150 per cent between I960
and 1980. (See Figure l-III and Table 8-III )
(Figure l-III and Table 8-III follow)
-------
FIGURE l-
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-------
249
Richard D. Vaughan
POPULATION GROWTH
Regional Trends
The total five-state population showed little
change from 1940 to 1960 as a percent of the nation's
population, from 3.9$ to 4.3$. All five states, of course,
had actual increases in population.
The trend in total manufacturing employment
in the five-state area was greatly similar to that in total
manufacturing value added, that is, an increase in percent
of the nation from 1939 to 1954, a decline from 1954 to
1958, and recovery thereafter (see Table 4-III) .
4-III follows)
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-------
251
Richard D. Vaughan
Project Area Trends
Manufacturing employment in the study area has
declined since 1947 both actually and as a percent of the
nation. The percentage .dropped from 3.7 in 1947 to 2.6 in
I960. This decline is by no means associated with a decline
in production, however, for automation in durable goods
manufacture has probably accounted for a large part of the
drop in employment. (See Table 6-III).
Table 7-IH shows an increase in the total popula-
tion of the Project area from 2.4 million in 1940 to 3 million
in 1950 and 3.9 million in 1960. Although slowing down in
its growth rate, the Project area grew more rapidly than
the national rate throughout the two decades. By 1980 it
is projected that the population of the Project area will
reach 5.5 million, which would represent an increase of
41.5 percent since I960.
Population of the four-county area as of April 1,
1963, is 3,989,000, distributed as follows: Macomb County
473,000; Monroe County 109,000? Oakland County 735,000;
Wayne County 2,672,000. The 1980 projections are : Total
5,475,000; Macomb 800,000; Monroe 175,000; Oakland
1,200,000; Wayne 3,300,000.
(Tables 5-III, 6-III, 7-IH, and Figure 2-III follow.)
-------
252
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UNITED STATES
FIGURE 2-m
MACOM8 CO.
OAKLAND CO.
1910 tO 30 40 50 60 70 80
? 191020 30 40 30 60 70 80 O °_
WAYNE CO.
LAKE
rsr GLAIR
DETROIT
x-
s"
WINDSOR
MICHIGAN
ONTARIO
O 1910 2O 30 40 50 60 70 80'""-
MONROE CO.
1910 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
I YEAR
LAKE ERIE
SCALE IN MILES
OHIO
DETROIT RIVER- LAKE ERIE PROJECT
POPULATION TRENDS
IN FOUR COUNTY PROJECT AREA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
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256
Richard D. Vaughan
CONCLUSIONS
1. Between I960 and 1980 major water-using
industries in the four-county Project area expectedtto
increase in value added by manufacture by 150$, While
this increase is not directly applicable to increased water
use, it is reasonable to assume that demand for industrial
water will Increase significantly.
2. Between 1960 and 1980 the population of the
Project area is expected to increase 40$ from 3.9 million
to 5.5 million. This growth should greatly increase the
demand for municipal water.
3. The predicted rate of industrial growth is
greater than the predicted rate of population increase. Con-
sequently, industrial waste discharges will probably increase
more than municipal sewage discharges.
4. Unless effective pollution control is
achieved, the increased burden of waste discharges on the
Detroit River and adjacent Lake Erie will degrade the water
resources of the Detroit area still further. At the same
time, increased demand for clean water for all uses -
industrial, municipal, and recreational - will accelerate
the economic costs of pollution.
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257
Richard D. Vaughan
SECTION IV
INVESTIGATION OP FEDERAL ACTIVITIES
INTRODUCTION
Under authority granted by Congress in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, Section 9, agencies of the
Federal Government are requested to cooperate with the
Public Health Service in preventing and controlling water
pollution from Federal installations, buildings, and
properties. It becomes the task of the Public Health
Service in an enforcement action to inspect all Federal
activities in the study area and to summarize the findings
and recommendations in the report to the conferees.
The information included in this section con-
tains the results of the investigations of Federal activi-
ties within the study area. Detailed studies were made of
three operations within the study area because of the in-
creased possibility that these may have a significant
bearing upon the water quality. Also included is a summary
of waste disposal practices of other Federal installations
located on the study waters.
NAVAL AIR STATION, GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
The U. S. Naval Air Station at Grosse lie is
located at the southern end of Grosse lie Township. This
station, which is comprised of approximately 600 acres,
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258
Richard D. Vaughan
functions now as a "Weekend Warrior" center for men from
five surrounding states. These men are part of twenty-five
squadrons. The base has all of the facilities normally
found in any municipality, such as cafeterias, housing,
repair shops, recreation facilities, and other like items.
Because of this, the station is quite comparable to a small
city during parts of the day and days of the. week.
The Naval Air Stations being a reserve training
base, undergoes great fluctuations in population from day
to day. The normal work week on the station is from
Wednesday through Sunday contrasted with Monday through
Friday for a normal community. The population on Saturday
and Sunday is the largest and changes every weekend because
of the different squadrons being trained.
Two significant waste sources originate from
the daily routines of the base personnel. One is the
domestic wastes which are discharged through an Imhoff tank
and the other is the washings from the cleaning of aircraft.
The treated wastes from the base sewerage facilities and
the untreated wastes from aircraft washing operations are
discharged into Frenchman Creek, an embayed tributary to
the Detroit River. The net flow of this receiving stream
is virtually zero. Its only movement of water is caused
by the rising and falling of Lake Erie. Water uses observed
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Richard D. Vaughan 259
on the stream, which is less than two miles long, were
recreation and boating with one yacht club being present;
esthetic enjoyment; and waste disposal from the aircraft
washings, sewage treatment plant effluent, stormwater
discharge; and numerous septic tank-tile field drains.
Surveys were performed on these two major waste
sources by Project personnel. The treatment plant was
studied from January 22 through February 12, 1963, and the
washing operation during the period September 6 through
September 22, 1963.
Since these surveys were conducted, it has been
learned that the U. S. Department of Defense has declared
that the station will be closed and all operations transferred
to Selfridge Air Force Base by September 1, 19&7. Tne
edict came during the month of April, 1964, and stated that
effective immediately operations would be gradually phased
out so that the transfer would be complete by September
1967. Furthermore, all plans for long-range improvements
and repairs of existing facilities would be re-evaluated
based on the recent declaration. This decision unquestion-
ably affected the conclusions and recommendations the
Public Health Service would make regarding future sewerage
and sewage treatment needs.
The township of Orosse lie is, at this time,
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260
Richard; H. Vaughan
preparing to construct an island-wide sewerage facility
consisting of a separate sanitary collection system and
sewage treatment plant. Any future development of the
property at the Naval Air Station, whether it be for
Federal purposes or otherwise, should seriously consider
tying into the proposed sewerage system of the island.
SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES
The station has a separate storm sewer system
covering most of the area and a sanitary system of the
combined type. The stormwater entering the sanitary sewers
is, however, a small percentage of the total rainfall.
The stormwater system empties into Frenchman
Creek through outfalls lying 1,200 feet and 2,500 feet
south of Groh Road (the main thoroughfare through the base)
as well as at the same point that the sewage plant effluent
enters the creek. The sanitary sewage enters the station
sewage treatment plant through two principal lines of 15
and 24-inch diameter.
There are four septic tank systems located on
the base, two of which are in use. One tank, which actually
under strict definition is a cesspool, serves a water closet
at the boat house while the other is in the middle of the
landing field south of the aircraft parking ramp.
The sewage from the station is subjected to
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261
Richard D. Vaughan
primary treatment In an Imhoff Tank built during World
War II to serve a design population of about 5,000. The
original plans specified secondary sewage treatment by
means of two standard rate trickling filters used in
conjunction with the Imhoff Tank. The trickling filters
were never constructed so the plant, at this time, has
only the Imhoff Tank, chlorination during the recreation
season, and sludge drying beds.
During the survey period, the population served
by the treatment plant averaged 988 and varied from a low
of 512 on a Monday to a high of 1,814 on a Saturday.
The outfall line from the plant is approximately
3,000 feet of 24-Inch pipe which runs parallel to the
west runway of the airfield and then to a headwall on
Frenchman Creek.
The sludge from the Imhoff Tank is hydraulically
forced from the tank twice a year and placed upon sludge
drying beds south of the plant. Ultimate disposal of the
bed is by burial.
The plant has no method of measuring the flow
either into or from the plant, and because of this, no
operating records are kept, with the exception of a
maintenance log.
The plant also has no facilities for analyses
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262
Richard D. Vaughan
other than residual chlorine; however, during the
chlorination season samples are sent to the Michigan
Department of Health for bacterial analyses.
FLOW MEASUREMENTS
To measure the incoming sewage, it was necessary
to divert all sewage over a sharp crested V-notch weir
into the channel containing the plant comminutor. The
liquid level in the crested stilling basin behind the weir
was measured and recorded by means of a portable vertical
drum-type liquid level recorder.
Automatic flow measurement began on January 22 and
continued until February 15. The period of low flow was
during the dormant hours from 2400 to 0600. The peak hours,
as expected, were in the morning, with a declining trend
generally exhibited from 1200 to 2400. The maximum flow
was obtained on Saturday, January 26, when 260,000 gallons
of sewage passed through the plant, and the minimum occurred
on January 31 and 135*000 gallons were treated.
The detention time of the sewage in the Imhoff
Tank: was calculated to determine the limits defined by
the maximum and minimum instantaneous flows. Under the
assumption that the entire sludge compartment was filled
and no short circuiting occurred, a minimum detention time
of 2 hours and 8 minutes was calculated with the maximum
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263
Richard D. Vaughan
flow of 315 gallons per minute; a detention time of 10 hours
was obtained with the minimum flow of 65 gallons per minute.
The surface loading rate was determined under varying
flow conditions to show the range of loadings that the plant
experiences. It was learned that, under the conditions found
during the minimum day of recorded flow within the study period,
the tank was loaded at the low rate of 147 gallons per square
foot per day (gsfd), whereas, when the flow figures for the
maximum day's flow were used, the loading was 273 gsf d. The
condition of having the highest recorded instantaneous flow
continue throughout the day was calculated and it was learned
that the loading would then be only 495 gsfd; all of these
values are well under the recommended surface loading of 600
gsfd, indicating the underloaded condition of this plant.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
All samples collected during the test period were
taken at intervals throughout the day and night and then
composited on a basis proportional to the flow at the time
the sample was taken. The influent samples were taken as the
sewage flowed over the weir, while all effluent samples were
collected from a manhole in the outfall sewer just outside of
the plant. On some occasions, samples were collected from the
interceptor sewers, outfall, and downstream from the outfall
pool. All collected samples were iced down until composited
to limit any bacterial action.
(Table i-IV follows.)
-------
Laboratory Determinations
The summary results of the chemical analyses of samples collected are shown in
Table 1-IV.
TABLE 1-IV. SUMMARY RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSES - SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT-GROSSE ILE NAVAL AIR STATION
26U
Influent
Effluent
pH
Susp. Solids mg/1
Total Solids mg/1
Cond. n mhos
Alkalinity mg/1
Chlorides mg/1
Phenols ug/1
BOD mg/1
Total Coliform/100 ml
Fecal Coliform/100 ml
Fecal Streptococcus/ 100 ml
Maximum
7.7
108
730
330
197
146
232
192
5.
Minimum
6.8
14
440
155
146
28
16
31
Value
100,000
-
82,000
Mean
7.4
59
574
242
174
52
78
94
Maximum Minimum
8.1
51
670
285
210
100
81
97
7.
6,
7.3
21
520
170
176
23
19
37
Value
100,000
400, 000
71,000
Mean
7.5
31
555
235
188
55
49
56
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265
Richard D. Vaughan
The results of the chemical analyses of the
sewage, for the most part, indicate that the influent
sewage is of weak strength. This is indicated by the
analyses of total and suspended solids, BOD, and chlorides.
The plant efficiency Indicated a BOD removal
of 40 percent and a suspended solids reduction of 4?
percent. The removals are somewhat indicative of Imhoff
Tank treatment. The removals on individual days, however,
are variable in several of the analyses.
BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
The biological investigation of the station's
outfall pool and receiving waters was performed on
February 5, 1963.
In general, it was observed that below the out-
fall, whitish-gray strands of "sewage fungus" covered the
rocks and twigs forming "streamers"In the current. In
spots the stream bedwas blanketed with felt-like brownish
mats of this material. A definite putrescent-type odor,
primarily hydrogen sulfide, was observed near the outfall;
however, bottled samples of the water a short distance
downstream also emitted a strong hydrogen sulfide odor
immediately after collection.
The findings indicate that Frenchman Creek
is in a septic condition at least from shortly above the
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266
Richard D. Vaughan
station outfall to well below this point. The dense
population of clliate protozoans, restricted almost to a
single species; the heavy incidence of Spharotllus,
Beggiatoa, and other sewage bacteria; the prevalence of
fungi coupled with the absence of plankton and all Inver-
tebrates, with the exception of tubificld worms and
nematodes, leads to the conclusion that the stream is
grossly polluted. Only those organisms are present which
can tolerate heavy organic pollution and low oxygen poten-
tials. This short stream provides only one zone of
existence—the polysaprobic. Such chemical and micro-
biological data available support the conclusion that the
stream is too polluted, not long enough, and lacking a
positive movement of water toward its mouth to provide a
transition to a mesosaprobic environment.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Frenchman Creek, the receiving stream for
the effluent from this plant, is grossly polluted.
2. This pollution is primarily caused by
wastes originating on the Grosse lie Naval Air Station.
3. Inadequate waste treatment facilities
at the boat dock cause a hazardous situation to water
users in this immediate vicinity.
4. Numerous homes, boat wells, and a yacht
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26?
Richard D. Vaughan
club have been built along the polluted Frenchman Creek
since the construction of the sewage treatment plant.
5. Bacterial concentrations in the effluent
from the sewage treatment plant are excessively high,
representing a health hazard to those using the water in
Frenchman Creek.
6. The results of data collected during this
survey Indicate plant performance indicative of an Imhoff
tank receiving weak sewage, although operation is not as
uniform or consistent as desired.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to achieve more uniform and consistently
satisfactory results from this Installation, the following
are recommended:
1. Scrape sloping sides of sedimentation
chamber daily to keep divisional slots between this chamber
and digestion chambers open.
2. Reverse the direction of sewage flow every
two weeks to distribute the sludge load in the digestion
chamber as evenly as possible.
3. Break up the scum in gas vents by soaking
it semi-weekly, or more frequently with water under pressure.
4. Make monthly observations of sludge level
at three or more points in the digestion compartment.
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268
Richard D. Vaughan
Maintain at least 18 inches between the top of sludge
layerJn digestion chamber and the bottom of the divisional
slot.
5. Withdraw sludge more frequently and In
smaller quantities in the wanner months rather than at
longer intervals In large quantities.
6. Maintain a better operating record which
would include the following items:
a. Settleable solids in raw sewage and tank effluent
(daily)
b. Dates and conditions of skimming and cleaning
the flowing-through compartment, removing scum,
cleaning of slots, and reversal of Influent.
c. Dates of sludge removal, and volume (approximate
cubic feet) of sludge removed.
d. Depth of sludge.
e. pH of sludge (at least monthly).
f. Chlorination records.
g. Total coliform concentrations in effluent.
7. During the entire year, very precise and
strict control be exercised over the plant effluent by
maintaining continuous chlorination of the treated wastes
so that the geometric mean of the effluent coliform den-
sities does not exceed 2,400 organisms per 100 ml.
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269
Richard D. Vaughan
8. Replacement of the outmoded septic tank
installation at the boat dock with a treatment unit of
the "Aerobic Digestion" design, manufactured for indivi-
dual householders. A 1,000-gallon unit with overflow
to an added 200-gallon chlorlnation tank with chlorlnation
is recommended.
9. These recommendations are based upon the
assumption that the U. S. Naval Air Station at Grosse lie
will be closed on or before September 1, 1967. If this
is not the case, one of two alternatives Is further
recommended.
a. Connection to the municipal sewage collection
and treatment system proposed for construction
at Grosse lie in the immediate future.
b. Enlargement of the present naval facilities
to include secondary treatment as proposed in
the original plans.
AIRCRAFT WASHING OPERATIONS, NAVAL AIR STATION
Each of 41 aircraft assigned to the station Is
washed, including the engines, once every two weeks using
two different detergents—Keolite and Turco. Each month
825 gallons of Keolite and 200 gallons of Turco are used.
The chemical constituents in the detergents are not known.
Usually, washing operations last approximately three hours
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Richard D. Vaughan
per day. As another possible source of pollution,
the hangar decks are also washed approximately every two
weeks. Water for aircraft and hangar deck washing is
supplied from the City of Detroit water system. Waste
engine oil from the aircraft is disposed in a dumping
ground located adjacent to the east runway. The waste oil
is then used to control dust on the road to the boat house.
(Table 2-IV follows)
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271
Laboratory Determinations
The results of the laboratory analyses of samples collected are shown on Table 2-IV.
TABLE 2-IV. RESULTS OF.LABORATORY ANALYSES - AIRCRAFT WASHING WASTES
GROSSE ILE NAVAL AIR STATION
Susp. Total Oil &
Phenol Alk. Cl. Sol. Sol. Grease Cond. Coli.
«g/l mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 ^mhos MF/lOOml
Date Time Temp. pH
T9TJ
9/9 10
9/10 9
9/11 9
9/11 13
9/2Z 16
19.0
19.0
19.5
20.0
8.1
8.0
8.0
Average
8.0
4
3
214
214
57
57
20
11
840
840
7
1
0
195
656
900
30.000
L100.000
13.000
900
6.000
51
778
Oil - based upon recommended design flow of 35, 000 gpd.
. 035 mgd. x 8. 34 Ibs x 51 mg/1 = average daily discharge of oil
gal = 14.9 Ibs. of oil/day
30,000
Flow Measurements and Sampling Procedures
The wastes from aircraft washing operations drain to Frenchman Creek through a
36" storm sewer approximately 1,200 feet south of Groh Road.
The 36" drain to Frenchman Creek was gaged continuously for the period from
September 6 to September 11, 1963, using a 90° V-notch weir and a L&S Type F ws
water
level recorder. Flow volumes are recorded in Table 3-IV.
TABLE 3-IV. FLOW MEASUREMENTS - AIRCRAFT WASTES
GROSSE ILE NAVAL AIR STATION
Date
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
Average Daily
Discharge (gpd)
17,900
20,300
10.500
16,400
14.900
17,100
Discharge Rate During Hours of
Aircraft Washing Operations (gpd)
30,800
78,000
13,800
24,600
16,900
24,500
Five bacteriological and four chemical grab samples were collected during the
period of the survey from the water that passed over the weir.
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272
Richard D. Vaughan
OBSERVATIONS
1. The 36" drain emptying into frenchman
Creek approximately 2,500 feet south of Groh Road was
observed during a heavy rainstorm to determine whether
the wastes from aircraft washing could possibly get out
through this outfall. It had been learned earlier that
this sewer had possibly caved in and was blocked off. It
did not contain any rainwater and, as a result, would not
contain any wastes from aircraft washings.
2. A heavy scum of oil collected behind the
baffle at the flow-measuring station. This was the
result of a gradual accumulation of floating oil from
aircraft washing.
3. Several times, private citizens living along
Frenchman Creek have observed heavy oil slicks over the
entire creek. It is believed that this is the result of
promiscuous dumping of oil in the drain sewer and not the
gradual accumulation from aircraft washing. Nevertheless,
at all times, a visible light oil sheen was apparent on the
water surface.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The waste disposal facilities for engine
oil are satisfactory.
2. Closer control should be followed to prevent
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273
Richard r>. Vaughan
promiscuous dumping of waste engine oil into sewers.
3. Except for oil, the waste effluent from
aircraft washing operations appear to be of satisfactory
quality to protect present water uses in Frenchman Creek.
The bacteria concentrations are no more than would be
expected from ordinary land drainage.
4. The 36'' drain located 1,400 feet downstream
from the drain under study appears to be abandoned and
blocked off, thus preventing any aircraft washings from
reaching Frenchman Creek through this outlet.
5. At first glance, the washings did not appear
to contain much oil. However, a considerable amount of oil
did accumulate behind the baffle at the flow-measuring set-
up and the laboratory analysis also showed oil to be ex-
cessive in the waste discharge. Established recommended
maximum concentrations of oil in waste effluents should not
exceed 15 mg/1.1 The average effluent concentration of
oil from the plane washing operations is 51 mg/1. The
discharge of 14.9 Ibs. of oil per day to the creek Imparted
a definite visible sheen of oil on the water surface dis-
coloring and coating the hulls of boats moored in the area.
''Report of the International Joint Commission United States
and Canada on the Pollution of Boundary Waters,'1 Washington-
Ottawa, page 18, 1951.
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27^
Richard D. Vaughan
RECOMMENDA TIONS
Untreated wastes from aircraft washing operations
2
should not be admitted to domestic sewage treatment plants j
therefore, it is recommended that treatment be provided
to prevent damage to present water uses in Frenchman Creek
from oil wastes.
An oil separator should be Installed similar in
design to that recommended by the American Petroleum Insti-
tute. This treatment device provides a mechanism for
breaking any emulsions and includes flotation and skimming
to adequately dispose of the oil wastes. It is guaranteed
by the manufacturer to produce an effluent with not over
15 rag/1 of oil and possibly can be obtained as a "Package" plant.
Accordingly, the following preliminary design
factors should be considered:
1. A flash r.iix with the addition of calcium
chloride in amounts of approximately 15 Ibs. per 1,000
gallons of waste to break the oil-water emulsion.
o
"Disposal of Airplane Wash waters.1' United States Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
*
Robert A. Taft, Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
December, 1955.
^''Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes," American Petroleum
Institute, Division of Refining, 1271 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, New York, 7th Edition, 1963.
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275
Richard D. Vaughan
2. Design flow of 35,000 gpd.
3. Detention time of one hour.
4. Plow-through velocity not to exceed 2 feet
per minute.
5. A minimum depth to width ratio of 0.3.
Upon treatment by the gravity oil-water separator,
the effluent can then be satisfactorily discharged to
Frenchman Creek.
U.S. CORPS OP ENGINEERS MAINTENANCE DREDGING OPERATIONS,
ROUGE AND RAISIN RIVERS
Past associations between the Public Health
Service and the Corps of Engineers regarding maintenance
dredging revealed that the primary responsibility for water
pollution control is not with the Corps of Engineers who,
in accordance with Congressional instructions, are main-
taining a facility of general benefit to the public and
of special benefit to the industries using the rivers and
harbors for commercial traffic. The primary responsibility
lies with the municipalities and industries occupying the
banks of the rivers and harbors and discharging inade-
quately treated sewage and industrial wastes into the
streams. Furthermore, the Public Health Service agrees
that, in general, the present maintenance dredging operation
procedure on the Rouge and Raisin Rivers constitutes an
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Richard D. Vaughan
acceptable means of disposing of dredge material. (See
U. S. Public Health Service report entitled "Special Studies
U.S. Hopper Dredge Savannah Operations, Detroit River,
March 21, 1949.")
On October 3, 1963, two engineers from the
Detroit River - Lake Erie Project, Public Health Service,
observed dredging operations on the Raisin River aboard
the U. S. Army Engineer Hopper Dredge Lyman. On October 24,
1963* dredging operations were observed aboard the U.S. Army
Engineer Hopper Dredge Rains operating on the Rouge River.
The purpose of the inspections was to ascertain whether
the proper precautionary measures are taken by the Corps of
Engineers to minimize damage to water quality from dredging
operations &nd to recommend corrective measures if warranted,
The following observations were made during
these inspection trips:
RAISIN RIVER DREDGING OPERATIONS - U.S. ARMY ENGINEER
HOPPER DREDGE LYMAN
During loading operations, a large area of
turbid water was observed. Because of the wind and heavy
sea conditions, it was impossible to tell which way this
material was drifting from the harbor area. On the way
to the dumping grounds in Lake Erie, there was no sign of
the material leaking from the dredge, and after the material
was dumped, no floating debris was seen except garbage that
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277
Richard D. Vaughan
was thrown overboard on the dumping grounds. It has
been customary to dump garbage on the designated dumping
grounds, but at no other place. Garbage is kept aboard the
dredge while in harbor, and while proceeding from harbor to
harbor. Also, there were no sanitary facilities aboard
the dredge except for the common marine toilet. There
was no treatment of waste or ehlorination.
During the dredging operations, no problems
were observed, except for the turbid water created by the
hydraulic pumping of material into the hoppers and the
overflow of turbid water from the hoppers while loading
operations were underway. Another area of turbid water
was observed at the dumping grounds when the material was
dumped from the bottom of the dredge, but no turbid water
was observed to result from previous operations on the
dumping grounds which had taken place about one hour before.
ROUGE RIVER DREDGING - U.S. ARMY ENGINEER HOPPER DREDGE HAINS
The area immediately surrounding the dredge
during loading operations was very turbid due to agitation
of the bottom material and overflow from the hoppers. While
traveling down the Detroit River, a trail of turbid water
was noted behind the ship. No reasonable explanation was
given of why this occurred except to say that it could not
be helped. It was noted, however, that considerable
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278
Richard D. Vaughan
difficulty is experienced In the dredging of material
from the Rouge River due to the characteristics of the
sludge. Tire rims, wood pulp, tin cans, bottles, etc.,
are difficult to pump; thus creating problems with the
pumps and valves. No pollution problems were encountered
in the piping of the material from the hoppers to the Grassy
Island disposal site in the Detroit River. However, this
operation should be carefully and continually observed to
326 that no excessive leaks occur in the connecting Joint
to the ship or in the pipe to the disposal site.
Waste disposal practices observed aboard ship
consisted of the following:
(a) Trash is incinerated on board.
(b) The garbage is macerated in a garbage
grinder and cannot be incinerated, such as tin cans and
bottles, is disposed of by hand carrying by the cook1s
Hate to the diked area inside the Grassy Island dumping
grounds.
The results of our sampling program and Investi-
gations did not disclose any apparent damage to water uses
from the present dredging methods. Surveillance activities,
to unfold any new developments or to determine with more
assurance our present position, will continue.
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279
Richard D. Vaughan
RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations of the Public Health Service
for closer control of water quality in maintenance dredging
operations are outlined as follows:
1. The hopper dredges discontinue disposing
of the ship's trash and garbage at the Raisin River
Dumping grounds.
2. Install aboard ship suitable treatment units
to adequately dispose of all sanitary wastes including
trash, garbage, and human excreta.
3. Closer control be exercised to minimize the
loss of dredge material from the hoppers while proceeding
to the dumping grounds.
4. A vigorous attempt be made by the Corps
of Engineers to reduce the amount of dredging with action
leading to reduction of discharge of settleable material by
increasing the charges to polluters for removing the material
commensurate with the damages to water uses incurred. It
is believed that it was not the intent of Congress that
such dredging operations should provide a method of disposal
of solid material deposited by individuals or corporations
in navigable streams. It is desirable not only that
dredged channels be maintained but that every means possible
be taken to keep the cost of such maintenance to a minimum.
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280
Richard D. Vaughan
To put the recommendations into effect as soon as
possible, a visit was made to the office of the District
Engineer to discuss the findings of the investigations.
The District Engineer agreed to take steps to see
that the recommendations be put into effect. He reiterated
that the Corps of Engineers does charge the polluters for
removing the material commensurate with the damages to
water uses incurred and! that the Corps of Engineers does
not have any statutory authority to prevent the original
discharge of the material to the navigable waterway. He
also stressed the responsibility of the Corps of Engineers
to enforce Federal legislation relative to discharge of
waste materials from vessels Into navigable waters.
WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES OF OTHER FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS IN
THE STUDY WATERS
The information for this phase of the study is
summarized in Table 4-IV.
(Table 4-IV follows.)
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Richard D. Vaugnan
In order that all Federal installations in the
study area be on an .equal basis regardless of the degree
of pollution occurring from each one, it is recommended
that the Coast Guard Station at the Detroit River Light
install a macerator-chlorinator type device similar
to that placed aboard motor launches and in design to
that manufactured by the Carlson Company of Mutuchen,
Massachusetts. There remains a possibility, though remote,
that bathers, fishermen, or even personnel of ;the station
could come in contact with fecal matter originating
from the Lighthouse.
The Federal Government should be expected to
lead the way in proper waste disposal practices.
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283
Richard D. Vaughan
SECTION V
PRESENTATION OP RESULTS:
DETROIT RIVER
DESCRIPTION OP WATER QUALITY
Bacteriological
High total coliform densities, especially when
accompanied by high fecal coliform concentrations, Indicate
the presence of human or animal wastes which may contain
pathogenic organisms capable of causing enteric diseases
in humans. The presence of these organisms above acceptable
levels is considered a threat to the health and welfare
of those who use this water for domestic water supply and
recreation purposes.
At the head of the Detroit River average total
coliform densities were approximately the same during wet
and dry conditions throughout the range. At all locations
from Just below Belle Isle to the mouth of the Detroit
River ayerage total coliform concentrations near the United
States shore during wet conditions were 5 to 10 times
higher than corresponding values during dry weather. At
some locations the difference between the two values became
less pronounced in the middle of the River, and very little
difference between wet and dry conditions was noted at
-------
284
Richard D. Vaughan
locations near the Canadian shore.
Bacteriological densities at the head of the
Detroit Rover do not prohibit any water uses. During dry
weather, the Detroit River is of a satisfactory bacteriolo-
gical quality as far as the mouth of the Rouge River.
These Judgments are based upon the widely used standard
for safe recreation—a maximum of 1,000 organisms per
100 ml—and the IJC objective of 2,400 organisms per 100
ml. During or following rainfall of sufficient intensity
to cause overflow of combined sewers, however, the Detroit
River below Belle Isle and above the Rouge River is
polluted to the extent that it cannot be safely used for
recreational purposes. During rainfall periods IJC
objectives are regularly exceeded near the United States
shore.
Conners Creek, the Rouge River, and the
Ecorse River are also polluted by storm-caused overflows
from combined sewers to the degree that they should not
be used for recreational or domestic water supply purposes,
Below the Rouge River and the outfall from the
Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant, pollution, in the United
States section of the River (particularly near the United
States shore), is constantly such that these waters should
not be used for recrational purposes or domestic water
-------
Richard D. Vaughan
supply. The high bacterial levels during weat and dry
conditions indicate a serious health hazard to potential
users of these waters. This seriously polluted zone
extends to the mouth of the River and, under dry conditions,
eastward from the United States shore a distance varying
from 500 to 10,000 feet. During wet conditions the entire
United States portion of the Detroit River below the Rouge
River is bacteriologically polluted to the extent of
interference with recreational use and domestic water
supply. These characterizations are based on geometric
mean coliform densities, which exceed IJC objectives and
recreational standards, and on high fecal coliforra densities
which constitute a large percentage of the total count.
Statistical study of the bacteriological data
reveals that below the headwaters of the Detroit River two
distinct log normal populations exist, one during dry
weather and one during or following significant rainfall,
and thus coliform densities are described in terms of wet
and dry conditions. At the headwaters coliforra densities
were very low, with little difference between wet or dry.
The densities ranged from approximately 100 organisms per
100 ml near the Michigan shore to 15 organisms per 100 ml
near the International Boundary. Further downstream at
the north end of Belle Isle the coliform densities in-
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 285
creased to 260 organisms per 100 ml during dry conditions
and 680 per 100 ml during wet conditions. Gradual increase
in collform density during dry weather was noted at down-
stream stations with values of approximately 500 organisms
per 100 ml. wet weather values of approximately 7,000
organisms per 100 ml were noted at this location.
Below the Rouge River the average dry weather
conditions during the survey approximated 4,000 organisms
per 100 ml near the United States shore, while values
during wet conditions rose to an average of 81,000 organisms
per 100 ml. Further downstream average coliform densities
stayed at these high levels.
In the Trenton Channel, lower coliform results
were noted along the west shore. At the mouth of the
Detroit River, the average total coliform density during
dry conditions was 5,900 organisms per 100 ml near the Michi-
gan shore. These results are summarized in Figure 1-V.
This figure also shows the consistently lower coliform
densities in the middle of the River, with higher values
at each shore.
(Figure 1-V follows.)
-------
287
FIGURE I-Z
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
DRY 8 WET GEOMETRIC MEAN
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS
DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V 6ROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
1000 0 1000 3000 5000 7000
M ILES
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 288
Figure 2-V shows, on a map of the Detroit
River, zones of geometric mean total coliform densities
during wet conditions as well as location of domestic
water intakes, domestic waste outfalls, and combined sewer
overflows. Pour zones, with limits of less than 1,000;
1,000-2,400; 2,400-5,000; and greater than 5,000 coliform
organisms per 100 ml are shown. Prom the head of the
Detroit River to Belle Isle the water is predominantly
in the first zone, representing average values less than
1,000 organisms per 100 ml. Prom Belle Isle to the Rouge
River the middle of the River remains in this clean water
zone, while both United States and Canadian shores indicate
bacterial pollution in all of the remaining zones. Below
the Rouge River, almost all the water is greater than
2,400 organisms and most greater than 5,000 organisms
per 100 ml.
(Figure 2-V follows)
-------
289
FIGURE 2-Z
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
ZONES OF GEOMETRIC MEAN
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS
WET CONDITIONS
DETROIT Rl VER
US DEPARTMENT OF H E ALTH, E DUCAT I ON, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
1000 0 1000 JOOO 5000 7000
MILES
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Richard D. Vaughan 29°
Figure 3-V shows the total collform densities
under dry conditions. The first zone, representing water
under 1,000 organisms per 100 ml, extends to the old channel
of the Rouge River and then in the middle of the Detroit
River to Grosse He. Prom this point downstream the clean
water zone is almost entirely in Canadian waters. Down-
stream from the Rouge River adjacent to the United States
shore the values are greater than 2,400 organisms per 100
ml except for a small area near the Grosse He toll bridge.
Prom Orosse He to the mouth, all United ^tates waters
are in the zones representing average values of 2,400-5,000
or greater than 5,000 total coliform organisms per 100
ml under dry or wet conditions.
(.Figure 3-V follows)
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291
FIGURE 3-Z
DETROIT 'RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
ZONES OF GEOMETRIC MEAN
COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS
DRY CONDITIONS
DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEAUTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
1000 0 (000 3000 5000 7000
MILES
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Richard D. Vaughan 292
Pecal coliform and fecal streptococcus
determinations were made on routine samples and during
intensive surveys on the River. Pecal coliform values
during the study ranged from 30 to 90 per cent with
higher values ovserved below the Rouge River during wet
conditions. This was especially evident during an inten-
sive survey performed In July, 1963, when almost two inches
of rain fell in a 10-day period. At the mouth of the River
the fecal coliform densities ranged from 30 to 65 per cent.
Pecal streptococci were observed in densities less than
either fecal or total coliform organisms. This was
especially so during wet conditions. The relationship
between total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus densities at selected stations during dry
and wet conditions is shown in Figures 5-V through 8-V.
(Figures 5-V through 8-V follow.)
-------
100,000
FIGURE 5 -Y
293
10,000
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FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
VALUES GEOMETRIC MEANS
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM, FECAL COLIFORM 8 FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
JUNE 8 JULY 1963 INTENSIVE SURVEYS
RANGE OT 20.6
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE , MICHIGAN
-------
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•*^>1"<1™ FECAL COLIFORM
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
ALL VALUES GEOMETRIC MEANS
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM, FECAL COLIFORM 8 FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
JUNE 8 JULY 1963 INTENSIVE SURVEYS
RANGE DTI7.4W
U.S. OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
295
100,000
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FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
ALL VALUES GEOMETRIC MEANS
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM, FECAL COLIFORM a FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
JUNE 8 JULY 1963 INTENSIVE SURVEYS
RANGE OTI4.6W
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V 6ROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
296
100,000
FIGURE 8-Y
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ALL VALUES GEOMETRIC MEANS
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM, FECAL COLIFORM 8 FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
JUNE 8 JULY 1963 INTENSIVE SURVEYS
RANGE OT3.9
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HE ALTH ,. EDUCATION , a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
KIchard D. Vaughan 297
Conners Creek was regularly sampled because
of its significance as the receiving stream for combined
overflows from the Conner gravity system sewers of the
City of Detroit. The geometric mean total collform densities
were 25,000 organisms per 100 ml at the two stations sampled
during dry conditions and 260,000 organisms per 100 ml
during wet conditions. Fecal coliform values averaged 40
per cent of the total. Pecal streptococcus densities were
low at Conners Creek, with average densities $f 460 and
500 organisms per 100 ml at the two locations.
The Rouge River, the major tributary of the
Detroit River, was observed to have a geometric mean
of 18,000 total coliform organisms per 100 ml during dry
conditions. During wet conditions the average density
was 150,000 organisms per 100 ml. A considerable
improvement was noted in 1963 as compared with 1962
sampling results. Average fecal streptococcus densities
were 810 organisms per 100 ml. The fecal coliform density
at this point was 40 per cent of the total coliform density.
The Ecorse River showed a geometric mean total
coliform density of 62,000 organisms per 100 ml during dry
conditions, with average values in excess of 1,000,000 total
coliform organisms per 100 ml during wet conditions.
Pecal streptococcus results averaged 5*900 organisms per
100 ml, with fecal coliform 45 per cent of the total
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 298
densities.
Monguagon Creek, in the lower River, averaged
420 coliform organisms per 100 ml during the survey,
with correspondingly low fecal coliform results.
Table 1-V lists maximum observed bacteriolo-
gical values and expected 95 per cent levels at key ranges
in the Detroit River and its tributaries. (The 95 per
cent values represent levels which can be expected to be
exceeded 5 per cent of the time and not to be exceeded
95 per cent of the time.) The table shows a maximum
value of 4,900 total coliform organisms per 100 ml at
the head of the Detroit River, Increasing to 770,000
organisms per 100 ml below the Rouge River and 430,000
organisms per 100 ml at the mouth of the River. The 95
per cent levels at these same locations during dry condi-
tions are 3,900, 84,000, and 260,000 total coliform
organisms per 100 ml respectively. During wet conditions
the corresponding values are 15>000, 16,000,000, and
11,000,000 total coliform organisms per 100 ml.
Table 1-V also shows the expected variation
or standard error of the mean coliform densities computed
for ranges in the Detroit River during dry and wet conditions,
This table shows a wide spread in the 95 per cent values
during wet conditions and a relatively small variation
-------
Richard D. Vaughan 299
from the mean during dry weather. The table also shows
a narrow range of expected variation in the mean value,
indicating reliable estimates of this statistic. For
example, the true mean coliform value at the head of the
T^etroit River during dry conditions can be estimated to
lie within the limits of 74 and 170 organisms per 100 ml
with 95 per cent confidence. The extreme variation in the
5 per cent and 95 per cent tolerance limits for coliform
values at certain stations is attributable to a relatively
small sample size encountered during wet conditions
compared to the number of samples collected during dry
conditions.
(Table 1-V follows, consisting of five pages.)
-------
300
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agencv
Region V, Library y
230 South Dearborn Street ^'"
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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