PROCEEDINGS
                VOLUME2
Conference
In the matter of Pollution off
the navigable waters of the
Detroit River and Lake Erie
and their Tributaries in the
State of Michigan
SECOND SESSION  JUN E 15 -18, 1965
        US. DEPARTMENT OF
   HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
        Public Health Service

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                  CONTENTS
OPENING STATEMENT
        By Mr. Stein

STATEMENT OF;

REPRESENTATIVE JOHN D. DINGELL

REPRESENTATIVE WILLIAM D. FORD

RICHARD D. VAUGHAN

GEORGE L. HARLOW

ERNEST PREMETZ

GOVERNOR GEORGE ROMNEY

GOVERNOR JAMES RHODES

REPRESENTATIVE WESTON E. VIVIAN

COLONEL EDWARD C. BRUCE

LIEUTENANT MAURICE S. POWER

KENNETH MACKENTHUN

GERALD EDDY

RALPH PURDY


JOHN E. VOGT

C. C. CRUMLEY

AL BARBOUR

MERLIN DAMON

TODD Ac GAYER

JOHN CHASCSA

GERALD REMUS
PAGE;


   3



  16

  30

  44

 703

 852

 858

 871

 880

 912

 927

1013

1015

1028
1092

1035

1062

1075

1110

1112

1118

1231

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                                                       1-A


                CONTENTS.

                                                    PAGE:

STATEMENT OF:

GERARD H. COLEMAN                                   1435

GEORGE E. HUBBELL                                   1440

GEORGE J. HAZEY                                     1465

GENE LITTLE                                         1478

JAMES D. OGDEN                                      1490

OLGA M. MADAR                                       1493

FRED E. TUCKER                                      1505-A

HAYSE H. BLACK                                      1564

ROBERT c. MCLAUGHLIN                                1570

FRANK KALLIN                                        1582

A. J. VON FRANK                                     1607

ROBERT P. LOGAN                                     1622

JACK T. GARRETT                                     1651

WILLIAM R. DAY                                      1655

J. W. TRACHT                                        1662

C. D. BARRETT, SR., M.D.                            1716

STANLEY DIROFF                                      1749

WILLIS H. HALL                                      1771

CLOSING STATEMENT
      Mr. Stein                                     1782

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                   Richard D. Vaughan
                                                     305

            Figure 9-V shows the increase in geometric


mean densities of total coliform organisms from the head


of the Detroit River at the station nearest the United


States shore.  These values, under wet conditions,


increased from 130 organisms per 100 ml at the


headwaters, to 3*500 per 100 ml Just above the Rouge River,


to 59,000 in the lower River and, finally, a decrease


to 15*000 per 100 ml at the mouth. Corresponding average


densities during dry conditions were 110,550, 4,300, and


4,000 per 100 ml respectively.




(Figure 9-V follows.)

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                                                                                306
                                                                     FIGURE 9 -
      o
      \
        80,000
       40,000
       36,000
       24,000
  L A\K £
ni    n
                                               _Q
•     n
                 DT3C6W   OT206    OT I f 4 W   DTI46W   DT87W    DT39
M I
                       DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT

          GEOMETRIC  MEAN   COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS

                  DURING  WET  a  DRY  CONDITIONS

                         STATION  NEAREST U.S.  SHORE
                               DETROIT RIVER
                    U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                              PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                        REGION V       GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

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              Richard D. Vaughan                       307





              CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL



PHENOLS



            High levels of phenols in waters cause



disagreeable tastes and odors in drinking water, taint
                                                   i


the flesh of game fish, and will kill fish when concentra-



tions are excessive.   If phenols are present in raw water



supplies in sufficient concentration to cause tastes and



odors, expensive water treatment procedures may be required



to eliminate the problem.  IJC objectives call for average



phenol concentrations not to exceed 2 micrograms/1 (ppb)



and maximum values not to exceed 5 micrograms/1 (ppb)



to prevent taste and odors in water supplies.



            Phenol concentrations at all ranges in the



Detroit River exceeded these criteria during the study



period. Water quality at the head of the Detroit River



met these criteria in 1962 but not 1963.



            Records of the International Joint Commission



reveal phenol concentrations frequently in excess of



10 micrograms/1 in the St. Clair River below known sources



of phenolic wastes.  Tte flow in the St. Clair River accounts



for 95 per cent of the flow of the Detroit River.  The



weighted average phenol concentration near the mouth of the



St. Clair River during the period of the survey was



9 micrograms/1, representing a loading of 8,700 pounds



of phenolic substances per day.   Phenol concentrations



in the lower Detroit River near the United States shore exceed

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                 Richard D. Vaughan                    3°8



IJC objectives over 80 per cent of the time.  The maximum



values of phenol concentrations during the survey approached



levels toxic to fish.



            Major sources of phenol concentrations in the



Detroit River are the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant, Ford



Motor Company, Great Lakes Steel Blast Furnace, Mobil Oil



Company, Pennsalt Chemical Corporation West Plant, and Wyan-



dotte Chemical Corporation North Works.



            Phenolic pollution in the lower Detroit River



could cause objectionable tastes and odors in both drinking



water and fish flesh.  While average concentrations in the



upper river are above IJC objectives of 2 micrograms/1 (ppb)



they are usually not above the 5 micrograms/1 (ppb) level



at which most observers detect objectionable tastes and



odors in water supplies.



            Average phenol concentrations in the upper



Detroit River ranged from 3 to 5 micrograms/1.  Just below



the Rouge River at a station near the United States shore



the average value increased to 28 mlcrograms/1 with lower



values observed in mid-river.  Further downstream but



above the Trenton channel these average values decreased



to 10 micrograms/1 near the western shore.  In the Trenton



channel the average values rose to 30 micrograms/1 near



the shore and then decreased to 6 - 9 mlcrograms/1 at the

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                 Richard D. Vaughan                    309
mouth. Figure 10-V shows average phenol concentrations
in the Detroit River.
            Phenols did not exhibit any type of normal
statistical distribution; thus extreme values are shown
in Figure 10V and Table 2-V as the maximum observed value
at several key locations and the per cent of samples
exceeding 2 mlcrograms/1 and 5 mlcrograms/1.  At the head
of the river 40 - 55 per cent of the samples exceeded
2 micrograms/1 while 17-35 per cent exceeded 5 micrograms/1.
Just above the Rouge River 38-59 per cent exceeded 2
micrograms/1 while 23 -54 per cent exceeded 5 mlcrograms/1.
Below the Rouge River 27-88 per cent exceeded 2 micrograms/1
and 6-69 per cent exceeded 5 micrograms/1.  At the mouth
of the river 40-84 per cent of the samples exceeded 2 micro-
grams/1 and 19-68 per cent of the samples exceeded 5
micrograms/1.  The maximum value observed in the Detroit
River during the survey was 650 mlcrograms/1 and the
next highest value was 180 micrograms/1, observed in the
Trenton Channel.

(Table 2-V, consitlng of 3 pages; and Figure 10-V follow)

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       TABLE 2-V.  AVERAGE AND EXTREME PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS -
                            DETROIT RIVER

                          Maximum
                       Concentration
310
Range
DT 30. 8W




DT 30. 7E


DT 28.1*W



DT 26. 8W







DT 25.7





DT 20.6










Feet
100
300
50O
1,000
2,500
500*
850»
980*
100
300
700
1,300
52
169
292
1*21
689
1,091*
1,1*78
1,903
50
'100
300
600
2,000
3,1*00*
5
50
200
1*00
60O
TOO
1,000
1,500*
1,800*
2,000*
2,300*
Observed
JUg/1
12
27
18
9
21
10
11
28
10
13
17
11
32
28
70
31
19
Ik
13
16
Ik
28
11
1*8
*9
1*9
2l*
650
26
50
3U
2l*
37
35
1*0
20
25
Average
JUg/1
3
k
U
3
1*
3
4
5
2
2
3
2
6
7
8
5
5
3
4
1*
3
5
3
5
5
6
U
5
5
6
7
l*
5
1*
li
2
3
Percent
>2jug/l
58
1*8
56
56
50
50
53
56
27
36
29
33
61
61
61
1*7
39
1*7
53
1*7
33
1*7
1*2
25
32
U2
36
50
38
1*1*
1*6
1*2
38
35
30
25
1*2
Percent
>5Jug/l
13
16
21*
21*
16
25
35
33
11*
9
19
19
33
39
39
35
33
21*
27
29
22
21
21
20
21
21
20
31
23
23
38
23
35
19
9
17
21
* = Canadian Stations.

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TABLE 2-V.  AVERAGE AND EXTREME PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS
            DETROIT RIVER - Continued

                           Maximum
                        Concentration
                                                                            311
Range
DT 19.0





DT 17.1*W






DT 17. OE


DT ll*.6W








DT 12. OW


DT 9-6W



DT 9-3E







Feet
100
200
300
1*00
800
1,000
100
200
1*00
800
1,200
1,600
2,200*
1*00*
700*
900*
20
100
200
300
1*00
800
1,000
2,000
3,000
122
322
670
100
300
500
900
500
1,200
2,000
3,000
1*,000*
l*,500*
5,000*
5,600*
Observed
-Aig/1
79
1*9
36
28
9
27
1*7
1*3
23
50
8
7
9
21*
15
28
29
2l*
16
158
16
16
11
1*
6
35
121*
26
11
11
5
20
11
8
81*
6
1*
10
1*
31
Average
JUg/1
28
20
16
18
2
8
10
9
8
8
3
3
2
3
3
3
7
7
6
5
5
1*
3
2
2
10
8
7
5
5
3
8
2
2
6
1
1
2
1
2
100
80
100
80
1*0
50
89
81*
77
73
56
1*2
28
2l*
35
33
75
68
75
67
83
63
65
35
21
89
81
85
67
67
67
67
39
29
39
21
30
26
9
27
100
80
80
80
20
25
63
56
50
1*2
16
j 9
"8
19
15
10
1*6
1*8
1*6
1*6
1*6
29
17
0
8
66
52
1*8
33
33
0
33
13
13
9
1*
0
9
0
5

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                                                                         312
TABLE 2-V.  AVERAGE AND EXTREME PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS
            DETROIT RIVER — Continued

                           Maximum
                        Concentration
Range
DT 8.7W





DT 3-9














Feet
80
28o
1*80
680
980
1,21*0
2,500
3,500
i*,50o
5,500
6,500
7,500
9,500
11,500*
13,500*
15,000*
16,500*
17,500*
18,500*
19,000*
19,300*
Observed
JQB/1
180
50
ll*0
23
31
19
36
1*2
1*2
19
19
12
32
10
29
20
21*
17
6
8
39
Average
JUg/1
30
12
13
8
8
6
9
7
6
It
5
it
U
It
3
It
3
3
2
2
3
Percent
>2jug/l
95
92
88
83
80
I*
8l
70
63
63
6l
56
Ul
U8
33
1»2
35
32
25
23
2l*
Percer
>5^ug/
95
78
69
62
66
1*9
70
1*3
33
33
25
30
19
20
17
13
9
8
It
5
5

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                                                        313
                                               FIGURE 10-Z
              DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT
      AVERAGE  PHENOL   CONCENTRATIONS
                            AND
PERCENT  OF PHENOLS   EXCEEDING  285  tig/\
                      DETROIT  RIVER
         US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCAT ION, AND WELFARE
                     PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
               REGION V      GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
                      1000 0 1000 3000 5000  7000
                             MILES

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                        Richard D. Vaughan



                    Table 3-V shows average and extreme phenol

        concentrations in the tributaries of the Detroit River.

        A maximum value of 10,980 mlcrograms/1 was observed in

        Monguagon Creek and 290 micrograms/1 in the Rouge River.

        Average phenol concentrations in the Rouge River, Conners

        Creek, and Monguagon Creek were 12, 6, and 1500

        micrograms/1 respectively.


                               TABLE 3-V

                AVERAGE AND EXTREME PHENOL CONCENTRATION

                     TRIBUTARIES TO DETROIT RIVER

RANGE            MAXIMUM
                CONCENTRATION
                OBSERVED -    AVERAGE       PERCENT - 2  PERCENT - 5
                MIGROGRAMS/1  MICROGRAMS/1  MICROORAMS/1 MICROGRAMS/1
Conners Creek
Rouge River
Monguagon Creek
22
167
10,980
6
19
1,490
69
79
98
42
66
98
Suspended and Settleable Solids

                    Excessive amounts of suspended solids in water

     can interfere with domestic and industrial water treatment

     processes, cause harmful effects to fish and other aquatic

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                                                        315
                 Richard D. Vaughan

life by clogging their gills and respiratory passages, cause

turbidity which interferes with light transmission, and in-

terfere with boating and aesthetic enjoyment of water.  When

a part of the suspended solids settles out on stream and

lake bottoms as sludge or bottom deposits, damage to aquatic

life can occur from the blanketing of the bottom, killing

eggs and essential fish-food organisms, and destroying spawning

beds.  In addition, toxic materials, sometimes carried with

suspended solids, can leach out and destroy aquatic life.

Suspended solids cause especially serious problems in shallow,

slow-moving waters, where they settle easily.

        Suspended solids in the upper River were uniform

with values of 5-10 mg/1 in midrlver and values of 15-20 mg/1

near the United States shore.  In the lower River and at

the mouth, these values increased to a range of 14 - 65 mg/1

with the higher values near the United States shore.  In the

upper Detroit River the range of settleable solids was

5-10 mg/1 while values in the lower River and the mouth

were in the range of 10 - 24 mg/1.  In both cases the higher

values were near the United States shore.

        Average suspended solids in the tributaries of

the Detroit River ranged from 22 mg/1 in the Rouge River to

76 mg/1 in Conners Creek and 162 mg/1 in the Ecorse River.

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                 Richard D.  Vaughan                     316



 Chlorides



             Chloride  concentrations above  certain levels



 can interfere  with domestic and  industrial water  supplies



 by causing objectionable  tastes  in drinking  water,  and



 corrosion  in Industrial processes.



             Figure 11-V shows  average  chloride  concentrations



 in the  Detroit River, in  the upper Detroit River  the chloride



 concentration  was  uniform at 7 - 10 mg/1.  Just below the



 Rouge River the mean  chloride  concentration  increased to



 9-35  mg/1 with the  higher values observed  near  the United



 States  shore.   In the lower river the  mean values increased



 to 26 - 69 mg/1 in the Trenton Channel and 28-58  mg/1 at  the



 mouth.   Once  again,  the  higher values were  observed near



 the United States shore.  Maximum values as  high  as 180 mg/1



 have occurred  in the  Detroit River.







(Figure  ll-V follows.)

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                                       FIGURE  II-Z
317
        DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT

AVERAGE CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS
                DETROIT RIVER
   US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
              PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
          RE«ION V     GHOSSE ILE. MICHIGAN

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                   Richard D. Vaughan                  318
            Figure 4-V shows average chloride concentrations
in five zones representing less than 10, 10-20, 20-35,
35-50, and greater than 50 mg/1. The upper Detroit River
is in the first zone representing less than 10 mg/1.  Below
the Rouge River to Wyandotte, United States waters are
predominantly in the second and third zones representing
average values up to 35 mg/1.  Below Wyandotte to the mouth,
especially along the United States shore, the two zones
representing average chloride concentration in excess of
35 mg/1 predominate.
            In the tributaries of the Detroit River high chlor-
ide values are most noticeable in the Rouge River with a mean
value of 66 mg/1.  Ecorse River with a mean value of 91mg/l,
and Monguagon Creek with a mean value of 360 rag/1.
            Chlorides do not pollute the upper Detroit River.
Below the Rouge River adjacent to the United States shore there
is significant deterioration due to pollution from chloride
sources.  Mean values in excess of 50 mg/1 could interfere
with industrial water supply intakes located near the
United States shore in the lower river.

(Figure 4-V follows.)

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                                                     319
                                        FIGURE 4-1
        DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT


                 ZONES  OF

AVERAGE  CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS

               DETROIT RIVER

  US  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCAT ION, AND WELFARE
              PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
         REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
                100 0 1000  3000 5000  7OOO

                      MILES

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                     Richard D. Vaughan                  320
Iron
            Excessive concentrations of iron in water can
cause interference with domestic and industrial water
supplies by causing tastes and stains.   Iron, in relatively
low concentrations, is toxic to certain species of fish and
other aquatic life.  IJC objectives state that iron con-
centrations should not exceed 0.3 mg/1 (ppm).  Average iron
concentrations in the upper Detroit River generally meet
this objective. The Rouge River and the lower Detroit River,
however, had concentrations in excess of this objective;
concentrations below the Rouge River average over two times
this value. The lower Detroit River, especially near the
United States shore, is degraded and polluted by iron
concentrations.
            At the head of the Detroit River in United States
water, average iron concentrations were 0.10 to 0.13 mg/1.
Downstream Just above the Rouge River, these values increased
to 0.18 to 0.34 mg/1.   Below the Rouge River the average
values near the United States shore increased to 0.39 to
0.52 mg/1.  Downstream near Fighting Island, these values
increased to 0.4 to 4.42 mg/1, with the higher values along
the United States shore. Further downstream and in the Trenton
Channel, the range was 0.47 - 0.63 mg/1.   The maximum
value observed during the survey of the Detroit River was

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                    Richard D. Vaughan                     321
 15.2 mg/1, approximately 5 miles downstream from the Rouge
 River.
             Maximum iron concentrations between 1.5 and
 2.6 mg/1 were observed in the major tributaries of the
 Detroit River.   Mean values at these tributaries ranged
 from 0.39 to 0.91 mg/1.

 BOD and Dissolved Oxygen
             Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of
the amount of organic matter oxidized through biochemical
 processes.  In general, a high BOD indicates the presence
 of a large amount of organic material.  It is normal to find
 a BOD of 2 to 3 parts per million (or 2 or 3 mg/1) in river
 waters receiving natural drainage; a higher BOD may represent
 a drain on the dissolved oxygen present in the water.
             The lack of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water
 creates an unfavorable environment for fish and other aquatic
 life.  DO deficiencies can prevent propagation and, if
 great enough, kill fish.  Low levels of DO can cause objection-
 able odors, thus interfering with recreational enjoyment of
the water, and Increase the corrosive properties of the water,
 thus interfering with domestic and industrial water supply.
             In no reaches of the Detroit River do levels of
 dissolved oxygen cause interferences with water uses.  How-
 ever, a decrease in DO saturation, from 93 to 106$ in the

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                  Richard D. Vaughan                     322
upper River to 6?-82# at the mouth, due to the discharge of
oxygen-consuming wastes in the vicinity of the Rouge River,
is significant. Future problems may result if oxygen-
consuming waste loads increase.
            In the upper Detroit River, the BOD ranged from
2 to 4 mg/1.  Below the Rouge River, the average value
increased to 8 mg/1, but returned to the 2-4 mg/1 range at
the mouth.  BOD in the rouge river was less than 6 mg/1 during
the period sampled.
            From the head of the Detroit River to the Rouge
River the average saturation for DO ranged from 93 to 106$.
All values observed were in excess of 5 mg/1.  Figure 12-V
shows the average DO saturation at selected ranges on the
Detroit River at stations nearest the United States shore.
With the exception of the mouth of the Detroit River
(range DT 3* 9)> the average saturation percentages were
relatively constant across each range.   Figure 12A-V presents
DO values differently, showing minimum concentrations in
mg/1 at selected ranges during the survey  (including 1964
data).

(Figures 12-V and 12A-V follow.)

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                                                                                     323
                                                                        FIGURE  IZ-3L
                                             4 6W   DT 8 7W   OT 3 9
M I
                        DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

                    AVERAGE  PERCENT  SATURATION

                            DISSOLVED  OXYGEN
                         STATION  NEAREST  U.S. SHORE
                                DETROIT RIVER
                    U S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                               PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                         REGION V      GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

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                                                                      324
                                                            FIGURE I2A-Z
                                          7W    DT 3 9
              DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT

MINIMUM  DISSOLVED  OXYGEN  CONCENTRATIONS

                STATION NEAREST U.S. SHORE
                      DETROIT  RIVER
          U S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                    PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
              REGION  V       GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

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                    Richard D. Vaughan                   325
Nitrogen Compounds
            Nitrates in drinking water in concentrations
greater than 10 mg/1 can cause serious illness  (metnemo-
globlnemia) in infants.   Nitrates also cause interference
with many industrial processes.  Ammonia can Interfere with
domestic water treatment by combining with applied chlorine
to form chloramines instead of the more effective disinfecting
agent, free chlorine.   Ammonia in water supplies is usually
regarded as evidence of recent pollution from human or animal
wastes, if concentrations exceed 0.10 mg/1.
            Nitrogen compounds are not present in the Detroit
River in concentrations sufficient to cause illness in Infants
using this supply as drinking water, nor are the existing
levels sufficient to cause interference with industrial
processes.  Average ammonia concentrations as high as 0.41
mg/1 could cause water treatment difficulties and necessitate
excessive dosages of chlorine to achieve adequate disinfection
in domestic water treatment processes.
            Nitrogen compounds and phosphates are commonly
referred to as essential plant nutrients, or more simply,
nutrients. Although only the inorganic forms of nitrogen
(nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia) are readily available
for plant utilization, other less stable forms can be changed
to this available form in the presence of dissolved oxygen

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                 Richard D. Vaughan                       326








and thus are considered in this discussion.  All nitrogen



compounds are reported as nitrogen.



            These compounds coupled with phosphorus can



stimulate the growth of alga in bodies of water where other



environmental factors are satisfactory.  In small quantities



alga are desirable as a major source of food for fish.



When algal growth exceeds certain limits, nuisances result



from undesirable blooms.  These are unsightly, can result



in obnoxious odors, and can be toxic to fish.   A commonly



accepted level of inoranlc nitrogen compounds (nitrates,



nitrites and ammonia) above which undesirable blooms can be



expected to occur is 0.03 mg/1.  In the lower section of the



Detroit River, especially as it enters Lake Erie, these values



are regularly exceeded and pollution from Industrial and



domestic sources could be expected to cause excessive blooms



in the lower river and Lake Erie.



            In the upper and lower River  mean nitrate values



range from 0.10 to 0.24 mg/1.   At the mouth, the range



increases to 0.22 - 0.40 mg/1.  Nitrites throughout the



River are fairly constant at 0.001 - 0.002 mg/1, except at



the mouth of the River where the range increases to 0.003



to 0.011 mg/1.  At the head of the Detroit River, mean



ammonia nitrogen was 0.08 - 0.14 mg/1.  Downstream Just above

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                                                       327
                  Richard D. Vaughan

the Rouge River, these values increased to 0.16 - 0.41

mg/1.  Below the Rouge River, the mean concentration re-

mained in this range to the mouth.  Organic nitrogen

throughout the River had mean values between 0.15 and

0.30 mg/1.  In the Rouge River, the mean nitrate concentra-

tion was 0.39 mg/1 with nitrites, ammonia, and organic

nitrogen 0.007, 0.51, and 0.16 mg/1 respectively.

Phosphates

        Soluble phosphates in relatively small concentra-

tions are readily available as an essential plant nutrient.

The insoluble portion of the total phosphate concentration

can be converted to the soluble form and thus become avail-

able for such plant utilization.  Soluble phosphates in

concentrations greater than 0.015 mg/1 (reported as

phosphorus), in combination with inorganic nitrogen compounds

in excess of 0.03 mg/1 and accompanied by satisfactory

environmental conditions such as light and heat, may produce

over-abundant growths of algae with unpleasant odors and

detrimental to fish life.

        At the head of the Detroit River total phosphate

concentrations averaged 0.03 to 0.30 mg/1.  Downstream at

a point just above the Rouge River, these values increased

to 0.01 - 0.48 mg/1, with the higher values along the United

-------
                         Richard D. Vaughan                328

 States Shore. Below the Rouge River, phosphate mean con-
 centrations continue in this same range until the mouth,
 where the 3*500 feet nearest the United States shore had mean
 values of 0.89 - 1.20 mg/1. The remaining section to the
 International boundary had values of 0.18 - .24 mg/1.
 Phosphates in the Rouge River averaged 0.18 mg/1, with a
maximum value of 0.30 mg/1.
             All but two soluble phosphate concentrations in
 the upper Detroit River were less than 0.001 mg/1, with the
 highest value located near the United States shore Just
 below the combined sewer outfall at Conners Creek.  Below the
 Rouge River soluble phosphate levels Increased to levels
 ranging from less than 0.001 mg/1 to 0.40 mg/1, with the
 same dispersion pattern apparent. At the mouth soluble
 phosphates of 0.176 to 0.204 mg/1 were found. Throughout the
 lower River soluble phosphate concentrations exceeded the
 level at which nuisance algal blooms occur.

 El
             Extreme pH values can cause interference with
 domestic and industrial water supplies by affecting taste,
 corrosiveness, and the efficiency of chlorination and
 coagulation processes; interferences with Irrigation and fish
 propagation can also be produced.  A drop in pH is experienced

-------
                    Richard D. Vaughan                    329
in the Detroit River from its head to a point 5 miles
below the Rouge River.  Average values do not indicate inter-
ferences with water use in the Detroit River at this time,
but are indicative of significant quantities of acid wastes
entering the watercourse.
            pH values in the upper Detroit River were uniform,
as shown by average values between 8.2 and 8.3   Just below
the Rouge River the average pH dropped tc 7.6 near the
United States shore and to 8.0 away from shore.  Approximately
2 miles downstream the average pH dropped again to 7.2
near the United States shore. Prom this point to the mouth
there was a gradual rise in pH until a mean value of 8.0
was reached. The low individual value during the survey was
3.0 at a point approximately 2 miles below the Rouge River
at sampling range DT 17.^W.

AB3
            Concentrations of ABS (Alkyl Benzne Sulfonate) in
excess of 500 mlcrograms/1 have caused foaming in receiving
streams, causing interference with recreational and aesthetic
enjoyment of the water and with domestic water treatment
processes.  Existing levels in the Detroit River are well
below this value, but average concentrations in the Trenton
Channel have increased to 250 micrograms/1, indicating potentJd.
problems in the future if waste loads increase.

-------
                Richard D. Vaughan                        330
            ABS in the upper section of the Detroit River
averaged 20- 40 micrograras/1.  Below the Rouge River, it
increased from 30 to 60 micrograms/1.  In the Trenton Channel,
these average values increased to 110 to 250 micrograms/1.  At
the mouth of the River the average ABS values ranged from
40 to 70 micrograms/1.
            In Conners Creek, ABS averaged 230 micrograms/1,
while the Rouge River averaged 180 micrograms/1, and
Monguagon Creek 500 micrograms/1. The ABS concentration in
the tributaries was roughly five times that found in the
Detroit River.

Alkalinity
            At extreme pH values, alkalinities can cause
interference with domestic and industrial water uses,
and interference with fish and other aquatic life.
The ranges of alkalinity found in the Detroit River do not
indicate Interference with any water use.
            Mean alkalinity concentrations in the entire
Detroit River were 68 - 86 mg/1, with no trend evident.
Alkalinity values in the tributaries were in this same range
with the exception of the Ecorse River, where the average
alkalinity was 136 mg/1.

Temperature
            Extremely high temperatures can kill fish and cause
corrosion problems in water supplies.  High temperatures will

-------
                                                        331
                 Richard D. Vaughan
also accelerate the rate of utilization of the biochemical


oxygen demand in the water.

            Mean temperature values for the period of the


study are meaningless from a practical standpoint because of

their extreme dependence upon the season of the year.  Study


of the year reveals an Increase of 2-3°C between the head of

the Detroit River and a point Just above the Trenton Channel.

The difference between the head and mouth of the River


on any given day was found to be l-2°c, with warmer waters


found near the United States shore at the mouth.  The highest


temperature found in the Detroit River was 28°C, or 82°P,


Just below the Rouge River.

            The Rouge River and Conners Creek were approxi-


mately 2-5°c warmer than the Detroit River on any given day,


while Monguagon Creek was as much as 10°C warmer.  The

maximum value on any tributary during the survey was 35°C or


95°P, which was in Monguagon Creek.


            The 1° - 3° rise throughout the length of the

entire River does not appear to cause any interferences with

water use that are not present in the natural state.  The

temperatures in the River will support all water uses except

the propagation of certain cold-water game fish which probably


could not survive even the natural temperatures of the upper

River.

-------
                                                      332
                     Richard D. Vaughan

Chemical Oxygen Demand

            Chemical oxygen demand indicates a possible demand

on the dissolved oxygen resources of the receiving stream from

wastes, usually of an industrial nature, not susceptible

to biochemical degradation.  The oxygen-consuming strength

of these wastes cannot be measured in the BOD determination.

            Chemical oxygen demand in the upper Detroit

River ranged from mean values of 0 - 9 mg/l.  Below the Rouge

River this range increased to 28-37 mg/l and in the Trenton

Channel from 160-240 mg/l, with higher values along the west

shore.  One station at the mouth had average COD values of 30

mg/l.

            The significant observed increase in COD in the

Detroit River from its head to the lower reaches and particu-

larly the Trenton Channel is indicative of industrial waste

discharge.  It is difficult to equate COD concentrations in

wastes to population equivalents, as is commonly done in BOD

wastes, because an unknown amount of the COD concentration

actually exerts a demand upon the oxygen resources of the river,

The increase does represent the effect of sources of pollu-

tion which place some demand upon these resources.


Conductivity

            High values of specific conductance indicate

excessive mineralization, which can interfere with domestic

-------
                                                         333
                   Richard D. Vaughan                    J
 and industrial water supplies as well as irrigation and
 fish propagation.
             The specific conductance of the Detroit River in
 its upper section varied between 190 and 220 umhos/cm.
 Below the Rouge River, the range increased to 220-390
 umhos/cm, with higher values again along the United States
 shore.  In the Trenton Channel, specific conductance
 increased to an average value of 500 umhos/cm near the west
 shore.  At the mouth of the River, the range decreased to
 240-330 umhos/cm.
             The values encountered in the Detroit River indi-
 cate an approximate twofold increase between the head of
 the River and a point in the Trenton Channel. These levels
 do not indicate potential interference with water use in the
 Detroit River.

 Toxic Metals
             These metals consist of cadmium, chromium, copper,
 lead, nickel, and zinc. Toxic metals present a health hazard
 in drinking water in which they are present In concentrations
 greater than those listed in the Public Health Service drink-
 ing water standards. They can also Interfere with industrial
 processes and act as toxic agents for fish and other
aquatic life.
             Copper values in all parts of the river except

-------
                      Richard D.  Vaughan
                                                        334
 the head averaged less than 0.01 mg/1.    At the head of
the river, the average was 0.02 mg/1.   In over 55 per cent of
 all samples  analyzed, copper was not  detected at the 0.01
 mg/1 level.   The maximum value found  was 0.11 mg/1.
             Nickel averaged 0.01 to 0.02 mg/1 throughout the
 river with a tendency toward higher values near the  Junction
 with the Rouge River.  The maximum value found was 0.30 in
 the Trenton  Channel with other high values located through-
 out the  length of the river.   Over 70 per cent of the samples
 analyzed showed concentrations greater than 0.01 mg/1.
             Zinc was fairly constant, with average values in
 the range 0.02 to 0.05 mg/1. The maximum value found
 was 0.60 mg/1 in the Trenton Channel.  Over 90 per cent
 of the samples showed concentrations  greater than 0.01 mg/1.
             Lead was found in average concentrations varying
 from 0,01 to 0.04 mg/1, with higher values found below the
 Rouge River  and in the Trenton Channel.
             Chromium was found in average concentrations
 at 0.01  mg/1 and less, with higher values in the lower
 Detroit  River and especially in the Trenton Channel.   The
 maximum  value found during the survey was 0.04 mg/1 below
 the Rouge River.  Chromium was detected at 0.01 mg/1 level
 in only  15 per cent of the samples analyzed.
             Cadmium was also found in average concentrations

-------
                    Richard D. Vaughan                      335
less than 0.01 mg/1, with higher values in the Trenton
Channel. The maximum value found during the survey was
0.08 mg/1 in the channel, with cadmium being detected at the
0.01 mg/1 level in only 10 per cent of the samples analyzed.
            Toxic metals in Conners Creek were in the same
range as the Detroit River and many times in lesser concen-
trations.  Copper was frequently found in significant cone  -
trations   in the Rouge River, with one value 0.40 mg/1
and a mean value of 0.09 mg/1.  Other toxic metals in the
Rouge River averaged between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/1.  Toxic
metals in Monguagon Creek were generally high, with a maximum
zinc concentration of 0.56 mg/1.
            Other metals showing high values at Monguagon
Creek were lead, nickel, and copper, with maximum values of
0.09, 0.05, and 0.04 mg/1 respectively.
            Average concentrations of copper were less than
those expected to interfere with water use but one extreme  value
at the head of the River Indicates a possible toxic hazard
to fish and other aquatic life.  No other value of similar
magnitude was found.
            Average and maximum concentrations of nickel, zinc,
and chromium found in the Detroit River do not Indicate
interference with water use.
            Average values of lead approached levels of 0.05

-------
                Richard r>. Vaughan                        336
mg/1, which represent a threat to the health and welfare
of consumers of domestic water supplies.   The maximum
value encountered approaches the limit of 0.10 mg/1, which
represents a potential threat to fish and other aquatic life.
Further increases in any magnitude of waste loadings to the
Detroit River containing lead may represent a threat to the
health and welfare of the users of the lower Detroit River
and to fish life in that reach of the River.
            Average cadmium values indicated no interference
with domestic water use or propagation of fish and other
aquatic life.  A maximum value of O.OS mg/1 did exceed
recommended limits for these uses, and careful surveillance
should be made of future levels of this substance.
            Higher levels of copper and lead were found
in the Rouge River and Monguagon Creek.

Oil and Grease
            Analysis for oil and grease was not made on
river or lake samples due to difficulty in obtaining a
representative sample.  Observations were made of visible
floating oil, which for the most part was noticed in marinas
and other areas of shallow or slow-moving water.  Remedial
measures to abate oil and grease pollution should be made
with the objective of keeping effluents from all wastes as low
as practicable.  IJC effluent recommendations of not more
than 15 ppm oil and grease in the effluent appear to be
applicable in this instance.

-------
               Richard D. Vaughan                    337
Cyanide
            Cyanides are toxic to man as well as fish and
other aquatic life. PHS drinking water standards recommend
limiting cyanide concentrations to 0.01 mg/1.  Cyanide
concentrations above 0.025 mg/1 are considered detrimental
to fish and other aquatic life.  A mandatory limit of
0.20 mg/1 has been set for cyanide concentrations in drinking
water by the PHS standards.
            In the upper Detroit River, cyanides were present
in 15 per cent of the samples analyzed, with a maximum
concentration of 0.01 rag/1.  In the lower River above the
Trenton Channel, cyanides were found in 21 per cent of the
samples analyzed equal to or in excess of 0.01 mg/1,
with one value 0.05 mg/1.  In the Trenton Channel cyanides
were found in 18 per cent of the samples equal to or in
excess of 0.01 mg/1, with a maximum value of 0.03 mg/1.
At the mouth of the Detroit River, 35 per cent of all
samples analyzed contained cyanides equal to or in excess of
0.01 rag/1, with a maximum value of 0.09
mg/1, 7,500 feet from the United States shore.
            Cyanide concentrations found In the lower Detroit
River pose a potential interference with domestic water
supply and fish and wildlife propagation.

-------
                     Richard D.  Vaughan
Hardness
            Hardness In the Detroit  River increased  from
approximately 100 mg/1  at  the head of  the river to 130 mg/1
near  the mouth.  Hardness in the raw  water supply at  the
City  of Monroe intake in Lake Erie has averaged 128  mg/1 over
the past few years.  This  increase is  due  to the  discharge
of Industrial and municipal wastes containing calcium and
magnesium.  Hardness Interferes with municipal  water
supplies by increasing  the amount of soap and detergent
required for  household  use.

                         BIOLOGICAL
Microscopic Plants  and  Animals
            Phytoplankton, free-floating microscopic plants,
are of basic  importance in aquatic environments,  since they
provide the first step  in  the food chain of fishes.   By  the
process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton are able to
synthesize protoplasm from the  nutrients available in the
waters, utllzing sunlight  for energy.  Zooplankton,  the  animal
plankton, form the  food of many young  fishes at the  critical
post-hatching period. The  mlcrocrustacean plankters  are  Impor-
tant  animals  in  the transformation of  algal cell material
into  fish flesh.   As primary consumers, they feed upon  the
phytoplankton.  In  order to support  game fish at the top of
the food chain pyramid, the waters must  produce large

-------
                                                       339



                   Richard D. Vaughan






quantities of zooplankton.



            Plankton in excessive numbers can create



nuisances.  Some species may become toxic.  Many cause water



treatment problems by clogging filter beds and producing



tastes and odors.  Through the uptake of nutrients released



to the waters by domestic wastes, industrial waters, and land



drainage, algae can occur in such abundance as to accelerate




significantly the aging of lakes.



            Low oxygen-producing potentials in the lower water



strata and the mud-water interface of lakes create acid con-



ditions that liberate nutrients bound in the mud-water inter-



face region to overlying waters.  These phosphates further



contribute to nuisance blooms and augment algae problems.



            In addition to studies of free-floating plants




and animals, attached slimes and other microscopic organisms



were collected from numerous points in the Detroit River



and Lake Erie and examined (see Figure 11-VI).  Many of these



organisms form massive colonies in organically enriched and




highly polluted waters.  One such species is Sphaerbtllus, a



filamentous slime bacterium,  commonly referred to as




"sewage fungus," one of the most unsightly products of



pollution.  These bacteria form ragged white, yellow, pink,



or brown masses on all solid objects in rivers and lakes, and



may even form a carpet over mud surfaces.  At times, drifting

-------
                Richard D. Vaughan                    340



masses of sewage fungus may continue to grow In open



waters of large rivers and cause trouble to fishermen by



fouling lines and nets.  Another growth, the filamentous



green algae Cladophora, may also be associated with



polluted and nutrient-enriched waters.   When dead and



windrowed upon beaches, it decays and produces obnoxious



odors and may become a fly -breeding habitat.  Abundant



growths of this algae may become a nuisance on beaches, prohi-



bit swimming, and interfere with recreation.



            The Detroit River, from head to mouth, was



found to contain low numbers of planktonic algae, counts



ranging from 50/ml to 4,675/ml and averaging 500/ml.  Low



concentrations of animal plankton were also found.



            Plankton entering the River from Lake St.



Clair were carried as a "standing crop" down the River



to its mouth with little change in density or species



composition either vertically (in depth) or horizontally



(across the River). The rate of travel of the population



down the 27-mile stretch of the waterway is too rapid



for the domestic and Industrial wastes to appreciably



alter the numbers of plankton.  Diatoms, silica-walled



alga (brown or greenish in color), usually made up 70 per



cent or more of the phytoplankton populations.



            The early spring diatom pulae in Lake St. Clair

-------
              Richard D. Vaughan
raises the counts in the Detroit River to levels
averaging 2,000/ml. At that time, diatoms have reported
to cause trouble at the Detroit filter plant by reducing
filter runs and increasing coagulation costs.
            The observed turbid condition of the Detroit
River was not associated with the concentration of living
organisms in the waters since plankton populations were not
dense enough to contribute appreciably to turbidity.  Rather
the cause of the turbid water is attributable to a com-
bination of the fine clay particles carried in suspension
from the water masses from Lake St. Clalr, and inorganic
and organic partlculate matter from industrial and
domestic wastes of the Detroit area.
            The sewage fungus, Sphaerotilus, was found
growing attached to bridge abutments, pilings, piers,
buoys, and slide racks suspended in the waters to capture
these organisms.   It was abundant In the Detroit River
below the Rouge River and Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant
outfall (Figure 13-V). The growth of these slime bacteria
was caused by the discharge of inadequate treated municipal
and industrial wastes of organic origin in the Detroit area.

(Figure 13-V follows.)

-------
                                           342
                                   FIGURE  13-Z
     DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

        DISTRIBUTION  OF

FILAMENTOUS  SEWAGE   BACTERIA

             U.S. WATERS
            DETROIT RIVER

US DEPARTMENT  OF H E ALT H, E DUCAT ION, AND WELFARE
           PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

-------
                  Richard D. Vaughan                 344



The elimination of sensitive organisms and the seemingly



unlimited food supply from organic solids permit the



surviving  tolerant forms to Increase inordinately in



numbers.



            Under conditions of drastic pollution even



the tolerant forms may be destroyed and no signs of life



will be apparent in the bottom muds.  Consequently, the



presence or absence of certain bottom organisms in a



sample becomes meaningful and enables a trained observer



to assess the quality of the water passing over the



organisms.



            Bottom samples in the Detroit River were



collected at various locations during the spring, summer,



and fall seasons of 1963.



            Bottom samples collected at the headwaters down



to the northern tip of Belle Isle contained a pollution-



sensitive association of organisms  (Figure 14-V and Table



4-V).  Environmental conditions and character of the sub-



strata were ideal for the presence of a variety of clean-



water associated species.  The water in this reach of the



River was not degraded.








(Figure 14-V; and also Table 4-V of two pages, follow.)

-------
                                                       345
                                           FIGURE  14-1
           DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
AREAS  OF  POLLUTION  AS  INDICATED  BY
    BOTTOM  ORGANISM  ASSOCIATIONS
                    U.S. WATERS
                   DETROIT RIVER
      US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
            RESIGN V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
                  1000 0 1000  iOOO 5000  7000
                         WILES

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-------
                                                    348
                 Richard D. Vaughan
             A short distance downstream from Belle Isle
(Figure 14-V), bottom samples collected near the Michigan
shore did not contain sensitive or even intermediate forms j
only a preponderance of pollution-tolerant sludgeworms and
leeches thrived.   Below the combined sewer outlets at
Conners Creek, along the Michigan shoreline downstream to
Zug Island, clusters of sludgeworms inhabited the entire
stretch of the bottom sludges.  This reflects the addition
and settling of organic material of sewage origin from the
combined sewer overflows of the City of Detroit.  In
contrast, the midstream floor of the River contained many
sensitive clean-water associated animals and was similar
to the character of the area upstream from Belle Isle.
            The reach of the River from Zug Island down-
stream to the mouth was polluted as indicated by the
disappearance of sensitive organisms and the predominance
of intermediate and tolerant forms.  Habitats suitable to
support a variety of bottom organisms have been destroyed
by the deposition of organic solids and oils, especially
in areas nearest the Michigan shore.
            Three distinct areas of severely polluted
waters were evident (Figure 14-V).   One area was located
along the Michigan shoreline, opposite the communities of
Ecorse and River Rouge, downstream from the effluent of
the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant and the confluence of

-------
                                                        3^9
                 Richard D. Vaughan


the severely polluted Rouge River.  Only tolerant leeches


and sludgewords were found.  Sludgeworms occurred in numbers


as great as 24,000 per square foot.  Field personnel found


the bottom composed of ooze, sludge, many sludgeworms,


with the appearance and odor of crankcase oil and sewage


odor.   Another area was confined to the reach downstream


from the Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant along the


Rlverview shorefront, where sludgeworms were found in


numbers of 15,000 per square foot.  Field personnel found


muck, sludge, nauseating heavy oil odor, sludgeworms, dead


snail shells and clam shells anchored in gray clay.  The


third area occurred where the Detroit River enters Lake


Erie  east of Pointe Mouillee.  As the velocity of flow


is reduced, suspended organic solids settle to the bottom,


forming thick sludges that support sludgework populations


of 5*800 per square foot.


            Clinging mayfly nymphs, pollution-sensitive


organisms normally occurring with clean-water bottom


organisms associations on stony bottom, inhabited the upper


ranges of the river.  Burrowing mayfly nymphs, another


sensitive form which lives in mud, were collected opposite


the western side of Belle Isle.  Below the Rouge River


and the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant outfall, dredge hauls


from soft bottoms in habitats once thriving with burrowing

-------
                Richard D. Vaughan                   350



mayfly nymphs did not yield even a single specimen



either in the river or lake.  Habitats suitable for the



support of this once abundant organism have been totally



destroyed by pollution.



            Evaluation of the bottom fauna in the Detroit



River from its headwaters to its mouth shows a change



from a community of clean-water associated organisms above



significant sources of pollution to a community of pre-



dominantly pollution-tolerant organisms below known



sources of pollution.   Pollution from industrial and



domestic sources causes this significant change in



population composition, and damages habitats for desirable



bottom-dwelling organisms.



               TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY



            One approach to evaluating trends in water qual-



ity and pollution abatement is to compare existing water



quality levels and waste discharges with those found during



past surveys.  Figures 15-V, 16-V, and 17-V compare levels



of total conform organisms, phenols, and chlorides found



during this Project with those found during the 1946-48



IJC survey.








(Figure 15-V follows)

-------
                                     DT JO.8W
                                                      or JO.TE
                                   FIGURE  15-X      351
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 indicatid
                               DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

                 MEDIAN   COLIFORM   CONCENTRATIONS

                                       DETROIT  RIVER
                        U.I. DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH, EDUCATION, • WELFARE
                                     PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                               RE6ION  V       6ROSSE ILC. MICHIGAN

-------
             Richard D. Vaughan                     352
            In United States waters, particularly near



the shore, there has been an Improvement In water quality



as measured by total collform organisms, except at the



head of the River, where satisfactory water quality was



found during both surveys.



            Figure 16-V depleting phenols, shows little



change at the head of the Detroit River.  At downstream



ranges the values adjacent to the United States shore were



considerably lower during the 1963 period, while phenol



concentrations away from this shore were higher during



this period.  At the mouth there was a slight improvement



in water quality as determined by average phenol concentra-



tions in United States waters.
(Figure 16-V follows.)

-------
                                                                     353
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9 9000 IO.OOO| 19,000 IO.OO
I«T. OOUNO.
— — ^— 1962-1963 Oatroit Prajact Data (MF) Hariiantal - Oittanca from Watt Sftara at Indicate*
— — — I946-I94S IJC Oala (MPN) Vertical- Av« Phaao 1 — M 1 c rojro ml par Litar at Iii4icata4
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
AVERAGE  PHENOL  CONCENTRATIONS

                 DETROIT RIVER
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.  EDUCATION. B WELFARE
               PUBLIC HEALTH  SERVICE
          RECION  V       SROSSE ILE. MICHIGAN

-------
                 Richard D. Vaughan








            Figure 17-V shows mean chloride concentrations



during the two surveys.  Little change in chloride con-



centrations in the upper Detroit River was noted.  In the



lower River, chloride concentrations during the 1946-48



IJC survey were higher near the United States shore,



while offshore values were higher during the 1962-63



survey.  The reverse situation occurred at the mouth.



Generally speaking, very little change in chloride con-



centrations occurred between the two surveys.








(Figure 17-V follows)

-------
TO
to
10
40
10
10
10
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to
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' l»62-1963 Detroit Proi*ct Oolo (MF> HorilCHlol
— — — I946-I94* IJC 0«to (MPNI V.ftlcal-
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ER
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FIGURE 17-S
OT 20.6






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/

900 IOOROJECT
                                                                   355
AVERAGE  CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS

                DETROIT RIVER

     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. • WELFARE
              PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
          • E«ION  V      CRO3SE ILC. MICHICAN

-------
                                                       356
                 Richard D. Vaughan

            Table 5-V compares waste loadings found during

the IJC and PHS surveys for selected measures of water

quality. The 1946-48 loadings represent industrial sources

only, while 1962-63 results are given for Industrial

and domestic sources.   Comparison of industrial waste

loadings reveals a substantial reduction during the inter-

vening 15 years in all five measures of water quality

considered.   A 22# reduction in ammonia and 51$ reduction

in suspended solids industrial wastes loadings are shown

while reduction of phenols, oil and grease, and cyanides

exceeded 70 per cent.

            Domestic waste loadings for these waste con-

stituents were not available in the 1946-48 IJC report.

Table 5-V Indicates large amounts of all constituents

(except cyanides) in the domestic waste sources studied

in the 1962-63 survey.  Even though real progress has been
made in reducing industrial waste loadings in the area,

concentrations of these constituents in the River will not

be substantially lowered until both industrial and domestic

waste sources are reduced.


(Table 5-V follows.)

-------
     357
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-------
                                                     358
              Richard D. Vaughan
            Another approach to evaluation of trends In
water quality Is the study of changes In levels of certain
measures of water quality during this survey.  Figures
18-V, 19-V, and 20-V compare 1962 average values for
total collform organisms, phenols, and chlorides with
1963 values.
            Figure 18-V, depicting geometric mean total
collform values for the two years, show significantly lower
coliform values in the Detroit River during 1963 than 1962
in United States waters (especially near the United States
shore).  Phenol concentrations in the Detroit River  (shown
in Figure 19-V) were consistently higher in 1963 than 1962.
Chloride concentrations in the lower Detroit River were higher
in 1963 except at the mouth, where they were lower near the
United States shore and higher on the Canadian.  There was
very little change in chloride concentrations in the upper
Detroit River in the two years.
            Comparison of the Rouge River findings during
these two years shows a decrease in average total collform
densities and phenols in 1963 and no change in chloride
concentrations during this period.

(Figures 18-V, 19-V, and 20-V follow)

-------
                                                                                             359
1/100*00
100,000
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100,000
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Varticol- Lag Sell* Total Calilarm (MF) par 100ml at Intficattd
                            DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT

      GEOMETRIC  MEAN   COLIFORM  CONCENTRATIONS
                                        1962-1963
                                    DETROIT  RIVER
                     U.t. DEPARTMENT OF H£ ALT H . E OUC AT ION, 8 W € LFA R t
                                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                            REttlON  V      QROSSE !L£, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                    360
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                                  30 8W
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0 9000 10,000 1 19.000 10.00
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Vorticol- »vj Pktnol — Mifrogromt ptr Lit«r o> Iftdicattd
                        P1TROIT RIVIP-LAKI ERIE PROJECT

               AVERAGE  PHENOL  CONCENTRATIONS
                                  1963-1963
                               DETROIT  RIVER
                  U.S. DCPARTMCNT 0' HCALTH. IOUCATION, • WILFARI
                             PUBUIC HfALTH JIflVICi
                        NC*ION  V     •MOSS!  III. MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                          361
                                                                nouRE ao-x
                         OT
                            so. ew
       »00    1000    I»OO    tOOO   1900
                   OT 19.4
                   0.4 Milts
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'CALI INT. IOUND.
HonloMol- Dulonct from Witt Short at Inaicoltd
Vorf icol - A vg. Ckloritfo — Milligrams por Littr at Intficatt
                  DETROlf RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

       AVERAGE CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS
                            1962-1963
                         DETROIT  RIVER

            U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION.* WELFARE
                       PUSLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                  REtlON  V     SROSSf  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                     362
                  Richard D. Vaia&han

          SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES

                       Municipal

             In addition to  study of operating records of

 sewage  treatment plants (see Figures 11-1 through 15-1),

 4-day surveys were made in  cooperation with the Michigan

 Department  of Health during which waste flows were measured

a nd hourly  bacteriological  samples and 12-hour composite

 chemical, biochemical, and  physical samples were collected

 and analyzed.    Summer and fall surveys were made at the

 Detroit and Wyandotte Treatment plants and a single  survey

 conducted at the remaining  Installations.

             The location of the sewage treatment plant

 outfalls  in the Detroit River  is shown in Figure 7-II.

 Table 6-V summarizes the results of the surveys while

 Table 7-V lists the waste loadings in some quantitative

 unit, such  as pounds or gallons. Table 8-V summarizes

 treatment efficiency in removing certain waste constituents.



 (Tables 6-V, 7-V, and 8-V follow.)

-------
                                                                 363
TACL3 f?-V.   EtJNMAi?:  OF RESULTS OF DOMESTIC MASKS SUHVHfS
                           DETJ»rp
Lform Organisms
sr 100 ml
minimum
li, 000, 000
L 10
5,600,000
t 10
9,800,000
L 10
2,000,000
I, 10
6,000,000
5,000,000
9,000,000
0,000,000
I 10
3,600,000
!, 10
1,000,000
L 10,000
g6 on, mean
36,200,000
79
27,000,000
till
31,600,000
21*5
57,500,000
31
101,000,000
1*1,000,000
81*, 200, 000
31*, 100, 000
11*
5,81*0,000
21
11,600,000
7,890,000
Fecal Coliform Organisms
per 100 ml
maximum
Ij2, 000,000
1,8,500,000
68,000
15,200,000
68,000
100,000,000
152,000,000
65,500,000
126,000,000
21»,500,000
7,600,000
81,700,000
1.2,000,000
niininiujn
5,600,000
L 10
2,000,000
L 10
3,300,000
L 10
2,000,000
L 10
6,900,000
7,500,000
>!*,i*oo,ooo
6,600,000
L 10
1,200,000
L 10
l*,l*00,000
L 5,000
f?eo*Ti meari
16,100,000
10,500,000
13,300,000
65,000,000
1.3,800,000
23,100,000
51,1*00,000
12,500,000
3,1*00,000
11*, 600,000
1*, 800, 000
Fecal Streptococci Organisms
per 100 ml
maximum
580,000
6,31*0
2,200,000
12,000
1,390,000
9,1*20
16,000,000
11*0
2,000,000
22,000,000
9,000,000
1,660,000
30
500,000
L 10
21*, 000,000
1,800,000
pii T\ ylTUn
175,000
L 10
600,000
L 10
387,000
L 10
1»,300
10
660,000
1*90,000
331,000
1*20,000
L 10
21*0,000
L 10
37,200
2,800
geom- mean
391,000
122
1,170,000
175
780,000
11*8
690,000
1*5
1,030,000
1,310,000
860,000
815,000
12
300,000
L 10
1,030,000
297,000

-------
                                                                   364
      TABLE 7-V.  SUMMARY OF WASTE LOADINGS - DOMESTIC WASTE SURVEYS


                                DETROIT RIVER
ie
b^y
00
=00
00
=°°
JK)
=78
=P1
00
ABS
Ibs/day
20,800
20,800
1,160
1,160
1*6
6.7
-
22,100
Iron
Ibs/day
25,200
25,200
202
202
38
1.5
-
25,*00
Copper
Ibs/day
870
870
13-1
13-1
3.0
-
-
886
Cadmium
Ibs/day
-
5-6
5.6
*.7
-
-
-
Nickel
Ibs/day
1,600
1,600
5-6
L_ 5.6
1.9
0.01
-
1,610
Zinc
Ibs/day
-
58.1
58.1
7.6
0.1
-
1
Lead
Ibs/day
502
502
9-*
9.*
1.5
w
-
512
Cyanide
Ibs/day
L *5
5-6
5.6
3-9
0
-
I. 55
1
I

-------
TABLE 8-V.  SUMMARY OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCY  - DOMESTIC WASTE-SURVEYS
                            DETROIT  RIVER
.uble
)sphates
removal
18
-
18
0
-
0
0
0
-
Total
Phosphates
% removal
-
0
0
-
15
15
-
-
-

Chlorides
$ removal
33
-
33
0
-
0
0
10
0

ABS
% removal
0
_
0
0
-
0
7
0
..

Iron
$ removal
31
• _
31
kk
-
kk
21
31
_

Copper
% removal
^7
_
47
0
-
0
22
0
_

Cadmium
% removal
-
-
-
0
-
0
0
0
_

-------
                                                       366



                 Richard D. Vaughan




Detroit (Belle Isle Sewage Treatment Plant)



            Results from the survey revealed a plant influent



of low density and treatment removal efficiencies within



accepted limits for this type of facility.  While BOD



removal was low (25#), the low density in the influent



(60 mg/l) makes it difficult to achieve a higher degree



of removal.  Total coliform and fecal streptococcus densities




in the effluent were high (7,890,000 and 297,000), but must



be expected in a plant not chlorinating its effluent.




Detroit (Main Sewage Treatment Plant)




            The plant effluent contained waste constituents



at levels normally not associated with domestic wastes.



Among these constituents are oil and grease, phenols, copper,




iron, chromium, nickel, zinc, and lead.  Average phenol



effluent concentration during the two surveys was 303 micro-



grams/1, far in excess of the 20 micrograms/1 value



recommended by the International Joint Commission.  Effluent



oil concentration averaged 30 mg/l, which is double the




International Joint Commission recommended effluent concen-



trations of 15 mg/l.  Oil and phenol waste loadings to the




Detroit River during this survey were high  (15*500 gallons/




day and 1,260'Ibs/day respectively).



            Ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the effluent




was high  (7.7 mg/l), as were ammonia loadings  (31,500  Ibs/day)



All forms of nitrogen averaged 12 mg/l, representing

-------
                                                     367
                      Richard D. Vaughan

a  loading to the River of over 51*000 Ibs/day..  Phosphate

effluent concentration averaged 36 mg/1 in the total form

a nd 14 mg/1 in the soluble form, representing a discharge

to the Detroit River of 145,000 and 65,000 Ibs/day.

            Susperided solids, settleable solids, and BOD

values in the plant effluent are high at 140, 60, and

109 mg/1.    Treatment efficiency for these substances

1 s low, although long term records show that higher ef -

ficlency has been achieved at other times.  Settleable

solids removal during the survey was poor at 54$.  The

average suspended solids loading of 607,000 Ibs/ day is

high. BOD loadings to the Detroit River of 500,000 Ibs/day

represent a population equivalent of approximately 3 million.

            Bacteria removal during the survey was excel-

lent and density in the effluent very low with geometric

means for total and fecal collform and fecal streptococcus

under 125 organisms per 100 ml during the first survey

and all under 500 organisms per 100 ml during the second.

While averages during the survey do not correspond with

mean monthly averages during the study period (see Figure

11-1, they Indicate that effective bacterial control can

be accomplished.  During the eight days of the survey period

14 per cent of the samples collected exceeded 2400 organisms

per 100 ml and 4.5$ exceeded 20,000 organisms per 100 ml.

-------
                                                     368
               Richard D. Vaughan

During  this  same period 15$ of the fecal streptococcus

samples exceeded 2,400 organisms per 100 ml and \% exceeded

10,000,  indicating  that fecal streptococci were not as

effectively  reduced by chlorlnation as were conforms.

Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Wfrandotte)

             Results of the surveys indicate waste consti-

tuents  at  levels normally not associated with domestic

sewage.  These Include phenols, oil and grease, Iron,

chromium,  copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and lead.

             Average concentrations of suspended solids

and  settleable solds were high  (95 and 32 mg/1) during the

two surveys  and loadings to the River significant (17*000

and 5,600  Ib/s day). Average BOD in the effluent during the

first survey was high  (120 mg/1) and the loadings signi-

ficant  (22,100 Ibs/day).  This discharge represents a

population equivalent of 132,000.  Treatment efficiency

1 n  this type of plant for BOD and suspended solids removal

was In  the expected range of 35$ and 6l$ respectively.

             Average phenol concentration In the effluent

was 71  micrograms/1, far above the International  Joint

Commission recommended effluent level of 20 micrograms/1,

and oil and  grease  average effluent values of 20 micrograms/1

slightly above the  International Joint Commission recommended

limit  of 15  mg/1.

-------
                                                     369



                 Richard D. Vaughan



            Average ammonia nitrogen effluent concentration



during the two surveys was high (16 mg/1) and loading to



the River also great (2,900 Ibs/day).  Total nitrogen



compounds, as nitrogen, averaged 19 mg/1 in the effluent,



representing loadings of over 3*400 Ibs/day.  Phosphates




were in the effluent in average concentrations of 40 mg/1



in the total form, and 28 mg/1 in the soluble form.  This



represents waste discharges of phosphates to the River of




over 7,200 and 5,000/day respectively.



            Bacteriological control was excellent during



the first survey when chlorination of the effluent was



practiced.  Geometric mean densities for total collforms,




fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci during the first



survey was less than 100 organisms per 100 ml.  Study of



plant operation records (Figure ll-l) reveals these results



are not typical, but it is encouraging to note that



results of this magnitude can be obtained.  During the



survey 35 of the total colifortn results exceed 2,400




organisms per 100 ml and none exceed 10,000 organisms per



100 ml.  During the second survey effluent chlorination



was not practiced and geometric means for total coliforms,



fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci exceeded one million.



            The cyanide concentration from the Wyandotte




plant reached maximum values during the first survey of

-------
                                                     370
                Richard D. Vaughan


 0.11  mg/1, and the average  loading to the River was


 3  Ibs/day.


 Wayne County  Sewage Treatment Plant (Trenton)


            Results of the Trenton survey revealed high


 concentrations of  oil and grease, and phenols in the plant


 effluent  (4l  mg/1  and 24 micrograms/l). Values of both


 constituents  exceeded International Joint Commission


 recommended effluent levels  of  15 mg/1 and 20 micrograms,


respectively.


            Average suspended and settleable solids in the


 effluent  were high, at 80 and 14 mg/1, but treatment


 efficiency was within the range expected for this type of


 installation. Average suspended solids discharged to the


 Detroit River were 1,600 pounds per day.   BOD in the


 effluent  averaged  83 mg/1, representing a loading of 1,780


 pounds per day or  a population  equivalent of over 10,000.


 Treatment efficiency in BOD  removal was 33 percent.


            Bacteriological  control during the survey was


 excellent, with all samples  examined averaging less


 than  15 organisms  per 100 ml   Examination of plant records


 (Figure 11-1  reveals that these values were not typical,


 however.


 Wayne County  Sewage Treatment Plant  (Grosse lie)


             This  survey  revealed  phenols and oil and grease

-------
                                                      371
              Richard D. Vaughan

 effluent concentration In excess of International Joint

 Commission recommended effluent limits.

             Suspended and ssttleable solids for the effluent

 averaged 63 and 9 mb/1 respectively, and the removal

 efficiency for suspended solids, 59$ was within expected

 limits for this type of installation.   BOD averaged 80

 mg/1 in the effluent, which represents a population

 equivalent of 650.

             Bacterial control during the survey was

 excellent, with effluent geometric means for all organisms

 examined under 25 per 100 ml.

             The following table lists present loadings of

 iron, oil, phenols, and (Suspended solids, and the reductions

 which would be effected if IJC recommended effluent limita-

 tions and a suspended solids limitation of 35 mg/1 were

met at all the domestic sewage treatment plants in the Detroit

 area:

                                      Loading after   Per Cent
  Pollutant       Present Loading      Reduction      Reduction

 Oil and Grease   16,000 gallons/day  8,420 gal/day     4?

 Phenols          1,270 pounds/day    90 pounds/day     93

 Iron             25,400 pounds/day   25,400 Ibs/day    0

 Suspended Solids 626,000 pounds/day  159*000 Ibs/day   74.6

-------
                                                        372
                   Richard D.  Vaughan

                  Approximately 99 per cent  of the  iron  from

 domestic sources being discharged to the  Detroit River

 originates from the Detroit  Sewage Treatment  Plant.  The

 average iron concentration of 5.5 mg/1 meets  IJC recommended

 effluent limitations,  but is  still a substantial loading  to

the River.

             The main treatment plant of the City of  Detroit

 is the major domestic  source  of almost all  waste constituents.

 For example, Detroit discharges 99 per cent of the iron from

 domestic sources,  99 per cent of the phenols,  97 per cent of

the oil, 95 per cent of the BOD, 97 per cent of the suspended

 solids, 98 per cent of the settleable solids,  and  99 per  cent

 of the toxic metals.   It also constitutes  95 per  cent  of the

 total volume of wastes discharged and serves  91 per  cent  of

the people served by sewage treatment plants discharging wastes

to the Detroit River.,

                       INDUSTRIAL

             Industry in the  Detroit area  differs from that in

 many other metropolitan areas in that manufacturing  is

 primarily centered around a  single industry—motor vehicle

 production—and the production of raw materials, parts, and

 accessories that go into the  manufacture  of transportation

 equipment.   Production of synthetic organics and  heavy

 chemicals from the extensive  underground  salt deposits  of the

-------
                                                        373
                     Richard  D. Vaughan

 region  is  another large  segment  of the  Industry  of  the  area.

 One  paper  plant  on the Rouge River manufactures  paper

tissues  by  the  sulflte  process. There  are also  pharmaceutical,

 rendering,  petroleum refining and  metal-finishing industries

 in the  Detroit area. Figures 5-II  and 6-II  show  the location

 of all  the  industries  investigated in the study.

             Investigation  of these sources  of  Industrial

 wastes  was  accomplished  Jointly  by the  Michigan  Water

 Resources  Commission and the U.  S. Public Health Service,

 Individual  surveys were  made of  each  industry, discharging

 wastes  directly  to the Detroit River  and certain of its

 tributaries.     In addition,  outfall  grab samples were

 collected  throughout the duration  of  the Project.   Results

 from both  were considered  in formulating conclusions and

 recommendations  for improvement  of waste treatment.

             Tables 9-V and 10-V  summarize survey results for

 35 industries  on the Detroit River. Table 9-V  contains  average

  concentrations  of selected  waste  constituents,  while

 Table 10-V  summarizes  waste  loadings  in some quantitative

 unit, such  as  pounds or  gallons  per day.    In the  computa-

 tion of waste loadings  contributed by  each industry, only

 the  increase over values found in  the plants'  raw water

 supply  was  used.    In  most cases,  values found during the
  intensive  surveys were  used  as  reported, while  some were
  modified by additional  grab  samples  collected from  plant
  effluents.
  (Tables 9-V and 10-V  follow)

-------
 TABLE 9-V.   SUMMARY OF RANGES OF AVERAGE RESULTS OF INTUSTRIAL

         WASTE EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS - DETROIT RIVER
inides Copper  Cadmium  Nickel   Zinc     Lead  Chromium
og/l     mg/1     ag/1    mg/1    ng/1     mg/1    mg/1
    0    0.31 0.08-0.17.01-.02  .02-.63 .03-.09  .01-.02
  0-2    0.15  .01-.06 <.01-.01 .01-.11 .02-.Ok  .01-.07
.-.Ok .03-.09     <.01 <.01-.01     .06 .03-.06       .01
)-.08 .Ol»-.13 <.01-.03 <.01-.03<.01-.22. .02-.27 <.01-.ll*

    0 .03-3.05    <.01 <.01-.02 .16-.39 .06-.27 <.01-.01

                             -  .11-.1*1 .09-.13     <-01

'-.7^ .02-2.2     <.01 <.01-.15 .02-.12<01-.l4 <.01-.7U


    0 <.01-.02    <.01 <.01-.OK.01-.C& .06-.90 <.01-.0l»

    0  .26-.37    <.01     <.01 .02-.75 .03-.06 <.01-.19
    -   .07-.08    <.01  .01-.02<01-.07 .03-.21 <.01-.26
                                             »
    - 6.3-9.15    <.oi    <.oi i. 2-7.05 <. 01-. 08  .93-1.5



 L.lU   .03-.07<01-.05 <.01-.09.06-2.33 .12-1.59    <-01

 -.06 <.01-.09<.01-.03  .01-.03<.01-.05 .02-.03 <.01-.01

 -.01   .CA-6.K01-0.1 <.01-.32 -31*-1*.! .C&-.35 <.01-2.3


    0   .01-.(A     <.01     <.01 .05-5.9<.01-.05     <.01
23 <.ol-.oi    <.oi  .02-.03 .o4-.05-coi-.o6     <.
 -  .03-.0l»    <.01  .01-.02 .06-.2lK.01-.01 <.01-.
 -  .03-.05    <.01      .01 .06-.07 .16-.25 <.01-.
                                                      01
                                                      01
                                                      01

   - <.01-.50    <.01 <.01-.02<.01-lj.7<.01-.13 <.01-.80

   0 <.01-.08<.01-.02 <.01-.03    1.10 .01-.07  .0**-.06

-------
                                                             375
          TABLE 9-V. (CONT.)  SUMMARY OF RANGES OF AVERAGE RESULTS OF
           INDUSTRIAL WASTE EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS - DETROIT RIVER


>ranides  Copper  Cadmium  Nickel   Zinc     Lead  Chromium
 mg/1     mg/1     mg/1    mg/1    mg/1     mg/1    mg/1

    -  .10-1.25    <.01 <.01-.01 .07-. 86 <.01-.o6<.01-.8o


            .06    <.01    <.01      .06      .09    <.01


 0-.01  .04-1.48    <.01  .01-. Oil .04-. 32  .02-. 68 .01-. 14
 0-.01 <.01-.04<..01-.02  .01-. 02 .05-. 20  .09-1.6    <.01

,01-. 1  .04-2.75    <«01   <. 01-8. 09-1. 36  .05-.96<.oi-.o4
                  1-.0l <.01-.21   .01-3
        .02-. 04    <.01      .01 .04-. 42  .01-. 02
    0 <.01-.l4<.01-.01  <.01-.02<.01-.l8  .08-.64<.01-.l8

   .01   .04-. 08    <.ci   .01-. 03     .04     <.oi    <.oi


           <. OK. 01-. 01  <.01-.05<.01-.08 <.01-.17<-01-.03
           <. OK. 01-. 02  <. 01-. OK. 01-. 03 <.01-.02<.01-.05

    - <.01-.05    <.01   .02-. 08 .01-. 29 <.01-.05    <.01
 2-.96 <.01-.24<.01-.01  <.01-.02<.01-.36 <.01-.
 0-.07 <.oi-.4i    <.oi  <.oi-.02<.oi-.38 <.oi-.o8<.oi-.09
    -   .16-.23    <.01  <.01-.01  .08-.44   .10-.13<.01-.01

-------
                                                                 376
TABLE 10-V.   SUMMARY OF AVERAGE DAILY LOADING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
             ADDED BY EACH INDUSTRY TO DETROIT RIVER
dmium
Ibs.
U.I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Nickel
Ibs.
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
0
36
0
0
0
0
O.U
0
o.k
0
0
0.1
0
Zinc
Ibs.
11
0
0
2.8
2.0
0
275
0
230
520.8
0
32
750
0
66
650
1^32
0
0
0.7
u-
Lead
Ibs.
1
0
0
1-5
0.9
1.0
50
0
0
5k. k
0
0.25
123
0
0.9
0
12^.15
0
0
2
0.5
Chro-
mium
Ibs.
0
0
0
o.U
-
0
260
0
0
260.U
0
10
0
0
29
0
39
0
0
0
1.3
Phos-
phates
Ibs.
-
-
5-5
-
-
-
5-5
-
-
-
-
-
22.5
22.5
-

-------
                                                           377
TABLE 10-V. (CONT.)  SUMMARY OF AVERAGE DAILY LOADING OF INDUSTRIAL
           WASTES ADDED BY EACH INDUSTRY  TO DETROIT RIVER
Nickel
Ibs.
0
0
0
U
0
9
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
1 -
0
15.0
51
Zinc
Ibs.
6
9
42
12
2.8
300
0.5
0.4
0
0
0
0
7
10
1.8
403-2
2,360
Lead
Ibs.
0.4
0
280
34
1.2
325
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
o.4
653.5
832
Chro-
mium
Ibs.
0
0
0
8
0
3
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
19.1
318
Phos-
phates
Ibs.
-
-
-
-
-
-
10,000
-
-
-
14
14
10,028
10,100

-------
                                                      378
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Tables 11-V through 13-V list the Industries

by name and location which discharge wastes  directly

to the study waters of the Detroit River and Rouge River.

The tables include information on production (where

available), waste water volume, significant waste consti-

tuents, and treatment and control employed for the process

wastes.  The tables do not Include data on sewage from plant

employees, as in all but a few minor cases the sewage is

discharged to municipal sewers and Is considered in the

discussion of domestic wastes.  Industries which discharge

process wastes to municipal sewerage systems are also not

Included, since satisfactory disposal of these wastes is

the responsibility of the municipality involved and is

considered in the section on domestic wastes.  The total

quantity of waste water released by the Detroit and Rouge

River industries in 1.1 billion gallons per day.

Undoubtedly, significant additional waste discharges are

caused by accidental spills of Industrial wastes not

reflected in effluent measurements.



Tables 11-V, 12-V, and 13-V follow.)

-------
      379















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-------
                                                      384
             Richard D. Vaughan

Rouge River Industries

            Nine plants on the Rouge River use this water-

course as the receiving stream for their wastes. Their

principal products are steel,fabricated metals, heavy chem-

icals, pulp and paper, cement, and meat-rendering products.

(See Table 11-V.)  These plants produce a total waste volume

of 484 million gallons per day.  83$ of this volume orig-

inates from the Ford Motor Company.  Principal wastes are

iron, oxygen-demanding materials, bacteria, suspended solids,

oil, pickling liquor, phenols, chlorides, cyanides, toxic

metals, and ammonia. With the exception of the American

Agricultural Chemical Company and Peerless Cement, the

industries provide some form of treatment to restrict

discharge of wastes to the Rouge River.

Upper Detroit River Industries

            Six industries (shown in Table 12-V) discharge

wastes directly to the Detroit River above the Rouge River

outlet.  The Allied Chemical Corporation, Solvay Process

Division, discharges a portion of its wastes through the

Schroeder Avenue storm sewer and one outfall located on

Zug Island immediately below the outfalls of the Great

Lakes Steel Corporation, Blast Furnace Division.  These

six plants manufacture copper and brass products,

Pharmaceuticals, rubber tires, soda ash, coke, and iron.

-------
                                                      385
                  Richard D. Vaughan
Significant waste constituents originating from these
industries consist of chlorides, iron, suspended solids,
phenols, ammonia, and oil.   All, with the exception of
Parke Davis, provide some form of treatment.
Lower Detroit River Industries
            Twenty-one industries (shown in Table 13-V)
release wastes directly to the Detroit River below the Rouge
River.  Four are large steel manufacturing complexes,
four produce automobile machinery, nine manufacture syn-
thetic organic and heavy chemicals, others make Industrial
adhesives and petroleum products, and one is engaged in the
vessel-washing business. Waste constituents Include acids,
oxidizing agents, suspended solids, phosphates, oil,
ammonia, phenols, oxygen-demanding materials, iron, and
chlorides. Common waste treatment methods are oil separa-
tion, oxidation for phenol control, and ponding for sedi-
mentation and controlled waste discharge.   Industries that
do not provide any means of treatment are Chrysler Corpora-
tion (Amplex and Chemical Products Divisions), Dana Corpora-
tion, duPont, Koppers Company, and the Pennsalt Chemical
Corporation East Plant.
             In  the Detroit  area the principal waste  con-
stituents  discharged directly to adjacent waters are
suspended  solids, BOD,  oil, pherdLs, acid, ammonia,  chlorides,

-------
                                                      386
               Richard D. Vaughan

iron, and toxic ions in plating and metal finishing wastes

such as cyanide, chromium, copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc,

and lead.

Size of Loadings

            Table 14-V summarizes waste loading by area of

contribution for several waste constituents.  Waste load-

ings represent amounts added by each industry in excess of

those in the raw water supply used by the industry.

            Table 15-V shows those concentrations of waste

materials released to the Rouge River which either exceed

the IJC recommendations for control of boundary water.

quality or exceed reasonable limits for effective waste

control.   In the case of suspended solids, the Judgment

was based on the fact that effective sedimentation of

wastes should remove essentially all of the readily settle-

able material and reduce the remaining suspended solids

to a level not to exceed 35 mg/1.



(Tables 14-V and 15-Vibllow)

-------
                                                                     387
TABLE 1U-V.  INDUSTRIAL WASTE LOADINGS  BY AREA  -  DETROIT RIVER
Area
Rouge River
Upper Detroit
Lower Detroit

River
River
BOD
(Ibs)
H5,ooo
5,260
19,700
BOD
(PS)
871,000
31,1400
118,000
OIL
(gallons)
933
735
1,680
IRON
(Ibs)
19,000
5,150
58,200
Susp. Solids
(Ibs)
108,000
222,000
53^,000
    Total
169,960   1,020,UOO     3,3U8     82,350
                                                 86^,000
                                                            Toxic
Area
Rouge River
Upper Detroit
Lower Detroit

River
River
Cyanides
(Ibs)
900
10
119
Phenol
(Ibs)
810
373
225
Chlorides
(Ibs)
307,000
1*70,000
1,9UO,000
Ammonia
(Ibs)
5,280
2,910
336
Metals Acid
(Ibs) (Ibs)
2,OUO 50,000
1,950 0
1,200 185,900
    Total
1,029
        1,U08     2,717,000
8,526    5,190 235,900

-------
















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-------
                                                      389
                  Richard D. Vaughan

            The principal wastes from the Allied Chemical

Corporation plants are chlorides, phenols, and suspended

solids from the two Solvay Process plants which typify

wastes produced in making soda ash. These plants produce

their own coke for firing the ovens which accounts for the

phenolic compounds. The Plastic Division plant produces

phenolic waste from the distillation of crude tar in

making carbolic oils and pitch.  Darling and Company, a

meat-rendering plant, produces wastes similar to those from

a slaughterhouse with ineffective control measures.  The

effluent is high in organic content - 7,000 pounds per

day BOD.

            The Ford Motor Company Rouge Plant is one of

the largest of its kind in the world and has in the past

been able to manufacture an automobile from the basic raw

materials of iron ore, sand, and crude rubber.  Their waste

products exhibit the vastness of the operation.  Ford Motor

Company, by far the largest water user in the Rouge River,

releases large quantities of wastes, as seen in Table 10-V.

The following listing gives the percent of industrial waste

constituents discharged to the Rouge River which originates

from the Ford Motor Company:

-------
                                                      390
              Richard D. Vaughan

Industrial Waste Constituent        ft from Ford

Iron                                100

Cyanides                            100

Ammonia                             95

Toxic Metals                        98

Suspended Solids                    58

Oil                                 97-5

Phenols                             92.5

Acid                                100

            It is easily seen that the wastes from the Ford

Motor Company contribute significantly to the polluted

condition of the Rouge River.  The iron, at times as

high as 60,000 pounds per day, accounts for the reddish

hue of the River, which continues even after dilution with

the Detroit River; and excessive quantities of untreated

pickle liquor waste, 50,000 pounds per day acid, discolor

and corrode the hulls of boats moored in the waters.  Iron

sludge that settles to the bottom impairs the aquatic life

of the area by smothering habitats for reproduction, and

in order to maintain the ship channels, the Corps of

Engineers must remove large quantities of iron deposits

annually in their maintenance dredging program.  Ford's

phenol discharge of 750 pounds per day exceeds the limits

set by the Michigan Water Resources Commission by 150 pounds

-------
                                                      391
                Richard D. Vaughan

per day. Cyanides and toxic metals in amounts of 900 and

2,000 pounds are released to the Rouge River daily. Roulo

Creek and Tailrace outlets discharge 95$ of the toxic ions.

Copper, at 1,500 pounds per day, is the principal toxic

metal in the effluent.  Ford Motor Company  discharges

900 gallons of oil per day which can often be observed

as a thin film on the water surface of the Rouge River.

Evidence indicates that the oil skimmer stretched across

Roulo Creek is not functioning properly as an oil removal

device.  Probably the oil released to Roulo Creek is

largely in the soluble form and does not rise to the surface,

High concentrations of iron and oil were found in the sludge

deposits of the Ford Motor Company slip.  The oil, as

well as other pdlutants, seriously interferes with the use

of the Rouge River for anything but waste disposal.

            Scott Paper Company also releases large

quantities of waste products, which include oxygen-demanding

materials in the amount of 135,000 pounds per day BOD

(equivalent to a population of over 800,000).  These

wastes impose a large burden on the oxygen resources

of the Rouge River.   Paper- pulp passing the traps also

contributes to a share of the sediment problem in the Rouge

River.




(Table 16-V follows)

-------
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-------
                                                      393
              Richard D. Vaughan

            Table 16-V summarizes effluent waste concen-

trations in the upper Detroit River considered high.

Average concentrations and loadings for this area are

found in Tables 9-V or 10-V.

            The Great Lakes Steel Corporation, Blast Furnace

Division, releases a large percentage of the waste materials

that enter the upper Detroit River, as shown by the following

listing:

Industrial Waste Constituent   % from Great Lakes Steel
Iron
Oil
Phenols
Suspended Solids
Toxic Metals
Ammonia
99
50
99
45
51
100
            Almost all of the eight outfalls contained

phenols above the recommended limit of 0.020 mg/1, and

suspended solids were concentrated enough to discolor the

River in a trail close to the shoreline. The suspended

solids were primarily made up of readily settleable material.

Approximately 1,000 pounds per day of toxic metals are

lost to the Detroit River with 700 pounds of this being

zinc.

            The Allied Chemical-SoUVay Process outfall,

-------
                                                      394
                     Richard D. Vaughan

located below the Blast Furnace complex, discharged

54$ of the suspended solids and 96% of the chlorides

to this reach of the River. This one outfall, although

small in flow, contained the largest concentration of

wastes observed during the study even though the flow

passed through a sedimentation pond.

            The Revere Copper and Brass Company waste

effluent discharged 360 gallons of oil per day, which

represents over half the amount of oil released in the upper

River.

            The waste effluents from Parke Davis, Anaconda-

American Brass Company, and U. S. Rubber Company have

only limited effect on water quality.  However, the U.S.

Rubber Company discharges 650 pounds per day of zinc

to the Detroit River.

            Table 17-V lists those industries in the lower

Detroit River whose effluent discharge is considered to

contain certain waste constituents in high concentrations.




(Table 17-V follows, constituting 3 pages)

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-------
                                                      398
               Richard D. Vaughan

            During stream sampling activities in the lower

Detroit River many visual observations and laboratory

determinations were made by Project personnel which Indi-

cate the effect of specific industries upon water quality

in the River. These include:

            1. The Great Lakes Steel Hot Strip Mill

effluent contains oil which leaves a film on the water

surface.  Significant quantities of suspended iron can

be seen discoloring and hugging the shoreline below the

outfalls.

            2.  Thick mats of oil have been observed on

the water surface near the Great Lakes Steel Rolling Mill

and traced to their oil separator outfalls.  Pickle liquor

wastes containing 158,000 pounds per day sulfurlc acid

and 40,000 pounds per day dissolved iron are released

at the downstream edge of the steel works, and the effects

of this can be observed in the vicinity of Mud Island

and Ecorse Channel where the oxidized iron exhibits a

noticeable red color to the water.

            3.  Detroit River water is discolored by cal-

cium chloride and calcium carbonate wastes of the Wyandotte

Chemical Company North Works.

            4.  Increased chloride concentrations were found

at shoreward sampling stations in reaches below both

-------
                  Richard D. Vaughan                  399





Wyandotte factories and the Pennsalt East Plant.  In fact,



these three factories contribute approximately 27 per



cent of the chloride flow in the Trenton Channel.



            5.  Lower densities of coliform bacteria and



attached aquatic alga at shoreward stations in the vicinity



of the two Grosse lie bridges were presumably caused by



the loss of strong oxidizing agents from the Wyandotte



and Pennsalt Chemical Plants.



            6.  Patches of oil and floating solids in



Monguagon Creek originated from the Pennsalt West Plant.



            7.  Nearly one-half of the Trenton Channel was



discolored by the suspended iron passing over the effluent



weirs of the McLouth Steel Trenton Plant clarifiers.



In fact, results of samples collected three times a day,



tested for suspended solids and iron by the McLouth Steel



personnel, and furnished to the Michigan Water Resources



Commission at their request, demonstrate ineffective waste



control in that both constituents exceed the Michigan Water



Resources Commission prescribed limits approximately one-



half the time. The most recent records do reveal better



and more consistent operation of existing waste facilities.



From the standpoint of removal of suspended solids, this



is evidenced by the fact that during the last two months



available operating records, the limitations imposed by the

-------
                                                      400
                Richard D. Vaughan
Michigan Water Resources Commission were exceeded only
2 per cent of the time.  Iron concentration in the effluent
exceeded Commission requirements less than 1 per cent
of the time during this period.
            8. There were profuse growths of aquatic
weeds in the lower Trenton Channel near the phosphate-
enriched outfall of the Monsanto Chemical Plant.
            9.  Sludge deposits and layers of accumulated
sediments were in boat slips and other areas where the
velocity of flow is retarded sufficiently to permit
settling.
            10. Globules of oil and iron deposits in the
Prank and Poet Drain near the town of Gibraltar were
presumably caused by the wastes of the McLouth Steel
Gibraltar Plant.
            11.  Concentrated Iron deposits were found
in the vicinity of the waste pickle liquor outlet of the
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.
            12. Foaming problems in the lower Trenton
Channel were traced to accidental spills of detergent
from Monsanto Chemical Company.
            13. These industries and also the Mobil Oil
Corporation release phenols which exceed the IJC effluent
recommendations.

-------
                                                      401
                  Richard D. Vaughan

            14. Toxic metals In amounts of 325 and 700

pounds per day are emptied into the River by the Great

Lakes Steel Hot Strip Mill and McLouth Steel Trenton Plant.

Lead is the principal metal from the Strip Mill, while

zinc and lead comprise most of metal lost from McLouth.

            15.  Shawinlgan Resins discharges 7,000 pounds

of BOD daily to the lower Detroit River, which places a

demanding load on the oxygen resources of the River.

However, a settling lagoon was installed by this company

after the survey which may change the amount of BOD

discharged from this plant.

            16. There was an increase In hardness of

approximately 25 rag/1 between the upper and lower Detroit

River, with the principal contributors being the soda

ash plants at Pennsalt Chemical Corporation, Wyandotte

Chemical, and Allied Chemical Corporation.

            These factors and many others which go undetected

severely limit the use of the water resources in the down-

river area.

            The following table lists reductions in

industrial waste loadings in the Detroit River that

could be achieved If excessive concentrations of certain

constituents were reduced by effective treatment or

management to meet International Joint Commission effluent

-------
                                                      402
              Richard D. Vaughan

recommendations and a suspended solids effluent limit of

35 mg/1.

                   Present      Loadings after     Per cent
Waste Constituent  Loading/day  Reduction/day      Reduction

Iron               82,300 Ibs.  24,800 Ibs         70

Oil                3,340 gals.  1,900 gals         43

Phenols            1,400 Ibs.   80 Ibs.            94

Suspended Solids   864,000 Ibs. 150,000 Ibs.       83

            In the Rouge River a reduction of the load

reaching the Rouge River, of 50 per cent of the suspended

solids, 37 per cent of the iron, 94 per cent of the phenols,

and 2 per cent of the oil would result.  In order to effect

an additional reduction in oil loadings to the Rouge,

an internal plant program would have to be Inaugurated

to prevent oil from reaching plant drains.

            In the upper Detroit River suspended solids

could be reduced 98 per cent, phenols 96 per cent, and

oil 64 per cent.

            In the lower Detroit River suspended solids

would be reduced 8l$ to 97,000 pounds per day; iron 87$

to 7,600 pounds per day; oil 51% to 723 gallons per day;

and phenols 91$ to 20 pounds per day.

            Industries which are under restrictions by the

Michigan Water Resources Commission because of excessive

-------
                     Richard D. Vaughan               403



discharges of wastes are McLouth Steel - Gibraltar



(pH), McLouth Steel - Trenton  (iron and suspended solids),



Mobil Oil Corporation (phenols and oil), Ford Motor



Company - Rouge Plant (phenols), Pennsalt Chemical



Corporation - West Plant (phenols), Fuel Oil Corporation



(oil), Darling and Company (coliform bacteria, BOD), Scott



Paper Company (phenols, BOD, suspended solids), E. I.



duPont deNemours and Company (pH), Firestone Tire and Rubber



Company (iron, pHO, and Great Lakes Steel Corporation - Hot



Strip Mill (suspended solids, oil).



                     OTHER WASTE SOURCES



Stormwater Overflow



            The majority of the sewered areas in the study



area utilize combined sewers in which storm and sanitary



wastes are carried.  During periods of significant rainfall,



these sewers discharge, without treatment, a combination



of stormwater and domestic sewage directly to the receiving



stream.  As indicated by the water use inventory in this



report, over 100 such points of overflow are located along



the Detroit River and represent a significant source of



waste during wet conditions.



            Due to the magnitude of the effect of this waste



an extensive evaluation was undertaken by the Project and



is discussed under "Special Studies" in this section of



the report.

-------
                                                     404
              Richard D. Vaughan
Pollution from Boats
            In the Public Health Service report for the
1962 conference It was stated that over 125,000 pleasure
boats were registered In the Detroit area, and the water
use Inventory of this report lists numerous marina
facilities and describes the magnitude of the commercial
shipping Industry In this area. All boats, when used In
the waters under study, represent potential sources of
pollution from human wastes.
            Estimates of the magnitude of these sources
have not been made because the following information was
unavailable or inadequate:
            1.  Number of boats In the water at any one
time or at any one location.
            2.  Length of average cruise, to ascertain
probability of use of waste disposal facilities.
            3.  Number or percentage of vessels having
adequate waste treatment facilities.
            The State of Michigan recently adopted
legislation amending the Public Acts of 1931 to prevent
the discharge of garbage to a river or Inland lake of
Michigan or within 3 miles of the shoreline of any part
of the Great Lakes or connecting waters thereof in Michigan
unless it has passed through a disposal unit approved by

-------
                                                       405
                   Richard D. Vaughan

the U. S. Public Health Service.  The legislation authorizes

a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more

than one year, or both.

        The U. S. Corps of Engineers has certain responsibi-

lities relating to discharge of deleterious material into

navigable waters from boats, and these are described in the

section IV of this report.

Shorefront Homes

        Estimates of the number of unsewered shorefront

homes that discharge sewage directly or from improperly

functioning septic tanks to the Detroit River were made in

the 1962 conference report.  The majority of these homes are

located on Grosse lie, and a special study was performed to

determine the effect of this source of pollution on water

quality and use.  A report of this survey is made under

"Special Studies" in this section of the report.



                    SPECIAL STUDIES



        During this Project a number of special studies or

investigations were made to collect additional information

which might furnish insight into the relationship of sources

of wastes to water quality in the receiving streams.

Descriptions of the nine studies follow.

-------
                                                      406
                  Richard D. Vaughan

                Stormwater Overflow
            Combined sewers carrying both domestic waste

and surface runoff are used in the Detroit metropolitan

area as well as most of the large metropolitan areas of

this nation. During periods of significant rainfall these

sewers discharge a combination of raw sewage and storm

runoff directly to the receiving stream (in this case

the Detroit River) without treatment of any kind. The effect

of this operation upon water quality in the Detroit River

and possible interference with water use downstream was

of great concern to Project personnel, and special studies

to provide appropriate facts were undertaken.

            The problem was attacked in two ways:  First,

a cooperative study with State of Michigan regulatory

agencies was set up to measure the frequency, duration,

volume, and strength of the overflows at the point of over-

flow.   Secondly, a special stream sampling program on

the Detroit River was •atablished to collect bacteriological

samples during and after heavy rainfall. These were com-

pared with dry weather values found at each sampling

location.

Characteristics of Overflows from Combined Sewers

            Special samplers were designated and fabricated

and placed at the point of overflow in the Conners Creek

-------
                                                      407
             Richard D. Vaughan

sewer system, which serves approximately 25 per cent of

the City of Detroit. The samplers were completely automatic,

activating and deactivating at the beginning and end

of an overflow. The samples were collected by Project

personnel and analyzed at Public Health Service laboratory

facilities.  Determinations made Include total coliform,

fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus on Individual

samples; and a limited number of phosphates, nitrogen

compounds, suspended solids, and BOD and phenol determina-

tions on composite samples representing an entire storm.

            Water level recorders were Installed at each

location and extra rainfall gages installed to provide

adequate precipitation data. A control study was also

made in similar manner at the Allen Creek drainage system

in the City of Ann Arbor to determine similar characteris-

tics of discharge from separate storm sewers.

            A special factual summary of the results of

this investigation was prepared by the Michigan Department

of Health. This report lists average and extreme

bacteriological results and the duration of each overflow.

The report estimates the volume of overflow discharged into

the Detroit River following each storm. Generally speaking,

accumulated precipitation of 0.3 inch will cause an overflow

at the Conners Creek installation and 0.2 inch will cause

-------
                                                      408
                 Richard D, Vaughan


an overflow at the Conant-Mt. Eliot relief sewer.


            Additional summaries of the results of this


investigation were made to emphasize certain findings.


Table 43-V lists pertinent facts concerning the number


of overflows at Detroit during the first year's operation


of the sampler (excluding the 10-day period of raw sewage


by-pass at the Conners Creek pumping station) and the


duration of overflows.  Figure 47-V summarizes 20-year


rainfall records for the Detroit area by showing the


number of days per year rain of specific Intensity and


accumulation could be expected.


            Table 44-V summarizes bacteriological results


at the separate storm overflow at Ann Arbor.


            Table 45-V shows the average composite results


of BOD, solids, nutrients, and phenols at the three


installations, while Table 46-V suuimarlzes bacteriological


results at the three stations by two-month intervals.





(Table 43-V; Figure 4?-V; Table 44-V constituting two


pages; Table 45-V; and Table 46-V follow.)

-------
               TABLE U3-V.
OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED SEWERS
    CONNER GRAVITY SYSTEM
       CITY OF DETROIT
                                                                      409
Location of
Installation
Conners Creek
Jefferson & Leib
Number of Overflows
1st Year of
Operation*
23
31
2nd Year of
Operation-x-x-
10
16
Total
33
1*7
Location of
Installation
Conners Creek
Jefferson & Leib
Mean Overflow
Duration
9.85 hours
6.70 hours
Total Accumulated
Overflow Time**-x-
325 hours
3lU hours
  *At the Conners Creek installation, the first year is considered to extend
   from the installation date of May 10, 1963, straight through to May 10,
   196Uj  the first year of operation of the Leib installation is considered
   to extend from the installation date of June 15, 1963 to June 15, 196k,
   with the exception of the period from December 10, 1963 to March 17, 196U,
   when it was not in service.
 **May 10, 196U through August 31, 196U for Conners Creek;  June 15, 196U
   through August 31, 196li for Leib.
***Through August 31, 196U.

-------
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                                                                FIGURE 47-3C
                                                                                 410
      TRACE    0.10     0.20     0.30     0.40    0.5O     0.60

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                                                            0.35
O.40
            BASED ON 20 YEAR  RECORDS  AT  DETROIT  CITY AIRPORT
                   DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT


       EXPECTED   FREQUENCY  OF  RAINFALL

                        CITY   OF  DETROIT

          U.S. DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                        PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE

                  REGION V       6ROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

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-------
                                                      415
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Careful study of the data and individual re-

sults provided the basis for the following conclusions:

            1. Total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal

streptococcus densities in the overflow from combined

sewers many times approached values found in raw sewage.

Coliform counts of over 100,000,000 per 100 ml were found

during summer months.

            2. Bacterial densities in the combined over-

flows varied greatly with the season or time of the year.

The highest densities were found during warmer weather

and lowest results in the winter.

            3. Total coliform densities in the separate

system at Ann Arbor regularly exceeded 1,000,000 per 100 ml.

Average total coliform densities in the overflows from the

Detroit combined system were approximately 10 times higher

than those in Ann Arbor's separate system.  Fecal coliform

densities in the combined sewer effluent were found to be

approximately 30 times greater than similar values in the

separate system, while comparable fecal streptococcus

levels were at least twice as high.

            4.  In the Detroit area rainfall sufficient

to cause overflows from all combined sewers (0.3 inch)

can be expected to occur approximately 33 days each year.

Rainfall sufficient to cause overflows from certain parts

-------
                                                       416




                 Richard D. Vaughan



of the system (0.2 inch) can be expected to occur about 45



days each year.




            5.  Although the average duration of overflow



from combined sewers was found to .be 8.2 hours,  discharges



have occurred for continuous periods In excess of 24 hours.




Two such overflows occurred during the month of August



1964.



            6.  Suspended solids concentration in the dis-



charge from the separate storm installation at Ann Arbor



was higher than in the combined overflows at Detroit.



            7.  Phenol, BOD, phosphate, ammonia and organic



nitrogen concentrations were two to five times higher in




the combined overflow than in separate storm discharge.



            8.  Bacteriological results from the combined



installations showed a slight tendency for higher values



during the first sample but thereafter were relatively



constant throughout the duration of the overflow.



            9.  Bacteriological results at the Ann Arbor



separate system were also comparatively constant during a




storm, always remaining within one order of magnitude.




Small changes in quality and flow were more noticeable



at this installation, however.




            10.  Calendar year 1963 was the driest on record




for the City of Detroit according to rainfall records of

-------
                                                      417
                  Richard D. Vaughan

the U. S. Weather Bureau.   Even during this year, the

Conners Creek pumping station was observed to overflow

12 times during a 6-month period in 1963.  During the first

year of operation of the automatic sampler, the Conners

Creek Installation overflowed and collected samples 23

separate times. Both figures exclude the period of raw

sewage bypass from this station by the City of Detroit.

            11. The volume of overflow at the Detroit

installation during the survey varied from 40 million

gallons to 509 million gallons.  The greatest volume was

observed during the overflow of longest duration. This

volume, which originates from only 25 per cent of the

City of Detroit, is approximately the same as the dally

discharge of partially treated sewage from all sewage treat-

ment plants into the Detroit River.

            12. Volume figures in the joint report indicate

a discharge into the Detroit River of 4-1/4 billion gallons

from the combined sewers serving the Connor system during

the first year of operation of the sampling stations.

            13.  Overflow from the Combined sewers occurred

3-4$ of the time during the survey period. Rate of dis-

charge per hour from the combined sewers varies with the

Intensity of the storm, making an exact ratio of sewage

from the Conners gravity system to the discharge to the

-------
                                                      418
                  Richard D. Vaughan

Detroit River impossible. Within the limits observed during

the study, 50-80$ of the raw sewage collected is spilled

over into the River during the overflow. Thus approximate-

ly 2$ of the total raw sewage contributed to the Detroit

area plants reaches the Detroit River each year. This is

over 5 billion gallons of raw sewage flowing into the

River each year.  Furthermore, this is a conservative

estimate, since the Connor system is designed for more

storage capacity than many other combined sewers in the

Detroit and downriver collection systems.

Effect of Overflows from Combined Sewers on Detroit River

            Several times special field investigations were

made to determine the effect of overflows from combined

sewers upon the Detroit River during or following rainfall.

This was accomplished by collecting bacteriological

samples above and below combined sewer outfalls during and

following rainfall and comparing results from these

analyses with dry weather data.  Nine storms during which

overflows occurred, in the period April 23, 1963* through

August 15, 1964, were studied. Total collform, fecal

coliform, and fecal streptococcus determinations were made

on samples collected during this period. Five ranges

from the head to the mouth of the Detroit River were

selected for this special sampling program to minimize the

-------
                                                      419
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Impact on the laboratory and get the most significant

results with minimum effort.

            Figure 48-V depicts the change in bacteriolo-

gical densities during July, 1963* following

three storms of sufficient magnitude to cause overflow

from combined sewers.

            Figure 49-V shows the increase in total

collform densities from the headwaters to the mouth during

a typical overflow.  The value at the station nearest the

United States shore is shown in Figures 48-V and

49-V.
(Figures 48-V and 49-V follow.)

-------
                               -i—I-
                                                                                                    420
                                                                                             FIGURE 48-X
                  OT 30.8W-IOO FEET
                                                                        DT 28.4 W-IOO FEET
RAINFALL ACCUMULATIONS (0«lroit City Airport)
  July  14 	 0.67 Inch*!                                |O<
  July  17 	 O.I6 Inch**
  Jail  22	 I.3S lnch«s
  July  26.29- O.S2 Incroi
                                                        il

OVERFLOW  DURATIONS
  July  14      L»ib-J«M«r«on-6 Houri. Conntrs Crtsk-12 Hours
  July  17      Ls-ib- J«f t«ff on -4 Hour*; Conntrl Crt«k-Non«
  J«>y  22     Ltib- J«l* tfton -4 Hours, Conn«rt Crtah-7 Hours
  Jmlj  28.29—L*ib-Jttl«rson-3 Hours. Conntrs Cr«««-l3 Hours

SOLE
Horiionlal-Dol«i  During July, 1963  as Indicatsd
Vertical— Log Seal* Total  Conform  (MF) psr lOOml at indicatstf

LEGEND
   •   0«»rflow at Both Conntrs Crtth and L*i b-Jltttrson
   •   0»«rflo» at Lslb - J«t(«'«on Only
OT 3.9-250O  FEET
                                  DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT

        SUMMARY   OF  STORM   EFFECTS  DURING   JULY   1963
                                 STATION  NEAREST  U.S.  SHORE
                                           DETROIT  RIVER
                          U *.  DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                                        PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                                  RESIGN  V        BROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                      FKUMC 4»-I
                                                                                       421
• i.ooo.ooo
             OT 50.tW    DT 2*4W   DT 20 6    OT 14 «*
                   DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT
             TOTAL  COLIFORM  CONCENTRATIONS
        BEFORE  8  AFTER  STORM  OF  JULY  22, 1963
                     STATION NEAREST U.S. SHORE
                            DETROIT  RIVER
               US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE
                          PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                    REGION  V       GROSSE ILE.  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                      422
             Richard D. Vaughan

            These Figures, together with Project and

municipal data, support the following conclusions:

            1. Coliforra, fecal coliforra, and fecal

streptococcus densities increased in the Detroit River,

following  an overflow from combined sewers, 10 to 50

times over the values found during dry weather conditions.

            2. Coliform densities in the Detroit River

following an overflow often exceeded 300,000 per 100 ml

and at times exceeded 700,000 per 100 ml.

            3. All high bacteriological values in the

Detroit River during or following an overflow were found

below Conners Creek. Bacteriological densities above this

point stayed fairly constant during wet and dry conditions

Conners Creek represents the most upstream location of

many combined sewer outfalls which extend to the mouth of

the River.

            4. Analysis of the City of Detroit sampling

records reveals individual analyses exceeding 800,000

conforms per 100 ml in the Detroit River on the day

following significant rainfall.

            5.  High bacteriological densities following

overflows were found at both the City of Wyandotte water

intake and the new City of Detroit Intake near Fighting

Island. The Wyandotte values exceeded 100,000 per ml and

-------
                                                      423
                 Richard D. Vaughan

the Fighting Island values 10,000 per 100 ml.

            6. The effect of overflows on water quality

in the Detroit River has been observed as long as 4 days

after the rain subsided.

            7.  Each of the nine storms individually

investigated produced a severe effect on water quality

in the Detroit River as evidenced by Increased bacterial

contamination. This effect was also noticed in statistical

evaluation of regular data by wet or dry conditions.

            8. The length of the effect of overflows of

combined sewers upon water quality in the Detroit River

varies from 1 to  4 days after the beginning of the actual

discharge.

            9. The greater the rain the longer the period

of overflow and more severe the effect on the Detroit

River.

            10. While bacteriological analysis was used to

compare normal conditions with those found during or fol-

lowing an overflow, other observations were made by field

personnel in the area during heavy rains which indicated

the deleterious effect of the overflows upon water quality

in the River. Field notes on these occasions described

debris and garbage as well as excrement floating down the

Detroit River.

-------
                                                      424
                   Richard D. Vaughan


            11. Analysis of rainfall, overflow, and stream


quality records reveals that during a 9-month period


in 1963 (March-November) overflows from combined sewers


affected water quality in the Detroit River during part


or all of 88 days. This represents 32 per cent of the


days in the 9-month period. This phenomenon occurred


during the year of lowest accumulated rainfall and could


represent an even greater effect on Detroit River water


quality during a year of normal rainfall.


            GROSSE ILE POLLUTION SURVEY


            Several studies were made in waters adjacent


to Grease lie to determine the effect of local waste


sources on the quality of water of beach and residential


areas at the southerly end of Grosse lie.  In addition to


chemical and bacteriological analyses, limited tracer


studies were made to determine the flow patterns for the


given conditions of test.   Information collected during


this study is presented in Figure 21-V and Table 18-V.





(Figure 21-V and Table 18-V follow.)

-------
                                                                     425
                                                       FIGURE 21-2:
                                                12
                                                •ST3\   ISLAND
               G   R  0  S  S   E
              GROSSE   ILE
               NAVAL AIR
                STATION
                                     SI9
                              S2Jc!?S20«S22
                            HICKORY   ~"'"T/SUG|A R
                                 s|625 /ISLAND
CELERON
 ISLAND
                      DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT
                         SAMPLING  STATIONS
                    GROSSE  ILE  POLLUTION  STUDY
              U.S. DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                            PUBLIC HEALTH  SERVICE
                     REGION V        GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------






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-------
                                                      42?
                   Richard D. Vaughan

            A study was made on the east side of Grosse

lie In the area between Stony Island and Grosse He,

extending to Hickory Island and Sugar Island.  On 3 days,

samples were collected at the points indicated on Figure

21-V and on the western half of Range 9, 3E.

A tracer study was made by placing dye at the midpoint

between Stoney Island and Grosse He in line with the

abandoned bridge connecting the Island and at a location

adjacent to the shore at the extension of Bellevue Road.

The results of the 3-day study are summarized in Table 18-V.

            At the time the tracer study was made, the

rising water level likely had an influence on the flow

pattern noted.  As observed by the dye tracings, the current

was retarded in part as a result of the rising water level.

This is indicated by the shifting of the dye to a position

below Stoney Island rather than proceeding directly down

the thread of the stream; however, one would expect some

movement in this direction as a result of the changing flow

and cross-sectional area.  The dye placed near the septic

tank outfall at the end of Bellevue Road moved along the

shoreline in the shallow waters, and its apparent movement

was retarded by the heavy weed growth in those areas.

            Other tests of the flow pattern in this area

have indicated that some of the flow from the Livingstone

-------
                                                      428
             Richard D. Vaughan

Channel passes below Power House Island and proceeds  to

discharge Into Lake Erie between Hickory and Sugar

Islands. Dye introduced above Power House Island indicated

that the flow proceeded in the direction between Hickory

and Sfrgar Island.

            During the limited period of study, the coliform

count on the beach adjacent to Sugar Island indicated

that water quality was unsafe for swimming. In two of the

three instances, the coliform count was higher at the mid-

point between sugar and Hickory Islands than on the beach.

 Coliform counts below Elba Island were generally higher

than coliform counts found in the thread of the stream,

indicating that the residential areas adjacent to and above

Elba Island contribute to Impairing water quality.  The

water of the samples taken in the thread of the stream bed

did not meet acceptable standards for swimming.  Major

improvement in waste water treatment for residential areas

on Qrosse lie would improve the water along some of the

residential shoreline, but may not improve the quality of

water adjacent to beach areas to an acceptable level.

The water quality on Sugar Island can be improved if the

water upstream in the Detroit River is improved, as well

as various local sources of pollution.

            The continuing effort of the State of Michigan

-------
                                                      429
                 Richard D. Vaughan

regulatory agencies to bring about pollution abatement

and reduce the threat to the public health caused by this

condition is recognized.  This project is also aware of the

plan to install sewers and a primary sewage treatment plant

on the island.

           INVESTIGATION OP BACTERIOLOGICAL REGROWTH

            Review of the literature regarding coliform

bacteria results in streams brought attention to the

matter of bacterial regrowth and die-off.  Some rivers

seemed to exhibit a marked increase in total coliform

bacteria within a few hours after discharge occurred to

the stream, while other rivers did not have this character-

istic.  In order to evaluate adequately the coliform

bacteria results of the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project,

it was therefore necessary to determine the pattern of

bacterial regrowth and die-off in the Detroit River.

            The purpose of this survey was threefold:

First, to pinpoint and define sources of bacterial

contamination going into the Detroit River; second; to

determine channeling of wastes in the River; and, third,

to calculate the pattern of regrowth and die-off of

coliform bacteria in the Detroit Rivey, In view of the

fact that the City of Detroit chlorinates its waste effluent

-------
                                                       430
                Richard D. Vaughan

to protect downstream sources of water supply, It became

 especially important to evaluate this third factor, since

 experiences elsewhere have shown that there is a significant

 increase in coliform organisms when chlorinated sewage is

 diluted with river water.

             The survey was conducted August 12 through

 August 15, 1963, from a point 300 feet above the Detroit

 Sewage Treatment Plant outfall to Point Hennepin at the

 north end of Grosse lie. The results were as follows:

             1.  No significant regrowth or die-off of

 coliform bacteria occurs in the Detroit River from the

 Rouge River to Point Hennepin.

             2. The first day's sampling Indicated a regrowth

 immediately below the Rouge River; however, during the

 remainder of the study a slight die-off occurred.

             3.  Bacterial pollution discharged at the

 Rouge River and the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant

 remained in American waters as far downstream as Point

 Hennepin.

             4. Approximately 62 per cent of the bacterial

 pollution discharged at the Rouge River and the Detroit

 Sewage Treatment Plant followed the channels closest to

 the American shore. The remaining 39 per cent was distributed

 In other channels east of Grosse lie.

-------
                                                      431
                 Richard D. Vaughan
          CITY OP DETROIT RAW SEWAGE BYPASS
            In May, 1963* the City of Detroit submitted
a request to the Michigan Water Resources Commission for
a temporary increase in use of the waters of the Detroit
River. This temporary use arose from the need to replace
badly worn 40-year-old sluice gates at Pairview Pumping
Station, requiring the bypassing of raw sewage to the
Detroit River for approximately 10 days in December.  The
commission ruled that the City of Detroit could proceed
with planning for the proposed bypass and that, upon the
recommendation of the Michigan Department of Conservation's
waterfowl specialist, the bypass be restricted to a 10-day
consecutive period between the dates November 10 to
November 30.  The Commission also decided that all affected
parties should be notified by the City of Detroit Just
before the operation would begin.  Accordingly, the Michigan
Department of Health issued a permit to the City for the
temporary bypassing of untreated sewage.
            Consequently, the City of Detroit began
operations to replace the sluice gates by turning off the
pumps at the pumping station at 0800 , Tuesday, November 12
The field crews of the Project began to measure the effect
of the untreated sewage on the water quality of the Detroit
River by sampling night and day beginning 0100 Tuesday

-------
                                                      432
                   Richard D. Vaughan

morning.  Sampling activities continued through the

weekend and into the next week until the sluice gates had

been replaced and operations returned to normal. The City

completed the construction work and the station was placed

back in service at 0810, Friday, November 22.  Operations

went according to regulations specified by the Michigan

Department of Health in their permit to the City.  Project

sampling activities to measure the effect of the bypass

continued until the effect had diminished.

            During the operation the precise amount of

sewage being bypassed to the River was not known since

the City was apparently able to route an estimated 50 mgd

around the Pairvlew Pumping Station.  It is probable that

75 mgd was discharged directly to the River. Although it

was assumed that the bypassing operation would occur

constantly throughout the day and night, this was not the

case. Erratic discharge of this material especially at

night and during the early morning hours required a re-

vision of the Project sampling schedule to take this into

account.

            Project files contain detailed accounts of the

results of the sampling during this 10-day period. The

first effects of the bypassing on water quality in the

receiving stream were detected at 3 a. m. on the second day,

-------
                                                      433
                  Richard D. Vaughan
approximately nine hours after the initial discharge of
bypassed sewage.
            In summary, bacteriological results at the head
of the Detroit River indicated very low densities (less
than 100 organisms per 100 ml) throughout the entire
operation, indicating that this range was not affected by
the operation.  In the upper part of the River significant
rises in collform and fecal streptococcus organisms were
noted, especially near the United States shore. The effects
of pollution were noted in a band along the shore, which
increased in width from 300 feet just below Conners Creek
at Range DT 28.4 to about 500 feet 8 miles downstream at
a point just above the Rouge River. Coliform counts in this
area increased from 10 to 100 times normal dry weather values
with counts observed in the range of 10,000 to 100,000
organisms per 100 ml.
            Below the Rouge a similar increase in coliform
density over normal dry weather condition was noted, with
the width of the polluted water Increasing to approxi-
mately 1,000 feet.  On the Canadian side of Fighting
Island no increase in bacterial densities was observed,
and the data indicate the bypassing had no effect on water
quality in this area.
            Further downstream at Range DT 14.6 an increase

-------
                                                      434
                Richard D. Vaughan

was noted in conform and fecal streptococcus densities

on the second day of the bypass in a band about 3,000 feet

in width. Results in the Trenton Channel indicated

dispersal of Increased coliform densities throughout the

entire channel, while results at the mouth of the Detroit

River showed a 7,000 foot  band of Increased coliform

density  (10,000-30,000 organisms per 100 ml) near the

United States shore.

            The Rouge River and Conners Creek were also

monitored and geometric mean values of 10,500,000 per

100 ml observed at Conners Creek and 52,000 per 100 ml

at the Rouge.

            An effort was made to determine the effect of

the bypassing on the beaches of Lake Erie. Beaches from

the mouth of the Detroit River to below the Raisin River

were sampled. Although high coliform denlsifles were

observed at several of the beaches, the only beach which

definitely showed the effect of the bypass was Maple Beach,

located near the mouth of the Detroit River, while Dewey

Beach possibly showed a slight effect of the operation.

            Figure 22-V depicts the area in the Detroit

River affected by this bypassing operation. Table 19-V

summarizes pertinent results of the sampling conducted

during this survey.

(Figure 22-V; and Table 19-V constituting 2 pages follow.)

-------
                                                    435
                                        FIGURE 22-2
         DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
AREA   AFFECTED  BY  CONNERS  CREEK
         RAW  SEWAGE BYPASS
                DETROIT RIVER
   US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
               PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                      GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                          436
               TABLE 19-V.  SU11MARY OF AVERAGE RESULTS OF




                  CITY OF DETROIT RAW SE'.JAGS BYPASS




                          NOVEMBER 12-22, 1963
Range
DT 30. 8w




DT 28. to



DT 26. 8W

DT 20.6










DT 17- 4W






Total
Coliforn
Feet Avg./lOO ml
100'
300'
500'
1,000'
2,500'
100'
300'
TOO1
1,300'
52'
169'
5'
50'
200'
4oo'
600 '
700'
1,000'
1,500'*
1,800'*
2,000'*
2,300'*
100'
200'
too1
800'
1,200'
1,600'
2,200'^
10
11
15
19
10
25,000
2,800
59
61
380,000
3k), 000
79,000
17,000
57,000
10,000
1,100
Wo
80
200
470
3,100
8,1*00
12,000
13,000
17,000
9,400
1,000
130
100
% Fecal
Coliform
20
18
7
52
29
41
48
20
28
36
38
to
48
33
35
35
38
37
57
to
45
60
35
63
37
to
37
to
28
Typical
Coliform
Fecal Value
Streptococci Before
Avg./lOO ml Bypass
2
5
5
5
5
200
27
3
2
5to
460
360
71
330
39
58
11
6
4
8
86
21
30
23
310
56
13
2
3
20
30
20
30
6
10
20
70
30
270
2to
110
90
50
50
28
44
12
360
2,900
10,000
34,000
1,200
100
100
100
20
20
80
Typical
Coliform
Value
After
Bypass
20
6
14
30
15
410,000
59,ooo
100
330
510,000
390,000
180,000
250,000
ito,ooo
710,000
5,100
2,400
370
300
310
2,000
6,200
80,000
41,000
150,000
36,000
1,300
200
100
* Canadian Stations

-------
                                                                              437
TABLE 19-V - Continued.
Range Feet
DT ll*.6W 20'
100'
200'
300'
UOO'
800'
1,000'
2,000'
3,000'
DT 8.7W 80'
280'
1*80'
680'
980'
1,21*0'
DT 3.9 2,500'
3,500'
l*,5oo»
5,500-
6,500-
7,500'
9,500-
11,500'*
13,500'*
15,000'*
16,500'*
17,500'*
18,500'*
19,000'*
19,300'*
Total
Coliform
Avg./lOO ml
15,000
22,000
18,000
17,000
31,000
15,000
28,000
1,800
2,700
6,1*00
9,100
21,000
18,000
23,000
17,000
27,000
2l*,000
19,000
12,000
22,000
8,1*00
1*,700
2,600
1,700
1,000
850
2,500
5,700
8,200
9,700
% Fecal
Coliform
11
ho
50
73
39
U3
10
80
1*1*
21*
3U
37
52
U2
36
35
33
27
37
35
55
Ul
1*2
51
1*6
53
56
50
1*0
1*9
Fecal
Strepcococci
Avg./lOO ml
66
120
79
120
180
11*0
190
22
5
5
9
60
93
66
120
10
6
230
53
190
55
39
22
51
2h
31*
30
160
160
160
Typical
Coliform
Value
Before
Bypass
700
900
300
500
700
2,500
900
600
1,300
2,700
3,500
1,900
5,loo
5,500
i*,300
23,000
7,700
2,500
600
2,200
i,5oo
1*00
1,100
600
1*60
2,300
8,UOO
9,900
7,700
9,900
Typical
Coliform
Value
After
Bypass
27,000
17,000
180,000
63,000
220,000
31*, 000
33,000
11,000
7,000
21,000
22,000
270,000
320,000
290,000
310,000
57,000
89,000
210,000
170,000
99,000
67,000
35,000
8,700
7,600
2,300
1,800
1,100
12,000
23,000
21*, 000
* Canadian Stations

-------
                                                      438
             Richard D. Vaughan

            The City of Detroit requested permission to

shut down the Detroit River outfall and bypass treated

effluent into the Rouge River in order to allow inspection

and renovation of the regular outfall.  Permission was

granted by State agencies with the provision that an

experimental testing period be undertaken to determine any

deleterious effect this action might have upon the re-'

ceiving waters and the users thereof.  The scheduled

commencement date of this experimental period was July 27,

1964.

            After learning of this proposed action through

minutes of meetings of the Michigan Water Resources

Commission, a brief surveillance of the action was planned

by personnel of this Project.   On July 23 regular sampling

operations revealed extremely high total and fecal coliform

densities in the Rouge River and in the lower part of the

Detroit River during dry weather. This was especially

pronounced at station DT 14.6, where poliform densities

of over 200,000 organisms were found at all stations and

a count of 620,000 organisms per 100 ml was found near the

Wyandotte water Intake. A total coliform density of

3,700 organisms per 100 ml was found at the new City of

Detroit water intake near Fighting Island. Results in the

Rouge River near its mouth exceeded 2 million total

-------
                                                      439
                  Richard D. Vaughan
coliforra organisms per 100 ml. Fecal coliform densities
were similarly high, exceeding 200,000 organisms in the
Rouge and over 50,000 in the Detroit River, at station
DT 14.6 near Wyandotte. Fecal streptococcus densities in
;he Rouge and Detroit Rivers were low on this date with
all but one result below 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.
(The exception was 1,950 on the Rouge.)
            The Michigan Water Resources Commission and
the Michigan Department of Health were notified on July 24
when the results were read in the Project laboratory.  The
City of Wyandotte, a downstream user of water, was also
notified on this date.  Investigation of the alternate
bypass on the Rouge River revealed on July 23 and 26 that
the discharge through this outfall had already begun.
            Project sampling continued over the weekend
and similar results obtained. Telephone calls were
received from the Michigan Department of Health and the
Michigan Water Resources Commission with information that
the City of Detroit was notified of the Project's concern
and had instigated sampling over the weekend. The results
of their sampling caused them to suspend bypassing operations
Monday morning.
            On Thursday, July 30, the waters were sampled,
and coliform densities dropped to normal dry weather levels.

-------
                                                      440
                    Richard D. Vaughan

During the period of actual partial bypass (July 19-2?)

two rains occurred—July 20 and July 25. The first was

very light, and any effect should have been dissipated

within 24 hours. The second could have affected water

quality on July 25 and possibly July 26 but certainly not

on July 23 and 24, when the City of Detroit sampled.

            Checking with the City of Wyandotte revealed

consistently high coliform densities during the period

July 19-27, 1964, with results exceeding 110,000 organisms

per 100 ml. The results at the intake during the 3 days

following the cancellation of the bypass indicated a

sharp reduction to less than 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.

            It is Interesting to note that the highest in-

dividual coliform value at station DT 14.6 near Wyandotte

(620,000 per 100 ml) was recorded during this bypass In

a period of dry weather.  Values at the station in the

Detroit River immediately above the Rouge River

remained low during and after this period except for samples

collected on August 3* following a heavy rain.

            Evaluation of this experience emphasizes the

necessity for careful study of the effects of bypassing on

water quality and the desirability for designing sewage

treatment facilities in order to properly cope with this

situation.

-------
                                                      441
                Richard D. Vaughan

                 BOTTOM DEPOSITS

            Analysis of bottom materials to determine the

effects or extent of water pollution is a field in

which there is little basis for quantitative interpreta-

tion.  "Standard Methods" gives only passing mention of

recommended procedures for field and laboratory, and

considerable difficulty is involved in working with a

solid-liquid mixture rather than a liquid. For these

reasons, bottom deposits were treated only in a general

way, to show differences in bottom composition  in various

areas of the Lake.

            Time is also a factor with bottom materials.

They may remain undistrubed under water year after year,

long after the original waste source has ceased to exist.

Therefore, the current bottom condition cannot be con-

clusively identified with existing effluents.  It can be

definitely stated, however, that the condition of the

bottom is caused by the settling of waste materials, and

if suspended solids continue to enter the river they will

settle in the same areas as before and cause the same

problems.

            A sampling technique was developed to enable a

boat crew to collect the samples while drifting over the

area.   A special drag-type sampler was used to scoop up

-------
                                                       442
                 Richard D.  Vaughan

 the  top 0.2 to  0.3  feet of  material.  The  results are

 qualitative for each site,  and  no  attempt was made  to

 determine  thickness of settled  deposits.

             Only one sample was taken at  each location,  and

 the  locations were  widely spaced to cover a  variety of

 conditions in each  area.  By grouping  the  results by area,

 certain trends  were noted.  These areas were  selected

 according  to the bottom material quality  shown  by observa-

 tions  and  chemical  analysis. Each area was  then rated

 as good, fair,  or poor, according  to  the  overall Indications

 for  that area.

             Good condition:  Natural bottom conditions

 of sand, gravel, mud or silt without  oil, grease or odor,

aid without abnormally large amounts of waste-associated

 materials.

             pair condition:  Natural  bottom  condition  with

 some evidence of deposited  material,  slight  oil or  odor,

 and  moderate amounts of waste-assoelated  materials.

             Poor condition;  Bottom  deposits or organic

 or other material having  oily appearance  and odor of

 oil  or sewage;  large amounts of waste-associated materials,

 such as greases, phenols, total nitrogen, phosphates,  and

 iron;  high percentages of volatile materials and a  pH

 higher or  lower than surrounding areas.

-------
                                                      443
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Solids settled over the natural bottom disrupt

or eliminate fish and other aquatic life.  In shallow

water, they are offensive to swimmers and boaters, and

when fluctuating water levels expose beds of these materials,

the resulting appearance and odors destroy the aesthetic

value of the waterways.

            Since most of the bottom material in the poor

condition areas is light and easily disturbed, there is a

constant problem when this material is resuspended in the

water during stormy weather or from the passage of large

boats.  Resuspended bottom materials in the poor condition

areas increase turbidity, oxygen demand, algae growth,

and taste and odor problems, which decrease the quality

of the water for riverside or lakeside recreation, fishing,

swimming;  water skiing, and industrial and municipal

water supply.  This increased turbidity is frequently

observed in the Detroit River and Lake Erie during stormy

weather.    Figure 23-V shows the Detroit River classified

according to the type of material deposited on its bottom.

Tables 20-V through 25-V summarize the results of the

bottom deposit studies of the Rouge River and separate areas

of the Detroit River.


(Figure 23-V; and Tables 20-V through 25-V follow.)

-------
                                               444
                                    FIGURE 23-2
         DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
CLASSIFICATION  OF  BOTTOM  CONDITION
   AS INDICATED  BY BOTTOM DEPOSITS
                DETROIT RIVER
    US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCAT ION, AND WELFARE
               PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
          REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                              445
        TABLE 20-V.   SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - DETROIT RIVER

                         MILE 30.8  TO MILE  25

pH
AM
CAN
% IRON
AM
CAN
% OIL AND GREASE

AM
CAN


% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS

AM
CAN
No. of
Samples

13
5

13
5


13
5





11
3
Max.

7.7
8.0

6.89
U.13


2.10
o.lk





12.2
12.6
Min.

7.1
7.2

0.01
0.007


0.003
0.01





1.6
4.6
Med.

7.4
7.3

1.26
1.02


0.02
0.09





7.1
9.0
Mean

7.4
7.4

1.52
1.32


0.28
0.15





6.6
8.7
Remarks



Low values.


Generally
good except
one high val-
ue from
Southern tip
of Belle Isle
High values
found at
Peach Island
Light and
below Conns rs:
                                                                   all others
                                                                   low.
CONCLUSION:  Bottom conditions generally good except for areas downstream
             from Conners and the sewage treatment plant on Belle  Isle.

-------
       TABLE 21-V.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - DETROIT RIVER

                         MILE 25 TO MILE 19.5
446

pH

AM
CAN

% IRON

AM
CAN
% OIL AND GREASE

AM
CAN
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS

AM
CAN
No. of
Samples


10
U



7
U


10
U



8
U
Max.


10.1
7.8



11.01
U.13


0.60
0.50



17.0
20.2
Min.


7.U
7.U



0.01
0.02


0.00
0.02



8.2
8.U
Med.


7.7
7.6



0.56
0.28


O.lU
0.18



8.2
10.3
Mean


8.0
7.6



2.35
1.17


0.17
0.22



10.2
12.8
Remarks
10.1 just
downstream
from Allied
Chemical at
Zug Island.
Low values
except for one
ll£ value at
Zug Island.
Low to medium
values .


Both high and
low values
found on both
sides of river

CONCLUSION:  Bottom conditions generally good except for the Zug Island  area
             particularly below Allied Chemical outfall.

-------
       TABLE 22-V.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - ROUGE RIVER
                                                                             447
                 No. of
                 Samples
PH
Max.
                                      Min.     Med.
        Mean
                              7.3
          6.8
7.0
7.0
         Remarks
% IRON
 8.60     1.72     2.7U     3.95     Fairly high
% OIL AND GREASE   6
 U.20     1.00     1.75     2.18     Very high
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS             6
25.6     11.1     20.9     19.9
                  Very high
CONCLUSION:  Bottom condition in the Rouge River is  very poor.

-------
                                                                           448
          TABLE 23-V.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - DETROIT RIVER

                            MILE 19.5 TO MILE 15
pH
AM
CAN
% IRON
AM
CAN


No. of
Samples

13
5
9
3


Max.

8.1
7.8
11.U5
2.06


Min.

7.2
7.1
0.05
0.01


Med.

8.0
7.5
1.13
O.OU


Mean

7.8
7.5
3.62
0.70


Remarks


Variable, bu
generally high
on American
side and low
er on Canadi-
an side.
% OIL AND GREASE

  AM                  13
  CAN                  5
           3.20
           0.32
           .02
          0.006
         0.37
         0.07
          0.77
          0.11
         High down-
         stream from
         Rouge on
         American sid~.
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS

  AM
  CAN
11
 h
17.3
m.o
9.9
8.0
13.0
 9.5
13.5
10.3
CONCLUSION:  Bottom condition is poor on the American side and fair on
             Canadian side.

-------
          TABLE 2U-V.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - DETROIT RIVER

                           MILE 15 TO MILE 8.7
                                                                               449
                    No. of
                    Samples
PH
  Trenton Channel     25
  East of Grosse lie  11
Max.
Min.
Med.
Mean
Remarks
                                    9.0 down-
                                    stream from
11.2      7.0      7.7      7.8     Wyandotte
 8.0      7.2      7.6      7.6     Chemical and
                                    11.2 down-
                                    stream from
                                    Firestone
                                    SteeiL Products.
% IRON

  Trenton Channel     22
  East of Grosse lie  11
                                    High in
                                    Trenton Chan-
30.96     0.01     3.13     5.68    nel; low on
 8.9U     0.01     1.38     2.96    east side of
                                    Orosse lie.
% OIL AND GREASR

  Trenton Channel     25
  East of Grosse lie  11
                                    High in Tren-
                                    ton Channel
 2.11     O.OU     0.15     O.Ul    and below
 0.38     0.03     0.09     0.11    Firestoreand
                                    Wye Street
                                    sewer; low on
                                    Canadian side.
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS

  Trenton Channel     25
  East of Grosse lie  11
38.0
12.9
 3.1
 1.1
 6.U
 U.O
 8.2
 U.9
High values
in Trenton
Channel; low
on East side
of Grosse lie.
CONCLUSION:  Poor bottom conditions prevail in Trenton Channel.
             in waters east of Grosse lie.
                                 Fair to good

-------
          TABLE 25-V.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - DETROIT RIVER

                           MILE 8.7 TO LAKE ERIE
                                                                      450
PH

 Trenton Channel
 East of Grosse lie
% IRON

 Trenton Channel
 East of Grosse lie
  OIL AND GREASE

 Trenton Channel
 East of Grosse lie
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS

 Trenton Channel
 East of Grosse lie
No. of
Samples
13
11
12
10
13
10
12
11
Max.
7.9
9.8
9.63
U.82
2.U5
0.6U
17.3
12.9
Min.
7.3
7.2
O.OOU
0.005
0.06
0.02
2.1
l.U
Med.
7.6
7.U
2.83
1.72
0.39
0.21
7.8
5.U
Mean
7.6
7.8
3.26
1.75
0.53
0.26
8.0
5.8
Remarks
High values on
Canadian side.


High Trenton Chanm .;
low on east side oi
Grosse lie.
Higher values in
Trenton Channel.

High in Trenton Chan-
nel; low on east side
of Grosse lie.
CONCLUSIONS:  Bottom condition is poor in the Trenton  Channel as far south as
              Pointe Mouillee.  Bottom conditions  east of Grosse lie vary from
              fair to good.

-------
                                                      451
                Richard D. Vaughan

            In addition to the indices shown on these

tables, analyses of the bottom deposit supernatant were

made for phenol, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia concen-

trations. All of these factors, including field observa-

tions, were taken into consideration in characterizing

bottom conditions.

            Prom the head of the Detroit River to mile point

25 at the south end of Belle Isle, the bottom was in good

condition on the Canadian side and fair to good on the

American.  One sampling point rated poor was just below

Conners Creek.

            Prom Belle Isle to the Rouge River conditions

on both sides of the Detroit River were fair with better

bottom in midrlver. An area rated poor began just above

Zug Island and extended southward along the United States

shore.

            All stations sampled on the Rouge River Indi-

cated poor condition.

            Below the Rouge River to mile point 15 at the

head of Orosse lie, all points along the United States

shore were poor.  Those in faster moving water were somewhat

better.

            From mile point 15 to the Grosse lie County

Bridge, the bottom condition of the Trenton Channel

-------
                                                      452
                 Richard D. Vaughan

(west of Grosse lie) was poor. East of Grosse lie, the bottom

condition in United States waters was fair, and generally

fair to good in Canadian waters.

            Prom the County Bridge to the mouth of the

Detroit River, the bottom condition was poor in the

Trenton Channel and below Grosse lie poor along the United

States shore.  The waters were generally fair on the east

side of Grosse lie.

            Organic material in a state of decomposition,

having a dark color, oil or sewage odor, and oily appearance,

was found in isolated places in the Detroit River above

Zug Island. These occurrences could be attributed to storm

water overflows or other organic deposits.

            Around Zug Island and the Rouge River, bottom

material was in very poor condition, and this situation

prevailed along the United States shore to Ecorse and

throughout the Trenton Channel to Lake Erie. Bottom materials

on the Canadian side of the river and east side of Grosse

lie were in fair to good condition.

            Samples taken of the mud-water interface in the

turning basin at the Ford Motor Company plant and in

the Ford slip revealed high concentrations (500 mg/l)

of both oil and iron.

-------
                HYDROLOGIC STUDIES                    453
                 Richard D. Vaughan

            Several investigations of hydraulic and hydro-

logic characteristics were made on the Detroit River to

provide insight into the relationship between sources

of wastes and areas affected by pollution. Flow distribu-

tion in the Detroit River was determined at several

locations and routes of wastes traced from their source

to downstream areas of water use. Dispersion patterns

of domestic and industrial waste effluents were de-

termined and plotted.

Flow Distribution;  In Figures 24-V and 25-V flow distribu-

tion across the upper and lower Detroit River is shown.

These figures depict streamlines or distribution of per cent

of flow across the Detroit River at varying ranges.  The

numbers shown adjacent to the streamlines represent the

per cent flow west of the particular line. The per cent

flow in United States waters varied from approximately 70

per cent at the head and opposite Fighting Island to less

than 40 per cent at several locations, including the mouth.

Velocities varied in the main part of the River between one

and four feet per second, causing turbulent flow, resulting

in the creation of a homogeneous mass of water in a vertical

plane due to mixing.  Horizontal mixing was much less pro-

nounced due to large masses of water moving downstream at

high velocities.

(Figures 24-V and 25-V follow.)

-------
                                                   454
                                    FIGURE  24-Z
     DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
     DISTRIBUTION  OF  FLOW
         UPPER DETROIT  RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
           PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
       REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                     455
                                      FIGURE  25-1
      DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
     DISTRIBUTION  OF  FLOW

         LOWER DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HE ALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
            PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
       RESION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
       Richard D. Vaughan                             456



Dry Tracer Studies





            Rhodamine-B fluorescent dye was placed in the



effluent of four domestic sewage treatment plants and



traced downstream. Floats were placed in the River to



assist in tracing the dye, which soon became Invisible



and had to be located with a fluorometer. Figures 26-V



and 27-V depict the results of these surveys in the upper



and lower Detroit River by plotting the extent of dye as



a shaded area and the major concentration of the dye was



a solid heavy line with direction arrows.  No attempt



was made to draw any conclusions regarding the expected



concentration of wastes from the observed concentration



of dye at any point.  In addition to placing dye in



sewage plant effluents several tracer runs were made after



release of dye in several areas of the Detroit River from



its head to its mouth.







(Figures 26-V and 27-V follow.)

-------
                                                    457
      DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

      DYE TRACER  STUDIES
          UPPER DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT Of  HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
            PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
       REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                         453
                                        FIGURE  27-1
      DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT


       DYE  TRACER  STUDIES


          LOWER  DETROIT  RIVER
US  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND  WELFARE
             PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
       REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
                     SCALE


                      FEET

                      _l	
                      1000 eooo 3000

                     MILES
                                                 Uj
                                                 Uj
                                                 kj
                                                 V:

-------
                                                      459



             Richard D. Vaughan



            One tracer study was made at the Belle Isle



Sewage Treatment Plant, and the results (Figure 26-V)



showed that the dye stayed in the main channel of the



River, dispersing gradually to a 1,000-foot width at the



Ambassador Bridge. The main path of this dye passed



through one of the regular sampling points at Range



Dt 20.6, 700 feet from the United States shore.  This



is a logical explanation for the sudden peak in coliform



densities noted at this location in earlier discussions.



(See Figure 1-V and Figure 15-V.)  This same bacterial



load was missed at the sampling station immediately below



the outfall due to the narrow band of pollution traveling



between two regular sampling stations.



            Three tracer studies were made at the main



sewage treatment plant of the City of Detroit, and the path



shown in Figure 26-V is the concensus of the three studies.



The three studies did show approximately the same results



under different conditions of wind, but during dry weather.



The dye shifted gradually to midchannel and traveled to



the west edge of the Fighting Island Channel but was most



concentrated near the United States shore. The dye appeared



to miss the new southwest water intake of the City of



Detroit, but a heavy concentration of the dye passed over



the City of Wyandotte water intake. Further downstream,

-------
                                                      460
              Richard D. Vaughan

the dye was traced to the east as well as the west side

of Grosse lie at Point Hennepin, although the main

concentration of the dye was observed in the Trenton

Channel.  In general the dye was found almost exclusively

in American waters and was most concentrated approximately

700 feet from the United States shore.

            Tracer studies were made at the Wayne County

Sewage Treatment Plants at Wyandotte and Trenton.  The

dye was traced down the Trenton Channel and between Horse

Island and Celeron Island at the lower end of the channel.

The dye was most intense near the mainland shore.  In both

studies dye was found in Marinas along the shore.

            Using the results of the flow distribution,

tracer studies from domestic waste plants, and special

dye studies at various locations in the Detroit River.

Figure 28-V was constructed to show the expected routing

or dispersion of industrial or domestic waste discharged

into the river at different geographic zones.  Use of this

figure can be illustrated by the following example:

               The wastes from the industries in zone 1

            are expected to be dispersed in the River to

            the west of the zone line beginning at the

            upper end of zone 1.  Opposite the Ecorse River,

            wastes from zone 1 are dispersed throughout the

-------
                                                       461




                 Richard D. Vaughan



entire United States section of the River, while wastes



from zone 4 hug a narrow band near the United States shore,



            Using Figures 28-V, 24-V, and 25-V, it is



possible to predict the downstream areas where wastes from



specific sources are felt and also possible to predict



areas where water quality improvement would result after



improved waste treatment at specific sources.



            Table 26-V shows the percentage of the Detroit



River affected by the discharge of industrial and domestic



wastes from the Michigan mainland.  The zone numbers



correspond to those shown In Figure 26-V.








(Figure 28-V follows. )

-------
                                                     462
                                      .FIGURE  28-3
      DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT


  ZONES OF  WASTE  DISPERSION

          AFTER  DISCHARGE
               U.S.  WATERS
              DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
            PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

       REGION V      GROS5E ILE, MICHIGAN
             1000 0 1000 3000  5000  7000

                    MILES

-------
                                                      463
                    Richard D. Vaughan


            The outflow of the Rouge River was traced into


the Detroit River and downstream a short distance. The


Rouge River and effluent from the submerged outfall of the


Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant are clearly identifiable


by color as two distinct water masses at their Junction


near the mouth of the Rouge River. However, these two


water masses become intermixed due to turbulence and


diffusion and for all practical purposes act as a single


water mass passing downstream.  Dye releases from the


Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant outfall were therefore used


to trace the downstream movement of this combined flow.


These flow measurements were performed during dry weather


and represent normal or even below normal discharge from


the Rouge River.


            It is conceivable and even probable that


following a heavy rainfall with subsequent overflows from


combined sewers on the Rouge River that its increased


discharge would have a more pronounced effect on the


dispersion of the combined water masses towards Canadian


waters and have a more deleterious effect on water


quality at the southwest intake of the City of Detroit.

 STREAM LOADINGS
            When concentrations of waste constituents in


the Detroit River are compared with corresponding discharge


values for each section of the River sampled, quantitative

-------
                                                      464
             Richard D. Vaughan

loadings may be computed.  These are usually reported in

units such as pounds, gallons, or numbers. An average

concentration of a waste constituent weighted to discharge

may also be computed. This procedure allows the presentation

of one value at each range or cross=section representative

of existing concentrations and amounts of waste present.

Stream loadings are useful in presenting a concise picture

of what is happening in the river from the headwaters to

the mouth. They may also be used in comparison with loadings

from domestic and industrial waste effluents.

            A special problem is involved when numbers of

coliform organisms are presented. Their values are so

high that they are awkward to work with and comprehend.

To allow a better understanding of these values, the

bacterial population equivalent (BPE)  has been employed.

            This is a value equivalent to the daily

bacterial contribution from one human being in raw sewage.

The value used for one BPE is 200 billion coliform bacteria

per day per capita.  Use of the BPE should give the reader

of this report a better understanding of the magnitude of

increases and decreases in numbers of coliform organisms

in the Detroit River and assist in the evaluation of the

effect of waste sources upon these numbers.

-------
                Richard D.  Vaughan                     465



            Tables 27-V through 38-V show  stream loadings



for phenols, chlorides, and total coliform organisms  at



several ranges in the Detroit River  during 1962  and 1963



sampling seasons.  The total loadings for  the United  States



and entire River are shown  as well as per  cent flow of each



section sampled.



            Table 39-V shows the increase  in stream



loadings for these same waste constituents by listing the



values in the upper and lower section of the Detroit  River.



In this particular table the loadings in the upper River



were adjusted to the same volume of  the River found in



United States waters at the  mouth. This gives a more



valid Indication of increase in loadings due to waste



discharge, since almost all  wastes discharged into the



Detroit and Rouge Rivers remain in United States waters.



            Table 40-V compares the  increase in waste



loadings in waste loadings in the Detroit River with



loadings found in the domestic and industrial waste



surveys.



            Table 4l-V is included to show bacterial  loadings



and weighted average total coliform  concentrations during



wet and dry conditions.








(Tables 26-V through |U -V,  inclusive   follow.)

-------



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-------
                                                                           467
 Feet*^

    20
   100
   200
   300
   1*00
   500
   700
 1,000
 2,000
 2,500
 U.S.  Water
 Entire  Range

 Weighted Average
   U.S.  Water
 Weighted Average
   Entire Range
TABLE 27-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                  DT 30.8W

                    1962


           # Flow
               • 33
               • 57
               • 39
               • 58
               .92
               .1*1
            12.86
            31*.76
            21*.96
             3-16
            9k.9k
              100
Phenols
Ib . /day
7
32
52
1*2
90
150
1*00
570
290
67
1,700
1,800
Chloride
Ib./day
20,000
90,000
202,000
206,000
202,000
330,000
690,000
1,73^,000
1,1*1*6,000
180,000
5,100,000
5,1*00,000
                        2.1* Mg/1
              7 mg/1

              7 rag/1
                              Coliform
                                BPE

                                    12
                                    50
                                   120
                                   110
                                    71*
                                   110
                                   180
                                   380
                                   2l*0
                                    21*
                                1,300
                                1,300
              80 org/100ml

              79 org/lOOml
                                   1963
  100
  300
  500
1,000
2,500
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Sntire Range
             3-59
             6.2l*
            14.80
            51.19
            21*. 18
            9!*.91*
              100
   55
  370
  1*10
1,690
1,325
3,850
1*,050
                        6.0;ug/l

                        6.0/ug/l
  110,000
  38U,000
  551*, ooo
2,990,000
2,222,000
6,260,000
6,660,000
             10 mg/1

             10 mg/1
 30
 85
 50
 65
 i*o
270
271
              18 org/100ml

              15 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from vest  shore

-------
                                                                                468
              TABLE 20-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                                 DT 28.1* w

                                  1962
Feet*

  100
  200
  300
  1*00
  700
1,000
1,300
1,500
U.S. Water
Entiro Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
Phenols
Ib . /day
1*0
15
25
70
1*5
55
30
70
350
350
Chloride
Ib./day
200,000
136,000
132*, 000
281*, 000
500,000
370,000
290,000
1*26,000-
2,3^0,000
2,3^0,000
            1.2jag/l

            1.2/ig/l
              8 mg/1

              8 mg/1
                                             Coliform
                                               BPE

                                                 650
                                                 131
                                                 133
                                                 210
                                                 300
                        82
                       220
                     1,900
                     1,900


             320 org/lOOml

             320 org/lOOml
                                  1963
  100
  300
  700
1,300
U.S. V/ater
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire
10.17
11.92
31*.60
1*3.31
  100
  100
   50
  210
  350
1,350
1,350
            l*.6/Jg/l

            i*.6
  15i*,ooo
  1*98,000
  1*08,000
  980,000
2,01*0,000
2,01*0,000
              7 mg/1

              7 mg/1
127
133
 1*2
 78
380
380
              70 org/lOOml

              70 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station  in feet from west  shore

-------
              TABLE 29-V.   STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER
                                                                      469
                                 DT  25-7

                                  1962
Feet*

    50
  100
  300
  600
1,000
2,000
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average -
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average -
  Entire River
% Plov

   .56
  2-37
  5-19
  9.06
 17.32
 18.01*
 52.5k
   100
Phenols
Ib./day

     15
     50
    120
    155
    220
    700
  1,300
             l.lf/Jg/1
 Chloride
 lb./day

   1*6,000
  19^,000
  372,000
  660,000
1,29^,000
1,29^,000
3,860,000
7,51*0,000
                7 ng/1

                8 ing/1
Coliform
  BPE

    31*0
    7^0
    570
    1*1*0
    1*70
    31*0
  2,900
  9,200
             170 org/lOOml

             390 org/lOOml
                                  1963
   50
  100
  300
  600
2,000
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River
   .56
  2.37
  5.19
  9.06
 37-36
 51*. 5^
   100
    112
    21*7
    791
  2,282
  3,^50
  6,250
             7.2/jg/l

             6.7/ig/l
   38,000
  152,000
  352,000
  561i,000
2,57^,000
3,680,000
7,660,000
    250
    530
    560
    190
    170
 1,700
 36,700
                8 mg/l    150 org/lOOml

                8 mg/l  1,7^0 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
Feet*

    5
   20
   50
  100
  200
  300
  1*00
  500
  600
  700
1,000
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River
TABLE 30-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                   DT 20.6

                    1962


           % Flow
                                                                          470
              .08
              .21
              • 71
             1.94
             3-57
             4.47
             5-
             5.
             5-
  .08
  .28
  .62
11.24
11.88
50.08
  100
Phenols
Ib . /day
1
4
15
55
85
85
120
155
140
220
270
1,150
1,850
Chloride
Ib./day
8,000
13,000
60,000
146,000
284,000
360,000
440,000
450,000
480,000
894,000
1,000,000
4,i4o,ooc
8,480,000
                        2.7 JlS/1

                        1.8
                  Coliform
                    BFE

                        40
                       220
                       530
                     1,870
                     3,210
                     1,750
                     1,610
                       520
                       550
                       910
                       790
                    12,000
                    82,000
                             8 rog/1   1,000 org/lOOml

                             8 mg/1   3,600 org/lOOml
                                  1963
    5
   50
  200
  4oo
  600
  700
1,000
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River
              .18
             1.79
             6.77
            10.00
             8.31
            11.29
            11.7k
            50.08
              100
                   6
                 783
               1,629
                 750
                 793
               1,070
               5,450
              10,100
                       11.6

                       10.8|ug/l
    6,000
   58,000
  330,000
  948,ooo
  350,000
  78G,000
  820,000
3,300,000
6,440,000
    13
   130
 l,o4o
 3,8oo
   707
 l,44o
 1,370
 8,500
30,900
                             7 mg/1     730 org/lOOml

                             8 mg/1   1,460 org/lOOml
* Location of sanpling station in feet from west  shore

-------
              TABLE 31-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER
                                                                        471
Feet*

  100
  200
  300
  1*00
  800
1,000
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River



% Flow
1.71*
2.72
4.03
12.33
15.1*3
15.06
51.31
100


DT 19.0
1963
Phenols
Ib . /day
1*52
501*
600
2,030
3^0
1,121*
5,050
6,380
10.5 pg/1
7-2 pg/1


Chloride
Ib./day
56i*,ooo
771*, ooo
1,186,000
3,076,000
2,150,000
1,190,000
8,91*0,000
12,780,000
19mg/l
ll* njg/1


Col i form
BPE
3,100
9,600
12,800
35,600
3,570
2,330
67,000
81,500
5,700 org/lOOml
3,870 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
Feet»

  100
  200
  1*00
  600
  800
1,000
1,200
1,1*00
1,600
U.S. Water
Entire flange

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
TABLE 32-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                   DT 17.U W

                    1962


            Flow
 1.21
 1*.1*1
10. Jk
11.87
10.85
10.86
   98
   98
ll*.38
36.28
           10
           10
             100
Phenols
It. /day
67
2l*3
590
555
750
390
250
265
390
3,500
3,3oo
Chloride
lb . /day
212,000
710,000
1,1*50,000
1,320,000
1,270,000
1,202,000
1, OCA, 000
950,000
1,222,000
9,31*0,000
10,31*0,000
Coliform
BPE
2,200
10,600
18,700
19,000
16,1*00
13,900
8,000
6,800
it, I* 00
100,000
110,000
                       5-2

                       1*.8 ug/1
                             ll* rog/1  6,600 org/lOOml

                             13 ng/1  5,900 org/lOOml
                                   1963
  100
  200
  1*00
  .800
1,200
1,600
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
            1.21
            1*.1*1
           16.67
           28.22
           22.1*0
           13-37
           86.28
             100
  11*8
  1*1*2
  895
1,5^5
  520
  200
3,750
3,920
                       5-9

                       5-3/ug/1
   226,000
   792,000
 1,670,000
 i*, 190, ooo
 1,656,000
   886,000
 9,1*20,000
10,260,000
                                                650
                                              3,660
                                              7,6oo
                                             ll*,200
                                              3,500
                                              1,390
                                             31,000
                                             32,100
                             15 ng/1  2,100 org/100ml

                             Ik ng/1* 1,920 org/lOOml
* Location  of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
 Feet*

    20
   100
   200
   300
   400
   600
   800
   900
 1,000
 1,100
 2,000
 2,300
 3,000
 U.S.  Water
 Entire Range

 Weighted Average
   U.S.  Water
 Weighted Average
   Entire Range
TABLE 33-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                   DT 14.6W

                    1962


          % Flov
                                                                            473
             • 35
             • 55
             .66
             • 93
             • 74
             •93
             •58
             .62
             .62
           12.18
            2.20
           3^.98
           13.76
           95-10
             100
1.
2.
2.
4.
6.
5-
3.
3-
Phenols
Ib./day
15
So
103
340
201
283
148
121
79
231
11
20
518
2,150
2,300
Chloride
Ib . /day
190,000
450,000
1*70,000
546,000
530,000
690,000
550,000
326,000
328,000
1,350,000
120,000
110,000
4,600,000
10,260,000
11,560,000
Coliform
BPE
80
4,850
7,150
3,950
9,750
14,100
9,520
5,300
5,800
17,300
1,900
1,450
36,700
117,850
130,000
                       2.8

                       2-8
                            14 cig/1  6,881 org/lOOml

                            15 rng/1  7,000 org/lOOral
                                  1963
    20
   LOO
   200
   300
   400
   800
1,000
2,000
3,000
U.S.  Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
   U.S. Water
Weighted Ave-T'-n
   Entire Range
             • 35
            1-55
            2.66
            2.93
            8.70
           11.16
           11.52
           28.28
           27-95
           95.10
             100
22
98
155
138
24l
470
613
40
673
2,450
2,510
150,000
432,000
668,000
694,000
734,000
1,350,000
2,464,ooo
252,000
4,126,000
10,940,000
11,360,000
                       3-5

                       3-1*
                                               770
                                             5,^00
                                             3,8oo
                                             4,ioo
                                             5,880
                                            10,000
                                             7,200
                                               350
                                             8,000
                                            ^5,500
                                            45,600
                           16 ug/l   2,800 org/lOOml

                           15 ng/1   2,720 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
              TABLE  3l*-V.   STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER
                                 DT 12. OW
Feet*

  122
  322
  490
  670
  880
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
 Flow
15-36
2l*.2l*
19.76
20.77
19.87
  100
  100
                                   1962
Phenols
Ib./day

    200
    255
    2l*0
    205
    200
  1,100
  1,100
            It.8 Mg/1

            It.8 Mg/1
 Chloride
 Ib./day

2,252,000
2,01*8,000
1,086,000
  926,000
  868,000
7,180,000
7,180,000
                                             Coliform
                                               BPE

                                               3,000
                                              lit, 500
                                               3,200
                                              26,600
                                              25,700
                                              73,000
                                              73,000
                31 mg/1 ll*,000 org/lOOml

                31 mg/1 ll*,000 org/100 ml
                                  1963
  122
  322
  670
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
15-36
2l*.2l*
60.1*0
  100
  100
                 1*83
                 875
               2,600
               2,600
           12-9

           12.9 Mg/1
              1,730,000
              1,870,000
              2,840,000
              6,1*1*0,000
              6,1*1*0,000
                   2,200
                   3,300
                  10,500
                  16,000
                  16,000
                31 rag/1  3,500 org/lOOral

                31 mg/1  3,500 org/lOOral
* Location of sampling  station  in feet  from vest  shore

-------
              TABLE  35-V.   STREAM LOADING  FOR DETROIT  RIVER

                                  DT  9.6W

                                   1963
                                                                       475
Feet*

 100
 300
 500
 900
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range

j Flow
5-32
11*. 18
17.72
62.78
100
100
Phenols
Ib . /day
63
168
105
1,06^
1,1*00
1,1*00
Chloride
Ib./day
7Uo,ooo
1,500,000
1,278,000
3,o8?,ooo
6,600,000
6,600,000
Coliform
BPE
8Uo
3,700
5,100
11,360
21,000
21,000
6.6 we/1

6.6 ug/i
30 ng/1  1*,300 org/100na

30 mg/1  1*,300 org/100na
* Location of sampling station in feet fron west shore

-------
              TABLE 36-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER
                                                     476
Feet*

  100
  200
  500
  800
1,200
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,300
3,600
U.S. Water
Entire BSnge

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Hinge
 Plow

  .01
  .01
  .01
  • 32
  .85
  .Ik
  • 90
  • 79
  .87
  • 52
 5-39
22.81
  100
1.
1.
3-
3-
5-
                                 DT 9.3E

                                  1962
Phenols
Ib. /day
1
1
2
10
15
10
130
^5
21
25
1*0
300
800
Chloride
Ib . /day
0
0
30,000
28,000
81*, 000
96,000
161*, 000
330,000
318,000
270,000
51*0,000
1,860,000
8,l80,000
Coliform
BPE
17
13
200
600
1,550
2,300
3,650
6,970
5,l6o
5,1*1*0
7,100
33,000
150,000
            1.7

            1.3
                            11 rng/1  8,000 org/lOOml

                            11 mg/1  8,200 org/lOOml
                                  1963
  100
  500
1,200
2,000
3,000
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
  .01
  .18
 1.58
 3.36
17-68
22.81
  100
                  1
                 12
                 1*3
                 86
                258
                1*00
              1,270
            2.5 Wg/1

            2.6
   1*0,000
  184,000
  1*66,000
1,210,000
1,900,000
9,000,000
   120
 1,270
 3,070
 5,000
34,000
                            11 mg/1  1,1*00 org/lOOml

                            13 rag/1  2,100 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
                                                                          477
              TABLE 37-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER

                                 DT 8.?W
Feet*

   80
  280
  1*80
  680
  980
1,21*0
U.S. Water
Entire Range

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire
 Flow

 5-35
12.71
15.69
21.91
32.89
11.1*5
  100
  100
                                  1962
Phenols
Ib./day

    225
    220
    1*80
    250
    500
    125
  1,800
  1,800
            7.9JUS/1
 Chloride
 Ib./day
     +, ooo
1,208,000
1,086,000
1,01*8,000
1,0k 0,000
  l*ll*,000
5,51*0,000
5,51*0,000
Coliform
  BPE

  1,1*00
  5,700
 12,300
 19,200
 21*, 100
  5,300
 68,000
 68,000
                2k mg/l  13,000 org/lOCfal

                21* mg/l  13,000 org/lOOml
                                  1963
   80
  280
  1*80
  680
  980
l,2l*0
U.S. Water
Entire
Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire Range
 1*.1*9
n.75
15-93
23.01*
28.5U
16.25
  100
  100
    382
    1*77
    500
    573
    253
  2,600
  2,600
           12.7jug/l
  716,000
1,320,000
1,336,000
2,280,000
1,1*56,000
  752,000
7,860,000
7,860,000
    750
    500
  1,300
  7,300
  8,300
    850
 19,000
 19,000
                38 mg/l  1*,100 org/lOOml

                38 mg/l  1*,100 org/lOOml
* Location of sampling station in feet from west shore

-------
              TABLE 33-V.  STREAM LOADING FOR DETROIT RIVER


                                 KP 3.9

                                  1962
                                                                               478
Feet*

 1,500
 2,500
 3,500
 if, 500
 5,500
 6,500
 T,500
 8,500
 9,500
10,500
11,500
U,S. Water
Entire River
Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River
 Flow
 2.40
 3.38
 3-13
 3.76
 4.33
 3-33
 4.70
  • 71
  .08
  •53
 4.62
44.02
  100
 5-
 5.
 3-
Phenols
Ib . /day
155
300
210
2ifO
155
180
203
207
130
60
155
2,000
3,300
Chloride
Ib . /day
1,710,000
2,290,000
l,ltMt,000
1,180,000
920,000
522,000
660,000
700,000
6oit,ooo
390,000
it8o,ooo
10,900,000
18,560,000
Coliforra
BPE
5,26o
9,200
10,700
30,300
32,700
18,400
28,600
16,200
1,550
3,200
3,890
160,000
250,000
            3-7W1
                             24 mg/1  lit,000 org/lOOol

                             18 OG/1  11,000 org/lOOml
                                  1963
 2,500
 3,500
 it, 500
 5,500
 6,500
 7,500
 9,500
11,500
U.S. Water
Entire River

Weighted Average
  U.S. Water
Weighted Average
  Entire River
5.78
3.13
3.76
4.33
  38
  55
 8.70
 7-39
UU.02
  100
                 526
                 210
                 202
                 200
                 135
                 134
                 503
                 320
               2,230
               3,550
 2,it6S,000
 l,iit8,ooo
   850,000
   796,000
   710,000
   730,000
 1,266,000
   972,000
 8,9i*o,ooo
16,600,000
                                              8,250
                                              3,110
                                              3,^50
 2,370
 1,720
 2,200
 I,it20
26,000
50,000
                             22 fflG/1  2,700 org/lOOnl

                             18 me/1  2,320 org/lOOnl
* Location of sampling station in feet from vest shore

-------
             TABLE-39-V.   SUMMARY OF CHANGE IN WASTE LOADINGS
                          BETWEEN UPPER AND LOV/ER DETROIT  RIVER
                                    U.S. WATERS ONLY
                                                                         479
                        Upper
                    Detroit  River
    Upper *
Detroit River
  Adjusted
   Lower
Detroit River
Difference**
Total Colifonn.
Organisms
BPE/day
Chlorides
Ibs/day
Phenols
Its/day
Suspended Solids
Ibs/day
Settleable Solids
Its/day
Iron
Ibs/day
Total Phosphate
Ibs/day
Ammonia Nitrogen
Ibs/day
Nitrate Nitrogen
iWday
Organic Nitrogen
700
5,560,000
2,500
3,900,000
3,200,000
106,000
llU,000
73,700
112,000
91,200
kko
3,520,000
1,600
2,500,000
2,100,000
67,000
72,000
1^6,700
70,900
57,800
77,000
10,080,000
2,100
8,600,000
7,200,000
260,000
217,600
133,200
109,000
72,600
76,560
6,560,000
500
6,100,000
5,100,000
193,000
1^5,600
86,500
38,100
lit, 800
  Ibs/day
*   Upper Detroit River loadings have been adjusted for
    equal discharge to Lower Detroit River at mouth.
**  Difference is from Lower Detroit River and
    adjusted Upper Detroit River.

-------
                                                                            480
              TABLE lO-V.  COMPARISON OF INCREASE  IN STREAM
                LOADING WITH KNOWN WASTE SOURCE  LOADINGS
                                 Increase in                 Sum  of Loadings
                                Detroit River»	from Waste Surveys*
Chlorides - Ibs/day
Phenols - Ibs/day
Suspended Solids - Ibs/day
Settleable Solids - Ibs/day
Iron - Ibs, " -y
Total Phosphates - Ibs/day
Ammonia Nitrogen - Ibs/day
Nitrate Nitrogen - Ibs/day
Total Nitrogen - Ibs/day
6,560,000
500
6,100,000
5,100,000
193,000
Hi5,600
86,500
38,100
11*3,200
3,320,000
2,680
1,190,000
966,000
107,000
162,000
U2,800
697
60,700
*U.S. Waters

-------
                                                                        481
      TABLE 1*1-V.  BACTERIAL LOADINGS AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS

                   DURING WET AND DRY CONDITIONS  - DETROIT RIVER

                             UNITED STATES WATERS
Range
Dt 30. 8w
Dt 25.7
Dt 20.6
Dt 19.0*
Dt 17. ^W
Dt ii*.6w
Dt 12. OW
Dt 9.6w*
Dt 9.3E
Dt 8.7W
I>t 3-9
DRY
Xw**
55
1*82
537
2,8oo
3,li*o
3,36o
6,990
2,1*30
3,690
5,3^0
5,150
B.P.E.
876
1,690
6,1*00
31*, ooo
1*6,200
56,100
3i*,i*oo
11,700
11,100
26,500
57,ioo
TV**
31
1*0
27,500
702,000
12,700
16,800
8,530
10,100
3,300
18,1*00
ll*,l*00
WET
B.P.E.
l*8o
6,710
311,000
7,670,000
210,000
275,000
1*1,1*00
50,1*00
17,200
90,800
11*1,000
 * Results from 1963 data
** Mean adjusted to flow at cross-section

-------
                                                      482
              Richard D. Vaughan
            Figures 29-V through 37-V depict stream

loadings at several key locations in the Detroit River

for total coliform organisms, phenols, chlorides, phos-

phates, total nitrogen, ammonia, suspended solids, iron,

and nitrates respectively.

            Figures 38-V through 46-V depict average

concentrations for these same constituents weighted to

flow for the entire range.



(Figures 29-V through 46-V, inclusive, follow)

-------
100,000
 80,000
 60,000
40,000
20,000
                                                                               483
                                                                         FIGURE 29-Y
                       I
            DT30.8W   DT20.6    DT174W   DTI46W    DT87W     DT 3.9

                                  RANGE
                   DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

            AVERAGE  DAILY  STREAM  LOADINGS
                     COLIFORM  ORGANISMS
                               U.S. WATERS
                            DETROIT  RIVER
               US  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                          PUBLIC HEALTH  SERVICE
                    REGION  V        GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                              484
                                                                   FIGURE 30-TC
  S.OOO
0 3,000
K
           DT308W   DT206   OTIT.4W    OTI46W   DT87W    OT39

                                RANGE
            I

            g
LOADING IN
TRENTON CHANNEL ONLY
                  DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

            AVERAGE  DAILY  STREAM  LOADINGS
                             PHENOLS
                             U.S. WATERS
                           DETROIT  RIVER
              U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                         PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                   REGION  V       GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                            485
                                                                                    FIGURE  31-Z
       10,000,000
       8,000,000
       6,000,000
     3 4,000,000
     O
       2,000,000
                     DT308W    DT206    DTI74W    DTH6W    OT87W    DT39
MICHIGAN
                      I
                      B
LOADING IN
TRENTON CHANNEL ONLY '
                            DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT

                      AVERAGE  DAILY  STREAM  LOADINGS
                                       CHLORIDES
                                        U.S. WATERS
                                      DETROIT   RIVER
                        U S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                                    PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                             REGION V        GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
  290,000
O  150,000
   100,000
                                                                                   486

                                                                          FIGURE 32-1
              DT 30 8W    DT 20 6    DT 17 4W    DT 14 6W
                      DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

                AVERAG.E  DAILY STREAM  LOADINGS
                          PHOSPHATES  (P04)
                                 U.S.  WATERS
                              DETROIT  RIVER
                  U.S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 9 WELFARE
                             PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                      REGION  V        GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                             487

                                                                        FIGURE  33-1
200,000
160,000
 8O.OOO
 40,000
            OT 30 8W   DT 20 6    DT I7.4W    OT 14 6W
                   DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT

              AVERAGE DAILY  STREAM LOADINGS
                           NITRATES  (N)
                              U.S. WATERS
                            DETROIT  RIVER
               U S  DEPARTMENT OF  HEALTH, EDUCATION, 9 WELFARE
                          PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                   REGION  V        GROSSE ILE,  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                      488

                                                                              FI6URE 34-1
     200,000
     160,000
      BO.OOO
40,000
                   I
L A\K f
                                                      OT 87W    OT 3.9
                 OT 30 8W    OT 20 6    DT 17.4W    OT 14 6W
                         DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

                   AVERAGE  DAILY  STREAM  LOADINGS
                                 AMMONIA  (N)
                                    U.S. WATERS
                                  DETROIT  RIVER
                     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
                                PUBLIC HEALTH 3ERVICE
                          REGION  V        GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                    489

                                                                          FIGURE 35-1
  100,000
0 60,000
  20,000
             DT308W    DT206    DTI74W    DTI46W
                     DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT

              AVERAGE  DAILY   STREAM  LOADINGS
                        ORGANIC  NITROGEN
                                U.S. WATERS
                              DETROIT  RIVER
                U S  DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                            PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE
                     REGION  V        GROSSE ILE,  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                   490

                                                                         FIGURE  36-2
10,000,000
8,000,000
 6,000,000
4,000,000
 2,000,000
I
                                DTI74W   DTI46W   DT87W    DT39

                                   RANGE
                     DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

               AVERAGE  DAILY   STREAM  LOADINGS
                         SUSPENDED  SOLIDS
                                U.S. WATERS
                              DETROIT  RIVER
                 U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                            PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE
                      REGION  V       GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                   491
                                                                            FIGURE 37-1
        80,000
                    i
M I
                          DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT
                    AVERAGE  DAILY  STREAM  LOADINGS
                                        IRON
                                     U.S. WATERS
                                  DETROIT  RIVER
                      U S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                                 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                          REGION V       GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                 492
                                                                      FIGURE 38-1
E 10,000
O
o
o
0 4,000
O
O 2,000
t-
o
I-
I
            DT 30 8W   OT 20.6
                              DT IT 4W   DT 14 6W


                                 RANGE
                                               OT S.7W    OT 3.9
                   DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

      GEOMETRIC  MEAN  COLIFORM  CONCENTRATIONS
         ADJUSTED  TO  FLOW  AT  CROSS-SECTION
                              U.S. WATERS
                            DETROIT  RIVER
               U S  DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,ft WELFARE
                          PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE
                    REGIO.N  V      GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                    493
                                                                            FIGURE 39-Z
          I
         2 12
         O
                   1
i
                                                               •	
                                                        7W     DT 3 9
M I
                         DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

                   AVERAGE  PHENOL  CONCENTRATIONS
               ADJUSTED  TO  FLOW AT  CROSS-SECTION
                                    U.S. WATERS
                                  DETROIT  RIVER
                      U S DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 9 WELFARE
                                PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                          REGION  V        GROSSE ILE,  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                       494
                                                              FIGURE 4O-X
ac
i-
                DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

         AVERAGE  CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS
       ADJUSTED  TO FLOW  AT  CROSS - SECTION
                          U.S. WATERS
                        DETROIT RIVER
            U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 9 WELFARE
                       PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE
                 REGION V      SROSSE  ILE. MICHIGAN

-------
                                                       495
                                                 FIGURE 4I-3E
u
o
         til
        DT 30.6W   DT 20.6  OT I7.4W  OT |4 6W
             DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

       AVERAGE PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS
      ADJUSTED TO  FLOW  AT  C R OS S-SE CTION
                    U.S. WATERS
                   DETROIT RIVER
          U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE
                  PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
             REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                                          496
                                                                              FIGURE 42-X
        E
        I
        r
        g«
        o
        K 010
        I-
                       I.8W    DT 20.6    DT ir.4W    DTI46W
MI

                           DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PRXIJECT

                 AVERAGE  NITRATE-N  CONCENTRATIONS

                 ADJUSTED   TO  FLOW  AT  CRO SS - S ECTION

                                     U.S.  WATERS
                                   DETROIT  RIVER
                       U S.  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                           REGION V       GROSSE ILE,  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                     497
                                                              FIGURE  43-X
    OT30.BW    OT206    OTI74W    DT 14 6W    DT87W    OT 3.9
           DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  PROJECT

 AVERAGE  AMMONIA-N  CONCENTRATIONS
ADJUSTED TO  FLOW  AT  CROSS-SEC T 1 0N
                     U.S. WATERS
                   DETROIT RIVER
       U S  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 9 WELFARE
                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
           REGION V       GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                           498

                                                                   FIGURE 44-3
2 0.30
I-
           DT S0.8W    DT 20 6    DTI74W   OT 14 6W
                  DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
         AVERAGE  OR6ANIC-N CONCENTRATIONS
        ADJUSTED TO  FLOW  AT  CROSS-SE C TION
                            U.S. WATERS
                          DETROIT  RIVER
              U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                         PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                   REGION V       GROSSE ILE,  MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                              499

                                                                       FIGURE  45-S
o> 32
e
9  "
m 16
a  a
z
            1
                             DTI74W    OT 14 6 W

                                RANGE
                                               DT 8 7W    OT 3 9
                                                            •r,                ._-
                                                             ^-'^•-i.  .<£-''..,!•.„
                  DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE  PROJECT
  AVERAGE  SUSPENDED  SOLIDS  CONCENTRATIONS
       ADJUSTED  TO   FLOW  AT  CROSS-SECTION
                             U.S. WATERS
                           DETROIT  RIVER
             U S  DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
                         PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                  REGION V        GROSSE  ILE. MICHIGAN

-------
                                                                      499-A

                                                              FIGURE 46-1
    i
   OT 30 8W    DT 20.6    DT I7.4W   OT 14 6W   DT 87W    DT 3 9
          DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

      AVERAGE  IRON  CONCENTRATIONS
ADJUSTED  TO  FLOW  AT  CROSS-SECTION
                     U.S. WATERS
                   DETROIT  RIVER
      U S DEPARTMENT  OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
                 PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE
           REGION  V       GROSSE  ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                      500
               Richard D. Vaughan

            As shown by the graphs, there was a noticeable

Increase in weighted average concentration in the Detroit

River coliform densities, from 46 to 7,250 organisms per

100 ml. Chlorides increased from 8 to 23 mg/1 and phenols

showed great variability from 3.8 micrograms/1 to

10.5 micrograms/1 Just below the Rouge to 4.9 micrograms/1

at the mouth.  The increase in essential plant nutrients

was noticeable as the loadings of total nitrogen or

phosphate double between the headwaters and the mouth.

Iron showed a significant increase in both weighted

average concentrations and loadings.

            A reasonable portion of the increase in stream

loadings is accounted for in the loadings computed from

domestic and industrial waste surveys.

            Summaries of Detroit River tributary stream

loadings and weighted average concentrations for nitrogen

compounds, phosphates, total coliform organisms, phenols,

and chlorides are shown in Table 42-V.  The tributaries

covered in this summary are the Rouge River, Ecorse River,

and Monguagon Creek.



(Table 42-V follows.)

-------
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-------
                                                      502
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Study of the tributaries revealed the Rouge

River to be a major contributor of coliform organisms,

phenols, and chlorides. Further study of the records

revealed a dramatic bacterial improvement in the Rouge in

1963 with a 42 per cent reduction in coliform loadings.

Phenol loadings, on the other hand, increased 54 per cent,

and chlorides stayed constant.  The Ecorse River is a

small contributor of highly concentrated bacterial waste,

while Monguagon Creek is  a major contributor of phenolic

wastes with 102 pounds per day.  The Rouge River is a

significant source of phosphates, ammonia, nitrates, and

organic nitrogen.

            The variable phenol values found at the head

of the Detroit River posed an investigative problem.

Records of the Detroit Field Unit of the International

Joint Commission were studied, and it was found that the

weighted average concentration in the St. Glair River was

9 mlcrograms/1, and loading was 8,700 pounds per day.

Known sources of phenolic waste are located in the upper

part of the St. Clair River at Sarnia, Ontario and are

believed to be the major source of this waste constituent.

-------
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-------
                                                                         507
                  TABLE U8-V.  SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF
               INTENSIVE ROUGE RIVER SURVEY NUMBER TWO*

                           June 16-19, 1963
Unit
Organisms/100 ml
Organisms/100 ml
Organisms/100 ml
mg/1
mg/1
>ug/l
-
°C
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
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mg/1





' ' — • — -»_^__Stat ion
Const ituent ' — • 	 »_
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep.
BOD
COD
Phenols
pH
Temperature
Chloride
Ammonia
Org N
Suspended Solids
Settleable Solids
Iron
Cyanides
ABS
Copper-
Nickel
Zinc
Lead
Chromium
Cadmium
Til
1*0,000
13,000
900
5-1
28
3-7
7.2
20.1
65
1.07
.26
13
12
2.06
0
.111
*
.01
.01
.02
.01
*
T13
590
230
1*6
2.5
7
8.7
8.0
17-8
22
.1*2
-111
0
_
_
0
-
-
-
_
_
-
-
T15
20,000
5,500
1*50
3-3
18
2.7
7.2
20.5
U2
.53
.29
ll*
10
2.21
0
.11
*
.02
*
*
*
*
Tl6
6,800
2,500
170
13.2
15
2-5
7-2
22.0
33
.63
.36
16
12
-
0
-
-
-
_
_
-
-
* Not detected at the sensitivity of the  test,  .01 mg/1
- No determination made
a Average values found during survey for  all  constituents  except bacteria
  for which geometric means are shotm.

-------
                                                               508
   TABLE 1*9-V.  SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF

INTENSIVE ROUGE RIVER SURVEY NUMBER THREE


     September 2k - October 1,  1963

T10
Til
T12
T13
Tll»
T15
Tl6
T17
TlS
T19
T20
T21
T22
T23
T2k
T25
T26
T27
Geometric Mean
Coliforra
Densities
Org/100 ml
55,000
60,000
5li,000
810
770
21,000
3,200
1,300
1,100
1,600
90,000
3,300
k, 100
8,500
3,900
8,000
6,100
3,300
Maximum
Coliform
Densities
Org/100 LI!
M»0, 000
U50,000
1*50,000
5,000
k ,800
1,300,000
17,000
19,000
8,000
51,000
2,100,000
61,000
53,000
i»8,ooo
2lf,000
Itl, 000
360,000
13,000
Minimum
Coliform
Densities
Org/100 ml
5,000
10,000
10,000
200
120
1,200
800
lltO
20
ho
5,000
koo
300
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
900

-------
                                                      509
                 Richard D. Vaughan

            Phenol concentrations averaged 98

mlcrograms/1 during the first survey at a point 1.8

miles upstream from the mouth and decreased noticeably

to a range of 2 - 22 mlcrograms/1, due primarily to

dilution with Detroit River water from the old channel of

the Rouge River.   During the summer survey (No. 2) phenol

values were much lower than the winter, ranging from

2.5 to 8.7 micrograms/1.

            Coliform densities at the mouth averaged 490

organisms per 100 ml during survey number 1 but increased

to exceptionally high values in the upper reaches of this

tributary, with geometric mean values exceeding 35 million

per 100 ml.  No doubt the occasional bypass of raw sewage

by the City of Dearborn described by the Michigan Department

of Health accounted for a great deal of these high values.

During the second survey conducted during the summer of

1963j the geometric mean coliform density at the mouth

was 40,000 per 100 ml and decreased at upstream stations.

During survey number 3* coliform densities were typified

by sudden Increases at two locations in the River.

            During this survey a significant Increase was

found in the Rouge River coliform densities between Greenfield

and Schaefer Roads (3,300 to 90,000 per 100 ml).  Investi-

gation showed this increase was due to discharge of highly

-------
                                                      510
              Richard D. Vaughan

concentrated bacterial wastes from a rendering

plant operated by Darling and Company. The sudden increase

(3,200 to 56,000 per 100 ml) in bacterial densities at the

mouth of the Rouge was attributable to the sporadic

discharge of raw sewage into the River from an overloaded

pumping station operated by the City of River Rouge.

This information was turned over to appropriate State of

Michigan agencies, and in both cases corrective action was

taken to eliminate these sources of pollution.

            BOD and dissolved oxygen values during  survey

number 1 indicated that the oxygen-consuming wastes were

also attributable to the bypass during construction repairs

by the City of Dearborn.

            Iron concentrations were high, averaging over

1 mg/1 at the mouth during surveys number 1 and number 2.

Iron concentrations in the Rouge below points of discharge

of industrial waste containing iron averaged over

2 mg/1 during survey number 2.

            Average values of suspended solids ranged from

4- to 55 mg/1, with higher values upstream and higher

values at the mouth during the summer survey.  Settleable

solids observed during the second survey varied from 60

to 90$ of the suspended solids found in the River, with

the largest values at the mouth.

-------
                                                      511
               Richard D. Vaughan

            Of the toxic metals, nickel, zinc, lead, and

chromium were consistently found throughout the length

of the Rouge River in concentrations ranging from 0.01

to 0.11 mg/1.  ABS was found at the mouth at a concentration

of 500 micrograms/1, which was somewhat higher than found

in the Detroit River.

            The Rouge River is Itself polluted to the

extent of interference with water uses—including

recreation and navigation.  It is also a major source of

pollution in the lower Detroit River.  Most significant

of the measures of Detroit River water quality affected

by the Rouge are coliform, iron, suspended and settleable

solids, and phenol concentrations.




Ecorse River

            An intensive survey was conducted on the Ecorse

River July 15-18, 1963. The regular sampling station at

the mouth indicated high coliform densities, expecially

during or following rainfall.  Several combined sewer out-

falls are located along the North Branch of the Ecorse

River, and discharge from these sewers was suspected of

contributing to the high bacterial densities found at the

mouth.   No rain occurred during the survey, and the

flow of the Ecorse was negligible (less than 1 cfs).

-------
512
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,000 18,000-65,000 1,700-31,000
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-------
                                               513
                Richard D. Vaughan

            These results indicate pollution from domestic

waste sources, probably through overflows from combined

sewers, although this could not be verified due to lack

of rainfall during the survey period. The densities found

probably represent a residual effect from the overflows

in this small river plus small undetectable amounts of

domestic waste flowing into the River in dry weather.




Monguagon Creek

            An intensive survey was conducted on Monguagon

Creek July 14-18, 1963. Plow in the Creek is greatly

influenced by approximately 11 cfs of industrial waste

from the Pennsalt Chemical Company's West Plant.   Up-

stream from this outfall the flow In Monguagon Creek was

0.5 cfs, and downstream it was 12 cfs.

            The sampling showed phenol, suspended or

settleable solids, nitrogen compounds, and chlorides in

the water. Shown below is a summary of average values at

the mouth as well as above and below the Pennsalt outfall.

-------
§
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o
       w
       
-------
                                                             515
                       Richard D. Vaughan
                     The decrease in coliform density below the

         outfall was due to dilution with low coliform water as

         well as the bactericidal effect of the industrial waste.

                     Study of waste loadings shown on the following

         page revealed the Pennsalt Chemical Company as the major

         contributor of all constituents mentioned (except

         bacteria).   In fact, the Increase in stream loadings

         below this one source varied from 96 to 99$.  All

         values shown are in pounds per day.

Constituent          Mouth          Below Pennsalt    Above Pennsalt



Phenols              65             80                0.02



Suspended Solids     8,470          6,470             270



Chlorides            22,200         21,900            566



                     This survey reveals that Monguagon

         Creek is a major source of phenolic contribution to

         the Detroit River, and generally speaking, water quality

         conditions at the mouth of this Creek are representative

         of the effluent of the Pennsalt-West Chemical Plant.

-------
                                                    516
               Richard D. Vaughan
          INTERFERENCES WITH WATER USE

              Municipal Water Supply




            Three municipal water intakes are located in

the Detroit River.  Two are located in the lower section

of the River below the Rouge and are seriously  affected

by pollution. The other intake is located near the head

of the Detroit River and is relatively free from damaging

effects of pollution; it is not discussed here.




Southwest Water Intake - City of Detroit

            This intake, located near Fighting Island,

usually receives high quality water during dry weather

conditions, but following overflows from combined sewers

upstream the water contains more than 10,000 coliform

organisms per 100 ml.  Project data Indicate

geometric mean coliform densities of approximately 800

organisms per 100 ml during dry conditions and 4,000

organisms per 100 ml during wet conditions.  Maximum

values exceeding 50,000 coliform organisms per 100 ml

have been observed In waters adjacent to this Intake

following heavy rainfall. The geometric mean coliform

density of 9 samples collected at the intake during the

-------
                                                    517
               Richard D.  Vaughan

summer and early fall of 1964 was 2,240 organisms

per 100 ml, with a maximum value of 6,400 organisms per

100 ml and 67$ of the samples by the Public Health Service

for raw water, but do not compare favorably with water

quality in the upper Detroit River.

            Analysis of data collected by Wayne County

Road Commission personnel during summer months reveals

a geometric mean of 1,930 organisms per 100 ml at the

intake before its use. Samples collected during fall

and winter months indicated water of better bacteriological

quality.

            Breakdown of these results reveals 64 per

cent of the samples collected during summer months with

values greater than 1,000 per 100 ml, 39 per cent greater

than 2,400 per 100 ml and 17 per cent greater than 5,000

per 100 ml. The maximum observed value during this period

was 240,000 per 100 ml.  No records of raw water results

were available after the plant opened in May, 1964.

This plant serves an estimated population of 200,000.

            The effects of pollution upon this water use

vary greatly because of its location outside the main-

stream of the normal flow of grossly polluted water down

the Detroit River,  This is fortunate, but changes in

weather conditions such as wind and rain can pose a

-------
                                                    518
              Richard D. Vaughan

threat to the health and welfare of the users of this

supply, particularly when rainfall causes overflows

from combined sewers.




City of Wyandotte Water Intake

            Raw water records at this intake have been

described elsewhere in this report.  (See Figure 15-1.)

Monthly geometric mean coliform densities during the last

four years frequently exceeded 10,000 per 100 ml. During

the past two years monthly  geometric mean coliform

densities were lower but still exceeded 5,000 per 100 ml

quite often during the summer months.

            The maximum monthly coliform density exceeded

110,000 during 35 of 48 months during the period 1960-63.

Both maximum and geometric mean values are minimized due

to the maximum dilution at the plant, which allows speci-

fic reporting only for coliform densities equal to or

less than 110,000 per 100 ml.  If the true values were

known (rather;  than merely greater than 110,000 per 100

ml) the monthly geometric means and maximum values

would undoubtedly be higher.

            Project data showed water quality at this point

to have a geometric mean coliform density of approximately

3,000 per 100 ml during dry conditions and 40,000 per

-------
                                                    519

                 Richard D. Vaughan



100 ml during wet conditions. The maximum coliform value



observed by Project personnel during the survey at this



location exceeded 600,000 per 100 ml.



            Such bacteriological levels exceed require-



ments for a safe and dependable raw water supply.



Improvement in operation at the City of Detroit Sewage



Treatment Plant has lowered the values during record



years to those reported above, but more remains to be



done.  Pollution in the raw water used as a municipal



source by 44,000 persons constitutes an interference
                           k


with this water supply and a threat to the health and



welfare of the consumer.



            To add to this already difficult problem,



ammonia concentrations in the intake interfere with



chlorination so essential to the production of drinking



water from this supply. Furthermore, phenol concentrations



at the intake have produced unpleasant tastes and odors



in the drinking water.



            These statements should not be interpreted



as criticms of the operation of the Wyandotte water



treatment facilities.  It merely means that because of



pollution, the raw water supply available at this location



does not meet accepted levels of bacterial quality and is



lower in quality than that which would be expected at a

-------
                                                    520
              Richard D. Vaughan

municipal water intake




               INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY

            Attempts to acquire information from

Industries in the study area relative to interference

to their water supply due to pollution were generally

fruitless.

            The Detroit Edison Company, an industry

using cooling water only, with several plants located

from the head of the Detroit River to its lower reaches,

answered inquiries to the effect that no serious problem

existed. The Company did report minor troubles at an

Installation in the Rouge River due to organic matter,

and at an installation below Conners Creek following

overflow from the nearby combined sewer.  In both cases,

a Company representative stated that the problem was

easily solved by increase in chlorine dosage. This in-

dustry was asked for Information relative to water treat-

ment costs at their plants, but declined to provide it.




                    RECREATION


            Because of pollution, all bathing areas

below Belle Isle on the Detroit River have been


described as unsafe for swimming and other water-contact

-------
                                                    521
                    Richard D. Vaughan

sports by State and local health authorities. This

restriction affects the lower 26 (out of 31) miles

of the Detroit River.

            Numerous complaints concerning the effects

of pollution were received from boat owners and operators

of marina facilities along the lower Detroit River.  These

were verified by visits to the installations where

observation revealed docking facilities fouled with

oil and filled in with sludge.  Many owners reported

significant expense incurred in periodic cleaning or

dredging of their docking area to remove accumulated

material.

            Ownership and operation of sports watercraft

is big business on the Detroit River, with over 125,000

vessels registered during a recent year.  Pollution

affecting boating is due to the discharge of oil and

settleable suspended solids from municipal and Indus-

trial outfalls on the Detroit River.

            Swimming and water skiing still occur in the

restricted area, and such practice represents a threat

to the health and welfare of the user.  The restriction,

on the other hand, represents an interference with a

legitimate water use for those who heed the warning.

-------
                                                    522
               Richard D. Vaughan
           FISH AND WILDLIFE PROPAGATION

            Although there is no evidence of reduction

in total numbers of pounds of fish caught by sports

fishermen in the Detroit River, the creel census records

of various agencies indicate a change in the predominant

types of fish present in the waters from game or sport

fish to those of the rough variety, such as carp, often

Inedible.

            Bottom conditions along the lower section

of the Detroit River, caused by pollution, represent

unfavorable environmental conditions for the propagation

of a great variety of game fish and interfere with this

water use by limiting the variety to those species

capable of survival and propagation in polluted waters.

            During the past four years no major duck

kill due to pollution has been experienced in the

Detroit River.  This admirable accomplishment is the re-

sult of effective oil pollution control by the Michigan

Water Resources Commission with the cooperation of the

Michigan Conservation Commission.  Major kills have

occurred as recently as I960, however, when over 10,000

birds succumbed.   Constant vigilance during critical

seasons is required to prevent a recurrence of such a

-------
                                                     523
               Richard D. Vaughan
tragedy.
                 NAVIGATION

            Interference with navigation occurs at the

junction of the Rouge and Detroit Rivers, where sludge

deposits require extensive annual dredging operations

by the Corps of Engineers to keep navigable waters in

use. The deposits of suspended solids originate partly

in the discharge from several industries along the Rouge,

This fact is recognized by both the industries and the

Corps who make a charge for this service to the polluter,

involved. Deposition of suspended solids also occurs at

harbor facilities and at the mouth of the Detroit River

in the navigation channels.

-------
                    Richard D. Vaughan                 524






                      SECTION VI



               PRESENTATION OP RESULTS:



                       LAKE ERIE








             DESCRIPTION OP WATER QUALITY








            The Michigan waters of Lake Erie constitute



approximately 1 per cent of its total surface area, and



all the determinations in this report are limited to



those waters.  A series of maps on which the contours



of various measures of water quality are described



will be presented, along with tables giving the results



of sampling.  Both will be accompanied by interpretation.



The sampling stations in Lake Erie, along its bathing



beaches and on its tributaries, are shown in Figure 2-1.








                       Bacteriological



            Bacteriological densities in Lake Erie from



the mouth of the Detroit River to a distance from 2 to




3 miles below this point indicate that the water is



polluted to the extent that it cannot safely be used for



recreational purposes.   Following heavy rainfall in the



Detroit area, bypassing of excess waste from the Detroit



treatment plant extends the zone of polluted water south -

-------
                   Richard D. Vaughan                  525





ward to Just north of Stony Point. Both the International



Joint Commission objective (2,400 coliform organisms



per 100 ml) and the standard commonly used for recreational



use of water (1,000 per 100 ml) are exceeded in the zone



of Lake Erie influenced by the Detroit River.  A similar,



less extensive zone radiates from the mouth of the Raisin



River.    This zone of polluted water also extends farther



out into the Lake following heavy rainfall.



            Figure 1-VU depicts geometric mean coliform



values in the Lake as contours.  Most of the Michigan



area of the Lake had average coliform densities under



500 organisms per 100 ml.  Two areas of high density are



evident from Figure l^VI. The first extends below the mouth



of the Detroit River south to Just above Stony Point, while



the other radiates out into the Lake a short distance



from the Raisin River; each is apparently caused by



separate waste contributions from the two tributaries,



and they do not appear to be associated with each other.



Geometric mean coliform densities greater than 5*000



organisms per 100 ml were observed at the mouth of the



Detroit River as it entered Lake Erie.








(Figure 1-VI follows.;

-------
                                                  526
                                         FIGURE 1-1
             DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

GEOMETRIC  MEAN  COLIFORM  CONCENTRATIONS
                MICHIGAN  WATERS  OF
                      LAKE ERIE
        U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
              REGION V    GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                       527
                   Richard D. Vaughan

            An area of geometric meanocolifora density

exceeding the International Joint Commission objective

(2,400 organisms per 100 ml) extended down into Lake

Erie for a distance of 2 to 3 miles.

            Maximum coliform densities at several locations

showed a similar pattern (Figure 2-VI).  Again two zones

of high values were found, in the same locations des-

cribed above. The maximum observed outside the two zones

of especially polluted water was 42,000 organisms per 100

ml, while maximum values exceeding 100,000 organisms per

100 ml were observed near the mouths of the Detroit and

Raisin Rivers.

            Average fecal coliform densities in Lake

Erie ranged from 5 to 30 per cent of the total coliform

density; geometric mean fecal streptococcus densities

in Lake Erie were under 80 organisms per 100 ml at all

locations.




(Figure 2-VI follows.)

-------
                                             528
                                     FIGURE 2--JCL
       DETROIT  RIVER-UAKE ERIE PROJECT
MAXIMUM  COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS

           MICHIGAN  WATERS OF
                 LAKE  ERIE

  U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
             PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
        REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                   529
                Richard D. Vaughan

            All bathing beaches along Lake Erie showed

geometric mean collform densities less than 1,000

organisms per 100 ml, except Maple Beach  (Bl) which is

located in the influence of the polluted Detroit River.

The relatively low means at the Sterling State Park

beaches are misleading due to high maximums which appear

under certain relatively frequent conditions of wind and

weather. Since these values are masked in median or

geometric mean values, a special survey was made on this

beach, described later in this section of the report.

Average fecal coliform densities at the beaches ranged,

without a noticeable pattern, from 23 to 72 per cent of

the total coliform values.  Fecal streptococcus geometric

means at the beaches ranged from 13 to 430 organisms per

100 ml. Bathing beaches from Otter Creek to the Ohio

State line had geometric mean coliform densities less

than 350 organisms per 100 ml; maximum coliform densities

at these locations did not exceed 3*000 organisms during

t he survey.

            Coliform densities were highest at the

mouths of the tributaries.  Table 3-VI shows geometric

mean coliform densities In excess of 1,500 organisms

per 100 ml at the mouths of all Lake Erie tributaries.

(Tables 1-VI, 2-VI, and 3-VI fellow.)

-------
                                                                   530
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-------
                                                                           531
                TABLE 2-VI.  SUMMARY OF AVERAGE RESULTS
                  MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE BATHHIG BEACHES

                                         Geometric   Geometric    Geometric
                                           Mean        Mean       Mean
             Phenols Chloride Alkalinity Colifom    Fecal Strep  Fecal  Coli
Station  pH    jgg/1    rag/1	ng/1    org./lOO ml org./lOO ml  org./lOO ml
Bl
B3
Eh
B5
B7
B3
BIO
Bl4
BIT
Bl8
B21
B22
B23
B2?
B27
B29
B31
8.42
8.51
8.50
8.51
8.63
8.66
8.61
8.60
8.59
8.51
8.50
8.^3
8.68
8.74
8.68
8.81
8.73
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
2
65
44
41
33
28
27
28
25
25
25
27
26
24
25
32
24
27
93
85
86
79
78
79
76
87
76
83
83
85
82
8l
83
87
93
2,000
960
480
490
340
480
480
360
430
500
990
460
860
300
210
170
350
79
13
60
53
130
77
69
50
90
51
3T
430
200
190
190
53
170
680
320
180
152
180
200
254
83
206
190
178
207
490
111
67
123
170

-------
532

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Mean
Fecal Coll
org./l(X) ml
Geometric
Meon
Fecal Strep
org./l(X> ml
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-------
                                                     533
             Richard D. Vaughan


            Highest counts were at Plum Creek, averaging


49,000 coliform organisms per 100 ml, and at the Raisin


River, averaging 30,000.  Fecal coliform densities were


also high here, ranging from 32 to 68 per cent of the


total values. Fecal streptococcus densities in Plum Creek


averaged 2,500 organisms per 100 ml, while those at all


other tributaries averaged under 1,000.   Maximum coliform


densities exceeding 25*000 organisms per 100 ml were


found in all tributaries.  The maximum value found in


Plum Creek exceeded 1 million organisms per 100 ml.






            CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL


Phenols


            With few exceptions, IJC objectives for average


phenol concentrations (2 micrograms/1) were met during


the survey.  There is no evidence that phenols in the


Michigan waters of Lake Erie constitute interference


with water use at this time.


            Average phenol concentrations in the Lake


and along shore ranged from 1 to 16 micrograms/1 with


5 out of 23 stations exceeding the IJC limit (2 micrograms/1)


The few locations with high phenol concentrations showed


no apparent pattern, and were not located in the vicinity


of either the mouth of the Detroit or Raisin Rivers.

-------
                                                        534
               Richard D.  Vaughan

 Maximum phenol values appeared,  generally,  at  the  same

 stations,  with one maximum value as  high as 88 micro-

 grams/1 at station L 11.

             All beaches had average  phenol  concentrations

 less than  5 micrograms/1  with most equal to or less  than

 2 micrograms/1.   Plum Creek,  averaging 16  micrograms/1,

 and the Raisin River, at  7 micrograms/1,  were  the  only

 tributaries with phenols  exceeding 4 micrograms/1.  Phenol

concentrations near the City of Monroe  intake averaged

 2 micrograms/1.




 Chlorides

             Average diloride concentrations  in  the  Michigan

 water of Lake Erie ranged from 18 to 44 micrograms/1,

 with the higher values alongshore and  near  the mouth of

 the Detroit River.  Average chloride concentrations in

 Lake Erie  are shown as contours  in Figure 3~VI.  The

 influence  of the Trenton  Channel of  the Detroit  River on

 chloride concentrations in Lake  Erie is clearly  shown

 in this figure, and is felt as far south as Stony  Point.

 A maximum  value of 82 mlcrograms/1 was observed  near the

 mouth of the Detroit River.   A maximum value of  7^

 micrograms/ 1 was noted near the mouth of the  Raisin

 River.

  (Figure 3-VI follows)

-------
                                           534-A
                                    FIGURE  3-m
       DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT


AVERAGE  CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS


           MICHIGAN WATERS OF
                 LAKE ERIE

  US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
             PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
         REGION V      GROS5E ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                        536
                  Richard D. Vaughan

Harbor Beaches,  just north and  south,  respectively,

of  the mouth of  the Raisin River.  Suspended  and  settle-

Ale solids  in the Raisin River,  Itself,  averaged  20  and

9 mg/1 respectively.

             Suspended  solids  in Lake Erie,  in the vicinity

of  the mouths of the Raisin and Detroit  Rivers and near

the shores, having reached levels  which  constitute

damaging pollution.  The  solids settle on  the Lake bottom,

as  sludge or bottom deposits, causing  damage  to aquatic

life.  By blanketing the bottom, sludge deposits are  kill-

ing eggs and essential fish-food organisms, and destroying

spawning beds.



Cyanides

             No cyanide was found in  Lake Erie or  at  its

beaches, except one concentration of 0.03 mg/1 at

Sterling State Park.   Cyanides in the  Raisin  River averaged

0.03 mg/1 at its mouth.

             Cyanide concentrations found in the Raisin

River and in Lake Erie near  the mouth  of the  Raisin

indicate a potential  interference with water  use  from the

standpoint of fish and wildlife propagation.      This

condition appears to  be limited to a small area of the

Lake immediately adjacent  to  the mouth of the Raisin River.

-------
                                                       537
                Richard D. Vaughan
Iron

            An area adjacent to and south of the mouth of

the Raisin River has iron concentrations ranging between

0.21 and 0.64 mg/1.  Iron concentrations in the northern

part of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie were low (0.01

mg/1).

            Iron concentrations in Lake Erie exceed the

IJC objective (.03 mg/1) in the waters adjacent to and

south of the mouth of the Raisin River.  They represent

potential interference with water supply and aquatic

life.




Toxic Metals

            These metals consist of cadmium, chromium,

copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.

            All except cadmium were detected in the

Michigan waters of Lake Erie above the 0.01 mg/1 level.

The occurrence of metals seemed to be greater in the

waters south of Stony Point.

            Copper, chromium,  and zinc ranged from

0.01  to 0.07 mg/1* with the higher values adjacent to

the mouth of the Raisin River.  Lead ranged from 0.01

to 0.12 mg/1, with the higher values again in the vicinity

-------
                                                       538
                      Richard D. Vaughan

of the mouth of the Raisin.  All nickel concentrations

were 0.02 mg/1 or less, and, as mentioned before, cadmium

was not detected at the sensitivity of the test (0.01

mg/l).   Toxic metals were found above minimum detectable

concentrations in the area extending outward 2 to 4 miles

from the mouth of the Raisin River.

            At this time toxic metals in Lake Erie do

not cause interference with water use.   However, maximum

values of chromium and lead found near the mouth of the

Raisin River indicate potential future problems.



ABS

            All concentrations of alkyl benzene sulfonate

found in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie were less than

25 micrograms/1, far less than the amount which Is

expected to cause foaming (500 micrograms/1). There is

no interference with water use from this constituent.



Dissolved Oxygen

            Levels of DO in most of the Michigan waters

of Lake Erie are sufficient at this time to prevent inter-

ference with water use.   At the mouth of the Raisin

River, however, and to some extent in the influence of the

Detroit River, significant decrease in oxygen content has

-------
                                                       539
                Richard D. Vaughan
occurred.    If oxygen-consuming materials continue to
be added to the Lake from the Detroit and Raisin Rivers,
DO deficits will occur and cause serious problems.
            Figure 4-VI depicts oxygen saturation contours
for Lake Erie.   These are average values calculated on
the basis of both surface and depth samples.  The
difference between surface and depth samples ranged between
5 and 20 per cent during fall surveys, and as much as 90
per cent during spring and early summer surveys, in the
deeper sections of the Lake.  The lowest actual dissolved
oxygen concentrations were found, as expected, during
summer months, in areas adjacent to the mouths of the
Raisin and Detroit Rivers.

(Figure4-VI; and Tables 4,-VI, 5-VI, and 6-VI follow.)

-------
                                                                                                  540
                                                                                           FIGURE 4-H
/
                                                             DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
                                                            AVERAGE V.  SATURATION
                                                               DISSOLVED  OXYGEN
                                                                MICHIGAN  WATERS OF
                                                                      LAKE ERIE
                                                       US  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                                                                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
                                                              REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN


-------
                                                                         5*1
            TABLE 4-VI.   SUMMATtf OF HAXEIUl-! VALUE? POUND IN
                          MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
               Phenols Chloride Alkalinity  Coliform   Fecal Strep Fecal Coli
Station 	pH   yg/1 _   mg/1	mg/1    org./lOO ml org./lOO ml $ of Total
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
Lll
L12
L14
L15
LIT
L20
L21
L22
L23
L24
L25
L26
L2?
L28
3.4
C.T
3.7
8.6
3.8
9.1
9.2
3.7
8.9
9.0
8.8
9.0
8.8
8.8
9.0
8.0
8.7
8.8
8.3
8.3
8.6
8.8
9.0
6
8
9
15
5
4
•7
1
7
6
58
6
28
8
9
5
0
3
2
17
30

2
4
44
58
82
44
48
43
37
55
37
47
l»6
in
30
35
23
58
74
39
36
34
31
34
27
82
SO
89
80
80
81
87
157
35
32
31
84
82
78
82
84
84
86
84
87
85
84
86
56,000
110,000
75,000
97,000
30,000
42,000
100,000
23,000
3,000
2,500
36,000
6,4oo
7,400
1,200
1,000
57,000
81,000
1,700
2,400
4,700
140
2,700
2,000
45
88
50
58
85
-
--
-
-
-
_
L 10
-
-
10
310
55
75
L 10
L 5
-
20
20
42
45
45
55
20
-
-
-
-
_
-
25

-
_
40
5
25
30

-
5
10

-------
                                                                            542
            TABLE 5 -VI.  SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM VALUES FOUND AT
                  MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE MTHHICi BSACHE3
             Phenols Chloride Alkalinity  Coliform    Fecal Strep  Fecal Ooli
Station  pH  JU£/1_	mg/1	mg/1	org./lOO ml  org./lOO ml  c'-> of Total
Bl
B3
B4
B5
B7
B8
BIO
B14
B17
Bl8
B21
B22
B23
B25
B27
B29
B31
9.0
9.2
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.5
9.4
14
5
8
8
10
13
15
8
7
8
9
14
10
8
4
3
13
82
80
80
75
71
79
78
37
31
30
49
42
36
31
149
30
37
93
88
89
82
81
81
78
99
80
88
87
90
86
86
87
90
103
25,000
240,000
190,000
42,000
62,000
37,000
33,000
86,000
96,000
230,000
72,000
3,100
51,000
8,000
2,200
2,000
3,000
2,000
850
200
380
2,000
1,400
2,500
420
500
250
160
3,700
1,800
3,500
2,100
740
1,500
100
70
100
58
95
100
100
40
80
80
4o
85
90
100
60
100
90

-------
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-------
                                                       544
              Richard D. Vaughan
            A band of low DO, less than 50 per cent
saturation, extended out from the Raisin River for a
distance of 1/2 to 3/4 mile.  In this small area there
was occasional complete depletion of DO.   The zero DO
values were concentrated in the mouth of the Raisin
River hydrologlcally speaking, especially since within
one mile of the average values recovered to 100 per
cent saturation.
            A second area of relatively low DO was found
immediately below the mouth of the Detroit River in a
finger extending southward for a distance of 4 to 6
miles.   Average values here were under 85 per cent
saturation; the minimum value was 5.8 rng/1, Just off
Pointe Mouillee.
            Excluding these two areas, the lowest value in
Lake Erie was at Station LIT: 5.6 mg/1 at 24 feet.   The
corresponding surface sample was 11.9 mg/1.  An area of
exceptionally high DO was found in the Brest Bay area
where averages exceeded 120 per cent saturation. Such
high values in natural waters are normally associated
with algal growth and subsequent production of oxygen.

-------
                Richard D. Vaughan

Temperature
            Temperature values In the Michigan waters of
Lake Erie reached a high of 24.5°C, or 76 degrees P.
On some days during fall and winter months temperatures
varied only 1 degree throughout the Lake; during spring
and early summer surveys, however, differences throughout
the Lake as great as 6 degrees were observed.  Average
temperatures In the Lake during the spring and summer
tended to be slightly higher than those in the Detroit
River; during the fall no difference between the two
bodies of water was observed.  Differences at specific
stations between surface and depth samples were less than
1 degree C during fall and winter months, but increased
to 3 and ^ degrees during the spring and early summer
at the deeper stations on Lake Erie.
            Temperature levels in the Michigan waters of
Lake Erie do not at present Interfere with water use.

Nitrogen Compounds
            Over 85 per cent of the Michigan waters of
Lake Erie contain Inorganic nitrogen in concentrations
above the level which produces undesirable algal blooms.
These growths represent serious interference with water use,

-------
                                                     546
                  Richard D. Vaughan

and contribute to the premature nutritive enrichment, or

aging, of the Lake.

            Figure 5-VT shows average nitrate concentrations

as contours in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.   The

flumlng effect from the mouth of the Detroit River

noticeable in the dispersion of other pollutants was not

present in the distribution of nitrates.   These did radiate

out from the mouth of the Raisin River, however.

            Immediately surrounding the mouth of the River

average values were greater than 0.50 mg/lj around

Sterling State Park average concentrations ranged to

0.35 to 0.50 mg/1.   Another area of high nitrate con-

centration ves observed off Pointe Moulllee, with values

above 0.35 mg/1 average.



(Figure 5-VT follows.)

-------
                                                     548
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Dally values in the Brest Bay area reached

maximums early In May (0.91 rag/1), minimums In September

(0.11 mg/1), and then rose again in October and

December (to 0.24 mg/1).

            Nitrate values In the Lake averaged between

less than 0.0001 mg/1 to 0.0009 mg/1, with no noticeable

pattern in the distribution of these values.

            Nitrates and nitrites in the Lake study area

do not, at this time, interfere with water uses.

            Ammonia nitrogen average concentrations are

shown in Figure 6-VI.  Pluming effects from the mouths

of both the Detroit and Raisin Rivers were noticeable.

A mass of water with concentrations exceeding 0.30 mg/1

extended about ten miles into the Lake from the Detroit

River.   Average concentrations exceeding 0.30 mg/1

radiated about 1/2 mile into the Lake from the mouth of

the Raisin River, and values exceeding 0.20 mg/1 were

found for one to two miles farther.




(Figure 6-VI follows.)

-------
                                                     550
             Richard D. Vaughan

            Average ammonia  concentrations of 0.20 mg/1

and  above near the City of Monroe water intake indicate

water treatment difficulties and the need for excessive

dosage of chlorine to achieve adequate disinfection.

            Average concentrations of all organic nitrogen

in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie are shown in

Figure 7-VI.    The northern  part of the Michigan waters

had  values  of  less than 0.20 mg/1 for the most part.

            The portion of the Lake extending along the

shore from  the Raisin River  to the Michigan-Ohio State

line along  the Michigan shore had average organic nitrogen

values between 0.20 and 0.30 mg/1.   A small area Just off

the  mouth of the Raisin River had values exceeding 0.30

mg/1.



 (Figure 7-VI follows.)

-------
                                           FIGURE 7-SI
          DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE PROJECT

AVERAGE  OR6ANIC-N  CONCENTRATIONS
              MICHIGAN WATERS  OF
                     LAKE  ERIE
     US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND  WELFARE
                 PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
            REGION V      GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                     55^
                   Richard D. Vaughan
Phosphates
            Concentrations of soluble phosphates in
almost the entire Michigan portion of Lake Erie exceeded
0.015 mg/1 as phosphorus.    (To convert soluble phosphates
reported as phosphates to those reported as phosphorus,
divide by three.)  Combined with the high concentrations
of nitrogen compounds, the phosphates contribute an
excess of nutritive matter to the Lake, accelerating its
aging, or eutrophication.  Over 85 per cent of the
Michigan waters of Lake Erie contain soluble phosphorus
in concentrations sufficient to creat nuisance algal
blooms and concomitant damages.
            Areas of high total phosphate concentration
(0.20 - 0.50 mg/1), reported as phosphate, extended
from the mouth of the Detroit River into Lake Erie as
far south as Stony Point (Figure 9-VI).

(Figure 9-VI follows.)

-------
                                                 555
	    FIGURE 9-21
            DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT

 AVERAGE TOTAL PHOSPHATE  CONCENTRATIONS

                MICHIGAN  WATERS  OF
                     LAKE ERIE
       US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
             REGION V     GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

-------
                                                     556
             Richard D. Baughan
            Daily average total phosphate concentrations
for the entire Lake varied from 0.18 mg/1 in the spring
to over .30 mg/1 in late fall and early winter.  Another
small zone of Mgh total phosphate concentrations
(.30 - .40 mg/1) extended outward from the mouth of the
Raisin River about one mile.
            Soluble phosphate values (shown in Figure
10-VI) indicated three areas of high concentrations of
this constituent.   One extended down 6 to 8 miles from
the mouth of the Detroit River, with concentrations varying
from 0.10 to greater than 0.20 mg/1 as phosphate
(0,033 to 0.65 mg/1 as phosphorus).  The second area
of high concentration radiated outward 1 to 2 miles
from the mouth of the Raisin River.  The third area
extended upward 3 to 4 miles from the Michigan-Ohio
State line near Toledo.    Most of the remainder of the
Michigan waters of Lake Erie had concentrations of
soluble phosphate ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/1 as
phosphate (0.016 to .033 mg/1 as phosphorus).

(Table 10-VI follows.)

-------
                                                      558
                Richard D.  Vaughan
 Alkalinity
             Average alkalinity was  very  constant  through-
 out  the Michigan waters  of Lake Erie,  ranging  from 78  to
 86 mg/1.   One exception was  the concentration of Station
 L9 of 119 mg/1,  with no  apparent explanation other than
 one  very high count distorting the  average.  Alkalinity
 concentrations at Lake Erie bathing beaches were  also
 consistent and in the same range (76-93  mg/1).  Tributary
 alkalinity concentrations were generally much  higher,
 ranging from 106 mg/1 in Swan Creek to 221 mg/1 in
 Plum Creek.
             Alkalinity in Michigan  Lake  Erie was  well
within a range suitable for all water uses.

                      BIOLOGICAL
 Microscopic Plants and Animals
             Waters of the Lake in the  study area  in
 contrast to River waters, were found to  be rich in plankton,
 with counts as high as 22,425/ml. The  Lake area nearest
ttie shore supported especially dense populations of plant
 and  animal plankters.   Plankton was primarily responsible
 for  the observable turbidity  of much of  the Michigan waters
 of the Lake.

-------
                                                     559
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Collections near the mouth of the Detroit

River had phytoplankton counts throughout the season

4 to 7 times lower than those of the Lake, reflecting

the plankton-ooor water masses passing from the Detroit

River and heading eastward into other waters of Lake

Erie*  Density levels in general increased with distance

from the Detroit River mouth.   Average values for the

whole season were 2,500 organisms/ml for the outshore

locations and 4,200 organisms/ml for the inshore stations

(see Table 7-VI).




(Table 7-VI follows.)

-------




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-------
                                                      561
                  Richard D. Vaughan
             The  abundance of  phytoplankton observed in
 the  Michigan waters  of Lake Erie  indicates that  its
 capacity to  produce  plankton  is among  the highest in
 the  Great Lakes.  The heavy  crops of  algae observed
 at the  inshore stations near  Stony Point and Brest Bay
 could not be maintained throughout the summer  season
 without an adequate  supply of Inorganic nitrogen and
 soluble phosphates.    Measurements showed inorganic
 nitrogen and soluble phosphates reported as phosphorus
 at 0.55 mg/1 and 0.036 mg/1,  respectively, levels
 characteristic of organically enriched waters.   The nutrient
 levels  at the beginning of the spring  growing  season  re-
 quired  to produce nuisance blooms are  only 0.30  mg/1
 for  Inorganic nitrogen and 0.015 rag/1  for soluble
 phosphates reported  as phosphorus.
             The  shallowness of the western basin of Lake
 Erie, coupled with wind and current action, bring about
 almost  uniform vertical distribution of temperature
 and  nutrients, which creates  an optimal environment for
 growth  and reproduction of plankters.   Atmospheric and
 photosynthetic oxygen is thoroughly mixed throughout
t he  water mass,  so that there  is no anaerobic  organic
 decomposition near the bottom.   High  raid-summer tempera-
 tures of 24  degrees  C increase the rate of decomposition

-------
                                                     562
                Richard D. Vaughan
of protein materials and convert nitrogen into the form
needed for growth of algae.  Phosphorus, bound in the cell
material of dead and decaying algae and other organic
material, is released in the form of soluble phosphates
and a portion recycled as a plant nutrient.
            In the Brest Bay area, where the nutrient
supply is rich and the algae count highest, the phosphates
and nitrates are recirculated in the water mass by the
clockwise currents.  The addition of more nutrients
gradually increases the concentration.   At times of
bloom low levels of nitrates were observed, but this
can be explained by the known tendency of phytoplankton
to take up nutrients in excess of actual needs.
            A considerable portion of the nutrient supply
for maintaining the observed phytoplankton abudance in
Brest Bay originates from the discharge of inadequately
treated domestic wastes and the paper mill wastes to the
Raisin River at Monroe.   Nutrient measurements sub-
stantiate this assumption, as the phosphate and nitrate
levels observed in the Raisin River were 0.4 mg/1 and
0.6 mg/1, respectively.
            Other symptoms of heavy organic enrichment
at the inshore stations were the sewage-tolerant species
of blue and green algae, and the diatoms characteristic

-------
                                                        563



                   Richard D. Vaughan



of highly eutrophic bodies of standing water.  These



blooms were concentrated In Brest Bay and at the station



above Stony  Point close to the City of Monroe's water



intake.  (Taste and odor-producing algae have caused



trouble at the City of Monroe's water treatment plant in




the past.  The intake was moved to its present location



in 1950 to obtain waters less prone to tastes and odors.)



            The filamentous green algae, Cladophora, and the



filamentous slime bacterium, sphaerotilus, mentioned earlier



as usually associated with nutrient-enriched waters, were



also found at most stations in Lake Erie.  Heavy growths



of algae were found along the beaches near Bolles Harbor,




and in the Brest Bay area, further indicating the



polluted condition of these waters and pointing to



sources of waste in the Monroe-Raisin River area.








Bottom Organisms



            In Lake Erie, a study of the bottom animals



revealed particularly polluted areas adjacent to the



Raisin River and Sterling State Park (Figure 12-VI, Table



8-VI), and also at the mouth of the Detroit River, extending



in the shape of a fan out into the Lake.






(Figures 11-VI and 12-VI and Table 8-VI follow.)

-------
                                        564
                                  FIGURE II-SI
     DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
        DISTRIBUTION  OF
 FILAMENTOUS  SEWAGE BACTERIA
        MICHIGAN WATERS  OF
              LAKE  ERIE
US DEPARTMENT  OF HE ALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
           PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
      REGION V    GROSSE ILE. MICHIGAN

-------
                                                      56?
                   Richard D. Vaughan

             The clustering of these zones close to the

 mouths of the Detroit and Raisin Rivers points to the

 greatest sources of pollution.   In between the two polluted

 areas, associations of bottom forms containing sensitive,

 intermediate, and tolerant specimens indicate that the

 two general areas of pollution are independent of each

 other.

             Samples from the Detroit River below sources

 of pollution and from the Lake did not contain a single

 burrowing mayfly.  Among the causative factors involved

 in the disappearance of this important fish food organism

 are changes in the Lake floor sediments themselves.

 Oooze or flocculent sludge and oil laid down by pollu-

 tion from Detroit and the Monroe area have replaced the

 more desirable habitats that once supported mayflies and

 other fish food organisms.




          SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OP WASTES

                       Municipal

             In addition to studying the operating records

of sewage treatment plants (see Figures 11-1 and 14-1) in

 the area studied by the Projsct, two 4-day surveys were

 made of the Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant in cooperation

 with the Michigan Department of Health.   Waste flows

-------
                                                       568
                    Richard D. Vaughan

were measured, hourly bacteriological samples and 12-hour

composite chemical, biochemical, and physical samples

collected, and the results analyzed in the Project

laboratory.

            Table 9~VI summarizes the results of the two

surveys, and Table 10-VI lists waste loadings and observed

treatment efficiency of the plant.

            The two surveys revealed an influent fairly

typical of a weak domestic waste.  Exceptions to this

general observation included high concentrations of

soluble and total phosphates (20 and *K) mg/1 respectively),

and high concentrations of certain toxic metals including

copper, zinc, and lead.
(Tables 9-VT and 10-VI follow.)

-------
                                                                  569
TABLE 9-VI.  SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF MONROE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
Avg.
Pb
rog/1
0.13
0.09
-
0.13
0.09
Avg.
CN
rog/1
_
-
-
-
-
Avg.
Clo
Res id.
ragA
«
1.2?
-
-
1.25

-------
•TABLE 10-VI.  SUMMARY OF WASTE LOADINGS



              MONROE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
570

*y


Copper
Ibs/day
-
_
Cadmiun
Ibs/day
-
— ,
Nickel
Ibs/day
0.33
0.33
Zinc
Ibs/day
1.65
1.65
Lead
Ibs/day
2.96
2.96
Cyanide
Ibs/day
-
—
          SUMMARY OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCY




          MONROE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
rides
moval
0
0
ABS
% removal
0
0
Iron
% removal
37
37
Copper
% removal
-
_1
Cadmium
% removal
-
^

-------
                                                     572
                    Richard D. Vaughan

over 600 pounds of phosphates, I,l8o pounds of suspended

solids, and an oxygen demand equivalent to the raw sewage

of a population of 8,100 to the Raisin River.

            The table below lists the loadings of iron,

oil, phenols, and suspended solids, which would result

if International Joint Commission effluent limitations,

including a suspended solids limitation of 35 nig/1, were

met at the Monroe Plant.
 POLLUTANT
Oil and Grease
Phenols
Iron
                  LOADING AFTER  REDUCTION
PRESENT LOADING    REDUCTION     PER CENT
52 gallons/day    31 gals./day
0.97 Ibs./day     0.^7 Ibs/day   51
31 Ibs./day
31 Ibs./day    0
Suspended Solids    1,180 Ibs./day    856 Ibs./day   27
                      INDUSTRIAL


            The  sources of industrial wastes studied in

 the  lower Raisin River are six plants near Monroe, Mich-

 igan. These plants  consist of four paper mills, a manu-

 facturer of automobile bumpers and accessories, and a

manufacturer of automobiles.

-------
                                                             573
TABLE 11-VI.
SUMMARY OF RANGES OF AVERAGE RESULTS OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS
        RAISIN RIVER AT MONROE
B-
des
€/l
5.03
0
..02
0
0
0
Copper
rag/1
0-0.09
<0. 01-0. TO
0.03-0.76
<0.01-
.01-0.06
.07-O.llj
Cadmium
mg/1
0-<0.01

-------


















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-------
TABLE 14-VI.   INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS CONTAINING  EXCESSIVE
           CONCENTRATIONS OF WASTE MATERIALS

                                         Suspended
                                                                    575
Industry
Raisin River
Consolidated Paper Company
North Side
West Clarifier
East Clarifier
Bypass
South Side
Ford Motor Conpany
Sewage Treatment Plant
Main Plant
Monroe Paper Products Company
Union Bag-Camp Paper Company
BOD Cyanides
(rag/1) (mg/1)
310
327
120
1.02
126
305
Solids
(mg/1)
163
190
277
189

99
93
Coliform Bacteria
MP/100 ml
29,000
1>6,000
62,000
2,000,000
1*60,000
60,800


-------
                                                     576
                Richard D. Vaughan
            The total waste volume from these six plants
is 151 million gallons per day.  Another plant, the
Consolidated Paper Company, West Side Works, although
not operating during the Project, has since resumed oper-
ation on a part-time basis.   Waste constituents from
these sources Include large quantities of oxygen-demanding
material which deplete the oxygen resources of the Raisin
River beyond recovery.  The wastes also contain significant
quantities of coliform bacteria, oil, toxic metals,
cyanides, and suspended and settleable solids.
            The industrial wastes which most seriously
degrade the water of the Raisin River originate from the
four paper mills, where the treatment is in all cases
inadequate.  The paper plants all provide partial treat-
ment for removal of settleable solids and one provides
chemical coagulation in addition. The Ford Motor Company
plant maintains extensive treatment facilities for control
of the toxic metallic ions and cyanide-bearing wastes.
In addition, a small primary sewage treatment plant
treats the domestic wastes from the Ford Works.
            With the exception of the Monroe Auto Equip-
ment Company, all treatment facilities are inadequate
to prevent interference with water uses in the Raisin
River and subsequently in Lake Erie.     The Raisin

-------
                                                     577
               Richard D. Vaughan

River, itself, primarily due to the paper mill wastes,

i s in a continuous state of putrefaction and is literally

offensive in appearance.

            Wastes in the Raisin River eventually reach

the waters of western Lake Erie.  The paper mill wastes

combined far exceed the assimilative capacity of the

Raisin River, discharging wastes equal to the oxygen

demand of sewage from a population of 225,000. They also

contain excessive densities of coliforms, at times

exceeding 1 million organisms per 100 ml. These densities

are of particular concern because of the Lake Erie bathing

beaches at the mouth of the Raisin.   The Ford Motor

Company discharges 1,075 pounds of cyanides and 4,080

pounds of toxic metals each day, and, under summer

flow conditions, the large discharge from Ford comprises

nearly the entire flow in the lower Raisin River. The

oil from Ford, although low in concentration due to

dilution in the waste canal, is large in quantity—870

gallons/day.  These wastes may severely hinder the

propagation of aquatic life in the Raisin River and the

nearby lake waters.

            Below is a tabulation of the industrial waste

loadings in the Raisin River which would result if

excessive concentrations of certain constituents were

-------
                                                     578
               Richard D. Vaughan

reduced to meet International Joint Commission effluent

recommendations and a suspended solids effluent limit

of 35 mg/1.
 POLLUTANT
Iron
Oil
Phenols
               LOADINGS AFTER   PER CENT
PRESENT LOADING   REDUCTION    REDUCTION
35 pounds/day 35 pounds/day
870 gals/day  870 gals./day
22 pounds/day  7,^00 Ibs./day
Suspended Solids   23,500 Ibs./day7,400 Ibs/day
70
                                  68
               STORMWATER OVERFLOW

            All along the Lake Erie shorefront are

pumping stations designed to receive surface drainage and

automatically discharge it, untreated, into Lake Erie

during or following rainfall and heavy surface runoff.

Sampling of the discharge of these stations revealed

that sewage from direct discharge or from improperly

operating septic tank installations reaches the stations

along with surface storm runoff.

            The City of Monroe has separated its sewers,

but a portion of the sanitary sewers still receives roof

-------
                                                      579
                 Richard D. Vaughan


 runoff  from  residences  and commercial establishments.

 This  places  a burden  on the sewage treatment plant and

 any waste  load above  10 MOD is bypassed to the Raisin


 River,  receiving chlorination only.    In addition, a

 flood relief pumping  station on  the Raisin River inter-


 ceptor  functions when unusually  high rainfall or flood

 stage of the river inundates the sanitary sewer to the


 plant.  Both  of these  operations  contribute untreated

 wastes  to  the River.


             Coliform  data from the mouth of the Raisin


 River were evaluated  with respect to rainfall in the


 Monroe  area.   In the lower part of the River steady


 industrial and municipal waste contributions over-


diadowed any  noticeable  effect of rain on bacterial

 water quality. The effect of rainfall on the River above


 known sources of pollution, however, was strongly


 adverse, as  in late August, 1963* when heavy rains caused

 the flood  pumping station to operate for one hour, and

 coliform densities Jumped to 10  and 20 times the normal

 levels.    In times of moderate rainfall slight rises in

 coliform densities were noticed  in the upper Raisin River,


 for relatively short  periods of  time.

-------
                                                     580
                Richard D. Vaughan
                SHOREPRONT HOMES

             Estimates  of the number of unsewered  shore-

 front  homes  that  discharge  sewage directly, or from

 improperly functioning septic  tanks, to Lake Erie or its

 tributaries  were  made  in 1962  conference  transcript. Consul-

 tation with  personnel  of the Monroe County Health De-

 partment  revealed several tributaries, including  Plum

 Creek  and Sandy Creek,  which receive such wastes  directly

 and  via county surface drains.   Much of  the Lake Erie

shoreline  from  Maple Beach to below the Raisin River,

 outside of the sewered area of the City of Monroe, is

 so affected.  Surface  drainage polluted with sewage

 reaches the  Raisin River above the City of Monroe through

 county drains  which permit  discharge into the river

 during wet and, In some reported cases dry conditions.

             Individual reports will be made on the ef-

 fects  of  this  type of  pollution in the Maple-

 Mllleville Beach  and Sterling State Park Beach areas

 (see Special Studies).  In  general it can be stated that

 these  sources  of  wastes adversely affect  water quality

 at Lake Erie bathing beaches,  especially  in times of

 rainfall  and specific  wind  conditions favoring retention

 of the polluted wake along  the shorefront.

-------
                                                      581
                 Richard D.  Vaughan
                POLLUTION FROM BOATS

             Commercial and pleasure boats  make  heavy use

 of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie. All such craft

 represent potential sources of pollution from oil  and

 human wastes.  The files of this Project contain reports

 of oil spills  which appeared to originate  in  the middle

 of the Lake waters under study, undoubtedly from boats.



             ENRICO FERMI ATOMIC REACTOR

             The Enrico Fermi Atomic Reactor,  designed to

 generate electric energy for domestic and  Industrial use,

Is not now In active operation but is expected to produce

 power sometime in 1965.  Both radioactive  and domestic

 wastes are adequately treated, and create  no  interference

with water use.

             Domestic wastes from the 150 employees of

 this installation are treated by a secondary  treatment

 plant.    Over 90 per cent of the BOD is removed by  this

 plant, which now operates under its design capacity  of

 75*000 gallons per day.   Operating records are sent to

 the Michigan Department of Health for review.

             The only radioactive wastes originating  in

 the plant are  from biweekly steam cleaning of the

-------
                                                      582
               Richard D.  Vaughan

 reactor sub-assembly, and over 00 per cent consists of

 sodium 24 with a half-life of 15 hours.   Treatment is

 provided by storage for 9 days in a surge tank.  . The

 effluent is then bled off at a rate determined by the

 radioactivity remaining in the tank and  discharged

 to Lake Erie through a dilution canal off a lagoon in

 Swan Creek.  Automatic monitoring devices operate

 continually and prevent discharge of highly concentrated

 radioactive material to the receiving waters.  In the

 event radioactivity is too high after 9  days storage

 for discharge into the receiving waters,  additional

 storage equal to three months'  capacity  is available.




                TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE ERIE

             Tributaries to Lake Erie are large sources

of its pollution.   The major source, the Detroit River,

 has been described in detail in Section  V of this report.

 U. S. waters of the Detroit contribute over 95#  of the

 pollution of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.   Other

 tributaries considered in this study include the Raisin

 River, Huron River, Swan Creek, Stony Creek, Sandy Creek,

 Plum Creek, and LaPlaisance Creek.   Table 15-VI

 summarizes average quantitative  loadings for each of these

tributaries for total coliform organisms.

 (Tables 15-VI and 16-VI follow.)

-------
                                                                     583
                TABLE 15 -VI.  AVERAGE COLIFORM LOADINGS

                   TRIBUTARIES TO MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                                                   Average Coliform Loading

Tributary                                          	BPE*	



Detroit River**                                             77,000



Huron River                                                    317


Swan Creek                                                      10



Stony Creek                                                     51


Sandy Creek                                                     Uj



Raisin River                                                 ^,500


Plum Creek                                                      ^7
*   One BPE = 200 billion coliform organisms


**  United States testers

-------
                 TABLE 16-VI.  AVERAGE STREAM LOADINGS
                   TRIBUTARIES TO MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                                                                         584
                Detroit River
Huron River
Raisin River
Concen-
tration*
Chlorides
Phosphate
Nitrates
Ammonia
Organic
Nitrogen
Suspended
Solids
Settleable
Solids
Phenols
Iron
23
0.53
0.27
0.33
0.18
21
18
4.9
0.62
Loading*
10,100,000
218,000
109,000
133,000
72,600
8,600,000
7,200,000
2,100
260,000
Concen-
tration*
36
1.71
0.28
0.26
0.13
k
-
3.1
.09
Loading*
89,200
h,2ko
69k
61*5
322
9,920
-
8
223
Concen-
tration*
28.6
.36
• 13
.39
.27
9.7
2.9
7.1
0.78
Loading*
141,000
1,770
6UO
1,920
1,330
47,800
14,300
35
3,840
* Concentration in mg/1, except phenols,  vhich are in ug/1.  Detroit
  River average concentrations are adjusted to flow for the  entire
  United States section at the mouth.

* Loadings in pounds per day.

-------
                                                      585
               Richard  D.  Vaughan

             Table  16-VI summarizes  average  values  and

 loadings  for the Detroit, Huron,  and  Raisin Rivers,  the

 largest tributaries, £or phosphates,  nitrogen  compounds,

 phenols,  chlorides,  suspended  solids,  cyanides,  and  iron,

 Three Intensive studies,  or surveys, done  of the  Raisin

 River are discussed under "Special  Studies."

             The Huron  River is a  contributor of  wastes

high in coliform densities,  phosphates, and  nitrogen

 compounds.     However,  the  Project  was unable  to demon-

 strate specific adverse  effects on  the Michigan  waters

 of  Lake Brie directly  attributable  to the HUron. The

 Huron River discharges into a  large marsh at Pointe

 Mouillee  which is  subject to backwater from the  already

 polluted  waters of the Detroit River.  Retention in  the

 Pointe Mouillee marsh  prevents the  identification  of

 Huron's share of nutrient and  coliform loadings. Any

 change in water quality  in  Lake Erie  due  to the  Huron is

 masked by other sources  of pollution.   After  sources

 of  pollution in the Detroit River have been eliminated

 or  substantially controlled, the  real  contribution of

 the Huron River may be ascertained.

-------
                                                     586
                 Richard D. Vaughan
                  SPECIAL STUDIES

            Several special studies were made In areas

where pollution problems were not clearly defined

by routine Investigation of water quality and waste

sources.   Included In these activities were three

intensive surveys of the Raisin River, a pollution study

of the Maple-Milleville Beach area, collection and analy-

sis of bottom deposits in the Lake, determination of

distribution of currents in Michigan Lake Erie, a study

of rooted aquatic plants, and a special pollution in-

vestigation of the Sterling State Park bathing beaches.



              RAISIN RIVER INTENSIVE SURVEYS

            Three intensive surveys of the Raisin River

were conducted by Project personnel during winter and

summer months.   Figure 13-VT shows the sampling stations

on a map of the Raisin River; and Tables 17-VI through

19-VI summarize the results.




(Tables 17-VI through 19-VI follow.)

-------
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-------
                                                        588
TABLE 18-VI.   SUMMARY OF RESULTS
  RAISIN RIVER SURVEY NUMBER 2
  JUNE 9 THROUGH JUNE 12, 1963



Station
T80 (mouth)
T8l
T82
T83
T84


Station
T80 (mouth)
T8l
T82
T83
T8U


Station
T80 (mouth)
T81
T82
T83
T81t

Average
Plow
(cfs)
868
868
JOk
682
668
Average
Flow
(cfs)
868
868
7<&
682
668
Average
Flow
(cfs)
868
868
70lt
682
668
Geometric Mean
Coliform
Densities-
org./100 ml
120,000
150,000
170,000
57,000
7,800
Average
Cyanides
mg/1
•03
• 30
0
<.01
.01
Average
Zinc
mg/1
.02
.Ok
.10
.06
.01

Average
Phenols
W/l
8.6
5-0
23-8
3-6
lt.lt
Average
BOD
mg/1
7.6
lit.lt
24.8
10.0
8. It
Average
Lead
mg/1
<.01
.01
.oh
.01
<.oi

Average
Chlorides
mg/1
32.6
26.8
1*5.2
29.2
ia.8
Average
Copper
mg/1
.16
.22
.06
.02
• 03
Average
Chromium
mg/1
.01
.02
<.01
<.01
<.01
Average
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
8
12
59
37
&
Average
Nickel
mg/1
.02
.01
.03
.02
.03
Average
Cadmium
mg/1

_
<.01
<.01
<.01

-------
                                                                          589
                    TABLE 19-VI.  SUMMARY OF RESULTS
                      RAISIN RIVER SURVEY NUMBER 3
                    AUGUST 26 THROUGH AUGUST 29, 1963
Station
T80
T82
T83
T84
T86
T88
T89
Average
Flow
(cfs)
2^5
72
60
46
^
^
^
Geometric Mean
Coliform
Densities
org./100 ml
30,000
200,000
it 20, 000
^30,000
17,000
16,000
720
Average
Phenols
AJg/1
6.8
26.0
19-8
12.0
99-8
15-0
2-5
Average
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
16
30
55
31
9
8
3
Mason Run (Consolidated North
  and Union-Bag Camp Company)
Consolidated Paper Company -
  North Plant
Consolidated Paper Company -
  South Plant
Monroe Paper Products
Monroe Sewage Treatment
  Plant
Coliform
Densities
org./lOO ml
26,000-50,000
6,200-190,000
100-5,000,000
2,000-80,000
20,000-^20,000
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
108-203
192-670
21-637
1*3-372
23-31
Settleable
Solids
mg/1
11-115
0-180
0-567
15-359
0-2

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                                                     590
                  Richard D. Vaughan

             Major waste  sources are  introduced to the

 river between station T83 and  T84  (Monroe  Sewage

 Treatment Plant and Consolidated Paper  Company, South

 Plant) and between stations T82 and  T83 (Consolidated

 Paper Company, North Plant, Union-Bag Company and Ford

 Motor Company).  Wastes  from  the Monroe Paper Products

enter the river between T88 and T89.

             Prom the upstream stations  to  station T84

 (above most waste sources) coliform  densities in the river

 averaged under 20,000 organisms per  100 ml during all

surveys and under 5,000 organisms per 100 ml during  two.

 Below station T84 average values were over 100,000

 organisms per 100 ml during all  surveys. The backwater

 effect of the Lake Increased  volume  of  low bacterial

 industrial wafcte from the Ford Motor Company reduced

 coliform densities at the mouth  to values  of 1,350

 organisms per 100 ml during winter months  and to 30,000

and 120,000 organisms per 100  ml  during  summer months.

             In June, 1963> effluent  of  the Monroe Sewage

 Treatment Plant was monitored and  had a geometric mean

 of only 105 coliform organisms per 100  ml  during the

 survey.   Nevertheless,  an increase  between station T84

 and T83 of 7,800 to 57,000 organisms per 100 ml was

 observed. This testifies to  the  extreme influence  of  the

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                                                      591
                 Richard D. Vaughan

 effluents from the paper mills along the Raisin River

 upon its collform density and bacterial water quality.

             High concentrations of suspended and settle-

 able solids were noted in the effluents of all paper

 mills, but not in that of the Ford Motor Company or

 Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant. Cyanides from one Ford

 effluent were excessive, at 1.3 mg/1.    Iron concentrations

 in all effluents were low but the average value at  the

mouth was high, at 0.78 mg/1.  Analysis of toxic metals

 during survey number two indicated substantial quantities

 of copper, nickel, and zinc.  The following table is a

 summary of amounts of wastes discharged into the Raisin

 River between station T89 and the mouth,  compared to the

 increase in stream loadings between those two points.
                          WASTE SOURCES     INCREASE IN LOAD-
 CONSTITUENT              POUNDS/day       INQS,POUNDS/DAY
Phenols
Chlorides
Cyanides
BOD
Iron
Suspended Solids
24
19,600
1,050
49,000
40
23,300
15
60,000
135
35,600
1,300
20,600

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                                                     592
                 Richard D. Vaughan

             The  two-mile  stretch of  the Raisin River

 immediately above  its mouth  receives large  quantities

 of Industrial  and  domestic wastes, and is not only

 grossly polluted,  but also seriously degrades an area

 of Lake Erie near  its mouth.  Waste  constituents dis-

 charged to the River are  high in coliform,  suspended

 solids, and cyanide  concentrations,  and include large

 quantities of  oxygen-consuming  substances,  as evidenced

 by the  discharge of  49,000 pounds per day of BOD

 (equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to the

 untreated  wastes of  a population of  about 225,000).

 The lower  Raisin River is frequently completely devoid

 of dissolved oxygen, resulting  in a  continuous state of

 putrefaction during  the summer  months.   All uses of

the Raisin  River  except waste  disposal and navigation have

 been eliminated  by pollution, and deposits  of settleable

 solids  at  the  mouth  interfere with these uses to the

 extent  that annual dredging  is  required to  remove bottom

 material and keep  the channels  open  for ship movement.

             Bacterial counts  in the  lower River are

 excessively high and represent  prohibition  of any possible

 recreational use of  the water.   The  effect  of the Raisin

 River upon Lake  Erie is seen  in the  enrichment of the

 waters  or the  western basin  and in high coliform levels

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                                                     593
               Richard D. Vaughan

at bathing beaches near its mouth  (including Sterling

State Park).



                BOTTOM DEPOSITS

            Prom the mouth of the Detroit River to

Pointe Mouillee, extending as far eastward as the Detroit

River Light, the bottom is in poor condition.   Prom

Pointe Mouillee to Stony Point, in the center of

Swan Creek Bay and in the deep water east of Stony Point,

the bottom is in fair to poor condition.     Prom Stony

Point to  the Raisin River, there are poor areas of

bottom condition in the center of Brest Bay and in the

deeper water directly east of the mouth of the Raisin

River.    The condition of the bottom Is very poor at

the mouth  of the Raisin River.  Below the Raisin River

south to  Otter Creek the bottom is In fair condition

near the  shore and poor offshore.  Prom Otter Creek to the

south end of the Michigan waters the bottom Is fair to

good condition.

            Along the United States shore near the mouth

of the Detroit River there is a large area whose bottom

condition is poor. This area, extending from the Trenton

Channel past Pointe Mouillee as far east as the Detroit

River Light and southerly to the center of Swan Creek,

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                  Richard  D.  Vaughan



 indicates the  contribution of  the  effluent  of  the



 Trenton Channel.



             Figure 14-VI  shows bottom conditions as



 contours.



             Tables 20-VI  through 25-VI summarize



bottom deposits in the Raisin River and various segments



 of Michigan Lake  Erie.



             In addition to the results shown in these



 tables, analysis  of the bottom deposit supernatant was



 made for phenol,  phosphate,  nitrate,  and ammonia con-



 centrations and all these factors, Including field



 observations,  were considered  in evaluating bottom



 conditions.








 (Figure 13-VI, Figure 14-VI; Tables  20-VI through  25-VI



        follow.)

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                                                                                        595
                                                                              FIGURE 12-St
                                            Stony Pt
BREST    BAY
                           LAKE
ERIE
                                                   LE6ENO

                                                   A tai  s
                                                           SOLE


                                                           FEET
                                                    IOOO  0   IOOO 200O 3OOO

                                                           MtLCS
                                            DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT


                                  LOCATION  OF SAMPLING  STATIONS


                                                     RAISIN  RIVER
                                      U.S  DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH. EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                                                   PUBLIC  HEALTH SERVICE
                                              PEGION V      6HOSSE PLE. MICHIGAN

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                                           596
                                   FIGURE 14-SI
        DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
CLASSIFICATION OF  BOTTOM  CONDITION
  AS INDICATED BY  BOTTOM  DEPOSITS
            MICHIGAN WATERS OF
                 LAKE ERIE
    US  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
              PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
         REGION V    GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

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                                                                          597
      TABLE  20-VI.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                MOUTH OF DETROIT RIVER TO POINTE MOUILLEE
Number of
Samples
PH
Inshore
Offshore
% IRON
Inshore
Offshore
I OIL AND GREASE
Inshore
Offshore
1 TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS
Inshore
Offshore
12
13
10
9
12
12


12
13
Maximum
7.6
9.2
9.98
6.11
1.12
1.05


10.7
8.1
Minimum
7.2
6.6
<.01
.28
.03
.01


1.1
2.0
Mean
7.4
7.5
3.86
2.77
.65
.45


6.07
5.29
Remarks
Small area of 7.2 near
navigation channel.
High (97.) Pointe
Mouillee area.

Very high near Detroit
River Light off Pointe
Mouillee.

Fair condition.


CONCLUSION:  Bottom is in poor condition on the American side extending as far
             eastward as the Detroit River Light.  River is widening and losing
             velocity throughout this area allowing solids to settle out.
     TABLE 21-VI.
     SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
       POINTE MOUILLEE TO STONY POINT
Number of
Samples Maximum
PH
Inshore
Offshore
X IRON
Inshore
Offshore
I OIL AND GREASE
Inshore
Offshore

1 TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS
Inshore
Offshore

10
25

10
24

10
24



10
25

7.7
7.8

3.20
4.82

.60
.99



12.0
13.2
Minimum

7.2
7.4

.02
.01

.01
.02



5.8
2.0
Mean

7.49
7.53

1.22
2.13

.26
.38



8.8
7.3
Remarks






Low nearshore; higher
values in center of Swan
Creek Bay and east of
Stony Point.
Fair as far south as
Stony Point and poor
(10%) east of Stony
Point.
CONCLUSIONS:
Bottom is in fair to poor condition with poor areas in center of
Swan Creek Bay, and in deep water east of Stony Point.  Both areas
favor the settling of solids because of reduction in current
velocity.

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     TABLE 22-VI.
SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
    STONY POINT TO RAISIN RIVER
                                                                                598
Number of
Samples
pH
Inshore
Offshore
* IRON
Inshore
Offshore
7LOIL AND GREASE
Inshore
Offshore
* TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS
Inshore
Offshore

7
27

8
24

8
25


7
26
Maximum

7.8
7.6

6.30
9.50

1.2
1.0


13.4
18.3
Minimum

7.2
6.9

.002
.02

.03
.02


1.0
2.8
Mean

7.41
7.3

2.48
2.84

.23
.36


6.86
9.12
Remarks
6.7 center Brest Bay.


High west of Stony
Point and center of
Brest Bay.
Low nearshore; high in
center of Brest Boy.

High in* deep water
south of Stony Point
and in center of
Brest Bay.
CONCLUSION:  A poor area exists in the center of Brest Bay and in deeper water
             directly east of the Raisin River mouth.   Shoreline areas are
             fair to good.
     TABLE 23-VI.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                              RAISIN RIVER
                   Number of
                    Samples   Maximum  Minimum  Mean
                                   Remarks
* IRON

Z OIL AND GREASE
4

4
6.30

2.74
2.30

2.0
4.33

1.06
High 47. in Raisin and
around mouth.
High in Raisin River.
CONCLUSIONS:  Condition of bottom is very poor in the  Raisin River.

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      TABLE 2^-VI.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                        RAISIN RIVER TO OTTER CREEK
                                                                              599
                    Number of
                    Samples    Maximum  Minimum  Mean   Remarks
pH
Inshore
Offshore
% IRON
Inshore
Offshore
J6 OIL AMD GREASE
Inshore
Offshore
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS
Inshore
Offshore

U
19

3
17

1*
19


3
19

8.0
7.7

1.2k
3.1

.13
.86


13.0
18.3

7.4
7-1

.003
.006

.01
.02


U.8
1.3

7.6
7-3

.47
1.22

.07
.15


8.3
6.5
7.8 to 8.0 nearshore.


Low values.


Low values throughout



Poor condition


CONCLUSION:  Bottom is in fair condition nearshore and poor offshore.

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                                                                              6oo
       TABLE 25-VI.  SUMMARY OF BOTTOM MATERIALS - MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
                 OTTER CREEK TO SOUTH END OF MICHIGAN AREA
Number of
Samples    Maximum  Minimum  Mean
                                                        Remarks
PH
Inshore
Offshore
% IRON
Inshore
Offshore
% OIL AND GREASE
Inshore
Offshore
% TOTAL VOLATILE
SOLIDS
Inshore
Offshore

8
19

5
15

6
16


8
17

7.8
7.4

4.82
5-50

.56
.34


7.2
30.0

6.9
6.8

.004
.008

.007
.02


3-3
3-1

7.3
7.2

1.50
2.28

.14
.15


4.94
7.56
7.2 to 7.4; 6.8 to 6.9
nearshore south of
Otter Creek.
Low except nearshore
south of Otter Creek.

Low values except
south of Otter Creek.


Good condition - 4 to
6$.

CONCLUSION:  Bottom is good to fair except for a poor area nearshore south
             of Otter Creek.

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                                                     601
                 Richard D. Vaughan
                HH)ROLOGIC STUDIES

            Special hydro-logic investigations were made

of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie to show the relationship

between sources of wastes and areas affected by pollution.

Of special interest was the path of dispersion of the

waters of the Detroit River into Lake Erie under varying

weather conditions.  Rhodamine B fluorescent dye and

a fluorometer were used in conjunction with surface and

subsurface floats or drogues to assist in this determina-

tion.

            Wind is the primary factor influencing water

movement in the open water sections of Lake Erie.  The

response of surface waters to wind changes is very rapid.

Pew instances of carryover effect due to differing wind

conditions preceding a survey were noted.

            The Detroit River outlet into the Lake is

a strong factor influencing currents in the immediate

area of its debouchment, diminishing rapidly beyond the

Detroit River Light.  Wind effects are noted as far north

as Project sampling range DT 3.9* although the River

current is by far the greater influencing force at this

point.    South of Pointe Mouillee wind forces predominate

over Detroit River current.

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                                                     602
                  Richard D. Vaughan

            Seiches and wind affect the shallow areas

and mouths of tributaries, causing inward and outward

water movement independent of the prevailing current

patterns in open-water sections of the Lake.

These estuarine-like movements are local in effect, from

a current pattern standpoint, but may be much more exten-

sive in terms of water quality, as is the case with the

Raisin River.

            Vertical temperature profiles, taken regularly

during dye vector work, showed nothing suggesting strati-

fication, so that surface current pattern results were

assumed to apply to the water mass as a whble.   Horizontal

surface temperature profiles calculated in the northern

section of the study area support fluorometric and dye

vector study results closely.

            The prevailing wind direction on the Michigan

waters of Lake Erie is southwest, occurring 24 per cent

of the time on a ten-month basis (March through

December).  Winds with a southerly component, namely those

from the southeast, south, and southwest, account for 50

per cent of the total. During the months of June, July,

and August, when recreational water uses are at a peak,

southwest winds and winds with a southerly component occur

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                                                      603
                   Richard D.  Vaughan

 19 per cent  and  49 per cent of the time,  respectively.

 These  values are somewhat lower than the  ten-month

 average,  possibly because calm and near-calm conditions

 are more  frequent during the  summer than  during the

 year as a whole.

             Figures 15-VI through 18-VI depict current

 patterns  in  the  Michigan waters of Lake Erie determined

 under  varying wind conditions. The description of the

 wind direction (i.3.  south wind)  indicates the direction

 from which the wind blows;  a  south wind comes out of the

 south  and blows  toward the  north.   The large arrows denote

1he dispersion of Detroit River currents,  while the small

 arrows indicate  lake  currents considered  to be outside

 of the influence of the Detroit River.

             A narrative description of the observed

 currents  under each set of  wind conditions follows with

 an estimate  of the frequency  of occurrence of the specific

 wind conditions.




 (Figures  15-VI through 18-VI  follow.)
                             ir V. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . 1965 O - 792-121 (Vol. 2)

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