PROCEEDING
Volume 4
MINNESOTA
May 13-14-15, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Executive Session
September 30-October 1, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Pollution of Lake Superior and
its Tributary Basin, Minnesota-
Wisconsin-Michigan
U.S. Department of the Interior • Federal Water Poll ution Control Administration
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_! N D _E X
(May 15, 1969, Afternoon Session)
i
^
STATEMENT OF:
John P. Badalich
Kenneth Haley
Dr. G. Fred Lee
Dr. R. A. Ragotzkie
James K0 Rice
Dr. Robert C. Bright
Grant J. Merritt
Dr. Charles Huver
Lawrence D. Downing
Paul J. Kilian
Charles E. Carson
Jo G. Mar con
Mr So W« Brascugli
Mr So James Alexander
Walter Sve
Earl Biggins
Arthur Lornston
Mrs. Alan Bruce
Kenneth Johnson
Minnesota Federation of Labor
William LaFrance
Robert Dunbar
James R0 Miller
Edwin Ritchie
PAGE:
1197
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1346, 1410
1350, 1372
1353, 1563
1392
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1470
1442
1462
1467
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1491
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1497
1503
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STATEMENT OF; PAGE;
0. L0 Kaupanger 1525
G. F0 Kratoska 1528
John Buccowich 1531
Roger Hargrove 1534
Jerry R. Foster 1541
Vernon Larson 1542
Minnesota Arrowhead Association 1544
Jacob L. Pete 1549
United Steel Workers of America (AFL-CIO) 1552
Ed Fride 1639
Stig Forssmark 1640
John C. Green 1684
Closing Statement 1687
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1197
John Badalich
AFTERNOON SESSION
1:30 P.M.
MR. DOMINICK: Ladies and gentlemen, the conference
will come to order.,
We will turn the conference over to Mr. John Badalich
at this time, who will have the remainder of the afternoon for
Minnesota witnesses.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman.
First of all, I would like to introduce for the record
the letter we sent to Reserve Mining regarding the conformance
to the interstate water quality standards and also the letter
received from Reserve Mining in answer to that letter. This was
referred to in my presentation yesterday and also on Page 59.
We ask that they be received for the record.
MR. DOMINICK: They will be received for the record.
(The above-mentioned letters follow.)
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1197a
STATE OF MINNESOTA
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
459 Board of Health Building
University Campus
Minneapolis
55440
September 17, 1968
VIA CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Mr. J. William Bryant, President
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota 55614
Dear Mr. Bryant:
Interstate water quality standards for Minnesota developed in accordance
with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act were approved by Secretary Udall
of the Department of the Interior on June 18, 1968.
This is to inform you that the standards require a minimum of secondary
treatment or the equivalent for wastes from all sources discharged to inter-
state waters. The implementation schedule for compliance started on June 18.
Our records indicate that construction of industrial waste treatment
facilities will be necessary to achieve compliance with the standards. It is
expected that adequate facilities will be provided in accordance with the
following schedule:
Engineering reports due by ----------- December 18, 1968
Construction plans due by ----------- June 18, 1969
Contract awarded by -------------- December 18, 1969
Works construction completed by -------- December 18, 1971
It is requested that this office be informed within thirty days as to
the intentions of the company to proceed in accordance with the schedule
outlined above. If desired, we shall be glad to arrange for a meeting in
this office to discuss this matter in more detail.
Yours very truly,
/s/ John P. Badalich
John P. Badalich, PE
Executive Director
JPB/RDM:rw
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1198
RESERVE MIXING COMPA
SILVER BA.Y, MIXISTKSOTA 55614.-
6.M.FURNESS
P«",DENT October 10, 1968
Mr. John P. Badalich, Director
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
459 Board of Health Building
University Campus
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Dear Mr. Badalich:
We have received your letter of September 17, 1968, relative to possible
secondary treatment of wastes discharged into interstate waters.
Reserve Mining Company discharges no sewage into interstate waters.
The sewage from the taconite plant at Silver Bay goes into the sewage
treatment plant of the Village of Silver Bay where--along with the municipal
sewage--it receives both primary and secondary treatment before discharge
into the lake.
Reserve discharges the "tailings" from its processing onto the beach at
Silver Bay. This discharge spreads over the beach and a portion of it flows
into Lake Superior. This is done under permits issued by the Minnesota
Water Pollution Control Commission (the predecessor of the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency), the Commissioner of Conservation of the State
of Minnesota, and the Corps of Engineers of the U. S. Army. The whole
method of processing and treatment and discharge was thoroughly con-
sidered by these agencies when these permits were issued originally and
when subsequently amended in recent years.
The taconite (one of the hardest rocks found on the surface of this continent)
treated at this plant is crushed and ground to the fineness necessary for the
separation of the iron bearing particles--called "concentrate"'~-from the
crude taconite. This separation is achieved by gravity and magnetic pro-
cesses. The remainder of the rock, called "tailings,tr is nothing but sand
--a very dense, insoluble, inorganic sand. (Reserve's discharge does con-
tain a comparatively small amount of fly ash which is pumped from the
power plant into the tailings discharge stream during the winter months only,
under a special temporary or revocable permit issued in recent years
specifically for this purpose.)
The bcach--or delta — upon which the water-borne tailings are deposited is
located outside of Reserve's harbor on the easterly side of the east break-
water at Silver Bay. The coarse particles settle on the delta; the fine
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1199
Mr. John P. Badalich
October 10, 1968
Page 2
particles are carried by the water over the delta to the lake. Because this
water containing the particles is heavier than the lake water, it flows down
under the lake water along the incline of the delta's face as a "heavy
density current, " and then along the lake bottom to the great depths of the
lake wKere the fine particles of sand settle out. Reserve's discharge is
similar to those of many rivers which in their natural state have flowed into
Lake Superior for centuries without injury to the water, except that those
rivers have carried greater loads of much finer materials --clays, silts,
sands, decayed vegetation, etc.
Of course, Lake Superior is so deep and large that even if natural mixing
or dispersion of sediments were a significant factor, there would be no
adverse effect upon the quality of the water. However, the heavy density
current performs so effectively that water samples taken within ten to
twenty feet from the point where Reserve's discharge enters the lake con-
sistently show that the water's quality will easily meet the highest criteria
prescribed by state or federal authorities and, in fact, show that no changes
in quality have occurred.
On numerous occasions, representatives of your agency as well as other
state and federal agencies have inspected Reserve's operations and investi-
gated our use of Lake Superior. We have given full cooperation in connection
with such investigations, and have participated in various studies conducted
by those agencies as well as carrying on our own extensive studies. These
investigations and studies have demonstrated that the tailings contain no acids
or offensive matter, are not bio-degradable wastes, and that no program for
secondary treatment is necessary, required by law, feasible, or would serve
any useful or advantageous purpose.
Sincerely,
/ &CI S&
EMF/paa
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1200
John Badalich
MR. BADALICH: Then, Mr. Chairman, I would like to
introduce for the record, and I have a number for the conferees, a
number of permits issued by our predecessor, the Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission regarding the Reserve Mining permit for
application.
The first permit is the original permit issued in 1947,
on December 16. This is in regard to a discharge of 130,000 gallons
per minute of water used in power production and also for the
beneficiation of taconite.
Permit No. 2 is an amended permit after a public hearing
on September 25, 1956, for an increase in the discharge of power
production and beneficiation waters to a discharge of 260,000
gallons per minute.
Permit No. 3 is an amended permit after public hearing
on July 13, 1960, to increase the discharge of these waste-product
waters up to 502,000 gallons per minute.
These permits were issued by the Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission and the latter was issued on
September 8, 1960.
There is also a Permit No. 4 which is a temporary permit.
This was issued by the Water Pollution Control Commission on
June 18, 1965, to the University of Minnesota, Mines Experiment
Station, for the discharge to Lake Superior of wastewater and tailings
from an experimental iron ore flotation pilot plant at Silver Bay,
Minnesota, and not to exceed 500 gallons per minute. This
permit is dated July 2, 1965.
MR. DOMINICK: These will be made a part of the record.
(The above-mentioned permits follow.)
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1200a
RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING ISSUANCE OF PERMIT TO
RESERVE MINING COMPANY
RESOLVED by the Minnesota Water Pollution Control
Commission, assembled in special meeting at St, Paul, Minnesota,
December 16, 1947, all members being present, as follows:
That the report submitted by the chairman of the
commission in the matter of the application of Reserve Mining
Company, a Minnesota corporation, for a permit to discharge
industrial waste be approved and filed, that the findings and
recommendations of said report be and hereby are adopted as the
findings and conclusions of the commission, and that in accord-
ance therewith the secretary be and he hereby is authorized and
directed to issue to said applicant a permit in the following
form:
STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
PERMIT TO DISCHARGE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Pursuant to resolution adopted by the Minnesota
Water Pollution Control Commission December 16, 1947, after due
hearing and consideration as provided by law, there is hereby
granted to Reserve Mining Company, a Minnesota corporation, in
connection with the operation of a proposed taconite iron ore
beneficiation plant and power plant located on the shore of
Lake Superior northeast of Beaver Bay in Section 6, Township 55
North, Range 7 West, and adjacent portions of Sections 5 and 7
in said township and range, and Sections 31 and 32, Township 56
North, Range 7 West, in Lake County, Minnesota, for which opera-
tion water will be taken from Lake Superior at the rate of
approximately 130,000 gallons per minute when operating continu-
ously, a permit to return and discharge into Lake Superior the
waters taken therefrom and used in the production of power and
in beneficiating taconite in said plants, with tailings from
such beneficiation plant in suspension, all upon the following
conditions:
(a) The material processed in said taconite bene-
ficiation plant shall consist only of taconite of the magnetic
type from deposits lying in Townships 59 and 60 North, Range 13
West, and Township 60 North, Range 12 West, in St0 Louis County,
Minnesota, and shall not include any material quantity of hema-
tite or red oxide of iron.
(b) The tailings discharged from said taconite bene-
ficiation plant shall consist only of the crushed or ground
residue of taconite as hereinbefore described after extraction
of iron ore therefrom, with the water in which such residue is
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1200b
suspended, and neither such tailings nor the water returned from
the power plant shall include any material quantities of matter
soluble in water, organic matter, oil, sewage, or other waste
except such taconite residue«
(c) For the purposes hereinafter set forth, the
following described area is designated as the zone of discharge:
For the purpose of describing said zone of
discharge a point called Point "A" is located
on the shore of Lake Superior one and one-half
miles southwesterly in a straight line from the
intersection of said lake shore with the south
line of Section 32, Township 56 North, Range 7
West, in Lake County, Minnesota, said intersec-
tion being the approximate location of the point
of discharge; a point called Point "B" is located
on said lake shore one and one-half miles north-
easterly in a straight line from said intersection;
a straight line joining said Points "A" and "B"
is designated as the base line; said zone is
bounded on the northwesterly side by that portion
of said lake shore between said Points "A" and "B",
on the southwesterly side by a line running south-
easterly from said Point "A" at right angles with
said base line, on the northeasterly side by a
line running southeasterly from said Point "B" at
right angles with said base line, and on the
southeasterly side by a line running parallel
with said base line and three miles distant there-
from o
(d) Such tailings shall not be discharged so as to
result in any material clouding or discoloration of the water at
the surface outside of said zone except during such time as
turbidity from natural conditions in the adjacent portions of
the lake outside of said zone may be caused by storms, nor shall
such tailings be discharged so as to result in any material
adverse effects on fish life or public water supplies or in any
other material unlawful pollution of the waters of the lake or
in any material interference with navigation or in any public
nuisance outside of said zone.
(e) The permittee shall acquire all land riparian
to the lake shore within the lateral limits of said zone of
discharge, or such licenses, releases, or easements as may be
necessary to evidence the consent of the owners of such riparian
land to the operations of the permittee hereunder.
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1200c
(f) The granting of this permit shall not impose
any liability upon the State of Minnesota, its officers or
agents, for any damage to any persons or property resulting
from the operations of the permittee hereunder. This permit
shall be permissive only, and shall not be construed as estopping
or limiting any legal claims against the permittee, its agents
or contractors, for any damage or injury to any person or property
or to any public water supply resulting from such operations,,
(g) The permittee shall comply with all regulations
concerning navigation of any federal authority having jurisdic-
tion over navigation, and shall obtain any and all permits from
federal authorities that may be requisite for the construction
and operation of the facilities covered hereby.
(h) The permittee shall commence substantial con-
struction work upon said taconite beneficiation plant or upon
the dock and harbor facilities connected therewith within five
years from the date of the permit, and shall continue such con-
struction work with reasonable dispatch thereafter, and shall
have at least one unit of said beneficiation plant in operation
within ten years after the date of this permit, unless such time
or times shall be extended by the Water Pollution Control Commis-
sion or its successor in authority for good cause shown.
(i) This permit shall be for a term extending with-
out limitation until the permittee shall surrender the same, or
until revocation as hereinafter provided.
(j) This permit shall be subject to assignment, but
no assignment shall be effective until notice thereof is filed
in the office of the secretary of the commission or his successor
in authority; provided, that the authorization of the permit so
far as it relates to water taken from and returned to Lake
Superior in connection with said power plant shall be separately
transferable by assignment or license so long as the major pur-
pose of said power plant is the production of power for said
taconite beneficiation plant and facilities connected therewith.
(k) The permittee shall allow the Water Pollution
Control Commission or its agents or successors in authority
access to and inspection of the permittee's plants, premises,
and operations under the permit at all reasonable times for the
purposes of investigations and studies of the effects thereof
on the interests of the public, and shall cooperate in such
investigations and studies.
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1200d
(1) The permit shall be subject to revocation only
for violation of the conditions hereinbefore set forth. Before
any such revocation, the Water Pollution Control Commission or
its successor in authority shall hold a public hearing upon
charges specifying the alleged violation, of which at least
thirty days notice in writing shall be given to the permittee,
and if such violation can be corrected the permittee shall be
given a reasonable opportunity to correct the same.
Dated at St. Paul, Minnesota this 16th day of
December, 1947.
Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission
By /s/ A, J. Chesley, M0 D.
Secretary
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1200e
STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
In the Matter of the Application of
Reserve Mining Company for an Amendment
to Permit Issued by the Commission on
December 22, 1947, to Permit Discharge
of Additional Quantities of Industrial
Waste Into Lake Superior in Connection
With Taconite Iron Ore Beneficiation
Operations Near Beaver Bay in Lake
County, Minnesota.
AMENDED PERMIT
The application of the Reserve Mining Company for an
amendment to the permit heretofore issued came on for hearing on
September 25, 1956, at 10 o'clock a.m. in the Court House in the
City of Duluth, St. Louis County, Minnesota, before Dr. Ralph L.
West, Vice-Chairman of said Commission, pursuant to authority
heretofore granted by the Commission and due notice thereof, and
the report of said hearing having been made and filed by
Dr. Ralph L0 West, and the Commission having duly approved and
adopted said report, NOW, THEREFORE
IT IS ORDERED that the application of the Reserve
Mining Company to amend the permit dated December 22, 1947,
granted by the Commission, to take water from Lake Superior and
to discharge industrial waste therein, be and the same is hereby
granted, and said permit is hereby amended as follows:
In line nine of the first paragraph, on page 1 of
said permit, delete the figure 130,000 and insert in lieu there-
of the figure 260,000,
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1200f
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Reserve Mining Company
submit semi-annual reports to the Commission in regard to the
effect of tailing deposits in Lake Superior.
Dated at St, Paul, Minnesota, this 12th day of
November, 1956.
MINNESOTA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
By /s/ B, D. Barr
Secretary
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1200g
STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
In the Matter of the Application of
Reserve Mining Company for an Amend-
ment to Permit Issued by the Commis-
sion on December 22, 1947, as amended
November 12, 1956, to Permit Discharge
of Additional Quantities of Industrial
Waste into Lake Superior in Connection
with Taconite Iron Ore Beneficiation
Operations in Silver Bay, Lake County,
Minnesota,,
AMENDED PERMIT
The application of the Reserve Mining Company for an
amendment to the permit heretofore issued came on for hearing on
July 13, 1960, at 10 o'clock a.m. in the Court House in the City
of Duluth, St. Louis County, Minnesota, before Mr. Rector H,
Putnam, Chairman of said Commission, pursuant to authority here-
tofore granted by the Commission and due notice thereof, and the
report of said hearing having been made and filed by Mr. Rector H.
Putnam, and the Commission having duly approved and adopted said
report, NOW, THEREFORE
IT IS ORDERED that the application of the Reserve
Mining Company to amend the permit dated December 22, 1947, as
amended November 12, 1956, granted by the Commission, to take
water from Lake Superior and to discharge industrial waste there-
in, be and the same hereby granted, and said permit is hereby
amended as follows:
In line nine of the first paragraph, on page 1 of
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120011
said permit as amended, delete the figure 260,000 and insert in lieu
thereof the figure 502,000.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED (1) That the concentration of
tailings in the waste discharged shall not be materially increased
beyond that existing at the present time, (2) The semi-annual
reports of the Company shall include more detailed information
on the effect of the tailings on Lake Superior and on possible
effects in the lake in general, including the following:
a» More extensive turbidity measurements, plus other
related analyses, at differenct times of the year
and under different weather conditions,,
b0 More extensive bottom sampling to account for a
greater portion of the tailings which cannot now
be accounted for in the delta deposit.
c0 More extensive studies on possible causes and
effects of the green color and net slime phenomena,
including possible means of minimizing any effects
of the tailings which might be found.
Dated at St. Paul, Minnesota, this 8th day of September, 1960.
MINNESOTA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION
By /s/ B0 D0 Barr
Secretary
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12001
MINNESOTA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
Minnesota Department of Health Building
University Campus
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Permit No. 520
Temporary Permit for Waste Discharge,
Pilot Iron Ore Flotation Plant, Mines Experiment Station,
University of Minnesota, Silver Bay
Pursuant to authorization by the Water Pollution
Control Commission at a meeting held on June 18, 1965, and in
accordance with provisions of the Minnesota Water Pollution
Control Act, a permit is granted to the University of Minnesota,
Mines Experiment Station, for the discharge to Lake Superior of
waste water and tailings from an experimental iron ore flotation
plant, subject to the following conditions:
1. The waste flow shall not exceed an average of 500
galIons/minute.
2. The flotation reagents in the waste shall not differ
in type or exceed the concentration as specified in the
permit application, unless prior consent is obtained
from the Water Pollution Control Commission,,
3o Appropriate bio-assay shall be made under controlled
conditions to determine the toxicity to fish of the
flotation reagents and combinations thereof with the
plant tailings and the results reported to the
Commission,,
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1200J
40 Sampling and analysis of the wastes shall be done as
directed by the Commission, and an engineering evalua-
tion of possible waste treatment methods shall be made
if considered necessary by the Commission.
This permit is for a two-year period from the time
the pilot plant is placed in operation, does not estop possible
requirements for treatment of the wastes if found necessary, and
is subject to termination or modification for cause at any time0
MINNESOTA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
/s/ Lyle H. Smith
Lyle H. Smith, Executive Engineer
Dated: July 2, 1965
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1201
John Badalich
MR. BADALICH: Then, I would like to continue and
complete the testimony by the Reserve Mining Company. I believe
this will take an hour to an hour and a half„
I would like to call upon the Counsel for the Reserve
Mining Company, Mr. Ed Fride.
MR. MERRITT: Mr. Chairman we would like to formally
object to this procedure. Do you recognize us?
MR. DOMINICK: I recognize you.
MR. MERRITT: Last evening we were given the impression
and specific instructions that Minnesota public witnesses would be
next in the order in which they appear on the list, and then go
back to Reserve Mining Company,, A number of people are here ,
unpaid, and are expecting to go on this afternoon. We have been
here since Tuesday morning. We thought Minnesota would be done
late yesterday morning. Late yesterday afternoon we finally
reached the Minnesota witnesses and I don't think it is fair; I
don't think it is reasonable for Reserve to go ahead at this time
without hearing from these public witnesses who are here and ready
to go in the order in which they appear. We would request that
they appear now. (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Merritt, yesterday evening we were
proceeding with public witnesses and we made a special dispen-
sation in your case; you did not appear in the order in which
you were listed„ We made the point at that time that this was
not an appropriate time for you to appear. We made a special
consideration in your case before. Mr. Badalich now has the
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1202
John Badalich
entire afternoon for Minnesota witnesses and Reserve Mining is
as much a Minnesota witness as anyone else.
The conference has been held, I believe, at a very high
level. We have tried to be fair to all people concerned and you
have my word that we intend to hear from all of the people concerned
before this conference closes. We are attempting to finish today.
If we do not finish today, I will stay over, and I am sure that the
conferees will make arrangements to stay over. However, as we
agreed among the conferees, this afternoon would be devoted
exclusively to Mr. Badalich and Minnesota witnesses. I have turned
it over to him, and whatever way he wishes to run it is satisfactory
with the Chairman.
MR. PEGORS: Mr. Chairman, my name is John Pegors. I
am President of Clean Air, Clean Water Unlimited. I am the party
who substituted for Mr. Merritt last night.
As I recall the objection I raised at that time, it
was your position that Mr. Merritt would follow at 2 o'clock. Mr.
Badalich confirmed this in a conversation in the hall last night
after we closed the session.
I wish to register for the record an objection to your
decision and also to the decision of Mr. Badalich and Mr. Tuveson,
the conferees for Minnesota.
MR. BADALICH: May we proceed?
I believe the schedule of the conference has been
flexible and the conferees have agreed on how they should proceed.
I believe that in all fairness to Reserve Mining, which is also a
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1203
John Badalich
a witness for the State of Minnesota, if Mr. Merritt does not know
this, at the outset they requested 1% to 2 days and the conferees
and the Department of the Interior talked to Reserve Mining Company
and they very decidely told us they would hold their testimony to
approximately 3 hours. I think this is very well of them to do
so, and I would like to say at this time I will proceed with
Reserve Mining Company.
MR. MERRITT: A lot of our important witnesses didn't
go on last night until 4:30 or 5:00 o'clock, including Dr. Dale
Olsen and Dr. Williams. I think the same thing will happen this
afternoon. It is unfair
MR. DOMINICK: (interrputing): If we continue to hassle,
Mr. Merritt. We have run this conference fairly and we will continue
to run it fairly, but if we get on with the program, we will be
through by 3 o'clock and then hear all of the other witnesses.
MR. MERRITT: We will be on at 3 o'clock, is that it?
MR. DOMINICK: We have already used 15 minutes, so
Reserve Mining has one hour and a half and that will be 3:15.
MR. FRIDE: Ladies and gentlemen:
We greatly appreciate the opportunity to continue the
presentation we started earlier. I might say parenthetically that
I am not very popular with a few select distinguished internationally-
known scientists. A few weeks ago I asked them to compress the
great volume of data which they had collected and their conclusions
with respect to this subject matter and papers that will be
presented not to exceed an hour. This morning I told them to take
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1204
Kenneth Haley
that hour and compress it into a very few minutes, so perhaps I
am not too popular with them.
The first witness we will be calling on to make a
statement is Mr. Haley. He is the Vice-President and General Manager
of Reserve Mining Company. He has been associated with the taconite
production and pellets and dismissal of these pellets for the past
21 years.
Mr. Haley.
STATEMENT OF KENNETH HALEY, VICE-PRESIDENT,
RESERVE MINING COMPANY, SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA
MR. HALEY: Fellow conferees:
My name is Kenneth Haley, Vice-President of Reserve
Mining Company and Manager of their Research and Development
Division.
I am a resident of Silver Bay, Minnesota. I have a
Bachelor of Metallurgical Engineering degree from Ohio State University.
I have been associated with taconite processing into pellets since
1948.
To help our presentation, Reserve has made a 6-foot by
5-foot model of the western 20 percent of Lake Superior. This
model is accurate according to Corps of Engineers and University
of Michigan bathymetric charts. The vertical scale of the model is
3/8 of an inch equals 100 feet, and the horizontal scale is ^ inch
equals 1 mile.
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1205
Kenneth Haley
The dominant feature of this is a deep area off Silver
Bay. Our sonar readings at the bottom of this area have recorded
a depth of 966 feet.
Reserve is discharging 60,000 tons of tailings a day,
which sounds like an extremely large amount, but as reported, 45
percent of these tailings are heavy enough to settle on the beach
or delta in front of the plant. The remainder travels by density
current down into this deep area.
We also have made a scale model of our delta. My
associate, Dr. Gay, will place this delta on the proper place on
this lake model. Except for the delta the depth of tailings is
not large enough to illustrate by such a model. Therefore, I will
describe the flow and Dr. Gay will follow the flow with the pointer.
Tailings are quite deep adjacent to the toe of the delta,
40 to 50 feet. About halfway between the Beaver and Split Rock
Rivers, the depth of tailings decreases to about 4 inches. This
decrease in depth continues; IS-1-^ miles southwest of the discharge
it has decreased to a 1-inch thickness of tailings. From here on
the deposit gets very thin and spotty through the remainder of the
area deeper than 900 feet. The farthest tailings have been found
straight out from the Minnesota shore is 8 miles. The thickest
layer of tailings in the deep 600- to 900-foot area is 61-£ inches.
All of these tailings' flow and deposition is as predicted before
the permits were granted.
This data was obtained from about 150 bottom core samples
taken during 1967, 1968, and 1969. The tailings deposit grows so
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1206
Kenneth Haley
slowly on the lake bottom that we do not believe there are severe
inaccuracies in at least the general shape of the deposit by using
data taken over this long a time period.
Material is identified as tailings, natural bottom
sediments, or a mixture of the two by chemical analysis. Tailings
have a lower chemical analysis in most of the metals, except iron,
than the natural lake bottom sediments. These differences can be
used for identification. Titanium analysis is the most positive
to use.
Dr. Gay is now going to replace the present tailings
delta insert on the model with our predicted delta after 50 more
years of operation.
The distance that tailings will travel before settling
on the lake bottom is a function of their settling rate and the
currents they are carried by (the heavy density current plus the
lake currents). There is no reason to expect the settling rate or
the currents to change. We expect that the tailings will be
deposited in the same general area that they have been. The tailings
will still be too thin to identify any change in the bottom contours
of the model.
Also, we expect the heavy density current to have the
same general direction of flow. The toe of the delta will then be
in about 550 feet of water. From this toe it will slope in the same
manner as it does today, reaching a depth of about 15 inches at the
point halfway between the Beaver and Split Rock rivers, where it is
now 4 inches. At 15^ miles down shore where tailings are now 1-inch
-------
1207
Kenneth Healy
thick, we expect them to become 31-^ inches thick. They will not
be carried very much, if any, further than they have been so far.
The same physical phenomena of the heavy density current plus lake
currents and settling rates will continue to apply.
We have taken bottom core samples outside of these areas
described along the Minnesota shore. On several occasions we have
sampled from the Minnesota to the Wisconsin shore. Also we have
been furnished bottom samples from the Wisconsin area for identifi-
cation. These additional samples verify that tailings are not out-
side of the area previously described.
Analysis of Tailings and Sediments.
We have made a rather complete chemical analysis of a
series of representative bottom cores. These chemical analyses show
that the natural bottom sediments have higher aluminum, chromium,
copper, nickel, titanium, and zinc analyses than the tailings
sediments in the same area. They show that the natural bottom
sediments and the tailings sediments in the same area have the
same analyses of cadmium, cobalt, and lead. They show that tailings
sediments have higher iron, magnesium and manganese analyses than the
underlying natural bottom sediments. These chemical analyses show the
natural bottom sediments contain more of the metals identified as
objectionable heavy metals by the FWPCA than do tailings.
A typical complete chemical analysis of Reserve's
tailings shows that the heavy metals that the FWPCA considered
objectionable are very low in Reserve's tailings. The metals in
the tailings are in the form of complex oxides or silicates which
-------
1208
Kenneth Haley
are insoluble in Lake Superior water.
Reserve has used several methods of determining the
chemical state of its tailings. These methods have shown that the
elements in the tailings to which the FWPCA has referred to as
objectionable heavy metals are insoluble in Lake Superior water.
Some of these methods are: static or leaching tests; sorption
tests; statistical variance analysis of FWPCA's 1968 data; ratios of
the elements to iron analysis of FWPCA 1968 data; and the ratios of
elements to iron analysis of the tailings sediment as compared to
these same ratios for tailings themselves.
Screen analyses from the same bottom cores show that
the natural sediments are much finer than the overlying tailings
sediments.
You will notice I am not following our text closely,
skipping four or five pages there.
Also, it shows that the tailings now being discharged
by Reserve are of the same size analysis, or coarser, than the
tailings discharged much earlier in their operation.
Bottom Fauna.
Reserve Mining Company has conducted a bottom fauna
study during April and May of 1969. This data alone or in conjunction
with the study conducted in July 1963 by the State of Minnesota shows
that the tailings have not had an adverse effect on the total fish
food organisms. I have two slides to show this data.
We now have several pages that talk about our scientific
equipment, personnel, etc. We will take a little quicker way of
-------
1209
Kenneth Haley
doing that. We have a 6 or 8 minute movie of our research launch
in action, and Dr. Gay is going to narrate that, telling us how
these samples are taken and the analyses that are performed on each
of these samples.
Jim, would you take over and narrate this film, please.
(At this time a film was shown.)
MR. HALEY: Thank you very much, Jim.
Reserve Mining has kept the State of Minnesota personnel
informed by regularly reporting to them the results of their lake
studies. I have several pages of summary of some of those reports.
I will make one remark. The samplings from sediment
traps set out in 1968 have verified the results of our bottom core
samplings, so we have that in back of us.
We made our own analysis of data obtained by the study
group which consisted of the FWPCA and four other bureaus or
agencies of the United States Department of the Interior, two
Minnesota agencies, and one Wisconsin department. Highlights of
this analysis follow. FWPCA data shows that from a chemical and
turbidity standpoint, the water in the Silver Bay area has higher
purity than the balance of the lake which the FWPCA sampled.
Our comparisons show a 95 percent confidence level that
the water in the Silver Bay area is lower than the rest of the lake
sampled by the FWPCA in conductivity, sulfate, ammonia, lead, zinc,
turbidity, and total phosphorus. They also showed that the water
in the Silver Bay area had essentially the same content of chloride,
nitrogen, total iron and nickel as the balance of the lake sampled
-------
1210
Kenneth Haley
by the FWPCA.
The only analyses that were found to be higher in the
Silver Bay area were pH and nitrite-nitrate. However, these
analyses were well within the State and Federal water quality
standards. Similar comparisons were inconclusive on alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen and dissolved solids. Cadmium, chromium and
copper analyses were not given for FWPCA 1966 and 1967 sampling.
Therefore, like comparisons could not be made.
The FWPCA secured and analyzed samples from only 8
inches off the lake bottom in the Silver Bay area. The analyses,
particularly the turbidity and iron analyses, of these samples are
higher in the area of the heavy density current. This distribution
of analyses clearly outlines the path of the heavy density current
that is carrying tailings from the point of entry into the lake
down the slope of the bottom into the 600- to 900-foot deep area
of the lake. This is positive proof that the heavy density current
is performing exactly as predicted from the tests that the St.
Anthony Falls Laboratory and the Mines Experiment Station of the
University of Minnesota conducted in the late 1940's. The FWPCA
only sampled over a 9-mile by 5-mile area. The deepest point
sampled was 840 feet. Had they sampled over a larger area, they
would have detected the complete area over which the heavy density
current is flowing.
None of the chemical analyses reported as soluble exceeded
the State of Minnesota water quality standards.
MR. DOMINICK: Before you leave that, you are referring
-------
1211
Kenneth Haley
to FWPCA data as collected and as reported in the December 1968
report which was the 4-Agency draft report?
MR. HALEY: The report I am referring to had the title
"Special Report on Water Quality of Lake Suuerior in the Vicinity
of Silver Bay, Minnesota, U. S. Department of Interior, Federal
Water Pollution Control Commission, Great Lakes Region, 1968."
MR. DOMINICK: And I believe that is the report that was
submitted to us as an exhibit by Mr. Stoddard yesterday?
MR. HALEY: No, that is not the report.
MR. FRIDE: May I suggest this. The report Mr. Haley
is just citing is the bibliography for the appraisal report of April
1969. It is not the so-called Stoddard report. It is the part of
the group study report which was contained in the individual Agency's
reports and this is part of the bibliography for the 1969 report.
MR. BADALICH: This was the report Mr. Risley sent from
the FWPCA Chicago office and I asked it be made part of the record.
I believe it was Bibliography No. 49.
MR. DOMINICK: Yes, we have it here. I think this is
important to have this clarified for the record. Item No. 49 on Page
52 of the April 1969 report is listed as "Investigation of the
Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Great Lakes Region, September-October 1968." So
we are still finding some discrepancies as to what report we are
referring to.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, I believe Mr. Risley in
-------
1212
Kenneth Haley
his testimony referred to some sampling done by the PWPCA office in
Chicago, and he made reference to this report and I asked it be
introduced into the record. I believe Mr. Risley indicated he had
one or two copies available, but you did accept this as an exhibit.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Risley, do you have a copy of the
report that has been cited by Mr. Haley on Page 16 of his testimony
that he is giving right now, entitled "Special Report on Water
Quality of Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota",
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Great Lakes Region, December 1968?
MR. RISLEY: Yes, sir, I have that report.
MR. DOMINICK: And have you already submitted that as
an exhibit?
MR. RISLEY: It is available for submission.
MR. DOMINICK: We will receive that as an exhibit.
Have that reproduced and distributed to the conferees.
Thank you very much.,
(The "Special Report on Water Quality of Lake Superior
in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota", will be on
file at Headquarters, FWPCA, Washington, D. C., and
the Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois.)
MR. HALEY: Yes., The FWPCA Silver Bay area water
samples were analyzed for suspended solids, total chemical analysis,
and soluble chemical analysis. The analysis of the suspended solids
in these samples can be calculated from this data. These calcula-
tions have been made for copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, nickel,
-------
1213
Kenneth Haley
manganese, and lead. The percentages of these elements in these
suspended solids is so far different from that found in tailings
that it is obvious that the source of most of these suspended solids
was material other than tailings.
The work of the personnel from the National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, identified small amounts of tailings in "green
water" in the Silver Bay area. These observations were made in late
September and early October when there was a thermocline condition.
The tailings beach is part of the shore line of the Silver Bay area.
It would be expected that some tailings would be temporarily suspended
in the water in the Silver Bay area in the same manner that other
material is temporarily caused to be suspended by a thermocline in
this and other parts of the lake.
On the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries report there are
five summary sentences on paragraphs which state that tailings have
no effect on commercial fishing.
The U. S. Bureau of Mines data verified Reserve's chemical
and screen analysis of tailings.
On the Bureau of Sport Fisheries report, a series of tests
showed that tailings had no effect on fish. One test on sac fry
indicated tailings may have an adverse effect which needs further
checking under lake conditions.
On the U. S. G0 S0 report, they made a contour map which
I think had only a minor error in it., They did not note there were
deeper areas of tailings adjacent to the delta.
On the Minnesota Department of Conservation report,
Mr. Robert Riggs gave a very good analysis of that, and I will not
-------
1214
Kenneth Haley
bore you with the repetition of that.
On the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources report,
comparisons of the data of this report show that the water in the
Silver Bay area is far cleaner than the water in the Wisconsin area.
This is determined by comparing the Secchi disc, turbidity, and
phosphorus data of this report to be found by the FWPCA in the
Silver Bay area.
The Secchi disc readings of the Wisconsin data averaged
7.2 feet. The FWPCA Secchi disc readings in the Silver Bay area
averaged 21.5 feet. The fact that the Secchi disc could be seen in
three times as deep water in the Silver Bay area as is possible to
see it in the Wisconsin area certainly shows that the water of the
Silver Bay area is much cleaner. The average turbidity data for the
Wisconsin water is 18 times the average of the Lake Superior in the Vicinity
turbidity.
Water samples from the Wisconsin area, which were all
surface samples, averaged 5.01 turbidity. The FWPCA surface and
mid-depth data for their Silver Bay area samples averaged 0.28
turbidity.
Total phosphorus analyses of the Wisconsin area water
averaged 0.042 mg/1. Total phosphorus analyses of water samples
secured in the Silver Bay area by the FWPCA averaged 0.010 mg/1.
Thus, Wisconsin water contains 4 times as much total phosphorus as
the Silver Bay water.
This comparison certainly indicates that after 13 years
of Reserve's operation, the water in the Silver Bay area is cleaner
-------
1215
Kenneth Haley
than other areas of the lake. This should be proof that Reserve's
tailings are not having a deleterious effect on Lake Superior.
Some Comments on the FWPCA's April 1969 Report.
We believe the record of this conference should contain
specific rebuttals to those assertions in the April FWPCA report
which directly concern Reserve Mining Company. Our complete rebuttal
is included as Appendix F. Some of the subjects of our rebuttal have
already been covered in my previous discussion.
The subject of Conclusion No. 11 and the statement
following it have not been covered sufficiently. I will confine my
closing remarks to this subject.
This conclusion reads as follows:
"A distinguishing characteristic of tailings discharge
by the Reserve Mining Company is the presence of large quantities of
the amphibole commingtonite.
"Data gathered by the FWPCA since April 1, 1969, has shown
the presence of taconite tailings (utilizing commingtonite as a
tracer) in the municipal water systems of Beaver Bay, Two Harbors,
and Duluth, Minnesota. There has not been sufficient time to determine
what effect, if any, the presence of the tailings has on the quality
of the water supply or the users thereof." Dr. Mount also added
these are very important.
Cummingtonite is a species of mineral belonging to the
silicate class. Quartz sand that is often used for the sand of water
filter beds also belongs to this same silicate class. Cummingtonite
and quartz are the most abundant minerals in Reserve's tailings.
-------
1216
Kenneth Haley
Cummingtonite is found throughout the eastern Mesabi Range„ It could
be a mineral present in the watershed of many of the streams entering
Lake Superior0 For example, the head waters of the St. Louis River
are in the same general mineralogical area as is Reserve's taconite
mine.
Evidence of cummingtonite has been found in the following
North Shore streams: Little Marais River, Baptism River, Split Rock
River, Gooseberry River, Encampment River, French River, Talmadge
River and Lester River. Dr. Mount added the Nemaott and a small creek
by Grand Portage on Tuesday, I believe.
In addition to the possibility of these streams bringing
cummingtonite into the north shore of the lake, over a million tons
of Reserve's tailings have been taken from their tailings beach by
or for State and county highway departments.
In addition, when we heard we also had cummingtonite
tailings in the Grand Marais water supply, we took some ore samples.
The State Highway Department, one mile east of downtown Grand Marais,
shows a very distinct cummingtonite peak. There is another sand pile
there that does not show cummingtonite„
To determine if the use of these tailings by the highway
departments was adding detectable amounts of cummingtonite to the soil
alongside of roads, a series of samples of road gravel were analyzed„
The following samples showed evidence of containing cummingtonite:
10 Gravel from the lake side of Highway #61 near the
east end of the Lester River bridge.
2. Gravel from roadside at intersection of new and old
Highway #61, Duluth end.
-------
1217
Kenneth Haley
3. Gravel from lake side of old Highway #61 one block
east of Duluth water pumping station.
4, Gravel from lake side of old Highway #61 at Talmadge
River bridge.
5. Gravel from new Highway #61 near Sucker River bridge.
6. Gravel from old Highway #61 French River bridge,
7. Gravel from new Highway #61 at the junction of
Knife River Road.
8. Gravel from new Highway #61 near Knife River bridge.
9. Gravel from old Highway 7/61 near Knife River bridege.
Cummingtonite is detected by an X-ray diffraction unit
with a copper radiation X-ray source. Reserve's cummingtonite is
indicated when a maximum diffraction or reflection of X-ray is
obtained at an angle of 10.63 2-Theta. Other minerals have diffrac-
tion peaks at about this same angle. All of the natural materials
from the Silver Bay area that we have subject to X-ray diffraction
show some peak of X-ray diffraction at about this angle. Therefore,
an X-ray diffraction at about this angle is not a positive indication
of the presence of Reserve's tailings.
With indications of cummingtonite being so widespread
along the North Shore, it is a very weak identifier of tailings.
Also, so much tailings have been used on North Shore highway building
and maintenance that the presence of cummingtonite does not establish
that tailings were carried to that location by lake currents.
Tailings were not used on the highways in the Duluth area
until about 1967. The last time the Duluth reservoirs were dredged
was 1962. Samples of this 1962 dredging do not show cummingtonite.
-------
1218
Kenneth Haley
The same size tailings were being discharged from Reserve prior
to 1962 as today. The lake currents were the same, yet there were
no tailings in the Duluth water sediment pond dredgings.
We have a slide showing tailings washing from the
highway or depicting what would happen to tailings washing from
the highway. It will normally be washed by water warmer than lake
water. Therefore, it would be more likely to stay in the surface
water than be carried by lake currents« Tailings from our beach
have the force of the heavy density current, and will go to the
bottom 600 to 900 feet deep. The tailings in the Grand Marais and
Duluth water samples were transported by truck, not lake currents„
That is enough of the slides,,
We believe firmly that the evidence of tailings out-
side of the 600 and 900-foot depth trough were transported to the
location by truck for highway maintenance and use and not by lake
currents.
We thank you, Mr, Chairman, for this opportunity to
add our data to this massive data that you are collecting at this
conference„
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Haley.
Mr. Fride, may we ask Mr, Haley a few questions?
MR0 PRIDE: Certainly, Mr« Chairman.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr, Haley, on the subject of cumming-
tonite, is my understanding correct that the thrust of your testi-
mony in the latter part of your statement is to the effect that
the presence of the cummingtonite in the lake, if any, is in your
-------
1219
Kenneth Haley
opinion, due to the use of taconite tailings for road construction
purposes?
MR. HALEY: There could be other sources of cumming-
tonite that we are not aware of„ I did leave out several paragraphs
on that for brevity. Would you like for me to review those?
MR. DOMINICK: No. But the question is, you do
recognize cummingtonite as being a significant tracer identifiable
in taconite tailings?
MR. HALEY: It is one of the significant tracers for
taconite tailings., Cummingtonite, as shown by the Encyclopedia
Britannica, is a worldwide mineral. If you find some in Sault Ste.
Marie, it is not necessarily Reserve's tailings. There must be
other supporting evidence which would be certainly a continuation
of tailings deposits such as we have on the bottom of the lake.
The other things we get into in potential supporting
evidence is the analyses of our tailings, which is quite unique
from a lot of the normal materials that are in the lake, that it
is barren of many of the minerals. For example, if you take the
oxygen, the iron, the iron silicates, manganese, magnesium, they
will add up to 99.6 percent of the alloys« So there is no room
for these other trace metals that you speak of.
MR. DOMINICK: I don't want to take your time
unnecessarily. But the presentation we have now is that taconite
tailings, from whatever source used in road construction may
account for the presence of cummingtonite in the lake, and it
appears that the culprit here is not the source of the taconite
-------
1220
Kenneth Haley
tailings but the fact that taconite tailings are used is that
correct?
MR. HALEY: That is one -- the most probable source
that we know of today. We have found it in these various streams.
We do not know the source in these streams.
There is another point that I did not mention, that
cummingtonite shows a different X-ray peak at 10.32 with a copper
tube. Anything we try to get a fraction peak on from the Lake
Superior region shows some peak at this same point, and it is a
matter of judgment. Many times the operator asks, does he have
enough peak to these tailings or not?
MR. DOMINICK: Fine. Would you provide for the record
the X-ray pattern which you have developed and have testified to
here on Page 29 of this nine samples that were taken. I believe
you added to that in your oral testimony. Would you provide those
X-ray patterns of the cummingtonite in streams for the record?
MR. HALEY: Yes, sir. I do not have them with me.
I have them in my room and I can bring them to the conference.*
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you very much.
Are there any questions from the conferees?
MR. RJRDY: Yes«
Sir, are you using comparable sample preparation
techniques with the techniques used by the Water Quality Laboratory?
MR. HALEY: I am not quite sure I understand your
question.
MR. PURDY: You may be using the same instruments, but
*The above mentioned document follows.
-------
1221
SAMPLES EXAMINED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION
BY RESERVE MINING COMPANY
Sample Date
Number Taken Material and Location
514 10-14-68 Solids filtered from Split Rock River water.
515 10-14-68 Solids filtered from Gooseberry River water.
519 10-14-68 Solids filtered from the French River water.
524 10-14-68 Solids filtered from Encampment River water.
69-119 4-9-69 Solids filtered from Split Rock River water.
69-121 4-12-69 Solids filtered from Baptism River water.
69-122 4-12-69 Solids filtered from Baptism River water
69-125 4-12-69 Solids filtered from Little Marais River wacer.
69-270 5-9-69 Solids filtered from Talmadge River water.
69-271 5-9-69 Solids filtered from Duluth Pumping Station water.
69-272 5-9-69 Solids filtered from Lester River water.
69-273 1962 Sediments from Duluth Pumping Station Retention
Basin. Sample furnished by Duluth Water Works.
69-284 5-10-69 Sediment from Duluth Water Pumping Station Retention
Basin. Taken from north-center opening.
69-285 5-10-69 Sediment from Duluth Water Pumping Station Retention
Basin. Taken from west-center side opening.
69-286 5-10-69 Sediment from Duluth Water Pumping Station Retention
Basin. Taken from east-center side opening.
69-287 5-10-69 Sediment from Duluth Water Pumping Station Retention
Basin. Taken from south-center opening.
69-274 5-9-69 Gravel taken fiom roadside at Intersection of Highway
#61 and Knife River Road.
-------
1222
Sample Date
Number Taken Material and Location
69-276 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside east of Lester River
Bridge.
69-277 5-10-69 Gravel taken from intersection of old and new Highways
#61; Duluth end.
69-278 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside of old Highway #61 one
block east of the Duluth City Water Pumping Station.
69-279 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside of old #61 near Talmadge
River Bridge.
69-280 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside of old Highway #61 at the
French River Bridge.
69-281 5-10-69 Gravel taken from edge of new Highway #61 near
Sucker River Bridge.
69-282 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside of new Highway #61 near
Knife River Bridge.
69-283 5-10-69 Gravel taken from roadside of old Highway #61 near
Knife River Bridge.
69-300 5-14-69 Gravel taken from Minnesota State Highway Department
stockpile 1 mile east of Grand Marais - grey pile.
69-301 5-14-69 Gravel taken from Minnesota State Highway Department
stockpile 1 mile east of Grand Marais - brown pile.
69-302 5-14-69 Gravel taken from roadside parking area two miles
west of Grand Marais on Highway #61.
69-303 5-14-69 Grey rock chips along slopes of creek two miles west
of Grand Marais near Highway #61.
69-304 5-14-69 Grey rock chips taken from roadside of Highway #61
near Cascade River Bridge.
69-305 5-14-69 Grey rock chips taken from roadside of Highway #61
near Spruce Creek.
69-306 5-14-69 Grey rock chips taken from slopes of Two Island
River near Highway #61.
-------
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1255
Kenneth Haley
certain interferences or other sample preparation techniques can
make a difference in the particular results. I am wondering if
you are using comparable sample preparation techniques.
MR. HALEY: We have endeavored to use the best possible
laboratory sampling procedures that we could. We have some witnesses
here who will testify to that -- to our techniques. We have
exchanged samples with FWPCA in Chicago. We have done some
exchanging with the National Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth,
some with the Limnological Research Lab at the University of
Minnesota, and many other places. We feel that we can match the
quality of our work against anybody's in the United States.
MR. PURDY: I am not questioning the quality of your
work. It seems that in this scientific field the scientists get
together and resolve the apparent differences in scientific
information. And I am wondering if it wouldn't be possible for
the scientists from the National Water Quality Laboratory, along
with the Reserve Mining Company, to develop a standard technique
that they are in agreement with to resolve this difference in
information and present it to the conferees.
MR. DOMINICKt That is an excellent suggestion. I
would have to confer with our technical people before we made c
judgment on that. But I would hope that an agreement could be
reached, by way of stipulation or otherwise, as to the scientific
techniques which are employed,,
MR„ HALEY; We will be happy to partake in any such
exchange of scientific technique or procedures that we feel would
-------
1256
Kenneth Haley
enhance the knowledge of our Lake Superior,,
MR. DOMINICK: Mr» Haley, I have one more question,,
A good part of your excellent presentation was devoted
to methodology, and it appears to me that we have here a problem
of very high public interest and we have some parties, on the one
hand, saying there is pollutional effect, other parties saying
there is no pollutional effect. The Government spends considerable
amounts of money, which is public information, in the development
of its research. Would you be prepared to describe to us your
budget for research and development on the question of studying
the effects of taconite tailings in the water of Lake Superior?
MR. HALEY: I don't have a figure right here. I am
reasonably sure the figure would be in excess of $300,000 for last
year,
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Have you done any work, under your supervision as
Vice-President and Manager of Research and Development for Reserve
Mining Company, on developing alternate techniques for the disposal
of taconite waste?
MR. HALEY: We have done some engineering work which
we hope to be able to present at this conference today.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
(The statement of Kenneth Haley in its entirety
fallows.)
-------
1257
Statement of
K. M. Haley
Vice President and Manager
Research and Development Division
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
At the Conference on the Matter
of Pollution of the Interstate
Waters of the Lake Superior Basin
Hotel Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota
May 13, 1969
-------
1258
My name is Kenneth Haley. I am Vice President of Reserve Mining
Company and Manager of their Research and Development Division.
I am a resident of Silver Bay, Minnesota. I have a Bachelor of
Metallurgical Engineering degree from Ohio State University. I have been
associated with taconite processing into pellets since 1948.
Reserve Mining Company has always supported the principle that it is
possible to have both industry and clean water. And it is entirely possible
for an industry such as ours to use water and not create a pollution problem.
To follow up these principles, a lake study program was started as a part
of the operating procedure of the E. W. Davis Works at Silver Bay,
Minnesota in 1956.
The purpose of this program was to monitor the deposition of tailings
in the lake and determine if any potential pollution was developing. If any
sign of pollution was developing, we wanted to be the first to know it, so we
could correct the condition while it was a minor occurrence instead of a
major problem.
Charting Reserve's Tailings Deposit
It is important in presenting any large amount of information to present
it in a manner that will give the proper perspective. To help our presenta-
tion, Reserve has made a 6 foot x 5 foot model of the western 20% of Lake
Superior. This model is accurate according to Corps of Engineers and
-------
2 1259
University of Michigan bathymetric charts. The vertical scale of the mode]
is: 3/8 inch equals 100 feet of lake depth. Horizontal scale is: 1/2 inch
equals 1 mile.
The dominant contour on this scale model of the lake bottom is the deep
area off Silver Bay. Our sonar readings have recorded a depth of 966 feet
at the bottom of this area. This is the way the underwater shelf looked
before Reserve began operating.
Reserve is discharging 60. 000 tons of tailings a day, which sounds like
an extremely large amount. But as has been reported, 45 percent of this
tailings is heavy enough to settle out on a beach, or delta, in front of the
plant, with the remainder traveling by density current down into the deep
area.
To place this into perspective, we have made a scale model of the
delta. I am going to mount this delta model in the proper place on the lake
bottom model.
Except for the delta the depth of tailings is not large enough to illus-
trate by using the bottom on the model. Therefore, I will describe the flow
and deposit of tailings. The steepest slope is south from our discharge, and
the lake currents are generally from northeast to southwest. The principle
flow of tailings as a heavy density current is somewhat south by southwest
until it approaches the deeper area. Then it flows parallel to the Minnesota
shore seeking the deeper area of the lake bottom. Tailings are quite deep
adjacent to the toe of the delta. About half way between the Beaver and the
Split Rock Rivers, the depth of tailings has decreased to 4 inches This
decrease in depth continues; 15-1/2 miles southwest of the discharge,
it has decreased to a one inch thickness of tailings. From here on, the
-------
3 1260
deposit gets very thin and spotty through the balance of this area deeper
than 900 feet. The farthest tailings have been found straig it out from the
Minnesota shore is eight miles. The thickest layer of tailings in the deep
600 to 900 foot area is 6-1/2 inches. All of this tailings flow and deposition
is as predicted before the permits were granted.
This data was obtained from about 150 bottom core samples taken during
1967, 1968 and 1969. The tailings deposit grows so slowly on the lake bot-
tom that we do not believe there are severe inaccuracies in at least the gen-
eral shape of the deposit by using data taken over this long a time period.
Material is identified as tailings, natural bottom sediments, or a mix-
ture of the two by chemical analysis. Tailings have a lower chemical analysis
in most of the metals, except iron, than the natural lake bottom sediments.
These differences can be used for identification. Titanium analysis is the
most positive one to use.
Bottom cores are taken with a Phleger core sampler. The top section
is visually examined for an apparent tailings layer. If such a layer is noted,
it is measured and sampled. If an apparent tailings layer is not visible, we
remove a very thin section of the surface of the core. The natural bottom
portion of the core is also sampled. Both samples are analyzed for titanium,
and an X-ray diffraction scan is made. From these results the percentage
of tailings in an apparent tailings layer can be calculated or the absence of
tailings verified. A sample of apparent tailings 1/4 inch thick may actually
be only 10 percent tailings. This core would be recorded as having 0. 025
inches of tailings present.
Now I am going to replace the 1969 tailings delta insert on the lake
bottom model with another which likewise has been constructed from
-------
1261
4
mathematical projections. This new model shows what the buildup of the
delta and its underwater slope will look like after fifty more years of
Reserve's operation. We do not expect the tailings to travel much farther
than they have to date.
The distance that tailings will travel before settling on the lake bottom
is a function of their settling rate and the currents they are carried by (the
heavy density current plus the lake currents). There is no reason to expect
the settling rate or the currents to change. We expect that the tailings will
be deposited in the same general area that they have been. The tailings will
still be too thin to identify any change in the bottom contours.
Also, we expect the heavy density current to have the same general
direction of flow. The toe of the delta will then be in about 550 feet of water.
From this toe it will slope in the same manner as it does today, reaching a
depth of about 15 inches at the point half way between the Beaver and Split
Rock Rivers where it is now 4 inches. At 15-1/Z miles down shore where
tailings are now one inch thick, we expect them to become 3-1/2 inches
thick. They will not be carried very much, if any, further than they have
been so far. The same physical phenomena of the heavy density current
plus lake currents and settling rates will continue to apply.
We have taken bottom core samples outside of these areas described
along the Minnesota shore. On several occasions we have sampled from the
Minnesota to the Wisconsin shore. Also, we have been furnished bottom
samples from the Wisconsin area for identification. These additional
samples verify that tailings are not outside of the area previously described.
-------
1262
5
Analysis of Tailings and Sediments
We have made a rather complete chemical analysis of a series of
representative bottom cores. The detailed data is attached as Tables #1
through #12, Appendix A. These chemical analyses show that the natural
bottom sediments have higher aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel,
titanium, and zinc analyses than the tailings sediments in the same area.
They show that the natural bottom sediments and the tailings sediments in
the same area have the same analyses of cadmium, cobalt and lead. They
show that tailings sediments have higher iron, magnesium, and manganese
analyses than the underlying natural bottom sediments. These chemical
analyses show that the natural bottom sediments contain more of the metals
identified as objectionable heavy metals by the FWPCA than do tailings.
Table 1, Appendix B, shows a typical complete chemical analysis of
Reserve's tailings. This analysis shows that the heavy metals that the
FWPCA considered objectionable are very low in Reserve's tailings. The
metals in the tailings are in the form of complex oxides or silicates which
are inert to Lake Superior water. Reserve Mining Company in conjunction
with two of their consultants, Dr. Bright and Dr. Lee, have conducted tests
that show that the tailings are essentially inert, insoluble in Lake Superior
water.
Table 2, Appendix B, gives fine size analyses of tailings sediments and
the natural sediments from the same bottom cores. These size analyses show
that the natural bottom sediments are much finer than the overlaying tailings
sediments.
-------
, 1263
D
During the hearings before Reserve was given a permit to deposit tail-
ings in Lake Superior, Dr. E. W. Davis, Director of the Mines Experiment
Station of the University of Minnesota, presented a typical screen analysis
of tailings from the Mines Experiment Station pilot plant operations. See
Table #3, Appendix B. The amount of tailings finer than 325 mesh was 44. 9%.
All of Reserve's operations have produced tailings coarser than this predic-
tion. Table #4, Appendix B, gives two typical screen analyses of total tail-
ings from 1956 and 1957. The amount of tailings finer than 3Z5 mesh is
41.0% and 43.3%, respectively. The Bureau of Mines sampled Reserve's
tailings 5-6-68 through 5-9-68. Their Table A-3, page 35 of their report,
shows the amount of tailings finer than 325 mesh was 40. 4%, 33. 2%, 41. 0%,
and 39. 2% in their four days of sampling.
Early in Reserve's operation the finest laboratory screen normally
available was 325 mesh. Today, much finer mesh screens are available.
Table #5, Appendix B, gives three recent screen analyses of tailings, show-
ing sizings through 5 microns. These show the amount finer than 5 microns
to be 8. 2%, 6. 3%, and 4. 2%. This agrees with the U. S. Geological Survey
sizings of Reserve's tailings, which show the amount finer than 4 microns
as 5. 8%.
Recently, on April 21 and 24, Reserve operated the pilot concentrating
equipment in the same manner as its 1956 and 1957 concentrating practice.
Table #6, Appendix B, gives four screen analyses of tailings from this
operation. The amount of material that is finer than 325 mesh is 43. 3%,
41.3%, 41.7%, and 41.6%. This is the same range as screen analyses of
tailings produced in 1956 and 1957. The amount of tailings finer than 5
microns is 9. 8%, 8. 1%, 9.1%, and 8.7%.
-------
1264
This series of screen analyses of tailings shows that Reserve Mining
Company's tailings have not been finer than was predicted by the Mines
Experiment Station. Also, it shows that the tailings now being discharged
by Reserve are essentially the same size analysis, or coarser, than the
tailings discharged much earlier in their operation.
Water Quality
In conjunction with Dr. Bright of the Limnological Research Center of
the University of Minnesota, a series of seven sampling stations were laid
out. Five of these stations were plotted to be within varying influence of
tailings. Two were outside of the influence of tailings. These stations
were sampled in June-July, September, and October-November in 1968.
From two to three thousand chemical, physical and biotic analyses were
made. The results show that tailings have no effect on the chemical or
biotic analyses of Lake Superior water.
Bottom Fauna
Reserve Mining Company has conducted a bottom fauna study during
April and May of 1969. This data alone or in conjunction with the study
conducted in July, 1968, by the State of Minnesota shows that the tailings
have not had an adverse effect on the total fish food organisms.
Reserve's Scientific Resources
Personnel - When Reserve started its lake study program back in 1956,
the initial work was performed by members of our Process Engineering
Department under the direction of E. W. Davis, Consultant, W. E. Apuli,
Chief Chemist, the advice of member of the Water Pollution Control Com-
mission, and Earl H. Ruble, Consulting Engineer. A 40-foot converted
cabin cruiser was used for obtaining samples. The facilities of the Power
-------
y 1265
Plant water laboratory and chemical laboratory were used for preparation
and analysis of the samples. The initial program consisted of measuring
the tailings delta volume, sampling at depths of 2 feet and 20 feet for tur-
bidity determinations, and core sampling the lake bottom to determine the
distribution of the tailings.
This program was expanded through the years. In 1964 the scientific
phases of the company were consolidated into a Research and Development
Division. The R & D Division was given the responsibilities of the former
Process Engineering Department, the lake studies program, and all other
similar responsibilities. During and since this reorganization, the personnel
and facilities for all phases of research have been increased. A five million
dollar pilot plant, laboratories and office building were constructed. A force
of 45 people have been developed to perform these research activities. About
one-third of the total effort of this group is now spent on lake studies. In
addition, the advice and assistance of various consultants are used.
Dr. R. C. Bright, of the University of Minnesota Limnological Research
Center, advises us on our total program and has biotic analyses of water
samples performed.
Dr. G. Fred Lee, Professor of Water Chemistry at the University of
Wisconsin, advises and assists us in methods of water chemistry and tests
pertaining to the chemistry of Lake Superior.
Dr. R. A. Ragotzkie, Director, Marine Studies Center, University of
Wisconsin, advises us on studies pertaining to the tailings heavy density
current.
Cyrus W. Rice and Company, Pittsburgh, Water Management Consultants,
assist and advise us on data analysis.
-------
9 1266
T"~rec ?, '.- D personnel are assigned permanently to lake studies. This
- : ~ ;---,« <= :^ v ci«ht people when the lake is open so that sampling can be
performed. The three permanently assigned people are D. W. Anderson,
University of North Dakota, Ph.D., Biology; A. W. Klaysmat, Bemidji
S'.atc College, 3.S., Biology; and W. J. Nosek, University of Minnesota -
l>.-lu'-%. r>.S., Earth Sciences.
Water chemistry is performed under the direction of R. S. Lemire who
received his B.S. degree in chemistry and biology from Bemidji State College
in 1950. He has had 18 years of experience in the field of chemistry. Assist-
ing Mr. Lemire are J. W. Wright, Bemidji State College, B. A. , Chemistry;
C. L. Allie, University of Minnesota - Duluth, B. A. , Chemistry; D. H.
Schnortz, Bemidji State College, B.A., Chemistry and Biology; D. M. Wagner,
Wisconsin State University, 4 years, Chemistry; J. W. Johnson, Wisconsin
State University, B. S . , Biology and Chemistry; and D. A. Stulc, University
of -Minnesota - Duluth, B. A. , Chemistry.
Planning, scheduling and statistical analysis of data are performed under
the direction of J. C. Gay, Senior Research Engineer, who received his Ph. D. ,
Metallurgical Engineering, from the University of Minnesota, and who served
with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Computer calculations with the data are
programmed by J. W. Christiansen who has a B. S. degree in Physics from
the University of Minnesota.
Equipment - I shall describe only a few items among a. wide array of
excellent equipment available for our environmental studies.
-------
10 1267
i» tl'e in:,! rumonts owned by our Research and Development Division
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer: The spectrophotometer is a
Pcrkin-Klmer Model 303 with recorder readout and Texas Instruments 10
inilliv'lt recorder. We use the Model 303 to determine calcium, magnesium
^ixnitm, potassium, and the trace metals on water and solid samples. (Appendix C)
X- ray: A Norelco water-colled 50 KV diffraction unit with copper radia-
tion lubes is used for mineral identification. A proportional counter detects
the X-rays. The signal is amplified and put into a strip chart recorder for
measurement.
A Norelco water-cooled 50 KV X-ray emission unit with chromium
target X-ray tube and vacuum head is used for the detection and semi-quantita-
tive nu- i.suremcnt of elements above Atomic Number 11 (sodium) in solid
•-.iniplos and quantitatively for titanium and silica. Detection is made with
a How proportional counter. Readout is by decatron tubes or strip chart
reco rrle r.
Con chic tivity Bridge: An Industrial Instruments Model RC16BZ conduc-
tivity bruise with a platinized disc is used for water electrical conductivity
me,I rill l-i- r turrits .
TII rbid_irne_t£_rs_: We have three different tu rbidimeters as a check on
.xci'ii facy; the Jackson Candle turbidimeter, used for high turbidities, i. e ,
?.5 J" I'(.] and above; a Hellige turbidimeter used for turbidity measurements
frum 0 JTU to Z5 JTU; and a Hach turbidimeter used for measuring sulfate
in w.1 te r
Pi? Mt:tj^r: pH is measured with a Beckman Instruments Instamatic II.
ft is standardized using Beckman standards. It is used for measurement of
j)i[ nf water and determining alkalinity by acid titration to pH 4.4.
-------
11 1268
Spectrophotometers: The spectrophotometers are a Beckman Model
DU-2 and a Bausch & Lomb Spectronic "20. "
These instruments are used to determine phosphorus, silica, chloride,
nitrate, and nitrite colorimetrically by methods from Standard Methods.
They are also used to determine ammonia by the pyrazolone method, which
we find more applicable to Lake Superior water than methods outlined in
Standard Methods.
Laboratory Hydraulic Studies Tank: A tank 25 ft. long by 2 ft. square
is available for laboratory heavy-density current studies. One side of the
tank is plexiglas, through which current action can be visually observed.
The effect on a heavy-density current of thermoclines and wave actions
is being studied, as well as the basic behavior of the heavy-density current.
Equipment for Water Sample Storage and Temperature Control: The
following equipment is used for storing or maintaining water samples at
a constant temperature: Incubator, Labline Instruments, Inc. , constant
temperature, approximately 10 cubic foot capacity; refrigerator, Sears
Roebuck, approximately 12 cubic feet; walk-in cooler, maintained at 4 C.
We are very proud of our scientific methodology and of the excellent
equipment which proves it out. We believe we have a staff, the equipment
to back them up, and that we are second to no company on the lakes when
it comes to precise capability in water studies. I am not going to take your
time detailing the high standards of precision we can achieve but
Appendix C lists some estimated precisions .
IBM 1800 Computer: We have a fourth generation computer with time-
sharing capabilities. The computer has 16, 000 words of core memory and
-------
1269
12
1\vo disc drives, each with 512, 000 words mass storage capacity. It has
an instruction execution time of 4 micro seconds. Associated with the com-
puter is an operating console, card sorter, keypunch, card read/punch, line
printer, two typewriters, and a keyboard input unit.
The computer can be programmed for more than one job at a time. By
time sharing the programs are executed on a priority basis. At the present
time 40% of each second is used to monitor and control the pilot plant. The
other 60% of each second is available for scientific calculations. For example,
we have programs for calculating means, standard deviations, "t" tests,
analysis of variances, regressions analyses, materials balances, atomic
absorption calculations, etc. All programs have been verified by manual
calculations.
Research Launch and Equipment: A 32 foot Research launch with a 12
foot beam, is used for water resources studies. Two 290-horsepower
Chrysler Crusader gas engines power the launch at speeds up to 35 mph.
Hydraulic trimtabs were installed to insure apicper planing angle. Basic
equipment includes a hydraulic winch for raising and lowering samplers
and instruments, and a Koehler generator which supplied a steady source
of 110 volt electrical power. The hydraulic winch has 1100 feet of 5/32
inch galvanized steel cable.
A Danforth-White spherical compass and a Decca Model 101 radar set
are used to locate precisely the launch's position. The Decca radar has
four ranges from a half-mile radius circle to a 15-mile radius circle. The
launch has a full complement of Lake Superior navigation charts and instru-
ments. Speed and distance are measured with a Kenyon marine speedometer-
odometer.
-------
1270
13
Depth is precisely measured with a Raytheon DE-723 (A1/B1 'Cl systems)
depth sounder. The unit is equipped with a 200 KC transducer which measures
depths up to 1500 feet. Maximum error is one-half percent.
We have two 16-liter, one 8-liter and one 2-liter Kemmerer water
samplers. All water samplers are plastic to protect sample purity. Sam-
ples of Lake Superior bottom can be obtained with two Phleger core sam-
plers or a Shipek sampler. Two Peterson dredges are available for collect-
ing samples for bottom fauna studies. A Gelman vacuum pump is used to
withdraw water samples from the lake through plastic tubing.
A Hydro Products Model 450S current speed and direction system is
available for study of lake and density currents.
Turbidity, temperature and depth can be continuously and simultan-
eously measured and recorded with a Hydro Products Model #412-0101
transmissometer.
Three plastic-constructed pressure filters are available for separating
solids from water. Tyler 12-inch diameter stainless steel 14-, 28-, and
48-mesh screens are used to separate bottom fauna from bottom material.
Dissolved oxygen measurements are made with a Yellow Springs Model
54 dissolved oxygen meter. pH measurements are made with a Photovolt
pH meter.
-------
14 1271
Reserve's Report to the Minnesota
Pollution Authorities 1957 - 1968
Reserve Mining Company has kept the State of Minnesota personnel
informed by regularly reporting to them the results of their lake studies.
I will summarize our reporting to date. Further details will be found in
Appendix D, attached to my statement.
Two engineering surveys of the tailings delta are made annually.
Charts showing the profiles on four lines and a plan view of the deposit
are included in each biannual report. The July-December, 1968, report
shows the total tailings in the delta as of 11-19-68, to be 78. 1 million long
tons, the total tailings produced at 174. 0 million tons, leaving 95. 9 million
tons carried by the density current. The water edge of the delta at its
greatest thickness is 265 feet above the original bottom and the toe is 400
feet below the lake surface. The mean advance of the delta shoreline in
the last six months was about 50 feet.
The perimeter of the permit area is sampled twice a year. Sample
points are shown in Figure 1, Appendix D, and mean readings for the param-
eters of turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity are
shown in Appendix D.
Since 1966, the mill intake water and tailings discharge water have
been monitored weekly and analyzed for temperature, dissolved solids,
dissolved oxygen and pH. Mean values obtained over the three year period
are detailed in Appendix D. But briefly, they show: A process
induced temperature rise of 3. 75 F. , effect on dissolved solids is negligible,
dissolved oxygen content of discharge waters is at saturation, no increase in
-------
1272
15
pH in the lake water has resulted from the discharge. All of the changes
which occur in process are very minor and when the discharge water is
diluted by lake water, the effect would not be detectable.
Much time and effort has been expended on the study of the causal
factors responsible for the "green water" phenomenon. No firm conclu-
sions have been reached but the techniques are now developed which should
result in the resolution of the cause of "green water. "
Bottom sampling was done to monitor the thickness and location of the
tailings deposit as it progressed. Figure 2, Appendix D, is an isopach
of the approximate thickness of tailings found in 1967 and 1968. This isopach
shows positively that the density current carries the fine fraction of tailings
into the deep basin where it then settles onto the bottom.
Twelve of fourteen sediment traps set out in 1968 were recovered.
They were placed on the lake bottom in from 60 to 438 feet of water for 75
to 180 days, The dried sediments were weighed and analyzed by X-ray
diffraction for the percentage of tailings present. An approximation of
the rate per year of tailings deposition was calculated. The maximum
rate was 0. 32 inch per year in a sample on which we also had core data.
The core data and sediment trap data were in agreement.
-------
16 1273
1968 Findings by Eight Government Agencies
The data and observations obtained by a group of State and Federal
agencies during 1968 show conclusively that the depositing of tailings in
Lake Superior has not had any harmful effect on the water quality.
This group of State and Federal agencies performed studies in order
to advise the Corps of Engineers on the question of revalidating Reserve's
Lake Superior permits for an additional five years. A number of questions
on Reserve's use of Lake Superior had been raised and this group organized
to obtain data to answer these questions. Most of these same questions were
considered before the permits were granted. State, Federal and other scien-
tists who studied these questions in the late 1940's predicted that no pollution
would result from Reserve's deposition of tailings in Lake Superior. There-
fore, the original permits were granted. These new, more complete studies
verify the early predictions that the water quality would not be affected.
This study group consisted of the FWPCA and four other bureaus or
agencies of the U. S. Department of the Interior, two Minnesota agencies,
and one Wisconsin department.
"Special Report on Water Quality of Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Silver Bay, Minnesota, " U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, December, 1968:
This report covers the work performed by both the Chicago Program Office
and the National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth.
This report's data shows that from a chemical and turbidity standpoint,
the water in the Silver Bay area has higher purity than the balance of the
lake which the FWPCA sampled.
-------
17 1274
During 1966 and 1967, the FWPCA sampled water from essentially all
areas of the U. S. portion of Lake Superior. The analyses of these water
samples were compared by Reserve Mining Company personnel to the analy-
ses of the water samples secured by the FWPCA in the Silver Bay area in
1968. Standard accepted statistical procedures were used, and the calcula-
tions were performed on an IBM 1800 computer.
Our comparisons show on a 95% confidence level that the water in the
Silver Bay area is lower than the rest of the lake sampled by the FWPCA
in conductivity, sulfate, ammonia, lead, zinc, turbidity, and total phos-
phorus. They also showed that the water in the Silver Bay area had essen-
tially the same content of chloride, nitrogen, total iron and nickel as the
balance of the lake sampled by the FWPCA.
The only analyses that were found to be higher in the Silver Bay area
were pH and nit rite-nit rate. However, these analyses were well within the
State and Federal water quality standards. Similar comparisons were
inconclusive on alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and dissolved solids. Cadmium,
chromium and copper analyses were not given for FWPCA 1966 and 1967
sampling. Therefore, like comparisons could not be made.
The FWPCA secured and analyzed samples from only eight inches off of
the lake bottom in the Silver Bay area. The analyses, particularly the turbidity
and iron analyses, of these samples are higher in the area of the heavy density
current. This distribution of analyses clearly outlines the path of the heavy
density current that is carrying tailings from the point of entry into the lake
down the slope of the bottom into the 600 to 900 foot deep area of the lake.
This is positive proof that the heavy density current is performing exactly
as predicted from the tests that the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory and the
-------
18 1275
Mines Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota conducted in the
late 1940's. The FWPCA only sampled over a 9 mile by 5 mile area. The
deepest point sampled was 840 feet. Had they sampled over a larger area,
they would have detected the complete area over which the heavy density
current is flowing.
None of the chemical analyses reported as soluble exceeded the State
of Minnesota water quality standards. The results of chemical analyses
of samples after filtering through a Whatman No. 2V filter are listed as
soluble.
No total copper, cadmium or zinc analytical results exceeded the State
of Minnesota water quality standards.
One total manganese value exceeded the State of Minnesota water quality
standard. However, this sample was secured from the heavy density current.
Four total lead results and four chromium results exceeded the State
of Minnesota water quality standard. These higher values were in no way
connected to Reserve's tailings.
Eighteen total iron values out of 179 analyses exceed the State of Minne-
sota Water Quality Standard of Domestic Consumption of 0. 3 mg/1. All of
these higher values were from samples secured either from the heavy density
current only 8 inches off of the lake bottom or they were in no way connected
to the tailings discharge. Further, iron is specified in Domestic Consumption
only because the hydroxide form of iron will give rust stains. The iron found
in the tailings in the heavy density current is not in the hydroxide form and
is not readily converted to this form.
Only two samples from the heavy density current exceeded the State of
-------
1276
19
Minnesota Water Quality Standard for Domestic Consumption for turbidity
of 5 JTU. A total of 155 turbidity measurements were made.
The FWPCA Silver Bay area water samples were analyzed for suspended
solids, total chemical analysis and soluble chemical analysis. The analysis
of the suspended solids in these samples can be calculated from this data.
These calculations have been made for copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, nickel,
manganese and lead. The percentages of these elements in these suspended
solids is so far different from that found in tailings that it is obvious that the
source of most of these suspended solids was material other than tailings.
The work of the personnel from the National Water Quality Laboratory,
Duluth, identified small amounts of tailings in "green water" in the Silver
Bay area. These observations were made in late September and early
October when there was a thermocline condition. The tailings beach is
part of the shore line of the Silver Bay area. It would be expected that
some tailings would be temporarily suspended in the water in the Silver Bay
area in the same manner that other material is temporarily caused to be
suspended by a thermocline in this and other parts of the lake. In other
words, the presence of tailings in "green water" does not prove that tail-
ings are the basic cause of "green water. "
Data on pages 388 and 389 shows the turbidity data expressed as sus-
pended solids for these observations. The suspended solids values of
"clear" lake water range from 0. 1 mg/1 to 0. 9 rng/1. The suspended
solids values of "green" water range from 0. 5 mg/1 to 3. 1 mg/1. There is
some overlap of readings. Some "clear" water has suspended solids of
0. 4, 0. 4, 0. 8, and 0. 9 mg/1. Some "green" water has suspended solids
-------
20 1277
of 0. 5, 0. 8, and 0. 9 mg/1. These suspended solids values are all so low
and the data overlaps so much that a firm conclusion cannot be drawn. All
of the values are less than the most rigid State Water Quality Standard for
Class "A" Domestic Consumption Water for turbidity of 5.
These observations and data were not complete enough to establish the
basic cause of the "green water. "
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: This U. S. agency issued a report
dated August 14, 1968, on a study of the effect of taconite tailings on com-
mercial fishing. I quote verbatum from summary sentences and paragraphs
of this report:
"The increase of smelt was nearly coincident with the decline
of lake trout and may have been related to it. The timing of
the changes in the smelt population shows no relation to the
Reserve taconite operation. "
"The changes in the chub fishery appear to be related mainly
to economic factors and show no relation to taconite operation. "
"The records of the fishermen in the immediate vicinity of
the plant do not indicate the taconite plant has had any effect
on their operations. "
"This information along with the statistical data from Minnesota
suggests strongly that the decline of herring was caused by a
factor or factors that operate in all U. S. waters of Lake Superior
and is unrelated to the Reserve Mining Co. operation. "
"Great changes have taken place in the fish populations of Lake
Superior in the years since Reserve Mining Co. began operations
but most of the changes have been lakewide and not confined to
the vicinity of the taconite plant, or they were continuation of
trends that began several years before the plant went into oper-
ation, or they were caused by other known factors. In brief,
to the author's knowledge, no evidence is available to indicate
that any fish population in Lake Superior has been adversely
affected by the Reserve Mining Co. taconite plant. "
-------
21 1278
Although the last paragraph of this report expresses some concern
about tailings being deposited in the lake, the data and general observations
of the report do not present any reason for such concern.
U. S. Bureau of Mines: A 1968 report by the Bureau reviewed findings
by that agency on Reserve's tailings disposal. The Bureau surveyed samples
of each type of tailings discharged and the composite or total tailings.
Their analysis shows that the elements that the FWPCA normally con-
sidered harmful are extremely low in Reserve's tailings. It also showed that
the tailings are somewhat coarser than was predicted by the basic work done
back in the 1940's by the Mines Experiment Station of the University of
Minnesota.
Average total tailings analysis shows that the silicon, iron, calcium,
aluminum, and magnesium oxides account for 98. 6% of the total elements
present. Copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic analyses
of these tailings are very low, 0.005%, or less. Phosphorus averaged 0.044%.
Their screen analyses show that Reserve's tailings are slightly coarser
than predicted by E. W. Davis, Director of the Mines Experiment Station,
who presented data during the hearings on Reserve's lake permit application
which showed that 45% of the total tailings would pass through a 325 mesh
screen. The screen opening on a 325 mesh screen is 44 microns or 0. 0017
inches. The U. S. B. M. 's data showed the average amount of total tailings
that will pass through this 325 mesh screen as 38. 4%.
-------
1279
Bureau of Sport Fisheries: An October, 1968, report by this agency
evaluated the effect of taconite tailings on fish and other aquatic organisms.
This report covers a series of laboratory tests using tailings effluent over
1, 000 times more concentrated than would be found in the lake. Fingerling
fish and other aquatic life were subjected to 100% tailings effluent or par-
tially diluted tailings effluent. The samples for these tests were taken from
our tailings launder before any material settled from the effluent onto the
tailings beach. Even under these severe conditions, only one test showed
any effect. Ten of the test results showed tailings to have no adverse effect
on aquatic life.
Here are some direct quotes from this report:
"Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to fingerling-size coho
salmon, rainbow trout, white suckers, black bullheads, bluegills,
and yellow perch in 196-hour, static bioassays. "
"Taconite wastes are not lethal to eyed eggs of rainbow trout and
apparently have no harmful effect on the hatchability of the eggs. "
"High concentrations of taconite waste cause mortalities among
sac fry of rainbow trout in 4-day exposures. "
"Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to backswimmers, midge
larvae, and water-fleas in 96-hour bioassays. "
"Taconite wastes should be bioassayed against sac fry of lake
trout and other salmonids which live and spawn in Lake Superior. "
"Whereas strong concentrations of taconite have little acute
effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates, there are possibilities
for chronic and other effects. Long-term bioassays in flowing
systems would be required to demonstrate chronic toxicities
to aquatic life due to heavy metals, mechanical damage to gills
by particulate taconite, and repellency to fish. "
-------
1280
23
The tests on rainbow trout sac fry were conducted in a concentration of
one part tailings effluent to ten parts water and higher concentrations of tail-
ings. It may be possible to find concentrations of tailings this high within a
few feet of the point that tailings are entering the lake from the tailings beach.
At any other spot in the lake, the tailings will be much less concentrated.
Most of the FWPCA turbidity results are less than 1 Hellige unit, which is
less than one part per million. A more realistic concentration for all of
these type tests would be one part tailings effluent to 1, 000 parts of water
or more.
Reserve's tests, in conjunction with Dr. Bright and Dr. Lee, have
established the chemical state of the elements that the FWPCA considers
heavy metals in their tailings as being insoluble in Lake Superior. The
screen analyses of tailings and tailings sediments compared to natural
sediments indicate that tailings should have less probability of causing
mechanical damage to fish gills than natural material. Tailings are much
coarser, therefore, will stay in suspension much less time than natural
material.
U. S. Geological Survey: The Water Resources Division of the U. S. G. S.
issued a report dated November, 1968, on a study of streamflow conditions
and sedimentation in the vicinity of Silver Bay. It outlines distribution of
tailings on the bottom of Lake Superior. By sketching contours of the lake
bottom on this figure, it can be seen that tailings are flowing down the most
accessible slope into the 600 to 900 foot deep area. This is additional sub-
stantiating evidence that the tailings are flowing according to plan in a
heavy density current to the lake bottom.
-------
24 1281
The U. S. G. S. report shows that only 5. 8% of Reserve's tailings are
finer than 4 microns. A portion of these 4 micron particles remain on the
tailings beach, so less than this amount flows off the edge of the beach as
part of the heavy density current.
The report summarizes the sediment load of western Lake Superior
streams by stating that they are discharging 60,700 long tons per year,
equivalent to about one day's discharge of Reserve's tailings. But these
sediments and Reserve's tailings have settled in a layer in the deep trough
with a maximum combined thickness of about 7 inches for 13 years of
Reserve's operation. At this rate, if Reserve continues to operate for
another 50 years, the maximum thickness of total sediments, tailings and
natural, will only be about three feet in an area that is over 900 feet deep.
This layer of inert material would not have any adverse effect on the
lake. It would make very little difference to the lake total to raise this
trough bottom a maximum of three feet.
Minnesota Department of Conservation: The department' s division of
game and fish on October 10, 1968, issued a study on tailings and fish pro-
duction done in cooperation with the State's Pollution Control Agency. It
shows that the total amount of fish food organisms found on the bottom of
the lake in the Silver Bay area have no relation to the presence or absence
of tailings on the bottom of the lake.
An area of about 20 square miles along the Minnesota shore was studied.
Samples were taken on six sample lines with five sample stations per line
at water depths of 100 feet, 175 feet, 250 feet, 325 feet, and 400 feet. The
first sample line was 5 miles northwest of Reserve's taconite plant and the
sixth was 15-1/2 miles southwest of the plant.
-------
25 1282
All of the bottom fauna found were counted. This data is tabulated in
their report. Ail of the organisms reported in the data, except Sphaeriidae,
are fish food organisms. The total of these fish food organisms show no
relation to the presence or absence of tailings on the bottom of the lake.
This data is shown as Table 1, Appendix E.
Sample line #4, five miles southwest of the plant, which had tailings
present at all sampling stations, produced the largest count of fish food
organisms, 1, 287 per square meter. The next highest count, 1, 255 per
square meter, was at sample line #1, five miles northeast of the plant,
where no tailings were found.
There are variations in the type of fish food bottom fauna organisms
throughout the 20-mile area sampled. There is a decrease in the number
of Pontoporeia from the most easterly sample line, 5 miles northeast of
Reserve's discharge, to the most westerly sample line, 15-1/2 miles
southwest of the tailings discharge. This same trend was found by the
Minnesota Conservation Department sampling in July, 1949, before
Reserve started operations.
This trend of decreased Pontoporeia cannot be attributed to tailings
inasmuch as there is a continuous trend regardless of a lack or abundance
of tailings on the bottom. No sampling was done beyond the tailings deposit
to the southwest. Additional sampling could substantiate that this is purely
a directional trend and has no relationship to tailings.
The Minnesota Conservation Department reported that Pontoporeia is
principally a food for smelt and the small decrease of Pontoporeia might
affect the commercial smelt catch approximately $100 per year.
-------
26 1283
This Minnesota report, after discussing the Pontoporeia
trend and commercial smelt catch data, concluded:
"There is no evidence that there has been a decline in the
Minnesota catch of smelt because of operation of the
taconite plant. "
These findings would seem to be convincing proof that tailings are not
affecting the total amount of fish food organisms in Lake Superior.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: The department's Division
of Environmental Protection studied water quality off the "Wisconsin shore
and issued a report dated October 23, 1968. Comparison of their data shows
that water in the Silver Bay area is far cleaner than the water of the Wis-
consin area. This is determined by comparing the Secchi disc, turbidity,
and phosphorus data of this report to that found by the FWPCA in the Silver
Bay area.
The Secchi disc readings of the Wisconsin data averaged 7. 2 feet. The
FWPCA Secchi disc readings in the Silver Bay area averaged 21. 5 feet. The
fact that the Secchi disc could be seen in three times as deep water in the
Silver Bay area as is possible to see it in the Wisconsin area certainly shows
that the water of the Silver Bay area is much cleaner. The average turbidity
data for the Wisconsin water is 18 times the average of the Silver Bay area
turbidity.
Turbidity of Wisconsin area water was determined with a Hach turbidi-
meter. Turbidity of Silver Bay area water was established by the FWPCA
with a Hellige turbidimeter. These two instruments are manufactured to
produce the same numerical data in JTU when measuring water turbidity.
They do not agree on individual samples. However, the data is in the same
order of magnitude and often gives about the same average on a larger num-
ber of samples.
-------
1284
27
Water samples from the Wisconsin area, which were all surface
samples, averaged 5. 01 turbidity. The FWPCA surface and mid-depth
data for their Silver Bay area samples averaged 0. 28 turbidity. Details
on their turbidity study for Silver Bay and the Wisconsin area are pre-
sented in Table 2 of Appendix E of my statement.
Chequamegon Bay, Wisconsin, had an average turbidity of 8. 08, 29 times
as turbid as the Silver Bay area. Oronto Bay, the least turbid Wisconsin
water tested, had an average turbidity of 0. 53, or twice as turbid as the
Silver Bay area. The Apostle Island area had an average turbidity of 1. 04,
3-1/2 times as turbid as the Silver Bay area.
Total phosphorus analyses of the Wisconsin area water averaged 0. 042
mg/1. Total phosphorus analyses of water samples secured in the Silver
Bay area by the FWPCA averaged 0. 010 mg/1. Thus, Wisconsin water
contains four times as much total phosphorus as the Silver Bay water.
This comparison certainly indicates that after 13 years of Reserve's
operation, the water in the Silver Bay area is cleaner than other areas of
the lake. This should be proof that Reserve's tailings are not having a
deleterious effect on Lake Superior.
Some Comments on the FWPCA's April, 1969 Report
We believe the record of this conference should contain specific
rebuttals to those assertions in the April FWPCA report which directly
concern Reserve Mining Company. Our complete rebuttal is included as
Appendix F Most of the comments of our rebuttal have already been
covered in my previous discussion.
The subject of Conclusion #11 and the statement following it have not
been covered sufficiently. I will confine my closing remarks to this subject.
-------
28 1285
This conclusion and its following statement is as follows:
"A distinguishing characteristic of tailings discharge by the
Reserve Mining Company is the presence of large quantities
of the amphibole cummingtonite. , ^ -^ , .^, .aTrf^p ij_
I ,/
Data, gathered by the FWPCA since April 1, 1969 has shown
the presence of taconite tailings (utilizing cummingtonite as
a tracer) in the municipal water systems of Beaver Bay, Two
Harbors, and Duluth, Minnesota. There has not been sufficient
time to determine what effect, if any, the presence of the tail-
ings has on the quality of the water supply or the users thereof. "
Cummingtonite is a species of mineral belonging to the silicate class.
Quartz sand that is often used for the sand of water filter beds also belongs
to this same silicate class. Cummingtonite and quartz are the most abun-
dant minerals in Reserve's tailings. Cummingtonite is found throughout
the eastern Mesabi Range. It could be a mineral present in the watershed
of many of the streams entering Lake Superior. For example, the head
waters of the St. Louis River are in the same general mineralogical area
as is Reserve's taconite mine.
Evidence of cummingtonite has been found
in the following North Shore streams: Little Marais River, Baptism River,
Split Rock River, Gooseberry River, Encampment River, French River,
Talmadge River and Lester River. In addition to the possibility of these
streams bringing cummingtonite into the north shore of the lake, over a
million tons of Reserve's tailings have been taken from their tailings beach
by or for State and County Highway Departments.
To determine if the use of these tailings by the highway departments
was adding detectable amounts of cummingtonite to the soil alongside of
roads, a series of samples of road gravel were analyzed. The following
-------
29 1286
samples showed evidence of containing cummingtonite:
1. Gravel from the lake side of Highway #61 near the east end
of the Lester River bridge.
2. Gravel from roadside at intersection of new and old Highway
#61, Duluth end.
3. Gravel from lake side of old Highway #61 one block east of
Duluth water pumping station.
4. Gravel from lake side of old Highway #61 at Talmadge River
bridge.
5. Gravel from new Highway #61 near Sucker River bridge.
6. Gravel from old Highway #6l French River bridge.
7. Gravel from new Highway #61 at the junction of Knife River road.
8. Gravel from new Highway #61 near Knife River bridge.
9. Gravel from old Highway #61 near Knife River bridge.
Cummingtonite is detected by an X-ray diffraction unit with a copper
radiation X-ray source. Reserve's cummingtonite is indicated when a
maximum diffraction or reflection of X-rays is obtained at an angle of
10. 63 2-Theta. Other minerals have diffraction peaks at about this
same angle. All of the natural materials from the Silver Bay area that
we have subjected to X-ray diffraction show some peak of X-ray diffrac-
tion at about this angle. Therefore, an X-ray diffraction at about this
angle is not a positive indication of the presence of Reserve's tailings.
With indications of cummingtonite being so widespread along the North
Shore, it is a very weak identifier of tailings. Also, so much, tailings have
been used on North Shore highway building and maintenance that the presence
of cummingtonite does not establish that tailings were carried to that location
by lake currents.
-------
1287
30
.'v thank? to you, Mr. Chairman, and to the conferees for giving rv^
"."-• -'"'V associates, Dr. Gay and Dr. Anderson, this opportunity tc n..-
available for the record the results of Reserve Mining Comparv s ]i:
?-iixies. Dr. Anderson's complete paper is attached as Appendix G
-------
1288
-------
31
APPENDIX A
1289
COMPARISON OF ALUMINUM ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From Tailings
Sample Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315***
201-2,02
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 V
2>j W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
3 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2>s W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
High-
Low
Average
Con)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
—
—
—
__
—
_„
—
% Aluminum
Natural
Sediments
7.0
8.2
6.6
7.4
8.4
6.2
6.2
7.6
5.6
7.4
7.4
7.6
5.2
7.2
5.8
7.0
9.6
9.0
8.0
8.2
7.4
7.8
7.0
„
A
*
A
A
A
A
A
A
8.0
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.2
7.6
5.2
5.2
9.6
5.2
7.1
Apparent
Tailings
.8
.8
.8
.8
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
1.4
2.0
1.4
2.4
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.2
2.8
4.2
4.4
.4
.4
.6
.8
.6
1.0
1.0
2.2
7.4
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
7.4
.4
1.8
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-6.2
-7.4
-5.8
-6.6
-7.4
-5.4
-5.2
-6.8
-4.6
-6.2
-6.0
-5.6
-3.8
-5.2
-4.4
-4.6
-7.2
-6.2
-4.8
-5.0
-4.6
-3.6
-2.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
_
—
—
__
~
Estimated
% Tailings
In Apparent ,
Tailings Layer
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
10
--
—
._
"
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
*** Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Letnire
January 15, 1969
-------
32
APPENDIX A
1290
Table 2
COMPARISON OF CADMIUM ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Samp In Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
'.••0-151
114-315***
^01-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 T
285 I
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>i W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 V
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2\ W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Miles From Ti
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
High.
Low
Average
aillngs
Cera)
4,4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0-3
—
—
—
- —
—
—
—
% Cadmium
Natural
Sediments
.0003
.0005
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0004
,0002
.0001
.0004
,0003
.0003
.0003
,0002
,0001
.0003
,0004
.0003
.0004
.0003
*
*
A
*
*
*
A
A
A
.0003
.0003
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0003
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0004
.0005
.0001
.0003
Apparent
Tailings
.0002
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0003
Not Measurable
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0006
.0003
.0002
.0003
,0004
.0002
.0002
.0005
.0002
.0002
,0002
.0003
.0003
.0004
*A
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
.0006
.0002
.000;
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-.0001
-.0001
—
+.0001
-.0002
—
—
+.0001
—
+.0002
-.0002
—
—
-.0001
+.0002
+.0003
-.0001
-.0001
-.0001
+.0001
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
~
—
—
—
—
Estimated
7. Tailings
In Apparent
Tailings Layer
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
*** Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
33
APPENDIX A
1291
COMPARISON OF CHROMIUM ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NAIUKAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From Tailings
s ii'ip 1 e Number
84-85
U6-H7
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315***
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
1 U-112
109-110
107-108
ao T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T-'**
,")^> T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>i W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 VI
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 U
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2\ W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
Hlgt
Low
Average
(em)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
__
__
--
..
__
__
--
--
--
?0 Chromium
Natural
Sediments
.009
.015
.015
.014
.015
.014
.013
.012
.010
.010
.012
.016
.010
.013
.015
.015
.015
.010
.010
.010
.001
.011
.011
*
*
*
*
it
Vr
*
.015
.011
.012
.010
.014
.014
.012
.014
.006
.010
.016
.001
.012
Apparent
Tailings
.009
.001
.007
.006
.002
.004
.001
.001
.002
.003
.004
.011
.002
.004
.016
.017
.015
.006
.009
.011
.001
.001
.010
.003
.017
.020
.002
.002
.002
.002
.005
.016
**
**
;,-*
-'-••
-••;-
-:,v.
• ,v
.....
•;,*
.017
.001
.007
lailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-.014
-.008
-.008
-.013
-.010
-.012
-.011
-.008
-.007
-.008
-.005
-.008
-.009
+ .001
+ .002
_-
-.004
-.001
+ .001
__
-.010
-.001
__
_-
--
--
_.
--
--
--
__
--
-_
--
_.
--
Estimated
7U failings
In Apparent
]
Tailings Layer
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
ID
._
__
--
__
--
__
--
l.stimated from titanium analyses.
~'; Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
*" Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analysis.
~v;"' Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
34
APPENDIX A
1292
( UMPARISON OF COBALT ANALYSES ON IAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORES
, rnplc- Number
V.-85
116-117
1'.? 143
148-149
1 .0-151
314-315 ' ''*
/J)l~;02
118-119
.' 3 - ; 7 4
, '0-121
154-L55
92-93
!la-in
157-153
86-87
94-95
99 -100
103-104
105-106
101 -102
111 112
l'Vj-1 10
I'i7-108
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>i W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
Miles From
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
Depth of
Apparent
[ailings
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
7, Cobalt
Natural
Sediments
.001
.003
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.004
.002
.003
.004
.004
,004
.003
.003
,002
.001
.002
.002
Apparent
Tail ings
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.004
.003
.001
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.003
.001
.001
.001
lai lings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-.001
-.002
-.001
--
-.001
__
-.001
--
+ .001
--
-.001
--
+ .001
-.002
-.002
-.001
-.002
-.001
-.001
+ .001
__
-.001
-.001
Estimated
1 lai lings
In Apparent
lai 1 uigs Layei
95
95
'>')
"5
95
94
9)
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
31
29
80 r
81 1
iw r
294 r
II i TV
189 I
0
0
5 W
5 W
I'-i W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
1
1
2
402
378
402
264
6,
7
.4
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
.3
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
9 h
9'.
9',
9 1
78
10
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
1/6 B
1/7 B
181 B
I1)/ B
l')R B Sands
.'Hi B
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
2
7
9
9
2
2
4
10
200
354
.1
.5
.5
Yards.
Ft.
Depth
.001
.004
.003
.004
.004
.004
.002
.002
.001
.002
High
Low
Average
.004
.001
.002
.00*
.001
.002
nt sample for apparent tailings analysis.
-------
35
APPENDIX A
1293
Table 5
COMPARISON OF COPPER ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SFDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
c triple Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315***
201-202
113-119
273-274
1. '0-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
1(19-110
107-108
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
24 W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 U
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
Miles From
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
Tailings
(cm)
4,
4
3
5
2
10,
5,
2,
2.
4.
1.
1
3
2
7
1,
5i
3.
3,
3,
0
1
2
.4
.4
.1
.7
.5
,0
.7
,8
.0
.4
.9
.2
.0
.5
.6
.9
,0
,8
.8
.8
.1
.9
.5
% Copper
Natural
Sediments
.008
.006
.003
.005
.004
.003
.003
.007
.005
.006
.005
.004
.006
.004
.003
.004
.003
.006
.006
.005
.004
.007
.007
Apparent
Tailings
.002
.006
.002
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.002
.003
.002
.003
..003
.002
.002
.001
.003
.006
.006
.006
.002
.004
.007
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-.006
—
-.001
-.003
-.003
-.001
-.002
-.005
-.003
-.003
-.003
-.001
-.003
-.002
-.001
-.003
—
—
—
+ .001
-.002
-.003
—
Fs t imated
% Tal 1 ings
In Apparent
Tailings Laver
9";
9S
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
80
81
147
294
313
295
.785
159
189
T
T
T
T
IAAA
T
T
T
T
0
0
5
5
2k
5
5
5
5
W
W
W
W
W
U
W
1
1
2
402
378
402
264
6
7
.4
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
.3
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
13,
13
17
9,
10,
9,
5,
1.
0,
.9
.9
.1
.5
.0
.5
,5
.9
.3
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.004
.004
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
10
1 13 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
!,"•) 8
177 B
HI B
197 B
118 B Sands
284 B
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
2
7.
9.
9.
2
2
4
10
200
354
1
,5
,5
Yards.
Ft. Depth
.005
.004
.005
.005
.004
.005
.004
.004
.003
.006
High.
Low
Average
.008
.003
.005
.007
.001
.003
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses,
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
*** Different apparent tatlings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
36
APPENDIX A
1294
Table 6
COMPARISON OF IRON ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From Tailings
Sample Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315 ***
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T ***
295 T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2k W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2>i W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft.
0.5
4
402 Ft.
5
5.5
2
360 Ft.
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft.
378 Ft.
402 Ft.
264 Ft.
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
o.i
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
200 Yards.
354 Ft.
Depth
High.
Low
Average
—
7. Iron
Natural
Sediments
8.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.6
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
7.2
7.0
5.8
12.8
12.0
7.2
14.7
7.2
8.8
5.4
6.2
10.0
^
A
A
A
A
A
*
A
A
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
6.4
7.0
6.4
6.2
9.4
7.0
14.7
5.4
7.4
Apparent
Tailings
17.0
15.6
15.2
15.0
15.4
14.4
14.8
15.0
15.2
15.0
14.0
16.0
13.8
12.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
16.2
13.2
15.0
12.8
8.8
9.8
18.0
17.4
14.4
15.0
15.0
14.0
14.0
13.4
6.6
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
18.0
6.6
14.4
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
+8.8
+9.6
+9.2
+9.0
+9.4
+8.2
+8.2
+9.0
+8.7
+9.0
+8.0
+8.8
+6.8
+6.2
+5.2
+4.0
+6.8
+1.5
+6.0
+6.2
+7.4
+2.6
-0.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Est imated
'/. Tailings
In Apparent 1
Tailings Layer
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
10
—
—
—
__
--
—
—
__
—
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
*** Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the sane core.
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
37
APPENDIX A
1295
I able 7
Depth of
\pparent
Miles trom Tail
s imp le Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
3U-315***
201-202
118-119
2/1-274
120-121
154-155
92-91
276-277
132-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
J-stimated from t
* Insuf fit-lent sa
Grid
0
10
5
5
5
2>i
5
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
5
5
2!l
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
U
E
W
W
E
W
W
W
U
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
E
E
E
E
W
W
itamn
mple
£
Shore
3
3
0,
3,
4
378
0.
4
402
5
5.
2
360
4.
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.
402
378
402
264
6.
7
2
7.
9.
9.
2
2
4
10
200
354
8
,2
Ft. Depth
5
Ft. Depth
.5
Ft. Depth
7
.4
Ft. Depth
Ft. Depth
Ft. Depth
Ft. Depth
3
1
5
5
Yards.
Ft. Depth
High-
Low
Average
ings
(cm)
4
4
3
5
2
10
5
2
2
4
1
1
3
2
7
1
5
3
3
3
0
1
2
13
13
17
9
10
9
5
1
0
.4
.4
.1
.7
.5
.0
.7
.8
.0
. 4
.9
.2
.0
.5
.6
.9
.0
.8
.8
.8
.1
.9
.5
.9
.9
.1
.5
.0
.5
.5
.9
.3
..
—
—
--
—
--
—
—
7 I e
Natural
Pediments
.005
.002
.001
.001
.003
.001
.001
.002
.002
.003
.003
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.003
.005
.003
.004
.006
.001
.004
*
*
A
*
*
*
A
*
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
002
.002
.002
.002
.001
.006
.001
.002
id
\pparent
Tail i jigs
.001
.003
002
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.002
002
.001
.002
.001
.003
.004
.006
.005
.003
.005
.006
.001
002
.001
.001
.005
.001
.001
.003
.002
**
*A
*A
AA
*A
A*
**
A A
A*
AA
.006
.001
.002
Ta 1 1 ings
Minus
\atural
Sed iments
-.004
+ .001
+ 001
—
-.002
+ .001
—
-.001
002
-.001
—
--
-.002
—
-.001
-.001
+ .003
+ 001
-.003
+ .004
+ .007
—
--
--
—
—
--
—
—
--
--
—
—
--
m analyses.
or natura
1 sed i meat ai
ialy
ses .
9)
42
91
85
85
'J; Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
** Different apparent tailings frutions cut fr
-------
38
APPENDIX A
1296
COMPARISON OF MAGNESIUM ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From Tailings
Sample Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315***
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>j W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2h W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 !'
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft,
0.5
4
402 Ft.
5
5.5
2
360 Ft.
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft.
378 Ft.
402 Ft.
264 Ft.
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
. Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
--
--
--
-_
--
--
200 Yards.
354 Ft.
Depth
High,
Low
Average
--
% Magnesium
Natural
Sediments
2.10
1.70
2.00
1.80
2.36
2.00
2.30
1.80
2.46
1.66
1.80
2.30
2.46
2.20
2.22
1.90
2.46
2.72
2.10
2.72
1.90
1.90
1.90
ft
*
ft
ft
*
ft
ft
ft
ft
1.86
2.20
2.20
2.06
2.40
2.40
2.30
2.40
2.20
2.26
2.72
1.6ft
2.15
Apparent
Tailings
2.20
2.60
2.00
2.42
1.80
2.63
2.90
2.54
3.00
2.54
2.42
2.70
3.00
2,30
2.12
2.74
2.80
2.72
2.70
2.10
2.30
2.08
2.42
2.00
1.90
2.20
3.00
2.42
3.00
3.10
3.00
2.80
,,..,,
ft*
ftft
-•-*
,v*
ft
ft
ft-;-
ftft
ft-1-
3.10
1.80
2.51
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
+ .10
+ .90
--
+ .62
-.56
+ .63
+ .60
+ .74
+.54
+ .88
+ .62
+ .40
+ .54
+ .10
-.10
+ .84
+ .34
+ .60
-.62
+ 40
+ .18
+ .52
--
__
__
__
__
__
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Estimated
'I, railings
In Apparent
lailings Layer
9r)
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
70
68
65
31
29
100
100
9h
9'i
9S
94
91
78
HI
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
-'- Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analysis.
J* Different apparent, tailings fractions cut from the same
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
39
APPENDIX A
1297
COMPARISON OF MANGANESE ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From Tailings
Sample Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315 ***
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 T
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 I
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>j W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2»s W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
High-
Low
Average
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
--
--
--
__
--
--
--
_.
--
% Manganese
Natural
Sediments
.21
.07
.10
.09
.09
.15
.16
.20
.13
.16
.09
.11
.14
.12
.24
.40
.11
.48
.06
.09
.07
.09
.10
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ft
ft
.10
.17
.10
.19
.13
.46
.11
.11
.14
.11
.48
.06
.15
Apparent
Tailings
.70
.59
.69
.78
.66
.55
.76
.80
.72
.78
.71
.70
.68
.65
.51
.65
.68
.55
.58
.60
.66
.39
.43
.52
.50
.72
.62
.66
.46
.54
.74
.11
*ft
ft*
ft*
**
*ft
*ft
ft*
*ft
ft*
**
.80
.11
.62
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
+ .49
+ .52
+ .59
+ .69
+ .57
+.40
+ .60
+ .60
+ .59
+.62
+ .62
+ .59
+ .54
+ .53
+.26
+ .25
+ .57
+ .07
+ .52
+ .51
+ .59
+ .30
+ .33
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
__
--
--
--
..
__
Est imat ed
Z Callings
In Apparent
TJI 1 ings Layer
95
95
95
95
Q5
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
6i
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
91
78
10
--
--
__
--
--
__
-_
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analysis.
*** Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemire
January 15, 1969
-------
40
APPENDIX A
1298
COMPARISON OF NICKEL ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Miles From T
SJ,.ir.le Jun.ber
84-85
llti-117
142-143
148-- 149
I'-Q-l'il
114-315***
201-202
118-119
273-2/4
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
1 11-U2
109-110
10' -108
so r
81 T
147 I
294 T
313 T ***
295 T
285 T
159 I
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
1/7 B
181 B
197 B
Lt!i B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 K
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>j W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
215 w
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 H
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
It
378 Ft.
0.5
4
402 Ft.
5
5.5
2
360 Ft.
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft.
378 Ft.
402 Ft.
264 Ft.
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yard
354 Ft.
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Depth
3.
Depth
ttlgh-
Low
Average
ailings
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
„
_,
--
__
__
--
__
--
7. Nickel
Natural
Sediments
.005
.006
.007
.004
.006
.005
.007
.003
.006
.005
.006
.006
.004
.005
.005
.006
.006
.003
.008
.008
.003
.003
.007
j_
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
•h
.006
.005
.006
.006
.006
.008
.006
.006
.007
.005
.008
.003
.006
Apparent
Tailings
.005
.007
.002
002
.002
.003
.008
.002
.002
.003
.002
.003
.001
.002
.006
.002
.009
.007
.004
.003
.003
.005
.005
.004
.009
.006
.001
.001
.002
.002
.004
.008
**
**
**
**
•k*
**
•>< \
-*-t
**
**
.009
.001
.004
Tailings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
+ .001
-.005
-.002
-.004
-.002
+ .001
-.001
-.004
-.002
-.004
-.003
-.003
-.003
+ .001
-.004
+ .003
+ .004
-.004
-.005
__
+ .002
-.002
-_
--
--
__
--
-.
~-
„-
..
-_
,_
--
__
--
Estimated
% 1 a 11 i n g s
In Appatent
_i_l_Ln^ s 1 ^^
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
94
93
78
in
Fstiimated from titanium analyses.
Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analysis.
ni fferent apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemire
1969
-------
41
APPENDIX A
1299
COMPARISON OF TITANIUM ANALYSES ON TAILINGS
AND NATURAL SEDIMENTS FROM LAKE BOTTOM CORE SAMPLES
Depth of
Apparent
Sanple Number
84-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315***
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101-102
111-112
109-110
107-108
80 T
81 I
147 T
294 T
313 T***
295 T
285 T
159 T
189 T
113 B
160 B
168 B
169 B
176 B
177 B
181 B
197 B
198 B Sands
284 B
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2>i W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2>s W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 W
5 W
Miles From T.
Shore
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft. Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
7
2
7.1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
High.
Low
Average
ailings
(cm)
4.4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
—
—
—
_„
—
—
—
% Titanium
Natural
Sediments
,37
.43
.79
.45
.38
.69
.72
.45
.63
.41
.44
.46
.62
.43
.32
.37
.46
.40
.44
.44
,54
.40
.38
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
.58
.47
.45
.41
.52
.47
.43
.41
2.00
.77
2.00
.32
.53
Apparent
Tailings
.07
.05
.07
.05
.05
.06
.07
.06
.08
.07
.08
.11
.11
.10
.10
.14
.16
.16
.13
.20
.24
.28
.28
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.07
.08
.13
.40
**
**
A*
**
**
**
**
**
.40
.02
.11
Tai 1 ings
Minus
Natural
Sediments
-.30
-.38
-.72
-.40
-.33
-.63
-.65
-.39
-.55
-.34
-.36
-.35
-.51
-.33
-.22
-.23
-.30
-.24
-.31
-.24
-.30
- 12
-.10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
-
__
—
94
93
92
91
85
85
82
80
hit
65
65
60
5')
11
29
Estimated from titanium analyses.
* Insufficient sample for natural sediment analyses.
** Insufficient sample for apparent tailings analyses.
*** Different apparent tailings fractions cut from the same core.
R. S. Lemlre
January 15, 1969
-------
42
APPENDIX A
1300
S iiij 1" N'l.iiibur
34-85
116-117
142-143
148-149
150-151
314-315 «*
201-202
118-119
273-274
120-121
154-155
92-93
276-277
152-153
86-87
94-95
99-100
103-104
105-106
101 -102
111-112
ii)v no
'.P-108
80 T
81 T
147 r
294 T
31 3 r ,-**
295 T
285 T
159 T
139 I
1 13 B
160 B
K>8 B
169 B
176 B
1 11 B
81 B
i'i7 B
198 B Sands
284 B
^ it inialed from
" LiiMif t u i ont '
h Ul f 1 1 ' lit •
Grid
0
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
2S W
5 W
10 W
10 W
10 W
5 W
5 E
10 W
5 W
0
5 E
0
0
0
0
10 W
0
0
0
0
5 W
5 W
2>5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
10 W
5 W
5 W
5 W
5 E
5 E
5 E
5 t
5 W
5 W
titanium ir
>amplo Cor '-
T imp 1 !.- f , r ,-
Miles 1 rom
Shor"
3
3
0.8
3.2
4
378 Ft. Depth
0.5
4
402 Ft, Depth
5
5.5
2
360 Ft. Depth
4.7
4
3
6
8
9
7
1
11
10
1
1
2.4
402 Ft. Depth
378 Ft. Depth
402 Ft. Depth
264 Ft. Depth
6.3
'
2
7 1
9.5
9.5
2
2
4
10
200 Yards.
354 Ft. Depth
High
Low
Avprage
t
i.itui al bo'lirai-nt
pparenl tailings
Depth ot
Apparent
Tailings
(i 111)
4 .4
4.4
3.1
5.7
2.5
10.0
5.7
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.9
1.2
3.0
2.5
7.6
1.9
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
0.1
1.9
2.5
13.9
13.9
17.1
9.5
10.0
9.5
5.5
1.9
0.3
__
--
analyst's.
ana l'; s i s .
Nat ut
Sod in,'
01
.01
00
.01
.01
.00
.00
01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
01
.01'
.01
.01
.00
.01
.00
*
*
*
*
A
*
*
.00'
.00'
(111
on
.00'
.OK
.OK
.lilt
00<
.00!
.1)1'
no;
""
[at 1 ings
Nat ural
. il iments
-.006
-.005
-.004
-.006
-.007
-.003
-.008
-.005
+ .00i
-.002
95
95
95
95
94
93
92
91
88
85
85
82
80
70
68
65
65
60
59
33
29
100
100
96
96
95
94
93
78
10
-------
43
1301
APPENDIX B
TABLE #1
Typical Chemical Analysis of
Reserve Mining Company Tailings
Iron 14.93
Silicon 33.59
Aluminum . 35
Calcium 1 . 67
Magnesium 1 . 96
Manganese . 37
Titanium .030
Phosphorus . 026
Sodium . 040
Potassium . 040
Sulfur . 03
Lead . 007
Zinc . 004
Nickel .002
Copper .004
Chromium . 004
Cadmium .0003
Molybdenum <. 001
Vanadium <. 001
Cobalt .002
Carbon . 1 1
Hydrogen . 10
Oxygen 46. 54
"9978TT3
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in sr
r** rH
m rH
O^ OO
o o*»
* 4
r^ CM
CO CO
r-l >*
O CO
U-l CM
en
CN
^
.
o
CU
rH
O.
E
n)
w
CU
o
o
rH
n)
M
3
4J
rt
&,
bO
C
•H
rH
.J
ed
H
W tj
C CU
E *rl
•H fa
•a
CU B^S
CO
CJN
•
CN
ON
M
VJ CU
CU C
cd fa
!J
^S
vO
OO
m o
• •
m cri
r*» vO
a\ CN
00 CN
oo r*^
CN
•
m
VO
o-\
rH
sr
sr
CN
vO
VO
m
rH
rH
0
vO
o
en
CU
N
sr
sr
o
en
o
CM
-------
45
1303
APPENDIX B
TABLE ^3
Predicted Tailings Screen Analysis
by Dr. E. W. Davis
Mines Experiment Station, University of Minnesota
Screen Size
Wt. %
Through
Th r ou ^h
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
3
A
8
14
28
48
65
IOC
150
200
325
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
3
4
8
14
28
48
65
100
150
200
325
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh-
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
0.
1.
7.
6.
3.
3.
2.
5.
5 .
10.
8.
44.
000
581
970
523
578
290
68°
002
691
186
552
938
Total
100.00
From "Exhibit #7" - Water Permit
Hearing - June 5, 1947
-------
46
1304
APPENDIX B
TABLE #4
Screen Analysis of Tailings from Reserve's Early Operations
Screen Size
Wt. % Wt. %
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
3
4
8
14
28
48
65
100
150
200
325
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
3
4
8
14
28
48
65
100
150
200
325
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
2.
7.
7.
5.
5.
3.
4.
5.
7.
6.
43.
6
0
7
6
9
4
2
7
9
7
0
3
1.
5.
6.
5.
5.
3.
6.
5.
7.
11.
41.
2
0
2
6
8
9
9
2
7
3
2
0
100. 0
100. 0
-------
47
1305
APPENDIX B
TABLE #5
Recent Practice Tailings Screen
Screen Size Wt.
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
3
4
6
8
10
14
20
28
35
48
65
100
150
200
270
325
20
10
5
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Micron
Micron
Micron
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
3
4
6
8
10
14
20
28
35
48
65
100
150
200
270
325
20
10
5
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Micron
Micron
Micron
1.
2.
5.
5.
5.
4.
3.
2.
2.
1.
2.
3.
5.
4.
4.
5.
13.
9.
6.
8.
Analyses
% Wt. %
1
9
1
7
3
8
6
9
5
9
4
2
8
0
7
9
6
5
9
2
2.
4.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
5.
4.
16.
12.
4.
6.
3
1
3
1
9
0
2
1
8
5
2
0
5
8
0
5
2
4
8
3
Wt. %
0
3.
5.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
3.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
3.
18.
11.
3.
4.
5
0
5
6
2
4
1
6
2
9
4
1
6
3
6
0
3
5
2
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
(Through 325 Mesh
38.2
39. 7
37. 0)
-------
48
1306
APPENDIX B
TABLE #6
Screen Analyses of Tailings from Reserve's Pilot Plant
Using 1956 and 1957 Operating Practice
Screen Size
Wt.% Wt.% Wt.% Wt.%
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
Through
3
4
6
8
10
12
20
28
35
48
65
100
150
200
270
325
30
20
10
5
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Mesh
Micron
Micron
Micron
Micron
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
3 Mesh
4 Mesh
6 Mesh
8 Mesh
10 Mesh
14 Mesh
20 Mesh
28 Mesh
35 Mesh
48 Mesh
65 Mesh
100 Mesh
150 Mesh
200 Mesh
270 Mesh
325 Mesh
30 Micron
20 Micron
10 Micron
5 Micron
1.
1.
3.
6.
5.
4.
4.
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
6.
4.
2.
5.
11.
10.
4.
9.
100.
0
8
8
7
6
9
1
0
3
4
4
1
8
3
4
1
9
8
9
9
8
0
1.
1.
.
7.
6.
4.
4.
3.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
6.
3.
2.
5.
11.
11.
4.
8.
100.
2
9
5
7
7
9
2
2
5
6
7
4
9
7
7
9
7
3
3
9
1
0
0
1.
5.
6.
5.
6.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
2.
5.
3.
2.
5.
10.
11.
4.
9.
100.
6
8
0
9
9
0
1
7
4
2
4
7
7
8
1
6
8
3
9
1
0
. 3
. 3
2.4
5. 2
7.6
6.0
5. 7
4. 1
3.4
3. 1
3. 0
3.4
1.9
6. 2
3. 8
2. 0
5. 3
10. 7
11. 5
5. 4
8. 7
100. 0
(Through 325 Mesh
43.3
41.3 41.7
41.6)
-------
49 1307
APPENDIX C
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
In water samples, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium are
determined by atomic absorption after the addition of lanthanum as an
interference suppressor. Trace metals are chelated and extracted into
an organic solvent by the Fishman Procedure (Marvin Fishman, U. S.
Geological Survey Methods" and Development Laboratory, Denver, Colorado)
before analysis.
Precision of analyses for calcium is ±0'. 1 ppm; magnesium and sodium,
±0.1 ppm; and potassium, ±0.05 ppm.
Detection limits for iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, lead
and cadmium are all below one ppb. Precision for iron is 3 ppb;
nickel, manganese, copper, lead, and cadmium are ±2 ppb or better.
Solid samples are put into solution by acid and fusion techniques,
as required. Solutions are analyzed by atomic absorption. All stand-
ardization is made using Harleco certified standards.
Alkalinity
Sulfate
Chloride
Silica
Phosphorus
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
PH
Turbidity
Dissolved
Oxygen
ESTIMATED PRECISIONS
±1.0 ppm
±0.6 ppm
±0.2 ppm
±0.4 ppm
±0.005 ppm, detection limit 0.005 ppm
±0.005 ppm, detection limit 0.010 ppm
±0.2 ppm
±0.005 ppm, detection limit 0.005 ppm
±0.05 pH units
±0.1 JTU up to 1
±0.2 JTU 1 to 2
±0.5 JTU 2 to 5
±1 JTU 5 to 10
±5 JTU 10 to 100
±0.1 ppm
-------
50 1308
APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF DATA REPORTED TO THE MINNESOTA
POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY FROM 1957 THROUGH 1968.
A discussion and summary of the data as reported is herewith
categorized.
1. The perimeter of the permit area is sampled twice a year. The
sample points are shown in Figure 1. The parameters are:
a. Turbidity: The mean turbidities over the twelve year
period are 0.38 JTU taken 2' below the surface and
0.36 JTU at a depth of 20'.
b- Temperature F: Temperatures were taken only in 1968.
The mean temperature at 2' was 42.6° F and 41.4° F at 20'.
c. Dissolved oxygen mg/1: Dissolved oxygen was analyzed for
only in 1968. The mean values were 12.4 mg/1 at both the
2' and 20' depths. These values are near saturation, at
temperature.
d. pH: pH readings were taken only in 1968. The mean values
were 7.9 for both the 2' and 20' samples.
e. Conductivity /umho/cm at 25 C: Conductivity measurements
were made only for the 1968 fall survey. The mean values
were 93.4 and 93.8 jumho at 2' and 20' depths, respectively.
2. Mill intake and tailings discharge water:
Mean Values Obtained Since 1966:
a. Temperature F: The mean temperature values for the three
year period are shown by quarters to reflect seasonal tem-
perature changes in the lake surface water.
°F
Intake Discharge
Jan-Feb-Mar 34 38
Apr-May-June 38 42
July-Aug-Sept 48 52
Oct-Nov-Dec 42 45
The mean process induced temperature rise is 3.75 F which
includes the rise due to Powerhouse cooling water. When
the discharge water is diluted by lake water, the rise :'n
temperature cannot be detected.
-------
51
1309
APPENDIX D
b. Dissolved solids mg/1: The values for dissolved solids
are obtained by measuring the conductivity. By experi-
mentation we find that conductivity in >uniho/cm2 at 25° C
times 0.605 is equal to mg/1 of dissolved solids. The
mean values for the three year period are 57 mg/1 in the
intake water and 67 mg/1 in the discharge. When the dis-
charge water is diluted by lake water the effect is
negligible.
c. Dissolved oxygen mg/1: The mean values for the three year
period are 12.2 mg/1 in the intake water and 9.3 mg/1 in
the water discharged to the lake. When the discharge water
is diluted by the lake the dissolved oxygen content is al-
ways found to be at saturation.
d. pH: The mean values for pH in the three year period are 7.8
in the intake water and 8.3 in the discharge. No increase in
pH in the lake water has resulted from the discharge.
e. Complete analysis of intake and discharge water: A
complete analysis was made of three samples of intake and
discharge water obtained in Sept.-Oct. 1968. The samples
were filtered on a 0.45 ^i membrane filter and analyzed.
The following is a tabulation of the means of the results
obtained on the three sets of samples.
Intake Discharge
Parameter mg/1 mg/1
Calcium Ca 13.2 12.8
Magnesium Mg 2.8 3.5
Sodium Na 1.4 2.0
Potassium K .6 1.5
Total Alkalinity as CaCO 42.9 46.3
Sulfate SO, 2.1 2.8
Chlorine Cl 1.6 2.1
Silica Si02 2.5 3.7
Phosphorus P .005 .006
Iron Fe .007 .010
Manganese Mn .002 .036
Copper Cu .003 .003
Zinc Zn .012 .003
Nickel Ni .002 .002
Ammonia NH .053 .146
Nitrite NO^ .009 .017
Nitrate N03 1.06 1.28
Lead and cadmium were less than the detection limit of .001 mg/1.
All of the changes which occur in process are very minor and
when the discharge water is diluted by lake water the effect
would not be detectable.
-------
1310
52
APPENDIX D
3. Bottom Samples:
Figure 2 is an isopach of the approximate thickness of tailings
found by this study. This isopach shows positively that the density
current carries the fine fraction of tailings into the deep basin
where it then settles onto the bottom.
-------
53
Figure 1
APPENDIX D 1311
Revised - May 9, 1969
- o .-
Pellet Island
LAKE SUPERIOR
.800'
\
Indicate water sampling points.
Turbidity,temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity readings are
in Exhibit 2.
1 Mi.
2 Mi.
Water samples around permit area
taken , in^'^e water temp.
discharge water temp. , pumps
wind
PERMIT AREA - P L A :N
Scale 2" = 1 Mile
RESERVE MINING COMPANY
SILVER SAY, MINNESOTA
-------
54
1312
APPENDIX D
o
4-1
a
O
01 O
CJ
d S
'. 1
t: o
o .a
CO
a.-
o o
J) O
•d
-H
-------
55
APPENDIX E
TABLE 1
1313
1968 BOTTOM FAUNA CENSUS BY MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
Total Fish
Comments on Food Bottom
Presence of Tailings Fauna Organisms
on Lake Bottom Per Square Meter
Sample Line
#1 - 5 mi. NE of plant
No tailings
1255
#2 - 1.7 mi. NE of plant
Tailings present at
one of 5 stations
1052
#3 - 2 mi. SW of plant
Tailings present at
all 5 stations
863
#4 - 5 mi. SW of plant
Tailings present at
all 5 stations
1287
#5 - 10 mi. SW of plant
Tailings present at
3 of 5 stations
602
#6 - 15.5 mi. SW of plant
Tailings present at
3 of 5 stations
431
-------
56
APPENDIX E
TABLE 2
Secchl Disc and Turbidity Statistics
In The Silver Bay Area and In The Wisconsin
Area of Lake Superior
Location
Wisconsin Area
Silver Bay Area
Wisconsin Area
Silver Bay Area
(surface and mid-depth)
*0ne Hach Turbidity reading of 253.0 was deleted from this group of data.
1314
Mean
Measurement Value
Secchi Disc 7.20 ft.
Secchi Disc 21.5 ft.
Hach Turbidity* 5.01
Hellige Turbidity 0.28
Standard
Deviation
4.60
7./4 ft.
8.46
0.27
Range
1.0 • '0,0
6.0 - T).4 ft.
0.08 - 54.0
0.03 - 2.7
Secchi Disc and Turbidity Statistics
in the Wisconsin Area of Lake Superior
Listed According to Sub-Areas
Area
Duluth-Superior
Lake Center
Poplar River Area
to Cornucopia
Apostle Islands
Chequatnegon Bay
Oronto Bay
Sample
No.
1-15
& 22-33
16-21
34-48
49-58
59-79
and 90
80-84
Measurement
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity*
Secchi Disc
Hach Turbidity
Mean
Value
4.87 ft.
5.86
12.5 ft.
1.37
5.43
4.81
12.8 ft.
1.04
6.45 ft.
8.08
15.4 ft.
0.53
Standard
Deviation
2.99 ft.
5.82
0.71 ft.
1.63
2.76 ft.
6.22
3.76 it.
0.83
3.58 ft.
n . 90
0.53 tt.
0.24
Ran_ge_
1.0
0.60
12.0
0.45
2.0
0.72
8.0
0.08
1.0
0.61
11. 0
0.26
- 13.0
- 27.0
- 13.0
- 5.0
- 9.0
- 22.0
- 20.0
- 2.50
- 14.5
- 54.0
-18.0
- 0.85
*0ne Hach Turbidity reading of 253.0 was deleted from this group of daia.
-------
57 1315
APPENDIX F
COMMENTS ON PORTIONS OF "AN APPRAISAL OF WATER POLLUTION
IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN"
These comments have been prepared on the portions of this report that
directly concern Reserve Mining Company. There are many portions of
this report that are general in nature and are somewhat of concern to all
users of Lake Superior water. These general portions are not included in
these comments.
1. Conclusion #1, page 27:
"Approximately 45 percent of the tailings waste discharged
between 1956 and 1967 were deposited on the delta off shore
from the plant. The remaining 55 percent, or approximately
95 million tons, traveled down the face of the delta into the
lake. Tailings are deposited on the lake bottom at least 10
miles off shore and 15 miles southwest of the plant. "
Reserve's comments:
The location of the tailings deposited on the bottom of the lake is regu-
larly determined by Reserve Mining Company. This information is
reported to the MPCA. Tailings have not been found outside of the
general area that Reserve has reported them to be deposited on the
bottom of the Minnesota portion of Lake Superior.
The maximum depth of this tailings deposit in the areas away from the
delta is 6-1/2 inches for 13 years of operation or about 1/2 inch per
year of operation in an area of the lake that ranges from 600 to 900
feet deep. This deposit will still be insignificant and have no harmful
effect on the lake after Reserve has operated another 50 years in the
same manner.
2. Conclusion #2, page 27:
"Approximately 60, 000 long tons of taconite waste are dis-
charged daily from the plant. Fifty-four hundred long tons
per day of the waste solids discharged to Lake Superior are
less than 4 microns (1 micron equals 1/25, 400th of an inch)
in diameter. Particles of this diameter are capable of
remaining suspended in water for a considerable time after
discharge. "
-------
1316
58
APPENDIX F
Reserve's comments:
The U.S.G.S. "Preliminary Report on Streamflow Conditions and Sedi-
mentation in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, " (#53) page 13, shows 5. 8% or
3, 480 tons per day of total tailings are less than 4 microns. Some of
this is entrapped and remains on the delta. Therefore, the statement
that 5, 400 long tons per day of waste solids discharged to Lake Superior
are less than 4 microns is in error.
Conclusion #2 further states that these particles are capable of remain-
ing suspended for a considerable time. Being capable is conjecture not
based on fact. The conclusion does not take into consideration the action
of the heavy density current that carries the tailings into the 600-900
foot deep basin. If the inference of being capable were true, the turbid-
ity of the Silver Bay area should be higher than the balance of the lake.
Actually, the opposite is the case. The turbidity of the surface and
mid-depth water in the Silver Bay area is less than that of other areas
of the lake. In 1966 and 1967 the FWPCA secured and analyzed samples
of water from practically all areas of the lake. The turbidity of these
samples, as reported by the FWPCA, averages 0. 35 Hellige units. The
lake water samples secured in the Silver Bay area by the FWPCA in
June, 1968, have an average turbidity of 0. 29 Hellige units, and those
in July, 1968, averaged 0. 26 Hellige units. This FWPCA data shows
conclusively that depositing tailings in Lake Superior by Reserve Mining
Company has not increased the turbidity of the lake as this conclusion
implies,
3. Conclusion #3, page 27:
"Current measurements in the vicinity of Silver Bay show
that the prevailing current is to the southwest and of suffi-
cient velocity to transport particles of 4 microns or less
more than nine miles per day. "
Reserve's comments:
Conclusion #3 implies that minus 4 micron particles of tailings are
carried by surface or near surface currents. Again, if this were true,
the turbidity of the water in the Silver Bay area would have a higher
turbidity than the balance of the lake. The FWPCA data, as presented
in the comments on Conclusion #2, shows that this is not true. The
Silver Bay area has cleaner, less turbid water than the other areas of
the lake which the FWPCA sampled and analyzed.
-------
5q 1317
APPENDIX F
This conclusion completely ignores the force of the heavy density cur-
rent which is carrying Reserve's tailings into the 600-900 foot deep
areas of the lake. Measurements of the heavy density current show
that it has a velocity up to 1. 2 feet per second as-it flows down the
face of the delta. Figure 4 from "Special Report on Water Quality of
Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota, " (#49) is a
plotting of the "Mean Horizontal Speeds at Various Depths. " The
maximum horizontal velocity plotted is about 0. 63 foot per second at
a depth of 30 feet.
A tailings particle will travel from the top of Reserve's tailings beach
to a depth of 600 feet in approximately 35 minutes. At 600 feet the
FWPCA Figure #4 only shows the lake currents to have a horizontal
velocity of 0. 2 foot per second. At this depth the heavy density cur-
rent is still the predominant current and will carry the particles of
tailings into the deep areas of the lake.
4. Conclusion #4, page 27:
"As the tailings meet Lake Superior water, "billowy gray
clouds" of waste were visible leaving the density current,
both at and under the water surface near the shore line.
Extending off shore as far as 300 feet, these clouds were
observed and photographed at a depth of 35 feet. It appeared
that "green water" was formed as gray tailings clouds
diffused (became less concentrated) and more daylight pene-
trated among the particles. "
Reserve's comments:
The interface of a heavy density current and the less dense lake water
is not uniform. This is true with the heavy density current generated
by Reserve's tailings and all other heavy density currents generated by
turbid stream flows entering the lake. On bright sunny days these bil-
lows or clouds can readily be seen from a boat adjacent to Reserve's
tailings flowing into the lake. These billows appear to be everchanging,
a billow forming in one place, moving away as it moves with the heavy
density current and/or particles settle from it, then other billows form.
At times some of the tailings become suspended on a thermocline and
are held in suspension for a longer interval of time before settling to
the bottom. The presence of thermoclines is acknowledged on pages
17 and 18 of the group report. Even these conditions have not caused
turbidities to exceed the State's most rigid standard of 5, as shown by
the FWPCA data accompanying these observations. Also, this has not
caused the turbidity of the water in the Silver Bay area to exceed the
turbidity of the balance of the lake, as covered in our comments on
Conclusion #2. The last sentence in the conclusion infers without sup-
porting data that "green water" was formed as the tailings clouds diffused.
-------
1318
60
APPENDIX F
5. Conclusion #5, page 28:
"The occurrence of tailings was evident in "green water"
masses. In one instance the "green water" containing
tailings was visibly present 18 miles southwest from the
plant. "Green water" was observed along the Wisconsin
shore line and did not contain tailings. "
Reserve's comments:
The tailings beach is part of the shore line of the Silver Bay area.
Reserve's data shows that there was a thermocline condition, similar
to that referred to on pages 17 and 18, at the time this data was obtained.
It would be expected that some tailings would be temporarily suspended
in the water in the Silver Bay area in the same manner that other mate-
rial is temporarily caused to be in suspension by a thermocline in this
and other parts of the lake.
6. Conclusion #6, page 28:
"Green water' containing tailings has a measurably increased
turbidity and contains at least two to three times more sus-
pended solids than does water that appears clear to the eye. "
Reserve's comments:
The data of the FWPCA "Special Report on Water Quality of Lake Superior
in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota, " (#49) does not substantiate this
conclusion. Data on pages 388 and 389 shows the turbidity expressed as
suspended solids. The suspended solids values of "clear" lake water
range from 0. 1 mg/1 to 0. 9 mg/1. The suspended solids values of "green"
water range from 0. 5 mg/1 to 3. 7 mg/1. There i s some overlap of read-
ings. Some "clear" -water has suspended solids of 0. 4, 0. 4, 0. 8, and 0. 9
mg/1. Some "green" water has suspended solids of 0. 5, 0. 8, and 0. 9 mg/1.
These suspended solids values are all so low and the data overlaps so much
that a firm conclusion cannot be drawn. All of the values are less than the
most rigid State Water Quality Standard for turbidity of 5.
These observations and data were not complete enough to establish the
basic cause of the "green" water. For example, the temperature readings
are only recorded to the nearest degree. At times a small change of tem-
perature as low as 0. 2° C will cause a thermal bar or thermocline that
will be the basic cause of a "green water" condition. Also, both surface
and bottom or depth temperatures are shown on only eight of 25 dives.
No temperatures are recorded for the areas where the "green water"
changes into blue or clear water. Apparently, no effort was made to
detect the presence of a thermal bar condition, which could have been
the basic cause of the "green water. "
-------
1319
61
APPENDIX F
7. Conclusion #1, page 28:
"The State of Minnesota report (54) reported a reduction in
the abundance of fish food organisms associated with the
deposition of taconite tailings on the bottom of Lake Superior.
It was estimated the reduction in fish food organisms could
be expected to result in a reduction of the total annual fish
catch (commercial and estimated sport fishing) of 5 percent
or less for the area having tailings on the bottom. ''
Reserve's comments:
All of the bottom fauna organisms reported in the data, Table #6 of the
Minnesota report, except sphaeriidae, are fish food organisms. The
total of these fish food organisms shows no relation to the presence
or absence of tailings on the bottom of the lake. This shown by the
following data from Table #6.
Total Fish
Comments on Food Bottom
Presence of Tailings Fauna Organisms
Sample Line on Lake Bottom Per Square Meter
#1-5 mi. NE of No tailings 1255
plant
#2 - 1.7 mi. NE of Tailings present on 1052
plant one of 5 stations
#3-2 mi. SW of Tailings present on 863
plant all 5 stations
#4-5 mi. SW of Tailings present on 1287
plant all 5 stations
#5 - 10 mi. SW of Tailings present on 602
plant 3 or 5 stations
#6 - 15. 5 mi. SW of Tailings present on 431
plant 3 of 5 stations
Sample line #4, which had tailings present on all sampling stations, has
the largest amount of fish food organisms, 1, 287 per square meter.
-------
62 1320
APPENDIX F
There are variations in the type of fish food bottom fauna organisms
throughout the 20-mile area sampled. There is a decrease in the num-
ber of Pontoporeia from the most easterly sample line 5 miles northeast
of Reserve's discharge to the most westerly sample line 15-1/2 miles
southwest of the tailings discharge. This same trend is shown by the
Minnesota Conservation Department sampling in July, 1949, before
Reserve started operations. This trend of decreased Pontoporeia cannot
be attributed to tailings inasmuch as there is a continuous trend regard-
less of a. lack or abundance of tailings on the bottom. No sampling was
done beyond the tailings deposit to the southwest. This additional sam-
pling could substantiate that this is purely a directional trend and has
no relationship to tailings.
The Minnesota Conservation Department reported that Pontoporeia is
principally a food for smelt. This trend of decrease of Pontoporeia
could account for a decrease in commercial smelt catch value of
approximately $100 per year. This Minnesota report, after discussing
this Pontoporeia trend, went on to say on page 9:
"There is no evidence that there has been a decline in the
Minnesota catch of smelt because of operation of the
taconite plant. "
8. Conclusion #8, page 28:
"The study area selected (nine miles by five miles) for sampling
was too small to define the full extent of the area adversely
affected. Analysis of data by the Study Group indicates that
the area affected extended beyond the furthest sampling point. "
Reserve's comments:
We agree with this conclusion that the area studied was too small. For
example, the turbidity, iron and phosphorus analyses of the water sam
pies taken by the FWPCA 8 inches off the bottom in the Silver Bay area
very clearly show the path of the heavy density current from Reserve'0
tailings beach and give very strong indication that the tailings are defi-
nitely being carried into the 600-900 foot deep basin. Had sampling been
done over a more extensive area, they would have obtained greater proof
that the heavy density current is performing exactly as predicted by the
tests that the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory and the Mines Experiment
Station of the University of Minnesota conducted in the late 1940's.
The implication in this conclusion that the area has been adversely
affected has not been established by any data or observations. There
is no data presented by the FWPCA that indicates that there is an
adverse effect, and certainly no data indicates that there is any exten-
sion of the adverse effect.
-------
1321
63
APPENDIX F
9. Conclusion #9, page 28:
"High concentrations (10 percent and 25 percent) of taconite
wastes caused mortailities among sac fry of rainbow trout
in 4-day exposure. The wastes were not acutely toxic to
fingerling sized coho salmon, rainbow trout, white suckers,
black'bullheads, blue gills, and yellow perch in 96-hour,
static bioassays. "
Reserve's comments:
Data for this conclusion is from "Bioassays of Taconite Wastes Against
Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms, " (#52). The facts reported in this
conclusion that the taconite tailings had no effect on the fingerling-size
fish of six species certainly indicates that taconite tailings should have
no effect on fish life in Lake Superior. The dilution of 10 percent taconite
tailings with water for the test on sac fry is unrealistic to lake conditions.
The greatest dilution that could ever be encountered in the shallower
areas where trout may be spawning would be more like 1, 000 to 1, rather
than 1 0 to 1. Before any conclusions can be drawn about sac fry of rain-
bow trout, these tests should be repeated with dilutions of 1, 000 parts of
lake water to 1 part of tailings effluent.
10. Conclusion #10, page 28:
"Chemical analysis projected to the probable daily discharge
shows the following discharge, measured in pounds of certain
parameters: copper, 4, 100; nickel, 2, 500; zinc, 2, 500; lead,
6,100; chromium, 6,200; phosphorus, 51,500; and manganese,
629,000. Other elements in the discharge include silica,
arsenic, and substantial quantities of iron. The chemical
state of these metals was not assessed and it would be pre-
sumptious at this time to say what portion of the elements
enter into solution. "
Reserve's comments:
From Reserve's latest engineering survey, 45% of the inert, coarse
solids remain in the delta. The remaining 55% of the inert, fine solids
flow into the bottom of the 600 to 900 feet deep basin as a density cur-
rent and settle on the lake bottom. The distribution of the elements
shown in Conclusion #10 are tabulated on the following page. This dis-
tribution is based on Table 6 from the U.S. Bureau of Mines "Report
on Tailings Disposal at Reserve Mining Company's Plant, Silver Bay
Minnesota. "
-------
1322
Total Pounds
of Element in
Discharge
4,
2,
2,
A,
6,
51,
629,
076.
486.
486.
092.
160
520
440
8
4
4
8
Pounds in
Delta
Deposit
1,
1,
1,
2.
2.
22,
283,
836. 8
120
120
732. 8
"~. 6
400
360
Pounds in
Density
Current
2,
1,
1,
3,
i> .
?Q
<- - >
346,
240
366.
366.
360
382.
120
080
4
4
4
APPENDIX F
Element
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Lead
Chromium
Phosphorus
Manganese
The delta deposit is a firm hard sand land fill into the lake. It does
not have any more effect on the water chemistry than the original shore.
Reserve Mining Company has determined the chemical state of the elements
of their tailings. These tests show that none of the elements from Reserve's
tailings that the FWPCA has been labeling heavy metals go into solution in
Lake Superior water. Therefore, the addition of these elements as part of
Reserve's tailings will not affect the lake water chemistry.
11. Conclusion #11, page 41:
"A distinguishing characteristic of tailings discharged by
the Reserve Mining Company is the presence of large
quantities of the amphibole cummingtonite. "
Reserve's comments:
Cummingtonite is an amphibole that is a major mineral of Reserve's tail-
ings. However, cummingtonite is found from time to time in the waters
of the North Shore streams. It could be a mineral present in the water-
shed of many of the streams entering Lake Superior. For example, the
head waters of the St. Louis River are in the same general mlneralogi-
cal area as is Reserve's taconite mine.
Cummingtonite is detected by an X-ray diffraction unit with a copper
radiation X-ray source. Reserve's cummingtonite is indicated when a
maximum diffraction or reflection of X-rays is obtained at an angle of
10. 63° 2-Theta. Other minerals have diffraction peaks at about this
same angle. All of the natural materials from the Silver Bay area that
we have subjected to X-ray diffraction show some peak of X-ray diffrac-
tion at about this angle. Therefore, an X-ray diffraction at about this
angle is not a positive indication of the presence of Reserve's tailings.
-------
1323
65
APPENDIX F
Cummingtonite is a common amphibole or that is quite common on the
Mesabi. Following is the analysis of typical eastern Mesabi Cumming-
tonite from page 76 of Geology of the Biwabik Formation by Gunderson
and Schwartz:
Silica 54.67
Alumina . 27
Titania . 03
Hematite . 73
Ferrous Iron 27. I <;
Manganese Oxide . 80
Magnesium Oxide 13. 66
Calcium Oxide . 99
Sodium Oxide . 05
Potassium Oxide . 06
Water 1.27
99. 69
It is one of the most inert minerals in Reserve's tailings. It will not
affect the water chemistry of Lake Superior or cause a polluting condition
in any manner.
The following quotation from page 840 of the Encyclopedia Britannica
shows the wide distribution of oummingtonite as rock forming mineral:
"Amphiboles, as a group, form over most of the temperature
range observed in the earth's crust. For example, amphiboles
can be present in volcanic rocks, metamorphic rocks and as
overgrowths on detrital grains in slightly metamorphosed
sediments. Amphiboles can be found in most of the igneous
rocks as minor and major constituents and form the major
constituent in many metamorphic gneisses and schists. Horn-
blende schist, anthophyllite schist and cummingtonite schist
are the commonest. Amphiboles from gangue (waste) minerals
in certain ore deposits, and contact metamorphic deposits
often include some of the amphiboles. "
3. Summary and Conclusion #3, page 46:
"Because of the low mineral content of Lake Superior's waters,
increases in the range of 2 to 50 parts per billion of heavy
metals such as copper, chromium, zinc and cadmium will have
lasting deleterious effects upon the lake. "
-------
1324
66
APPENDIX F
Reserve's comments:
Reserve's tailings will not increase these elements in solution in Lake
Superior. Water tests performed by Reserve Mining Company show
that the only elements that show even the smallest tendency to go into
solution in Lake Superior water are iron and manganese.
During 1968 the FWPCA secured samples of water from the surface,
mid-depth and the bottom, only 8 inches off of the bottom. There is
no statistical difference in the copper and zinc analyses of the bottom
water samples and the water samples from the surface and mid-depth.
Many of the bottom water samples were shown by their turbidity and
iron analyses to have been taken from the tailings heavy density cur-
rent. If tailings influenced the copper and zinc analyses of the water,
the samples from 8 inches off of the bottom should have been higher
in copper and zinc. The co'pper analysis of the surface water samples
averaged 0. Oil mg/1; mid-depth, 0. Oil mg/1; and the bottom water
samples averaged 0. 010 mg/1. The zinc analyses of the surface water
samples averaged 0. 020 mg 1; mid-depth, 0. 038 mg '1; and the bottom
water samples averaged 0. 008 mg/1.
Chemical analyses by Reserve show that the natural bottom sediments
in the Silver Bay area have higher chromium, copper and zinc analyses
than the overlying layer of tailings. The cadmium analyses of the natu-
ral bottom sediments are the same as the overlying tailings layer.
The FWPCA did not report sufficient data on cadmium or chromium
analyses to make a similar comparison.
4. Summary and Conclusion #4, page 46:
"The extreme clarity and cold temperature of the waters of
Lake Superior are a necessity to support its present ecology
A reduction in light penetration will significantly alter the
types of life therin. The clarity of the lake is extremely
susceptible to being reduced by pollutants. "
-------
1325
67
APPENDIX F
Reserve's comments:
Reserve's tailings are not causing increased turbidity of the surface
and mid-depth area that would reduce light penetration or lake water
clarity. The FWPCA 1966 and 1967 data shows that the areas of the
lake that they tested had an average turbidity of 0. 35 Hellige units.
The water samples the FWPCA took from the Silver Bay area in 1968
averaged 0. 28 Hellige units. This data shows that the water of the
Silver Bay area is less turbid, therefore, cleaner than the balance
of the lake.
Also, both the State of Minnesota and Reserve's bottom fauna data show
that tailings are not affecting the total bottom fauna available for fish
food. This is further verification that tailings are not affecting the
ecology.
5. Summary and Conclusion #5, page 46:
"The portion of Lake Superior shallow enough to provide
suitable fish spawning areas is limited to a small band around
the shoreline. This area is most susceptible to the influence
of natural and man-made sediments. Deposition on the bottom
of fine particles discharged to Lake Superior is a threat to the
inshore food producing area and to the incubation of important
fish species. "
Reserve's comments:
There has not been any data presented by the FWPCA or other agencies
of their study group to indicate that the deposition of tailings on the lake
bottom in the Silver Bay area has affected the fish food or incubation of
fish species. The data of "Bottom Fauna of the Minnesota North Shore
of Lake Superior as Related to Deposition of Taconite Tailings and Fish
Production" (#54) shows there is no relationship between the amount of
fish food bottom fauna organisms and the presence or absence of tailings
on the lake bottom.
A test on sac fry of rainbow trout was reported in "Bioassays of Taconite
Wastes Against Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms" (#52). This test sub-
jected the sac fry to taconite tailings effluent diluted to 1 part tailings
effluent and 10 parts water. The sac fry did not survive this test. How-
ever, the test was unrealistic. The greatest density that sac fry would
be subjected to in Lake Superior would be 1 part tailings effluent and
1, 000 parts lake water. Because the sac fry did not survive the very
strongest test of 10-1 dilution of tailings is no indication that tailings
are affecting sac fry in the lake.
-------
1326
68
APPENDIX F
9. Summary and Conclusion #9, page 46:
"The discharge of taconite tailings to Lake Superior from the
Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works, has a dele-
terious effect on the ecology of a portion of the lake by reduc-
ing organisms necessary to support fish life. "
Reserve's comments:
The data presented in the reports of the 1968 study does not support
this conclusion. The study of bottom fauna, "Bottom Fauna of the
Minnesota North Shore of Lake Superior as Related to Deposition of
Taconite Tailings and Fish Production" (#54) does not establish that
there was any change of bottom fauna that could be attributed to tail-
ings. In fact, a final statement in the total discussion of the bottom
fauna and commercial fish catch in this report states:
"There is no evidence that there has been a decline in
the Minnesota catch of smelt because of operation of
the taconite plant. "
A statistical analysis of the FWPCA data shows that the water quality
of the Silver Bay area is actually superior to that of all the other areas
of the lake which they report sampling. This study compared the FWPCA
1966 and 1967 data for many other areas of the lake to the data they
secured in 1968 in the Silver Bay area. It shows that at a 95% confi-
dence level the water in the Silver Bay area is lower than other parts
of the lake in conductivity, sulfate, ammonia, lead, zinc, turbidity
and total phosphorus. It shows that the water in the Silver Bay area
was essentially the same analysis in chloride, nitrogen, total iron and
nickel. The only analyses that were found to be higher in the Silver Bay
area were pH and nitrite-nitrate, but both of these were well within the
State or Federal water quality standards.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources also conducted a lake
study in 1968, "Report on the Water Quality Survey in Wisconsin Water
of Lake Superior made during July, 1968. " This Wisconsin data was
compared to the FWPCA data secured in the Silver Bay area in 1968.
These comparisons show that the water in the Silver Bay area is cleaner,
has deeper Secchi disc readings, has lower turbidity, and lower total
phosphorus than water in the Wisconsin area.
All of this data shows that after 13 years of Reserve Mining Company
operation, the water in the Silver Bay area is superior to that in the
balance of the lake. Therefore, any contention that Reserve's tailings
has had a deleterious effect on the ecology of any portion of the lake
is unwarranted.
-------
1327
69
APPENDIX F
16. Summary and Conclusion #16, page 47;
"A persistent pollutant entering directly into the waters of
Lake Superior or dissolved in the water that feedsthe lake
mixes with and becomes an integral part of a significant
portion of the lake water. "
Reserve's comments:
To be complete, this conclusion should point out that to be a pollutant,
a material must dissolve into or remain in suspension in the water to
a degree that is harmful to the water. Reserve's tailings are an example
of material being entered into the lake in a proper manner so that there
is no pollution. The tailings are inert so they do not dissolve into the
water. They are carried to the 600 to 900 foot depth of the lake by the
heavy density current. Therefore, they do not remain suspended in the
water sufficiently to be a pollutant.
A paragraph on page 21 reads as follows:
"The addition of certain kinds of toxic materials into Lake
Superior is of prime importance. The heavy metals (i. e. ,
copper, iron, zinc, etc. ) are highly toxic at low concen-
trations because the water is soft, the fish species found in
the lake are sensitive to metals and because the metals are
persistent and will remain in the lake for longer periods of
time due to the lake's slow flushing rate. Many of the com-
mon metals found in the surface waters could seriously affect
the reproductive potentials of the fish species in Lake Superior
at concentrations in the range of 2 to 50 parts per billion. "
A paragraph on page 22 reads as follows:
"The heavy metals, as a group, are especially important in
Lake Superior for several reasons. Because there is a low
mineral concentration in the lake, metals are more toxic
than they would be in average waters in the United States.
In addition, several important species of fish, especially
lake trout, whitefish, and lake herring, are unusually sensi-
tive to such metals as copper, zinc and chromium. Natural
agents are lacking in the lake to bind such metals and render
them inactive. "
-------
1328
70
APPENDIX F
Reserve's comments:
These two paragraphs and the balance of the report completely ignore
the physical and organic chemistry of the lake. All bodies of water
are naturally active chemically. This should be taken into considera-
tion and included as pa;rt of such a discussion. Omitting this fact
leaves the implication that all heavy metals or other material discharge
into a lake become part of the lake water and remain so forever, which
is not correct.
Also, the chemical state of the material entering the lake needs to be
considered. Inert material, such as Reserve Mining Company tailings,
will have no effect on the amount of the heavy metals or toxic materials
in solution in the lake water.
Comments on Proposed Water Quality Criteria for the Open Waters of
Lake Superior, page 44, Appendix C:
Before this criteria can be evaluated, a number of points need to be
clarified. The major points are:
1. Do the values represent results based on total (unfiltered)
or soluble (filtered) analyses?
2. Are the values recommended analyses of the receiving
waters in the adjacent vicinity of the point of effluent
discharge ?
3. Where, when and how should the samples be taken?
4. What is the minimum number of samples upon which the
90% level shall be determined?
The criteria has been compared to the data of Tables 6, 7, 18 and 19
from "Special Report on Water Quality of Lake Superior in the Vicinity
of Silver Bay, " U. S. Department of Interior, FWPCA, Great Lakes
Region, and from the FWPCA Duluth Monitoring Station. Data is not
available from the FWPCA St. Mary's River monitoring system.
Excluding the Silver Bay area data, the data for ammonia, iron, cad-
mium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and phosphorus are
too meager to base conclusions upon.
Based on the Duluth Station and total lake data, the standards pH, tur-
bidity, iron, cadmium, lead, zinc and phosphorus are unrealistic. The
data indicates that the general lake level exceeds the proposed standards.
-------
1329
71
APPENDIX F
Silver Bay area data indicates that the nickel, copper, zinc, lead, iron,
and phosphorus standards are unrealistic.
Since 9-23-63, turbidity has been monitored at the Duluth Station as less
than 25 JTU. Much better measurement is required if the standard is to
be less than 0. 5 JTU.
The attached Table #1 gives the details of this comparison.
-------
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-------
73
APPENDIX F
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APPENDIX
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-------
1333
75
APPENDIX G
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF BOTTOM FAUNA
ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN REGION
OF THE NORTH SHORE
BY
DAVID W. ANDERSON
RESERVE MINING COMPANY, SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA
My name is David W. Anderson and I am employed as a Research
Biologist for Reserve Mining Company on a full-time basis. I received my
Bachelor of Science degree in biology from the University of Minnesota at
Duluth, and my Master of Science degree and PhD. degree from the University
of North Dakota in the field of limnology.
The following paper was prepared by me in the usual course of my
work at Reserve and was not prepared especially for this conference.
Introduction
Reserve Mining Company at Silver Bay, Minnesota, is conducting an
extensive limnological study in western Lake Superior. Seasonal bottom fauna
sampling is being used to supplement chemical, physical, and other biological
investigations concerning the effects of tailings deposition on the aquatic
environment.
This lake bottom study, by Reserve, is the first step toward a complete
seasonal investigation of bottom fauna along the southwestern portion of the
North Shore. Other than two unpublished reports (Burrows, 1950; and Skrypek,
Burrows, Bishop and Moyle, 1968), information concerning the seasonal fluctu-
ations and relative numbers of bottom organisms along Minnesota's North Shore
is virtually non-existent.
-------
76
APPENDIX G
It is hoped that data from this study, presented now and in the
future, will lead to a fundamental understanding of the effects of tailings
deposition on the kinds and numbers of bottom organisms.
Methods of Study
Between April 13 and May 2, 1969, 114 bottom fauna samples were
collected from 36 stations. Samples were collected on lines 1 through 4
extending from near-shore regions outward into deeper water at right angles
to the shore to determine the natural depth distribution of bottom organisms
(Figure 1).
In addition, samples were collected on a Northeast-Southwest line
(#5), from 9 miles northeast of Reserve's taconite plant to 23 miles southv/est
to ascertain the effects tailings deposition has on bottom fauna.
Sampling lines and depths from which samples were collected are as
follows:
Line 1 - 9.0 miles northeast (upshore) of the plant.
Sample collection depths = 50, 100, 150,
200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500 and 700 feet.
Line 2 - 2.5 miles southwest (downshore) of the plant
near the mouth of the Beaver River. Sample
collection depths = 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,
350 and 400 feet.
Line 3 - 20.0 miles southwest (downshore) of the plant
near the mouth of the Encampment River.
Sample collection depths =50, 100, 150 and
200 feet.
-------
1335
77
APPENDIX G
Line 4 - 23. 0 miles southwest (downshore) of the plant.
Sample collection depths = 50, 100, 150, 200,
250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 feet.
Line 5 - Sample collection points along the Northeast-
Southwest line were at 9. 0, 5. 5, and 2. 5 miles
northeast of the plant site and at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0,
17.0, 20. 0 and 23. 0 miles southwest of the
plant. All samples were collected at depths of
200 feet.
Field Collection Methods
A modified weighted Petersen dredge was used to collect three
samples at each location. Utilizing a Raytheon survey fathometer on the boat,
it was possible to accurately collect samples at the specific depth desired and
to graphically follow decent of the dredge to the bottom. This latter feature
enabled the winch operator to lower the dredge softly onto the bottom. This
prevented a hard impact of the dredge on the bottom and the "blow-out" of sur-
face sediments.
Dredge samples were collected in a large pail and then screened
through a 30 mesh sieve. Coarse bottom material and organisms remaining
on the sieve were transferred into glass jars, preserved with formalin, and
taken back to the laboratory for analysis.
1 Twelve one-half inch holes were drilled into each half of the barrel and
covered with 48 mesh sieve cloth. This allows water to percolate upward
through the sieve cloth and reduce "blow-out" of organisms when the dredge
closes.
-------
1336
78
APPENDIX G
Samples were not collected at the 50 and 500 foot stations on
Line 2 or the 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 foot stations on Line 3 because of
a rock and gravel substrate which prevented quantitative collection of
samples with the Petersen dredge.
The ratio of tailings versus natural sediments (i.e., per cent tailings)
on the lake bottom was determined by a titanium analysis procedure.
Laboratory Methods
In the laboratory, preserved bottom samples were washed in a 48
mesh sieve to remove the formalin solution and any remaining silt. Samples
were then placed in white enamel pans and a sugar solution added (Specific
Gravity 1. 15) to facilitate separation of the organisms from the sediment.
Organisms present in each sample were removed with forceps, identified and
counted. Bottom organisms found in all samples were preserved in vials and
catalogued for future reference.
Results
Small aquatic worms (Oligochaeta), midge larvae and pupae
(Chironomidae), fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae), and a scud Pontoporeia
(Amphipoda) were the principal bottom dwelling organisms found on the lake
bottom in the region studied. Table 1 lists numbers of these organisms (per
square meter of lake bottom) found at different depths along Lines 1 through 4.
Included also is a physical description of the type bottom found at each depth.
Figure 1 graphically presents the data of Table 1.
Table 2 shows the numbers of bottom organisms collected from nine
stations at 200 foot depths along Line 5 (Northeast to Southwest) from 9 miles
-------
1337
79
APPENDIX G
upshore of the plant to 23 miles downshore. Figure 2 graphically represents
the data of Table 2, in addition to per cent tailings in bottom sediments, and
a physical description of the bottom along Line 5.
Discussion
The paucity of data collected along Lines 1 through 4(Figurel) at
various depths prevents adequate analysis of the natural depth distribution of
bottom fauna. However, from the data collected to date, two features are
apparent. First, that total numbers of bottom organisms are greatest in the
zone of heavy tailings deposition (Line 2) at 100 to 350 feet of depth. Second,
that total numbers of bottom organisms are less in Line 4 (23 miles downshore
from the plant) than in either Lines 1 or 2. Causes for this downshore reduction
are probably related to the unproductive sand-gravel and rock substrate found
in this area. Line 3 (20. 0 miles southwest of the plant) could not be adequately
sampled because of this type bottom. The low numbers of bottom organisms
found in the predominately gravel substrate at the 50 and 100 foot depths on
Line 1 reinforces this concept. Also of interest is the reduction of Pontoporeia
in the tailing deposition zone (Line 2) and a subsequent increase in oligochaete
worms and chironomid larvae in comparison to the upshore Line 1. This may
reflect that a bottom composed of tailings and conditions of continual sedimenta-
tion provides a more favorable aquatic environmen for oligochaete worms and
chironomid larvae than for Pontoporeia. This may enhance a contention that
deposition of tailings into the lake creates an environment prohibitive to
Pontoporeia. However, it should be noted that the numbers of Pontoporeia
within the zone of tailings deposition from 100 to 250 feet are still substantially
-------
1338
80
APPENDIX G
greater than numbers found at 23 miles southwest of the plant where there
are no tailings.
In sampling the above mentioned lines, it was noted that generally the
maximum productivity existed at or near the 200 foot depth. Figure 2 graphically
illustrates changes in the quality and quantity of bottom fauna when following
Line 5 at the 200 foot depth, through the area of tailings deposition. Line 5
began nine miles upshore (N.E.) of the plant in an area free from tailings. It
continued southwest through the area of tailings deposition (from the tailings
delta to 17 miles S. W.) and ended, where tailings were no longer evident, 23
miles southwest of the plant.
Sample data collected along Line 5 indicates that the total numbers
of bottom dwelling organisms are not materially supressed by the presence
of tailings. Qualification of the above statement can be seen by examining the
data of Figure 2 which indicates that greatest numbers of bottom dwelling
organisms occur in an area where the bottom is composed exclusively of tailings.
It is evident (Figure 2) that in the zone of maximum tailings deposition
chironomid larvae and oligochaete worms assume a position of dominance
while the Pontoporeia are numerically diminished and the numbers of finernail
clams (Sphaeriidae) remain fairly stable. This situation is reversed at a distance
further southwest of the plant (from a point 2.5 miles to 10 miles southwest of
the plant) where the bottom is still predominately tailings. Over this distance,
the numbers of Pontoporeia apparently increase, chironomid larvae decrease,
and the numbers of oligochaete worms and fingernail clams remain relatively
unchanged. This trend suggests that no definite causal relationship exists
-------
1339
81
APPENDIX G
between the frequency in occurrence of Pontoporeia, chironomids , o
worms and sphaerids and a tailings type environment.
The population density of the entire bottom fauna is materially
diminished from a point 10 miles southwest to the last sampling station 23
miles southwest from the plant. This phenomenon may be related to the gravel
and sand bottom type which become more predominant in the southwestern region
of Line 5.
In considering the above mentioned data, it appears that the population
densities are related to the bottom type. And that a tailings type bottom is no
less productive than natural lake sediments in terms of biological productivity.
Future investigations in this study will be directed at confirming this contention.
Summary
1. Based on preliminary data, total bottom fauna densities
are not diminished in zones of tailings deposition.
2. Bottom fauna population densities are materially lower
southwest of Reserve's taconite plant, where no evidence
of tailings deposition was found, than the population
densities associated with the tailings type bottom found
in the vicinity of the Reserve plant.
3. Based on the data presently available, it is not realistic
to draw any conclusions as to the beneficial or detri-
mental effects of taconite tailings on the bottom fauna
along the North Shore of Lake Superior.
-------
1340
82
APPENDIX G
4. This preliminary investigation has focused attention
on areas needing further research. Specifically, the
causal associations of organisms to bottom type and
the seasonal fluctuations in kinds and numbers of
bottom organisms.
-------
83
APPENDIX G
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APPENDIX G
FIGURE 1
Depth of Distribution of Bottom Organism^
Sampling Lines 1 Through 4
1343
500-
LINE 1 - 9.0 Miles Northeast
of Taconite Plant
0
1000-P
500'
1000'
LEGEND
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Oligochaeta
Chironomidae
Sphaeriidae
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Water Depth in Feet
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600
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of Taconite Plant
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-------
86
APPENDIX G
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Bottom Organisms,
87
APPENPTX G
FIGURE 2
1345
Percent Tailings and Lake Bottom Description
Sampling Line 5
Miles Northeast (upshore) ES sourHWEST (DOUNSHORE) OF TACONITE PLANT
of Taconite Plant PLANT
1^ . 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
; !
,1 1 1
PONTOPOREIA (SCUDS)
B
J B 1
n R
n . i
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n n n
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PHYSICAL BOTTOM DESCRIPTION
^ SILT-CLAY
| TAILINGS-SILT-CLAY ^^? GRAVEL-SAND "^L
-------
1346
G. Fred Lee
MR. PRIDE: Mr. Chairman, there were a number of state-
ments that have been filed with the Minnesota conferee and I under-
stand distribution has been made of those. They are for the record.
In addition, I would like to submit at this time a
supplemental statement from Dr. G. Fred Lee.
STATEMENT OF DR. G. FRED LEE, PROFESSOR OF
WATER CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN,
MADISON, WISCONSIN
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1347
SUPPLEMENTAL STATEMENT
BY
G. FRED LEE
I would like to discuss several points made by speakers in their dis-
cussions before this conference.
The first, by Dr. Bartsch, is with regard to the role of temperature
in controlling the growth of algae in Lake Superior. He said that temperature is
not limiting the growth of algae in Lake Superior. I feel that he is correct in his
appraisal since there are many lakes and oceans in the world that are as cold and
colder than Lake Superior that have good and in some cases excessive growths of
algae. For example, one of the most productive areas of the world's oceans is
the Antartic Ocean which is considerably colder than Lake Superior.
The FWPCA report, "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake
Superior Basin," as item seven of the summary and conclusions page 46, states:
"Lake Superior is an oligotrophic lake. Nutrient values
in some areas of the lake have been reported at levels
approaching those commonly associated with nuisance
algal growths. However, other factors, such as tempera-
ture are limiting. "
The FWPCA report states that temperature is limiting, yet Dr.
Bartsch states that temperature is not limiting the growth of algae. This con-
troversy within the FWPCA provides another example of the numerous state-
ments that are made in the FWPCA report without supporting evidence and that
are not accepted by experts in the FWPCA, much less the scientific community as
a. whole.
-------
1348
- 2 -
In Dr. Mount's discussion at the conference on the proposed water
quality criteria, he mentioned that Appendix C contains the supporting evidence
for these criteria. I -wish to point out that some of the statements made in
support of these criteria are incorrect and in some cases inappropriately applied.
For example, on page 88 of the FWPCA report, the statement is made that:
"Turbidity produces in Lake Superior 'colored water1
which is not esthetically pleasing. "
They cite page 106 of Odum's book, "Fundamentals of Ecology," as a
reference to the statement. Examination of this book will show that no mention
is made of colored water in Lake Superior on the page mentioned. They also
state that:
"Increased turbidity requires an increase in available
chlorine necessary for chlorination. "
This statement would not be accepted for all types of turbidity. It
certainly would not be true of many types of inorganic solids that are present
in natural waters.
The second point I wish to discuss that was raised in Dr. Bartsch's
discussion is the reasonableness of the proposed FWPCA criteria for Lake
Superior. Dr. Bartsch said that his review of existing data for phosphorus in
Lake Superior shows that the average concentration is about 0.01 mg/1. This
number is the same as the FWPCA proposed criteria maximum for the lake.
I ask, is it reasonable to propose a standard that is equal to the average concen-
tration naturally occurring in the lake. This means that many samples of Lake
Superior will have concentrations in excess of the proposed standard. How does
-------
- 3 -
one enforce such a standard? How does the FWPCA propose to control excessive
phosphorus in Lake Superior that is derived from natural sources?
These and other questions raised in my discussion should be resolved
before any new criteria are set for Lake Superior.
-------
1350
Ro A. Ragotzkie
MR0 FRIDE: I also have a statement from Dr., Ragotzkie
which I would like to submit for the record.
STATEMENT OF DR. R. A. RAGOTZKIE, DIRECTOR,
MARINE STUDIES CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF
WISCONSIN, MADISON, WISCONSIN
(The above-mentioned statement follows:)
-------
1351
SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT
BY
ROBERTA. RAGOTZKIE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
I would like to comment briefly on the model studies described by
Dr. Baumgartner. Model studies can be useful in that they provide a way to
simulate to some degree the nature of water motions such as density currents.
However, any model study of a fluid system is limited in application due to the
problem of scale. Thus, the qualitative nature of water motions, such as density
currents, can be readily demonstrated, but one must be very careful in applying
these qualitative results to the real lake or ocean. This is especially true with
respect to mixing and turbulence processes which are themselves highly dependent
on scale. Therefore, scaling up of mixing processes or eddy sizes from model
observations to the real lake is not valid. That turbulence exists along the
boundary of density currents can be inferred, but its intensity and magnitude can
only be determined from direct observation of the actual phenomenon or calculated
from detailed velocity and density gradient data obtained from the real lake
system.
A second comment responds to the assertion by Dr. Baumgartner that
in 20 years' time the suspended solids load of the "Duluth embayment" will rise
sharply due to the disposal of taconite tailings at Silver Bay. This statement,
which also mentions the value of 37 p.p.m. as a possible suspended load, is
based on several assumptions which are unrealistic when applied to the real Lake
Superior., These are:
-------
1352
- 2 -
1. That all of the "fines" from the tailings go into
suspension in the epilimnion. (This has not been
demonstrated; in fact all available evidence is to
contrary.)
2. That the fines, once suspended, remain suspended
indefinitely. (This is not true--otherwise all
surface waters of all lakes would be highly turbid.)
3. That the circulation and exchange between the "Duluth
embayment" and the rest of Lake Superior is weaker
than in the lake as a whole. (Current studies by the
FWPCA and others do not support this, e.g. the
counterclockwise gyre which dominates the entire
western half of Lake Superior and possibly the lake
as a whole.)
As a final rebuttal to the assertion that the water in the "Dumth
embayment" will greatly increase in turbidity over a 20-year period, it is pointed
out that during the 13 years that Reserve Mining Company has been disposing of
tailings in Lake Superior, no detectable increase in turbidity in the Duluth water
intake has been observed.
-------
1353
JAMES K. RICE
MR. FRIDE: May the supplementary statement by James
K0 Rice be entered into the record?
MR, DOMINICK: Certainly.
STATEMENT OF JAMES K. RICE, PRESIDENT,
CYRUS VL RICE AND COMPANY, PITTSBURGH,
PENNSYLVANIA
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1354
SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT
BY
JAMES K. RICE
The proposed criteria for Lai e Superior open waters arun'.K
reduces the limiting values for many of '.lie quality indicators as well r.«
introduces a measure of the distribution of the values by establishing a lowi r
limit not to be exceeded by more than te: per cent of the data. In this con-
nection, it is interesting to note that in the case of phosphorus the mean of
the data by Putnam and Olson and by Bceton (as referenced by FWPCA in
Appendix C of the Appraisal Report) is given as 9.6yug/l while that determined
for the 1966-67 Lake Superior survey is 10. 5 p.g/1 with a standard deviation of
5. 5^Jg/l as is shown in Table 30 of my report. Dr. Bartsch in his testimony al->o
cites 10 ,ug/l as typical of the lake as a whole at the present time and thnt ibc laki
is presently health/. Wh'le the standard deviation of the data by Bartsch, Pu'r.nm,
et al.is not given, it is likely that it is similar to that gathered by FWPCA in tl e
report. The proposed maximum criteria is thus set at the mean of the range oi
concentrations found in the lake and makes no allowance for the actual deviation
of the data resulting from sampling and analysis errors.
Dr. Mount, in re sponse to a quest ion from one of the confer t e h, -.'»i
that the proposed limit for chlorinated pesticides in fish flesh was set ns *',.if
equal to the levels found in healthy populations of fish in the lake. Again,
presumably the mean of the data was employed as a limit. If I^ake Superior
healthy at the present levels for the various quality indicators as has bee'i
-------
1355
stat'-d, .h. » il voukl ^ei.-n\ lu-:>:cai 1.0 .s<. , -,r.y ^>. v .-,, L ui : ab at •• alucs ; o io\ , •:
than the corrc spending existing 1e<-,•.-.-,. To tet n^.<' sta i.^d^u.-, lo-,vcr th. ;•,
i os' ;; L elft can jiterally me-,r , , a :.:, ^ .• 01 r: • , .._/: ,-;; )A r, j ,•.' : r
couic' bi .-.,^i^t" "i to T.'^i'f v th " .' " ,vnt •- ; • it ;' / .v ^^i'o- i !so i i_..>:
r e t a r n it u> L i. • lake.
\\ui't tb.e principle prooor - •,. • - F-.VPC'A ,jf us:: •' °0r'- -\\\r. ri"N- *r^ :>
limit aas great merit and is a step iorwarci in star,-: a rci serrii,g, i u- ,_si' fah,.' ss c-f
tl.e st.. p .- • ( garea if prope^ aiiu'.-ai. .c • : o; ;/",>.< t > - • s~: • , , ...-; •' •
variance of tne test procedures employe'i. Jn addition, it n absoiutt-ly necr ,-sar\
tnat the question of tot;.J versus soivtlr \j. resoJ\' '< ;,oth b;>.s.. ;-.
interchangeably in developing suppoit for he proposed er'.ttna and aoes nol g.\>.
any reasons for their sel^tio.^s. "WLe-", ',.
such as the t. .coni't Ifiiin.fs. su~' , •_• -
-------
1356
Kenneth Haley
MR. FRIDE: And I have a supplement to Mr,, Haley's
testimony, Appendix Hc
MR. DOMINICK: It will be made a part of the record.
(The above-mentioned supplemental statement follows„)
-------
APP'-.NDIX H
VE MINTING COMPANY 1357
MEMORANDUM
K. M. Haley DATg April 29, 1969
Revised - Hay 7, 1959
FROM J. C. Gay
Summary oETtatisffical ^naxyses of Chemical Determinations Data in the
SUBJECT "Special_Rcport on Water Quality of Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Silver Bay"
TO.
IMTROpUCTION:.
"The Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Dis-
posal in Lake Superior" contains analytical data for the turbidity,
phosphorus (total), iron (total), lead, zinc, nickel, anrionia, organic
nitrogen, conductivity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, N0£ + £03,
sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids content of Lake Superior waters
in general and also for the Silver Bay area of Lake Superior, In addi-
tion, copper, aluminum, and magnesium analyses, and Secchi disc readings
for the Silver Bay area only are shown. This data was analyzed statis-
tically by Reserve personnel to determine what conclusions could be
made from this data.
Where data for both Lake Superior in total and the Silver Bay area
vere available, the data was analyzed with the "t-Test." The "t-Test"
enables one to determine if the means of tuo groups of data are the same,
or if they are different. The following "t-Tests" comparisons vere made:
&. Silver Bay area vs. Lake Superior in total for conductivity,
pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, N0£ ~ NO^, sulfate, chloride,
dissolved solids, turbidity, ammonia, organic N, phosphorus
(total), iron (total), lead, zinc, nickel, and magnesium.
b. Silver Bay area vs. United States tributary rivers of Lake
Superior for copper and aluminum.
c. Silver Bay area vs. Minnesota North Shore tributary streams
of Lake Superior for magnesium.
d. Silver Bay area vs. Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior for
phosphorus analyses.
Some of the data required transformation to a normal form before a valid
analysis could be made. A square-root transform was used. In these cases,
erroneous data was also rejected using Chauvcrnet's theorem. The Silver
Bay area turbidity analyses and Secchi disc readings were compared to
those of. the Wisconsin area of Lake Superior by inspection.
-------
K. M. Haley April 29, 1969 Page -2- 1358
The data pertaining to the Silver Bay area was also analyzed
using analysis of variance. This technique determined if there were
differences between surface, mid-depth, and bottom waters in the Silver
Bay area. It also determined if differences existed between different
areas along the North Shore of Lake Superior.
Confidence limits were calculated for the Silver Bay area data.
A confidence limit establishes the range within which the true mean
value lies.
A 95% confidence level was selected for all analyses.
Table 1 lists the source of all data used for statistical analyses.
Tables 2 through 9 show the statistical analysis results.
RESULTS:
Based on the data shown in the Tables listed in Table 1, the follow-
ing results were statistically determined:
1. The data for turbidity, ammonia, organic N, phosphorus (total),
iron (total), lead, zinc, nickel, and magnesium required trans-
formation and rejection of erroneous data before a valid "t-Test"
comparison could be made. This is caused by a very wide scatter
of the data resulting from both heavy-density current effects
and sampling and analytical error. This creates a large standard
deviation with respect to the mean value (Table 2).
2. The quantities conductivity, sulfate, ammonia, lead, zinc, tur-
bidity and total phosphorus are lower in the Silver Bay area
than in Lake Superior total (Table 3).
3. No conclusions can be made with respect to alkalinity, dissolved
oxygen, and dissolved s.olids (Table 3).
4. The quantities pH, NC>2 + NO^ and magnesium are higher in the
Silver Bay area than in Lake Superior total (Table 3).
5. The magnesium content of the Silver Bay area of Lake Superior
is lower than the average magnesium content of Minnesota's
North Shore streams which discharge into Lake Superior (Table 4).
6. Iron and turbidity analyses at the bottom of Lake Superior in
the Silver Bay area are significantly higher than in the surface
and mid-depth waters of the Silver Bay area. This establishes
that the heavy-density current is working properly (Table 5).
7. The surface and mid-depth waters of the Silver Bay area have
less turbidity than the waters of Lake Superior in total (Table 3)
-------
K._ M. Haley Auril 29, 1969
1359
8. Th-3 surface and mid-depth xvaters of the Silver Bay area are the
same as those of Lake Superior in total with respect to total-
iron content (Table 3).
9. Secchi disc readings in the Silver Bay area of Lake Superior
are higher than those in the Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior
(Table 6).
10. Turbidity readings and phosphorus content of the Silver Bay
area of Lake Superior are significantly lower than those of the
Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior (Table 6 and Table 7).
11. The copper content of the Silver Bay area of Lake Superior is
significantly lower than the average cooper content of all
United States streams discharging into Lake Sunerior (Table 8).
12. The aluminum content of the Silver Bay area of Lake Sunerior
is higher th^n the average aluminum content of all United
States streams discharging into Lake Superior. However, if
the aluminum content of the Silver Bay area of Lake Sunerior
is compared to the aluminum content of those streams along
the North Shore of Minnesota, no conclusions can be made
(Table 8).
13. There were significantly lower concentrations of copper and
lead in the area adjacent to the tailings delta than in some
localized areas west of Silver Bav. No reason for this differ-
ence is known (Table 5).
14. The mean value estimates for conductivity pH, alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen, N0~ - NO3, sulfafe, chloride, and dissolved
solids in the Silver Bav area of Lake Superior are reasonably
accurate. This is shown by a confidence limit which is a
small percentage of the mean value (Table 9).
15. The mean value estimates for phosphorus (total), iron (total).
lead, zinc, nickel, ammonia, and organic nitrogen in the Silver
Bay area are highly questionable. This is shown by a confidence
limit which is a large percentage of the mean value (Table 9).
Gay
JCG:mb
-------
Page 4
1360
TABLE 1
Source of: Data on Which Statistical
Analyscs Was Conducted
Data
Total lake analyses for turbidity,
phosphorus (total), iron (total), lead,
zinc, nickel, ammonia, organic N, con-
ductivity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved
oxygen, N02 + NO.,, sulfate, chloride,
magnesium, and dissolved solids
Source
Table 6 and Table 7 - Section 3,
"Investigations by Chicago Program
Office" of "The Summary Report on
Environmental Impacts of Taconite
Waste Disposal in Lake Superior."
Silver Bay area analyses for turbidity
phosphorus (total), iron (total), lead,
zinc, nickel, ammonia, organic N, con-
ductivity, pH, alkalinity dissolved
oxygen, N02 + N03, sulfate, chloride,
magnesium, and dissolved solids
Table 18 and Table 9 - Section 3,
"investigations by Chicago Program
Office" of "The Summary Report on
Environmental Impacts of Taconite
Waste Disposal in Lake Superior."
Lake Superior tributary stream discharge
analyses for magnesium, copper, and
aluminum
Table 10 - Special Scientific
Report, Fisheries No. 559.
Silver Bay area Secchi disc readings
Table 12 and Table 17 - Section 3,
"Investigations by Chicago Program
Office" of "The Summary Report on
Environmental Impacts of Taconite
Waste Disposal in Lake Superior."
Figure 3 - Section 4, "Investigations
by National Water Quality Laboratory"
of "The Summary Report on Environ-
mental Impacts of Taconite Waste
Disposal in Lake ^"
Wisconsin area of Lake Superior
analyses for turbidity and phosphorus
and Secchi disc readings.
Table II - "Report on the Watt.
Quality Survey in Wisconsin Waters
of Lake Superior Made During July,
1968."
-------
Page 5
1361
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-------
1363
TABLE 4
Statistical Analysis of Magnesium^
Data
Sample Location
4
Minnesota Rivers
Silver Bay Area - June^
Silver Bay Area -
Composite Samples
n
9
91
97
Average
5066.7
3362.6
4307.2
Standard
2127.8
82.5
123.5
ILL
7.51
3.42
Silver Bay Area is
Lower than rivers
Lower than rivers
Surface and Mid-Depth Samples
Minnesota Rivers „
Silver Bay Area - June-
Silver Bay Area - July
9
61
65
5066.7
3363.9
4301.5
7127.8
85.7
123.1
6,13 Lower than rivers
282 Lower than rivers
Stated in pg/1
2
Table 18, U. S. Department of Interior Report
Table 19, U. S. Department of Interior Report
Rivers 93-99, Table 10, Special Scientific Report, Fisheries No. 559.
-------
Pase 8
1364
TABLE 5
Analysis of Varignee Results
Analysis
Nickel
Copper
Suspended Solids
Lead
Aluminum
Phosphorus
Turbidity
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Cruise
June
July
June
July
June
July
June
July
June
July
June
July
June
July
July
June
July
July
F
Samples S-M-B
ConPa
S-M-Bb <1
Comp -
S_M t> <-1
— ii .u ^X
S-M-B <1
S-M-B 1.11
S-M-B 1.00
S-M-B <1
S-M-B <1
S-M-B 1.14
S-M-B <1
S-M-B 1.19
S-M-B 2 . 70
S-M-E 1.26
SM" T» ^1
— i'i— jj
-------
Page 9
1365
TABLE 6
Secchi Disc Readings and Turbidity Readings
in the Silver Bay Area and 'in the Wisconsin
Area of Lake Superior
Mean
:E
:a
iples)
Measurement
Secchi Disc
Secchi Disc
*
Hach Turbidity
Hellige
Turbidity
Value
7
21
5
0
.20 ft
.5 ft
.01
.66
Standard
Deviation
4
7
8
1
.60
.74 ft
.46
.38
Range
1
6
0
0
.0 -
.0 -
.08 -
.03 -
20
39
54
12
.0
.4 ft
.0
.0
Location^
Wisconsin Area
Silver Bay Area
Wisconsin Area
Silver Bay Area
Silver Bay Area Hellige
(w/o bottom samples) Turbidity
0.28
0.27
0.03 - 2.7
One Hach Turbidity reading of 253.0 was deleted from this group of data
-------
Page 10
1366
TABLE 7
Statistical Analysis of Phosphorus Data
Connositc Samples
Saiqple Location
Wisconsin !,Taters
Silver Bay Area - June
Silver Bay Area - July
n
21
84
93
2
6.50
3.03
2.41
Standard
Deviation2
2.60
1.14
0.80
Actual
Average
42.2
9.2
5.8
't'
9.11
12.63
Silver Bay
Area is
Lower than
Lower than
TTi.
Wisconsin Waters 21
Silver Bay Area - June 56
Silver Bay Area - July 65
_Surface and Mid-Depth Samples
6.50
2.67
2.24
2.60
0.96
0.68
42.2
7.1
5.0
9.30 Lower than Wis.V'a'.ers
11.88 Lower than Kis.Waters
Analysis conducted on transformed (7~ ") data with invalid data discarded.
2
Average and standard deviation are the average and standard deviation of the square
roots
Actual average is the average squared. Stated in ^ug/1.
-------
Page 11
1367
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Page 15
1371
References:
1. de Chazal, Marc, "How to Discard Invalid Measurements," Chemical
Engineering, February 13, 1967, pp. 182-184.
2. Davies, Owen L., Statistical Methods In Research and Production,
3rd Edition, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 1961, p. 22,
p. 51-68, p. 96-149.
3. Hoel, Paul G., Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 3rd Edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 276-279.
4» Reserve Mining Company memo of January 19, 1968, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Statistical Analysis of Chemical Determinations Data in
*The Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Dis-
posal in Lake Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December,
1968."'
5. Reserve Mining Company memo of January 19, 1969, to K.. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Statistical Analysis of Magnesium Data in 'The Summary
Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake
Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December, 1968.'"
6. Reserve Mining Company memo of January 19, 1969, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Statistical Analysis of Copper and Aluminum Data in 'The
Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal
in Lake Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December, 1968.'"
7. Reserve Mining Company memo of January 20, 1969, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Special Statistical Analysis of the Phosphorus Data in
'The Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Dis-
posal in Lake Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December, 1968.'"
8. Reserve Mining Company memo of April 14, 1969, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Confidence Limits of Chemical Determinations in 'The
Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal
in Lake Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December, 1968.'"
9. Reserve Mining Company memo of April 25, 1969, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Comparison of Secchi Disc Readings and Turbidity Readings
Obtained in the Silver Bay Area to Those Obtained Along the Wisconsin
Shore of Lake Superior."
10. Reserve Mining Company memo of April 29, 1969, to K. M. Haley from
J. C. Gay, "Analysis of Variance of Data Shown in Figures 24 through
95 of 'The Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste
Disposal in Lake Superior," U. S. Department of the Interior, December,
1968.r - Revised."
-------
1372
R. A, Ragotzkie
MR. FRIDE: I think that would help to shorten our
presentation if that is satisfactory with you.
Consistent with the policy that Reserve has always
had since the beginning of its operation, it has employed not only
top scientists on its own payroll but has consulted with leading
minds throughout this country.
The next speaker we have, Mr. Chairman, is Professor
of the Department of Meterology of the University of Wisconsin.
All of these men who follow, as well as those who preceded him
have impeccable credentials in their field. I will only refer to
their background.
This gentlemen is Director of the Marine Studies Center,
He has degrees in biology, sanitation, zoology, and has received
his doctorate at the University of Wisconsin. He is Chairman of
the Advisory Committee, Division of Environmental Sciences, for
the National Science Foundation and a director of the International
Association for Great Lakes Research. Interestingly enough, among
the many contributions he has made in the scientific field is one
report on currents which the FWPCA cited in their appraisal report.
I now call on Dr. Robert Ragotzkie.
-------
1373
R. A. Ragotzkie
STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT A. RAGOTZKIE,
DIRECTOR, MARINE STUDIES CENTER, UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, WISCONSIN
DR. RAGOTZKIE: My name is Robert A. Ragotzkie and
I am from the University of Wisconsin. I am a consultant to
Reserve Mining Company on the disposal of taconite tailings in
Lake Superior.
I shall abbreviate my statement as much as possible
in the interest of time,, The full statement is.on file with the
conferees.
In my capacity as consultant for Reserve I have
done the following:
I have reviewed the report "An Appraisal of Water
Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin" issued by the FWPCA in
April of 1969 and the material contained in the FWPCA reports
referred to in the bibliography of the appraisal report.
I have reviewed data on Lake Superior in the vicinity
of Silver Bay obtained by Reserve Mining Company in 1968 and 1969«
I have inspected the instruments and research vessel
owned and operated by Reserve Mining Company for the purpose of
measuring and monitoring the physical properties and the motions
of the water of Lake Superior in the vicinity of Silver Bay.
With respect to the second item, I believe the
physical data obtained by Reserve is accurate and reliable.
With respect to the third item, the instrumentation owned and
-------
1374
R. A. Ragotzkie
used by Reserve are of excellent quality, and they and the company
have the capability in terms of a well-equipped research vessel
and personnel to use this equipment in an effective manner.
On the subject of density currents:
Density currents can occur in lakes whenever suf-
ficient solid material is suspended or dissolved in the water to
increase its density above the density of water at the same
temperature. Such currents occur quite frequently in reservoirs
and in natural lakes after extremely heavy rainfall.
The decision to dispose of taconite tailings in
an aqueous suspension in Lake Superior by Reserve was based on
the prediction that this suspension would form a density current
and thereby transport the tailings to the bottom in the deep
trough paralleling the Minnesota shore in the Silver Bay area.
All available evidence indicates that density currents do
develop and that the tailings material is being deposited in
the deep trough.
The isotach map of tailings prepared by the Reserve
Mining Company and issued 20 January 1969, shows that the tailings
are being deposited in an elongated pattern oriented parallel to
the shore and extending to the southwest. Nearly all of this
deposit is located beyond the 400-foot depth contour.
The actual existence of the density current is
clearly documented by many observations by FWPCA personnel and
by Reserve Mining Company personnel.
-------
1375
R. A. Ragotzkie
I would like to have the first slide, please, and
would you dim the lights at the same time?
I must make a few comments on the thermal behavior of
Lake Superior in order to put the results here.
The thermal behavior of Lake Superior is an
important factor to consider in examining the efficacy of density
currents in disposing of taconite tailings to the bottom of the
deep trough. In summer, heating occurs at the surface and
through the action of the wind a layer of fairly well mixed and
relatively warm water develops (the epilimnion). B^.low this
layer is a zone in which the temperature decreases more rapidly
with depth (the thermocline)0 Below this is a zone of cold water
(the hypolimnion) which in Lake Superior has a temperature of
*
about 3.8 C, to 3.9° C., the temperature at which water has its maximum
density. The thermocline is a layer of great stability, i.e.,
vertical mixing is sharpl-"- inhibited. The significance of this
is that the thermocline effectively physically and chemically
isolates the deep, dense water (hypolimnion) of the lake from
the surface layer.
During the fall season the surface water cools until
it reaches the temperature of maximum density (4 C at the surface),
and convection caused by the sinking of this cold, dense water,
together with wind action results in mixing of the epilimnion
(the surface water, that is) and the disappearance of the
thermocline. At this time the lake can theoretically mix from
top to bottom, but in fact, it may not due to the extreme depth of
-------
1376
R. A. Ragotzkie
the lake and the fact that the bottom water is already at the
temperature of maximum density, thus eliminating the convective
mechanism for vertical mixing.
Further cooling of the surface below 4°C results in
a decrease in density and the development of a cold, but less
dense surface layer overlying the deeper hypolimnion which retains
the temperature of maximum density. Thus, in winter Lake Superior
is stably stratified with a "reverse" thermocline which again
functions as a "lid" on the hypolimnion, effectively isolating
it from the surface waters„ During early summer warming again
occurs and the process repeats.
I repeat this statement, due to the great depth of
Lake Superior and the existence of maximum density water at all
times in the lower layer (probably below 500 to 600 feet) there
is good reason to doubt that mixing from top to bottom occurs
every year or even every several years. There is not adequate
data available to me to prove that mixing does occur. Therefore,
the isolation of the bottom layer which exists during the summer
and winter stratified periods may also exist during the brief
periods in spring and fall when the temperature is at or just
o
below 4 C from top to bottom,,
I will now conclude with a presentation of more
recent data.
In April, 1969, Reserve Mining Company personnel
made additional, more detailed observations of the turbidity
and temperature distribution near Silver Bay using an in situ
-------
13/7
R. A, Ragotizkie
transmissometer. These results are presented in Figure 1969-1.
Stations B through P are along a line extending from the delta
to the southwest into the trough of deep water. From this
vertical section it is clear that the turbid water is descending
along the bottom directly into the trough of deep water, reaching
a depth of nearly 1,000 feet. There is also a separation of flow
with a less dense (less turbid) tongue of water moving away from
the delta in the 300-400-foot layer. This tongue is also
descending and is apparently associated with an early season
vertical thermal gradient which is typical of winter conditions.
This stable but weak thermal stratification is apparently suf-
ficient to cause a part of the less turbid water to remain above
the bottom, and move out along the winter thermocline which still
prevailed. From Figure 1969-1 it can be seen that this tongue of
the density current is weaker and less turbid than the main,
bottom current, and that it is barely identifiable at Station F,
which is about 8 miles from the delta.
If can be concluded, therefore, that most of the
tailings are being carried directly into the trough where the
material is deposited. The other tongue moves downward and
dissipates as the suspended material settles out. Once deposited,
the tailings material would not be expected to become resuspended
because of the sluggishness of currents near the bottom.
The density current mechanism, then, is functioning
to rapidly transport the tailings material downslope through the
thermocline and into very deep water where it is deposited on the
-------
1378
R. A. Ragotzkie
bottom. Once through the thermocline, the stability of the
thermal stratification effectively isolates the material from
recirculation into the surface waters.
I would now like to give my conclusions.
1. The FWPCA data and the 1968 Reserve observations
strongly indicate and the 1969 Reserve observations prove beyond
a doubt that density currents exist and that they are operating
effectively to transport the taconite tailings into the -ie°p
trough adjacent to the Silver Bay shore line.
2. Once the tailings are transported below the
thermocline, both winter and summer, the stability of the water
stratification will tend to isolate the material from further
recirculation into the surface waters. This isolation certainly
exists during the summer and winter stratification and may also
prevail during the brief periods when the lake is isothermal.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman, (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: No questions. Thank you very much.
(Statement of Dr. Ragotzkie in its entirety follows.)
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1379
STATEMENT ON TACONITE TAILINGS DISPOSAL
IN LAKE SUPERIOR BY RESERVE MINING COMPANY
AT SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA
ROBERT A. RAGOTZKIE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
I am a consultant to Reserve Mining Company on the disposal of
their taconite tailings in Lake Superior. My professional background and
publications are given in the attached vitae.
In this capacity, I have done the following:
1. Reviewed the report summary and appended reports
and data contained in "Basic Studies on Environ-
mental Impact of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake
Superior," U. S. Department of Interior and others,
December, 1968. I have also reviewed report, "An
Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior
Basin" issued by the FWPCA in April, 1969.
2. Reviewed data on Lake Superior in the vicinity of
Silver Bay obtained by Reserve Mining Company in
1968 and 1969.
3. Inspected the instruments and research vessel owned
and used by Reserve Mining Company for the purpose
of measuring and monitoring the physical properties
and motions of the water of Lake Superior in the
vicinity of Silver Bay.
With respect to item two, I believe the physical data obtained by
Reserve is accurate and reliable. With respect to item three, the instrumen-
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1380
- 2 -
tation owned and used by Reserve are of excellent quality, and they have the
capability in terms of a well-equipped research vessel and personnel to use
this equipment in an effective manner.
Density Currents
Density currents can occur in lakes whenever sufficient solid material
is suspended or dissolved in the water to increase its density above the density
of water at the same temperature. Such currents occur quite frequently in
reservoirs where the inflow contains a high suspended solids load, e.g. , Lake
Mead (Bell, 1942), Cherokee Reservoir (Lyman, 1944). Density currents have
also been observed in natural lakes after the run-off of silt-laden "water follow-
ing heavy rainfall (Bryson and Suomi, 1951).
The decision to dispose of taconite tailings in an aqueous suspension
in Lake Superior by Reserve Mining Company was based on the prediction that
this suspension would form a density current and thereby transport the tailings
to the bottom in the deep trough paralleling the Minnesota shore in the Silver
Bay area. All available evidence indicates that density currents do develop and
that the tailings material is being deposited in this deep trough.
The isotach map of tailings prepared by the Reserve Mining Company
20 January 1969, shows that the tailings are being deposited in an elongated
pattern oriented parallel to the shore and extending toward the southwest.
Nearly all of this deposit is located beyond the 400-foot depth contour.
The actual existence of the density current is clearly documented by
many observations by FWPCA personnel and by Reserve Mining Company
personnel.
-------
1381
- 3 -
FWPCA data on iron concentration (Figs. 24-Z6 and 49-54), sus-
pended solids (Figs. 42-44 and 89 -9 1), and turbidity ( Figs . 45-47 and 92-94)
in section three of the December, 1968, Basic Studies Report of the Depart-
ment of Interior indicate almost without exception that the highest values for
these properties occur near the bottom or occasionally in mid-water (depth not
defined), but never at the surface. These results are consistent with the pre-
sence of density currents.
In 1968 Reserve Mining Company collected three sets of data on the
lake in the vicinity of Silver Bay. The first set of observations, 13 June -
11 July, were made before appreciable warming of the surface water had
occurred. Water temperatures were between 3° and 5°C, and almost no
thermal stratification was present. The turbidity increased sharply near the
bottom at stations 1-5 indicating a density current was present. Stations 6 and
7 were located eastward and offshore respectively and no turbidity stratification
was observed. This is as expected in view of the prevailing longshore currents
in the Silver Bay area.
The second set of Reserve data was collected in the early fall, 4-12
September, when thermal stratification was present. At this time turbidity at
stations 1-4 increased at the level of the thermocline and continued high all the
way to the bottom. At station 5 the turbidity increase was located quite close
to the bottom while at stations 6 and 7, no well defined turbidity stratification
was evident.
The third set of Reserve's 1968 data was obtained during the fall,
29 October - 1 November, when thermal stratification was still present, but
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1382
- 4 -
weaker. The thermocline, when present, was deeper and weak, in the vicinity
of 100 to 300 feet. Turbidity maxima occurred near the bottom at stations 1-3
but was about 100 feet above the bottom at stations 4 and 5. At stations 6 and 7,
slight increases in turbidity were found near the bottom.
These data clearly show that density currents were operating in the
vicinity of the delta at the Silver Bay plant. In some cases the density current
apparently was located some distance above the bottom due to the thermal
stratification prevailing at the time. This would occur when the increased
density due to the suspended load did not exceed the density of the cold water
of the hypolimnion. In most cases, however, the density current was apparently
flowing along the bottom, descending as the lake bottom sloped downward.
Thermal Behavior of Lake Superior
The thermal behavior of Lake Superior is an important factor to con-
sider in examining the efficacy of density currents in disposing of taconite
tailings to the bottom of the deep trough. In summer, heating occurs at the
surface and through the action of the wind a layer of fairly well mixed and
relatively warm water develops (the epilimnion). Below this layer is a zone
in which the temperature decreases more rapidly with depth (the thermocline).
Below this is a zone of cold water (the hypolimnion) which in Lake Superior has
a temperature of about 3.8 to 3.9°C, the temperature at which water has its
maximum density. The thermocline is a layer of great stability, that is, vertical
mixing is sharply inhibited. The significance of this is that the thermocline
effectively physically and chemically isolates the deep, dense water (hypolimnion)
of the lake from the surface layer.
-------
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- 5 -
During the fall season the surface water cools until it reaches thi
temperature of maximum density (4 C at the surface), and convection caused
by the sinking of this cold, dense water, together with wind action results in
mixing of the epilimnion and the disappearance of the thermocline. At this
time the lake can theoretically mix from top to bottom, but in fact, it may not
due to the extreme depth of the lake and the fact that the bottom water is already
at the temperature of maximum density, thus eliminating the convective
mechanism for vertical mixing.
o
Further cooling of the surface below 4 C results in a decrease in
density and the development of a cold, but less dense surface layer overlying
the deeper hypolimnion which retains the temperature of maximum density.
Thus, in winter Lake Superior is stably stratified with a "reverse" thermocline
which again functions as a "lid" on the hypolimnion, effectively isiolating it
from the surface waters. During early summer warming again occurs and the
process repeats.
Due to the great depth of Lake Superior and the existence of maximum
density water at all times in the lower layer (probably below 500 - 600 feet)
there is good reason to doubt that mixing from top to bottom occurs every year
or even every several years. Therefore, the isolation of the bottom layer
which exists during the summer and winter stratified periods may also exist
during the brief periods in spring and fall when the temperature is at or just
below 4°C from top to bottom.
1969 Data on Density Currents
In April, 1969, Reserve Mining Company personnel made additional,
more detailed observations of the turbidity and temperature distribution near
-------
1384
- 6 -
Silver Bay using an in situ transmissometer. These results are presented in
Fig. 1969-1. Stations B through F are along a line extending from the delta to
the southwest into the trough of deep water. From this vertical section it is
clear that the turbid water is descending along the bottom directly into the
trough of deep water, reaching a depth of nearly 1, 000 feet. There is also a
separation of flow with a less dense (less turbid) tongue of water moving away
from the delta in the 300-400 foot layer. This tongue is also descending and is
apparently associated with an early season vertical thermal gradient which is
typical of winter conditions. This stable but weak thermal stratification is
apparently sufficient to cause a part of the less turbid water to remain above
the bottom and move out along the winter thermocline which still prevailed.
From Fig. 1969-1 it can be seen that this tongue of the density current is weaker
and less turbid than the main, bottom current, and that it is barely identifiable
at station F which is about eight miles from the delta.
It can be concluded, therefore, that most of the tailings are being
carried directly into the trough where the material is deposited. The other
tongue moves downward and dissipates as the suspended material settles out.
Once deposited, the tailings material would not be expected to become re-
suspended because of the sluggishness of currents near the bottom.
The density current mechanism, then, is functioning to rapidly trans-
port the tailings material downslope through the thermocline and into very deep
water where it is deposited on the bottom. Once through the thermocline, the
stability of the thermal stratification effectively isolates the material from re-
circulation into the surface waters.
-------
_ 7 - 1385
Conclusions
1. The FWPCA data and the 1968 Reserve observations strongly
indicate and the 1969 Reserve observations prove beyond a
doubt that density currents exist and that they are operating
effectively to transport the taconite tailings into the deep trough
adjacent to the Silver Bay shoreline.
2. Once the tailings are transported below the thermocline, both
winter and summer, the stability of the water stratification will
tend to isolate the material from further re-circulation into the
surface waters. This isolation certainly exists during the
summer and winter stratification and may also prevail during the
brief periods when the lake is isothermal.
References
Bell, Hugh S. 1942
Stratified flow in reservoirs and its use in
prevention of silting.
Misc. Publ. No. 491, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 46pp.
Bryson, R. A. and V. E. Suomi. 1951
Midsummer renewal of oxygen within the hypolimnion.
J. Mar. Res. _1£(3): 263-269.
Lyman, F. E. 1944.
Effects of a flood upon temperature and dissolved oxygen
relationships in Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee.
Ecology, 25 (1): 70-84.
-------
1386
§ § §
§
o
-------
1387
Vitae for Robert A. Ragotzkie
Present Positions: Professor, Department of Meteorology 1964-
Director, Marine Studies Center, UW-Madison
1968 -
Education: B. S. Rutgers University, 1948 (Biology)
M. S. Rutgers University, 1950 (Sanitation)
Ph. D. University of Wisconsin, 1953 (Meteorology-
Zoology)
Professional Experience:
University of Georgia - 1954 - 57, Assis-
tant Professor of Zoology & Research
Coordinator, Marine Biology Laboratory,
Sapelo Island, Georgia
1957-59 , Associate Professor of Zoology
and Director, University of Georgia Marine
Institute, Sapelo Island, Georgia.
University of Wisconsin - 1959 - 61, Assis-
tant Professor of Meteorology
1961 - 64 , Associate Professor of Meteorology
1964 - present Professor of Meteorology
1963 - 67 Chairman, Department of Meteorology
1967 - Present Director, Marine Studies Center
Field of Research: Physical oceanography, remote sensing of the sea
surface, Great Lakes Circulations
Society Membership: American Society Limnology and Oceanography
International Association for Great Lakes Research
International Society of Limnology
American Geophysical Union
AAAS (Fellow)
Ecological Society of America
American Meteorological Society
Other Activities:
Chairman of Advisory Committee, Division of
of Environmental Sciences, National Science
Foundation
Environmental Studies Committee, University
of Wisconsin
Chairman, Ph. D. Committee, Oceanography and
Limnology, University of Wisconsin
CIC Ocean Sciences Conference Group
Member Board of Directors, International Assoc-
iation for Great Lakes Research
Robert A. Ragotzkie
Marine Studies Center
1225 West Dayton Street
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Phone: (608) 262-1585
-------
1388
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
ROBERT A. RAGOTZKIE
10.
Rudolfs, W. , L. L. Falk, andR. A. Ragotzkie. 1950.
Literature review on the occurrence and survival of enteric, pathogenic
and relative organisms in soil, water, sewage, and sludges and on
vegetation. I. Bacterial and virus diseases. Sewage and Industrial
Wastes, 22_(10): 1261-1281.
_ . 1951.
Contamination of vegetables grown in polluted soil.
I. Bacterial contamination. Sewage and Industrial Wastes,
23 (3): 253-268.
. 1951.
II. Field and laboratory studies on Endamoeba cysts.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 23 (4): 478-485.
_ . 1951.
III. Field studies on Ascaria eggs.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 23 (5): 656-660.
. 1951.
IV. Bacterial decontamination.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 23 (6): 739-751.
. 1951.
V. Helminthic decontamination.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 23 (7): 853-860.
. 1951.
VI. Application of results.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 23 (8): 922-1000.
Pramer, D. , H. Heukelekian, and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1950. Survival of
Tubercle bacilli in various sewage treatment processes. I. Development
of a method for the quantitative recovery of Mycobacteria in sewage.
Public Health Reports, 65_(27): 851-859.
Ragotzkie, R. A. and R. A. Bryson. 1953.
Correlation of currents -with the distribution of adult Daphnia in Lake
Mendota. J. Marine Research, J_2_ ( 2): 157-172.
Bryson, R. A. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1955.
Rate of water replacement in a bay of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin.
Amer. J. Science, 253: 533-539.
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1389
- 2 -
11. Ragotzkie, K. A. and R. A. Bryson. 1955.
Hydrography of the Duplin River, Sapelo Island, Georgia.
Bull. Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, _5_(4): 297-314.
1Z. Pomeroy, L. R. , H. H. Haskin, andR. A. Ragotzkie. 1956.
Observations on dinoflagellate blooms.
Limnology and Oceanography, J_(l): 54-60.
13. Ragotzkie, R. A. and L. R. Pomeroy. 1957.
Life history of a dinoflagellate bloom.
Limnology and Oceanography, _Z_ ( Z): 6Z-69.
14. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1957.
The Marine Biology Laboratory of the University of Georgia.
Bulletin, Georgia Academy of Science, _lj5_(l): 5-8.
15. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1959.
Mortality of Loggerhead Turtle eggs from excessive rainfall.
Ecology, 40_(Z): 303-305.
16. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1959.
Drainage patterns in salt marshes. Proceedings, Salt Marsh Conference,
March 1958, Sapelo Island, Georgia.
(Published by Marine Institute of the University of Georgia)
17. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1959.
Editor, Proceedings, Salt Marsh Conference, March 1958.
Pub. by Marine Institute of the University of Georgia.
18. Caldwell, D. K. , F. H. Berry, A. Carr, andR. A. Ragotzkie. 1959.
Multiple and group nesting by the Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle.
Bulletin, Florida State Museum, _4_(10): 309-318.
19. Ragotzkie, R. A. I960.
Marine Marsh. Article in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technolgy, pp. 127-128.
20. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1959.
Plankton productivity in estuarine waters of Georgia.
Institute of Marine Science _6j 147-158.
21. Bryson, R. A. andR. A. Ragotzkie. I960.
On internal waves in Lakes.
Limnology and Oceanography, _5_ (4): 397-408.
22. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1961.
Phytoplankton communities, CO;? and O^ changes.
Limnology and Oceanography, 5 (4): 367-368
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1390
- 3 -
23. Ragotzkie, R. A. I960.
Compilation of freezing and thawing dates for lakes in north central
United States and Canada. Tech. Rept. 3, Nonr 1202 (07).
24. Ragotzkie, R. A. Winter 1961-1962.
The problem of air pollution.
Discourse: A Review of the Liberal Arts, 18-28.
25. Scott, J. T. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1961.
Heat budget of an ice-covered inland lake.
Tech. Report 6, Nonr 1202 (07).
26. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1962.
The effect of air stability on the development of wind waves on lakes.
Limnology and Oceanography, _7_ (2): 248-251.
27. Ragotzkie, R. A. and J. D. McFadden. 1962.
Operation Freezeup - an aerial reconnaissance of climate and lake ice
in central Canada.
Tech. Report 10, Nonr 1202 (07).
28. Skiles, J. J. , T. A. Grzelak, R. S. Dixon, R. A. Ragotzkie, and
J. D. McFadden. 1963.
An airborne instrumentation system for microwave and infrared radiometry.
Proc. 2nd Symposium on Remote Sensing, Inst. Sci. and Tech. ,
University of Michigan, pp. 175-185.
29. McFadden, J. D. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1964.
Aerial mapping of the surface temperature pattern of Lake Michigan.
Proc. Sixth Conf. on Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan.
30. Bryson, R. A. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1964.
Mud-center tundra lakes.
Limnology and Oceanography, 9 (1): 146-147.
31. Ragotzkie, R. A. and G. E. Likens. 1964.
The heat budget of two Antarctic lakes.
Limnology and Oceanography, 9 (3): 412-425.
32. Ragotzkie, R. A., 1964.
Comments on the validity of sea surface temperatures as measured with
the Barnes Infrared Thermometer Techniques for Infrared Survey of Sea
Temperature.
USFWS, Bur. Sport Fish and Wildlife, Circular No. 202, John Clark,
ed., pp. 53-55.
33. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1965.
NCAR Aviation Facility
Proc. 3rd Symposium on Remote Sensing, Inst. Sci. and Tech. ,
University of Michigan, pp. 91-94.
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1391
- 4 -
34. Likens, G. E. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1965.
Vertical motions in a small ice-covered lake.
J. Geophys. Res. 7_0_(10): 2333-2344.
35. Ragotzkie, R. A. and I. Friedman. 1965.
Low deuterium content of Lake Vanda, Antarctica.
Science, H_8(3674): 1226-1227.
36. Ragotzkie, R. A. and M. Bratnick, 1965.
Infrared temperature patterns on Lake Superior and infrared vertical
motions.
Proceedings Eighth Great Lakes Research Conference.
Univ. of Michigan, pp. 349-357.
37. Kuhn, P. M. , R. A. Ragotzkie, and V. K. Menon. 1966.
Double bolometer measurements of the effects of atmospheric radiators.
Proc. Fourth Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment,
University of Michigan, April 1966, pp. 293-304.
38. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1966.
The Keweenaw Current, a regular feature of the summer circulation of
Lake Superior.
Tech. Rep. No. 29, ONR 1202 (07), Univ. of Wisconsin, August 1966, 30 pp.
39. Ragotzkie, R. A. 1966.
Surface temperature patterns on Lake Superior as measured by airborne
infrared radiometer.
Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 16:116-117.
(paper also presented at the International Congress of Limnology, Warsaw,
Poland, 1965.)
40. Menon, V. K. and R. A. Ragotzkie. 1967.
Remote sensing by infrared and microwave radiometry.
Technical Report No. 31, Nonr 1202(07), Dept. of Meteorology,
University of Wisconsin, February 1967, 59 pp.
-------
1392
R. C. Bright
MR. FRIDE: The next speaker is Dr. Robert C.
Bright. Dr. Bright is Associate Professor of Geology and Ecology
at the University of Minnesota. He is a member of the American
Society of Limnology &• Oceanography and has served as a State
Paleontologist from 1963 to 19640 He has degrees from Uppsala
University in Sweden and George Washington University and received
his doctorate from the University of Minnesota.
Among Dr. Bright's many contributions to scientific
studies of Minnesota lakes with respect to water chemistry, his
report reflects many months of research, testing, and analysis
of limnological effects of tailings in Lake Superior,,
Dr. Bright.
STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT C. BRIGHT,
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND ECOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
DR. BRIGHT: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My name is Robert Bright. As you heard, I am from
the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, I might add.
I have served as a consultant to the Research and
Development Department of Reserve Mining Company in connection
with its Lake Superior limnological research program. Limnology
is the study of lakes, including physical, chemical, and biological
conditions. A resume' of my professional and educational back-
ground is appended. My responsibilities in connection with this
-------
1393
R. C. Bright
program have been (1) to evaluate their research and to determine
whether it is being conducted in the most reliable manner, (2) to
provide new field and laboratory techniques and to update old ones
where advisable, and (3) to evaluate and criticize data obtained
from their research, and, more recently (4) to evaluate available
State and Federal reports that pertain to disposal of tailings in
the lake. As to the first responsibility, it is my judgment that
Reserve has, in the past year, produced the most comprehensive
data available for Lake Superior and that it is extremely reliable.
Composition of Tailings
An investigation of the mineralogy and chemistry of
the tailings deposited in Lake Superior shows that the constituents
are quartz (silicon dioxide), cummingtonite (iron, magnesium-
silicate), and magnetite (iron oxide), with minor amounts of
amphiboles (related to cummingtonite), pyroxenes (iron, magnesium-
silicates), fayalite (magnesium silicate), and with trace (much
less than one percent of the total) amounts of garnet, feldspar,
micas, and "graphite".
The iron, magnesium-silicates and magnetite are
known to sometimes contain trace amounts of copper, zinc, nickel,
chromium, and lead. To my knowledge, none of those trace metals
have been reported in quartz, which is the most abundant mineral
in the tailings. Such trace metals are structurally bound and
chemically bonded within their various host minerals.
With your permission I will skip a couple of these
-------
1394
R. C. Bright
comments in the interest of time.
FWPCA states that "a distinguishing characteristic
of tailings discharged by Reserve Mining Company is the presence
of large quantities of the amphibole cummingtonite." What they
mean by "large quantities " is unknown as they present no quantita-
tive information, although quantity is a critical factor. For
example, cummingtonite has been found in the following North Shore
streams: Split Rock River, Gooseberry River, French River,
Baptism River, and Little Marais River„ Under various cond tions
those streams are delivering cummingtonite to the lake. Where
the material is fine enough, it is suspended in the lake, and
X-ray analyses of the suspended load indicate the presence of
cummingtonite. It is therefore, possible that the material
could be wrongly identified the same as tailings from Reserve's
discharge.
Solubility of Tailings in Lake Superior and Toxic
Metals
Statements by FWPCA concerning quantities of trace
metals delivered to Lake Superior each day via tailings (1969,
page 28) and that small increases in such metals (page 46) in the
lake could be toxic might lead the unsuspecting reader to believe
that trace metals in Reserve's tailings are toxic. In any body
of water, metals are toxic only if available to an organism - that
is, if it can be assimilated into its system. Long-term, careful
studies to determine if trace metels are leached from tailings in
-------
1395
R. C. Bright
the lake were initiated by Reserve. Experiments consisted of
placing tailings in bottles of filtered Lake Superior water,
maintaining the samples in darkness and at 4°C to simulate
conditions at the lake bottom, and then monitoring any changes
in the chemical constituents in the water. Data show that metals
such as copper, zinc, and nickel are not leached from the tailings
in Lake Superior water so as to become toxic to aquatic life.
That conclusion is further supported by a comparison
of the most biologically active form of the metals in question
in intake water and discharge water. No significant difference
was found.
Chemical Constituents in Western Lake Superior
In order to establish whether or not Reserve's
discharge was affecting the lake chemically, several hundred
water analyses were accomplished. Samples for water analyses
were taken under rigid standards tc minimize contamination and
to assure accurate location. Laboratory techniques for chemical
analyses were the most reliable available, including Atomic
Absorption. Three transects across the lake were made to
determine any variation in surface-water chemistry. These were
located between Taconite Harbor and the South Shore, Silver Bay
and Sand Island, and Encampment River and Port Wayne. The
surface-water analyses (Figure 2-4) indicate that there were
no abnormal concentrations of nutrients or toxic metals either
northeast or southwest (prevailing current direction) of Silver
-------
1396
R. C. Bright
Bay that could be related to Reserve's discharge. It must also
be concluded from the surface data that during August 1968 there
were higher concentrations of several toxic substances and
nutrients along the Wisconsin shore that had no relation to
Reserve's tailirgs.
In deference to time I will forego the slides at
this point.
Seven stations on the lake were selected for detailed
observations for one year; their location is shown in Figure 1.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 show results of the various chemical and
physical analyses performed on water at each depth. The quantities
of biologically available copper, zinc, and nickel are essentially
the same from surface to bottom all summer in 1968 at each station.
Even though samples were procured from within the density current
or just above the bottom tailings deposit, they did not vary.
Such a condition further supports the results of the leaching
study to the effect that those metals are not released from the
tailings to the water.
Phytoplankton (algae) as Indicators of Effects of
Tailings
Since June of 1968, controlled quantitative samples
of water have been taken at each of the water-chemistry sites in
lake for the purpose of assessing the standing crop of phyto-
plankters in Lake Superior. One-hundred milliliters of unfiltered
water were collected at each site and an algal preservative that
-------
1397
Ro C. Bright
causes minimum cell distortion was added. Samples were kept cool
and dark until needed. The algae were counted by the best method
possible, under an inverted Wild microscope at a magnification
of 500X.
The population structure of the standing crop of
algae at the seven permanent stations in June and July of 1968,
with the lake nearly homothermal, was remarkably homogenous both
vertically and horizontally. The number of cells averaged
2 million per liter, with little variation with depth or between
stations. Seventy to 90 percent of those were nannoplankters
(<>i). These are forms which are less than 50 microns in size.
Again we will skip the slides.
To further demonstrate the similar ubiquity of all
the divisions, the mean proportion of each, throughout the entire
water column at each station, is shown in Figure 9. Each species
was remarkably evenly distributed both vertically and laterally,
30 to 40 taxa (categories) being identified at each station, even
at stations with high turbidity. Such a homogeneous distribution
of algae indicates a monotonous environment and that the algae
were completely unaffected locally by addition of tailings to
the lake.
The September work is not quite complete, but it
reflects the effect of thermocline development in the lake
(see Figure 6). Above about 100-foot depth there were about
4 million cells per liter, about doubling what we had earlier,
and 50 to 70 percent nannoplankters, and below that depth there
-------
13,8
R. C. Bright
were about 1.3 million and less per liter. There were 30 to 40
taxa (categories) at each site above the thermocline, equally
distributed, and a few less below. Quantitative data from the
three surface transects are not yet complete, but preliminary
observattions indicate that there was about a two-fold increase
in abundance of surface phytoplankton on the Wisconsin South Shore,
especially of diatoms. The distribution of algae suggests no effect
of tailings within the area of the stations in September.
Summary
Data collected from Reserve Mining Company's limno-
logical geological, and chemical studies of Lake Superior that
I have been associated with show (1) that toxic metals are not
increased in Lake Superior by disposal of tailings, and (2) that
algae in the lake, which are a critical part of the fish-food
chain, are not affected by the tailings in the water area studies.
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Bright.
Are there any questions?
Yes.
MR. PURDY: Dr. Bright, in your studies you have
mentioned the leaching experiments. Would you comment on the
possibility of some of these small, particle-sized substances
being toxic to fish and aquatic life in some other fashion other
than leaching to the water, i.e., by ingestion or over the gills
structure?
-------
1399
R. C. Bright
DR,, BRIGHT: If these were soluble, for example, in
a fish's stomach - I am not that familiar with the fish business -
but if this could get in solution, perhaps in the fish's stomach,
this may be.
MR, PURDY: Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Dr. Bright, you mentioned a number of
slides when you went through your presentation. Would vou supply
those slides for the record so that they may be placed un the record-
DR, BRIGHT (interrupting): These are the slides of
the same appendices you have in your report.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine, we will place those in the
record.
(The above-mentioned slides follows.)
-------
1400
Fig. 1
TAILINGS DEPOSIT
LAKE SUPERIOR
LOCATION OF PERMANENT SAMPLING STATIONS a TAILINGS DEPOSIT
-------
' £
I
-— o
ro OJ
1401
Fig. 2
00
to
10
(A
o
o
o
CO
o~
' E
o —
' E
o ^
* E
- E
-2 =
0.2
'i
E -
(-2S
1
-N
-------
1402
o>
ii.
-- E
ro
m _.<- PJ
c?t
coo.
50
o> ^ co
00
to
o
CO
E
in
1
OJ
.c
O
ll)
0>
O
D
•*-
3
CO
_~
-E
8 Ti §
= E
p
c
S 0
.t
£ 8-
m
o-§.
i-
2
'- E
\
Oi O
.2-
-------
SCALE 162500
WATER ELEV. 1250
QUADRANGLE LOW'ON
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
Heavy duty L'gh'd^iy .^^^
Medium duty ™« — » Unimproved dtr, -_
Q U S Route 0 Siat- Rout"
SILVER BAY. MINN
-------
'3&^~^4
16771
i. / r ftdCK PQIN T) I
SCALE 162500
WATER ELEV. 1200
MR ^c* 632000m £
ROAD CLASS*FICATION
Heavy-duty „.,— •• Ltg*-t-duty _ := .
I"™) U S Route O Stale Reuse
SILVER BAY, MINN.
N4715-W91 IS/IS
-------
1676
D_Cg§TS - Page 32
2. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR - continued
']) Classifier Overflow Pumps
8) Regrind Booster, Sump,
and Lub. Pumps
9) Thickener Drives
10) Thickener Underflow Pumps
11) Thickener Booster, Sump,
and Ltib. P:ie ':hird
d. Launders
e. Liners
f. Misc. Pipe &, Fittings
!. 800
,300
total Cose
., 200
/
3
12
9
8
t
1 ^
l.S.
L.S.
8
10
'- i
2;3J000
1,022,700
50,000
123,000
50,000
Total $ 7,726,000
IRY'GVE HOFF
rr m;
-------
1675
OETAUFP tOS:,i' Fot.al f-it;
OPERA TJI N_G__j:_0_S_J_S z AWTAL
1. OTERATj^ (24 hours per day)
( 7 days per w-;ek)
a. Labors
(10 Men x 24 Hrs. x )65 Days)
+ (4 Men x 8 Hrs. x 5 Days/Week
x. 52 Wteki) «:-,920 .006 4,09:,800
d. Heating :.S. 79,500
e. Floe c LI iant f>ns*.,-nj. t. ion
i !6S T'av- - 1"-<- *-00# .05 237,100
f. i rindma, Reds I 100 f\)r,=> ?50 275,000
g. R -d Mi! 1 Liner R- p'' a< " nenr _ _j^ ^lU_ll;_3£___ HLLP.P.O
F--:' al S 5,510,000
''fAtff-r ft .r y-.ars, d i s-t.t iS,",i n
!:u'nf'ing wi • I ad 1 - -•
8^,000,000 * .006 = S:'6 00"
a. Building, f.r-xm-ls,
Roads, lltil iries:
L) Labor - D Mr-n x 2i Hrs.
x 565 Day? 11.3,900 $ 9.00 $ 1,025,200
2.) Transportation t.S. 10,000
3) Road Eq.. ip-nent 2.000 H^x.-rs 15.00 30,000
'-,) Mat P rial - Road SMI fare,
Painr,, r lass, Lights, etc. L.S. 100,000
b. Process EquipoienL B°pair:
1) Slurry Pumps
(1,0 Sea. x 5 Pamrs") 50 17,000 850,000
?) Pocster, Stal it S^Tip ft -nps
(10 Sfa. x I P,rnf.-) 20 500 10,000
3) Hydro Under i !~w F..tips ) 9,000 18,000
4) Hydro Suinp and ko?*t-*r P..Tips ? 200 400
5) Classifiers 4 4,600 18,400
6) Mill Access,>ries 4 24,500 98,000
IR.V;VE HOFF
-------
IT. CONTINUED COSTS
ADDITIONAL
DAM CONSTRUCTION
1674
DFJAmp_C.OSTS - Page 10
Unit Cost Total Cost
I. RAISE DAM CRESTS FROM
ELEVATION 1225 TO 1275
(Dams #1, 2, 3 and 4)
a. Common Excavation
b. Rock Fill
c. Concrete
d. Reinforcing Bars
a. lirootr Base Rock
85
Sir
+
504,! 00
£.67.1,00
81,900
6 , 7 ,?C
I..S,
b- T'otal
Kft U>n>
C
C
I
TJ
. V. $
.V .
v
or. s
1.50
f.OQ
^8
"JOO
_
tr
16,
3,
2,
?22,
. in,2,-ney - 2^
756
894
112
016
10
789
m
,000
,800
,200
,000
^000
,000
,000
$?5,060,000
2. RAISE DAM CRESTS FROM
ELg¥ATTON_l,275 10 1.32.5
a. Co'-renon Excavation
b „ Rot 1< fill
c. C:j»n«; rete
d. Reintorcina Bars
?; 800 CV-'. ^
"^.,8^0, SOO C.V.
67,800 C.V.
S, 700 :.,r-
* ' » "* o
S.jb-1'Jf al
<• 'JO", C»-nt ! ra°n' y
1.50
2.00
i8
300
_
=•
? 1,07,700
7,680,600
2,576,400
1,710,000
5,000
$12,079,700
1,.;08,3QO
.3, 288,000
TRyGVE HOFF & ASSOC7ATFS_ RWHTIMPPRC
-------
1673
gFIAILED_COSTS Page 29
E0 RIVER DIVERSION CHANNE
i. sire
Quant i.i"v
Ost
;t al f\\u
a0 Clearing
h. Common Excavation
R-'q»ii.fs IV^dging 2 miles of river
j,K=. FVca>'ar ion of 3 miles of channel
10' wj.jj and 7' .ipep.
200,000 «,„*.
Sub-fo'.al
+ 1 O'i ("'"'Pt ingency
6CO $ 12,000
1.50 300,000
<• 312,000
_^^jjyx)£
S Ks,000
P. RETURN WATER
LO
a, i ",y F ! "w
me,
a. Ext avation & Backfill
b. Ri\er Crossings
C0 i8" Dia. Sf.l. Pip?
d. x-8" Man-.ai Oct>rat:ed V
67 SOO C. -„ S
J.oS 0
'- ,8'-0 T?n
i i'a it ll^j
-------
1672
PEIAILED COSTS - Page 28
Quant icy
,'pif: Cost
rotal Cost;
Co INLAND BASIN - 7,000 Acre
long x 200
x 260 feet
1. CLEARING
a. Clearing Dam & Borrow Areas
DAM CONSTRUCTION TO ELEV. 1225
a. Dam #1
1) Common Excavation
2) Rock Fill
3) Concrete
4) Reinforcing Bars
5) Corr. Met. Pipe -
Construction Drain
6) Grout Base Rock
b. Dam #2
1) Common Excavation
2) Rock Fill
'i) Concrete
4) Reinforcing Bats
5) Corr0 Met. Pipe -
Construction Drain
6) Grout Base. Rock
c. Dam #3
1) Common Excavation
2) Rock Fill
J) Concrete
4) Reinforcing Bars
5) Grout Base Rock
Lake, 2 Mauf Dans -- one 11,000 feet
feet high an i the e^t-r: 6,000 feet long
high. Se-ttal S-nalltr Dans.
UNDERFLOW OUTLET AT DAM #1
a. Concrete
b. 48" Dia. Steel Pipe
c. Traveling Trashrack
d. Hoists - Manual
e. Misc. Steel
f. 48" Manual Oper. Valve
450 A- r-s
+ 10", i onti
VOO
600 S 270,000
2^7,000
l.:»0 ? 5,279,100
:.00 25,40?,200
'8 3,016,200
300 1,914,000
8/1 i
8
',0
Sub-
+ 10
Sub-
+ 10
!\ J p
1 5 • - - t o r ,
L,,S.
'.' 00'] to ' o
'• >00 < o t 0
1 • (V 0 i
I ,,So
2 , 800 •...,.
900 C.Y.
70 Tons
L.So
'lot al
°'l Conf ingency
6 i rons
I .S.,
10 Vons
i I'nit
f'o L a I
°/o T'ont ingenc y
J,8 46.400
26 , 000
Io50 2,857,500
2.00 16,228,800
38 2,280,000
SUO 1,464,000
38 91 . >00
9,000
1.50 126., 2,00
2.00 219,200
38 34,200
JOO 21,000
2,000
= $59,040,000
= _ 5.904,000
4,64,944,000
S 110 $ 77,000
550 34,700
27,500
2.500
625 6/300
I i, 000 13,000
= $ 161,000
16,000
177,000
TRYGVE HOFF 6. ASSOCIATES, ENCINEERS,, CLEvElAND, OtilO 44L06
-------
1671
Q anfitv rr.jf Co-it T«>r a; f...-i>t
5. ELECTRICAL - com inued
9) 250 HP 160 V0 Motor & Control
10) 250 HP 160 V. Motor & Control
11) 150 HP ^60 V, Motor & fontm)
12) ft ant- Motors -20 HP. 160 V „
11) Sump P.,;np - 20 HP, 160 V,
llj Heater Mttrrs - 5 HP, 160 V.
IM Motor C.?ntr«l (enters
16} Conrti.it ft Wire for
5 and 20 HP M^t ^rs
1 7_« <'~»nduit 6< Wifp f- r
1000 HP Mot-r ,
]&} TfTii, it ft. Wite to-
2,, i K; S--3! Water M," t *
! 9 i C • rH 1 1 1 1 vS W i t P f _• r
160 "„ S»a! Wsv -r K," i =
20) C'-!'npr.->.s = -,r M^-t r- -
25 HP. .'-tO V_ ?0j'
2 i ) Con-K it. 6« Wi t • i >r
C ?mpt es-;' r Mt-t ,-t s
2 ?) Cent ro 1 . a 1 • t 5 , ( or<1. i* & 1* i r •=•
? »,» B.->it -r Sva1! P -T.r Mot r- ,
C '-rT"i>. It & Wl r • . 2(ic
>/i IT -...-.^ ^'"-^'^^\l^ 1~ • <^ * • r
c. ~ » P"arfr^, ' ;ttty'Mst 1 n ,*. L r
& W{r P f f .'„ > V , M )t ,M 5
25 N, ?( 0 K/A, 20 5 h '-8':
T ran- for -Tier s
.'6> Swi<-cbg.= ar ' ' o 1 1 ?
??"» • r ...n.hne
28; ! iahc ing
?9) faM-rv C'-'drg-r 6, Ras !•
K'ij Cosntiun ica' i." n 5\>tr:ns
H) Spare Part s — M t ->r =.
Breakers. C?nt ac t -~r s ,
Bn.sh' s.l- 7r-00 «vA
T r an< fc^rmer , Ar ma' >., re? ,
P-jle Pit< > s. Ff-ar ings
d. Psjrnp Repair Bldg0s
1} MisLo 160 V/M-tors
? \ l"* - 1" i,TT" f ~\A t-
3) Light ing
'-) i r -.nding
«;.
+
/ S 10 ^0 ?
1 8 , 280
6 6 . 7lO
;0 '-^0
-'0 Hr:
f-0 212
• 0 ', , rr 20
, . .c ' HP ;c
<0 ,CO(! i ,,f . !=-
i rOO ',, f'o i "
1 , !00 HP 7C>
-on up go
500 HP ^5
100 620
CCO wi i :.c-
>IO 1,075
^0 *,600
10 V, ,500
S0 I'r. !' S 5.000
10 T r ,- ., '9,600
.n 1.150
! =S „
1 , •> „
500 HP 80
500 HP .'5
10,000 S= F. 3
L,,S.
.,b-T tal - Si I
tO5' C (it i ng.-nc y - 1
20, 700
^3,120
17,260
^ , 500
8,900
n,9-:o
5 c' , 200
8 2 , c 00
; ^o.r>no
'-. , 000
8 7, =.00
CO. 000
"*7^ 500
6 2 , 000
6 ' , 000
118,2r-0
36, 000
11 5 , 000
c 0,000
"«6,000
1 ' . !'00
57,500
300,000
10. ,000
37,500
30.000
5 , 000
,5(7, 170
^,L.S.L.82Q
*; 12 669,000
HOFf 6, ASSOCTATFS. F\"'. t\:tTRq n PtPi AMU ruin
-------
1670
Page 2t>
Quantity
4. MECHANICAL SERVICES
a. Plumbing:
1) Pump Repair Bldg. L.S.
2) Pump Station #1 L.S.
3) Pump Stations #2 thru #10 9
b. Heat ing:
1) Pump Repair Bldg. (Strain) L.S.
2) Pump Station #1, (Steam) L.S.
3) Pump Stations #2 thru #10 (Oil) 9
c, Samsner Vent ilat ion:
1) Pump Repair BUg. (^tavit'v)
2) Pump Sf at ten #1 l-.S.
3) Pump Station^ ^2 thr,. #;0 ^
d. Potable Water L.S.
<• lib • To ' a i
+ ?0*', C j-nt ingt-p^y
5. ELECTRICAL
a. Trarrvni^ I.T I.IP-, : TP< „
Clear ing, st<.,e I I: vc r i.
JI l<=c t r it al Materials, -in)
labor from Pi 'rip S*'a! i n
•//! to End cf l,in>.- '", mi Its
.1) T3w=,r Ficrs. ~ Inv , F^i 3- . --6 -it.h
b. Feeder t -• D.-Jt a P!ant
and ?', nf Station /*. 2 000 I.P.
c. Pi. Taping S^a'i-pi '/ 1 'h*^ * C:
1) Paris 10
2) 7,500 KtfA, ! 10/KV/2. } KV
Trans foi'ner , In/.. Steel
Structure, Disconnect.,
Lightning Ar res tors and
Prounding 10
3} 1000 HP, ?,.} KV Slurry Pump
Motors w/Fddv Current Couplings 100
4) 1000 HP, 2.1 KV Reduced
Voltage Starters LOO
5) 450 HP. 2.3 KV Motor with
Limitemp Controls 2
6) 400 HP, 2.3 KV Motor with
Limitemp Controls '•*
1) 350 HP, 2.3 RV Motor with
Limit etnp Controls 2
8) 300 HP, 2.3 KV Motor with
Llmitemp Controls 2
Unit Cost Total Cost
$ $ 4,000
4,000
4,000 36,000
100,000
124,000
1' 0,000 1,350,000
„„
2,4.000
?«,600 194,000
25GS000
= $ 2,086,000
= 209,000
$ 2,295,000
^-250,000 $ 1,375,000
2,000 92,000
20 40,000
2,100 21,000
80,000 800,000
51,750 5,175,000
17,250 1,725,000
18,630 37,260
16,560 66,240
14,490 28,980
12,420 2,4,840
TRYCVE HOFF 4. ASSOCIATES. EW-MEERS. C1EVFTA\'T). OHIO
-------
1669
pE^AILgP_COSTS - Page 25
t'nit Cost
Iota! Cose
3. EQUIPMENT AND PIPING - continued
2) Compressors
3) Sijrge & Ac cum. Tanks (1,0 Sea.
4) Spare Parts
a) Pipe-16" Dta. Sched. 80
b) Exp. Jrs. & Cuides-16"
c) Victaulic Con pi ings- !6"
d) Valves-48" Manual
1,6" Alr-Oper act.d
16" Manual,
e) Pumps -16" (••nailer?.
Bearings & Sea'is)
Pumps IV u- 8" (I'lic* Uc-r*
Bearings & S-a!?;,
f) Compressor Pait-
5) Equip, in PM-UP Repair Hi-i*;.
6) Instrumentation Inc i. R--n"r,e
Control cif 10 Pu-np Stafirr-
Eroai Station /Al
b. Piping:
1) Tiinne 1 s under Wwv. /'f 1
and at. Plant R a-ii:
a) Exi aval- i ->n
b) Concrete
2,) Retention PastP5 at F D;* Sr.ar
3) Pipp Lin- Pier?:
a) Exi.ayat ion
b) C )nc re t e
4} Pipe:
a) 16" Oia. x S> h,-<^ 80
b) (4" fUa. x Sibt'd. -tO
c) 12" Dia. x S.bed. «„
d) 10" Dia. x Sched. ^0
e) 8" Dia. * Sthed. 40
f) 3" Dia. x Sib---i. 40
5) Pipe Fittings:
a) Saddles & Ancbors-16"
Saddles & Antn-jrs-I4" to 8
b) Fxp. Jts. & '*,jides-16"
Exp. Jfs. 6. rJu'ides-14" ro
c) Viv-taolic Couplings • 1,6"
Vlttaulic C "><,' pi ings -14" to
d) Valves:
I,) 16" Alt -Operated
2) 16" Manual
3) 8" Plug
4) 2" Flectt icai
5) 14" to 8" Air-Operated
20
) 9-0 I-sn.e.
1,000 r;n =
20
300
1
,1
;
'-0^ .
^
1 .S.
l,.S.
'!,.S.
!00 F,.,iips
12,, i('0 C.'Y.
- ,600 I'.'i.
' .S.
; ' ,f>00 r . - .
i8, COO C.i.
19,800 L'o-ns
2 'f ,';:PS
.M) fr.-is
118 Tons
84 Tons
14 I.sns
15,650 pcs.
1,700 pts.
'-<80 ->a0 , 000
LO .,72,0,000
(39,000
112.000
67,000
68,000
1 3 , 000
532,000
27,000
3,068,000
191,000
633,000
36.000
215,000
199,000
6% 000
37^000
58,000
$24,292.200
7,4 29. 800
$2,6,722,000
-------
1668
Pag*
Quantity Unit
B. PUMPING SYSTEM - 10 Pipelines each H miles V-og,
60' x 216
pipel ine,
1. SITE
a. Clear & Grub
b. Excavation
1) Common
2) Rock
c. Fill
d. Road Surfacing
e. Guard Rail
2. BUILDINGS
a. Pu-np Stations #2 thru #10:
]) Excavation
2) Con-- rete
3) Building (Frame, Walts \ Rc-'i)
4) Cranes (15 Ton -
Pen, Operation)
5) Overhead Door - Elec .
b. Pump Stat ion #1 ;
1) Piling (IOBP42)
2) Bidg0 (Inc. Excav.,
Concr. & St ujctara)
3) Crane (13 Ton)
4) Overhead Door - Elec.
c. Pump Repair Building:
1) Bldg. (Inc. Excav.,
Concr. & Structure)
2) Crane (15 Ton)
3) Overhead Door - Elec.
3. EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
a. Equipment:
1) Pumps I
a) 16" Slurry
b) Seal Water Pumps
c.) Seal, Water Booster Pomps
d) Sump
', tntal pumping head cf
50' x 200 F..mp Repair
}Q At res $
250,000 C.Y.
709,000 r.Y_
j 26, 000 C.y.
S3, ,000 C.Y.
r-^ooo L.F.
S-jt - ''-?t ^ I
+ .'0', t .'iv irt v
10,000 C.Y. ?
6,200 C.-i.
1 .'--.OCO S.F.
00
56,000
2 ,5'. 2, 800
__254ii200
2,797,000
60,000
682,000
2,975,000
720,000
2? , SQO
60,000
429,000
80,000
2,500
330,000
80,000
2,500
5,443,500
544,500
5,988,000
3,172,000
42,000
16,000
163000
HOFF & ASSOCIATES. ENGINEERS. cl,RVF.TA\Tn OHtn
-------
1667
OSTS. - Page 2J
Quantity
[.'nit Cost Total Cost
5. ELECTRICAL - continued
f. Regrind Building:
1) Mill Drives - 1200 HP
2.3 KV Motors
2) Misc. 460 V. Motors
3) Conduit & Wire for
460 V. Motors
4) 1200 HP 2.3 KV Reduced
Voltage Starters
5) Conduit & Wire for
2.3 KV Motors
6) Motor Heaters & Controls
for 2.3 KV Motors
7) Conduit & Wire for Heaters
8) Grounding
9) Lighting
g. Transformers & Switchgear:
1) 10,000 KVA, 110KV/2.3 KV
Trans formers
2) 1,500 KVA, 2300/460 V.
3-Phase Transformer
3) 2,000 KVA, 2300/460 ¥.
3-Phase Transformer
4) 1,000 KVA, 2300/460 V.
3-Phase 'leans former
5) Switchgear
6) Misc. Lighting
7) Grounding
h. Motorized Valves:
1) Misc. Sizes
2) Wire & Conduit
i. Spare Parts
1) Recycled Water Pump Bldg.
2) Thickeners
3) Regrind Bldg.
4) Hydroseparators
5) Sub-Station
5
950 HP
950 HP
5
500 I..F.
5
S
L.S.
17,000 S.F.
3
1
1
i
4 ('nits
L.S.
L.S.
42 Units
42 units
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
Sub -Total
+ 10% Contingency
$ 27,600
80
75
20,700
15
500
500
3
103,500
18,000
24,000
12,000
17,250
120
500
$ 138,000
76,000
71,300
103,500
7,500
2,500
2,500
8,000
51,000
310,500
18,000
24,000
12,000
69,000
5,000
10,000
5,000
21,000
41,900
14,400
21,000
3 , 500
26,500
= $ 2,285,800
= 228,200
$ 2,514,000
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1666
DETAILED COSTS - Page 2?
Quant ity
Unit Cost Total Cost:
5. ELECTRICAL
a. Recycled Water Puinp Bldg.
1) Water Pumps -1500 HP, 2.3 KV
2) 1500 HP, 2.3 KV Reduced
Voltage Starters
3) Misc. 460 V. Motors
4) Conduit & Cable for
460 V. Motors
5) Conduit & Cable for
2.3 K? Motors
6) Ground ing
7) Lighting
8) Motor Heaters & Controls
for 2.3 KV Motors
9) Conduit & Wire for Hpaters
b. Thickeners;
1) Underflow Pumps -300 HP 2.3 «€w'
2) 300 HP 2.3 KV Reduced
Voltage Starters
3) Misc. 460 V. Motors
4) Conduit & Wire for
460 V. Motors
5) Conduit & Wire for
2.3 KV Motors
6) Motor Heaters & Controls
for 2.3 KV Motors
7) Conduit & Wire for Motor Heatf-rs
8) Grounding
9) Lighting
c. Change Houses
1) Misc.. 460 V. Motors
2) Conduit 6 Wire
3) Grounding
4) Lighting
d_ Floe. Storage Facility
1) Power & Light
e. Hydroseparatorss
1) Misc. 460 V. Motors
2) Conduit & Wire
3) Grounding
4) Lighting
12
12
700 HP
700 HP
1,200 L.F,
LUS.
702?,5 S.K
i >
1..'
12
1 },
825 HP
825 HP
1,2,00 L.F.
12
U
JL.S.
L.S.
'<0 HP
40 HP
L.S.
480 S.F.
25
660 HP
660
L.S.
L.S.
$ 34,500
17,250
80
75
15
3
500
500
6S900
5,1/5
80
75
15
575
500
80
75
3
500
80
75
$ 414,000
207,000
56,000
52,500
18,000
5 .,000
21 ., 700
6,000
6,000
82,800
6 2 s 100
66,000
61,900
18 , 000
6,900
6,000
5,000
10,000
3 , 200
3,000
1,500
1,400
12,500
52,800
49,500
5,000
10,000
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES. KW-'TNKFR<; rt RWFT ANin AUTO
-------
1665
DETAILED COSTS - Page 2t
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total, Cost
3. EQUIPMENT AND PIPING - continued
b. Piping.
I) Recycled Water Piping;
a) 108" Diameter
b) 90" Diameter
c) 60" Diameter
d) 36" Diameter
e) 16" Diameter
f) 12" Diameter
g) 10" Diameter
2) Hydraulic Piping at Thickener
3) Slurry Pipings
a) 10" Sched. 40 -Thickener
to Pu:rip Station #1
b) 4" Schpd.40-Classifier
to Pump Station #1
c) 8" Sched.40 Hydros to R,=grinxt
d) Miscellaneous Valves
e) Launders at Regrind Bldg.
f) Piping on Scraps
g) Hydrosepai ator Room Piping
h) Gais5.cn Piping at thickeners
Sab-,!
+• 10'
185 Tons
506 Tons
20 Tons
]0 Tons
Ilt5 Tons
187 Tons
43 Tons
L.S.
194 Tons
1, * Tons
12, Tons
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
2 Units
> Units
W-al
b Contingency
§ 565
565
550
525
5^2
563
570
570
842
810
3,000
f^OOO
$ 105,000
285,900
11,000
5,300
78,600
105,300
24,500
J2,000
110,600
14,300
9,700
5,000
5,000
3,000
6 , 000
15,000
-= $ 6,247,^00
___62J4JL600
40 MECHANICAL SERVICES;
Plumbings
1) Change House at Regrind Bidg.
Heating:
1) Regrind Bldg. •= Includes Steam
Main from Power Ho-use to Area
,2) Recycled Water Bldg.
3) Change House
L.S.
$ 6,872,000
70,000
4)
5)
6)
Hydroseparator Pump House
Thickener Caissons
Florculaf,ion Bldg.
Fire Protection & Booster Station
Summer Ventilation-Powered:
1) Regrind Bldgo
2) Recycled Water Bldg.
3) Hydroseparator Pump Houses
4) Thickener Caissons
Potable Water
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
2 Units 13,000
3 Units 10,000
LoS.
L L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
2 Units 1,600
3 Units 3,500
L.S.
Sub-Total = $
+ 107,, Contingency
170,000
73,000
2,6 , 000
26,000
30,000
1,000
75,000
20,000
65,000
3,200
10,500
50,000
619,700
61,300
$ 680,000
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND. OHIO 44106
-------
1664
DE7:AILED_COSTS_ - Page 20
Quantity
Unit Cost Total Cost
'3. EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
a. Equipment.
D
2)
3)
4}
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Motorized Gates
Floe. Storage Facility:
a) Mixer & Feeder
Hydrosepar ators:
a) Separators
b) Under flow Pumps
c) Hydro Water Booster Pumps
d) Hydro Crane - 10 Ton x 60' —
Includes Runway Sappc.rt.s
e) Sump Pi,nps
Thickeners?
a) Thickener
b) Underflow Pumps
c) Water Booster Pumps
d) Sump Pumps
e) Feed Well Hoist,-- (iO TOP)
Regrind Buildings
a) LO* x 20 Red Mills
b) 84" Duplex Spiral Classifies
w 'Flared lank & Drive
c) Classifier (V?rf']~w ^Vnps
d) Su'tip Pumps
f=Ji .Mill Watar Bolster Pimps
t) Feed Cone r -, t \iai;e i
g) L'.ibt it at ion Sysnams
h) Initial Rod Mill Chai ge
Recy< led Water Ptxnp bidg.
a) Pumps
b) Met or i tf-.A Valves
c) Flush Water Pumps
d) S utnp Pump
Sampling Equipment
Ins t rumen t at ion I
a) Recycled Water Pumping
b) Regrind Building
c) Hydro Pumps
d) Hydro Water Booster Pumps
e) Hydro Sump Pumps
£) Thickener Pumps
g) Thickener Booster Pumps
h) Thickener Sump Pump
i) Hydro & Thickener Drives
j) Miscellaneous
Spare Parts
8
L.S.
2
4
2
1
2
*
12
\
5
]
^
c.
5
"•>
i
10
5
90 Tons x 5
12,
12
3
1
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
L.S.
$ 63000
30 , 000
13,200
2. ,200
2 , 200
'.9;, ooo
7,C , 900
?sooo
?,S800
1J5000
245,000
58,900
8,800
2,2GC
2,000
2,000
5,000
250
39 s 400
6,900
13,200
2,200
$ 48,000
20,000
60,000
52,800
4, AGO
62SCOO
4,400
1 ,476,000
250,800
6 5 000
8,400
33,000
13225S000
294,500
44 , 000
11,000
4 , 000
20,000
25,000
112,500
^72,800
82,800
39,600
2,200
100,000
212,850
173,250
59,400
29,700
9,900
174,900
42,900
16,500
6,600
66,000
200,000
TRTGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS. CLEVELAND. OHIO
-------
1663
DETAILED COSTS - Page 19
Unit Cost Total Cost
2, BUILDINGS - continued
c.
d0
Co
E.
go
ho
i.
10) liner Plates
11) Pipe Supports
12) R,egcind Bldg. Sump Tanks
13) Anchor Bolts
14) Overflow Weirs
15) Steel Dividing Plates -Launder
16) Drop Box Liners (Reclaimed Steelj
17) Cable & Pipe Bridge
Carpentry?
1) Wood Nailers
Moisture Protections
L) Built-up Roofing
2) Flashings, Gravel Scops, er.t. .
3) Gutter
4) Downspouts
5) Caulking
6) Ins tilat ions
a) Roo E
b) Wall
Doors and Windows s
1) Pedestrian Doors
2) Truck Doors-Overhead-Elec.
3) Windows
4) Add for Glazing
Finishes;
1) Painting;
a) Steel
b) Other
Spec ial tiess
1) Hardware
2) Loi'kers, Shelving &
Toilet Room Accessories
Equipment & Furnish ings s
1) Laboratory & Office
Conveying Equipment;
1) Cranes (Tncl. Installation)
a) Regeind Bldg. - 200 Ton
b) Regrind Bldg. - 20 Ton
50 Tons
1.00 Tons
25 Tons
I..S.
66.5 Tons
6 Tons
) 211 Tons
1,070 I.F.
16,,1 MPBM
242 Sq.
1,500 I-.Fo
'170 l,0F.
75U LDF,,
1,0 So
242 Sq»
445 Sq.
25
4 ea-.h
8 each
L.S.
13600 Tons
L.S.
?5
L0So
L.S.
L each
1 each
c) Recycled Water Bldg. - 10 Ton 1 each
d) Elec. Hoists
Si
+•
6
ib -Total
10% Contingency
$ 560
750
690
750
750
100
106
340
50
4.40
15
10
38
50
190
23500
80
40
100
275,000
116,000
75,000
5,000
_.
=
$ 28 , 000
75,000
17,300
4,000
49,900
4,500
21,1,00
11,3,400
5,500
12,100
69600
8,600
7,500
7,500
9,200
22,300
4,800
10,000
600
1,200
64,000
10,000
2,500
6,200
16,000
2,75,000
116,000
75,000
30,000
$ 8,945,200
894,800
$ 9,840,000
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES- ENRTNKERS. HT-KUPTAMn rwrn /,/, ins
-------
1662
DETAILED COSTS - Page 18
I. INITIAL COST
Quantity
Unit Cost
Total Cost
DELTA PLANT -
Requires 2-60' dia. Hydroseparators, 3 - 480' dia.
Thickeners, 1 - 85' x 85' Recycled Water Pumping
Station, 1 - 85' x 200" Regrind Building.
1. SITE
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Divert East Launder
Divert West Launder
Sheet Piling for
construction dike
Drainage within d Lke
Well Point System
Excavation;
1) Tailings
2) Overburden
3) Rock
Backfill
Piling;
1) 8BP36
2) 14BP89
Finish Grading
L,S. i
L.S.
960 Tons
L.S.
L.S.
i.,500,000 C.Y.
10,200 C.Y.
10,200 C.Y.
2^,000 C.Y.
927,000 L.F.,
4,480 L.F.
168,000 S.Y.
?
300
0.75
1.90
25.00
1.90
5.60
1.1.25
0.30
$ 80,000
63,000
288,000
37,000
88,000
1,125,000
19,400
255,000
47,500
5,191,000
50,400
50,400
Sub-Total
Hr 10'/j Contingency
2. BUILDINGS
Concrete;
1) Foundations & Walls 11,350 C.Y.
2) Slabs-lad. Thickener Slab 48,900 C.Y.
3) Tac-Crete Linings 2,400 C.Y.
4) 8" Walls around Change
House, Office. & Elec.Rooms 1.25 C.Y.
Metals:
1) Launders (Hydro. Feed) 562 Tons
2) Regrind Building 374 Tons
3) Recycled Water Building 75 Tons
4) Misc. Stairs, Ladders, etc. 14 Tons
5) Roof Deck 2.42 Sq.
6) Siding 445 Sq.
7) Floe. Storage Building L.S.
8) Thickener Feed Well 80 Tons
9) Thickener Launder 375 Tons
= $ 7,294,700
= 729,300
$ 8,02,4,000
1.35 $ 1,532,000
105 5,135,000
105 252,000
135 16,900
600 337,000
550 206,000
550 41,000
750 10,500
105 25,400
120 53,400
52,000
690 55,200
600 225,000
IRYGYE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1661
Page 17
EFFECT ON PRODUCT COST
Construction Cost - $209,156,000 4- $44,100,000 = $253,256,000
Life Expectancy 6 Years 8 Years 13 Years 22 Years
Construction Cost/Year $42,209,000 $31,657,000 $19,481,000 $11,511,000
Operating Cost/Year 1.3,236,000 13,236,000 13,236,000 13.236.000
TOTAL $55,445,000 $44,893,000 $32,717,000 $24,747,000
Assuming 10,000,000 gross ton yearly pellet production
Cost/Ton of Pellets
Construction $4.2,2 $3.17 $1.95 $1.15
Operating _JL32 1.32 1.32 1.32
TOTAL $5.34 $4.49 $3.27 $2.47
TFYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1660
Page 16
ESTIMATED COST SUMMARY (1969 Cost)
II. CONTINUED COSTS (After Pumping Starts)
A. ADDITIONAL DAM CONSTRUCTION
1. Elevation 1225 to 1275 .....$ 25,060,000
2. Elevation 1275 to 1325 ..... 13.288,000
Sub-Total . ? ,38,348,000
Engineering & Administration @ 15% . 5_, 752,000
TOTAL. . $ 44,100,000
B. OPERATING COSTS - ANNUAL
1. Operating - Labor, Heat, Power & Materials . $ 53510,000
2. Repair & Maintenance (Labor & Material) . ^^J^SjOpO
TOTAL. . $ 13,236,000
III. ADDITIONAL COSTS (Not levered in this Sfidy)
A. LAND ACQUISITION
B. CLEARING OF BASIN AR^A
C. FINANCING AND INTEREST COST.S
D. DISTRIBUTION E'KHPIHi-
E. POWER, LIGHTS, COMMUNICATIONS AT DAMS
F. ABANDONMENT OF LAX LAKF ROAD
G. PERMANENT DAM ACCESS ROADS
H. PLANT DEPRECIATION
I. ESCALATION FOR COST INCREASE TO 'DATE OF CONSTRUCTION
J. COMH'IFR RENTAL
K. ADDITIONAL COAL STORAGE & HANDLING FACILITIES
NOTE: Engineering & Administration @ 15% Includes:
A. Engineering - Design, Field Supervision, Inspection . 8%
B. Public Liability and Builder's Risk Insurance . . 1%
C. Transportation and Travel ..,.,, \%
D. Permits, Licenses, Photos, Scheduling . . . \7,
E. Material Tests and Soil Analysis . . . . . ^%
F. Worker Housing and Sanitation ..... 1^%
G. Procurement .........%%
H. Overtime ......... _3%
151
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1659
Page 15
ESTIMATED COST SUMMARY (L969 Cost)
I. INITIAL COST
A. DELTA PLANT (Include existing plant tie-in)
1. Site (Roads, grading, piling, excavation) „ $ 8,024,000
2. Buildings (Tanks, Launders, etc.) . „ 9,840,000
3. Equipment and Piping . 6,872,000
4. Mechanical Services (Utilities) . . . 680,000
5o Electrical (Power, Control & Lighting) „ 2,514,000
Sab-Total $ 27,930,000
B. PUMPING SYSTEM
1. Site (Roads, grading, excavation) . „ $ 2,797,000
2. Buildings ....... 5,988,000
3. Equipment and Piping ..... 26,722,000
4. Mechanical Services . . . . . 2,295,000
5. Electrical (Inrluting Pow^r Line) . . 12,669,000
Sub-Total . ? 50,471,000
C. INLAND BASIN
1. Clearing ...... o $ 297,000
2. Dam Constraction re Elevacun 1225 . . 64,944,000
3. Underflow Outlets Lam #! „ . . . 177.000
S^b-Iotal . $ 65,4185000
Do POWER HOUSE
1. 2 - 75,000 KW Units „....$ 33,360,000
2. Step Up Transformer ..... 500,000
Sub-Total . $ 33,860,000
E. RIVER DIVERSION .„..„..$ 343,000
F. RETURN PIPE „ . . . . . . . 3,365,000
G. FENCE ...o...». $ 488.000
Total of Items "A" through "G" . . . $181,875,000
Engineering & Administration @ 15% . . . 27,281,000
TOTAL, . $209,156,000
TRTCVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1658
Page 14
LIFE EXPECTANCY:
If water is not discharged from the basin into rivers while it is
being used as a settling basin for pumped tailingss then the useful life
of the basin ceases when the water level, reaches elevation 1300. This
usable period is:
6 years if all, water is retained
8 years if some o£ the rain tall runoff, is diverted
from entering the basin
11 years if water is renamed r ~. the plant (•••< the
extent usable by the plant
22 years if both runoff diversion and water return to
plant are used.
It will take about four LO five >ears [or the. tailings to build a
delta at the discharge end of tbe pip,-iin>-: ^i-nilar f'o the present delta
in Lake Superior. After this periv.i a-id i t ; -nal pipeline and pumping must
be provided to move the discharge end i '!<:«PI to the dams.
The above Life Expectancies could be extended if water could be dis-
charged into the rLver. There would be ample room for additional tailings
after the water reached elevation 1300. By discharging water to the river
almost from the beginning, at whatever quality and rate necessary, the rate
of accumulation of tailings becomes the more important factor. If we
assume there must be at least 1,0 feet of water above the settled tailings
to provide effective settling, the life expectancy could be extended to
66 years.
There is no assurance that, outlets to the Beaver River will be
tolerated; therefore, the economic feasibility of this project must be
based upon the costs distributed over 22 years.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1657
Page 13
WATER QUALITY;
Past experience with the Babbitt Pilot Plant and otner similar
processing plants indicates water containing tailings in the range of
250 to 300 ppm can be reused. To obtain this purity in the recycled water
is a matter of thickener design and control of operation. There will be
•very little means of controlling the behavior of the settling in the
inland basin, and therefore Uie quality "A water removed from the basin
will vary widely.
When the wat.tr If/-; in the inland basin r^a.hes its maximam level
of 1300 (which will be it.in six n- twenty-two years after pumping starts),
the level must be ma mt aiotd by ai lowing wat,e" to flow from behind the dam
into tbe rivers below t b? dami regardless of the quality of the water.
Tt is impossib!.- ' _• r t1 r • to el! wat«. r that enters the inland basin to
t.he processing flam. A~ railings, arn «,.jnMnuaUy pimped into the basin,
while water is being di_-< "largiH ',' river-, the quantity of water behind
the dam will her one smaller. "V)p quality >f wafer wilt become progressively
pcorer hnt ii si.cb a t.'.m* a*- rhe suli'ls rtcupy tbe entire volume behind the
dams and any further watt-r entering will flow through without any retention
time for clarification. Obviously the plant will have to cease operation
long before this time.
',Fr VF HOT 6. AS^OC.IAITS., ENKIVFERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1656
Page 12
FLOOD CONTROL;
The Inland basin must be considered as more than a settling basin
for tailings since it is contained within and alters a natural drainage
system. It must be planned and used in a way that provides flood
control.
After the level, in the basin reaches elevation 1300, the quantity of
water removed must, an least equal r h>- qoan' ity entering to prevent eventual
overflow, High >"a:;es °f inflows from storns awT1" be contained long enough
to prevent1 flooding lower riwt>r va', ivvs. R^fam-'d water must be released,
under <_ontrcL, t-j rebate for the next inf: *w ^urg^. This will require
continuing daily surv« i" larc •=> an i op^ra'ion of r.'itlet devices, starting
as early as six year*- a f t': r p 'nflng sir':d If f\>\,l re.^p n-if.i'i'v f<>r t l.ood control is to be asstj-ned.
ff a di .-rs ifri channel is -jS^-i, s> r-n wat^r in excess of present flows
will be directed into the nail channel of the Peavpr Ri\^er north of the
railroad crossing a>: mij? #7. Sinr
-------
1655
Page 11
RIVER DIVERSION:
The rate of accumulation o£ water behind the dam ran be reduced by
lnterce.pt ing rainfall runoff with an intercepting ditch north of the basin
area and conducting the wafer around Che dam. To tarty the intercepted
runoff, a channel, would have Co risp In elevation toward the upstream end.
Since the shoreline of the inland basin is a level tine, the infercepter
channel could not, be 1 Beared ;>araifei. but would rathet, have t,o ta>>er away
from t.he basin toward the ',psr,raacn fnd.
f!he topography 15 si.ch that an incirceptar channel, would prevent
40 square miles of rainfall r ,n.,'ff fr-jm entering the basin. The remaining
H sq.iaie miles of the i.Q'.al 71 squarr- mile drainage area would still
collect In the has in.
Ihe prop-)s?d location ;u the inland basin mak^s the basin a form of
inr (-n fpr .-r Channel Vi -.<. =v> s«~- it li^-; a> t '?,s the path oi the East Branch
of '.he flavor Biv,-r0 !hts ; 1 ;>w in tV-^. Past Branch wi i 1 be reduced to
almost nothing. Jf an in* c r^ <-• pte t ihannt-1 is buiif, muc.h ef the runoff
that W'-.'iiJd bave t:ra\,»-;*'d the Pa.-, t. P;,anch will c-ncer the Beaver B iver north
ot ch> raiSr-jad tcacV.
Diversion of rivfccs makes possible the longest useful life of the
Inland Basin and, therefore, t.he increased river flow must be provided
for.
tRV'A'E HOFF & ASSOC OUTS, EMflNRERS, CIFVFLAND,, OHIO 47-i 106
-------
1654
Page 10
DAM CONSTRUCTION - continued
Quantities required are; (all dams)
ELEVATION EXCAVATION_C.Y._ ROCK FILL C.Y.
to 1225 5,507,200 20,927,600
1225 to 1275 504,100 8,447,400
1275 to 1325 71,800 3.840.300
TOTAL 6,083-100 33,215,300
This study is based on an exa-aination of ground surface configuration
based on U.S.G.S. contour maps only. There has been no on-site explora-
tion either at grade or below the surface,, Therefore, there is no
assurance that the earth to the soi/fch of the basin is suitable to contain
the water in the basin without excessive leakage and danger of property
damage.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1653
Page 9
Construction quantities were examined for inter i'n stages at 50 foot
height intervals for water levels at elevation 1150, 1200, 1250 and 1300
with a freeboard height of dam above water level of 25 feet. Comparing
the rate of water and tailing accumulation in the basin with a max imum
practical rate of construction, the following was concluded;
1. Slurry pumping coul-1 start when the top of the. dams reached
elevation 1175 provided construction was not halted until
the dams reached elevation 12J.5.
2, An Inlet, conduit and Oijx Let mt.'St be provided in the initial
Dam #1 construction t,o r^leasf water from behind the dam for
emergency discharge during construction, for return water to
the piant, and fjr flood control after the basin is filled,
A maximum wat -t lev-"! 01 I _*CO and na-n top level of 1325 appears to
be the ultimate practical height, f , -n &i this level two or three
additional snai ! dams will be required to fill in the increasing number
of gaps in the sooth side hills. Any appreciable increase above, elevation
1 JOO would require almost continuous diking along the entire south shore
of the basin.
The overburden of crganic soils (as much as 25 feet) must be removed
at all dam sites to seat the rock fill dam on solid rock. Experience
gained during construction of the Rps«=rva Mining Company railroad indicates
that the full width dam bases should be built with the first stage.
T'RVfAE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, EMC TNEERSS CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1652
Page 8
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN;
The worst consequences resulting from loss of power are plugging
of slurry pipelines and settlement of solids in the thickeners and
hydroseparator.
Plugged pipelines will be avoided by providing air operated dump
valves, at the low end of all slurry lines, to be operated with air
stored in accumulators supplied by compressors in each pump station.
Plugged thickeners and hydrosepararor can te avoided only by
providing emergency power to keep rakes turning and pumps recirculat-
ing the solids. It is assumed that this emergency power will be
provided from the existing power horse. It does not appear to be
practical to provide diesel generators for this large a quantity of
power (about 3000 KW).
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1651
Page 7
SYSTEMS STARTUP;
Startup of all equipment, especially pumps, wast be on clear water
so that full velocity of flows are reached before tailings are introduced.
Therefore, mill water piping from the existing flush water pumping
station will be required throughout the Delta Plant and to Pump Station
#1. Piping must be adequate for full quantity flow to all equipment,
but the demand will be of short duration.
Normal shutdown of any equipment or line should likewise be done
only after first flushing through ail solids. ?hete£ore, when switching
flows to standby lines, both the equipment being started and the equipment
being stopped must be operating at the same time for a short while.
Electrical power supply must accommodate this extra requirement.
Slurry pipelines will not be protected against freezing and therefore
must be drained when not operating.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1650
Page 6
REQUIRED FACILITIES - continued
absolute continuous reliability justify 100% connected standby equipment.
Pumps require clean water under pressure at the shaft seal. A
pipeline is required to deliver this seal water to all pu*nps along the
pipeline route. This is another absolutely necessary facility which
must be supplemented with standby equipment.
All pumping operations will be controlled from Pump Station #1;
instrumentation, telemetering and remote controls, therefore, being
required.
All facilities, except for main Saunders., hydroseparator and thickener,
must be housed. An Office and Change House will be required in the Delta
Plant. A pump an 1 motor repair shop will be required.
Access roadways will be nend^d t'3 all facilities and particularly the
full. Length of the pipeline. A,!, pipe sections must be within reach of
truck mounted devices designed fi rotate the pipe for wear and to replace
pipe sections.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1649
Page 5
REQUIRED FACILITIES - continued
and, since these are subjected to less wear, because the bulk of the solids
have been removed, only two standby connected PL tips will be provided.
Three concrete tank thickeners will be required, provided flocculation
success matches past experience in other known plant processes. No standby
thickeners need to be built since it is considered feasible to overload
two thickeners 50% white the third is down for repair0 This should occur
very infrequentlyo Standby unJerfirw p.,trips must be provided in each
thickener for reliability and s-j that full p-joiping capacity exists in any
two out of three thickeners.
Preliminary selection of 150 J,:,PH grinding capacity for the regrind
mills necessitates four closed regrind circuits with rake classifiers.
Repair and maintenance frequency* on mil's and classifiers is such as to
warrent only one additional yuatidby cunn^cted circuit to ins are fuil
capacity operation at all times.
Five pipelines have been determined to be the most, practical arrange-
ment for pump size and minJui'm practical standby power requirements. The
need for operational flexibility in the Delta Plant, precludes any direct
associations of specific equipment and specific pump lines. Therefore,
all Delta Plant output must be joined and then redLvided into five equal
controlled parts for delivery to the five operating pump lines, or to
five standby pump lines.
The pumping system extends over a 5-1/2 mile route, elevates about
800 feet and requires ten pumping stations. At each pumping station each
pipeline terminates in a free surface tank to limit the quantity contained
within pipes which must be dumped on emergency shutdown. Pipes and pumps
will be subjected to rapid wear due to the highly abrasive character of
tailing particles. Frequent repair and replacement and the necessity for
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1648
Page 4
BFgtMREDJFAf J MJlESs.
The Concentrator process equipment. Is present Ly arranged on the
concept of gravity launder transportation of failings throughout the
plant and en out to Lake Superior. To process this slurry of tailings
and water for overland pumping, the high velcclfv flows must be recaptured
at a Location whLch will require » onsr ru.'t ion, in part, below lake level,
within the rv,< enH_y deposit"-! tailings delta. D'-watv-ring the construct ion
areas for building f-.undaf ions, hy Jr^s^ar at crs and thickeners will be.
difficult and t-'xpensi v--. An! V-r as-? aaaip^f Buoyant uplift r>f empty tanks
must be provided.
A ilrtular concr.t'- ' ank hvdr :- - -t -at a> :
-------
1647
Page 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION - continued
Wear of pumps, pipes and launders will necessitate frequent replace-
ment and repair. The only means of maintaining continuous operation is
to provide duplicate equipment through which the flow of slurry can be
switched to allow maintenance, time. In most cases the nature of the
duplicate equipment is such as to require its startup before shutdown of
the piece requiring maintenance. Consequently electric power requirements
will be somewhat higher than tb*- ^ortial function.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1646
Page 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION - continued
4. Return water to the plant and provide river diversion channels.
5. After the water reaches a practical level, water will be drawn
off from the basin and discharged to natural drainage at a rate
approximately equal to rainfall and runoff entering the basin.
The quantity of water which is removed from the recirculated mill
water system to use for pumping the tailings to the Inland Basin is the
maximum that can be returned from the Inland Basin to the Plant without
upsetting the water balance or causing a discharge to Lake Superior.
The selection of processing and pumping equipment for this report is
based upon plant measured and recorded mean high day production rates.
Accumulation of water and tailings in the Inland Basin is based on yearly
average recorded quantities„
The Concentrator Plant, operation is continuous: 24 hours, 365 days
per year. Although the quantity of tailings discharged from the plant
reduces when sections of the Concentrator Plant are down for repairs, the
quantity of water flow in the tailings launders must remain approximately
the same to maintain the necessary energy to transport the solids which
are being produced. All sections are never shut down at the same time;
consequently, there will always be some tailings slurry flow from the
plant which must be pumped inland to prevent dumping into Lake Superior.
The new Delta Plant will contain many gravity flow launders in which
transportation of solids cannot be maintained if volumes of water flow are
reduced. Therefore, the Delta Plant, for processing tailings, and the
Inland Pumping System must work continuously and at full capacity at all
times.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1645
Page I
PURPOSE;
To study the feasibility and costs of disposing of tailings from
iron ore concentration in Reserve Mining Company plant at Silver Bay,
Minnesota, by overland pumping to an inland settling basin and reusing
process water to avoid discharging water or tailings in Lake Superior.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;
Tailings slurry presently discharged from the plant will be prepared
for pumping by reducing the solids particle size and removing water to
concentrate the slurry to reproduce conditions found to be successful
for long distance pumping.
The oversize particles (up to I") will be separated from the slurry,
ground to minus #8 sieve size, and returned to the slurry.
Excess water will be removed in thickeners to provide a pumping
consistency of 30% solids by weight. Water removed from the slurry will
be recycled back to the Concentrator Plant so that no water will be
discharged into Lake Superior,,
The east branch and other tributaries of the Beaver River will be
dammed, at locations already suggested by the Bureau of Mines, with local
rock fill to form a basin to retain the water and solids pumped therein.
The rate of accumulation of water will be dependent upon which of the
following operation modes is used:
1. Allow all inflows to accumulate in the basin.
2, After the water in the basin reaches a certain practical level,
it will be returned to the plant at a rate compatible with
plant operations.
3. Construct river diversion channels to prevent some of the rain-
fall runoff from entering the basin, but otherwise allow all
inflows to accumulate in the basin.
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOCIATES, ENGINEERS, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44106
-------
1644
C 0 N r E N T S
Purpose . Page 1
System Description „.,,,. Page (
Required Facilities , Page 4
Systems Startup , . ,. , . Page 7
Emergency Shutdown ,.-,,. Page 8
Dam Construct i.?n „ „ Page 9
BLver Diversion ,,,.., Page 1L
Flood Control „.,„.„. Page 12
Water Quality . . , , Page 13
Life E*f^.ct ancy „ Pagf- 1^-
Estimated C^st , . „ Pag1"1 15
Effect on Pridui t (. • - r , , . . Page L7
Detailed Tests . , Page 18
Diagrams
Inland Basin location Hap - Water Elevation 1200
Inland Basin Locatir.n Map - Wafer Elevation 1250
Inland Basin Let at i:'n Map - Wafer Elevation 1300
Drawings
TRYGVE HOFF & ASSOC IA1 ES EN- IMEERS J CIFVFIAND, OHIO '_4106
-------
1643
RESERVE MINING COMPANY
TAILINGS DISPOSAL REPORT #1
Prepared by
HOFF & ASSOCIATES
1922 East 107th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
April 4, 1969
Hoff Contract #69008
-------
1642
TRYGVE HOFF and ASSOCIATES
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
CLEVELAND OHIO
-------
1641
S0 Forssraark
MR. FORSSMARK: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I won't read the full report but I will read the basic
purpose, which is the study of the feasibility and costs of
disposing of tailings from iron ore concentration in the Reserve
Mining plant at Silver Bay, by overland pumping to an inland
settling basin and reusing process water to avoid discharging
water or tailings into Lake Superior.
The estimate of cost that we have come up with for
this job is $253,256,000, with an operating cost per year of
$13,236,0000 This method of operation would be good for 22 years
before it would be absolutely necessary to dump water into
Beaver River, in which case it would get back into Lake Superior
again.
I will be glad to answer any questions anyone might
have.
MR. FRIDE: I might say, Mr. Chairman, that a full
copy of the report has been submitted to the conferees,
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
(Applause.)
(The above—mentioned report follows.)
-------
164U
S. Forssmark
tailings in Lake Superior?"
That is the end of the quote.
So much for the Bureau of Mines report <>
However, consistent with the open mind which this
company has always sought to bear for any possible solutions to
questions that have arisen, we have engaged a nationally prominent
consulting firm, Trygve Hoff and Associates of Cleveland. This
firm is nationally and internationally recognized as an expert
in their field.
This problem was posed to them, and I quote:
"To study the feasibility and costs of disposing of
tailings from iron ore concentration in Reserve Mining Company
plant at Silver Bay, Minnesota, by overland pumping to an inland
settling basin and reusing process water to avoid discharging
water or tailings in Lake Superior„"
End of quote,, That was the question, the problem that
was posed to the consulting firm.
Here to tell you that firm's answer to that question
is Mr. Stig Forssmark. He is President of Trygve Hoff» He is
a registered professional engineer in seven States, including
Minnesota,
Mr. Forssmark.
STATEMENT OF STIG FORSSMARK, PRESIDENT,
TRYGVE HOFF £> ASSOCIATES, CLEVELAND, OHIO
-------
1639
Ed Fride
MR. FRIDE: Reserve Mining Company has assisted in
improvements in technology and the current state of the arts with
respect to all phases o± its operations. During this conference
there have been a few speakers who have alluded to a Bureau o±
Mines report„ They have suggested that in some manner the Bureau
o± Mines has recommended the piping of taconite tailings to an
inland settling basin. On Pages 21 and 24 of that report, I am
quoting:
"The second suggestion, to deposit the tailings in a
pond on the high ground above the plant, creates many problems.
Objectionable effects of a tailings pond would have to be care-
fully weighed against the effects of depositing the tailings in
Lake Superior. The area nearest Reserve is valued as a resort
and recreation area; most of the area further removed is in
Superior National Forest. A tailings pond could create a serious
air pollution problem due to dust unless properly designed and
operated."
Continuing with another quote:
"The Bureau o± Mines is not recommending this site
for tailings disposal, nor can it make recommendations of this
or any other -site until the quantity and nature of the detri-
mental material, if any, that Reserve is contributing to Lake
Superior is established."
When considering alternates to tailings disposition in
Lake Superior, benefits gained should be compared to possible
losses; i.e., would a tailings pond and a possible air pollution
problem in a particular area by less objectionable than depositing
-------
1638
Rice, James K., "Water Management Reduces Waste and
Recovers Water in Plant Effluents," Chemical
Engineering, September, 1966
Rice, James K., "Water Management to Eliminate Water
Waste," Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference,
New Orleans, Louisiana, September, 1960
Rice, James K. and W. E. Bell, "Corrosion From Repeated
Acid Cleaning - Citric vs. Hydrochloric," Combustion,
April, 1966
Rice, James K., "Conservation of Water in Agriculture
Industry and Municipal Use," Second Annual Con-
ference of Water Resources Center Director, U.S.
Department of the Interior, January, 1967
Rice, J. K., "Environmental Pollution Control - The Systems
Approach for Industry," Presented at Rice 16th Annual Water
Seminar, November, 1967
Rice, J. K., "Acid Mine Drainage Abatement from Deep Mines
by Inert Gas Blanketing," Testimony before Water Pollution
Advisory Board, May 24, 1968, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Rice, J. K., "Metropolitan Area Water Problems of the Future,'
ad hoc Agenda Committee OWRR, April, 1968
-------
1637
Rice, James K., "How to Prevent Corrosion of Galvan-
ized Steel Pipe," Heating, Piping, and Air
Conditioning, May, 1962
Rice, James K. , "Measuring Steam Quality," Power, Part
I, September, 1962, Part II, November, 1962
Rice, James K., "New Instrumental Methods of Waste
Water Analyses," 4th Annual Conference, Texas
Water Pollution Control Association, Austin, Texas,
January, 1964
Rice, James K., "The Use of Chelating Agents in Indus-
trial Boilers," American Power Conference, Chicago,
Illinois, April, 1964
Rice, James K., "Monitoring Water Quality," 2nd TAPPI
Water Conference, May, 1964
Rice, James K., "Organic Matter in Industrial Water:
Its Measurement and Removal," International Water
Conference, The Engineers' Society of Western
Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September,
1964
Rice, James K., "Research on Industrial Water Treat-
ment," Conference of Water Resources Research,
Washington, D.C., December, 1965
Rice, James K. and Dr. Charles M. Loucks, "Localized
Corrosion During Chemical Cleaning," Materia 1s
Protection, February, 1965 ~
Rice, James K., "What the Businessman Can Do to Reduce
Pollution," League of Women Voters of Milwaukee,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September, 1965
Rice, James K. and H. A. Klein, "A Research Study on
Internal Corrosion of High Pressure Boilers,"
Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, November,
1965
-------
1636
Rice, James K., "Corrosion Testing by Measurement of
Local Cell Potentials," 9th Annual Conference,
National Association of Corrosion Engineers,
Chicago, Illinois, March, 1953
Rice, James K. and H. A. Colin, "Industrial Waste Treatment -
A Manual of Procedure," Plant Engineering, May, 1953
Rice, James K., "Water Treatment - Key Problem in Your
Steam System Plant," Journal American Hospitals, January,
1955
Rice, James K., "Use of Coagulation Aids," Proceedings
16th Annual Water Conference, Engineers' Society
of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
October, 1955
Rice, James K., "The Use of Organic Flocculants and
Flocculating Aids in the Treatment of Industrial
Water and Industrial Waste Water," Pacific Area
National Meeting of the American Society for Test-
ing and Materials, September, 1956
Rice, James K., "Steam Quality Measurements by Flame
Photometer," Combustion, September, 1956
Rice, James K., "Organic Fouling in Anion Exchange,"
Proceedings 20th Annual Water Conference, Engineers'
Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, October, 1959
Rice, James K. , "Deposit Identification - First Step
Toward Understanding a Water Problem," ASTM STP
256, June, 1960
Rice, James K., "Repeated Acid Cleaning of Boilers,"
Combustion, July, 1961
Rice, James K., D. E. Simon and R. C, Rice, "Determin-
ation of Naturally Occurring Organic Acids in
Surface Waters," American Chemical Society Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, September, 1961
-------
1635
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
Certified Corrosion Engineer
Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania
American Association for the Advancement of Science
BIOGRAPHICAL LISTINGS
Leaders in American Science
Who's Who in the East
World's Who's Who in Commerce and Industry
Who's Who Biographies of Living Notables
Time Magazine 100 Young Men Award, 1953
Who's Who in Consulting
National Engineers Register - Engineers Joint Council
National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel
in the Field of Chemistry
PUBLICATIONS
Rice, James K., "Electroplating Waste Disposal at the
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Beaver Plant,"
llth Annual Water Conference, Engineers' Society
of Western Pennsylvania, October, 1950
Rice, James K., "Treatment of Recirculated Cooling
Water," Corrosion, November, 1952, Vol. 8, No. 11
Rice, James K., "The Rotating Electrode as a Method
of Measurement of Local Cell Action Potentials
in Corrosion Testing," Houston Chapter of the
National Association Corrosion Engineers, Houston,
Texas, December, 1952
-------
1634
Mr. Rice began his professional career in 1947 as a Research
Engineer working on corrosion processes in water systems.
During this period, he specialized in the development of rotary
electrodes as a means of studying local corrosion cell action.
HONORS
Tau Beta Pi
Phi Kappa Phi
Sigma Xi
ORGANIZATIONS
American Society for Testing and Materials
Member Board of Directors
Member Committee D-19 on Water
Past Chairman of Subcommittee X_ - Significance of
Water Composition
Chairman Program Committee ASTM National Forum on
Control of Water Quality, May, 1965
Chairman Symposium on Impurities in Steam, ASTM
National Meeting, June, 1961
Chairman Subcommittee on Corrosivity and Performance
Testing
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Chairman of ASME Research Committee on Boiler Feedwater
Studies
Chairman Steering Committee Research Studies
Internal Boiler Corrosion (Joint ASME-EEI Project)
U.S. Department of the Interior National Technical Advisory
Committee on Quality of Industrial Water Supplies
Chairman of the Committee
American Chemical Society
Chairman Symposium on Ion Exchange, Annual ACS Meeting,
March, 1962
American Water Works Association
-------
1633
coupled with his educational training have elevated him into
a position of prominence as a nationally known authority in
the field of water management. Related to his background and
advancement, he is also recognized as a pioneer in the develop-
ment of many modern methods of industrial water conservation
and reuse, with particular emphasis on the use of systems
engineering techniques.
In 1967, Mr. Rice was honored by being appointed the Chairman
of the National Technical Advisory Committee on the Quality of
Water for Industry by Mr. Stuart Udall, Secretary of the United
States Department of the Interior. In this position, he
directed and participated in a major program to set water
quality criteria for interstate rivers and streams which are
utilized for industrial processes. Basic considerations
involved the determination of quality and quantity requirements
of each process in the various water-using industries, cost
analyses to alter quality, determination of minimum and maximum
usage requirements, and determination of research needs.
Mr. Rice has served on the American Society for Testing and
Materials Research Committee on Boiler Feedwater Studies since
1956. He previously served as the Second then First Vice
Chairman, and is now Chairman of the Committee. This Committee
is the foremost center for research on Boiler Feedwater Studies
in the country. Mr. Rice was Chairman of a Steering Committee
appointed jointly by the ASME and EEI to guide a $750,000, four
year, research project on high pressure boiler internal corro-
sion.
In 1952, Mr. Rice was a Senior Engineer with the company.
While working in this capacity, he developed expertise in the
following areas of interest: corrosion of materials of con-
struction for boilers, effects of chemical cleaning on the
susceptibility of materials of construction to corrosion,
design of experiments, instrument design and development,
methods of measuring and monitoring steam and water quality,
determination of the significance of water composition,
studies of organic fouling of ion exchange materials, effects
of the use of acid cleaning and chclating agents on industrial
boilers, development of information retrieval and handling
systems, procedures of treating and disposing of industrial
wastes, and process evaluation for water and waste water
treatment and reuse systems having agricultural, industrial
and municipal applications.
-------
1632
PROFESSIONAL RESUME OF
J. K. Rice, President
EDUCATION
1946 B.S., Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Institute of
Technology
1947 M.S., Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Institute of
Technology
REGISTRATION
Professional Engineer, Pennsylvania and Texas
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
1947 to Cyrus Win. Rice § Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
date vania, President, Vice-President, Manager of
Consulting Services, Treasurer, Director of
Research, Research Engineer
EXPERIENCE
Mr. Rice has been the President of Cyrus Wm. Rice 6j Company
since 1959, and is responsible for developing and maintaining
its position as one of the nation's leading engineering and
research firms specializing in the field of water management.
He directs an executive staff in the integral operation of
all departments for the continuous performance of essential
consulting engineering, research, and testing services to
RICE's industrial, municipal, and governmental clients through-
out the United States and in a number of foreign countries.
Mr. Rice's specialized knowledge, professional interests, and
technical specialties have been applied to considerable
technical research, consulting projects and research and
development studies as he progressed within the company from
Research Engineer to President. This valuable experience
-------
1631
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by Chauvernct's Criterion is the result of analytical error or
not. Even for iron, phosphorous, and turbidity, no relationship
would be obvious if the data from Silver Bay bottom samples
were to be excluded. Without bottom s simple analysis, even the
Silver Bay iron, phosphorous, and turbidity data scatters suf-
ficiently to prevent a good correlation.
- 20 -
-------
1592
GRAPIIICAL RELATI0NSHIPS_
The taconite tailings have a composition reported as 16.7% Fe
and the apparent tailings sediment as reported by Reserve, 14.4%.
While the turbidity in the water is a function of suspended clays
and algae, as well as any taconite tailings, a plot of iron vs.
turbidity could show relationships particularly where the majority
component of turbidity is from tailings. In addition, the analysis
of variance between surface, middle, and bottom samples showed
phosphorous, iron and turbidity values to be significantly dif-
ferent in the bottom data which is known to be affected by the
taconite tailings. Since aluminum is a major component of clays,
as well as a minor component of taconite tailings (1.8% Al in
apparent tailings sediment, 7.1% Al in natural lake sediments
by Reserve's analysis,) it was also examined for relationships
to turbidity.
Figures 1-8 are plots of all data for the respective quality
indicators in Tables 6, 7, 18, and 19 of the FWPCA report.
The data for iron vs. turbidity, and phosphorous vs. iron for
June and July, 1968, show a reasonable correlation to exist.
The curves shown were fitted by regression analysis; some of
the data scatters widely, indicating that no significant simple
relationships exists. Relationships for iron, phosphorous, and
turbidity are useful, however, in examining the analytical data
for individual samples to determine if an extreme value found
- 19 -
-------
1591
Except for bottom samples, which were collected 8" from the
bottom in the designed density current, it can be seen that
iron, lead, zinc, and cadmium values are below the present
standards, there being no present numerical standards for
turbidity, phosphorous, aluminum, copper, nickel, or chromium.
If copper and chromium "trace" limits are construed as the
maximum values shown in the proposed criteria, then the average
values for copper and chromium in Silver Bay surface and middle
samples are less than the present standards. Thus the quality
indicators in surface and middle portions of Silver Bay do not
exceed the present Federal-State Standards as is contended in
the "Basic Studies."
Actually, Lake Superior as a whole exceeds the proposed standards
for phosphorous, turbidity, lead, copper, zinc, iron, and nickel,
while Silver Bay surface and middle exceed the standards for iron,
zinc, copper, and nickel. It is thus apparent that unless Lake
Superior as a whole is considered polluted, with respect to these
elements, the proposed lake criteria are unrealistic for lead,
phosphorous, copper, iron, nickel, and zinc. No standards exist
or are proposed for aluminum, which is reasonable, since it is a
common component of clay which, in turn, arrives in the lake in
the natural streams.
- 18 -
-------
1590
sediments. Since the tailings sediments do not: show significant
enrichment or ^Pj^tion of th_e elements , it is difficult to
understand the apparently grossly enriched (other elements with
respect to iron) condition of the suspended matter in the water
samples, unless one accepts the explanation that most of the other
trace metals found in Silver Bay (and the rest of the lake) come
from sources independent of the tailings. This latter assumption
is substantiated by the great similarity in trace metal values
between those for Silver Bay and those for Lake Superior. The
analysis of variance tests discussed previously also point to
a general source for the trace metals in all Lake Superior water.
SILVER BAY WATER QUALITY
The "Basic Studies on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste
Disposal in Lake Superior," presents several conclusions on
page 26 of its Summary Report that are based on a comparison
of the analytical data with the existing Federal-State Water
Quality Standards for Lake Superior. Table 30 presents the
results of examination of the analytical data in comparison with
the accepted and the proposed criteria '°' for Lake Superior
open waters .
(6) "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin,"
by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region,
April, 1969.
- 17 -
-------
1589
as examination of Table 30 will show.
When the surface and middle samples are combined for June, 1968,
and also for July, 1968, and the combined data are compared with
the Lake Superior composite, the Silver Bay area is lower in the
values of all quality indicators, except for iron and nickel.
ELEMENT RATIOS
The taconite tailings, being relatively insoluble and apparently
composed mostly of cummingtonite and quartz, would be expected
to have reasonably constant ratios of the various elements to
iron, the principal constituent. The Reserve Mining Company
analysis of bottom sediments shows a reasonably constant composi-
tion for the apparent tailings which relates well to similar
analysis of the composite tailings by the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
On this basis, ratios of selected elements to iron were calcu-
lated for the '66-'67 Lake Superior data and for July 1968
Silver Bay surface, middle, and bottom data. These results are
shown in Table 28. Inspection of the averages and standard
deviations of these ratios shows highly skewed results. It
should be pointed out that these ratios do not agree in any way
with the ratios in the tailings bottom sediments or with the ratios
in the tailings as shown in Table 29. In all cases except aluminum,
the water analyses show very high ratios for the elements. These
were a thousand times higher than those in the bottom tailings
- 16 -
-------
1588
Considering that those values are reported as obtainable under
ideal conditions, it is interesting to note that the "Basic Studies"
contains values which are below the published limits of detection
for these elements by aqueous atomic absorption.
WELCH t-TEST RESULTS
To determine whether significant differences exist in the mean
values of the individual quality indicators for the Silver Bay
area, when compared to the Lake Superior composite data, a Welch
t-Test was applied. The particular form of the test used allowed
for different standard deviations in the two populations being
compared. Table 26 shows the results of the comparison. A similar
test was applied to the square root transformed data. Es-
sentially, the same results were obtained as shown in Table 27.
Since the t-Test is based on normal distribution of the data,
the strongest conclusions are those based on the square root
transformed data (Table 27).
The tests in Table 27 show, as expected, that the bottom samples
are higher in iron and turbidity than is true for the lake as
a whole. For all of the remaining parameters (except for one
instance for iron and, in one instance, nickel) the average
values in Silver Bay, whether surface, middle, or botLom, are
lower or the same as in the lake as a whole. The average iron
value in June in the middle sample, while higher than that in
the lake as a whole, is far below the established standards
- 15 -
-------
1587
It is apparent that there is good agreement in the analyses for
manganese, phosphate, iron, silica, calcium, and aluminum between
the U. S. Bureau of Mines and Michigan Tech. With the exception
of the lead analysis, where the Bureau of Mines value is greater
than three times the value reported by Reserve, there is fairly
close agreement between these two laboratories on the elements
copper, nickel, zinc and chromium. However, when the data re-
ported by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and Michigan Tech is analyzed,
there are serious disagreements.
The methods for sampling and preparation of these samples for
analysis as detailed in the Bureau of Mines' report were adequate.
If the analysis of the tailings is so imprecise between various
laboratories, some doubt is cast over the significance of single
sample analyses of lake water.
If the laboratories involved in this study are using atomic
absorption spectrometers for the metals analyses, then the
detection limits as published by Perkin-Elmer for the Model 303
(without special concentration) are of interest and are as follows
Aluminum, 100^,ug/l
Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, 5/ug/l
Lead, 3 ug/1
Manganese and zinc, 2 ,ug/1
- 14 -
-------
1586
which has been published by the Analytical Reference Service of
the U. S. Public Health Service in thuir publication "Water Metals
No. 4, Study No. 30," Publication No. 999-UIH-8, issued in
1968. (5)
Inspection of Table 24 shows that precision values for the
higher concentrations are better than those for lower concentrations
of metals. The range of overall precision for the metals in this
table of the hiyher concentrations varied from 10 to 25 percent,
whereas at the lower concentrations precision varied from 28
percent to 86 percent. Such values for precision are consistent
with the standard deviations for the data on Silver Bay and on
Lake Superior.
A most revealing comparison of the precision obtained between
various laboratories contributing to this report was made in
Table 3 of the "Report on Tailings Disposal at Reserve Mining
Company's Plant, Silver Bay, Minnesota," by the U. S. Bureau of
Mines of the "Basic Studies" report. We have reproduced this
table here as Table 25.
(5) McFarren, Earl F, et al, "Water Metals No. 4, Study Number
30, Analytical Reference Service," Public Health Service,
1968.
- 13 -
-------
1585
On page 14 of the section of the report entitled, "Special Report
in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota," by the FWPCA Great
Lakes Region, there is a review of the chemical methods employed.
The metals were analyzed by polarographic techniques through 1967
and by atomic absorption since then.
Meites' , in his text "Polarographic Techniques," states that
relative errors in the order of + 2 or 3% can usually be attained
by a moderately experienced technician in the range of 1 x 10~^M
_0
to 2 x 10 M (1.1 ppm to 220 ppm of cadmium for example). He
further states that relative errors of + 10% are possible, if
interfering substances are absent or can be removed, at the O.OOlmM
(0.1 ppm) level of cadmium. The relative error can be defined
as the standard deviation times 100 divided by the mean.
ASTM Committee D-19 is currently conducting precision studies of
various metals by atomic absorption methods, but has published
(/\
only two such methods, copper and zinc. ' The results for pre-
cision are in Table 24.
Also included in Table 24 is data on aqueous atomic absorption
(3) Meites, Louis, "Polarographic Techniques," 2nd Ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, 1965.
(4) 1968 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, "Water, Atmospheric
Analysis," American Society for Testing and Materials,
(ASTM), October, 1968.
- 12 -
-------
1584
respective samples and are probably the result of manipulation
or analytical error.
SENSITIVITY AND PRECISION OF WATER QUALITY TESTS
(2)
Standard Methodsv ' states: "Precision is a measure of the
reproducibility of a method when repeated on a homogeneous
sample under controlled conditions, regardless of whether or
not the observed values are widely displaced from the true value
as a result of systematic or constant errors present throughout
the measurements. Precision can be expressed by the standard
deviation."
For all chemical analyses it is important to present precision
statements to lend additional credence to any analytical results
reported. No mention is made in the "Basic Studies" of the
accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used. One
notable exception is the portion of the report prepared by the
U. S. Bureau of Mines which does some statistical treatment of the
results.
(2) "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater," 12th Ed., APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1965.
- 11 -
-------
1583
REJECT DATA FROM JULY 1968 SILVER DAY
The extreme values in Table 19 for surface samples appear to
result from manipulative or analytical errors except possibly for
sample 2250. The latter is internally consistent insofar as
turbidity and iron are concerned, but not consistent in the
phosphorous iron relationship. The high aluminum may account
for the high turbidity, and if so, the iron analysis may actually
be in error. The latter case is in accord with the observations
on the June 1968 data.
The analysis of the values in the middle samples in Table 21 is
much the same as that for Table 19, except that 3 of 19 samples
(2251, 2257, 2339) appear to result from sampling error or
reflect discontinuities in the data when compared with the cor-
relation in Figures 1 to 8. Sample 2339 is in very shallow water
subject to local disturbance. Samples 2251 and 2257 are at the
extreme southwest end of the survey area and in relatively deep
water which is puzzling, since samples to the northeast at the
same depth show much lower values. These extreme values may result
from a local disturbance.
Of the fifteen bottom samples, six (2252, 2261, 2289, 2301, 2304,
2313) contain extreme data, some of which appears to be the result
of sampling or of discontinuities in the source. Some, such as
the phosphorous in 2252 and the turbidity in 2289, while re-
jected, appear inconsistent with the associated values in the
- 10 -
-------
1582
picture as the '66-'67 Lake Superior data in Tables 12 and 13 in
that, generally there is no apparent relation between the various
indicators, as comparison with Figures 1 through 8 will show.
Thus the extremes appear to reflect mostly manipulative and
analytical error. Of fourteen rejected middle samples, which are
shown in Table 16, all but three appear to have extremes of
analytical origin. Three samples (2061, 2073, and 2088) have an
internal consistency based on the relationship in Figures 1 through
8 that indicates either sampling error or reflects true dis-
continuities in the data source such as would occur from local
clouds of suspended matter. The location of these samples is
in accord with this latter possibility, as all three are in a
southwesterly line from Silver Bay harbor. It is important to
note, however, that these extreme values are lower than the existing
standards.
Examination of the reject bottom samples shows four that appear
to have extremes resulting from analytical error and four (2059,
2083, 2089, 2104) that reflect sample errors or local discontinui-
ties in the quality. The latter observation probably is correct
and is not surprising in view of the inherent discontinuities in
the quality of the bottom water resulting from density currents.
The extremes (as expected) exceed the values established in the
standards.
- 9 -
-------
1581
Bottom sample values, with few exceptions, do not have a normal
distribution even after square root transformation. This condition
reflects the discontinuous nature of the source where one sample
may be in the density current and the next one out of it in clear
water.
The values for cadmium and chromium were very few in number and
were not subjected to extreme value rejection but were reported
as determined on the raw data.
REJECT DATA FROM '66-'6 7_LAKE SUPERIOR
There does not appear to be any consistent relationship between
the various quality indicators in the samples containing extreme
values. If, for example, two related variables such as turbidity
and iron were both to be high in a sample rejected because of a
high iron value, a sampling error could be involved. Since generally
this does not appear to be so, the most likely explanation for
the reject values is a combination of manipulative and analytical
errors. Table 12 shows the samples containing extreme values based
on raw data examination. Table 13 based on examination in the
square root form has fewer reject values.
REJECT DATA FROM JUNE JL96J3_ Sj^LVE_R_J3AY
The surface samples, shown in Tables 14-18, present much the same
-------
1580
To produce as normal a distribution as possible in the pooled
values, and to eliminate analytical and manipulative errors,
Chauvernet's Criterion^ ' was employed. Based upon sample size,
this criterion rejects extreme values whose probability of be-
longing to the general population is less than —— , where n
is the number of samples.
As shown in Table 3, the pooled "66-'67 Lake Superior data, even
after rejection of extreme values, does not show a normal distri-
bution except for nickel. A square root transformation and re-
jection of extreme values was made with the results shown in Table
4 and 5. As will be noted in Table 4, square root transformation
produced a more normal distribution. This process also altered
slightly the means and standard deviations of the scrubbed data
since rejections in the square root transformed condition were
fewer than in the raw condition.
Examination of the averages and standard deviations of the June
and July 1968 Silver Bay data in Tables 6-11 shows, for surface
and middle samples, a normal distribution for turbidity, phospho-
rous, and cadmium, and nearly normal distributions for iron. The
remaining elements do not have a normal distribution. Square
root transformation of the data with extreme value rejection
again produced more normal distribution and slightly altered the
means and standard deviations of the scrubbed data.
(1) Chazal, Marc de, "How to Discard Invalid Measurements,"
Chem. Engr., February 13, 1967, p. 182.
— 7 _.
-------
1579
It is noted that no differences were significant in surface,
middle or bottom for turbidity and phosphorous in the "66-'67
Lake Superior data. Since no bottom flowing density currents are
expected in areas other than Silver Bay, this result is not
surprising.
The results of this analysis of variance led to the decision to
treat the Silver Bay data statistically as three populations,
surface, middle, and bottom, and to pool as one population all of
the data, surface, middle, and bottom, of the '66-'67 Lake Superior
Study.
AVERAGES AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS
The results of the sampling and analysis of the lake water
shown in the "Basic Studies" reflect not only normal manipula-
tive and analytical errors, but also normal errors in sampling.
In addition, pooling the results for the entire Lake Superior
as was done in the statistical analysis, assumes that the quality
indicators follow a normal random distribution in value and
do not reflect truly different local conditions. This latter
assumption is obviously incorrect, but the single sample at each
sampling station makes any alternative impossible if comparisons
are desired.
- 6 -
-------
1578
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The discharge of taconite tailings to Silver Day is believed to
produce a density current flowing along the bottom down the
natural slope. Changes in direction of the density current
would produce a shifting pattern of concentration in the bottom
samples. This picture leads to the conclusion that the samples
of Silver Bay, if pooled as a single population, would produce a
highly skewed distribution. Separating the samples into groups
of surface, middle, and bottom, would tend to form like popula-
tions and thus render the data more susceptible to normal treatment.
Table 1 shows the results of an analysis of variance test run
on the raw data compilation from Tables 6, 7, 18, and 19 of Section
3 of the "Basic Studies." The July data, being more complete,
demonstrates clearly that at least for turbidity, iron, and
phosphorous, the bottom data is from a different population than
the surface or middle data. Table 2, which combines surface plus
middle and compares them with the bobtom samples, simply confirms
the fact. The variance within the data for the remaining quality
indicators is too great to confirm any significant difference
between surface, middle, and bottom. This may indicate that the
source of these elements is different from the taconite tailings
which appear to constitute the major source of the turbidity,
iron and phosphorous in the bottom samples. This point will be
discussed later in connection with the ratios of selected elements
to iron.
- 5 -
-------
1577
elements to iron in the July, 1968 data, when compared to
corresponding ratios in the tailings, and in the apparent
tailings sediment from the bottom of the Silver Bay area,
demonstrate the point clearly.
Examination of the available sensitivity and precision data
shows that for the methods employed, many of the results are
below the sensitivity of the published methods. The published
precision values are of the same magnitude as the standard
deviation for the quality data in the report, and tend to confirm
that the statistically rejected extremes were largely the result
of analytical errors inherent in the methods of analysis employed.
Comparison of the quality of the water in Silver Bay and in the
lake with the existing Federal-State standards for '66-'67
Lake Superior and with the proposed standards, reveal that the
Lake Superior da La exceeds the proposed standards for turbidity,
iron, phosphorous, lead, copper, zinc, and nickel.
The Silver Bay values, even though lower than those for the
lake, exceed the proposed standards for iron, copper, zinc,
nickel, and cadmium (no cadmium values were available on the
'66-'67 Lake Superior data) . The Silver Bay surface and middle
values, however, do not exceed the present standards.
-------
1576
SUMMARY
The statistical analysis of the quality indicator data shows
that the values for turbidity, phosphorous, lead, copper, and
zinc are lower in the surface and middle samples of Silver Bay
in both June and July than in Lake Superior itself. The values
of iron for Silver Bay are higher in June but the same in July
as in the lake, while nickel is the same in June but higher in
July. Since the surface and middle samples presumably reflect
the quality of the bulk of the water in Silver Bay for the period
sampled, it appears reasonable to assert that there is no analy-
tical evidence that the taconite tailings discharged have any
significant effect on the quality of the water in Silver Bay.
Taconite tailings form a density current that flows along the
bottom of the lake. This fact is evident from the chemical
determinations on the bottom samples which show that iron,
phosphorous, and turbidity are higher in these samples than in
either the Lake Superior samples or in the surface and middle
samples from Silver Bay. It is important to note that lead,
copper, and zinc are lower in the bottom samples than in the
lake while nickel is the same.
There are apparently major sources other than the taconite
tailings for the trace elements: copper, nickel, zinc, lead,
and chromium in the Silver Bay area. The ratios of these
- 3 -
-------
1575
These tables were contained in Section 3, "Investigations by
Chicago Program Office," of the subject study.
The Lake Superior data from both the 1966 and 1967 cruises were
treated as a whole. The surface, middle, and bottom sample data
of the June and July, 1968 cruises were analyzed separately. The
averages and standard deviations were calculated and extreme
values were rejected by a statistical method known as Chauvernet's
Criterion. The Welch "t-Test" was applied to the means to determine
whether they were significantly different from each other. Since
not all of the quality indicator values had a normal distribution
after extreme value rejection, all of the raw data was transformed
to the square root form in which the distribution was normalized.
The "t-Test" was applied in this transformed condition as well.
The samples having extreme values rejected were examined carefully
to determine whether the extremes were the apparent result of
sampling or analytical errors. In addition, the respective sensi-
tivity and precision of the tests employed for water analysis were
reviewed, as these factors affect the overall variance of the data.
-------
1574
INTRODUCTION
The "Basic Studies On Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste
Disposal on Lake Superior," by the United States Department of
the Interior agencies and others, December 1968, presented
the results of a series of studies on Lake Superior, Silver Bay,
and the tailings discharge of the Reserve Mining Company. This
included the results of chemical analysis of samples of water
collected from Lake Superior and from Silver Bay during several
survey cruises made for this purpose.
The water quality data contained in the subject report was
analyzed statistically, as will be described, to determine the
significance of quality indicator variations that were observed.
Particular attention has been paid in this report to determination
of the significant differences for each of the important quality
indicators between the Silver Bay area and Lake Superior as a
whole. Specifically, the quality data examined were shown in
Table 6 Chemical Determinations
Sample Source: Lake Superior
Study Period: 10/17-11/6/66
Table 7 Chemical Determinations
Sample Source: Lake Superior - Cruise 2
Study Period: May and June, 1967
Table 18 Chemical Determinations
Sample Source: Silver Bay - Lake Superior
Study Period: 6/17-20/68
Table 19 Chemical Determinations
Sample Source: Silver Bay - Lake Superior
Study Period: 7/15-19/68
-------
1573
21. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, July 1968, Silver Bay, Middle
22. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, July 1968, Silver Bay, Bottom
23. Samples Containing Extreme Values After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection by Chauvernet's Criterion, July
1968, Silver Bay, Bottom
24. Precision of Atomic Absorption Methods for Metals in Water
25. Comparison of Average Sample Results by Laboratories (U.S.
Bureau of Mines Report)
26. Welch t-Test Analysis, June, July, 1968, Silver Bay, vs.
"66-'67 Lake Superior
27. Welch t-Test Analysis, June, July, 1968, Silver Bay, vs.
'66-'67 Lake Superior, Extreme Square Root Values Rejected
by Chauvernet's Criterion
28. Ratios of Elements, Averages and Standard Deviations, "66-
'67 Lake Superior, July 1968, Silver Bay
29. Average Ratios of Elements to Iron in Selected Samples
30. Average Value Water Quality Indicators, Silver Bay, and
Lake Superior vs. Water Quality Criteria for Lake Superior
Open Waters
II. LIST OF FIGURES
1. Iron vs. Turbidity, '66-'67 Lake Superior
2. Iron vs. Turbidity, June 1968 Silver Bay
3. Iron vs. Turbidity, July 1968 Silver Bay
4. Aluminum vs. Turbidity, June 1968 Silver Bay
5. Aluminum Vs. Turbidity, July 1968 Silver Bay
6. Phosphorous vs. Iron, '66-'67 Lake Superior
7. Phosphorous vs. Iron, June 1968 Silver Bay
8. Phosphorous vs. Iron, July 1968 Silver Bay
III. PROFESSIONAL RESUME OF J. K. Rice
-------
1572
6. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Rejection of Extreme
Values, June 1968, Silver Bay
1. Averages and Standard Deviations of Square Roots After Trans-
formation and Rejection of Extreme Values, June 1968, Silver
Bay
8. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection of Extreme Values, June 1968, Silver
Bay
9. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Rejection of Extreme
Values, July 1968, Silver Bay
10. Averages and Standard Deviations of Square Roots After Trans-
formation and Rejection of Extreme Values, July 1968, Silver
Bay
11. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection of Extreme Values, July 1968, Silver
Bay
12. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, '66-'67 Lake Superior
13. Samples Containing Extreme Values After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection by Chauvernet's Criterion, '66-'67
Lake Superior
14. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, June 1968, Silver Bay, Surface
15. Samples Containing Extreme Values After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection by Chauvernet's Criterion, June 1968,
Silver Bay, Surface
16. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, June 1968, Silver Bay, Middle
17. Samples Containing Extreme Values After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection by Chauvernet's Criterion, June 1968,
Middle and Bottom
18. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, June 1968, Silver Bay, Bottom
19. Samples Containing Extreme Values Rejected by Chauvernet's
Criterion, July 1968, Silver Bay, Surface
20. Samples Containing Extreme Values After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection by Chauvernet's Criterion, July 1968,
Silver Bay, Surface and Middle
-------
1571
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Summary 3
Analysis of Variance 5
Average and Standard Deviations , 6
Reject Data from '66-'67 Lake Superior 8
Reject Data from June 1968 Silver Bay 8
Reject Data from July 1968 Silver Bay 10
Sensitivity and Precision of Water Quality Tests 11
Welch t-Test Results 15
Element Ratios 16
Silver Bay Water Quality 17
Graphical Relationships 19
APPENDIX
I. LIST OF TABLES
1. Analysis of Variance - Surface, Middle, Bottom, June, July,
1968, Silver Bay, and '66-'67 Lake Superior
2. Analysis of Variance - Surface plus Middle vs. Bottom, June,
July, 1968, Silver Bay, and "66-'67 Lake Superior
3. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Rejection of Extreme
Values, "66-"67 Lake Superior
4. Averages and Standard Deviations of Square Roots after
Transformation and Rejection of Extreme Values, '66-'67
Lake Superior
5. Averages and Standard Deviations, After Square Root Trans-
formation and Rejection of Extreme Values, '66-'67 Lake
Superior
-------
1570
CYRUS WM.
AND COM°AiVY
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
OF THE
CHEMICAL DETERMINATIONS DATA
IN THE
"BASIC STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS OF TACONITE WASTE DISPOSAL
IN LAKE SUPERIOR"
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
AGENCIES AND OTHERS
DECEMBER, 1968
PREPARED FOR
RESERVE MINING COMPANY
SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA
BY
CYRUS WM. RICE AND COMPANY
15 NOBLE AVENUE
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
J;. K. Rice, P.E.
-------
-------
1568
James K. Rice
than taconite tailings for the copper, nickel, zinc, lead, and
chromium in Silver Bay samples.
MR- DOMINICK: You mentioned that Silver Bay surface
and mid-depth analyses were considered in your report. Did you
consider any bottom samples?
MR. RICE: Yes, sir, I did, in the surface, mid-depth
samples, and bottom samples were all considered separately in the
treatment, and the original analysis of the various steps as covered
in the report shows that the bottom samples are a distinctly different
population of data.
Then we maintain this separate treatment. This difference
is expected in view of the fact, and the fact confirms it turns on the
bottomo
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any other questions?
(No response«, )
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Rice.
MR. RICE: I would like to have the report "Basic
Studies on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake
Superior," which was prepared by Cyrus Wm. Rice £» Company, made a
part of the record.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be done.
(The above-mentioned report follows.)
-------
1567
James K, Rice
I have shown in Slide 3 the precision for one commonly
employed atomic absorption method for several of the trace metals.
This data was taken from Analytical Reference Service, U.S. Public
Health Service, 1968, Note that in the concentration range of 0,010
mg/1 the precision varies from 25 to 90 percent of the average
quality data such as we are discussing just from normal analytical
error. The standard deviation of the chemical determination data
in the report thus reflects the variance from the analytical
procedure as well as true variation in the values of the indicators„
Based on this and other considerations, the extreme
values found for many of the quality indicators appear to be the
result of normal analytical errors.
I have summed up the results of my analysis of the data
in the table in Slide 4, Here the average values for the various
water quality indicators are shown, as well as the values of the
present and proposed criteria for Lake Superior open waters.
Note that Silver Bay surface and middle values do not
exceed the present standards. Note also that the values for Lake
Superior exceed the proposed criteria for turbidity, iron, phosphorus,
lead, copper, zinc, and nickel.
In conclusion, I wish to once again point out that
Silver Bay surface and middle values do not exceed the present
standards, and in comparison with Lake Superior, Silver Bay's are
lower in turbidity, for phosphorus, lead, copper, and zinc.
The data also shows that there are major sources other
-------
1566
James K. Rice
Since the surface and middle samples presumably reflect
the quality of the bulk of the water in Silver Bay for the period
sampled, it is reasonable to assert that there is no chemical,
analytical evidence that the taconite tailings discharged have any
significant effect on the quality of water in Silver Bay»
One approach to examining the data in Silver Bay was
to calculate the ratios of the trace metals to iron as found in the
tailings, the apparent tailings sediments, and the natural sediments
from the bottom of the Silver Bay area and in the water samples from
the surface, middle and bottom of Silver Bay«
Slide 2 shows the results of this approach. Note that
in general there are no significant differences in the ratios between
tailings and the tailing sediments indicating no selective fractiona-
tion. The ratios in the water samples, however, are a thousandfold
higher. In my opinion, this large difference can only mean that
there are major sources other than taconite tailings for the copper,
nickel,zinc, lead, and chromium found in the water of Silver Bay.
Chemical determinations always reflect normal errors in
sampling and in analysis itself. Each type of test has its own
sensitivity as well. Thus it is expected that results vary over a
range of values, even when the true value, if it were known, is
constant. The only mention in the subject reports of the methods of
analysis employed is that polarigraphic methods were used in obtaining
the 1966-1967 trace metal data, while atomic absorption methods
were used for the 1968 data.
The exact atomic absorption method is not specified,
nor is its sensitivity or its precision.
-------
1565
James K0 Rice
surface and middle data in Silver Bay were significantly different
from the bottom. This fact supported a decision to treat the Silver
Bay data in the separate groups -- surface, mid and bottom -- rather
than combine them into a single pool of data. This finding was
consistent with the presence of a density current along the bottom.
The same analysis applied to the Lake Superior data of
1966-1967, however, showed, as might be expected, no significant
differences between surface, mid-depth and bottom, so that I pooled
this data and treated it as a single group for comparison purposes.
A comparison of the data from Silver Bay was made versus
the data from Lake Superior as a whole in order to determine whether
each of the quality indicators, the trace elements, were higher, the
same, or lower in Silver Bay versus the lake. This comparison is
obviously important as it can indicate whether the taconite tailings
are influencing in any detectable way the quality of the lake water
as found in Silver Bay.
The results of such a comparison are shown in the first
slide. My analysis showed conclusively that the values for
turbidity, phosphorus, lead, copper, and zinc are lower in the surface
and mid-depth samples of Silver Bay in both June and July than in
Lake Superior itself. As expected, the bottom sample values from
Silver Bay show iron and turbidity higher than either the surface
and middle of the lake.
It is interesting to note that in spite of the presence
of tailings in the bottom samples, lead, copper and zinc are lower
than in the lake as a whole. Note that the values for iron are higher
in June, but the same in July for Silver Bay vs. the lake while the
values for nickel are just the reverse.
-------
1564
James K. Rice
gentlemen:
My name is James K. Rice, Consulting Professional
Engineer. I am President of Cyrus Wm. Rice &. Co. of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
We are a firm specializing in water management. I have
22 years of experience in measuring and controlling quality of water
for various uses and for discharge to streams and lakes.
I was appointed by Secretary Udall as Chairman of the
National Technical Advisory Committee, Subcommittee for Industrial Supplies,
one of five advisory subcommittees, whose combined reports worked up the
publication "Quality of Water*" FWPCA.
I am a consultant to Reserve Mining Company. In this
capacity I have examined carefully and made an analysis of the
chemical determinations found in Section 3 by its Chicago Program
office of the report, "Investigation of the Distribution of Taconite
Tailings in Lake Superior," USDI, FWPCA, Great Lakes Regional
Office, October 1968. These data were collected on Lake Superior
during 1966-1967 and on Silver Bay in June and July of 1968.
The statistical procedures employed by me in my analysis
of the data are documented in my report. Suffice it to say that
the procedures were standard ones applicable to chemical determination
data, and they enabled me to draw conclusions that I believe are
entirely supportable.
The chemical determination data on the quality of water
in Silver Bay and in Lake Superior were obtained from surface, mid-
depth, and bottom samples. A statistical procedure known as analysis
of variance was applied to these groups of data and showed that the
"'Water Quality Criteria
-------
1561-1563
James K, Rice
MR. BADALICH: Mr,. Chairman, I believe this covers the
presentation of Minnesota and the written statements I have received.
At this time I call upon Mr. Ed Fride who will complete
the presentation for Reserve Mining.
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any other public witnesses
in the room who would like to testify? If so, would you please come
to the front table and we will take your name.
(No response,)
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Fride.
MR. FRIDE: Mr0 Commissioner, we have two witnesses
whom we will call to complete the presentation of Reserve Mining
Company.
The first is James K. Rice. Mr. Rice has degrees
in chemical engineering. He is the President of the Cyrus Wm. Rice
Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is one of the Nation's
leading water quality research organizations.
Mr. Rice has contributed a great deal of scientific
literature and has come to many seminars of monitoring. In 1967 he
was honored to be the Chairman of the National Technical Advisory
Committee on Water Quality for Industry.
Mr. Rice.
STATEMENT OF JAMES K. RICE, PRESIDENT,
CYRUS WM. RICE S COMPANY, PITTSBURGH,
PENNSYLVANIA
MR. RICE: Mr. Commissioner, conferees, ladies and
-------
1560
Duluth Conservation Committee
mankind with all the forces at our disposal« We cannot, and will
not wait until tomorrow to attack problems before us today.
-------
1559
Duluth Conservation Committee
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency to help clean up the St. Louis
River. However, the five-year timetable allowed by the agency
before the treatment;plants are placed in operation, is unrealistic.
Presumably, other industries which are found guilty
of polluting our waters in future years, also will be given five-
year schedules before halting undesirable practices.
We can no longer wait five years to stop the degradation
of our water.
People of this region have a veritable gem in Lake
Superior, The lake will prove so valuable to the very existence of
this region that its future worth is directly related to its purity.
We residents, who are the working men and women in
this beautiful and rich region, have the ability and responsibility
to preserve the unsurpassed natural beauty in our corner of the
world. On the other hand, we can ignore all warnings, and maybe
someday we can see a giant oil slick or some other form of
industrial catastrophe because we believed it when a selfish
industry talked about the jobs and money and ignored those of us
who were talking about environment, pollution, and the future of
mankind.
Organized labor, as most of you know, has been in the
forefront of fights since its inception. We have attacked our
enemies with vigor in the past, and we will continue to fight as
doggedly today for causes that are good and just to the working
men and women.
We, as union people, are convinced that Lake Superior
has pollution problems. We are determined to fight this enemy of
-------
1558
Duluth Conservation Committee
We have heard the emotional, illogical explanation of
a company fighting for its profitable life.
The concerning thing is what appears to be a dragging of
feet by State Legislatures and Congress, when it come to pollution
control. Doesn't the voice of the voter count anymore? Is the voice
of business and industry the only voice left?
One of our legislators recently was quoted in the daily
press as saying "The truth is that not very much is really known
about Lake Superior pollution." He also said "My position has always
been you've got to find out more about the causes and effects of
pollution. You've got to know more scientifically about what's
happening in the lake before you can figure out how to cope with
pollution, regardless of what the law is or how good your intentions
are."
The same legislator said the Stoddard Report just con-
fused everybody. "It was completely false," he said.
Delegates, we submit that a study undertaken so exten-
sively could not be completely false by any stretch of the imagina-
tion. This report, pardon our expression, resulted in getting many
people off their dead legs and into action which resulted in this
conference today.
While we realize that the primary reasons for this
conference are to determine the effects of taconite tailings in
Lake Superior, and to prescribe corrective measures, we submit that
we cannot ignore the existence of many other sources of pollution
in the lake.
We were gratified to learn early this year that two
major industries in Cloquet had reached an agreement with the
-------
1557
Duluth Conservation Committee
an algal bloom and a summer stink that rises from the river for
miles below the metropolis." These are quotations from The
President's Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty, in its 1968
report.
Delegates to this conference, may we remind you that
we are well aware of the water pollution problems confronting our
heavily industrialized areas in the East.
Our purpose here today is to emphasize our deep and
continuing concern for something that for all too long has been
taken for granted by too many of our area residuaSrj.
Some of this concern has no doubt been prompted by
local and national publicity about dying lakes, but probably has
received its greatest impetus from the fact that on many lakes--
pollution- -can be seen by anyone who cares to open his eyes.
Much has been said and written about water pollution
in our region, with emphasis on Lake Superior, and the streams and
rivers that are its tributaries„ Some sense has been made, and
also some nonsense.
Much of the controversy centers around a document
issued by the U0S0 Department of Interior. Most of us here today
have heard of or read about the Stoddard report, and of the
controversy that erupted when it was first made available to the
press.
It was natural that the Reserve Mining Co. reaction
was negative, and a vigorous denial of any wrong doing followed
the release. In all sincerity we can't fault these people too
greatly because they're doing what they do best--making money.
-------
1J56
Duluth Conservation Committee
STATEMENT TO THE LAKE SUPERIOR WATER POLLUTION CONFERENCE
By the Conservation Committee
Duluth AFL-CIO Central Body
Concerned delegates to this historic Lake Superior
Water Pollution Conference. We represent organized labor in the
Duluth Area. We, as members of the Duluth AFL-CIO Central Body's
conservation committee, have for many years been deeply concerned
with water pollution in our region. The emphasis today is on Lake
Superior. And well it should be for our purest water, we believe,
is gravely threatened.
To our many visiting officials from Washington, we say
welcome to our fair city and would like to call their attention to
a few quotations from an article in the Minnesota Engineer issue
of March 9, 1969.
It's title is simple, "Of Time and The River" and reads
as follows:
"Its waters are so clear, we could see the bottom in
several fathoms." (It is fed with) "many sweet rivers and springs"
(and filled with) otters, beavers, martins, luswarts, and sables,"
(and fish so thick that) "we attempted to catch them with a frying
pan." "Neither better fish, more plenty or variety, had any of us
ever seen in one place." These are quotations from Captain, John
Smith on his first view of the Potomac River, in 1607.
"As the Potomac slowly flows through the Nation's
capital, its load of silt, filth, and acid from the farms, mills,
and mines blends with discharge from overloaded sewers to nourish
-------
1555
We also raise tneso questions oecauco we have considered taa posslDillty of «x
norriolc jnista{fe in walcn millions of dollaro, if tno Coripauy cxione to spend tncin/
could oe wasted for no good reason, come or vuicn, at least cculd ta spent for tno
Way useful purposes our area needs BO badly, fiuch as eonools and additional employee
benefits .
We firmly believe tnat Reserve Mining Company employees and tue people or Minnesota
deserve ttu rlgnt of a complete and unbiased Gearing on tue one sole issue stipulated -
"Does tne depositing of tnese grindings oy Reserve Mining Company harm lake Supsrioc1",
and that the hearing not be clouded with other matters under consideration, such as
dumping of raw sewage, garbage and chemicals.
We are concerned that if this above procedure is not provided, it may resemble
an. odd, court procedure that would bring two accused individuals into the court and
the guilt of one would automatically convict the other. Our courts do not operate this
way, neither do we believe that any issue bo handled in this manner.
We recommend that all opinions and Judgments be withheld until such tima that thia
•» .
.matter be clarified on the basis of facts in procedures as stated.
We further recommend that opinions and Judgments on this matter not involve other
unrelated matters wren all mining companies that must te. carried to resolution.
Sierra E. Peterson, Director
United Steelvcrkers of America
.
Monsoii, Staff Representative
Nick KrmpolTich, SW^T Reprcncntative
Campbell, Staff "Mprcooi-itatJlve
Quctin, Staff RoproDc
-------
1554
TO THE CONFEREES-.
Recent publicity and articles probably based on a premature, and as we understand,
an unofficial report by an individual of the Department of Interior, have indicated that
Reserve Mining Company's by-product of ground rock has a serious effect en Lake Superior.
We write this article only on the basis that a concluoion on & major issue as this
carmot be, and should not be reached until such time that due processes which afford all
concerned parties ample opportunity to present witnesses and evidence.
He feel that unfounded statements concerning what SOJK individuals may for their ovm
particular purposes label as pollution, can arouse public opinion to the extent that
demands can be nade on a governamental body to the extent that a cease order could be given,
which could have serious reprieussions on the future welfare of cany people and qoramanitiea,
We agree with programs that will serve to eliminate actual pollution of the water
and air, but cannot agree until undisputed evidence is forthcoming that these grlndingo
do pollute*
Some people on the Kesabi Range mistakenly identify the taconlte grindings with the
tailings euch as come out of the hematitie ore wash plants. These hematite ore tailings
do contain soft, sticky paint rock and other materials that do not exist in taqonite
grindings,
Soma people would have us believe that there never had teen Federal and State hearings
prior to someone giving Reserve the go-ahead on the present method of depositing these
grindingo. This is not true. Extensive hearings before Federal and State Agencies were
held in 19^7 and at later dates. Testimony of independent expert witnesses was taken end
the same questions were raised as are being raised now. At the conclusion of these hearings
Reserve was granted permission to proceed with the present method of depositing the grindings.
8009 alternatives have been tossed about, one of which is to deposit the grindings
Inland froEi Silver Bay, We wonder if some vho claim to be conservationist!* have
considered this alternative which would take up a lare gy.ea, including trout streams
and lakes, aud that the deposits would cover over this area as against the present method
which places the material in lake depths up to 900 feet, which lake bottom could never be
used even by fish.
-------
UNITED STEELWORKERS of AMERICA (AFL-CIO) 1553
Loco! 5296
SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA
May 13, 1969
ion: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
We of -^he T3hited~3teelwdrk:ers at silver Bay have'r truest ed
permission to apealc at "this time. We will not present any
scientific faota or data because, lifce many of us here today,
I doubt that \ite could properly evaluate it.
We do, however, believe that the employees of Reserve Mining
Company have .lore at stake here today than any other single
group oi people. 351ft een years of our lives and all of the
material things which we possess are in the Silver Bay area.
The faot is, whether we like it or not, Silver Bay is a
one industry town. Beserve Mining Company is our industry -
the only one we have and when you have only one industry you
can't stand silent and let somebody destroy it without a good
reason.
Ue are not opposed to a scientific study of laice Superior
or of the rock which is discharged from the plant. liessrve has
probably been studied and restudied more than Jill other areas
of Lake superior put together. There was an extensive s*udy
in the late 1940' s before iteserve was allowed to build and
again in 1960 before the plant expansion, wfe have to assume
tha* the people who naade the studies were honest, sincere and
qualifier Kow a most extensive s*udy has been completed and
up *o this point v/e h^ve not had •''he official woifl tha*- the
-aconite discharge is huving ^he efi'ect on fh€» lake th^4" some
people :/ould have us to believe, people we might ~add, who have
not been milling to wait for the completed reports by *he
d be "satisfied to clear away *h© debris of politics
and S6ntimeii'''-ality 'which have tended to crowd scientific da*- a'
and research in*o the bacicground,
,
-------
1552
United Steelworkers of America (AFL-CIO)
MR. BADALICH: And I have two statements from the
United Steelworkers of America, Local 5296, AFL-CIO, Silver Bay,
Minnesota; and one from the Conservation Committe, Duluth AFL-CIO
Central Body.
(The above-mentioned statements follow.)
-------
1551
-2-
During a long life ti.ne I have seen nature at work
in thousands of lakes in our area which have rock bound
shores and the water and waves against the rocks and sand
on the shore pulverize it into fines that eventually settle
on the bottom of these lakes—-and without doing any harm to
the aquatic and fish life. This is no different in what is
happening at Reserve.
We urge this group to tread carefully and not create
a bad business climate for other industry that might be in-
terested in our area, such as the copper-nickel industry.
Taconite has given us payrolls. This is what we want--
not relief rolls such as we experienced in this area prior
to the taconite era.
Sincerely. "~NI
. ^
•TjVc-O -A J-
Jacob L. Pete
-------
1550
TESTIMONY PREPARED FOR THE
LAKE SUPERIOR WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
SPONSORED BY THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Kay 13, 1959
Hotel Duluth
f'ly name is Jacob L. Pete, address 3 West Chapman Street,
Ely, Minnesota. I have lived in this lake-country for almost
three quarters of a century. I have served as the Saint Louis
County Commissioner for 16 years and have been very active in
civic and conservation work all my life.
I am alarmed at the unwarranted and unjustified publicity
Reserve "/lining Company has received fro.m sources and reports
prematurely issued and have since been proven a misrepresen-
tation of tha facts.
Reserve ."ining Company, one of our largest employers,
pioneered the taconite industry in the State of Minnesota and
it is through their successful efforts that uue have today a
total investment in taconite plants in excess of ons billion
dollars in Northeastern Minnesota.
Both State and Federal Governments have approved Reserve
Mining Company's water permits and disposing excess rock
material in Lake Superior. It was after these permits were
granted that Reserve Mining Company in good faith invested some
350 million dollars in the future of this area.
It is my belief that after listening to the experts, pro
and con, that there is no evidence that Reserve Mining Company
is polluting Lake Superior. They are being unjustly critized
and I am fearful that this adverse publicity will put its opera-
tion in jeopardy.
-------
1549
J. L. Pete
MR. BADALICH: A statement from Mr0 Jacob L<, Pete of
Ely, Minnesota.
(The above-mentioned statement follows,,)
-------
1548
- 2 -
open and constructive point of view";
3. Previous evidence produced from Federal and
State agencies studies indicated that Reserve Mining
Company was not violating State or Federal standards
for water quality nor damaging fish life in Lake
Superior; and
4. A great deal of unnecessary and prejudicial
publicity has been given because of the publication of
such a working draft as if it were an official report of
the Department of the Interior;
THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Committee recommends
to the Board of Directors of the Association that any ac-
tion that might be taken as a result of the publication
of this "Report" be delayed or held in abeyance until the
final findings of the Federal-State conference scheduled
for May 13, 19^9 can be studied and appraised by this
Committee."
The motion was seconded by Ed Jankowski and unanimously
approved by the Committee.
* * * *
-------
1547
CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
MINNESOTA ARRO'.-liSAD ASSOCIATION
Meeting Held Wednesday, 2-5-69
(To the Attention of the Executive Corimittee)
A motion vas made by John Wernham as follows:
"The Conservation Committee expresses its concern over the
recent publicity regarding a "Report" prepared by a former
-member of the U, S. Department of the Interior purporting
to establish that Reserve Xining Company is harming the
purity and beneficial uses of Lake Superior.
"In view of the facts that:
1. The Assistant Secretary and head of the Water
Pollution Control Administration of the Department of
the Interior has said that the paper was merely a working
draft that had not been approved by that Department, con-
tains errors, and vas not an official report of that De-
partment;
2. Stewart L. Udall, the retiring Secretary of the
Interior, has called a Federal-State conference on May
13, 19^9f which he stated was to be "exploratory and
fact-finding in nature" with respect to alleged pollution
in Lake Superior and stated that the conference should be
not entered into with "preconceived opinions, but with an
-------
1546
-2-
However, in view of the gravity of this hearing we wish to make record
to this Commission regarding the experience of the M. A. A, with the operation of
the Reserve plant at Silver Bay. Our organization promotes and deems as one of
the regions greatest assets our pure and crystal clear waters. We recognize the
tremendous value this God given resource is to this area. We could not possibly
promote or countenance any industry in our area who endangered or destroyed this
great asset. For the past ten years the Association has watched the activities of
the Reserve plant at Silver Bay and counted this industrial marvel as a great addi-
tion to our area. At no time have we had anything but the highest regard for the
operation of this plant and the care and concern shown by their management in the
treatment of the waters of Lake Superior. Our Association has not to this date
been in receipt of any evidence produced from local or state agencies indicating
that Reserve was in violation of State or Federal standards for water quality or
for damaging fish life in Lake Superior.
The plant at Silver Bay is one of the North Shores and this areas out-
standing tourist attractions. During the summer up to 1800 visitors a day witness
the taconite processing from the Company observation stands. Far from being a de-
triment to the North Shore, the plant is an outstanding asset. Their use of the
Lake has provoked no objections from visitors on spoiling the beauty of the lake.
In developing an area as widely diversified as Minnesota's Arrowhead
country, we must consider all possible assets, industrial development, agriculture
and recreation. We consider the taconite operations to be not only a vital economic
asset to Northeastern Minnesota, but also an aesthetic tourist attraction as well.
MINNESOTA ARROWHEAD ASSOCIATION
President
-------
1545
MINNESOTA ARROWHEAD ASSOCIATION
Federal Water Pollution Control Hearing
Duluth, Minnesota
May 13, 1969
Gentlemen;
This statement regarding the Reserve Mining Company plant at Silver Bay,
Minnesota and how it effects the tourist industry in this area is made on behalf of
the Minnesota Arrowhead Association who sincerely appreciates the opportunity to
appear at this conference today,
The M. A. A. is in its Vjth year of continuous operation. It is the
oldest regional association in the State of Minnesota and one of the three oldest
in the nation. It enjoys a reputation as one of the nations outstanding tourist
promotional groups. Its membership is made up of over 51 member organization repre-
senting in excess of 15,000 associate members in the 12-county area of Northeastern
Minnesota. Although its primary function is one of promoting the tourist industry
it also concerns itself with the commercial and industrial economy of the area. The
opinions and positions of its membership therefore on area issues reflects this ex-
tremely broad base of support. The Association has over the past 45 years involved
itself with the major issues confronting Northeastern Minnesota. Its tenure and its
strength today speak for the position it has gained in the eyes of the citizens of
Northeastern Minnesota.
It is now greatly concerned and deeply interested in the subject under
discussion at this conference. On February 5th of this year its Executive Committee
passed a resolution which stated that any decision by the Association regarding the
possible pollution of Lake Superior by the Reserve Mining Company be withheld until
the findings of this conference were determined. We have not changed our position
in this regard and we do await and will abide by decision of the experts on this
matter. A copy of our resolution is attached to this statement.
-------
1544
Minnesota Arrowhead Association
also are proud that we are not a so-called "company town". Reserve
does not own our stores, our homes, or run our government. Lest
anyone think otherwise, I might point out that our duly elected
mayor -- the Honorable Frank Scheuring -- works for Erie Mining
Company, not Reserve!
Nevertheless, we feel a close bond of kinship with
Reserveo There has always been a spirit of friendly, helpful.
cooperation between the community and the company,, It is a historical
fact that Silver Bay did not exist before Reserve Mining Company,,
It is an equally obvious fact that Silver Bay could not exist with-
out Reservee We are, therefore, intimately concerned about the
future of Reserve -- with which our own individual futures are so
closely related.
Thank you.
MR. BADALICH: I have a statement from the Minnesota
Arrowhead Association.
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1543
Vernon Larson
and security of the people of this community whose very livelihoods
depend on the continued operations of Reserve Mining Company.
The Chamber is made up of individual, independent business-
men who have invested their money and lives in the good faith that
Silver Bay will continue to grow and prosper. Any curtailment of
Reserve's ability to operate -- produce and ship iron ore pellets
from Silver Bay -- would directly affect the welfare of our people.
Before Reserve began construction of its plant in 1951
the area had only one person per square mile. There was no community,,
Silver Bay was merely a name on a mariner's chart,, Today, it is a
modern, planned community of about 4,800 persons. From a wilderness
area there has been carved out a beautiful, thriving community of
nearly 900 homes, chruches, three of the ±inest schools in the State
of Minnesota, and many other fine institutions.
We take pride in our past accomplishments and look
forward to future progress confidently. Our citizens left other
areas to build new lives as well as a new town. Recently, they
passed a bond issue for construction of a new municipal building.
The Chamber and the community in general have worked actively to
establish a fine recreation program for adults and young people alike.
We have developed and recently improved a municipal airport which
can accommodate twin-engine aircraft on its 3,200-foot paved runway.
We currently are planning to develop a marina on the North Shore of
Lake Superior at Silver Bay.
Silver Bay has grown from infancy over the past few
years into a well-established self-governing community. Although we
are proud of our title as the "Taconite Capital of the World," we
-------
1542
Vernon Larson
Jerry Foster, President
Midway Park Community Club
528 Summit Avenue
Proctor, Minnesota 55810
MR. BADALICH: A statement of Vernon Larson, President
of Silver Bay Chamber of Commerce.
STATEMENT OF VERNON LARSON, PRESIDENT,
SILVER BAY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
MR, LARSON: My name is Vernon Larson. I am a resident
of Silver Bay where I am employed as an insurance agent. I appear
today as the President of the Silver Bay Chamber of Commerce.
The Silver Bay Chamber, like our entire community, is
alarmed and concerned about recent statements and charges against
Reserve Mining Company's use of Lake Superior. We feel that many
unfounded accusations have caused the general public to form an
adverse opinion of this industry's use of the lake. We also feel
that these charges have, in some cases, been premature and unfairly
made in advance of this Federal conference. We sincerely hope that
the issue will be considered on the basis of the facts in an impartial
atmosphere without emotional judgements.
As a Chamber of Commerce we do not claim to be experts
on water pollution and we do not pretend to make any determination
as to whether Reserve Mining Company is or is not polluting Lake
Superior. We are, however, qualified to judge what is good for
the people of Silver Bay. We can speak as experts on the welfare
-------
1541
J. R. Foster
natural resources for the use of our children and grandchildren and
their children and grandchildren and mobilize all of our forces to
solve the problem, and act accordingly,,
MR. BADALICH: A statement from Mr, Jerry Foster,
President of the Midway Park Community Club of Proctor, Minnesota.
STATEMENT OF JERRY R. FOSTER, PRESIDENT,
MIDWAY PARK COMMUNITY CLUB, PROCTOR,
MINNESOTA
MR. FOSTER:
The Midway Park Community Club in regular assembly does
declare:
WHEREAS: Our community is a user of Lake Superior water
and
WHEREAS: As a civic organization we are concerned in
maintaining clean water and air
WHEREAS: We realize that pollution of air and streams
deprive both us and posterity of our rightful heritage of bountiful,
clean streams and air and
WHEREAS: We address this resolution particularly to
the U0 S. Department of the Interior hearings in Duluth, May 13, 1969,
and to other kindred organizations having like concern now:
THEREFORE: This assembly of citizens do direct that
responsible, expeditious action be implemented to attain and insure
antipollution measures«
-------
1540
R.J. Hargrove
bad as ever and the piles o± sludge to the North of the Plant
appeared larger than ever. Those who tried fishing in the Spirit
Lake Area have advised me that there is no fish life to speak of in
the area,,
I realize that there are plans being developed to seek
to control this specific pollution problem. The Government Publica-
tion entitled "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior
Basin" published by the U. S» Department of the Interior in April
1969, reports this at page 59 under "Status of Industrial Waste
Discharges" that: the U. S. Steel Corporation, Duluth Works, is to
complete its pollution control system by December 18, 1971. According
to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency the following is the schedule
for the Steel Plant for providing adequate treatment facilities:
!„ Engineering Report --June 18, 1969
2. Construction Plans --December 18, 1969
3. Contracts Awarded --April 18, 1971
4. Construction Completed --December 18, 1971
Now I am pleased that such a program is being developed.
I hope that when completed, that it is adequate to control the
problem. However, I am wondering if we are not following a "too
little and too late" policy. I am wondering if we can afford to
drag our feet on this problem.
If America was suddenly attacked by a foreign power
similar to the attack on Pearl Harbor, this Nation would at once
moblilize all its resources and manpower to repel the enemy. While
the pollution of our waters and air and our environu^'ivc may no L
appear as dramatic as an armed conflict, it is very real and it may
have more far-reaching effects than any war. I believe we should
look upon it as a war--as a war to save our precious waters and
-------
1539
R.J. Hargrave
"2. The refuse dumped into the river by the Steel Plant
includes:
"1) The acid used to wash the scale from the steel„
"2) Oil and oil products used in the lubrication of
machines.
"3) The scale from the steel (the men at the plant call
this 'slag').
"4) The refuse from the toilets/ and
"5) All kinds of miscellaneous waste products,,"
I understand that my statement disturbed some of the
officials at the Morgan Park Plant of the United States Steel Cor-
poration at the time,, Their first reaction was a statement by the
General Superintendent of the Morgan Park Plant was that "Hargrave
didn't know what he was talking about--that there was no pollution
at the plant." But it was interesting to note that the next day the
Company purchased copies of the aerial photographs taken at my
direction which clearly showed the large accumulations of "sludge"
being dumped by the company into the river, and which I had introduced
into evidence at the April 26, 1967, hearing. I was also pleased to
read in the Duluth Tribune about two weeks later that the Steel Plant
at Morgan Park had obtained a permit from the Minnesota Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to build a temporary settling pond of about
10 acres in area and about 6 feet deep, to try to somewhat control
the problem, and that it was expected to be in operation by the fall
of 1967.
Perhaps the Morgan Park Steel Plant is doing something
to abate its water pollution activities, but the results are not apparent
as yet. The water is not fit for human use — last fall it smelled as
-------
1538
R.Jo Hargrove
materially changed since then, and secondly, to remind you that the
pollution problem in Lake Superior is not limited to the Silver Bay
area. We do not have to travel 75 miles up the North Shore to find
water pollution. Here is the gist of what I said on April 26, 1967:
"I THINK I CAN SAY WITHOUT FEAR OF CONTRADICTION THAT
THE WATER IN THE SPIRIT LAKE AREA OF THE ST. LOUIS RIVER DOES NOT
MEET THESE STANDARDS ( i.e. good quality industrial which is also
fit for swimming and fish life) AT"THE PRESENT TIME:
"1. It is common knowledge that the water in the Spirit
Lake area is not fit for bathing or swimming--and ±s not being used
as 3uch» The water is dirty, muddy foul-smelling, and few, if any
would even think about swimming there.
"20 It is also a matter of common knowledge that the
water in the Spirit Lake area is too polluted for fish. The Old
Timers will tell you that years ago the Spirit Lake area was one of
the finest 'wall-eye' fishing areas in the river. But that is not
true today—there are none or few fish in the area, and if there are
any, they would not be fit for human consumptions
"IT CAN ALSO BE STATED WITHOUT FEAR OF CONTRADICTION THAT
THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION IS THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES BEING
DUMPED INTO THE RIVER BY THE MORGAN PARK WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES
STEEL CORPORATION.
I have made inquiries among employees of the Steel Plant
to determine exactly what the Steel Plant is dumping into the River,
and I am told that:
"lo The Steel Plant dumps all of its refuse and waste
products into the river except certain slag by-products which are
used by the Cement Plant in making cement.
-------
1537
R. J. Hargrave
a tendency on the part of many to single out Reserve Mining Company
as the one which is polluting Lake Superior. I am not here to defend
Reserve Mining Company, nor to even comment on whether or not the
dumping of taconite tailings into the lake is contaminating the lake.
I have not studied the problem, nor am I competent to pass judgment.
I must admit that I can somewhat sympathize with the situation that
Reserve Mining Company has gotten itself into. For if Reserve is
indeed polluting our lake, it is only the latest company to start
doing so. So let us look at the over-all problem and seek permanent
solutions. It is perhaps a little unfair to single out one company
(the newest one) as a scapegoat and forget the Morgan Park Steel
Plant who has been dumping its refuse into St. Louis River since
it built the plant during World War I. I do not believe that the
fact that it has been dumping its refuse into the St. Louis River
for over 50 years gives the U. S. Steel Corporation any "Grandfathers
Rights" to continue to do so, while we direct our fire against
Reserve Mining Company.
I now wish to get specific and direct my remarks to one
source of water pollution in one area of the Great Lakes region --
that part of the St. Louis River -- St. Louis Bay which is referred
to as the SPIRIT LAKE AREA, that is, the part of St. Louis River
opposite Morgan Park, Gary and Riverside in Duluth0
On April 26, 1967, I appeared before the State Water
Pollution Control Commission hearing held here in Duluth, which was
called for the purpose of determining WATER-USE STANDARDS, I would
like to summarize what I said then for two reasons -- First because
the situation as to the quality of the water in this area has not
-------
1536
R. J. Hargrove
and I am advised that other contries throughout the world are
having similar problems -- it is not something confined to the
United States. Recently I was reading in Newsweek that Russia is
having similar problems and that the people in many areas of that
country are furious at the National Government for allowing State-
owned industries to pollute water supplies. So Apparently water
pollution is no respecter of ideological frontiers. AND it has
become a problem of such proportions that unless checked, it may
eventually threaten human life.
THREE: That there is no need for such pollution --
that science and technology has provided us with the technical know-
how for controlling water pollution. We have the means at our
disposal -- all we need is the WILL to insist on the sollution of
the problem.
FOUR: That in seeking to control water pollution, we
need not, and I do not believe that there is any intent to destroy
or shut down any one industry. I have been at several water pollu-
tion meetings in recent months where I heard misguided persons claim
that in trying to save our precious waters like Lake Superior from
further pollution we are in effect trying to drive some industries
out of business. Nothing is further from the truth and to make
such claims is a disservice to both industry and the cause of
pollution control. I believe that the intent of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act is to establish an environment where both
industry and human beings can live in a healthy environment -- to
achieve a balance between human health and industrial development.
In recent water pollution control meetings I have noted
-------
35
R. J o Hargrave
and that the fish life had been largely destroyed. What the FWPCA
Report has done is to confirm what we already knew and helped
crystalize public opinion in support of action to control water
pollution. As such it has made a great contribution to the cause
of clean water and saving Lake Superior from becoming another
Lake Erie.
Perhaps a few generalizations on the subject are in
order:
FIRST: as Congressman Blatnik stated at the opening
session, water pollution control is divided into two phases -- the
policy phase which relates to the making of the political decision
as to whether or not we should try to control the pollution of our
waters, and the implementation stage, which involves the carrying
out of the policy decisions to control pollution by means of the
scientific and engineering techniques at our disposal. AND as
the Congressman also stated, the political decision has been made --
the passage of the Water Pollution Control Act and its gradual
strengthening by amendment, and the passage of similar laws by
State Government and the creation of State Water Pollution Control
Commissions like we have in Minnesota, is evidence of this decision.
Now we are moving to the action stage -- the doing what is necessary
to stop pollution.
SECOND: The making of this political decision was late
in coming -- the water pollution control problem has been developing
for many many years, contaminating our waters, destroying our wild-
life, and making human environment less healthy on a national scale.
It has become a major problem in virtually every State in the Union,
-------
1534
R. J. Margrave
MR. BADALICH: A statement from Mr. Roger J. Hargrave,
from Duluth, Minnesota„
STATEMENT OF ROGER J. HARGRAVE, MORGAN
PARK AREA, DULUTH, MINNESOTA
MR. HARGRAVE: Mr. Chairman, Congressman Blatnik,
distinguished conferees, friends:
My name is Roger J0 Hargrave, and I am an Attorney at
Law who resides in Morgan Park here in Duluth, an area which is in
the shadow of and directly affected by an industry which has done
much to pollute St. Louis River and Lake Superior, namely, the
Duluth Works owned by the United States Steel Corporation located in
Morgan Park. I am a member of several conservation and other con-
cerned groups concerned with the problem of water and air pollution,
but I speak for none of them today„ I prefer to appear before you
today as a Committee of one -- as a Morgan Park Homeowner and as a
citizen who has had a continuing interest in the control of water and
air pollution for many yearse As a Committee of one I do not have
to worry about the opinions of other members of the organizations,
but can speak my mind exactly as I see it«
Let me begin by saying that it would appear from my
limited contact with local people -- the Duluth Public -- that a,
vast majority applaud the Federal Water Pollution Control Commission's
Report. In fact, most of us were aware that the St. Louis River
and the Duluth Harbor was a polluted cesspool long before the report -•
that most of this water area became unfit for swimming years ago,
-------
1533
-2-
is a good company. Their interest is in people. I'Je feel
that the adverse publicity given them on this pollution
matter has been unjust and unfair and are fearful that it
might jeopardize the taconite industry in this area.
Ule have many vacationing travelers that come to Ely
after taking the scenic North Shore Drive. Many call their
visit to the Reserve Mining Company taconite plant on the
North Shore at Silver Say one of the highlights of their
trip. We get many compliments and as yet have never received
a complaint on the Reserve operation on the North Shore.
We are fearful that the unjust publicity on pollution
given Reserve fining Company through unofficial sources will
create a bad busings climate for other industry to locate
here; specifically, the copper-nickel industry that is at
the present time considering locating here.
Ule urge you to move carefully, slowly, get all the facts.
Industry and government should work together, there is no
problem so great that can not be settled around a conference
table peacefully and with mutual understanding.
(Sincerely^
' i '
} '\<
^Vw ^ -^
Buccowich
-------
1532
STATEWENT PREPARED FOR THE
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
AT THE HEARING IN HOTEL DULUTH
May 13, 1969
tfy name is John Buccouuich. I am manager of the Ely
Chamber of Commarce and have lived in this area all my life.
I have seen the mining of the high grade ores come and go
and witnessed the development of taconite over the years.
The taconite industry has been the backbons of our
economy since the three underground mines in Ely closed
during the past few years.
We have had the misfortune of losing the underground
mining industry in our community because of the depletion
of high grade ores. Since this has happened fortunately
600 people from Ely were able to get jobs in Babbitt with
Reserve Mining Company. These people work in Babbitt and
live in Ely, have their homes in Ely. This year-round em-
ployment with Reserve Dining Company means payrolls for
families and an opportunity to livs in the community that
they are raised in and want to be part of. As you know the
mine at Babbitt furnishes the taconite for the Reserve Wining
Company processing plant at Silver Say.
We ask you to do everything in your power to see that
Reserve Mining Company is given fair and equitable treatment--
that decisions are made on facts and not emotions. Reserve
-------
1531
John Buccowlch
MR. BADALICH: A statement from Mr. John Buccowich,
manager of the Ely Chamber of Commerce.
STATEMENT OF JOHN BUCCOWICH, MANAGER,
ELY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ELY, MINNESOTA
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1530
-2-
trout in Laks Superior. This happened long before Reserve
Dining Company started operation on the Morth Shore. Trout
on the North Shore are nox1 coming back because a real effort
was made by Federal and State authorities to clean out the
lamphray and to restock our lake with fish. This is real
progress and I am confident that our trout fishing, as well
as Coho fishing in Lake Superior in a few years -.yill be a
real tourist attraction.
We ask that you continue to study and keep the lake
under surveillance. If this is done we can be assured of
the continued beauty of the lake for recreational purposes
as well as for industrial purposes. 'Xe need them both.
Sincerely,
G. F. Kratoska
-------
1529
A STATEMENT PREPARED FOR THE
LAKE SUPERIOR WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
SPONSORED 3Y THE
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
HOTEL DULUTH - MAY 13, 1969
My name is G. F. Kratoska, Trout Lake Lodge, Grand Marais,
Minnesota. I make these statements representing the Cook County
Civic Association, which I have been Executive Secretary of for
many years.
We have a keen interest in Lake Superior. We know the
aesthetic recreational values and appreciate the God given
beauty of Lake Superior. We do not want the lake harmed and
want the clean water to remain. We also know and appreciate
the important part Reserve Mining Company plant on the shore
of Lake Superior is playing in the economy of Northeastern
Minnesota and the North Shore
In my many years of participation in civic and conserva-
tion programs for the development of our tourist industry in
this area and having a lot of personal contact with the vaca-
tioning traveler, I have never received any complaints that
Reserve Mining Company was polluting the lake, but on the
contrary received many fine compliments on the wonderful tourist
attraction the plant is on the Morth Shore not only from
the taconite heritage, but its educational value as wall.
To my knowledge the tailings being disposed of in the lake
do not harm fish or aquatic life. To be realistic, it has
been our observation that ths lamphrey and other predators
have harmed the fish life and effected the deep sea fishing for
-------
1528
G. F. Kratoska
MR. BADALICH: I have a statement from Mr. G. F.
Kratoska of the Trout Lake Lodge, Grand Marais, Minnesota0
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1527
Mr. John P. Badalick -2- May 7, 1969
"The fine particles are carried on over the beach by the fast-flowing water
and the heavy density current action takes over. The sandy water goes to the
bottom and flows along the bottom until it reaches a 1200 foot trough, which
is a few miles from shore and is many miles long.
"The settling of the sand is almost instantaneous. Water samples taken only
a few feet away from the tailings outflow had a turbidity of something less
than 4-parts per million. All other samples taken in the latest study made
at depths of 2, 20, 625, and 725 feet from various distances in the 3-square
mile area indicated a turbidity of from .15 to .22-parts per million.
"Health officers and medical people have testified that the turbidity of
samplings found in the lake in front of the plant site, whether they might
be caused by tailings or clays washed in by rivers, has no health significance
whatever.
"These turbidity studies made at least twice each year offer further evidence
that taconite plants in Minnesota should be located on the shores of Lake
Superior. The Emergency Committee has advocated such policy from the very
outset of this industrial development.
"Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water in the world, reaching
depths of more than 1300 feet. Taconite beneficiation requires an immense
amount of water. The Reserve plant at Silver Bay, operating seven days a
week on a 24-hour schedule, utilizes 175,000 gallons of water per minute.
By using Lake Superior water, the corporation is not taxing the State's
ground water supply, nor utilizing water from our lakes and streams.
"Our inland lakes as receptacles for tailings would soon fill up, and tailings
deposited on land surfaces can become unsightly nuisances and fill the air
with large volumes of fine dust particles.
"In our estimation, the taconite plant at Silver Bay, from a conservation
standpoint, is an asset. It is not befouling the air we breathe nor
polluting the water we drink. It is not disturbing the scenic wild character
of the region. It is doing its utmost to tune in with Nature."
MINNESOTA EMERGENCY
CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
'- —V <> - >
0. L. Kaupanger, Secretary
OLKrcb
-------
CHARLES U, HORN CHAIRMAN
2700 FOSHAY TO'VER
MINNEAPOLIS. MINN
1526
*, SECRETAI
OLIN U. KAUPANGER, SECRETARY
MOUND, MINN.
MINNESOTA
EMERGENCY CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
Z700 FOSHAY TOWER
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55402
May 7, 1969
Mr. John P. Badalick
Executive Director
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware Street S. E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Dear Mr. Badalick:
I very much regret my inability to attend the important Lake Superior
water hearing to be held at Duluth on May 13. Due to illness it is
impossible for me to be present.
At your suggestion I am including a statement of the Minnesota Emergency
Conservation Committee which I would like to be introduced into the
record of said hearing:
"Lake Superior water is the same good water it has always been. Taconite
tailings which have been flowing into the lake from the Reserve Mining
Company plant at Silver Bay since 1955 have not altered water conditions.
"Duluth, Two Harbors, and other north shore communities are still using
it for domestic purposes—unfiltered. They have been measuring turbidity
in the water for more than 20 years and their records reveal there is no
difference in the water today than there was prior to 1955.
"As for fishermen and the fishing industry, biologists of the State
Department of Conservation have found no evidence for any claim that
fishing has been adversely affected by tailings.
"These things we believe to be factual truisms after having observed the
extensive studies made of the water taken from samples drawn off at various
depths and of the bottom in a 3-square mile area abutting the tailings
launder,
"The tailings from the plant, sand from the concentration process, are
carried into the lake by water. The coarse particles, because of their
weight, settle immediately, forming a sand beach. It can be seen in a
small area directly in front of the plant. The delta is firm, retaining
more than 50 per cent of the tailings that have been discharged since 1955.
-------
1525
0. Le Kaupanger
MR. BADALICH: A statement from the Minnesota
Emergency Conservation Committee, signed by Mr. 0. L0 Kaupanger.
(The above-mentioned statement follows,,)
-------
1524
Edwin Ritchie
MR. BADALICH: I have another letter from Mr. Edwin
Ritchie, Secretary, Encampment Forest Association.
(The above-mentioned letter follows.)
EDWIN W. RITCHIE
9O SOUTH SIXTH STREET
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 554O2
May 7, 1969
To: Department of Interior Water Pollution
Enforcement Conference
Gentlemen:
The worsening condition of Lake Superior waters is
a matter of serious concern to members of the
Encampment Forest Association, which holds approxi-
mately two miles of shoreline on the North Shore
some seven miles east of Two Harbors. In our area
we have noticed increased cloudiness of the water.
Of great importance to us is the effect of pollution
on lake ecology. We oppose lake pollution, whether
from industrial, municipal or private sources.
Our organization of fifty families has owned the
property some forty-five years. We have seen many
changes over the years. However, until the last
few years we could count on pure lake water. This
is not true any more. We strongly support all
effective measures to keep Lake Superior clean.
Secretary,
Encampment Forest Association
EWR:mea
-------
1523
Jair.es H. filler
13026 West 3rd. St.
Duluth, Minnesota 55808
April 28, 1969
State of Minnesota
i'.i^nesota Pollution Control Agency
Minnesota Depto of Health Building
University Campus
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Gentlemen;
Sence 181?, when John Jacob Astor started the trading post in
i-'ond-Du-Laco The St. Louis river has been used for boating*
fishing, or swimming. It is now setting so that it is hardly
fit for boating, dating fish caught in the river is impossible.
I have been boating on the St. Louis river for about 15
years* The ride from Fond-Du-Lac to lake Superior is a very
breath-taking ride, on a summy day or a warm evening. The last
couple of years. The river has been getting more and nore cover-
ed with a grease foam. Almost every morning early, we can see
large patches of this foam coming down the river. One time last
summer, down river from the dan. The foam was high enough to
come over the side of a canoe.
The cities and state doesn't seem to have any trouble in
passing laws, witch make the home owners put in septic tanks or
the boat owners refrain from using toilets open to the lakes or
rivers. V.'hen it comes to industry, the law makers drag their feet*
And inforceraent is nill. I there for urge the people from the
state of Minnesota to rise up loud and clear. So that our repres-
entives in St« Paul 0,nd Washington can hear us. And that they see
to it, that industry is also made to toe the line. Once again we
could use the St. Louis river, as a means of fishing, swimming or
boating.
Even if the river, was cleaned, up to day. The bottom of the
river is covered with a heavy layer of wood product waste. It
would still take a lon~ time to make it fit to use.
Sincerely Yours
-------
1522
James R. Miller
MR. BADALICH: I have a statement from Mr, James R0
Miller of Duluth, Minnesota, speaking as an individual„
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
AGcHCY
R. hiller
13026 West 3rd. St.
'jDuluth, Minnesota.
28, 1969
John P. Badalich
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Minneapolis, kinnesota
Dear Sir;
On not beinp; sure if I can attend the meeting of May 13th, In Duluth<
Am enclosing a written statement, witch I would like presented.
Thank you.
Sincerely Yours
-------
MINNESOTA
1521
MEMBER UNITED STATES JAYCEES V JUNIOR CHAMBER INT ERNATIONA'
GRIGG5 MIDWAY BUILDING 1821 UNIVERSITY AVENUE ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 55104
STATEMENT TO BE READ INTO THE RECORD OF A
CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR AND
TRIBUTARY AREAS, TUESDAY, MAY 13, 1969, AT
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
By Bob Dunbar, President, Minnesota Jaycees
Gentlemen:
My statement will be brief. The Minnesota Jaycees
meeting at St. Cloud, Minnesota, on March 15 of this year
made environmental pollution control a major program area
for 1969-1970. It is for this reason that I wish to make
a statement.
Being strongly interested in environmental pollution
control, I am concerned over any possible threat to the
present high quality of the waters of Lake Superior.
For this reason, I wsLcome the opportunity this conference
offers to bring together members of private industry and
local, state and federal governmental agencies to discuss
this matter. Following this conference, the Minnesota
Jaycees will support a joint effort by these groups to
protect and enhance the water quality of Lake Superior
for generations to come.
BOB DUNBAR
PRESIDENT, MINNESOTA JAYCEES
Entered into the record
behalf of Bb Dunbar
C. Grounds
State Chairman for
Environmental Pollution Control
HCG/Jg
SERVING OVER 180 MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES
-------
William LaFrance 152°
Robert Dunbar
MR. BADALICH: I would like to call Mr. William
LaFrance, representing the Pickands Mather E» Co.
STATEMENT OF WILLIAM LA FRANCE,
PICKANDS MATHER & COMPANY
MR. LA FRANCE: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I am William LaFrance of Pickands Mather £>• Co., which
is the managing agent of Erie Mining Company.
I have just a very brief statement of clairfication.
It appears that there is an inconsistency in Appendix A of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration report of April 1969.
Specifically, on Page 59, Lake Superior is shown as the place of
discharge for the pneumatic ash system of the Erie Mining Company,
Taconite Harbor plant. We would like to point out that ash from
the plant is not discharged into the lake, but rather that the ash
from the plant is deposited on land located away from the lake. --
shore„
I make this statement merely to clarify the record.
MR» BADALICH: I sould like to introduce for the record
written statements that were sent to me to be intoduced. I would
like to read these off and so introduce them. I have a statement
from Mr. Robert Dunbar, President of the Minnesota Jaycees.
(The above-mentioned letter follows.)
-------
1519
Kenneth Johnson
MR. JOHNSON: The resolution is attached.
(The above-mentioned resolution follows.)
MINNESOTA
•IV
"T. PAUL, f.'sr-JN, 35102
WHEREASI
WHEREAS;
WHEREAS:
OF LABOR
Pollution of Lake Superior is already far advanced; and
It would be much cheaper to-halt pollution now than restore
the water purity later; and
There is a proposal under consideration to discharge radio-
active wastes into the major source of drinking water of the
Twin Cities;
THE MINNESOTA AFL-CIO PROPOSES TOTAL PROHIBITION OF DISCHARGE
OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES AT ALL TIMES UNDER ALL CONDITIONS FROM
LIQUID OR GASEOUS SOURCES;
WE SUPPORT ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND STRONG
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES;
WE SUPPORT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS GOVERNING
THE RELEASE OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE;
AND, WE OPPOSE TAX BENEFITS TO INDUSTRY FOR COSTS OF CONTROLLING
WATER AND AIR POLLUTION IN ITS OWN OPERATIONS.
-------
1518
Kenneth Johnson
Wiesinger, Eighth District Vice-President, 202 Insanti Street,
Duluth, Minnesota.
(The above-mentioned letter follows.)
May 8, 1969
Mr» Joe Wiesinger
8th District Vice President
202 Isanti Street
Duluth9 Minnesota 55803
Dear Joe,
Because of the activities of the officers of the Federation
at the State Legislature, we will be unable to attend the
conference on pollution in Duluth.
Would you, as the Vice President of the 8th District of the
Minnesota AFL-CIO, present this resolution on behalf of the
Minnesota AFL-CIO?
Fraternally
MINNESJ^A AFL-CIO FEDERATION OF LABOR
David K. Roes President
DKR:b
enc«
-------
1517
Kenneth Johnson
Lake Superior has a future,
50 That this conference has the ability to set a
precedence, to correct past mistakes and give the people something
more than a public relations effort. This conference can illuminate
the idea that conservation is the foundation upon which a better
society may be built„ This conference can be a positive move toward
a society which can co-exist with the natural environment in an
too frequently characterized by destruction.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Lake Superior does not represent a readily
recoverable resource and that it is a unique body of water belonging
to all the people of the United States. Therefore the regulatory
agencies concerned should insure that the private and public users
of this water discharge their duty to the community rather than
their effluents.
2. Based on a study of the Department of Interior
Report of April 1969, we believe that the dumping of Taconite tailings
and other pollutnets mentioned in the report constitute a threat to
a priceless resource and that the State of Minnesota has grounds to
revoke the permit granted to the taconite facilities on 18 Dec. 1948„
Further that we would favor the spending of public monies for a
disposal system if no other way can be found.
MR. JOHNSON: Mr0 Chairman, I would at this time request
permission to read a very brief letter and a very brief resolution
for inclusion into the record of this conference.
MR0 DOMINICK: Very well.
MR. JOHNSON: The letter is addressed to Mr, Joe
-------
1516
Kenneth Johnson
allow us to solve some of our more pressing social problems. The
failure to bring about economic reform which will make capitalism
or socialism compatable with conservation will be costly and perhaps
suicidal! Production will not cease, but rather the removal of
wastes and the disposal of unwanted refuse must be given equal
priority by our economic planners,
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. We believe that philosophies, ideas and concepts
supported by factual investigations have been translated into
political movements, and that such movements have written the laws
and furnished the framework for the direction of a society.
Conservation is such a movement whose appeal must and will be
translated into votes and public decisions.
2. That present practices sanctioned by economic theory
and legal support have often resulted in a form of environmental
brinkmanship. The defense of past pollution control practices,
theory and dogma is justified only if they can be shown to have
worked. We believe that they have not. We cannot return to
yesterday, but neither can we use yesterday's methods to slow down
the pace of today's problems.
3. Without a philosophical base from which to argue
and a commitment to a vision based upon choices made today the facts
presented will prove inadequate to decide the questions before you.
Indeed the studies now and in the future will reveal that the lake
is polluted and another resource will be a memory.
4. We represent the age group which will inherit the
natural resources of the country and we would like to assure that
-------
1515
Kenneth Johnson
ECONOMICS AND POLLUTION
We are a species which decides the fate of our resources
by their ability or lack of ability to earn the currency of the day.
Resources which took billions of years to create are appropriated
for profit and governed by the laws of economics. Professor Heller
has warned us (The Godkin Lectures) that pollution coslrs and the
loss of resources should be reflected in the calculation of the
GNP, and that the failure to do so is a serious mistake. The
environment has not benefited from the idea that growth and progress
are synonomous. Many arguments have been advanced to convince us
that pollution is economically justified or necessary. We urge you to
reject such a short—term view because it superimposes economic and
political considerations over environmental requirements. We
believe that a more rational economic direction is needed.
There are alternatives to our dilemma. As an expanding
and aging system we must develop our production and consumer ori-
ented economy into more of a decomposer and waste management society.
We must concentrate private and government investments in the field
of waste management. Decomposition should be developed as an
industry as sophisticated as the production end, and it must be done
quickly. Such an emphasis on the disposal of the products of the
present economy would provide a stable area for investment and
employment for the duration of the species. It will still be
possible to generate consumer demand which will be more rational and
benefit more people because they will be based on a stable economy
and a sound environment.
A stable environment and a decomposition technology will
-------
1514
Kenneth Johnson
is growing and that it represents a major problem,
Mr. Fall speaks of a war --a war which has generated
much pro and con, and has presented us with a disturbing visual
result -- the dead and wounded. Heretofore any arguments advanced
to make that reality more palatable have been unable to relieve the
burden of the senses. We hope the same mistake will not be made
regarding environmental quality and that we are learning from our
experience. Today the evidence of pollution is more and more evident
and the concensus grows that something must be done. Yet how ironic
and frequently do we hear the disclaimers, "We are for clean water,
but we don't pollute it," or we need more facts, it costs too much
and if all else fails then we get a myriad of legal arguments and
techniques. As with the rationalizations for the dead, the ration-
alizations offered by the polluter for the degraded environment
have not abated public concern because the same senses which can
count the dead can see the dirty water and smell the contaminates!.
It is no wonder that public relations and other disciplines based
on language are sometimes such poor remedies for the senses«
We believe that the viability of a people and their
society is a function of its ability to deal with the realities
around it. Pollution is a threatning reality and if our society and
its government cannot alter that reality, unless the senses can
be appeased, and we can point to a cleaner environment then all the
hearings you may conduct, all the statements you make, all the
profits earned and all the laws written will not make a sound
society.
-------
1513
Kenneth Johnson
decision, that is nevertheless a value judgement. We submit that
the decision to dump something in this or any other lake is also a
value judgement not strictly supported by any scientific doctrine
or ecological principles. In the past that judgement has gone
unchallenged because the political and economic environments were
suitable to the despoliation of our natural environment. We submit
that the decision to dump is a flagrant value judgement because it
runs counter to much of our accumulated knowledge about the biosphere,
is dangerous to the species or at least will require a monumental
change and adjustment in the quality of life.
We think it better to live with the environment as it
is now constituted because it has and does work. We have no
guarantee that the gigantic changes being wrought in the environment
will meet with success. In fact the evidence grows that this is not
the case.
POLLUTION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
The following is a quote from the late Bernard Fall's
Two Viet-Nam's. "Officials concerned with the problem were now
caught in the iron logic of their own argument: They could-not
assert that everything was fine in Viet-Nam and at the same time, ask
for higher appropriations and more military and security experts to
combat the rising guerrilla threat....In other words, there is very
little evidence that the West has learned anything at all in more
than two decades." Whether you agree with that statement or not it
describes something which is all too common today. Officials, often
untrained in the area in question, assure us that everything is fine.
Yet recent studies and the visible evidence indicate that pollution
-------
1512
Kenneth Johnson
the deadly rivers and lakes and ultimately the "water wars" resulting
from population pressure and the failure to practice sound techniques.
These problems have their origin in the lack of or an erroneous
philosophy. It is in this context that we wish to call your
attention to the fact that the disposition of our resources is a
philosophical as well as a factual matter.
To speak of conservation requires a definition. We
believe that conservation is the preservation of natural ecological
relationships between habitat and species. Water is unique in that
it serves as a link between the living and the dead. It is exchanged
continuously between species and habitat in several of the cycles
studied by the scientist. The practical and philosophical problem
is whether man is to preserve his natural relationships and
whether he is to survive in an environment which will allow him to
forsake the plastic bubble existence of a distant planet or such an
existence here on earth. We suspect that technology will make
existence possible almost anywhere and under most conditions.
We may be able to manufacture our water metabolically and insulate
the species from his own wastes. Human life will survive, but this
raises the question of whether such existence is to be desired. We
must ask whether man will co-exist with the natural forces that
created him or will he seek to dominate or dictate to them? We
believe that your decision on the questions before you requires a
choice -- a choice which is not strictly dictated by the facts at
hand, but depends on your answer to the questions raised above.
If you decide for co-existence, and much of the
biological evidence gathered to date indicates that to be a wise
-------
1511
Kenneth Johnson
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. BADALICH: I would like to call upon Mr. William
Nauha of Two Harbors, Minnesota.
(No response.)
Next would be Mr. Kenneth Johnson of Minneapolis on
behalf of the Students for Environmental Defense.
STATEMENT OF KENNETH JOHNSON, STUDENTS
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE (SED), MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
MR. JOHNSON: Some of the points that I am going to
cover have already been pretty well covered, so I will try to keep
my presentation as short as possible.
Recently on the campus of the University of Minnesota
a student group numbering some one hundred people was formed. I
represent that organization today because of our interest in
environmental problems and a special concern for the quality of
the environment which will be passed to us. We would like to make
some general remarks concerning conservationist philosophy and
then summarize our position..
PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Life has evolved in water and with few exceptions it
can not be separated from this solvent. The dilemma of maintaining
this and other resources in a realistic condition introduces contra-
dicting philosophies, economic theories and value systems. In the
background speeding the decision is the expanding population. We
can already see or envision the barren lands, population evacuations,
-------
1510
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-------
1509
Mrs. Alan Bruce
The skilled people, the skilled men, the men who
know how to fish, are rapidly passing from this area. Fishing
is a very skilled industry and would take years of hard work by
a young man and would require a lot of apprenticeship to be able
to do this work. This I am trying to point out, these different
factors are reasons why the commerical fishing is not a major
factor in the taconite disposal field.
I am happy that my two sons don't have to do the hard
work, the danger and the uncertainties that I encountered in
this occupation, before Reserve Mining Company ever built its
plant.
In conclusion I am wondering, after listening to all
this testimony, why the people outside of the area are so con-
cerned about putting out the fire in our kitchen stove when
their house at home relatively is on fore from a pollution
standpoint.
Thank you very much. (Applause.)
MR. BADALICH: Next I will call upon Mr. /Man Bruce,
President of the North Shore Camp, Inc.
STATEMENT OF MRS. ALAN BRUCE, NORTH SHORE
CAMP, INC., MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
MRS, BRUCE: We switched gender, I am Mrs. Alan Bruce,
I am presenting this statement from the North Shore Camp, Incc
(The above-mentioned statement was read and follows*)
-------
1508
A Lorntson
colored water from the Lake Superior-Duluth area to an area just
east of Two Harbors. On May 11 there was two patches of green
water just off the French River Hatchery.
I do believe that the impact of the^nin-tng industry
on the fishing industry is of a minor consequence. However,
this condition existed prior to the Reserve Mining Company
operation at Silver Bay. This also was brought out by commercial
fishermen in the hearings held back in 1947. This would occur
after heavy storms or sometime in late winter for no particular
reason. This condition could exist to such an extent that the
lake would take on a greenish color when viewed from the shore„
For instance, on April 21, 1969, I observed a very decided green
color from Duluth to Two Harbors, but this color declined in
intensity from this point east as I drove up the shore toward
Beaver Bay. This band of green water extended out into the lake
for more than a mile from shore0
I believe the impact that the mining industry has on
commercial fishing is of minor consequence.
Commercial fishing has been so severely regulated by
the cause of sport fishing that it is not surviving« Isle
Royale, Michigan, and the area in and near Bayfield and Cornucopia,
Wisconsin, are examples.
The herring market is very limited and, except for
herring fillets, will never sustain the heavy fishing of the
thirties and forties. The market for animal food for the fishing
industry is a thing of the past because the mink farms on the
North Shore have all but disappeared.
-------
1507
A. Lorntson
There has been a very decided decline in the herring
and trout population over the last 20 years. This is true all
over Lake Superior and is not just a local matter. The decline
in lake trout was in direct relation to the introduction of deep-
sea lamprey. The herring declined with the increasing abundance
of smelt. I can see no reason why this decline could be
attributed to tailings disposal in the lake„
The North Shore of Lake Superior is not the natural
spawning ground for fish. There is only a very narrow band of
water shallow enough for fish to spawn in. The bottom is
generally boulders and rock not suitable for fish spawning,, This
fact was brought out by commercial fishermen in the hearings held
in 1947 when Reserve Mining sought permission to put tailings
into Lake Superior at Silver Bay.
The unanswered problem that has arisen here today, I
would just like to kick it around a little bit, and that is the
sac fry of lake trout can be affected by taconite tailings. I
believe this could happen in a laboratory, but I can't con-
ceivably see how that taconite tailings could go up in a stream
where the sac fry exist. This does not exist in Lake Superior.
Cloudy water or high turbidity does cause the herring
to move away from shore. This is most noticeable in the spring
of the year when the North Shore streams carry a heavy load of
sediment. Cloudy water, too, can happen after heavy storms and
sometimes it happens in late winter, but for no particular reason
at all. On April 21 of this year, 1969, I was coming from Duluth
and at that time there was a very, very heavy body of green-
-------
1506
E. Biggins
There are perhaps other reasons why a tailings basin
should not be built. We are not experts on water quality, nor
are we qualified to determine whether there is a pollution
problem posed by Reserve Mining Company's operations with respect
to Lake Superior. As residents of this region for some years,
however, we do know that we do not want to see this beautiful and
historic area despoiled and inundated beneath a vast man-made
pond which will become a lasting monument to unfounded panic and
ill-advised expediency.
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. BADALICH: Thank you, Mr. Biggins.
Next I would like to call upon Mr. Arthur Lorntson
of Beaver Bay, Minnesota.
STATEMENT OF ARTHUR LORNTSON, BEAVER
BAY, MINNESOTA
MR. LORNTSON: I am Arthur Lorntson. I have been a
long-time or life-long resident of Beaver Bay, Minnesota. For
a number of years I was the Mayor of this village. I am 71 years
old. I was engaged in commercial fishing for most of my lifetime,
and my father was a commercial fisherman before me.
Considerable discussion has arisen about the effect
of taconite tailings disposal in Lake Superior and its possible
effect on the fishing industry„ I don't believe it has any
material adverse effect.
-------
1505
E. Biggins
be necessary,, Lax Lake and the Beaver River are popular fishing
waters and their setting in nearly pristine woodlands is attrac-
tive both to local residents and visiting tourists.
Much of the property in question is privately owned
for year-round residences and summer homes„ Other lands in the
vicinity are conservation lands owned by the State of Minnesota.
This region should be preserved for the enjoyment of future
generations, not destroyed by a series of dams behind which
tailings-laden water would reach alarming depth. Not only would
these lands be permanently and irretrievably lost but the sur-
rounding forests, smaller lakes and steams would be constantly
imperiled by possible dam rupture.
Since drainage from the region's natural watershed is
into the proposed tailings basin area, flash floods would be a
constant danger. During periods of heavy rain, runoff water from
the reservoir behind the dams would be drawn off. This water,
with the finest tailings in it, would have to go into the Beaver
River which, in turn, flows into Lake Superior. Therefore,
nothing would be gained by adopting a tailings pond except destruc-
tion of valuable recreational, residential, and conservation
lands and waters„
Also the present Lax Lake road, Lake County Highway
No, 4, is undergoing extensive improvement, including widening
and resurfacing, to meet the demands of increased traffic. If
the proposed tailings basin is adopted, this highway would have
to be relocated at great expense.
-------
1504
E. Biggins
deposit its tailings into a diked impoundment which would
obliterate our homes, property, and the surrounding woodlands„
We are not convinced that a tailings pond is neces-
sary. We have seen no evidence that Reserve's present tailings
disposal method is in any way harmful to Lake Superior. We have
seen nothing to indicate that tailings have killed fish or other
aquatic life\ caused material discoloration or harmed the lake
as a source of pure drinking water. We feel, in fact, that the
present method of tailings disposal is the only safe and sensible
method available to Reserve.
There seems to be no valid reason, therefore, why an
alternative method such as a diked tailings pond should be
adopted at the expense of thousands of acres of beautiful resi-
dential and recreational lands and waters. In this age of
national concern for environmental control, the proposal appears
to us to be unthinkable.
Our homes and property are on the shores of Lax Lake
and the surrounding -rea. We live here by choice. We would not
want our homes taken from us and be forced to establish new homes
in less desirable locations. Particularly, we would not want
to live in Silver Bay or Beaver Bay in the shadow of a huge dam
which might burst and pour millions of tons of water into these
communities.
The proposed tailings basin would completely destroy
Lax Lake and the surrounding forests and streams. The east
branch of the Beaver River would, for practical purposes, cease
to exist and rerouting of the course of the Beaver itself might
-------
1503
Walter Sve
and the plant, and also between the local people and the new
people who have come in and who don't know what the lake looked
like before—because there has been them who question you on
it--they feel that we ought to up and just close down Reserve.
And this is not the case. We need industry and we need Reserve
Mining here, but I feel we can have industry and also have clean
water, and this should be taken into consideration. They have
different methods of doing it, and I sure hope that Reserve
Mining will do the right thing and make a good environment here
for everybody.
Thank you. (Applause.)
Mr. Chairman, my statement was turned in yesterday
along with the Save Lake Superior Association statement.
MR0 DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Sve. That was a very
excellent statement. I had an opportunity to eat lunch with
your father this afternoon and hear something about your fishing
and I am very glad that you did testify.
Thank you.
MR. BADALICH: Next I would like to call upon Mr.
Earl Biggins of Silver Bay, Minnesota.
STATEMENT OF EARL BIGGINS, LAX LAKE
AREA, MINNESOTA
MR. BIGGINS: As residents of the Lax Lake area near
Silver Bay, Minnesota, we are seriously concerned about news-
paper reports that Reserve Mining Company might be required to
-------
1502
Walter Sve
My dad had three big boats. You could troll around
these reefs. You could troll the boat and look around the
bottom and look for lake trout. Today you can't do that; you
can't see that far. These tailings have certainly done a lot
of harm. Before, we had this coloration of the water from the
streams in the spring or after a real heavy rainfall, but this
was a brown discoloration in the water and this settled out with-
in a few days after a heavy rain or in the spring. You would
have it for maybe 2 or 3 weeks and this settled out, and this
did not extend out from shore very far.
This grade of discoloration in the water now--what
looks green from the reflection in the sky--is a mighty long ways.
When I had those nets out there in 1964, 7 miles off the shore,
I figured it was 7 miles off because I have a 28 hp. motor and
my boat goes 18 to 19 miles per hour and it took me 19 minutes
to get out to my nets. When this dirty water was out on these
nets, I ran out half an hour from shore, not after my nets, and
I never did get out of this discolored water. It extends out
a mighty long ways, but that is due to the current.
East of the plant the water is clear out there and
it should be clear southwest of the plant also.
With this, gentlemen, I guess that is about all I
have to say for now but I sure hope thct Reserve Mining will
take this all into consideration and dc something about this
pollution problem, because it would make a much better feeling
between the local people that have lived here all of their lives
-------
1501
Walter Sve
I have a friend over in Cornucopia, Wisconsin,
who is dependent on the fishing. His name is Albert Premlin,
and he has noticed this great discoloration of water over
there and seen it on nets, real fine silt, and he is very much
concerned. He feels it is definitely taconite tailings and he
is concerned about his livelihood. All the fishermen who are
southwest of the plant, they have had to find other jobs.
My dad has been affected differently by it because
this is one of his means of livelihood. He has cabins, but he
is also dependent on the commercial fishing and it has dropped
off to nothing, so he has lost part of his livelihood. This,
I think, should be considered.
I know Reserve Mining has done a lot for the area,
for the people of Babbit and Silver Bay, and I praise them for
that, but they should have a little concern for the beautiful
Lake Superior and the local people who have lived here all of
their lives and who look at this lake and see it discolored now
such as it is today. We used to be able to see down into the
lake at our place—Split Rock--30 to 35 feet. Today we see 10
feet at the most and sometimes only 2 feet down into the water.
When I was growing up, I just loved to hang over the
side of the boat, rowing around, my brother and I, and look
down into the water. We would find chains from back in the
clipper days — they probably used them out on the ice — laying
on the bottom and different things. I now have three children.
Today I can't take them out and show them what the lake bottom
looks like, the reefs, etc.
-------
1500
Walter Sve
Let me look at my list here a little bit. I had
this pretty much down. That is about all I have on here, I
guess.
All the commercial fishermen from Silver Bay to Duluth
can verify this, that the herring catches have dropped off
tremendously. The North Shore is s'et up in three areas« Area
No. 1 extends from Duluth to Encampment River, which is 32
miles. Area No. 2 extends from Encampment River to Cascade
River, which is 66 miles. This is the area that we are in; my
dad and I, and Reserve Mining is also in this areac
East of the plant where the water is still clear
because the current is running in a southwesterly direction
they are not getting this dirty water east of the plant and they
are still catching nice catches of herring, only their catches
drop off when we have a current running in a northeasterly
direction, then the herring slack off there. But when the
current switches back to the southwesterly direction, then the
herring come back. So they are still catching good herring on
that side of the plant. That is just immediately off the plant,
this isn't miles away, it is right close, because of this cur-
rent.
As I stated, this definitely proves that the herring
cannot tolerate this dirty water.
As for the trout, they can stand dirty water, but
I don't think they will come into this discolored water south-
west of the plant to spawn because I am afraid it is going to
have definite effects on the eggs--the fish eggs.
-------
1499
Walter Sve
was looking back in my records., In 1956 the water was still
relatively clean. In fact, it was very clean because this fine
tailings I noticed that first showed up in August settled out
after September, because the current slacks off. September is
the month that the current runs its hardest, and when it lets
up then they settle out.
At this time the tailings were just falling pretty
much along the shore and our nets are set out a half to a mile
from shore. In October of 1956 I caught 150 pounds per net per
day. By October 1958 this had dropped to 48 pounds per net per
day, and by 1959 it had dropped to 11 pounds per net per daye
In 1964 I set nets 7 miles out from shore„ We get
outside of this discolored water caused by this taconite tailings,
and at that time the tailings were extended from shore out
approximately 5 miles. Being I was outside of them in the nice,
clear water, you could definitely see the difference when you
run out. It was just like a line down the lake--like stepping
out of a dark room to a light room when you got into the clear
water. Out there I caught 92 pounds per net per day, 7 miles
off from shore, for 2 weeks. Then the current shifted, dragging
this discolored water out to and beyond my nets and then the
catch dropped from 92 pounds to 15 pounds the next day. Then the
next day after that it dropped down to three herring. This
lasted for 5 days. Then the current moved this discolored water
in toward shore again and the herring catch resumed to its
normal number. This definitely proves that the herring cannot
tolerate this dirty water and move away from it.
-------
1498
Walter Sve
pollution meetings since 1956, and each time we have made a
statement to tell what has happened to the lake caused by these
taconite tailings and the effect on commercial fishing, it always
winds up that Reserve gets a permit to dump more and more waste
in the lake. So I was wondering what I should say.
Anyhow, I felt it was my patriotic duty to this great
country of ours to come and make a statement, as we have this
beautiful lake and it is being so wrongfully misused.
Mr. Schmid explained yesterday this density current
to us. This was a very good explanation of it and it was right--
-if this lake was deadly or no current in this lake, but there is
a current in the lake and this carries this fine tailings off in
the long distance. The tailings will go off the delta and start
down at times and will go down a-ways before the current catches
ahold of this fine, the finest tailings, and it will carry it
beneath the water towards the southwest as far as 2 miles, I
noticed, before it shows at the surface. At other times it shows
immediately off the delta. So this is why on the slides we saw
*
yesterday it showed blue water directly off from the Reserve's
delta. That is because the current isn't running as fast on
those days and it isn't picked up until it gets deeper down.
The first we noticed this fine tailings or this
discolored water, this so-called green water--but I say it is
grey/ it is grey water--the first we noticed it at Split Rock
was on August 28, 1956. It has had an effect on our fishing.
I commercial fished for herring from 1944 until 1964, and I
-------
1497
Mrs. James Alexander
know-how and ingenuity should be put to full use, driving forward
to assure these ends. By the same token the people employed by
these industries and supporting businesses should support the
industries in this drive for high water quality standards.
The machinery of government is now in motion to help
those peoples and industries that are farsighted enough to protect
and insure an area that is usable and that will also remain a
good place for people to live. All the people familiar with Lake
Superior know that the esthetic value of the lake is unmeasurable.
I know that after having lived in Duluth all of my
life and having spent the past 13 years working on the Leagues
Water Resource Committee, I am convinced that Lake Superior is
not only a great resource, but must remain so, for my children,
and my children's children if they are to truly prosper anywhere
in this Nation.
MR. BADALICH: I would like to call on Walter H. Sve,
Two Harbors, Minnesota.
STATEMENT OF WALTER SVE, SPLIT ROCK, MINNESOTA
MR. SVE: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I am Walter Sve. I live at Split Rock, 12 miles
southwest of Reserve's plant at Silver Bay. I have kind of
hesitated to come and make a statement at this conference because
my dad and I have been making statements at different water
-------
149C
Mrs. James Alexander
shortcut to Park Point, wondered how a ship could dock in the bay
slips below the railroad tracks. She could only see 4 to 6 inches
of water in there. Picking up a stick she poked it in the water.
To her surprise what she thought was bottom was sewage. She also saw
this same false bottom about 3 feet below the bay water surface, at
what we call the "end of the point."* A man walking on Michigan
Street was bitten by a rat before the correction of this problem
became urgent. Ten years later this same girl dove into the bay at
the "end of the point" and found the sludge bottom was now about 10
feet under the surface. The slip mentioned before (much clearer now)
is the one at the foot of First Avenue West, right next to our
beautiful Arena-Auditorium.
This story points out the fact that it took 20 years to
stabilize the bay sewage problem, (one of them anyway.) This is the
long road of correcting a problem.
Now, projected studies show that within 50 years the
bulk of water-using industires will have to locate themselves in the
Great Lakes water basin. More industry means more people. These
two elements of society should and must work together to set high
water quality standards for Lake Superior. Industry must not set
a precedent that is detrimental to one of the greatest resources o±
this area. For our future, industries must have firm guidelines to
follow if they are to prosper in this water basin.
Industrial efforts have been made to comply with the
regulations of the various States. How much better for all concerned
if these efforts were channeled to set and comply with a uniform
high code or standard, equally binding upon all users of Lake
I'
Superior waters and uniformly enforced. Industrial
-------
1495
Mrs. James Alexander
Conferees:
I am Mrs. James Alexander, Water Resource Chairman of
the Duluth League of Women Voters.
We know that since the beginning of this century there
has been legislation to protect various waters of this land. These
measures were not enough, however, to prevent the pollution
problems created by our industrial revolution and the expansion
of our population. After many years of debates, hearings, and
study the Water Quality Act of 1965 was passed facilitating a
major offensive against water pollution in this country.
Recent history and data concerning water cannot be
ignored. We have for instance, the hopeless situation on the
Eastern seaboard where the great Hudson and Deleware rivers are
so polluted that it is costing taxpayers millions of dollars just
to keep them at their present undesirable levels.
Three of the five Great Lakes have been studied and
only at great cost is it feasible to attempt to clear them out.
We could go on and on with examples of this kind throughout our
country.
Most studies have shown that Lake Superior with its
great size and depth has withstood abuse better than most water-
ways. This does not mean, however, that it can continue to do so
indefinitely.
I would like to tell you a story, back some thirty
years ago, about a small girl, who, while taking her usual
-------
1494
Mrs. James Alexander
4. That tne precedent-setting nature of the decisions
being made at this conference be recognized. Variances permitted
now may be multiplied many times as new communities or industries
develop.
We wish to reiterate a plea we have made to our
Pollution Control Agency at two recent hearings. Minnesota is on
a continental divide. Our waters are replenished by rain and we
receive most of them pure. Before they leave our borders they
have been stamped as sewer or resource. Of all States our water
quality should be the easiest to guarantee. Social responsibility
demands our sending it on to our neighbors containing as few
poisons as possible. (Applause.)
MR. BADALICH: Thank you, Mrs. Brascugli.
Next, I would like to call on a representative of the
Lake County Republican Party of Silver Bay, Minnesota.
(No response.)
Next will be Mrs. James Alexander, Water Resources
Chairman, League of Women Voters of Duluth.
STATEMENT OF MRS. JAMES ALEXANDER, WATER
RESOURCES CHAIRMAN, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS
OF DULUTH, MINNESOTA
(The above—mentioned statement follows.)
-------
1493
Mrs. W. Brascugli
For these reasons we urge:
1. That all industries and municipalities now dumping
into Lake Superior be immediately and thoroughly evaluated. And
you heard yesterday and today that this is being done for the most
part but not for all. We are certainly pleased with the high
standards for intrastate and interstate waters that our pollution
control agency has set. We certainly hope that when anybody,
whether an industry or a municipality, requests a variance of
these standards, that it will be denied.
2. That the burden of proof be placed upon the indastry
or municipality. Discharging should not be allowed to proceed
awaiting proof of damage. The dumping should not be permitted
unless it is demonstrated to be harmless. Reasonable doubt should
be sufficient to stop discharging.
3. That uniform standards should be set for all
comparable industries. One industry should not enjoy an economic
advantage over another by virtue of its failure to clean up. It
has come to our attention that other taconite producers in
Minnesota, U. S. Steel at Virginia and Erie Mining Company at
Hoyt Lakes, have been required to operate with completely closed
systems in order not to pollute nearby lakes. We cite this to
demonstrate that tailings are considered pollutants in those
instances and also that such a closed system is feasible. It
appears to us that the State has established a double standard--
one for U. S. Steel and Erie Mining Company and another for Reserve
Mining Company.
-------
1492
Mrs. W. Brascugli
When pollution control occasions a greater cost to the consumer,
we are prepared to work toward public acceptance of that cost.
We appreciate the value of commitment on the part of
local and State governments to set and maintain the highest pos-
sible standards. But we also recognize the fact that powerful
political and industrial interests may exert strong pressures,
making it difficult to enact and carry out pollution abatement
programs on the State and local level. For this reason, we
believe that the Federal Government has an important role to play
in protecting the broadest public interest when State or local
efforts fail. Certainly, the quality of the water in Lake
Superior should be a matter of interstate and even international
concern. How well we take care of Lake Superior, perhaps our
most beautiful natural resource, will affect the future of at
least three States and Canada.
The economic development of Lake Superior is just
beginning. Plans are being made for more extensive tourist busi-
ness, for increased taconite production, for a gaseous diffusion
plant on the Knife River by the Atomic Energy Commission, and for
the prospect of extensive copper-nickel production in northern
Minnesota. There is even talk of a canal connecting Lake Superior
with the Mississippi River. If we do not set and enforce high
standards, Lake Superior is certain to be destroyed. Futhermore,
because of the low rate of turnover of Lake Superior water (90
percent turnover in 500 years), unlike that of the other Great
Lakes, the destruction will be practically irreversible.
-------
1491
Mrs. W. Brascugli
STATEMENT OF MRS. WILLIAM BRASCUGLI, WATER
RESOURCES CHAIRMAN, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS
OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
MRS, BRASCUGLI: Thank you, Mr. Badalich.
If the ladies could have the last word, this would
be well worth waiting for. (Laughter0)
Mr. Badalich, conferees, ladies and gentlemen:
I am Mrs. William Brascugli, Water Resources Chairman
of the League of Women Voters of Minnesota. I am also representing
Mrs. Thomas Irvine, Water Resources Chairman of the League of
Women Voters of Michigan.
The League of Women Voters of the United States has
studied the use and preservation of the Nation's water resources
since 1956. It is our belief that it is becoming increasingly
important for water users to discharge water in as much the same
condition as it was withdrawn as is possible. Two years ago
local leagues across the country in 1,250 communities expressed to
the national board their conviction that the pollution of our
waters must be controlled. They agreed I) that control of wastes
should be considered one of the costs of production and 2) that
new industrial plants from the beginning of their operation should
be required to meet high water quality standards without financial
aid from Federal funds. When an industry is unduly penalized
with relation to its competitors by undertaking to clean up present
operations, we have supported government aid where necessary.
-------
1490
Jo G. Mar c on
Director and Secretary of our Advisory Board; Clarence Wistrom,
Spooner, Northwest Area Fish Management Supervisor; Eugene Hensel,
LaCrosse, District Engineer, State Board of Health; citizen members,
Ed Bartusch, Eau Claire; Jack Crawford, Superior; Paul Swendby,
New Richmond; and myself, John Marcon, Chairman, Rice Lake, are
here today.
We have attened past pollution hearings at Duluth
and Superior. We have traveled the Silver Bay area by boat. Some
of us have flown the entire South Shore of Wisconsin.
While our group can only recommend, we wish to go on
record that we are concerned about all the wastes being poured
into the most beautiful body of water in this area. We again ask
that complete and conclusive studies of needed action be made and
that these studies be followed up by immediate plans for action
where necessary. We ask that the action needed be carried out
as rapidly as is reasonably possible. (Mr0 Dominick Continuing)
We will break for 15 or 20 minutes. Be back at a
quarter of five, when we will continue with hearing from public
witnesses.
(Whereupon a recess was taken.)
MR. DOMINICK: Come to order, please.
Mr. Badalich, will you proceed.
MR. BADALICH: I would like to call on Mrs. William
Brascugli for the League of Women Voters for Minnesota.
-------
489
J. G. Marcon
or in government regulation and assistance, or in all these. One
thing is certain. Any "data," "records," etc., cited by those who
want to use them in support of continued dumping should be
insistently questioned and examined.
I would like to show you a few slides now, if I might.
(A slide presentation was made by Dr. Carson.)
DR. CARSON: If you have any questions --
MR, DOMINICK (interrupting): Are there any questions?
(No response. )
MR. DOMINICK: If not, Dr. Carson, we thank you very
much. You have made a very good statement here and we appreciate
the fact that you have come to add a good deal of light to the
whole discussion.
Thank you. (Applause.)
I would like to have placed in the record at this
point a statement by the Region 5, Wisconsin Water Resource
Advisory Board, signed by John G. Marcon, Chairman.
STATEMENT OF JOHN G. MARCON, CHAIRMAN,
REGION 5, WISCONSIN WATER RESOURCE ADVISORY
BOARD (read by Mr, Dominick)
We, the members of Region 5, Water Resource Advisory
Board, which covers northwestern Wisconsin, are concerned with
the future of Lake Superior. Our Board, consisting of Charles
Kozel, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Division of Environmental Protection,
-------
1488
C. W, Carson
(4), and I leave it to them. It is my conviction, however, that
there is a problem and steps should be taken at once to clearly
establish the exact parameters of amount, size, and type of
sedimentation in the lake. The job should obviously not be left
to Reserve or other politically or commercially interested parties,
for they can hardly be expected to be unbiased or to police
themselves.
The mere enormity of the sedimentation itself suggests
a very definite probability of future problems, but it seems to
this writer that they may already be here. Few processes in
nature, save glacial grinding and faulting, can grind up quartz
to the degree of fineness found in the taconite process, and if
22,400 tons per day is smaller than .04 mm in particle diameter,
then there is a considerable likelihood that some significant
portion of this is colloidal or nearly so. If such is the case,
inert colloidal materials are being put into the lake at a
fantastic rate, particles which will take an exceedingly long time
to settle, if ever. This means an essentially irreversible process
and one with entirely unforeseen consequences. It may be argued
that the very inertness of quartz renders it nontoxic and harmless •
so in minute amounts is quicksand.
It is my feeling that a thorough understanding of all
aspects of this problem is badly needed, and also that a conclusion
satisfactory to all concerned can, with effort, be achieved.
Perhaps such a solution lies in new commercial uses for tailings
-------
1487
C. W. Carson
However, it took roughly 10,000 years for them to accumulate,
something seldom mentioned. And, although the rate of natural
sedimentation on this basis would be roughly twice that for
taconite tailings, most of this sedimentation took place relatively
early in the history of Lake Superior when enormous quanitities
of glacial outwash were swept into the lake by streams draining a
recently deglaciated landscape. I doubt very much that modern
natural sedimentation of fines in the lake is anything near the
6 inches in less than 20 years that Reserve has accumulated at
Silver Bay. Also, it should be remembered that the fines of
natural origin on the lake bottom are finer than taconite fines
only when considered as discrete clay particles, and not as
flocculated clumps.
6. The Department of Interior or Stoddard report
suggests that tailings be pumped back over the hill behind Silver
Bay and there settled out in basins. It estimates the cost at
3 percent that of the value of the taconite end-products. This
possibility should be investigated by neutral parties. No doubt
opponents of any such plan will advance many arguments against
it, perhaps citing possible damage to the natural environment.
Conclusions
The foregoing statement has concentrated mainly on
sedimentation in the lake. Any changes in the biological environ-
ment due to taconite tailings would presumably be due to this.
The biological area is more competently examined by biologists
-------
1486
Co W. Carson
4. Other statements have been made to the effect that
"green water" is a common phenomenon in Lake Superior and elsewhere
and therefore no cause for alarm. Green water is, of course,
common in the lake at certain localities near the shore and at
different times. The causes are multifarious. They may be algal
blooms, rock coloration nearby, atmospheric, or taconite tailings.
However, when green streaks several hundred feet wide and 15 to
20 miles long are observed to extend directly down the shore from
the Reserve operation as this writer has observed them, and when
entire broad areas of the lake west of Silver Bay are markedly
different in color from water immediately northeast of there,
something more than a local phenomenon due to rock color or
algae is afoot. To object to the Stoddard report, as some have
done, that material clouding of water has not violated State
standards from time to time, leaves some interesting questions.
Are not these definite streaks downshore from the delta "clouding?"
And if, as stated, 6 inches of taconite sediment occur on the
bottom 5 miles downshore and .1 inch at 15 miles, how did this
material get there? If laid down quickly at odd times and/or
by strong currents, there must have been clouding then. Or, if
laid down in tiny increments over a considerable time the material
must be very near to colloidal size.
50 It has also been stated that natural sediments
on the bottom of the lake are far greater in thickness than the
6 inches of taconite tailings in the deep trough in front of Silver
Bay. Sometimes these natural sediments are 500 to 600 feet thick.
-------
1435
C. W. Carson
3. A common statement by apologists for tailings
dumpage into the lake is that the material is no different than
sediment flowing in from Streams, especially during flood times
when the water is sometimes brown or red from river sediments.
This is absolutely false. Not only does the Reserve taconite
operation dump as much sediment into the lake in 2 weeks as do
all U. S. streams in one year (1-26), but the mineral type of
fines is different. Roughly 70 percent of the taconite tailings
are silica or quartz, by which we can assume that a similar
percentage of fines is of the same mineral. The majority of fines
dumped into the lake by streams is clay mineral by contra-t.
Quartz is far more inert chemically than clays. That is, the
covalent bonding of silica or quartz leaves a very low residual
charge per unit mass. Clays on the other hand have a different
structure with some ionic bonding, and consequently a residual
charge on the particles often negative. (2) Positive cations in
the water, as well as some positive residual charges on some of
the clay particles, will be attracted to the negative particles.
(3) The result is a process called flocculation, where clay
particles individually too small to settle clump together inro
larger particles big enough to settle. It is for this reason
that the lake doesn't stay red or brown after storms and flood
but soon returns to its usual blue, or green -- depending on the
location with respect to Silver Bay -- color.
(2) -- Clay Mineralogy. By Ralph E. Grimm, University of Illinois.
McGraw-Hill 1953.
(3) -- Soil Physics. By L. D. Baver. John Wiley &, Sons 1956.
-------
C. W. Carson
The Bureau of Mines study (1-10) indicates that 39 percent by
weight is smaller than .04 mm (.0017) inches in diameter. This
is 22,400 tons per day. While .04 mm sizes are well above the
colloidal range, which is LO. cm -- and what portion of this
22,400 tons is colloidal has apparently not yet been determined --
.04 mm is well within the ability of lake currents to transport
some distance before settling. And, should any significant
fraction of this 22,400 tons be colloidal, the silica would
never settle, but would be kept in suspension by simple molecular
motion of even calm water molecules.
The recent FWPCA report indicates that 5,400 long tons
per day are discharged at Silver Bay which are less than 4 microns
in diameter, thus approaching the colloidal range, although not
in it. The study also showed that the currents are capable of
transporting particles of this size more than 9 miles a day.
Should a significant portion actually be in the colloidal range,
fines of this size would be virtually impossible to eliminate by
any practical process. Organisms which build their shells from
silica, such as diatoms, could then possibly bloom in great
numbers in the lake, adding further to changes in the overall
ecology, the ultimate results of which can only dimly be
envisioned at the present time. It should be stressed that
simply because no hard data have apparently shown that a
significant colloidal percentage exists it does not mean that
such may not exist or that objective studies, unbiased by commercial
or political influences, should not be undertaken.
-------
1483
C. W. Carson
therefore easily subject to dispute, is that the general color
of water most of the time in western Lake Superior has become
greyer and greener during the last 5 years, especially compared to
that northeast of Silver Bay. I conclude that this may very well
be due to increased dumping of colloidal and near-colloidal fines
at Silver Bay.
2. Composition of taconite tailings is predominantly
silicon dioxide or quartz (glass) with a magnesium-iron silicate
called cummingtonite in second place (1). Of the 60 or so
thousand tons per day dumped into the lake, probably 70 percent
is silicon dioxide. According to the December 1968 Department
of the Interior report, cummingtonite may well be a cause of the
green appearance of the water. This report also states that
roughly half of the tailings remain in a delta near the dumping
point, and the other half slide, as a density current, into a
deep trough in the lake floor. This would imply, then, that no
colloidal or near-colloidal or near-colloidal material remains
suspended in the water. However, it is also observed that 15 to
18 miles to the southwest, tailings are found on the bottom .1
inch deep. Apparently, then, currents are strong enough, and
some fraction of the tailings fine enough, for drifting at
least this far.
The question remains, just how much of the 60,000
tons per day is near-colloidal or actually colloidal in size?
(1) -- Part I Summary Report on Environmental Impacts of Taconite
Waste Disposal in Lake Superior. By Charles H. Stoddard.
United States Department of the Interior. December 1968.
-------
148;
C. W. Carson
You might make some calculation to see how many gallon
lots there are in Lake Superior: 100 miles long, 200 miles wide,
up to 1,300 feet deep, maybe averaging 40 feet, at 40 cents per
1,000 gallons, you come up with a considerable number,,
The following are comments on data and observations
regarding the taconite problem:
1. Circulation in Lake Superior is generally toward
the southwest along the North Shore, as many have observed. The
most virorous flow is directly along the shore, but even at 30-foot
depths approaches .4 miles per hour in mean horizontal flow, (1-12)
and equations can be given to give you an estimated flow at most
of the time of 40 to 50 centimeters per second in any reasonable
wind, say, 15 to 20 miles an hour.
At Duluth, due to the influence of the St. Louis and
Nemadji rivers, and some flow along the South Shore, a return
spiral to the east occurs. The southwestern flow is largely
wind-driven and hence not constant/ but prevailing northeasterly-
winds are sufficient to drive the current system in this pattern
for a considerable amount of time. Therefore, it is improper to
suggest that since the flow is not continuous it is unimportant.
Statistically, it could be shown that the .dominant circulation
pattern would cause suspended material dumped at Silver Bay to
eventually find its way to the Duluth area and even, finally, to
other parts of the lake, including, of course, the Wisconsin side.
My own observation, admittedly qualitative and
-------
1481
C. W. Carson
DR. CARSON: The question is, where does cummingtonite
come from? It would seem it is probably coming from tailings.
I would like to go to my statement now.
Having lived in Duluth from 1963 until 1968, and
being interested in both lakes and conservation, I have been
concerned with the apparent changes which have taken place in
Lake Superior during the period 1963-1968, and with many reports
by both sides regarding the taconite tailings controversy. My
qualifications rest on a doctoral dissertation dealing extensively
with lake hydrodynamics in Alaska, almost daily observations of
the lake during the period 1963-1968, reading of scientific and
technical reports on the subject pro and con, and active participa-
tion in the Duluth Chapter of the Izaak Walton League and
conservation groups in this area.
Gradually I have concluded that Lake Superior, a
resource dwarfing Reserve's taconite operation, is in danger of
irreversible pollution from taconite tailings. Before detailing
the reasons for this conclusion, I would like to point out that
I have no wish to see Reserve Mining Company's operation damaged.
Surely some solution satisfactory to everyone can be obtained.
Further, there has appeared, or so it seems to me, a good deal of
deliberate misrepresentation of technical data and qualitative
observations not very complimentary to those engaged in it. Sober
reflection might suggest that Lake Superior, at a national domestic
freshwater rate of 40 cents per 1,000 gallons, is a resource of
such vast importance that accuracy of statement and observation
is crucial to all«
-------
1480
UNIVERSITY OF
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY • SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OP CEOLOCT AND GEOPHYSICS • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 5S455
May 6, 1969
Mr. Dale S. Bryson
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
East 58th Street and 40th Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55450
Dear Mr. Bryson:
In answer to your query concerning the possible sources of cumraingtonite
which might drain into Lake Superior, I can give you the following infor-
mation.
1. All of the streams from Duluth northeastward and draining into
Lake Superior have their entire courses in rocks which do not contain
cummintonite. Most of the bedrock in the area consists of volcanic flows
and gabbroic to intermediate igneous rocks none of which are known to
contain cummingtonite. The only possible source of any cummingtonite in
this area might be from material in the surficial glacial deposits but in
all of the studies of this material the rock fragments are essentially
all from rock types which do not contain cummingtonite. It would appear
essentially impossible to me that this glacial drift could provide a
measurable amount of cummingtonite in the streams draining through it.
2. The only known occurrence of cummingtonite in the drainage area
within Minnesota leading to Lake Superior is at the eastern end of the
Mesabi Range. There is only a small strip of metamorphosed iron-formation
from about 3 or 4 miles N.E. of Mesaba to Sirch Lake which contains
cummingtonite. Most of this area from 3 miles south of Babbitt northeast-
ward to Birch Lake drains through the Dunka River Watershed which drains
northward to Birch Lake and Rainy River rather than Lake Superior. Only
a small area which drains into the Partridge River could supply any
cummingtonite to Lake Superior via the St. Louis River. However, the
drainage is so sluggish, with several swamps and lakes occurring between
the the cummingtonite source area and the St. Louis River, that it seems
unlikely for a significant amount of cummingtonite to reach the St. Louis
River, let alone Lake Superior.
Sincerely yours,
'
William C. Phinne)
Professor of Geology
-------
1479
C. W. Carson
STATEMENT OF CHARLES E. CARSON, ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT &. EARTH
SCIENCE, WISCONSIN STATE UNIVERSITY
DR. CARSON: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My name is Charles Carson. I am Associate Professor of
Geology at Wisconsin State University at River Falls.
I have a prepared statement here based on the FWPCA
report and the Stoddard report, as well as other information. I
would like to read from that statement and then discuss some of
the comments that have been made here this afternoon, and, finally,
show a few slides.
I would like to start with a letter addressed to
Mr. Dale Bryson, FWPC Administration, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
from Dr. William Phinney, Professor of Geology, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis. This is relative to the cummingtonite
discussion earlier today.
(The above—mentioned letter fallows„)
-------
1478
9:drs 19S1
,O
ntroduced by Norton, liungor, McFarlin, y •
---=,, ^o_a_o Companion 3.F.
2.arch 29, 19o9 Ref. to s>Corn>
""ef. to Com, on Land and wttor Resources
reproduced by PHILLIPS LEGISLATIVE SERVICE
A bill for an act
prohibiting the deposit of tailings
into Lake Superior; providing for a
forfeiture and injunctive remedies
for violations.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA:
Section 1. [DEPOSIT OF TAILINGS INTO LAKE SUPERIOR
PROHIBITED.] On and after January 1, 1972, no person,
firm or corporation shall deposit or permit to be deposited
into the waters of Lake Superior any waste materials remaining
after the removal of valuable minerals In the processing of
the product of a mine, commonly referred to as "tailings."
Any person,, firm or corporation violating this section
shall forfeit the sum of $1,000 for each day which the
violation continues, such forfeiture to be recovered and
disposed of in the manner prescribed by "innesota Statutes,
Sections 57^.33 to 57^.35- In addition, a violation of
this section may be enjoined upon application of the
attorney general or county attorney to the district court
of the county in which the violation occurs.
-------
1477
T:drs 2050
and which violates the standards set by the pollution control
agency under the authorization provided by subdivision 1.
Subd. 3. All provisions of this act shall be complied
with no later than two years after the passage of this act.
Subd. 4. Violation of any provision of this act by
a company shall subject the company to a fine of $500
for each day the violation continues.
-------
_1_1476_
T:drs 2050
Introduced by Coombe, Keefe, Chenoweth, H.F. No. 1112
R. L. Pavlak, Bares Companion S.F.
February 20, 1969 Ref. to S.Com.
''ef. to Com. on Land and Water Resources
reproduced by PHILLIPS LEGISLATIVE SERVICE
A bill .for an act
prohibiting the deposit of tailings
into waters of the state; providing
a fine.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OP THE STATE OP MINNESOTA:
Section 1. [DEPOSIT OF TAILINGS INTO WATERS PROHIBITED.]
Subdivision 1. No company engaged in the mining of iron ore
or other minerals in this state, whether or not such mining
5.
is to result in pel.'o^ization, shall deposit tailings:
(a) In public lakes and rivers within this state
or into Lake Superior; or
(b) In a reservoir maintained by a company, if such
reservoir causes pollution of any public lakes or rivers
or the air in excess of pollution limits set by the
pollution control agency of this state. The pollution
allowed by the standards so set shall in no case exceed
that allowed under standards applied to other industries
in the state.
Subd. 2. Tailings falling within any of the following
categories shall be deposited in open pits or other
excavations made for the purpose of withdrawing iron ore
under regulations established by the state conservation
department:
(a) Tailings resulting from the operations of any
plant, including tailings resulting from the future
expansion of any plant, heretofore deposited in the public
lakes or rivers of this state or in Lake Superior, or
(b) Tailings resulting from the operations of any
plant, including tailings resulting from the future expansion
of any plant, heretofore deposited in a private reservoir
-------
i:cg - 'I
Sec. 3. All of the proceeds of the fee, including
interest and penalties in respect thereto, shall be deposited
in the state treasury. Refunds shall be paid therefrom. The
balance of the proceeds is annually appropriated to the
pollution control agency for use in assisting political
subdivisions of the state in meeting requirements for
obtaining federal assistance for pollution control activities.
Sec. 4. For purposes of this act, "waters of the state"
has the meaning ascribed to that term by Minnesota Statutes,
Section 115.01, and "taconite" and "iron sulphides" have
meanings ascribed to those terras by Minnesota Statutes,
Section 298.23.
-------
r ' 1474
8:cg 36?1
Introduced by Kozlak, Hunger, Bares, Gearty, E,f, No. 2558
R. Andersen Companion S.F._
April 16, 1969 Ref* to' S.Com,
Ref«, to Com., on Land and Water Resources
Reproduced by PHILLIPS LEGISLATIVE SERVICE
A bill for an act
relating to fees for the deposit of
certain materials in the waters of
this state; prescribing a fee in
respect thereto; appropriating money.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA:
Section 1. A fee is hereby imposed upon any person
who deposits in the waters of this state residual materials
attributable to the production of iron ore concentrate from
taconite and iron sulphides. The fee shall be in the amount
of 10 cents per gross ton of residual materials so deposited
on-and after July 1, 1969.
Sec. 2. The fee shall be collected and paid in the
same manner and at the same time as provided by law for the
payment of the occupation tax imposed by Minnesota Statutes,
Chapter 298. Reports shall be made and hearings held upon
the determination of the fee at the same times and in the
same manner as provided by law for the occupation tax. The
commissioner of taxation shall have authority to make
reasonable regulations as to the form and manner of filing
reports necessary for the determination of the fees hereunder,
and by such regulations may require the production of such
information as may be reasonably necessary or convenient for
the determination of the fee. All the provisions of the
occupation tax law with reference to the assessment,
determination, and collection of the occupation-tax, including
all provisions for penalties and for appeals from or review
of the orders of the commissioner of taxation relative thereto,
are hereby made applicable to the fee imposed by section 1,
except insofar as inconsistent herewith.
-------
1473
G. J. Merritt
MR. POSTON: We con send that to Mr. Frangos and the
conferees.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine, please do that.
MR, BADALICH: Will Dr. Carson please come forward?
MR. MERRITT: Yes, Dr. Carson.
Before he gets here, I would again ask that the results
of Dr. Mount's study be made available during this conference some-
time today.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you very much for your presentation.
I think you have done a lot of good, hard work at this conference.
It has been constructive work and, although we don't agree on a
number of points, I appreciate the effort and the interest that
you and others have taken in the proceedings of this conference.
Thank you very much.
MR. MERRITT: I would like to submit for the record
copies of three bills concerning pollution which were introduced
into the legislature of the State of Minnesota.
MR. DOMINICK*- That will be accepted for the record.
(The above—-mentioned copies of bills follow.)
-------
1472
G. J. Merritt
other polluters con no longer be accepted in view of the clear and
convincing evidence from scientists, commerical fishermen, the
firsthand observations of hundreds of persons and the reports,
letters, and affidavits introduced as part of this conference record.
We must show the generation attaining majority today
that we can preserve our environment now within the framework of our
democratic society. Unless we act immediately, we may lose the
opportunity forever.
Thank you very much. (Applause.)
Mr. Commissioner, I would ask that Dr0 Carson be given
an opportunity at this point to proceed with his testimony which
has been arranged for by MECCA. I have talked to Mr. Frangos, and
Dr. Carson is on the agenda for the State of Wisconsin. He is a
professor at the Wisconsin State University at River Falls.
I would be glad to answer any questions you might have
if Dr. Carson isn't available.
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
MR. FRANGOS: I have a question, Mr. Chairman.
In Mr. Merritt's remarks he refers to a report, another
report, entitled "Environmental Effects of Pollution and Diversion
on the St. Louis River" that was prepared by the Department of the
Interior. I am wondering if we could have that sent to Wisconsin.
I am 'not asking that it be placed in the record, but I am not
familiar with that report.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Poston, are you familiar with that
report?
-------
1471
G. J. Merritt
references in the prepared statement and this is a reference to the
Duluth Tribune of January 30, 1969.
This report, then, was prepared in accordance with
prescribed Interior Department regulations and is an official
report in all respects,
Mr. Commissioner, in the telegram that was sent from
Senator Mondale, which you did read, you will find reference to
the two official reports, the first being the Department of the
Interior report, the second the FWPCA report. I would ask the
conferees to take an objective look at the facts in this record
and compare them with the statements made by Mr. Klein. I have the
official copy of that portion of the transcript where Mr. Klein
stated as follows:
"The Department of the Interior did not authorize it" --
referring to the so-called Stoddard Report --and is not bound by
the report. The only report that was put out officially ' by the
Department of the Interior is this one put out a week ago."
I suggest this is incorrect in view of the evidence.
Finally, gentlemen, we look to this conference to
recommend forthwith the necessary action to save the pure water of
Lake Superior for future generations. We look to this conference
to implement the Department of Interior report without delay. Those
of us who are vitally concerned cannot sit by for 5 more years or
even 1 more year without action to stop this spoliation and
exploitation. The excuses and contentions of Reserve Mining and
-------
1470
G. J. Merritt
MR* MERRITT: All three of these conditions of the
State permit are presently being violated by Reserve Mining. The
Department of Interior report establishes the direct connection
between the Reserve tailings and the green water extending far
outside of the 3 mile zone. Material quantities of oil, organic
matter, and other wastes are also discharged by Reserve into the
lake.
The FWPCA report submitted to this conference, dated
April 1969, finds that the tailings have a harmful effect on the
2
ecology of the lake -- this is indeed material and unlawful
pollution. This FWPCA report also finds that the tailings have an
adverse effect on fish life, which means the third condition above
is being violated.
I would like to discuss for just a minute the Department
of Interior or so-called "Stoddard Report" because it has been
unfairly and incorrectly attacked as a unofficial report submitted
to the Corps of Engineers without authority. These charges are
false. As Mr. Joe Moore, former Commissioner of the FWPCA, stated
after the report was released: "The regional coordinator is
charged with the responsiblity of developing the departmental
4
position, which he did in this case.." Moore could find no
fault with the regional coordinator's method of preparing the report
c
or in releasing it directly tc the Corps of Engineers, I have
2. FWPCA Report to the Conference, p. 46.
3. Ibid.
4. Duluth News Tribune Jan. 30, 1969, page 1.
5 Ibid.
-------
1469
P. J. Kilian
When I joined Reserve Mining Company, Mr. Ed Furness
was my department superintendent. I believe he later progressed
to the Presidency of Reserve. With high caliber Management
Personnel such as Mr. Furness, it seems they should have been more
knowledgeable about the potential polluting dangers.
If there had been as much emphasis on curbing pollution
as there was on maintaining full production and on the job safety,
Lake Superior would be less polluted today. We probably wouldn't
have broken our tonnage output records as often, had we taken a
little more time cleaning up and disposing of trash in the
proper place.
Reserve Mining Company had a very effective safety
program correcting known hazards as soon as possible, weekly
safety meetings and safety posters throughout the plant, such as
(a clean area is a safe area).
If these facts shed any light on the problem and are
corrected, then it will have been well worth the effort it took
to get this letter off to you.
Yours truly,
/s/ Paul J. Kilian
Subscribed before Me
May 12, 1969
/s/P. J. Klimek
Notary Public, Wright County, Minn.
My commission expires Jan. 14, 1972.
-------
1468
P. J. Kilion
Gentlemen:
I'm writing this letter in an effort to help find a
solution to the pollution problem of Lake Superior.
I was an employee of Reserve Mining Company for 5 years
(August '57 to August '62), I was employed in the operation phase
(equipment operator) of the crushing section„
In the process of cleaning our equipment and floor areas,
Lake Superior was being polluted. We used cleaning solvent
(similar to #1 fuel oil) by the gallon to clean off grease and oil
from the various machines. At the end of the work shift, this
solvent along with a lot of oil and grease filled rags was enroute
to Lake Superior. Some people believe this procedure is immaterial
because of the furnaces at the end of the production line. However,
this is not the case, as only the magnetic iron ore particles go
through the furnaces. So I would like to re-emphasize the fact that
all this solvent, grease, oil, rags and paper ended up in the Lake.
The rags and paper enter the Lake as small particles due to the fine
grinding effect of the Ball and Rod Mills. I might also add that
the maintenance section was as guilty as we operators were of
polluting the Lake. I often witnessed the relining of the fine
crushers, which was a_greasy.job with too much of this grease finding
its way to the Lake many times.
-------
1467
P. J. Kilian
Gentlemen, at this time I would like to introduce a
statement of a former employee of Reserve Mining, Mr. Kilian, who
testified in his statement as to the type of grease and oil and
other matter, in addition to the other matters which he saw during
the 5-year period he worked for the plant.
I have distributed that statement. May that be made
a part of the record?
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Paul J. Kilian1s statement will be
made a part of the record.
MR. MERRITT: I am sorry I don't have time to read
the statement. It is a very good one.
STATEMENT OF PAUL J. KILIAN,
ST. MICHAEL, MINNESOTA
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
KILIAN INSULATION
Hagan Cellulose
For Maximum Heating and Cooling Efficiency
St. Michael, Minnesota 55376
PHONE 673-2021 P. J.'ARCHIE1 KILIAN
May 12, 1969
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Enforcement Conference
Lake Superior Basin
-------
1466
G. J. Merritt
MR. MERRITT: I would hope that this statement, along
with the approximately 100 statements by the Save Lake Superior
Association will be read by the conferees, and I assume that will
be the case before any further meetings are held by the conferees.
Those of us who have seen this pollution firsthand or
have read the reports ask those who are polluting Lake Superior --
and Reserve Mining in particular, since it is the largest single
source of discharge .-to cooperate now to reverse this pollution.
We ask Reserve to join in abatement, rather than further
obfuscation such as referring to the green, turbid water circulating
over wide areas of the lake as an "illusion." We ask Reserve
Mining -- what right have you to continue this one day longer than
is required to build and begin operation of an alternate method of
disposal, the type of disposal that has been recommended by the Bureau
of Mines? Indeed, under the Minnesota permit -- what right do you
have to continue one more day in violation of this permit?
The State of Minnesota permit originally issued in
1947 provides for revocation wherever:
1) Material quantities of matter soluble in water,
organic matter, oil, or other wastes are discharged into the lake/
2) There is material clouding or discoloration of
the water at the surface outside of the 3 mile zone specified
around the plant;
3) The tailings result in any adverse effects on fish
life or public water supplies or in any other material unlawful
pollution of the waters of the lake.
1. Permit Issued to Reserve Mining Company, December 18, 1947 by
Commissioner of Conservation, Chester S. Wilson.
-------
1465
10. Lake Superior represents a light shining clear and bright in
our environment. If we, the public, allow that light to be diminished
slowly but surely to-the point of irreversible extinction—a dark day will
have dawned for us and for our children in our great land.
Subscribed and sworn to before me
this 12th day of May, 1969.
Lawrence D. Downing
Muriel L. Hinrichs
Notary Public, Olmsted County, Minn.
My commission expires Sept. 16, 1971.
-3-
-------
1464
7. Over the years I have watched the construction and operation
of the Reserve Mining Company's taconite plant at Silver Bay, Minnesota--
first with interest, then with growing concern and now with genuine alarm,
even panic. I can recall the beautiful little bay and tiny islands that
constitute the site of the Reserve Mining Company's taconite plant. I
vividly remember the journey past the site after commencement of operation
when I first noted a milky green water in the bay instead of the formerly
beautifully clear blue. Now the sickening milky green color is spreading
out into the I ody of the lake and for several miles up and down the shore.
It has even been reported that tailing residues have been detected across the
lake on the Wisconsin shore. I have taken home movies of the area to
display to my friends, who remember the former beautiful appearance of
the water, the tragedy that is taking place in the name of "good business",
"iron ore industry, " and "additional tax revenue. " I should have liked each
and every member attending this conference to have seen the look on my
five year old daughter's face as we moved from the mining company's Silver
Bay look-out site for tourists to another spot where we could actually see
the thousands of tons of tailings spreading out into our--mine and yours--
lake.
8. That it would be sad, indeed, for this conference to bog down
in questions of jurisdiction, in questions of political expediency, or even in
questions of whether taconite tailings are technically pollutants. Even my
daughter can recognize this kind of pollution and realize that it must be stopped.
Would I permit her to wipe her muddy feet on a clean blue carpet? No more
readily will I stand by and allow taconite tailings to soil Lake Superior
without protest.
9. The question is not whether Reserve Mining Company can pay
the price of disposing taconite tailings in a different manner, but rather is
Reserve Mining Company willing to pay the price that an outraged public will
exact if the practice continues as it has in the past.
-2-
-------
1463
WATER POLLUTION ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE --
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
State of Minnesota )
) ss. Affidavit of Lawrence D. Downing
County of Olmsted )
Lawrence D. Downing, being first duly sworn, deposes and says:
1. That this affidavit is completely voluntary and unsolicited and is
being submitted to be made part of the record at the Water Pollution Enforcement
Conference--Lake Superior Basin to be held in Duluth, Minnesota commencing
May 13, 1969.
2. That I reside on Lake Shady, Oronoco, Olmsted County,
Minnesota. That I am an attorney licensed to practice law in the State of
Minnesota, having graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School
with a J. D. Degree; that I am engaged in the private practice of law with
the firm of O'Brien, Ehrick, Wolf, Deaner & Downing in Rochester, Minnesota.
3. That my undergraduate work was completed at Iowa State University
at Ames, Iowa with a B.S. Degree in Chemistry.
4. That I have an interest in a cabin on Lake Superior's shore
northeast of Grand Marais, Minnesota. I have also camped on the shore
of Lake Superior in Isle Royale National Park.
5. That I have traveled the north shore of Lake Superior by
highway many, many times and at all times of the year; that I have been on
Lake Superior's north shore waters in boats ranging in size from a canoe
up to the motor vessel Winonah, which runs daily from Grand Portage,
Minnesota to Isle Royale; that I have occasionally even plunged into Lake
Superior's frigid waters for a swim following a sauna.
6 I love Lake Superior. Its crystal clear "Lake Superior blue"
waters are truly one of the wonders of the world and surely the Creator's
gift to man. It alone among large bodies of water in our nation has escaped
desecration from man's soiled hands—a unique example from a world that
was, but sadly isn't any longer.
-------
1462
Lawrence D. Downing
his home here in Duluth. This shows the presence of a very murky
substance which, according to the recent Federal Water Pollution
Control report reported in April of 1969, is taconite tailings.
This is not a scientific report, gentlemen, but merely intended
to show you what is in the water supply here in Duluth. This was
taken this morning. (Laughter.)
By the way, I might interject at this point, for a
number of years, my father and a number of people here in Duluth --
and I am also a native Duluthian -- we are from the zenith city of
the unsalted seas. But, unfortunately, I don't think we can say
that any longer, with the salt and zinc and magnesium and other
salts which are present.
At this time, gentlemen, I would like to introduce
as part of the MECCA presentation a statement which was sent to
me just a few days ago from a Lawyer in Rochester, Minnesota,
Mr, Larry Downing, and ask that this be received as a part of this
record. I wish I had the time to read it, but I won't take the
time.
MR. DOMINICK: This is the affidavit of Lawrence D.
Downing?
MR. MERRITT: That is right, Mr. Commissioner.
MR,, DOMINICK: Fine, we will be happy to receive that
for the record.
STATEMENT OF LAWRENCE D. DOWNING, ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA
(The above—mentioned affidavit follows.)
-------
1461
G. J. Merritt
I had occasion yesterday to talk to Dr. Thomas, who is
an observer here from Canada, and I asked him a question on this
very point. I said, if a similar situation were to occur in
Canada, what would the Canadian Government do with regard to release
of this information? He siad, "it would be released. A scientist
would be able to stand up and give that information without any
question." He was astounded at the withholding of this information
by the American Government.
I will now proceed with other matters.
Hundreds of people have observed the turbid or "green
water" which stretches from Silver Bay westerly to Duluth. I
personally viewed this "green water" off Gooseberry Park along the
North Shore several years ago and wondered what it was and where
it was coming from. It was completely unlike the runoff from a
North Shore stream -- which appears reddish-brown rather than
green or gray-green. I have never observed any such "green water"
such as this at any time in the waters of Lake Superior at Isle
Royale.
Finally, I have seen the filthy waters of the Duluth-
Superior Harbor on many occasions. They are filthy, gentlemen.
I wish you had an opportunity to see those waters, and you could
if you see fit.
At this time I would like r%> ask my father, Glen J.
Merritt, of Duluth, Minnesota, who is in the audience, to bring
up a sample which was taken this morning from the flush tanks at
-------
14CO
G. J. Merritt
"If the Secretary believes upon the conclusion of the
conference or thereafter that effective progress toward abatement
of such pollution is not being made and that the health or welfare
of any persons is being endangered, he shall recommend the
appropriate State water pollution control agency that it take
necessary remedial action...."
Later, if necessary, he can convene a public hearing and
go forward with the further steps in the statute -- the statute
prior to the amendment of 1961. The same amendment I just mentioned
said exactly the same as the purpose clause, "of any persons in a
State other than that in which the discharge originates,1 so the
statute has been broadened and that is my interpretation . However,
because I know the opinion and the stand which the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration is taking in this conference, I
made the demand for the additional information which proves inter-
state pollution or which at least is the first step towards proving
such pollution, and we were refused the report and I am still refused
the graphs I asked for until we made a formal request of the
Commissioner under the "freedom of information" law.
Mr.Stein stated we must operate under the law.
Gentlemen, that is exactly what we are asking for. We ask for the
information which is now available and which we were able to inspect
at the water lab yesterday, but which we are unable to present to
the conferees and have made a part of this record.
-------
1459
G. J. Merritt
We have found through long experience that this is the fastest way
to abate pollution. Dealing from a legal and jurisdictional point
of view, that is the posture we find ourselves in here.
Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
Mr. Merritt, I am almost as new as you are to this
subject of water pollution and jurisdiction and I think we can both
agree that this is a highly complex subject and one which we cannot
lay out in a matter of a paragraph as to the jurisdictional authority.
I think Mr. Stein has done a real service to explain the situation
to all of us, I would hope that you will proceed with your
statement.
MR. MERRITT: Thank you, Mr. Commissioner.
That is exactly why I have added these remarks to the
rather long paragraph in my written statement. It is important.
I appreciate and have a great deal of respect for the comments made
by Mr. Murray Stein. I, however, differ with his interpretation.
I notice he discussed only Section 10 (d)(l), which I
read earlier and won't repeat, but there is no question that
Secretary Udall had reason to believe t'aat th = interstate pollutio
was occurring. Once you pass that hurdle, that is the first
question, and you then reach the second question, which is the
scope of the jurisdiction of this conference to issue abatement
orders. I would refer to Section (e) of the statute which, as with
the purpose clause of the statute, states as follows:
-------
1458
G. J. Merritt
with the Government for longer than most of you care to remember. I
won't be too definite, but it was before World War II. (Laughter.)
I had 4 years off for good behavior to serve in the Service, but
other than that I have spent my career with the Government. Let
me say, on the basis of my experience, unless the Secretary
indicates -- and I know of no Secretary who has -- only the Secretary
knows what the basis of his belief is now.
When we look at the record of this case and when we look
at the St0 Louis River, the Montreal River, and when we look at the
undisputed facts here, we get a notion of interstate pollution.
In a press release put out at the time we called this conference,
Secretary Udall also spoke about the exploratory nature of the
conference.
Here is what we do at the conference. When we go out
in the conference in any area, we take all sources of pollution --
municipal, industrial, or what-have-you -- however large and however
small, because there is no lake cleanup of pollution unless you
take all of the sources and not just emphasize one. We also, when
the facts will develop, institute an actual program to correct
those sources which can be identified,
I think we have heard testimony here on various
municipalities and industries where the State has come up with the
program of particular remedial facilities and dates. When we do
not have it and the situation so develops, we develop the facts
and try to move ahead with the States on the basis of these facts.
-------
1457
Go J. Merritt
The other one Mr. Merritt is talking about is the Great
Lakes and their tributaries„ Since we could deal only with intra-
or interstate pollution up to this time, we have not beenctble to
deal with international pollution. We can now deal with inter-
national pollution, but we have two restrictions there: 1) We have to have
a report of such pollution by a duly constituted international body/
2) We must have the request from the Secretary of State. We have
not had any international cases yet.
Of these four kinds of cases -- and this is the point --
we act here solely under the jurisdiction of pollution in one State
endangering health or welfare of persons in another State.
We go up every year and are reviewed by Congress on
appropriations. The Congress in the Appropriations Committees is
fully aware of this interpretation. By their granting the furcds
again and again, it seems we should have a pretty good indication
of what the agreement is, because enforcement is one of the most
sensitive things there is, and, if this is not handled right, it
will be brought out in a subsequent Committee -- the Government
Operations Committee. As many of you in this room know, I have
been before these Committees many times to explain the jurisdiction,
about which there is no doubt.
There is one other point on the Secretary's calling
this conference. "On the basis of the reports, surveys, or studies,
he (the Secretary) has reason to believe" -- I have worked for
many Secretaries in my time. I am a career man and I have been
-------
1456
G. J. Merritt
First you have to recognize that we must operate under
the law and the Federal Government is a Government of limited laws.
We can just do what the Congress says we are to do when the law is
finally passed. We can't proceed on an interim report as the law
is going through. There are many, many amendments. We can now
proceed with abatement procedures, such as we have here, when
pollution endangers the health or welfare of any person. With
these limitations -- and these are the limitations we will have to
keep in mind -- we can only proceed on our own initiative, on the
Federal initiative, when the Secretary of the Interior, on the basis
of reports, surveys, and studies, has reason to believe that pollu-
tion in one State endangers -- and here is the key -- the health or
welfare of persons in another State.
We can't proceed in an intrastate situation where we
find endangerment of health or welfare which doesn't go beyond
another State. When the Governor of the State asks us in we may
proceed, but we have had no such request from the Governors of
any of these States in this situation.
In other cases, such as Detroit, we had a request from
the Governor of Michigan. We have not had an intrastate situation
here.
We can move on our own initiative against intrastate
cases -- and the State request requirement doesn't apply - when
pollution affects shellfish areas, so as to prevent the shipments
of shellfish in interstate commerce.
-------
1455
G. J. Merritt
jurisdiction of the Federal Government, why we are here and
precisely what we are doing.
I would like to agree with Mr. Merritt. As you know,
lawyers can differ on any question. However, in a matter of
pollution control, enforcement cases and jurisdiction, I have been
involved in every one of the pollution control conferences that have
been held since the beginning of the Federal program. I also have
been, since 1955, called up to testify before the Congress on the
enforcement provisions of the Act when they drafted amendments. I
have had long discussions with the Chairmen of Committees on a
technical basis when they asked them to get technical advice and
draft it. The Chairman of the House Committee is a Congressman
from this District, Mr. John A. Blatnik, The Chairman of the Senate
Committee is Senator Edmund Muskie. These are both very distinguished
gentlemen in the field.
On the basis of long discussions, testimony before the
Committees and questioning we have had, I might say there is no
difference, in my mind, on what they meant by jurisdiction, what
the statute means by jurisdiction, what our Federal Water Pollution
Control Act means when they talk about jurisdiction. I think there
is no question in the Department of Justice mind what is meant by
jurisdiction, because I work on a day-to-day basis with them. The
Act has been amended several times. Let's now try to get this
together so we can understand it and not have this.
-------
1454
G. J. Merritt
MR. MERRITT: Mr. Commissioner, the data I am asking for
is not raw data. I am asking for the eight graphs. These graphs
have been completed and show the trends of cummingtonite. The
further studies that will be taken -- and we learned this in our
discussions yesterday morning which you did permit at the water
lab -- will try to determine and rule out whether or not this
cummingtonite came from sources other than Reserve Mining. That
is a further step.
All I am asking is for the graphs, plus the further
studies Dr. Mount will undergo and complete this summer, to be
made a part of this record.
MR. DOMINICK: I think the procedures are very clear.
If they have not been made clear to you, I suggest you do some
study on the subject. The procedures are that this conference
will consider the evidence properly before us and we will make
our recommendations upon that evidence.
The conference will be reconvened for progress meetings
at 6-month intervals. As studies are continued, as we gather fur-
ther evidence, this will be made a part of the progress meeting
material vhich will be considered.
I can see no reason to have any further discussion on
this point. I suggest that you proceed, unless Mr. Stein has some
remarks with respect to the jurisdictional question.
MR. STEIN: If I might. Would you object, Mr. Merritt,
to my statement? I think this is the key point of the conference
and something which has led to possible confusion, i.e., the
-------
1453
G. J. Merritt
I would refer to the statement made by the Attorney
General in the memorandum outlining the "freedom of information
law", which was issued 2 years ago, as follows:
"If government is to be truly of, by, and for the
people, the people must know in detail the activities of government.
Nothing so diminishes democracy as hypocrisy."
We have not been given the right to use these graphs,
to introduce them as part of this record so you conferees might
consider them, so that scientists who will later be in this con-
ference can evaluate them and show them on the projector and make
other comments.
We would further request, gentlemen, that you incorporate
into this record the inclusions which Dr. Mount in the water lab will
make, I understand, sometime this summer if they have the manpower
and the resources, including the final analyses on these bottom
samples.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Merritt, I understand that you are
a lawyer. If so, you should be aware of rules of evidence; you
should be aware of certain procedural requirements. One of the
procedural requirements that we have in the conference of this
sort is that information which is brought before the conference
be fully supportable. Conclusions can be drawn from that informa-
tion, and the data which was provided to you yesterday, as I
indicated yesterday, is raw data. It is not data that has been
analyzed or evaluated. And it is not data which is properly
subject to our consideration at this time.
-------
G. J. Merritt
the evidence which the water lab in Duluth has taken from bottom
samples in Wisconsin waters during the last 2 weeks. We asked for
this information under the "freedom of information law." The
information was provided at the water lab yesterday morning at 11:00
a.m. and was made public at that time. We were able to inspect the
graphs showing the presence of cummingtonite, indicating the
presence of cummingtonite and the trace which Dr. Mount mentioned
yesterday in 5 of the 6 samples of Wisconsin water.
At this time we request, Mr. Chairman, that those
graphs be incorporated into this record. I previously requested
that these graphs be published and furnished under the "freedom of
information law,11 but this was denied by the Commissioner. I again
request these be made part of the conference record and be considered
by the conferees because they do show the presence of cummingtonite
in these samples taken in Wisconsin waters last week. I make this
request under the "freedom of information law".
MR. DOMINICK: The "freedom of information law" has been
fully complied with. This information has been made available to
you, to members of the press, at our laboratory. We had a full
discussion of that information before this conference yesterday
afternoon. I believe that the situation speaks for itself on that
point.
You may proceed.
MR. MERRITT: I request the Commissioner provide us
with one copy each of the eight samples, the graphs which show the
cummingtonite, and that request was denied previously.
-------
1451
G. J. Merritt
I will give the references, as they aren't in my printed
statement. 1961 U. S. Code, Congressional Administrative News,
Section 2082 through Section 2086, 2098 through 2099, and 2106
through 2107. I would be glad to provide those later for anyone
interested.
In the Senate reports the then present law excluded the
greater part of the Great Lakes and their tributaries, the implica-
tion being, gentlemen, that the amended law includes the Great Lakes.
The minority report on this bill contains language supporting the
case for strong Federal jurisdiction in this area. The report notes
that "this bill removed the interstate requirement that health and
welfare of persons be affected in a State other than that in which
the discharge occurs," and I again cite the previous section of the
U. S. Code, Congressional Administrative News.
After going through the statute a number of times and
talking with other lawyers, that is my opinion, but I am not
infallible, and I understand there are opinions coming from
Washington which apparently state that interstate pollution must
be required before you gentlemen have jurisdiction. I think a
plain reading of this statute indicates that is not the case.
Once the conference is legally convened under Section 10(d)(l)
law was broadened to include the enforcement of pollution control
in those intrastate waters which are navigable. Anybody knows,
of course, that Lake Superior is a navigable water.
Because this may be an erroneous interpretation -- I
am not infallible -- we have requested earlier in this conference
-------
1450
G. J. Merritt
The next issue and the issue which you gentlemen have to
decide, which has been discussed by a number of people throughout the
past 3 days, once the conference is legally convened, the next issue
is, what is the jurisdiction or the scope of the conference? This,
gentlemen, is a most important question. Must there be interstate
pollution or, if there are navigable waters, are you permitted to
issue enforcement orders covering intrastate pollution?
Section 10(a) of the statute provides as follows:
"The pollution of interstate or navigable waters in or
adjacent to any State or States ... which endangers the health or
welfare of any person shall be subject to abatement as ... herein
provided."
The former statute, before the Amendment of 1961,
gentlemen, read:
"The pollution of interstate waters in or adjacent to
any State or States ... which endangers the health or welfare of
persons in a State other than that in which the discharge originates,
shall be subject to abatement as herein provided."
The statute was broadened in 1961 so as to include
enforcement action by a conference such as this, even though it is
not occurring.
In 1961 the Senate report accompanying this bill stated
as follows:
"By extending the authority for Federal abatement
enforcement action to the pollution of any navigable waters which
endanger the health or welfare of any person."
-------
1449
G. J. Merritt
Interior may call such a conference when he has "reason to believe"
on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies that pollution of
interstate or navigable waters is occurring which endangers the health
or welfare of persons in other States, in this case other than
Minnesota, in which the discharge origirfates. The Department of
the Interior report, which was submitted to the Corps of Engineers
early in 1969, the so-called Stoddard Report, he being the Regional
Coordinator, gave Secretary Stewart Udall ample justification to
call this conference. This report shows that pollution from taconite
tailings is occurring in Lake Superior, contrary to Dr. Lee's
statement just a few minutes ago, and, in view of the prevailing
lake currents, moving from Silver Bay to Wisconsin, this pollution
constitutes a definite hazard to the health or welfare of persons
in Wisconsin.
In addition to the Department of Interior report for-
warded to the Corps of Engineers, Secretary Udall had other reports
and studies of Lake Superior pollution available when he decided
to call this conference, such as Dr. Louis Williams' paper published
in BioScience, Volume 18, No. 1, 1968, and, thirdly, the report
of several agencies of the Department of Interior entitled
"Environmental Effects of Pollution and Diverson on the St. Louis
River," dated October 15, 1968, transmitted to Under Secretary
Black in response to his request of November 24, 1967, for a field
review of pollution of this interstate tributary. At least
Secretary Udall clearly had "reason to believe" that interstate
pollution is occurring and legally convened this conference.
-------
1448
G. J. Merritt
calling for an end to dumping of taconite wastes into Lake Superior/
public hearings have been held, including one in Duluth on March 15,
which attracted over 150 people who spoke out strongly against the
pollution of Lake Superior; the very successful Save Lake Superior
Association has been organized/ a number of TV and radio programs
have held discussions on this issue throughout the State a very
successful Lake Superior organization has been organized which I
am proud to say I belong to; and, finally, the Democratic-Farmer-
Labor (DFL) Party of Minnesota, after extensive consideration,
adopted the following plank as part of the State Party Platform
for 1968-1969:
"The use of Lake Superior as a dumping ground for mining
or industrial wastes must be prohibited."
Today we look to you conferees for enforcement -- not
control or endless study, but strict enforcement of water quality
which will end the pollution of Lake Superior from Reserve Mining
Company as well as all other sources. Experience shows that only
by strict enforcement will the polluting sources stop their present
policies.
Gentlemen, for a few minutes I would like to beg your
indulgence to engage in a few legal technicalities to go with the
scientific technicalities which are the most important part of
this conference.
As an attorney I have examined Section 10(d)(l) 33 U.S.C.
466g of the Federal enforcement statute under which this conference
was convened. This section provides that the Secretary of the
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1447
G. J. Merritt
already befallen Lake Erie and is seriously threatening Lake Michigan.
For hundreds of years Lake Superior has inspired people,
poetry and paintings because of its rugged shoreline and its vast
ocean-like expanses, but most of all because of its crystal-clear
water, or, as termed by the New York Times, "pristine clarity," --
water which could be drunk directly without fear of ill effects --
pure water unequalled anywhere in the world. It has been our good
fortune to inherit this greatest of the Great Lakes. But in our
lifetime we have seen the startling and tragic beginning of the
degradation of our priceless and irreplaceable resource. Because
of CHIT lack of concern,our apathy, and the shortsightedness of
certain business interests who would place monetary dividends above
natural and human dividends, we now witness the spoilation of the
lake in the Duluth-Superior Harbor, the St. Louis Eiver, and along
the north and south shores.
Fortunately the public has now been shaken from its
apathy. The great interest in the enforcement conference testifies
to the public concern that we shall not repeat the series of errors
which led to the incredible eutrophication of Lake Erie -- where
each industry comforted itself in thinking that it was only contri-
buting a "little more waste" to its waters.
The aroused public has indicated its concern in many
ways in the past year. There have been countless letters to the
editors of many newspapers and to Congressmen; resolutions have
been passed by citizen and conservation groups; three separate
bills were introduced in the 1969 Minnesota State Legislature
-------
1446
C. W. Huver
needing further verification. The on-going studies are near enough
to completion so that at the end of a 6-month study period there
should be a sufficient corpus of data upon which to make a definitive
recommendation as to the question of revocation of the permit granted
by the Army Corps of Engineers. To delay this decision beyond the
6-month period would not be advisable considering the fragility of
the oligotrophic qualities of Lake Superior which underly its unique
and irreplaceable nature.
MR. MERRITT: When I am completed, we will also present
the testimony of Dr. Charles Carson who for 5 years has been with
the Duluth branch who will discuss Lake Superior pollution.
I want to stress our consultants representing the various
citizens and various groups are unpaid consultants. They are not
receiving even expense money, with one exception of one who received
an airplane ticket. They are here on their own, and I believe their
testimony reflects concerned information as objective, interested
testimony without anything attached.
The purpose of my statement is to discuss briefly the
importance of Lake Superior to Minnesotans. Second, the jurisdiction
of this conference over the most immediate and pressing pollution
problem -- the dumping of taconite tailings at Silver Bay, the
official and authoritative nature of the Department of Interior
report submitted to the Corps of Engineers in January 1969 and,
four, the critical need for action by this conference. We ask this
conference to act quickly to combat the pollution of the greatest
of the Great Lakes in order to save it from the fate which has
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1445
C. W. Huver
silt can be found in bottom sediments from 10 miles north of Silver
Bay to Duluth and to the Apostle Islands. This material could affect
the benthic invertebrates which are important sources of fish food
as well as being a source of damage to the demersal types of fish
eggs such as those laid by lake herring, whitefish, and lake trout.
Recent unpublished data collected by the National Water
Quality Laboratory in Duluth tends to support the findings of Williams
that there is interstate transport of taconite tailings silt to the
Wisconsin benthic sediments, although additional analyses of the
sediments brought into the lake by the South Shore streams are needed
to establish whether cummingtonite can be regarded as a specific
tracer of taconite tailings.
The document, "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the
Lake Superior Basin, April 1969," Department of the Interior, makes
the following recommendation:
"The FWPCA and the States keep the discharge of taconite
tailings to Lake Superior from the Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis
Works, under continuing surveillance and report to the conferees at
six month intervals on any findings that interstate pollution is
occurring or is likely to occur, and the State of Minnesota is
urged to take such regulatory actions as necessary to control the
intrastate pollution resulting from these discharges, if any."
It is the view of this investigator that the available
evidence is highly suggestive of a serious pollution problem
emanating from Silver Bay. However, some of this evidence is
incomplete and other evidence is of a preliminary nature, thus
-------
1444
C. W. Huver
turbidity. This is a high level of turbidity for it exceeds the
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standard of 5 Jackson
units by a factor of 42 (Muller and Huver, 1969, unpublished data).
The major biological effect of increasing turbidity is to decrease
the primary productivity of the lake.
A more serious aspect of the Reserve discharge problem
is chemical pollution from the finely ground tailings particles.
Analyses of samples collected by the FWPCA from the vicinity of the
waste disposal area indicated that copper and zinc were present in
concentrations normally considered to be toxic to aquatic life.
The FWPCA investigations of June-July 1968 in the Silver Bay area
revealed lead and copper levels in excess of Federal-State Water
Quality Standards. The Federal report (Special Report on Water
Quality of_ Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota,
December 1968, U.S. Department of the Interior) concluded that
aluminum, lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel were "found to be
in concentrations in excess of commonly accepted levels for support-
ing aquatic life." Recent analyses for copper in our laboratory
indicate unusually high levels in the vicinity of Silver Bay as
compared to other North Shore stations (Muller and Huver, 1969,
unpublished data).
Another problem with potentially serious biological
consequences is the settling-out of fine grey taconite silt on the
bottom of Lake Superior. According to a study entitled, "Should
some beneficial uses of public waterways be illegitimate?" by
Louis G. Williams in the January 1968 issue of BioScience, taconite
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1443
C. W. Huver
the University of Minnesota. These witnesses testified that fine
particles have been carried into Lake Superior for thousands of
years by the streams entering the lake. In particular, Dr. Moyle
referred to the St. Louis River which flows over the bed of an old
glacial lake, and testified that it carried down finer material in
larger quantities than would come from Reserve's plant. Recent
data from a Department of Interior study, Special Report on Water
Quality of_ Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota,
December 1968, tends to refute the testimony of Doctors Moyle and
Davis in that the FWPCA found that the Reserve tailings were a much
more significant source of fine particles than the inlet streams.
Every day the Reserve Mining Company discharges an
average of 700 million gallons of water containing some 60,000 long
tons of taconite waste solids directly into Lake Superior. Of the
waste solids discharged per day, some 5,400 long tons are less than
4 microns in diameter. Particles of this size would stay suspended
for considerable lengths of time after discharge. Since the plant
went into operation in 1956, more than 190 million tons of taconite
tailings have been put into the lake.
An obvious polluting influence of this discharge is the
greatly increased turbidity in the water of the Silver Bay area.
For photographic evidence of this form of pollution one can refer
to a report entitled, Studies on the Productivity and Plankton of
Lake Superior, June 1961, published by the School of Public Health,
University of Minnesota. Turbidity measurements taken 1/4 mile in
front of the Reserve tailings delta reveal 210 Jackson units of
-------
1442
C. W. Huver
(The above-mentioned statement was received and follows.)
PERSPECTIVE ON THE POLLUTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR
BY TACONITE TAILINGS
by
Charles W. Huver
B.S. Michigan State University
M.S. University of Wisconsin
Ph.D. Yale University
Presented to the Conferees of the Federal-State Con-
ference on Pollution of Lake Superior and its Tributary Basin, held
at the Hotel Duluth, May 13-15, 1969. The author is Associate
Professor of Zoology and Curator of Fishes in the James Ford Bell
Museum of Natural History at the University of Minnesota.
The question of possible pollution of Lake Superior by
taconite wastes was first brought into public focus during the 1947
hearings before the State Commissioner of Conservation and the Water
Pollution Control Commission on a permit application of the Reserve
Mining Company to deposit its tailings in Lake Superior at Silver
Bay. Considerable concern was expressed about the finer particles
that would be part of the tailings deposit and the question of
whether they would remain suspended and have any adverse effects on
the quality of Lake Superior water.
Testimony paving the way to the granting of the permit
was given by Dr. John Moyle of the Minnesota Department of Conser-
vation and by Dr. E. W. Davis of the Mines Experiment Station of
-------
1441
G. J. Merritt
MECCA strongly opposes further discharge of taconite
tailings by Reserve Mining Company into Lake Superior at Silver Bay,
Minnesota. We urge this conference to recommend necessary remedial
action to abate this discharge. We believe the extensive scientific
data presently available, and a part of this record by the time this
conference closes, proves clearly and convincingly that this dumping
of over 60,000 tons of tailings daily, or 20 million tons annually,
constitutes pollution of Lake Superior. We also urge the immediate
abatement of other forms of pollution in the Lake Superior Basin.
We bear no hostility or malice, gentlemen, toward the
Reserve Mining Company. There is an entirely reasonable alternative,
as suggested by the Bureau of Mines in the Department of the Interior
report to the discharge of tailings at Silver Bay.
MECCA has arranged for the presentation of statements
from two outstanding scientists. The first is Dr. Charles Huver
of the University of Minnesota. Unfortunately, because of the
schedule of this conference, Dr. Huver had to return to the
Minneapolis campus last night, and if it is all right with you
gentlemen, his statement will be submitted and become part of the
record. It will be sent to Mr. Murray Stein.
MR. DOMINICK: That is fine. You don't have the
statement here?'
MR. MERRITT: No, I don't. He was called this after-
noon and it will have to be mailed to the conferees.
MR. DOMINICK: When it is received it will be made a
part of the record.
-------
1440
G. J. Merritt
valuable lake. As a native Duluthian, and one who has traveled the
North Shore hundreds of times, fished the crystal clear waters of
Lake Superior for 30 years, vacationed at Isle Royale National Park
in Lake Superior for nearly every one of these past 30 years, I am
known as the wolf's eye of the wolf, which is shown on the map behind
the conferee at the head of the table. There are a number of people
concerned that the wolf no longer will be able to see to the end of
his nose if the tailings discharge at Reserve continues much longer,
and, furthermore, that the wolf is about ready to gag with the
pollution now occurring in the Duluth-Superior Harbor in the river.
(Laughter.)
I trust you gentlemen will give close consideration to
the very serious problems now occurring in Lake Superior from a
number of sources. I am personally concerned that man may destroy
this priceless resource and sooner than many believe possible,
unless we act now to stop the pollution endangering the health or
welfare of persons in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
MECCA is a nonprofit Minnesota corporation founded one
year ago in the belief that man has passed the time when he can use,
exploit, and move on. It is an action group which evaluates prob-
lems and then acts to solve these problems in the agency hearings,
in the legislative halls, and, if necessary, in the courts. With-
out much effort to build membership, preferring instead to work for
immediate action to abate pollution in a number of areas, the
Association has grown to between 500 and 600 members.
-------
1439
G. J. Merritt
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, I believe Mr. Fride has
concluded with the other witnesses.
I will call at this time for other witnesses who want to
make an appearance on behalf of the State of Minnesota.
First I would like to call on Mr. Grant J. Merritt,
Board of Directors of MECCA, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Mr. Merritt.
STATEMENT OF GRANT J. MERRITT, DIRECTOR,
MECCA, MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
MR. MERRITT: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My name is Grant Merritt. I am from Minneapolis. It
is a pleasure to be here and finally have a chance to make this
presentation. I am sorry to hear, however, that Reserve will have
a chance to go on after the presentation of the public witnesses.
I just learned that from Mr. Badalich.
As a Director of MECCA, Minnesota Environmental Control
Citizens Association, and Chairman of the MECCA Task Force on Lake
Superior, I am pleased to present this statement to this important
conference called by Secretary Stewart L. Udall to enforce pollu-
tion control in the Lake Superior Basin. In addition, I am
presenting this statement in my own behalf as an individual very
interested in the prevention of pollution in this extraordinarily
-------
1438
11
Author
Kobayashi, Shigeru
Peterson, James
Plumb, Russell
Rod el, Max
Sanchez, Isaac
Shannon, James
Sherman, Marguerite
Sonzogni, William
Spear, Richard
Sridharan, Nagalaxmi
Thingvold, Daryle
Veith, Gilman
Walton, Craig
Weimer, Walter
Olson, Donald
Degree Title
Ph.D. Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic
Ph. D. Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Lead
Ph. D. Chlorination of Cyanide
M. S. Characterization of Odorous Compounds from Algae
Ph.D. Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Copper
Ph. D. Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Sulfide
M. S. Use of Algal Pigments to Estimate Eutrophication
M. S. Chemistry of Plant Nutrients in Farm Ponds
Ph. D. Leaching of Phosphorus from Lake Sediments
Ph. D. Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Phosphorus in
Lower Green Bay, Wisconsin
M. S. Persistence of TFM in Natural Waters
Ph. D. Persistence of PCB Compounds in Natural Waters
Ph. D. Algal Nutrition in Lake Wingra
M. S. The Origin of Meromixis in Lakes
M. S. Effect of Mn Oxides and Sulfate on Release of
Phosphate from Lake Sediments
-------
1437
10
Author
Boucher, Frank R.
Tranquillo, James S.
Brezonik, Patrick L.
Bortleson, Gilbert C.
Wang, Wun-Cheng
Pfeil, Bcrnhard, H.
Delfino, Joseph J.
Hughes, Robert A.
Plumb, Russell H.
Veith, Oilman D.
Kluesener, John W.
Degree Date Title
Ph.D.
M.S.
Ph.D.
M.S.
Ph.D.
M.S.
Ph. D.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
1967
1967
1967
1967
1967
1967
1968
1968
1968
1968
1968
The Adsorption of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Pesticides on an Unconsolidated Aquifer
Substrate
Concentration of Dilute Phenolic Solutions
Utilizing DMSO
The Dynamics of the Nitrogen Cycle in
Natural Waters
Chemistry of Lake Sediment Cores
The Effect of the Association of Organic
Material with Clays on Parathion and DDT
Adsorption
Biodegradation of Nitrilotriacetic Acid
Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of
Manganese
Persistence of Toxaphene in Natural Waters
The Iron-Organic Complex of Lake Mary
The Role of Lake Sediments in the Water
Chemistry of Toxaphene
Color and Oxygen Characteristics of
Petenwell Flowage, Wisconsin River
Theses in progress under the supervision of G. Fred Lee
Name
Degree
Amundson, Rohel M. S.
Austin, Elizabeth M. S.
Bentley, Eugene Ph. D.
Bhatia, Rattan Ph. D.
Bortleson, Gilbert Ph. D.
Cowcn, William M. S.
Gardner, Wayne Ph.D.
Hall, Kenneth Ph.D.
Hanson, Arthur M. S.
Hughes, Robert Ph.D.
Kluesener, John Ph. D.
Title
Leaching of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Marsh
Sediments
Leaching of Nitrogen from Lake Sediments
Effect of Marshes on Water Quality
Effect of Sanitary Landfills on Water Quality
Use of Lake Sediment Cores to Estimate Eutrophication
Effect of Natural and Waste Water Organics on the
Growth of Algae
Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Amino Acids
and Proteins
Characterization of Natural Water Organic Matter
Analytical Methods for Fractionation of Organic
Nitrogen Compounds in Waste Waters
Persistence of Toxaphene Isomers in Natural Waters
Release of Nutrients from Lake Sediments
-------
1436
Rai, H., Lee, G. F. and Fruh, E.G. "Plankton of the Madison Lakes" (in preparation).
Sridharan, N. and Lee, G. F. "Coprecipitation of Organics from Lake Waters by Iron"
(in preparation).
Veith, G. D. and Lee, G. F. "Water Chemistry of Toxaphene - Role of Lake Sediments"
(submitted for publication).
Wang, W., Spyridakis, D. E. and Lee, G. F. "Sorption of Parathion and DDT on Clays"
(in preparation).
Wentz, D. E. and Lee, G. F. "Sedimentary Phosphorus in Lake Cores" (in preparation).
Wentz, D. E. and Lee, G. F. "Sedimentary Phosphorus in Lake Cores. Observations of the
Depositional Pattern in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin" (in preparation).
Wiersma, J. and Lee, G. F. ''Aqueous Chemistry of Selenium" (in preparation).
Wilson, W. and Lee, G. F. "Use of Chemical Composition of Fresh Water Clamshells
as Indicators of Paleohydrologic Conditions" (submitted for publication).
Author
WATER CHEMISTRY THESES
Completed under the supervision of G. Fred Lee
Degree Date Title
Kobayashi, Shigeru
Gardner, Wayne S.
Brezonik, Patrick L.
Shannon, James E.
Johnson, W. DeV/itt
'Spear, Richard D.
Doll, Frederick L.
Bentley, Eugene M.
Peterson, James O.
Ka in merer, Phil A.
Wentz, Dennis A.
Hawley, John E.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M. S
1963 Freeze Concentration of Dilute Aqueous
Solutions
1964 Oxygenation of Lake Sediments
1965 Sources of Nitrogen Gas in Anaerobic
Fermentations
1965 Hydrolysis Rates of Condensed Phosphates in
Natural Waters
1965 Persistence of Toxaphene in Treated Lakes
1965 Extracellular Glycolic Acid Accumulation
in Natural Waters and Laboratory Cultures
1967 The Effect of Coagulants on the Lime-Soda
Softening of Water
1967 Determination of Calcium by Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry
1967 Sorption of Rhodamine B on Activated Carbon
1967 Freeze Concentration of Organic Compounds
in Dilute Aqueous Solutions
1967 Available Phosphorus in Lake Sediments
1967 Calcium Carbonate Equilibrium in
Lake Mendota
-------
1435
8
Boucher, F. R. and Lee, G. F. "The Adsorption of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
on an Unconsolidated Aquifer Sand" (submitted for publication).
Delfino, J. J. , Bortleson, G. C. and Lee, G. F. "Distribution of Mn, Fe, P, Mg, K, Na,
and Ca in Surface Sediments in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin" (submitted for publication).
Delfino, J. J. and Lee, G. F. "Release of Manganese from Lake Mendota Sediments"
(submitted for publication).
Delfino, J. J. and Lee, G. F. "Colorimetric Data of Manganese in Lake Waters"
(in preparation).
Doll, F. L. and Lee, G. F. "Effect of Coagulants on Lime-Soda Softening of Water"
(submitted for publication).
Fitzgerald, G. P. and Lee, G. F. "Use of Tests for Limiting or Surplus Nutrient to
Evaluate Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Algae and Aquatic Weeds"
(in preparation).
Fruh, E.G. and Lee, G. F. "Cesium Sorption by Lake Sediments (in preparation).
Fruh, E. G. and Lee, G. F. "Cesium Sorption on Stratified Mica" (in preparation).
Fruh, E. G. and Lee, G. F. "Eutrophication of Madison Lakes" (in preparation).
Fruh, E. G. and Lee, G. F. "Inhibition of Cesium Sorption on Vermiculite"
(in preparation).
Gardner, W. and Lee, G. F. "Determination of Amino Acids in Natural Waters by Gas
Chromatography" (in preparation).
Hawley, J. E. and Lee, G. F. "Calcium Carbonate Saturation in Lake Mendota"
(in preparation).
Hughes, R. A. , Veith, G. D. and Lee, G. F. "Analysis of Toxaphene in Lake Water,
Sediments, Plankton and Fish" Presented at Applied Spectroscopy Society meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, May, 1969.
Kluesener, J. and Lee, G. F. "Deoxygenation of Petemvell Reservoir on the Wisconsin
River" (in preparation).
Lee, G. F. "Analytical Methods - Dissolved Substances" Presented at International
Symposium on Eutrophication, Madison, Wisconsin, June 11-12, 1967 (in press).
Lee, G. F. "Factors Affecting the Exchange of Materials from Lake Waters and Sediments"
to be presented at Amer. Chemical Society meeting, New York City, Sept., 1969.
Peterson, J. O. and Lee, G. F. "Sorption of Rhodamine B on Activated Carbon"
(in preparation).
Plumb, R. and Lee, G. F. "Iron Organic Associations in Lake Mary, Wisconsin"
(in preparation).
-------
1434
39. Pfeil, B. H. and Lee, G. F. "Biodegradation of Nitrilotriacetic Acid in Aerobic
Systems" Environ. Sci. & Tech. 2, 543-45 (1958).
40. Spear, R. D. and Lee, G. F. "Glycolic Acid in Natural Waters and Laboratory
Cultures" Environ, Sci. & Tech. 2, 557-58(1958).
41. Morton, S. D. and Lee, G. F. "Calcium Carbonate Equilibria in Lakes" J. Chem. Edu.
45, 511-13(1958).
42. Morton, S. D. and Lee, G. F. "Calcium Carbonate Equilibrium in the Oceans-Ion
Pair Formation" J. Chem. Edu. 45_, 513-15(1958).
43. Delfino, J. J. and Lee, G. F. "Chemistry of Manganese in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin"
Environ. Sci. & Tech. 2, 1094-1100(1958).
44. Lee, G. F. and Delino, J. J. nscussion, "Equilibrium and Kinetics Aspects of Inorganic
Chemistry Quaiity in reservoirs" Proceedings of Specialty Conference on Current
Research into the Effects of Reservoirs on Water Quality, January, 1958, ASCE,
Technical Reot. No. 17, Dept. Environ. & Water Resources Engr., Vanderbilt
Univ., pp. 51-72 (1969).
45. Tranquillo, J. S. and Lee, G. F. "Concentration of Dilute Aqueous Phenol Solutions
Utilizing Methylsulfinylmethane (DMSO)" Environ. Sci. & Tech. 3, 393-5 (1969).
46. Kammerer, P. A. and Lee, G. F. "Freeze Concentration of Crganic Compounds in
Dilute Aqueous Solutions" Environ. Sci. & Tech. 3, 275-8(1969).
In addition, G. Fred Lee is a member of committees that prepared the following
publications;
"Nutrient Associated Problems in Water Quality and Treatment" Report to
A"WWA Task Group on Nutrients in Water, J. AWWA, 58, 1337-1355(1955).
"Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water Supplies" Report by AWWA
Task Group on Nutrients in Water, J. AWWA, 59_, 344-355(1967).
"Excessive Water Fertilization" Report to Y/isconsin Water Subcommittee,
Natural Resources Committee of State Agencies (1957) mimeo.
"Required Characteristics and Measurement of Biodegradability" Report to
WaTter Pollution Control Federation Subcommittee on Biodegradability to be
published in 1959.
"Chemistry of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Natural Waters" AWWA Task Group
orTNutrients in Water (to be published in J. AWWA, 1959).
Publications in Press and Preparation
Armstrong, D. E. , Spyridakis, D. E. and Lee, G. F. "Cycling of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
in the Great Lakes" Presented at Amer. Chemical Society meeting, April, 1959,
Minneapolis, Minnesota,
Bortleson, G. C. and Lee, G. F. "Chemistry of Lake Sediment Cores" (submitted for
publication).
-------
1433
24. Brezonik, P. L. and Lee, G. F. "Sources of Elemental Nitrogen in Fermentation
Gases" J. Air Water Poll. 10 145-160 (1936\
25. Johnson, W. D. , Lee, G. F. and Spyridakis, D. "Persistence of Toxaphene in
Treated Lakes" J. Air Y/ater Poll. 10 555-550(1966).
2C. Erezonik, P. L. and Lee, G. F. "Preservation of Water Samples for Inorganic
Nitrogen Analysis with Mercuric Chloride" J. Air Water Poll. 10 549-553(1965).
27. Shannon, J. E. and Lee, G. F. "Hydrolysis of Condensed Phosphates in Natural
Waters" J. Air Water Poll. 10 735-756(1965).
28. Fruh, E. G. , Stewart, K. M. , Lee, G. F. and Rohlich, G. A. "Measurement of
Eutrophication and Trends" J. WPCF 38 1237-1258(1966).
29. Lee, G. F. "Chemical Transformations in Self-Purification" National Symposium
on Water Quality Standards for Natural Water, Univ. of Michigan, 251-256(1966).
30. Lee, G. F. "Kinetics of Reactions Between Chlorine and Phenolic Compounds" in
Principles and Applications of Water Chemistry, Faust, S. D. and Hunter, J. V.
(Eds.), pg. 54-74, Wiley, 1967.
31. Fruh, E.G. and Lee, G. F. "Sorption of Cesium on Stratified Mica" in Principles
and Applications of Water Chemistry, Faust, S. D. and Hunter, J. V. (Eds. ),
pg. lolPa 1 5 ,^WII
32. Kammerer, P. A., Rod el, M. G. , Hughes, R. A. and Lee, G. F. "Low Level
Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination on the Technicon AutoAnalyzer" Environ. Sci.
& Tech. !_ 340-342 (I9o7\
33. Soltero, F. V. and Lee, G. F. "Apparatus for Automatic pH Control in Algal
Cultures" Environ. Sci. & Tech. j_ 503-505 (1967\
34. Lee, G. F. and Hoadley, A. F. "Biological Activity in Relation to the Chemical
Equilibrium Composition of Natural Water" in Equilibrium Concepts in Natural
Water Systems, Gould, R. F. (Ed. ), Advances in Chemistry Series No. 67,
AlnerrChem. Soc. , pg. 319-338 (1967\
35. Gjessing, E. and Lee, G. F. "Fractionation of Organic Matter in Natural Waters
on Sephadex Columns" Environ. Sci. & Tech. _! 531-538 (1957V
3C. Eentley, E. E. and Lee, G. F. "Determination of Calcium in Natural Waters by
Atomic Absorption Spcctrophotometry" Environ. Sci. & Tech. 1 721-724(1967).
37. Brezonik, P. L. and Lee, G. F. "Denitrification as a Nitrogen Sink in Lake
Mend ota" Environ. Sci. & Tech. 2 120-125(1968).
38. Lee, G. F. "Automatic Methods for the Analysis of Natural Waters" Proc.
IBP Symposium, Nieuwersluis, Oct. 10-16, 1955, pg. 169-183.
-------
1432
8. Lee, G. F. "Studies on the Iron, Manganese, Sulfate, and Silica Balances and Distri-
butions for Lake Mendota, Madison, V/isconsin" Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Science,
Arts & Letters LI 141-155(1952).
9. Shearer, S. D. and Lee, G. F. "Leachability of I adium-225 from Uranium Mill
Solids and Fiver Sediments" Health Physics 10_ 217-227(1954).
10. Rai, H. and Lee, G. F. "Separation of Planktonic Algal Pigments by Thin Layer
Chromatography" Anal. Chem. 35_ 2208(1964).
11. Lee, G. F. Discussion of paper "Role of Multivalent Hydrous Metal Oxides on
Limnological Transformation" by J. Morgan and W. Stumm, Proc. 2nd Int.
Conf. Water Pollution Research, Tokyo, August, 1954, Pergamon Press, I9c"5.
12. Kobayashi, S. and Lee, G. F. "Freeze Concentration of Dilute Aqueous Solutions"
Anal. Chem. 36 2197 (1954).
13. Clesceri, N. L. and Lee, G. F. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Separation of Ortho-
phosphate and Pyrophosphate" Anal. Chem. 36 2207 (1954).
14. Malhotra, S. K., Lee, G. F. and F ohlich, G. A. "Nutrient Removal from Secondary
Effluent by Alum Flocculation and Lime Precipitation" J. Air Water Poll. 8
487-500(1954).
15. Lee, G. F. "Eutrophication of Natural Water" Seminar, Geography Panel Committee
on Pollution, National Academy of Science-National research Council, Washington,
D. C. , March 1 & 2, 1965.
15. Lee, G. F. , Kumke, G. W. and Becker, S. L. "Recovery of Crganics from a Eutrophic
Lake by the Carbon Adsorption Technique" J. Air Water Poll. 9 69-80(1955).
17. Lee, G. F. and Harlin, C. C. "Effect of Intake Location on Water Quality" Ind. Water
Eng. 2 36-40(1955).
18. Gardner, W. S. and Lee, G. F. "Oxygenation of Lake Sediments" J. Air Water Poll.
9 553-554 (1955).
19. Clesceri, N. L. and Lee, G. F. "Hydrolysis of Condensed Phosphates. I: Non-Sterile
Environment" J. Air Water Poll. 9 723-742(1955).
20. Clesceri, N. L. and Lee, G. F. "Hydrolysis of Condensed Phosphates. II: Sterile
Environment" J. Air Water Poll. £ 743-751(1955).
21. Lee, G. F. , Clesceri, N. L. and Fitzgerald, G. P. "Studies on the Analysis of Phos-
phates in Algal Cultures" J. Air Water Poll. 9 715-722(1955).
22. Lee, G. F., Chairman "Report on the Nutrient Sources of Lake Mendota" Nutrient
Sources Subcommittee of the Lake Mendota Problems Committee, 37 pp. (January
1955) (mimeo).
23. Lee, G. F. and Fruh, E.G. "The Aging of Lakes" Ind. Water Eng. 3, No. 2, 25-30
(1966).
-------
1431
4.
Summary of Water Chemistry Program
The Water Chemistry Program was initiated in 1962 as an interdepartmental
graduate degree program designed to prepare students for careers in the chemical limnol-
ogy, chemical oceanography, chemical hydrology, biogeochemistry and the chemistry of
water supply, water and wastewater treatment and water pollution control. Currently,
there are 30 graduate students enrolled in the program, 3 professorial staff, 1 teaching
assistant, 1 project associate, and 5 other full-time personnel. The program currently
has over 1^, 000 square feet of teaching and research facilities including a 30 ft. U. S. Naval
launch outfitted as a laboratory, a U. S. Army amphibian Dukw used for coring, a panel
truck outfitted as a portable laboratory and several other small boats and snowmobiles.
Courses Taught
Water Chemistry Colloid and Surface Chemistry
Advanced Water Chemistry Marine Chemistry
Water Analysis Problems in Oceanography
Advanced Techniques of Water Analysis Organic Water Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Additional information on the Water Chemistry Program and courses is available
upon request.
Publications
1. Granstrom, M. L. and Lee, G. F. "Rate and Mechanisms of reactions Involving Cxy-
chloro Compounds" Public Works 88 90-2(1957).
2. Granstrom, L. M. and Lee, G. F. "Generation and Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Water
Treatment" J. AWWA 50 1453-66 (1958).
3. Lee, G. F. and Stumm, W. "Determination of Ferrous Iron in the Presence of Ferric
Iron with Eathophenanthroline" J. AWWA 52_ 1567-73(1950).
4. Stumm, W. and Lee, G. F. "The Chemistry of Aqueous Iron" Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fiir Hydrology XXI 295-319(1960).
5. Stumm, W. and Lee, G. F. "Cxygenation of Ferrous Iron" Ind. Eng. Chem. 53
143-6(1961).
6. Lee, G. F. and Morris, J. C. "Kinetics of Chlorination of Phenol -Chlorophenolic Tastes
and Odors" Int. J. Air & Water Poll. 6_ 419-31 (1952).
7. Middleton, P.M., Greenberg, A. E. and Lee, G. F. "Tentative Method for Carbon
Chloroform Extract (CCE) in Water" J. AWWA 54 223-7(1962).
-------
1430
Title
Use of Lake Sediment Cores to
Estimate Eutrophication
Source
FWPCA
Amount
$ 12,000
Period
1969
In addition, G. Fred Lee has been sponsor for $300, 000 of student research assistantships
from Federal agencies in the period 1963-59.
-------
1429
Memberships and Other Activities:
American Water Works Association Committees on Crganic Contaminants
in Water, Iron and Manganese, Chlorine, Nutrients in Water, and Quality
Control in Reservoirs
Water Pollution Control Federation Committees on Biodegradation and
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
American Society for Testing Materials Committee on Organics in Water
Water Subcommittee on Excessive Fertilization, Wisconsin Natural
Resources Committee of State Agencies
Detergent Advisory Committee, V/isconsin State Board of Health
City of Madison Lake Mendota Problems Committee, Chairman, Nutrient
Sources Subcommittee
Abstractor for Chemical Abstracts in areas of water supply and pollution
control, limnology and oceanography
Editorial Advisory Board, Environmental Science & Technology, published
by American Chemical Society (1966-68)
American Water Y/orks Association, Water Pollution Control Federation,
American Chemical Society, American Society for Limnology & Oceano-
graphy, American Ecological Society, American Agronomy Society,
International Association for Great Lakes Research, Sigma Xi, Delta Omega,
Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts & Letters, Midwest Benthological
Society, Societas Internationalie Limnologiae, Soil Science Society of
American, American Geochemical Society, International Association of
Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, and International Association for Ecology
Grants and Awards, G. Fred Lee, Principal Investigator:
Title Source Amount
Water Chemistry Training Grant
Water Chemistry Training Grant
Method of Concentrating Organic Solutes
Water Chemistry Research
Eutrophication of Lakes
Effect of Marshes on Water Quality
Persistence of Toxaphcne
Use of Clamshells as Indicators of
Paleohydrologic Conditions
Contract for no-cost loan of 30 ft.
Naval launch and U. S. Army amphibian
Dukw
Period
FWPCA $425, 000
FWPCA 402, 000
FWPCA
U. W. Alumni
Res. Foundation
U. W. Water
Resources Ctr.
Wisconsin
Conservation Div.
Wisconsin
Conservation Div.
NSF
CNR
70, 000
18,500
12,000
24, 000
24, 000
30, 000
_ — -
1962-67
1957-72
1964-67
1952-67
1955-58
1967-69
1966-69
1955-58
1963-73
-------
1428
RESUME
G. FRED LEE
Current Position: Professor of Water Chemistry and Director of Water Chemistry Program
at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Business Address: V/ater Chemistry Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Telephone: 608 262-2470
Home Address: 122 East Oilman, Apt. 505
Madison, Wisconsin 53703 Telephone: 608 251-1437
Date and Place of Birth: July 27, 1933 Delano, California U. S. citizen
Education: B. S. San Jose State College 1955
M. S. University of North Carolina 1957
Ph. D. Harvard University (Division of Engineering & Applied Physics) 1960
Experience: Assistant Professor of V/ater Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 1950-51
Assistant Professor of Water Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1961-63
Associate Professor of Water Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1963-55
Professor of V/ater Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1965-present
Health: Good Marital Status: Married Military Service: None
Honors: Sigma Xi, Delta Omega, Phi Lambda Upsilon
Consultant: Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1950-51
(Environmental monitoring of radioactivity)
Lake County Illinois Health Department, 1962-53
(Lake fertilization problems)
U. S. Public Health Service (Federal V/ater Pollution Control Administration)
(Great Lakes studies, 1954-67)
Automated Environmental Systems, Inc., Long Island, New York, present
(Design environmental monitoring system)
Procter & Gamble Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio, present
(Water fertilization by detergents)
Reserve Mining Company, Silver Bay, Minnesota, present
(Taconite tailings waste disposal)
James McHugh Construction Company, Chicago, Illinois, present
(Control of algae and weeds in lakes)
Martin-Marietta Corporation, Colorado Division, present
(Environmental pollution)
Various consulting engineering and industrial firms on water supply,
water and wastewater treatment, lake and stream problems.
-------
1427
- 9 -
Summary
As a consultant to Reserve Mining Company, I have found the following:
1. Reserve Mining Company has the capability to do and is doing,
an excellent job in the collection and analysis of water quality
data in Lake Superior.
2. Water chemistry studies conducted at my request by Reserve
personnel show that trace metals, such as Cu, Zn, and Cd
present in taconite tailings do not enter into solution and, there-
fore, are probably non-toxic to aquatic organisms, nor would
they be expected to have any detrimental effect on drinking water
and other beneficial uses of the lake.
3. Many of the trace metals of interest are removed from Lake
Superior water and carried to the sediments by taconite tailings.
4. There is insufficient information available at the present time to
support the FWPCA proposed water quality criteria for Lake
Superior.
5. No evidence is presented in the several FWPCA reports which
reflects reasonable support for the use of the proposed criteria.
Much information in the reports demonstrates the impossibility
of meeting the criteria since the lake for years has already
exceeded such.
-------
1426
the Brule River water and FWPCA Du.lu.th National Water Quality Laboratory
water. Evidently an appreciable part of the copper present in the Brule
River is not available to aquatic organisms, i.e., non-toxic. However, this
would probably not be the case in FWPCA laboratory studies. This example
points out the need to take into account the particular forms of the elements
that are present in a sample of water in setting water quality criteria at or near
the levels proposed by the FWPCA for Lake Superior. The total copper in a
sample may be of little or no significance in the toxicity of these elements to
aquatic organisms. As explained above, only that part of the element that be-
comes available is of significance.
Another very important problem in establishing water quality criteria
at or near the proposed criteria is that the analytical methods used to measure
the amounts of the element present do not distinguish between that part of the
total element that is inert and that part that is available to aquatic organisms.
For taconite tailings, the problem is even more complicated since as stated in
the FWPCA report:
"The chemical state of these metals was not assessed
and it would be presumptuous at this time to say what
portion of the elements enter into solution."
It is easily possible that the total copper or some other elements may
enter the water from many sources and exceed FWPCA proposed criteria and
yet be non-toxic to aquatic life in the water. Any standards that are established
for Lake Superior must take this kind of information into account. The FWPCA
proposed criteria do not take this kind of information into account and, therefore,
I feel are unrealistic.
-------
1425
- 7 -
to the general scientific community for their review. It seems to me totally
unrealistic to set very strict water quality standards based on information
that apparently has only been reviewed by FWPCA. All interested individuals
should review all available data prior to setting any radically different water
quality criteria for Lake Superior.
There are many problems in justifying the FWPCA proposed water
quality criteria for Lake Superior. For example, some of the proposed
criteria are less than the natural concentrations of the elements found in Lake
Superior water by the FWPCA. Water quality criteria are not precise numbers
in which there is no question about their magnitude. Usually water quality
criteria are based on years of experience in which the concentrations of chemi-
cals in the water are compared to the reproduction, growth and survival of
organisms in the water. In the case of the proposed criteria, there is essen-
tially no environmental experience which demonstrates the significance of trace
metals and other substances in Lake Superior water at the proposed limits.
Some of their proposed criteria are based on very limited laboratory studies
which have not been reviewed by the scientific community as a whole. In fact,
experience shows that some of the criteria may be too strict for conditions that
are naturally encountered in the Lake Superior drainage basin. For example,
the Brule River in Wisconsin, which empties into Lake Superior, is a renowned
trout stream. People come from all over the midwest to fish in this stream.
U. S. Department of Interior studies have shown that the copper content of this
river greatly exceeds the FWPCA proposed criteria for this element. This
discrepancy can be explained by differences in the water chemistry of copper in
-------
1424
- 6 -
I have paid particular attention to the question: Do the available data support
the state conclusions? Also, is the technical evidence present the best
available evidence? I have attempted to point out some of those "statements
of fact" that are, in reality, merely opinions which are not supported by experi-
mental fact.
For example, on page 21 of the FWPCA report, "An Appraisal of
Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin," the statement is made:
"For example, an increase in five units in turbidity
will result in a reduction of many feet in light pene-
tration and a significant loss of fish food organisms."
This is presented as a fact yet neither this report nor any of the
supporting documents provide evidence that a reduced light penetration of the
magnitude that would be associated with a small increase in turbidity will
decrease fish production. It is certainly not a generally recognized fact among
aquatic scientists that this statement is true.
The proposed criteria for many of the elements listed in the FWPCA
report, "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin, April,
1969," are unrealistic in terms of existing knowledge concerning the aqueous
environmental chemistry of most pollutants in natural waters. The report states:
"Additional data concerning water quality criteria for
Lake Superior are now available as a result of
recently completed research at the FWPCA National
Water Quality Laboratory of Duluth, Minnesota."
This additional information has not been presented in any of the reports
or supporting documents to these reports. To my knowledge, this "additional
data" concerning water quality specific for Lake Superior has not been released
-------
1423
- 5 -
sorption tests consisted of adding taconite tailings to Lake Superior water that
contained small amounts of trace metals. The solutions were mixed for a
period of time and amounts of metals present in the water that would be sus-
pected to be readily available to organisms, were determined. The results of
the studies are preliminary in nature but do show that based on the leaching
tests, the copper and several other metals present in tailings are not released
to the water.
The sorption test showed that the taconite tailings would tend to remove
trace metals from Lake Superior water and indicate that some of the toxic
metals such as copper present in the surface waters of Lake Superior in areas
of taconite tailings discharged would be removed from the water and carried to
the sediments by the tailings.
In summary, the studies on the water chemistry of taconite tailings in
Lake Superior water show that the trace metals such as copper, zinc and
cadmium, cited by the FWPCA as having "a lasting deleterious effect upon the
lake" are not released to the water from taconite tailings and in fact any of these
metals present in the immediate vicinity of the discharge of taconite tailings will
be removed from the water and carried to the sediments (bottom) of the lake by
the tailings.
Technical Accuracy of FWPCA Reports
One of my primary responsibilities as a consultant to Reserve has
been to review all released state and federal agency reports that are pertinent
to the disposal of taconite tailings in Lake Superior for their technical accuracy.
Also, I have reviewed each of Reserve's reports in this area. In this review,
-------
1422
- 4 -
These statements may lead some readers of this report to believe
that Reserve is discharging large quantities of trace metals that might be toxic
in Lake Superior water. Careful examination of these reports and their support-
ing documents shows that they have no evidence to support their implications.
There is no question that taconite tailings contain trace metals. The question
is one of whether the trace metals such as copper present in taconite tailings,"
are toxic in Lake Superior water. It is well known that an important parameter
in the toxicity of metals is their availability to organisms. The criteria for the
critical concentrations must be based not on the total metal present in a solid
but on that part of it which is available to the test organisms. The availability
is directly controlled by the aqueous environmental chemistry of the solids in
the water under study. In the case of taconite tailings, the solids are
silicate minerals. These solids will likely behave in a markedly different way
than other solids normally present in natural waters. At the present time, very
little is known about the availability of copper and other metals in taconite tailings
to aquatic organisms. Reserve has initiated an experimental program to deter-
mine the water chemistry of taconite tailings in Lake Superior water. I have
acted as a consultant in these studies by helping to establish experimental pro-
cedures and in the interpretation of data.
Both trace metal release (leaching) and trace metal uptake (sorption)
studies have been conducted. The leaching tests consisted of placing known
amounts of tailings in a bottle containing Lake Superior water and determining
the amount of trace metals released over a period of several months. The
-------
14LI
- 3 -
studies to determine the aqueous environmental chemistry of tailings in Lake
Superior water. These investigations have included leaching (metal release)
and sorption (metal removal) studies of trace metals in Lake Superior water.
Also studies have been made to determine the actual chemical species of the
elements present in Lake Superior water.
The effect of the discharge of taconite tailings on water quality is
dependent on their water chemistry in Lake Superior water. These tailings
could be chemically inert or chemically active in the environment. If the
taconite tailings are chemically active, then consideration must be given to
their chemistry in the Lake Superior environment. It should be pointed out that
FWPCA implications in their report on the possible significance of the trace
metals in the taconite tailings have a direct bearing on this topic. For example,
the FWPCA states as conclusion ten, page 28 of their report "An Appraisal of
Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin," April, 1969:
"Chemical analysis projected to the probable daily dis-
charge, measured in pounds of certain parameters:
copper, 4,100; nickel, 2,500; zinc, 2,500; lead, 6,100;
chromium, 6,200; phosphorus, 51,500; and manganese,
629, 000. Other elements in the discharge include silica,
arsenic, and substantial quantities of iron. The
chemical state of these metals was not assessed and it
would be presumptuous at this time to say what portion
of the elements enter in solution. "
They further state in Item 3 of their summary and conclusions from
this report:
"Because of the low mineral content of Lake Superior's
water, increases in the range of 2 to 50 parts per billion
of heavy metals such as copper, chromium, zinc and
cadmium will have lasting deleterious effects upon the
lake."
-------
1420
- 2 -
A summary of my findings is presented below:
Analytical Chemistry
The chemical analyses conducted by Reserve's analytical chemistry
group are in general of superior quality to those normally pi educed by federal
and state agencies that must analyze large numbers of samples with limited
equipment and personnel. In my opinion, Reserve is conducting analyses with
the best available analytical techniques and has taken all reasonable steps to
insure these analytical procedures yield precise and accurate results. It should
be pointed out that the analysis of trace elements in Lake Superior water is a
very difficult task due to the extremely low levels of these elements present in
the water. Procedures that are normally used for routine chemical analysis in
other waters will likely yield incorrect results in Lake Superior water. The
Reserve analytical chemistry group is producing data that are of the quality
normally associated with high quality research projects. This same level of
approach also prevails in their sampling of lake waters and sediments. They are
taking all reasonable steps to collect samples that are representative of the
water and sediments. In summary, I am very favorably impressed with the
analytical chemistry capabilities of the analytical chemistry group at Reserve
Mining Company.
Water Chemistry of Taconite Tailings
Reserve is making extensive, high quality field studies to determine
the location of tailings deposits, chemical composition of tailings, leaching and
sorption characteristics of the tailings and alleged water quality problems that
are said to be caused by them. At my suggestion, they are conducting laboratory
-------
1419
AN APPRAISAL OF RESERVE MINING COMPANY
ANALYTICAL AND WATER CHEMISTRY CAPABILITIES
AS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
DISPOSAL OF TACONITE TAILINGS INTO LAKE SUPERIOR
BY
G. FRED LEE
PROFESSOR OF WATER CHEMISTRY
DIRECTOR OF THE WATER CHEMISTRY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
MADISON, WISCONSIN
For the past several months, I have acted as a technical consultant
to Reserve Mining Company on the water chemistry aspects of the disposal of
taconite tailings in Lake Superior. A resume of my professional education
and experience is attached.
My primary responsibity has been to review the current analytical
chemistry capabilities of Reserve's analytical chemistry group in the analysis
of taconite tailings, Lake Superior water and sediments. I have advised Reserve
on the laboratory and field studies that should be conducted to determine the
aqueous environmental chemistry of taconite tailings in Lake Superior water
and have reviewed "Basic Studies on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste
Disposal in Lake Superior" by the U. S. Department of Interior, December, 1968,
and "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin, " U. S, Depart-
ment of Interior, April, 1969. Also, I have reviewed data supplied by Reserve
Mining Company.
In accord with these activities, I have visited the Reserve plant at
Silver Bay, Minnesota, on several occasions in the past two months. During
these visits I have observed the operations of the analytical chemistry group
and field sampling techniques. I have spent several days discussing the results
of their analyses and the pertinent reports.
-------
1418
G. F. Lee
With regard to standard methods, I feel that at least
some of the materials -- and I would have to look at them individu-
ally -- could not be analyzed by the standard method procedure as
it exists now. Remember, the new standards for measuring will come
out in 1970 and the methods which come out in 1970 will enable us
to get down to these levels.
MR. PURDY: Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, doctor.
(The above—mentioned statement of Dr. Lee in its
entirety follows.)
-------
1417
G. Fo Lee
DR. LEE: First, on the leaching test we really don't
know anything about the solubility of the species. In other words,
we have copper tied up in some kind of silicate mineral. We can't
talk about copper sulfide or copper silicate, we really don't know.
It is included within the minerals, so it is not a question of
solubility at all.
To answer your question, I don't think that is per-
tinent to this discussion.
MR. FRANCOS: Thank you. That is all I have.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Purdy?
MR, PURDY: Dr. Lee, you addressed yourself to the
water quality criteria. I assume that you are acquainted with the
so-called standard methods of testing water. Would you comment as
to whether, in your opinion, the standard techniques for testing
water are capable of testing in the accuracies that would be
necessary if the proposed Water Quality Criteria were adopted?
DR. LEE: You really asked two things, I think, 1)
whether we can test for these things, and 2) what is the accuracy
needed in terms of adoption.
This is another point that I think has to be spelled
out when we discuss criteria. What kinds of accuracy do we want?
What is the number of 12 micrograms per liter, what does it mean,
12.1, 12.5, what could we accept? Any time you get above 12 for
copper, this kind of thing should be specified in any type of
proposed criteria.
-------
1416
G. F. Lee
these numbers have to be answered. I think, as an important part
of this, the States are faced with the question of how to enforce
numbers such as proposed criteriac How do you enforce a number
that is less than the normal concentrations? This kind of thing
has to come into any discussion of proposed criteria, and, as I
see it, the proposed criteria do not contain this kind of discussion.
Therefore, I feel they are unrealistic.
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
MR. FRANCOS: Dr. Lee, I might ask you to comment
briefly on this. This morning I received a statement which indi-
cated it is an established fact that when large masses of material
are reduced to particulate size, their rates of solubility increase
exponentially. That seems to be contrary to the testimony that
you just presented as I understood your testimony with respect to
the leaching test.
Is my assessment correct?
JTR. LEE: No. To be a college professor for a minute,
the statement this morning I think, is based on chemistry in which
as you go to very finely divided particles, solubility of the
material increases. There is no question about this. With time,
though, particles tend to grow and become larger particles and
the solubility decreases. It is a natural phenomenon/ it happens
in the laboratory all the time.
MR, FRANCOS: What is the relationship between this
thing and what has happened in the leaching test?
-------
1415
G. F. Lee
elements listed in the criteria. The criteria makes no mention of
the forms of the elements that are important. They simply state,
for example, that copper should be less than 12 micrograms per liter.
There is no discussion as to what forms of copper are important. Do
they mean by this that the copper present in taconite tailings or in
other inside—the—forms, which is clearly shown to be non-toxic, that
they should not exceed 12 micrograms per liter? Do they mean only
soluble? These are the kind of questions that should be asked before
those kinds of criteria are adopted.
The second point I want to come to is the question of
the levels of some of the proposed criteria, in particular phos-
phorus .
The FWPCA data, Dr. Bartsch in his discussion here, and
the State of Wisconsin in their presentation, have all said the
average phosphorus concentration in Lake Superior is about 0.01
milligrams per liter, 0.01. The proposed criteria for phosphorus
in Lake Superior is also 0.01, the same value. This means if you
go out from Lake Superior, away from the shore so there is no
question about pollution, and you grab a sample and bring it back,
probably half the time or something you are going to get a sample
that exceeds the proposed criteria. What do you do? You ask, is
it reasonable to set a number or criteria, for example, phosphorus
in the lake that is equal to or less than the natural occurring
concentration of the elements?
I feel that questions such as the reasonableness of
-------
1414
G. F. Lee
simply no data to support them. I think it is unfortunate that the
conservation groups here have used the information provided in the
early reports as the basis for their operation. If you go into this
data and look at it, you see it is not supported.
We now come to this final report of April 1969 and ask,
is it a good report? I have to state that I feel it is much improved
over the other reports, but yet it does contain numerous errors that
I feel are significant.
Let's take one example, and I can cite many.
Dr. Bartsch, in his discussion of the eutrophication
of Lake Superior stated the other day that temperature is not a
factor controlling the growth of algae in Lake Superior. If we
look on Page 46, Item 7, of the summary and conclusions of the
FWPCA report, you see this report states that temperature has
limited algae growth in the lake.
I think everyone would agree that Dr. Bartsch is an
eminent authority in eutrophication. There is no question, I think,
that he is. If you go to Alaska, you will find many lakes in Alaska
that are colder than Lake Superior and that have excessive algae.
If you go to the Antarctic, it is colder than Lake Superior and it
is one of the most productive areas. So temperature limiting it
is not based on any fact.
Let's look now to the question of water quality cri-
teria.
There are two questions to this aspect which I feel
are important. The first deals with the water chemistry of the
-------
1413
G. F. Lee
Another aspect of the water chemistry studies I have
been actively involved in is the metal uptake or sorption studies.
At my request I have taken some Lake Superior water and added very
small amounts of the various trace metals cited by the FWPCA and
waited to see what happened. Our sorption studies have clearly
shown that these toxic metals such as copper and cadmium and so
forth are removed from Lake Superior water by taconite tailings.
This you would expect,, Anyone doing any work in the area of
chemistry of natural waters would expect any time you have a solid
like taconite tailings you would remove these metals from the water.
This is certainly the case here. This also applies to phosphorus.
I think these sorption tests, the leaching tests, the
various reports we have heard over the last few days all clearly
point to the fact that at the present time there is no evidence to
support the contention that the discharge of taconite tailings into
Lake Superior water has any significant deleterious effect on water
Quality.
Let's turn now to another aspect of this discussion
which I feel is important, that of the technical guality of the
FWPCA report.
Having reviewed all of the reports that have been
released over the past 6 months or more, I have noted that in
each one there has been an upgrading of quality. I think it is very
easy to understand why the earlier reports were never officially
released, although, unfortunately, leaked out. You can see the
conclusions stated in these earlier reports are simply unfounded
-------
Go F. Lee
and the personnel to do a good job in this area and they are
doing it.
Let's come to the question of the chemistry of taconite
tailings. We can look at them from two points of view. One, you
consider them chemically inert. You could say they are like bees
wax, nothing happens to them when you put them in the water. The
other view is that they are chemically active, the trace things
that are in taconite could be released in the water and, therefore,
affect the various kinds of organisms that are in the water.
There is no question that taconite tailings contain
small amounts of taconite. They contain copper and zinc and so
forth. However, the question is one, as raised by Dr. Bright, of
whether or not the metals present in taconite tailings are released
to the water. As a consultant I have worked with them in the area
of water chemistry studies to investigate these studies. We have
to admit that our results are preliminary, but I think our con-
clusions, our studies have gone far enough that our conclusions
are reasonable, based on data.
As you heard from Dr. Bright, so-called static leach-
ing tests in so many months, we find the metals by the FWPCA being
important to Lake Superior water are not released. I have examined
this data and I support it completely.
In addition, I want to point out that phosphorus
which is often cited as being a key element here in the beneficia-
tion which is present in tailings, is also not released to the
water.
-------
1411
G. F. Lee
STATEMENT OF DR. G. FRED LEE, PROFESSOR
OF WATER CHEMISTRY, DIRECTOR OF THE WATER
CHEMISTRY PROGRAM, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
DR. LEE: Conferees, ladies and gentlemen:
I have acted as a technical consultant to Reserve
Mining Company on the water chemistry aspects of the disposal of
taconite tailings in Lake Superior for the past couple of months.
I have also assisted Reserve in planning water chemistry studies
on the effects of taconite tailings on Lake Superior water and I
have reviewed all the reports that have been released, even those
that haven't been released, that are concerned with the discharge
of taconite tailings in Lake Superior water.
In the few minutes that I am allowed to present my
results, I will briefly summarize just the three aspects.
First, I want to look briefly into this question
of the water chemistry of taconite tailings.
Second, I want to look at the question of the
technical quality of the FWPCA report.
Third, I want to briefly touch base on this question
of the reasonableness of the FWPCA-proposed water quality criteria
for Lake Superior.
First, I want to preface my remarks by stating that
I feel that Reserve has the capability and is doing a very good
job in the area of studying that past history of taconite tailings.
As you heard from other speakers, they have the instrumentation
-------
1410
G. F. Lee
MR, DOMINICK: As Reserve Mining goes along with its
presentation, if you omit any slides which would be helpful in
establishing continuity of your testimony, please submit those
for the record.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, Reserve Mining would
like to continue with one more witness at this particular time,
and then we will yield to those who want to be heard. I certainly
appreciate the cooperation of the company and their willingness
to abbreviate their testimony.
MR. FRIDE: The next witness for Reserve Mining
Company is Dr. Gc Fred Lee. Dr. Lee is Professor of Water
Chemistry and Director of Water Chemistry programs at the
University of Wisconsin. He has degrees from the University of
North Carolina and he received his doctorate from Harvard. He
has been a consultant to many governmental agencies, including
the U,, S. Public Health Service and has conducted a great many
studies in the Great Lakes for the FWPCA.
He is a member of the International Association for
Great Lakes Research. He has conducted studies for the University
of Wisconsin Water Resource Center and the Wisconsin Conservation
Division. He has conducted studies for the National Science
Foundation and is the author of some 80 scientific papers.
We are very happy to have him here today.
Dr. Lee.
-------
1409
Publications, continued:
In manuscript, Pleistocene Lakes Thatcher and Bonneville and related volcanism
in Southeastern Idaho.
Pollen and Seed analyses of Swan Lake, outlet of Lake Bonneville, Southeastern
Idaho: (1967) Tebiwa, Jour. Idaho State University.
Surface Water Chemistry of Some Minnesota Lakes with Notes on the Diatoms:
Interim Report No. 3, Limnological Research Center, University of
Minnesota, 1968.
-------
1408
ROBERT C. BRIGHT
Born: December 28, 1927, Salt Lake City, Utah
Education: Univ. of Idaho 1947-49
Univ. of Utah 1949-53 B. S. 1952
George Wash. U. 1953
Univ. of Utah 1955-57 M. S.
Univ. of Minn. 1957-63 Ph. D. June, 1963
Positions held:
Instructor - University of Minnesota - 1959
Assistant Professor of Geology - University of Minnesota - 1965 - 69
State Paleontologist - 1963-64
Curator of Paleontology, Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Minn. -1965
Re search Assoc. , Limnological Research Center, Univ. of Minn. - 1963-64
Assoc. Professor of Geology & Ecology - Univ. of Minn. - 1969 -
Honors Received:
National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow, 1963-64,
Uppsala University, Sweden
Fellow, Geological Society of America
Memberships in Societies:
American Society of Limnology &c Oceanography
American Association for Advancement of Science
Geological Society of America
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Paleontological Society
Sigma Xi
Other Activities:
Consultant: Lithium Corporation of America
Director, CIC. Geology Field Station
PUBLICATIONS: (Partial List)
1957, New look at Elrathia Kingii (Trilobita): G. S. Amer. Bull., (Abs.), V. 68
1959, A paleoecologic and biometric study of the Middle Cambrian trilobite
Elrathia Kingii (Meek): Jour. Paleo. , V. 33.
1963, Pleistocene Lakes Thatcher and Bonneville, Southeastern Idaho; G. S. A.
Bull., (Abs. )
1963, (with Zoltai, T. , and Papike, J. ) Chrystal Sphere orienter: Rev. Sci.
Instr., V. 32, P. 23-24.
Watts, W. A. , &; Bright, R. C. , Pollen, Seed, and Mollusk analyses from
Pickerel Lake, Day County, South Dakota: Bull. Geol. Soc. America
-------
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-------
1406
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-------
1682
Ed Fride
MR. DOMINICK: Before we proceed to another matter, I
would say the Bure u of Mines report is before the conference. It
is referenced in our FWPCA report and we will certainly be looking
at that report in its entirety,,
The mandate which you gc\ve to the consulting firm
would appear to me to be quite specific in nature, namely; to
investigate one alternate method of disposal. Have you investigated
any other alternate methods which might show a lesser cost in the
long run?
MR. FRIDE: The method that was suggested by several
speakers was, of course, the inland settling basin, and it was that
method that Mr. Forssmark addressed himself to.
I am not a technician. I can say this,to my knowledge,
so far as I know, there has been no realistic economic means determined
for the deposition of tailings other than the one that is expressly
being utilized.
I can suggest that at the original hearings in 1947
and subsequently, scientists, not only from Reserve Mining Company
but from the State of Minnesota and from numerous other agencies,
examined all kinds of different possibilities of tailings deposition
long before the plant commenced operation. The common consensus
that was established at that time was the one that Reserve followed
and is the one that takes advantage of the density current, placing
the material at the bottom of the Great Trough in Lake Superior.
MR. DOMINICK: I think that a judgment made in 1947
is really the basis for the entire problem here. A different judg-
ment might be arrived at in 1969. I only point out that if additional
-------
1683
Ed Fride
technology is available and if other methods in addition to the one
which you have investigated are available, this might be worthy of
your consideration as well as ours.
MR0 FRIDE: I didn't mean to suggest at all, Mr«
Commissioner, that the only consideration to the question that you
pose ended in 1947. It started before then and is continuing
todayo But insofar as the existence of any reasonable, practical,
economic means of depositing tailings -- from studies continued
right to today -- I have no knowledge that any such means exists.
You have to start, too, I think, with the premise of
solving the problem, so to speak, that really perhaps does not exist
in the sense of whether or not there is any need or reason to get
into that area at all,, It seems to me that with the evidence that
has been submitted, when the conferees have an opportunity to
review it in depth, I think that the conclusion would be well
established that the deposition of tailings in Lake Superior is
having no deleterious effect in the lake quality.
I would also suggest, Mr. Commissioner, if I may, that
the statement of April 1, 1969, which I have submitted to the
conferees, does contain something of a summation of Reserve, and we
have tried to be very mindful of the clock in connection without
presentation here. If one will refer to that summary, I think it
contains sufficient information on most of the points that I considered
here»
I would suggest this, too, if I might, to the conference,
that there have been some photographs shown, some pictures shown«
Frankly, I have spent some time in Silver Bay and I have never seen
-------
1684
John C. Green
some of the scenes that were depicted.
Be that as it may, I am extending to the conference on
behalf of the President an invitation to come to the plant, to
inspect it and look -at it.
That is all the evidence we have. We are deeply grateful
for the opportunity to be heard,,
MR. DOMINIGK: Ar*>. there any questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Badalich, do you have anything
further?
MR. BADALICH: I think I missed a written statement.
This is a statement from Mr, John C. Green, Professor of Geology at
the University of Duluth, Have it entered into the record.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine.
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
-------
[
.5*6^0, e^T or C- u rT' r/i /,n o ^ /i / /(? . J 1685
c*eo}c.O '><" £- C: C u frZ;"1" f- in ./W'*i/)
Statement to be submitted for the record of the Lake Superior Pollution
Enforcement Conference, Duluth, Minnesota, May 13-15 > 19^9
'.:. Oreen
Professor of Geology, University of Minnesota, Duluth
Since 1962 I have spent most of each summer engaged in field studies
of the rocks of northeastern Minnesota, as a geologist for the Minnesota
Geological Survey. I am well acquainted with the geologic structure and
rock types of the area, and have visited the Reserve and Er"i'e Mining
Companies' pits at the east end of the Mesabi Range.
Both from my own experience and from my acquaintance with published
geological reports I know of no significant body of rock in northern
Minnesota, except for the metamorphosed iron formations, that contain the
iron silicates cummingtonite or grunerite. Of these iron formations, only
very minor amounts of cummingtonite are found in the Soudan Iron Formation
and related strata of the Vermilion District (Ely to Tower): only in the
east end of the Bivabik Iron Formation in the vicinity of the Reserve and
Erie mines are these minerals found in appreciable quantities.
The Vermilion District rocks lie entirely in the Rainy Lake Hudson Bay
watershed and could supply no cummingtonite to Lake Superior. Only a small
area of the cummingtonite-bearing Biwabik is within the Lake Superior water-
shed: it is drained via the Partridge River, a tri.bu.tary to the Saint Louis.
In the 10,000 years or so since the last glaciation, essentially no bedrock
erosion has occurred in the Saint Louis River drainage above Cloquet: the
river meanders for most of the 115 miles from the source of the Partridge
at Babbitt sluggishly through the flat "100 Mile Swamp" on its way toward
the steeper drop from Cloquet to Fond du Lac. Thus no cummingtonite could
have been eroded from the Biwabik Iron Formation, even by this one- of the
many tributaries to the St. Louis River; and if it had been, it would have
had ample opportunity to settle out or be drastically diluted with normal
glacial-clay particles during its passage toward the lake.
The glacial deposits that cover the bedrock in most of northeastern
Minnesota were deposited, according to the most recent research of Prof. H.
Wright, University of Minnesota, by two main lobes of ice, one flowing
southwest in the Lake Superior basin (the Lake Superior Lobe) and another,
to the west, moving generally south (the Rainy Lobe). Work to date
indicates that the ice that moved across the cummingtonite-bearing Mesabi
Range (Rainy Lobe) did not enter the Lake Superior basin proper, but was
prevented from doing so by topography and by the contemporaneous existence
of the Lake Superior lobe filling the basin. However, the Rainy Lobe did
cover, and deposit sediment, in much of the drainage basin of the Saint
Louis River. This sediment should be tested for cummingtonite content,
especially relative to other minerals, but it can be confidently predicted
that only trace amounts are present because of the wide variety of other
rocks eroded by the glaciers and mixed with that from the iron formation.
Amounts of cummingtonite in the glacial drift of the Rainy Lobe in the
drainage of the Saint Louis River are estimated to be well below 0.01$. In
-------
1686
contrast, the taconite mined by Reserve is estimated to contain from 10
to 20$ cummingtonite, and after removal of magnetite at Silver Bay this
proportion vould rise. The U.S. Geological Survey (in its Lake Superior
study in preparation for this conference) estimates a yearly inflow of
about 60,000 long tons of sediment per year by all the North Shore streams',
0.01% of this vould be about 6 tons of cummingtonite per year. Reserve
deposits roughly 20% x 60,000 or 1,200 T of cummingtonite per day into
the lake at Silver Bay.
In conclusion, geologic relations in northeastern Minnesota indicate
that (l) the only concentration of cummingtonite is in the general area
of the Reserve Mining Company's mine; (2) Mining, crushing, and separation
of cummingtonite by the mining operation must be the greatest source of
this mineral in western Lake Superior by several orders of magnitude.
-------
1687
Closing Statement
MR0 DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Fride, for your
presentation and those connected with Reserve Mining.
Are there any other statements to be made at this time?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any other submissions for the
record at this time?
(No response,,)
MR. DOMINICK: If not, I would like to take this
opportunity to thank all of those who have prepared and presented
statements at the conference.
I also wish to thank those who stayed with us through
this proceeding during this past week,,
I give a special word of thanks to the conferees who
have been extremely diligent in their attention and in their interest
in the proceedings of this conference,,
The presentations reflect a considerable amount of work,
and I think we have achieved a gathering of the full spectrum of
data, together with the views, analyses, and evaluations of Federal,
State, and local agencies, industries, and citizens groups.
The record which has been made here, I believe, will
provide a complete compendium of the information relating to water
quality of Lake Superior available at this time» It should prove
to be ia useful reference tool for all interested parties.
Those of you who have listened to the testimony will
appreciate the fact that the issues involved are complicated, indeed,,
Differing views have been presented concerning the physical plants
and the course for future actions. Many of these views have been
brought together for the first time at this quorum0
-------
1688
Closing Statement
In the interest of developing the State-Federal program
for the protection of the quality of the waters of Lake Superior in
an orderly manner, the conferees will be given an opprotunity to
analyze and evaluate the material placed before them. We will
have a transcript prepared and sent to all conferees, together with
supporting exhibits that have been presented.
We will, therefore, stand in recess for about a
month to examine this material. Following that examination,
the conferees will be called together for an Executive Session
where we will develop a Conference Summary as required by law.
At the conclusion of the Executive Session, the
Chairman will reconvene the Lake Superior Conference for the presen-
tation to the public of the conclusions and recommendations agreed
to by the conferees.
If there are no further statements, we will stand in
recess at this time.
I want to thank you very much for your excellent
cooperation and participation.
(Applause.)
(Whereupon, at 6:30 p.m., the conference adjourned
sine die.)
-------
DEFENDERS OF SOIL WOODS WATERS AND WILDLIFE
16«9
o
JDaltnn C?aue nf America
INCO
BUILDING A SETTER OUTDOOR AMERICA
NATIONAL OFFICES • 1326 WAUKEGAN ROAD • GLENVIEW, ILLINOIS 60025 • PHONE 312-724-3880
WASHINGTON OFFICE . ROOM 509 . 719-13TH STREET, N W . WASHiNGTON, D C 20005 . PHONE 202-347-5880
May 23, 1969
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C.
Subject: Enforcement Conference
Lake Superior
Gentlemen:
This letter is on behalf of the Indiana Division of the Izaak Walton
League, and is for the record of the recent pollution abatement en-
forcement conference on Lake Superior.
It is true, as most witnesses appeared to observe, that Lake Superior
is presently the last Great Lakes stronghold of relatively clean water.
Some of the research on relative concentrations of pesticides in fish
tissue from Lake Superior specimens compared to that of Lake Michigan
specimens would be one indicator which bears this out.
However, it is equally true that pollution levels are nonetheless
rising alarmingly in Lake Superior, and that this great body of water
is being threatened with ruin by the same array of sources as Lake
Michigan, Lake Erie and other long-raped Great Lakes waters — industrial
wastes, untreated municipal waste, paper and mining firm wastes, and
other effluents and dumpings .
The Indiana Division of the League vigorously supports the position and
the detailed observations offered to the conference by the Duluth, Minn-
esota Chapter and the Wisconsin Division of our national organization;
and there is little need to reiterate the splendid analyses offered by
these units of the League in this letter.
The Izaak Walton League strongly supports the non-degradation principle,
and we apply this to thermal as well as to all other forms of environ-
mental contamination. Prevention of pollution is difficult enough; but
elimination of situations, or reversal, such as we face in Lake Michigan,
are infinitely more difficult.
This is the time for Federal, state and local governments to strike their
greatest blows for clean Lake Superior waters. It will never be easier
to do than it is today. The awesome lessons of inaction in Lakes Erie
-------
1690
Page 2.
and Michigan should allow no other choice. If we continue to permit
the degradation of Lake Superior--a body of water of which we can still
be relatively proud--then there would seem no prospect at all that
we can come to grips with the infinitely more complex problem in the
more southerly waters.
The Indiana Division has testified at every known public hearing and
abatement conference on Lake Michigan, and its representatives will
once again speak out next week with regard to the Corps of Engineers
practice of dumping lethal dredgings from Indiana Harbor into the outer
waters of Lake Michigan.
If Federal authorities can not or will not throw down the gauntlet to
Lake Superior polluters, then can there really be any hope that it will
respond to the far graver threats to all usefulness of Lake Michigan
waters? With that question lingering on our minds, we feel sure the
FWPCA will understand the intensity of our interest in what is done
about Lake Superior.
Sincer
Tnomas E. Dustin, Executive Secretary
Indiana Division
The Izaak Walton League of America, Inc.
106 West Wildwood
Fort Wayne, Indiana 46807
c: President, Wisconsin Division, IWLA
President, Duluth Chapter, IWLA
Executive Director, IWLA
State President and State Secretary, Indiana Division, IWLA
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