PROCEEDINGS
   ILLINOIS
                                    THIRD SESSION
                                    RECONVENED IN
                                    WORKSHOP SESSIONS
                                    September 28, 29, 3O,
                                  ^October 1,2, 197O.
                                    Chicago, Illinois
                                            Vol. 4,
    Pollution of Lake Michigan
    and Its Tributary Basin
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR . . . FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION

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WORKSHOP SESSION FOR THE THIRD SESSION OF

THE CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION

OF LAKE MICHIGAN AND ITS TRIBUTARY BASIN

IN THE STATES OF WISCONSIN, ILLINOIS,

INDIANA, AND MICHIGAN  	   VOLUME  IV
                            Bal Tabarin Room
                             Sherman House
                           Chicago,  Illinois
                            October  1,  1970

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                                                       11
                                                       Page




John R. Brough                                         1392




John T. Dunn                                           1407




Winfred L. Ettesvold                                   1419




Philip F. Gustafson                                    1456




Ewald L. Moerke, Jr.                                   1491




H. W. Poston                                           1515




James C. Vaughn                                        1529




Jacob D. Dumelle                                       1594




Frank Haragody                                         1605




Raymond E. Anderson (presented by Paul A. Kuhn)        1643




David Schwarz                                          1559




Charles F. Riefstahl                                   1704




Byrd F. Parmelle                                       1712




Virginia F. Hubbard                                    1715




Russell C. Mallatt                                     1716

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                                                       Ill
          Workshop Session for the Third Session of the




Conference in the Matter of Pollution of Lake Michigan and



Its Tributary Basin,  in the States of Wisconsin, Illinois,




Indiana, and Michigan,  held in the Bal Tabarin Room of the




Sherman House, Chicago, Illinois,  on Thursday, October 1,



1970, at 9:00 a.m.








          PRESIDING:





          MURRAY STEIN, Assistant  Commissioner for



          Enforcement and Standards Compliance,




          Federal Water Quality Administration, U.S.



          Department  of the Interior, Washington,  D.C.









          CONFEREES:





          CLARENCE W. KLASSEN, Director, Illinois




          Environmental Protection Agency,  Springfield,



          Illinois.





          BLUCHER A.  POOLE, Technical Secretary, Stream



          Pollution Control Board, Indiana  State Board



          of Health,  Indianapolis, Indiana.





          PERRY E. MILLER,  Assistant Director, Stream



          Pollution Control Board, Indiana  State Board




          of Health,  Indianapolis, Indiana.

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                                               IV
CONFEREES (Continued):





RALPH W. PURDY, Executive Secretary, Michigan




Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan.





THOMAS J. FRANCOS, Administrator, Division




of Environmental Protection, Wisconsin




Department of Natural Resources, Madison,




Wisconsin.





FRANCIS T. MAYO, Regional Director, Federal




Water Quality Administration, U.S. Department




of Interior, Chicago, Illinois.










ALTERNATE CONFEREES:





RICHARD NELLE, State Sanitary Engineer,




Illinois Environmental Protection Association,




Springfield, Illinois.





DAVID P. CURRIE, Chairman, Illinois Pollution




Control Board, Chicago, Illinois.





CARLOS FETTEROLF, Supervisor, Water Quality




Standards Appraisal, Michigan Water Resources




Commission, Lansing, Michigan.





DONALD J. MACKIE, Assistant Secretary,




Division of Environmental Protection,




Wisconsin Department of Natural  Resources,




Madison, Wisconsin.

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          ALTERNATE CONFEREES (Continued):





          JEROME McKERSIE, Acting Chief, Water Quality




          Evaluation Section, Division of Environmental




          Protection,  Wisconsin Department of Natural




          Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.





          ROBERT P. HARTLEY, Director, Office of




          Enforcement and Cooperative Programs, Federal




          Water Quality Administration, U.S. Department




          of Interior, Chicago, Illinois.








          PARTICIPANTS:




          John R. Brough, Director, Air and Water Control,




Inland Steel Company,  East Chicago, Illinois.




          John T. Dunn, Pollution Control Engineer,




Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Chesterton, Indiana.




          "Winfred L. Ettesvold, Chairman, Michigan Grand




River Watershed Council, Lansing, Michigan.




          Philio F. Gustafson, Coordinator, Argonne Great




Lakes Research Program, Argonne National Laboratory,




Argonne, Illinois.




          Ewald L. Moerke, Jr., Attorney, Milwaukee,




'Wisconsin,

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                                                       vi




          PARTICIPANTS (Continued):




          Chester Grobschmidt, Mayor, South Milwaukee,



Wisconsin.



          H. W. Poston, Commissioner, Department of



Environmental Control, Chicago, Illinois.



          James C. Vaughn, Engineer of Water Purification,



Chicago, Illinois.



          Benjamin F. Willey, Director, Water Purification



Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois.



          Jacob D. Dumelle, Member, Illinois Pollution



Control Board, Chicago, Illinois.



          Robert V. Bowden, Sanitary Engineer, Federal



Water Quality Administration, Chicago, Illinois.



          Frank Harangody, Mayor, Whiting, Indiana.



          Raymond E. Anderson, General Manager, North Shore



Sanitary District, Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant,



Waukegan, Illinois (by Paul A. Kuhn).



          David Schwarz, Director, Corporate Environmental



Control, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois.



          Charles F. Riefstahl, Skokie, Illinois.



          Byrd F. Parmelee, Sales Engineer, Technicon.



Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, New York.



          Virginia F. Hubbard, City Clerk, Petoskey,



Michigan.



          Russell C. Mallatt, Lake Michigan Thermal Study




Committee,

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                                                      1391





                        Murray Stein



                    PROCEEDINGS








          MR. STEIN:  Let's reconvene and start with Mr.



John R. Brough's statement.



          May I ask the conferees if they see anyone coming



in who they want to put on, who is ready to make statements



to let the Chair know and we will get these statements



moving as rapidly as we can.  I know a lot of people have



indicated they wanted to make statements.



          Our original announcement was that the meeting



was to start at 9:30.  The municipal and industrial people



may not have been here late last night when we announced



we were going to reconvene at 9:00, so I suspect that they



may be in here later.



          Now, again, in the field of water pollution



control, I think this is really an historic occasion this



morning, and I guess we don't pause in our business for



these historical occasions, but today is the day when the



gentleman on my right, Mr. Perry Miller, takes over as



Executive Secretary of the Indiana Commission,     Since



I have been in the business — and this has been a long



time — we have been dealing with Blucher Poole, and this



is a very, very significant personnel change, and I might



say that I have known Mr. Miller about the same time as

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                                                     1392
                    J. R. Brough




we all have and, Perry, congratulations,.      I think the




best indication is the way Perry is spending his first




day in office and that is working on one  of the most




difficult problems we have.  Thank you very much.




          Mr. Brough.








          STATEMENT OF JOHN R. BROUGH, DIRECTOR




          OF AIR AND WATER CONTROL, INLAND STEEL



             COMPANY, EAST CHICAGO, INDIANA








          MR. BROUGH:  Thank you, Mr, Stein.




          Mr. Chairman, honored conferees, ladies and



gentlemen.  I am John R. Brough, Director of Air and Water



Control for Inland Steel Company.




          Inland Steel Company has a vital interest in the



protection of Lake Michigan for a variety of uses, including



swimming, boating, fishing, and public water supply.  We



recognize our responsibility to do our part in preserving




the lake for these uses by protecting the lake from damage




which may be caused by the use of the lake for industrial




processing, cooling, and transportation.




          Certainly the use of the lake for recreation,



commercial fishing, and public water supply is in the




public interest.  The industrial use of Lake Michigan is

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                                                       1393
                  J. R. Brough




also in the public interest.



          The proposal of the PWQA to prohibit any



discharge to the lake which is more than 1 degree above



ambient would, in its effect, prohibit the use of Lake



Michigan water for industrial purposes, for the only way



to comply with such a restriction is to discharge no



water to the lake.



          I agree with the following statement contained



in the Fish and Wildlife Service publication, "Physical



and Ecological Effects of Waste Heat on Lake Michigan."




          "Everyone concerned with the problem agrees



that not enough is known about the ecological effects



of massive heated effluents and that a great deal of



research is needed on this problem.  Unfortunately, the



information is needed now.  Since it is not available



however, interim standards must be set for Lake Michigan



on the basis of existing knowledge."



          I do not agree, however, that it is necessary



to establish standards that are so restrictive that they



prohibit the use of the lake for all uses other than



aquatic life, recreation, and public water supply.



          The arguments for no significant heat additions



contained in the Pish and Wildlife Service publication



are heavily dependent upon a projection of waste heat

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                                                     1394
                    J. R. Brough



input into the lake in the year 2000.  The predicted level



of waste heat 30 years from now cannot logically justify



the elimination of effluents which have long existed



without any known adverse effects due to heat.



          The projection of waste heat discharges for



the steel industry in the next 30 years contained in the




Pish and Wildlife publication is inconsistent with our



recent experience at Inland.  New steelmaking processes,



as well as processes for converting molten  steel into



solid semi-finished products, require far less water



than the older processes which they replace.  As a result,



additions in steelmaking and steelrolling facilities



which have been made in our plant since 1966 have not



resulted in any increase in the quantity of waste heat



discharged.



          The publication on "Physical and Ecological



Effects" indicates that even though present and



projected waste heat discharges have a small Impact upon



the average temperature of the lake as a whole, there



is a great impact from heated effluents in the beachwater



zone.  If this were true, then surely it would be



apparent at the Inland Steel Company main water intake.



This intake receives water from the surface adjacent to

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                                                    1395





                  J. R. Brough



the plant in that portion of the lake classified as



the beachwater zone.  To the west of this intake Is the




Indiana Harbor Ship Canal which undoubtedly carries a



significant portion of the waste heat entering the lake




from Indiana.  Further west, but still within 6 miles, are



heated effluent discharges from oil refineries, chemical



plants, powerplants, and steel mills.  To the east,



within 6 miles, is a large powerplant as well as a



large steel plant and other plants which discharge heated



effluents.  For many years, we have recorded the



temperature every 8 hours at this intake.  We have retained



these records for several of the past 36 years.  In



figure 1 (See P. 1395), the average monthly temperatures



of our intake water for the year 1969 are plotted together




with the same data for 1939.  In figure 2 (See P. 1396),



the monthly maximum and minimum temperatures recorded



in these years are plotted.



          You will note from figure 2 that the maximum



temperature measured at Inland's main intake did not



exceed the maximum temperature of 82 degrees which



the Fish and Wildlife publication indicates may be



expected from natural forces in inshore water.



          You will note from these figures that in 30



years there has been no noticeable change in temperature

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1396

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                                                                                       1397
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13 m
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D x

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                                                      1398






                    J.  R.  Brough



patterns even though the growth rate in waste heat



additions in this area was probably as great during the



past 30 years as has been projected for the entire lake



in the next 30 years.  These data appear to be in conflict



with the assumption made by the Pish and Wildlife



publication that waste heat is retained in the beachwater



zone.




          As I said before, I agree that a great deal of



research is needed in order to enable a better understanding




of the ecological effects of massive heated effluents.



I agree that interim standards must be set for Lake



Michigan on the basis of existing knowledge.



          Existing knowledge does not indicate measurable



impact upon water quality or the general aquatic life of



Lake Michigan from the existing discharges of heated



effluents; and, therefore, does not indicate that



prohibition of present and planned additional discharges



will be beneficial.




          Existing knowledge does indicate that there



are many known causes of pollution of the lake which



are correctable with known technology.  There are




many opportunities for expenditure of funds for



furthering the cause of pollution abatement which do



have measurable benefit.  We should direct our resources

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                                                      1399




                   J. R. Brough







to those areas which we know will produce benefits and



continue our research and study to establish an



intelligent plan for the regulation of lake water uses



including its use for receiving waste heat.



          I suggest that a technical committee be



established to evaluate existing knowledge with regard



to the effects of heated discharges and to recommend



reasonable interim standards which will assure the



preservation of the lake for all legitimate uses.  The



technical committee should include competent technical



personnel representing a broad range of water users



and interested citizens' groups.



          Thank you, Mr. Stein.

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                                                      1400






                       J. R. Brough



          MR. STEIN:   Thank you,  Mr.  Brough.



          Are there any comments  or questions?



          Mr. Brough, do you really believe that if we




establish the technical committee now — let*s suppose



we are going: for this — and adopted your



suggestion on interim requirements, that a technical com-



mittee would be able to give us any more information than



we are adducing at this workshop?



          MR. BROUGH:  Mr. Stein, you have a great deal of



information except that you have  this information, as I



see it, represented at widely differing positions.  I am



not suggesting that this conference isn't capable of



sifting this information and of reaching a reasonable



position.  However, I think their efforts might be



facilitated if you did have this committee get together



who represented a broad range of interest and who could



then make recommendations which would assist you in this



effort.



          The idea for this, I think, came from the 1965



conference on Lake Michigan between Illinois and Indiana



and the Federal Government.  A technical committee was



used at that time to recommend standards, and these stan-



dards were adopted by the States of Illinois and the State



of Indiana.  They were approved by the Federal Government,

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                                                        1401






                    J. R. Brough



and I have heard of no challenge to these standards with



the exception of the one, and that is the one pertaining to



temperature criteria which is under challenge today.



          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Brough, I think you have raised



a point, a very interesting point.  As you know, I have



pushed that technical committee.  As a matter of fact, I



was chairman of the panel that was responsible for appoint-



ing that committee, encouraged and made the funds available



•for them for the secretarial and other travel services,



clerical services, and was instrumental in getting the



report published, etc.



          But here was one difference, and this is an



essential difference.  In order to get a committee that



you say we should have, we have to have a real support in



working at least on some basic assumptions by the govern-



mental agencies, municipalities, and industries involved.



          I think the governmental agencies all agreed



there was a problem on pollution of Lake Michigan.     I



think the reason we are at this meeting is we — at least



the governmental agencies agree that there is a problem



possibly of heat coming into the lake; and the municipali-



ties agreed there was a problem before we set up the



technical committee, and the two major industries con-



cerned — the oil and the steel industry — both agreed

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                                                      1402






                    J. R. Brough



there was a problem.  They never contended that they



weren't contributing a pollutant into the lake.  They



never suggested the material they were putting there was



not causing harm.



          However, as I understood the power companies'



view they contend what they are doing is fine and we just



go ahead.



          Now, I  think  we have to assume that if we are



going to set up a technical committee to set up a standard,



we have to get this on the assumption that all of the



parties to it agree there is a problem and something has



to be done.  This is not meant to be criticism of the



power industry, because certainly under our form of govern-



ment and under our Constitution and under both State and



Federal lawrwe have every right to say that they are not



causing the problem^and they have every right to handle



this by the process of confrontation rather than adjust-



ment to the technical committee.  But until we get that



I don't know that we have a basis for moving forward in



that direction.



          MR. BROUGH:  Yes, Mr. Stein, I am well aware of



the things that you pointed out particularly with regard



to the 1965 conference and your being the leader in getting



this technical committee formed and all that.

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                                                      1403





                    J. R. Brough



          I am sure that I agree with you that if the power



companies won't participate in such an activity, then the



technical committee would serve no useful purpose.  How-



ever, although I didn't hear all the testimony that was



given in the last three days, I did hear a great deal of



it, and it seemed to me that there was a middle ground



that represented a place that a compromise could be worked



out.



          For example, the gentleman from the Fish and



Wildlife Service — and I don't recall who made the state-



ment — but they made the statement that the reason we



used the year 2000 for estimating the impact on Lake



Michigan is that we were sure that we could establish



that damage would be done in the year 2000.



          So that would indicate to me that between now



and the year 2000 there might be some point at which you



might say that we had reached a level that we couldn't



tolerate.



          Now, this may be true.  I am not saying it is and



I don't want to misquote anybody.  I do understand that



nearly everyone in the Fish and Wildlife Service said



that there would be some harm to some organisms, but I



didn't hear anyone from the Fish and Wildlife Service say



that there would be intolerable harm from one nuclear

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                                                        1404





                       J. R. Brough



power station or from one powerplant or anything like this.



          What I am saying is that there is some point where



you would do substantial damage to the lake and some point



where you perhaps would do insignificant damage to the lake.



          MR. STEIN:  I am not arguing with you on the



theoretical position, but I think we have a very practical



position the way the conference proceeds to work it.



          As you know, there is a little time differential



between here and Washington, and during lunch time and in



the morning we have other duties out here to perform.  Just



this morning before I came down here I was on the phone with



the offices back East.  We have cases involving power companies



and heated water.  We are in court.  The question was



whether we could work out a stipulation and an order to work



our way out of that.



          The difficulty was we couldn't do that, as we are



here when we sit down with the power company.  We had to



go to court first.  Then the problem is that you don't



have the flexibility.  Once you are in court, you don't



have the flexibility in the sense that we had in that



technical committee.



          I don't know that we can get an agreement.  But



if we are going to do this at all, it looks as if we are



going to have to get a precisely developed stipulation



that will be entered as an order by the Federal Court.

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                                                      140$
                       J. R. Brough



This, it seems to me, may be the hard way to do this.



But I, again, want to make this clear, that it takes two



parties at least to make the bargain.  If anyone considered by



some governmental agency to be a polluter feels that way,



it is his absolute right and privilege to do this through



the judicial process.



          Now, your judgment may be that we are not cir-



cumscribe, but I did not get the feeling from the presen-



tations I heard from the power industry that they were ready



to utilize any other process, other than this, to come to



this agreement.



          Now, if we have to get the people together, I



think, Mr. Brough, your approach might be a feasible one.



Now, I am not sure we are going to get any more information



under this technical committee than we have here.  But



we may get a feeling in dealing with people from say the



steel industry, the 6il industry — and I know Mr. Mallatt



had to leave but he was here with a statement yesterday —



and possibly the power industry, as well as the cities and



States here if we are going to take an interim step of what



we all might agree to.



          But I think we have to have the major industries



ready to sit down, and recognize there is a problem that

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                                                      1406






                      J. R.  Brough



we have to face in order to  do that,  because without that



assumption all we are going  to have is a disagreement,



          MR. BROUGH:  Well, I think, Mr. Stein,  in order



to get into that sort of thing, you have to have  an agree-



ment among the parties involved that there is room for



compromise.  If either one of the parties feels that we



have a position and we are going to stick with it — in



other words, we know the solution and we will compromise



with you as long as you come all of the way to my posi-



tion, then there isn't any point/.     I agree with you



that the only way to settle  this sort of issue is to go



to court.



          MR. STEIN:  I didn't see a scintilla of evidence



in the past several days that anyone had the position



that:  We have the position and ours is right.  If there



was an indication of that — maybe there were a few —



maybe Dr. Ayers indicated that — but I didn't see much



else.



          Are there any other comments or questions?



          If not, thank you very much, Mr. Brough.



          MR. BROUGH:  Thank you very much.



          MR. STEIN:  Is anyone else here now who is ready



to make a statement?



          Yes, would you come up?

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                                                    1407
                   J. T. Dunn








          STATEMENT OP JOHN T. DUNN, POLLUTION




          CONTROL:ENGINEER, BETHLEHEM STEEL



          CORPORATION, CHESTERTON, INDIANA








          MR. DUNN:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen,



my name is John Dunn.  I am the Pollution Control



Engineer for the Burns Harbor Plant of the Bethlehem



Steel Corporation which is located in Chesterton, Indiana.



I am speaking on behalf of the corporation.



          Since the start of construction of our Burns



Harbor Plant, Bethlehem Steel has been a leader in



providing the most advanced pollution control systems



available for the protection of Lake Michigan.  The




corporation has cooperated with the regulatory agencies



to the fullest extent, both with respect to operational



matters and by supporting reasonable legislation in all




areas of environmental control.  Over $50 million has



been spent to install pollution control facilities at



Burns Harbor and additional millions are being spent



yearly for the operation and maintenance of these systems.



This money was spent with a purpose, that is, it was



spent to protect our environment from the effects of



toxic or nuisance substances in the waste products g«n«r»t«d

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                   J. T. Dunn



in our steelmaking processes.  The benefits to Lake




Michigan, as a result of proper treatment of these




wastes, is clearly defined and it was in this light that



Bethlehem Steel committed itself to such a comprehensive



control program.



          Bethlehem Steel supports reasonable and



necessary standards to protect water quality; however, we



oppose the promulgation of what we believe to be needlessly



strjjtgent effluent temperature standards for the following



reasons:



          1)  The effect of thermal discharges is not



fully understood at this time.




          2)  Thermal pollution is not a problem in Lake



Michigan at this time nor is it expected to be within the



period of time that would be required to complete field



research into this matter.



          3)  The personnel, equipment and the technology



are available for comprehensive research into the



ecological effects of thermal discharges.



          *0  The technology and equipment for the control



of thermal discharges are presently available, thus, if



research indicates the need for such control, reasonable



standards could be implemented in a short period of time.



          5)  It is unreasonable to demand immediate

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                                                      1409




                    J. T. Dunn




adoption of standards designed to adequately protect the



lake against a projected thermal input of 431 billion



B.t.u./hr. in the year 2000 when the 1980 projected heat



load is only 105 billion B.t.u./hr.



          6)  To attempt to halt eutrophication of Lake



Michigan by the control of temperature without proper



control of nutrients, which is now the more critical and



proven problem, is a backdoor approach that is destined



to fail regardless of the control of thermal discharges.



          7)  To spend the amount of money required to



achieve the stringent "interim standards" that are being



proposed without the proof of need or benefit would




detract money from other more beneficial pollution



control projects.



          In the "white paper" entitled "Physical and



Ecological Effects of Waste Heat on Lake Michigan,"



released by the Department of the Interior, an attempt



is made to establish a case for Interim standards" for



thermal discharges to Lake Michigan.  Yet the paper



notes on the first page that:  "Not enough is known about



the ecological effects of massive heated effluents and



that a great deal of research is needed on this



problem."  In addition, this paper extrapolates the heat




input to the year 2000 and uses this figure to predict the

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                                                      1410






                      J. T. Dunn




direst results in statements that are qualified with words




such as "may," "could," and "possibly."  It then takes




these questionable predictions for the year 2000 and




implies that these consequences of thermal discharge




to Lake Michigan are just a few years away.  Previous




statements by respected members of the academic community




before this conference indicate that the question of



thermal discharges and its effect on the ecology of Lake



Michigan is not as clearly defined as the Department of




the Interior would imply.  To review these items would be




redundant, but it must be stressed that much work must be




done in this area before reasonable legislation can be




written.




          Bethlehem Steel Corporation would propose the



following approach to the development of thermal dis-



charge standards:



          1)  Interim standards should be developed in



conjunction with the State regulatory agencies that




reflect the presently defined need for control.




          2)  A Federally-sponsored research project




investigating both the ecological effects of various




levels of temperature increase and the factors of heat



plume dispersion and other physical factors should be




initiated immediately.  This work would be field-oriented

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                   J. T. Dunn



with a minimum dependence on mathematical models, etc.,



and should be conducted over a period of at least 2 years



to properly evaluate the effects of the winter freeze.



       3)  Maintain a policy of continuing field research



and evaluation of the acquired data to provide for the




periodic revision of thermal discharge standards if the



need is so indicated.



          *J)  Continue the established program to reduce




the nutrient discharge to the lake especially in the



area of municipal treatment plants.



          It is only through a comprehensive program




such as this that the people of the Lake Michigan area



will receive the proper return on the dollars spent for



environmental control.  It is a mistake to develop



regulations on the premise that the amount of money



available for pollution control is unlimited Just as it



is a mistake not to get the maximum benefit from the



dollars spent.  To promulgate an Interim regulation1"that is,



in effect, as stringent a regulation as could be written



is totally Irresponsible in light of the existing



situation.  I thank you for your consideration and hope




that this conference can lead to realistic legislation with



respect to this aspect of our environment.

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                                                       1412





                        J. T. Dunn



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, Mr. Dunn.



          Any comments?



          As I sense it, I think your suggestion, at least



your recommendations are probably what the conferees may



want to very seriously consider.  I am not sure we would



have any problem in a philosophic sense with any of your



approaches.  Tou raise several points.  One I am not sure



of — do you think that the suggestion of the Fish and



Wildlife people in their paper was the most stringent



regulation that could be written?  I don't think they would



be the most rigid ones if I were writing them.  How about



a completely closed system, no discharge?



          MR. DUNN:  In effect, a thermal heat input is



a closed system.  I don't see —



          MR. STEIN:  Well, I don't know that that could



be equated.  But if you wanted to be more stringent you



just would put that out as a closed system.



          MR. DUNN:  Well, that may be, but we were



referring strictly to the thermal aspect of the thing.



          MR, STEIN:  Right, and I am not sure, as I



pointed out, that that isn't an aspect which we may not



have to consider.



          But there is one other question that you raise

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                                                      1413






                    J, T. Dunn



here,  I would like to go over this with you because on



page 2 of your report, No. 6, you say — and I read this:



"To attempt to halt eutrophication of Lake Michigan by



the control of temperature without proper control of



nutrients, which is now the more critical and proven



problem, is a back door approach that is destined to fail



regardless of the control of thermal discharges."



          Then you refer to this again.  I remember when



we first embarked on that program and we had a conference



such as this.  There were the same kinds of allegations



and there was improvement, then, just as we are getting



now on heat, because you get that all of the time.



          The question I have:  We have a program for re-



duction of phosphates on an #0 percent basis, on a State-



wide basis.  Now, do you believe — are you implying that



this isn't enough, we have got to do some more on nutrients



and we have to put extra restrictions on cities?



          MR. DUNN:  The reason this was put in the paper



was because the paper tends to imply that it is easier to



control the heat than it is to control the nutrients, and



maybe we should not place as much stress on the nutrients.



If there are two sides to the see-saw let's attack one



side.  We think it has to be a balanced approach.



          I can't say from my position that 80 percent is

-------
                                                         1414
                        J•  T.  Dunn



or is not enough.  What we  are trying to bring out here is



that it has to be a whole attack on the thing,



          MR. STEIN:  I understand that, but we do have a



program and a pretty significant program, a new one and a



pretty drastic one for the  cities to put in phosphate



control.



          Now, as one from industry are you suggesting



that we take another look at our municipal control program



and probably put more restrictive requirements on the



cities?



          MR. DUNN:  No, I am not saying that.  This wasn't



the intent.  The intent here was to say -- or at least



referring back to the "white paper," was that — the "white



paper" attacks it from the point of view that there are



two problems:  nutrients and temperature.  It gives no



credit for the fact that we are in a nutrient control



program, and it tends to gloss over the fact that we are in



this nutrient control program, and in this area in 5 or 10



years we hope to be in a lot better position than we are



now.  This is the one thing we were intending to bring out



here,



          MR. STEIN:  I am glad to have that clarified



because the way it was written one would think you were



implying that the industry was trying to turn it toward



the municipalities so we would let up on the industry.

-------
                                                       1415
                         J, T. Dunn



          MR, DUNN:  No, but at the same time we do think



that the municipalities are the biggest source of nutrients.



          MR. STEIN:  Right.



          MR. DUNN:  We don't mean to be beating them



with a club.



          MR. STEIN:  As I say, we all recognize the deficiency



in our program of not really coming to grips with the



nutrients going into the water from municipalities.



          Mr. Mayo.



          MR. MAYO:  Mr. Dunn, Mr. Lee of Commonwealth



Edison, I think, in substance suggested that if we permit



power companies to go ahead with the plants, at least



those presently under construction, that the power industry



would go along with something in the form of "a moratorium",



I suppose might be a good word, with respect to any additional



new plants and related waste heat discharges for some reason-



able period of study.



          Do you have any idea how the steel industry or



any of the other industrial people would feel about a



so-called moratorium on heated waste discharges into Lake



Michigan for a period of serveral years perhaps?



          MR. DUNN:  Well, first let me say that I do not

-------
                                                      1416






                    J. T. Dunn



speak for the industry in general.   Our position is kind



of particular.  We are in kind of a crossfire in that we



don't discharge all of our waste directly to Lake Michigan;



we do discharge some of our waste to the Little Calumet



River which, of course, runs into Burns Ditch and then



into Lake Michigan.



          Mr. Miller is aware of the problems that we



are having there where we are talking about bringing



relatively cold water from Lake Michigan at certain times



of the year, running it through our system and discharging



it to the Sound, to the Little Calumet River.



          So what happens here is that the Department of



Natural Resources in Indiana is attempting to control the



thermal shock to the stream both from high temperature and



low temperature, and here we are working toward the end



now of being able to discharge this effluent at a temper-



ature that is comparable with the conditions existing in



the Little Calumet River.  So we may at times be attempt-



ing to hold the temperature of our effluent up, which is



what seemed to be in direct opposition to what we are



talking about here.  But this situation exists, and the



thing is pretty complex.  It is not a clearcut attack on



the thing.  From our point of view, it would just really



be hard to say.

-------
                                                      1417





                      J. T. Dunn



          The second thing is with respect to our dis-



charges, as opposed to the utilities, one, we do not



normally have as large a temperature pickup through our



cooling systems.  Quite often in, say, furnace cooling



application we may have no more than a l--degree rise across



the furnace.  Some application some places it is higher.



We do generate up to 80 megawatts in the plant now and we



also have high pressure turbines that we use for supplying



power to the blast furnace so we do have some conditioning



application.  But a lot of our applications are strictly



once-through cooling on a rather low temperature rise



across the cooling member.



          As far as waging a moratorium on this, I really



don't know.  I just couldn't say offhand.  It would require



a great deal of studies, and I think as a result of the



increased activity in this area, we are surely looking at



everything with this in mind, but I could not make a state-



ment of corporate policy on this.



          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments and



questions?



          Any public questions?



          If not, thank you very much.



          May we have Winfred Ettesvold?  Mr. Ettesvold,



before you begin, I would like  to remind you that we

-------
                      W. Ettesvold




try to emphasize thermal application here, and while we



don't want to cut anyone off, our main thrust at this



workshop session is to consider the question of thermal



pollution•



          MR. ETTESVOLD:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman.



          I am afraid that this statement which I have,



which is fairly brief, is on the general subject of



pollution rather than specifically on thermal pollution,



          MR. STEIN:  All right.



          Continue.

-------
                                                      1419





                  W. L. Ettesvold








          STATEMENT OP WINPRED L. ETTESVOLD,



          CHAIRMAN, MICHIGAN GRAND RIVER




          WATERSHED COUNCIL, LANSING, MICHIGAN








          MR. ETTESVOLD:  I am Winfred Ettesvold.




My profession is as Director of Environmental Health



of the Kent County Health Department, Grand Rapids,




Michigan.  I also serve as chairman of the Grand River



Watershed Council, and I appreciate the opportunity



to make a brief statement to the assembled conferees



about what we believe to be a very unique organization




which is attempting to bring the local units of government



together on this broad problem of pollution.



          The Michigan Grand River Watershed Council is



a statutory entity composed of, and representing the local



government units in the Grand River basin.  According



to the Local River Management Act, its functions are:



"To enable local units of government to cooperate in



planning and carrying out a coordinated water management



program in the watershed."




          The Watershed Council is comprised of the




grassroot elements of the communities including townships,



villages, cities and counties.  Through the Council,

-------
                                                      1420





                  W.  L.  Ettesvold



the representatives have the opportunity to become




involved in the planning aspects of a water management



program and to continue  their involvement by assisting



the communities in the implementation of the programs.



          The key role of the Council is to coordinate



the concerns and efforts of the communities to develop



programs on a regional basis.  This is particularly



important to the million people in the basin because



of the multiplicity of governmental units.  In an area



exceeding 5,500 square miles there are 19 counties, 29



cities, 43 villages and 158 townships that have all or




part of their respective areas in the Grand River basin.



          The abatement of water pollution is a police



power of the State.  However, the State of Michigan



strongly endorses the right of home rule by the



communities, and encourages them to exercise police powers



at the local level.  The State further encourages local



government to provide preventive measures before the



necessity of enforcement occurs.



          The Grand River Watershed Council is actively



involved in assisting local communities in the



development of pollution abatement programs.  The



following programs demonstrate the emphasis on




regional promotion and development of water and land

-------
                   W. L. Ettesvold



management programs, to enhance and preserve the quality



of the water.



          First is the stream monitoring program.



          A major emphasis of the Watershed Council has




been the implementation of a systematic stream



monitoring program.  This program started in June  1968.



Today the following communities are voluntarily working




together in this effort:  Grand Haven, Coopersville,



Grandville, Grand Rapids, Lowell, Ionia, Portland, Grand



Ledge, Lansing, East Lansing, Eaton Rapids, Jackson,




Hastings, Nashville, Belding.



          The Center of Environmental Studies, Jackson



Community College is also participating in the program



by testing specific locations on the streams and lakes



in Jackson County.  Approximately one hundred stations



are sampled monthly by the waste water treatment plant



technicians.  The. basic parameter at all stations



include temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical



oxygen demand, pH and total conforms.  In addition




to the basic parameters, the larger cities also test for



one or more of the following:  chlorides, total phosphate




ortho phosphate, total soluble phosphate, total chromium,



cyanide, nickel, ammonia nitrogen, copper, zinc and



suspended solids.

-------
                                                      1422
                   W. L.  Ettesvold



          I might add in addition to my prepared statement



that the work that we have accomplished through the Grand



River Watershed Council and this procedure has resulted



in a much more uniform approach on the part of the



laboratory technicians at various wastewater treatment



plants.  We feel that this has been a very significant




contribution to developing a pattern for the entire river.



          In addition to the cooperative efforts of the



local governmental units, the Institute of Water Research,



Michigan State University, performs all data card punching



for storing the data in the Storet computer, available



through the services of the Federal Water Quality



Administration.  Retrieval and analysis assistance is



provided by the Water Resources Commission, Michigan



Department of Natural Resources.



          Some of the benefits of the stream monitoring



program include:  standard methods for testing,



centralized storage of data, convenient retrieval of



data, and a regional analysis of the water quality



characteristics.



          It is becoming apparent a more intensive



program is necessary to assure that the water quality




standards of the State are being satisfied.  This can be



accomplished through expansion of the present program by

-------
                                                      1423
                  W. L. Ettesvold



Increasing the number of parameters being tested



and the frequency of these tests, or to consider a more



sophisticated testing program with automatic sensoring



units connected to a centralized storage center such as



has been developed by the Ohio River Sanitary Commission,



          The Watershed Council is endeavoring to expand



its monitoring program by encouraging other local units



to participate.  The attached paper "Monitoring Streams



and Lakes" has been developed to show the value of the



program and the possibilities for involvement.



          (The paper above referred to follows in its



entirety.)

-------
     MONITORING STREAMS AND LAKES
MICHIGAN GRAND RIVER WATERSHED COUNCIL

          609 Prudden Building

        Lansing, Michigan   H8933
            JOHN H. KENNAUGH
          Executive Secretary

-------
                                                                             1*125
                                  INDEX






                                                          Page




INTRODUCTION  ............................................  1






WATER QUALITY STANDARDS  .................................  2






STREAM AND LAKE MONITORING  ..............................  3
WATER PARAMETERS
AUTOMATIC TESTING UNITS  .................................  6






DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL  ..............................  6






INFORMATION  .............................................  7






TABLE I  .................................................  8






BIBLIOGRAPHY  ............................................  9

-------
                                                                                1426
                         MONITORING STREAMS AND LAKES






                                  INTBODUCTION






Availability of water is a major problem in many parts of the country;  but




in Michigan, water ^pollution is the critical issue.   Large quantities of water




seem to be our richest resource.  However, with the limitation of approximately




thirty (30) inches of precipitation each year, and the increasing and multiple




demands on this resource, water quality controls become necessary to preserve




its continued use.






Domestic demands on water have increased from five (5) gallons per person per day




in 1900 compared to one hundred fifty (150) gallons .per person per day in I960.




During this same period, the population has increased three (3) fold.  Between




I960 and 2000, the population is projected to double in numbers and the water




demand will triple.  During the same period, the recreational demand on the water




resources will also triple.  These geometric trends are signals that effective




management programs to preserve and develop our water resources are essential to




satisfy our own foreseeable needs and the needs of future generations.






Assured water quality is essential to long range planning of water use, both




for the public and private sectors.  Adoption and enforcement of water quality



standards are the key factors to provide this assurance.  Enforcement of water




quality ctandards can be best approached with a continuous surveillance of the




streams and lakes to observe trends that may occur as a result of increasing




intensified use and changing demands on the water resource.






Water quality preservation is not simply a local issue, but rather, is a




Regional concern including all the area within the hydrologic boundary of the




river basin.

-------
                                                                               1427
                                       -2-


It becomes essential for the multiple governments in the basin including counties,

cities, villages and townships to work with the state in a coordinated and

continuous program.


                             WATER QUALITY STANDARDS


STATE PROGRAM - Preservation and enhancement of the water resources results

from adoption and effective enforcement of water quality standards.  Water

quality standards for all surface waters of the state were established by the

Michigan Water Resources Commission for the following uses:'

      Water Supply
          Domestic
          Industrial

      Recreation
          Total Body Contact
          Partial Body Contact

      Fish, Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life

      Agricultural Use

      Commercial and Other Uses

For each of these uses,-/'.eleven (ll) standards (parameters) were established to

designate the maximum and/or minimum level of acceptance.  These parameters are:

      Coliform
      Dissolved Oxygen
      Suspended, Colloidal & Settleable Materials
      Residues
      Toxics & Deleterious Substances
      Total Dissolved Solids
      Nutrients
      Tasfee& Odor Producing Substances
      Temperature
      Hydrogen Ion
      Radioactive Materials

-------
                                                                              1428






                                     -3-






The water use designations with the standards for each were then applied to all




the surface waters of the state.






LOCAL PROGRAM - Local governmental units may also adopt water quality regulations




to protect the receiving waters in their area providing the standards are equal




or higher than the standards adopted by the State.






The City of Grand Rapids has adopted an ordinance to regulate the discharge of




wastes into sanitary and combined sewers.  Section 2.66 identifies fifteen (15)




categories of wastes that are being regulated.  One of these sections specifics




maximum quantities of discharge for zinc, chromium, cadmium, copper, cyanide,




nickel and phenol.






Through this type of local effort the water resources within the enforcement area




are protected, the downstream waters are enhanced, and the need for state agency




enforcement has been minimized.






                           STREAM AND LAKE MONITORING






PURPOSE - Monitoring the water resources is an action program involving a systema-



tic surveillance of the water characteristics to observe conditions and detect




changes.  The program should be continuous and each phase of the program should




be conducted in a consistant manner in order to develop valid conclusions.






PROCEDURES - Standard procedures are eseential to effective monitoring.  Location,




frequency and methods of sampling are key elements to a monitoring program.




Documentation of the sampling site, and the water quality data is important.  When




the documentation is accomplished through the computerized program sponsored by the




Federal Water Quality Administration, convenient and efficient retrieval is possible




for review and analysis.

-------
                                                                               1429
                                     -k-






The data collected has value only if it is used.  Following the retrieval,



review and analysis, periodic reports to the governmental units and the general



public are necessary to assure them that the water quality is consistent with




the standards that have been adopted.  If the standards are not being satisfied,



each governmental unit will need to determine what type of water and/or land



management programs are needed to upgrade the quality of the water.






                              WATER PARAMETERS






The Storet computer program operated under the auspices of the Federal Water



Quality Administration identifies over seven hundred (?00) parameters for water



analysis.  It is not practical, or possible for a single governmental unit  to




test for each of these parameters.  Less than five per cent (5$) of these para-




meters are used to study the characteristics of surface waters and many communities



have the capability to test only about one per cent
The Grand River Basin Stream Monitoring Program will be used as a basis for




suggesting the parameters that can be tested by communities.  The parameters will




be grouped according to standard equipment and capability of the community de-




pending on its respective physical and technical resources.






GROUP 1^ - Communities that do not have testing laboratories, or organizations




that would like to participate in a continuous monitoring program, can acquire




portable testing equipment to test basin parameters of a stream or lake.   Portable




tcrt lute can be purchased to examine various combinations of parameter:' .   The




Hach Chemical Company has a Fish and Stream Kit thai wdll tesU for carbon  dioxide




   p), dissolved oxygen (DO), free and total acidity, phenol phthale in and  total

-------
                                                                               1430
                                     -5-





alkalinity, hardness and hydrogen ion (pH).  The equipment is contained in a



solid oak carrying case (12 x 6 x 8), weighs 8 Ibs. and costs about fifty dollars




($50).  These tests can be incorporated in a monitoring program providing it



follows the standard operating procedures.  The tests have accuracy limitations




but they can be used in the Storet Computer Program with qualifications.






GROUP II - Fourteen (lU) governmental units in the Grand River Basin are  partici-



pating in the stream monitoring program.  The basic parameters tested by  these



units are temperature (F ), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand



(BOD), hydrogen Ion (pH) and one of the coliform (Coli) parameters.  All  governmental



units with a population exceeding 2,000 people, and discharging treated wastes



into the streams will also be testing for phosphate (PO^), by 1972 according to




the water quality enforcement program of the State.






GROUP III - Communities that provide secondary waste treatment or have testing



capabilities in their laboratories, include additional parameters in their



testing program.  These tests are chloride (Cl), ammonia (NH^-N), nitrate



    -N), residue and turbidity.
GROUP IV - Some laboratories are also able to test for toxic materials and heavy




netals.  Parameters being tested in this category by Grand River Basin communities




arc cyanide (CN), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),  nickel (Ni),  and zinc




(Zn).






Table I lists all the parameters in their respective groupings for convenient




review.

-------
                                         -8-
                                                                              1433
                                       TABLE I

                                PARAMETER CHECK LIST

                               FOR GOVERNMENTAL UNITS
  PARAMETER

Carbon Dioxide (COo)
Dissolved Oxygen (BO)
Free Acidity
Total Acidity
Phenophthale in
Total Alkalinity
Hardness
Hydrogen Ion (pH)
Temperature (F°)

Bio-Chemic.al Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Coliform Imedendo
Coliform Les-Agar
Coliform MPN Conf .
Coliform Fecal
Coliform MPN Pres.
Chloride (Cl)

Turbidity
Residue Total
Residue Volatile
Ammonia (WHo-N)
Nitrate (N03-N)
Phosphate (POi/) Total
Phosphate (POlJ Soluble
Phosphate (PO^) Poly
Phosphate (POj.) Ortho
Cyanide (CN)
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium (Cr) Hex
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe) Total
Nickel (Ni)
Zinc (Zn)
 CODE
00300
001+36
99^35
001+10
00900
ooi+oo
00011
00310
31501
31501+
31505
71205
0091+0
00700
00530
00535
00610
00620
00650
00653
00655
00660
00720
01030
01032
oioi+o
0101+5
01065
01090
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
                  GROUPS
               II     III
                    IV
               X
               X
               X
               X
               X
               X
               X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                      X
                              X
                              X
                              X
                              X
                              X
                              X
                              X

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                                         -9-
                                    BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.  Comprehensive Water Resources  Planning  Study,  Grand River  Basin Coordinating
    Committee,  Box 1027, Detroit,  Michigan.


2.  Ordinance No. 68-66, City of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

3.  Stream Monitoring Control Program,  Michigan Grand River Watershed  Council,
    609 Prudden Building, Lansing, Michigan   1&933.

k.  The Storage and Retrieval of Data for Water Quality Control, U.  S.  Department
    of Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration,  Washington,  D.  C.    202^2.

5.  Use Designation Areas for Michigans ' Intra-state  Water Quality  Standards ,
    Water Resources Commission, Department  of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan
6.  Water Analysis Catalogue,  Hach Chemical Company,  P.  0.  Box 907, Ames,  Iowa.

-------
                   W. L. Ettesvold




          Soil Erosion Guidelines



          One of the most critical pollution problems



of the Grand River and its tributaries is sedimentation



caused by soil erosion.  An accelerated land treatment



program in rural and urban areas is essential.  To this



date there is no governmental unit in the basin that



can claim it has an effective soil erosion control program.



The Watershed Council has accepted the leadership role



to encourage local governmental units to incorporate soil



erosion control measures in their local regulations.



A technical committee was created to develop an informational



booklet for public officials and the general public.  The



booklet "Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Program"



is attached as a part of this report.



          (The paper above referred to follows in its



entirety.)

-------
        MICHIGAN
        GRAND  RIVER
        WATERSHED
        COUNCIL
        SOIL  EROSION  &
        SEDIMENTATION

        Control    Program
609 PRUDDEN BUILDING •  LANSING, MICHIGAN 48933 • PHONE: 517 489-0552

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                                                                                    14:?
                           CONTENTS
   I. INTRODUCTION
       The Problem, Source and Cause of Erosion, The Result, The Future,
       What We Can Do                                                           3

  II. STATEMENT OF POLICY                                                     4

  III. SEDIMENT DAMAGE -THE PRICE WE PAY
       Crops and Cropland Suffer, - Road, Railroad and River Channels are
       Silted, Floods are more Frequent, Sediment Hurts Recreation and
       Public Health, Sediment is a National Problem                                   4 - 5

  IV. WHERE  DOES SEDIMENT COME FROM
       Farmland, River Banks, Urbanization                                          6

  V. WHAT WE CAN DO
       What Builders Can Do, Stabilize Steam Channels, Farm the Conservation
       Way, Control Other Sediment Sources                                         7

  VI. BASIC PRINCIPLES                                                          8

 VII. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES
       Controlling Quantity of  Run-off, Controlling Ground
       Area Subject to Erosion, Controlling Slope of Ground                             9-11

VIII. MODEL SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL RESOLUTION                15

  IX. INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS                           15

  X. TECHNICAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES                                    16

     OTHER WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS BY MICHIGAN GRAND
     RIVER WATERSHED COUNCIL                                               16
                 MEMBERS, SOIL EROSION CONTROL COMMITTEE

             James Biener         Michigan Grand River Watershed Council
             Richard Drullmger    Soil Conservation Service
             Frank Evans         Ingham County Road Commission
             Raymond Guernsey   City of Lansing
             Robert Halstead      Soil Conservation Service
             John H. Kennaugh    Michigan Grand River Watershed Council
             Paul Koch           Soil Conservation Service
             A. E  Matthews       Michigan State Highway Department
             BillG Rowden       Tn-County Regional Planning Commission
             Palmer Skalland      Soil Conservation Service
             Ralph Swemberger    Michigan Grand R iver Watershed Council
             William Walsh        Michigan Walter Resources Commission

             "The fourteen So11 Conservation Districts in the Grand River Basin
             are legal units of government charged to assist landowners in the
             control of soil erosion and sedimentation problems. The districts
             are committed to be of service to the people and communities of
             the basin "
                                                           R  G Hill

                "Photos Courtesy of U S D A. Soil Conservation Service"

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                                                                                                                      1438
                                            I.  INTRODUCTION
The Problem
It seems incredible that Michigan, the Water Wonderland
State, should have a water problem. To some extent the
problem is one of quantity,—but more importantly, one
of quality. Michigan citizens are  becoming sensitive to
the fact that pollution in some of our lakes and streams
is limiting the  human use and enjoyment of our  most
valuable resource. It is a serious problem. It deserves our
careful consideration.

Pollution  by sewage and human waste, industrial waste,
chemicals and  toxic  materials are sources which are
readily  discernable  to  the  average  citizen.  What is
probably less understood is the fact that soil erosion and
sedimentation contribute to, and are equally a part of
the pollution problem. And indeed, it  is so recognized
by experts.

The Michigan  Water  Resources Commission  classify
suspended, colloidal or settleable  material as a pollutant
and in  their "Water Quality  Standards for 'Michigan
Waters" state that such materials "shall not be present in
sufficient concentration to   be  objectionable  or  to
interfere with normal treatment processes."

Source and Causes of Erosion

Farms  and  rural  areas, while  large  in acreage, open in
character  and potentially vulnerable to erosion, do not
pose as great a problem as the expanding  urban areas.
There are two significant reasons rural erosion is less
critical than urban erosion. Firstly, the private farmer or
land holder  has  an economic  interest  in  the  proper
management of his own land. Secondly, there are public
agencies (Soil  Conservation  Service  of the U.S.D.A.,
Michigan  Department of Natural Resources, Soil  Con-
servation  Districts,  State Soil  Conservation Committee,
Michigan Department of Agriculture,  etc.) who care for
and are responsible for good management of open public
lands. For many  years these agencies  have offered their
technical skills and expertise to private farmers. There is
common interest in a common  cause by people who care.
No such situation exists in our exploding  urban areas.
The private capital which makes a city grow  has but little
regard for the natural resources it destroys. At the same
time, regrettable to say, our public official until now has
displayed a  similar  lack of interest, despite a high degree
of organization existing in many of our forms of munici-
pal and  county governments.
The Result

Massive urbanization creates untold damage through soil
erosion and sedimentation. The deposition of sediment
obstructs  sewers  and  ditches,  silts valley  land and
reduces the capacities of our streams and lakes. It blocks
and  eventually  closes  navigation channels,   limits
recreational opportunities and contributes greatly to the
general unsightliness of our streams.

The Future

The rapid land use transition from a tranquil setting to
that of  a highly specialized  urban atmosphere does not
augur well for the future. A glance at the land use trends
in the Grand  River Basin shows that urbanization with
its exploitation of natural  resources will continue at
accelerating rates.
     1950          I960          1970
         MICHIGAN   LANO  USE   TRENDS
What We Can Do

Erosion  and sediment  control  measures are relatively
simple and inexpensive. Conceived and developed within
the framework of the U.S.D A. Soil Conservation Service
with the technical assistance of the state agencies. Agri-
cultural  Research Program and Cooperative Extension
Program of Michigan State University, the  measures as
outlined in this report can be readily adapted  to  the
urbanizing areas of Michigan.

While the  responsibility  for  controlling erosion  lies
clearly  with individual  units of government, the Grand
River Watershed Council as an  agency concerned with
water  management within  the Grand  River  Basin
proposes  to coordinate erosion  control  on a regional
basis.

Responsible governmental  officials within  the  Grand
River  Basin are urged  to review the material  herein
presented and to follow through with an erosion control
program designed  for  their  own particular area. The
Grand River Watershed Council and associated agencies
listed in this booklet stand ready to assist governmental
units  in   developing  effective  soil  erosion  control
programs.

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                                                                                                           1439
 II. STATEMENT OF POLICY

 In view  of the need for erosion and sediment control
 measures, the attached model resolution (page 15) to be
 adopted  by  individual units of  government within  the
 Grand River  Basin area states its support of the program
 of the Grand River Watershed  Council  in providing  a
 regional  soil  erosion and sediment control program for
 this part of the state.
III.  SEDIMENT-DAMAGE-THE PRICE
     WE  PAY
Soil  erosion affects everyone. But many city dwellers
give  it little thought because it appears to them to be a
problem only for fai mers. Not so. And to illustrate, let's
take a  close  look  at  one of  the  results  of  soil
erosion—sediment or "silt."
flow
                                                                         harmiana loses top soil.
Crops and Cropland Suffer
Some sediment affects the farmer directly and the city
dweller only indirectly. Rain and wind spread sediment
over farmland,  not only  destroying  crops but  also
making the land less suitable for crops. Drainage and
irrigation  ditches quickly silt up. Stream channels clog
and soon  swamp productive farmland. The result is that
more  and  more  farmland  is  abandoned.  Sediment
damage to farmland in this country adds up to many
millions of dollars every year.
 Road, Railroads, and River Channels are Silted

 You  have probably  seen  road  graders  scraping out
 roadside ditches. But did you realize that most of this
 work would  not  be  necessary  if  soil  erosion was
 controlled?  Sediment fills  ditches  along  roads and
 railroads and plugs culverts; it clogs stream channels so
 badly that some bridges have to be raised.

The  sediment  dredged  each  year  from  streams,
 navigation channels, estuaries, and harbors is estimated
to  exceed one-half  billion  cubic  yards.  The  cost of
 removing this sediment is tremendous. This cost is paid
 for largely through Federal taxes.

 Sediment damage  to  all our transportation  facilities,
 including roads,  railroads,  and  navigation  channels,
 amounts to many millions of dollars every year.
Temporary erosion control measures during construction can
avoid damage like this.

-------
                                                                                                                     1440
Floods are More Frequent

More rivers are  flooding  more  frequently  each  year
because stream  channels are  choking  with  sediment.
Also, many streams  are carrying  increasingly  heavier
loads of sediment. In the Los Angeles area, flows from
newly burned-over  hillsides consist of  as  much as  85
percent mud by volume and only 15 percent water.

So, in addition to the damage by f loodwater there is the
damage by sediment  to  streets,  houses, machinery,
automobiles, sewer lines,  and wells.
Sediment Hurts Recreation and
   Public Health

Sediment greatly reduces the attraction  of  many  lakes
and reservoirs for swimming, boating, fishing and other
water-based recreational activities.

It destroys the spawning beds of game fish, ruins their
eggs, and reduces their food supply. Fish eat the worms,
insect larvae, and other small aquatic animals that feed
on  microscopic plants,  but muddy  water  shades out
light,  interfering with the growth  of the microscopic
plants.

In many small streams, sediment fills the deep pools that
provide a refuge for fish during the dry season.

Most streams and lakes no longer have as many game fish
as they once had.  Less  desirable species, such as carp
that thrive in turbid waters are replacing the game fish.
An attempt is  being made to implant game fish  in the
Grand  River,  but  results  so far  are inconclusive.
Sedimentation is a difficult obstacle to overcome.

Commercial  fisheries also have been affected. In the
broad,  shallow bays of  western Lake Erie, fishing for
yellow  perch,  cisco and  whitefish  was an important
industry  when clean,  gravelly bottoms and  abundant
vegetation favored  spawning and early growth. Today,
sediment from nearby Ohio, Michigan and Indiana farms,
urbanizing areas and channel dredging have  contributed
to the greatly reduced number of these fish.
Sediment is a National Problem

Thus it is apparent that sediment affects every citizen.
To every citizen  it means higher  taxes, railway  fares,
electricity and  water bills;  higher  food and clothing
prices; and more frequent requests for disaster funds.
 Floods causes damage and inconvenience.
 Sedimentation destroys recreational value.
                               _
Shopping plaza drainage causes bank erosion.

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IV.  WHERE DOES SEDIMENT COME FROM
                                                                                                         1441
FARMLAND
Erosion on farmlands in the Grand River Basin does not
pose  as   serious  a  problem  as  the  urban  areas.
Nevertheless, cultivated land  is still  a source of much
sediment.  This  erosion  usually results from growing
crops on  steep  land, from straight-row  farming areas
which  should be contour-farmed or terraced, and from
too frequent cultivation  of land that needs alternating
row crops and gress crops.

Pastures may be eroded due to overgrazing and farm
woodlands may be eroded due to over cutting.
URBANIZATION

By far the  largest  contributors to  the  problems  of
erosion in  the Grand  River  Basin are  the  rapidly
expanding  urban areas.  In  the process of converting
farmland to  highly developed urban  areas, the land is
exposed  to  erosion  hazards  during the process  of
construction.

Construction  sites  are  highly  susceptible to erosion.
Roadways,  subdivisions,  shopping  centers and  large
housing  developments  may keep  an  area  bare and
vulnerable  for one to  three years.  Trees and natural
vegetative cover along the riverbanks are frequently torn
up, and gouged out to permit installation of storm  sewer
interceptors with no provisions  for repairing the damage
or maintaining stability.


Contractors  and builders have  not  been  required  to
provide erosion control  measures in the  performance of
their  work. As  a  result,  relatively  small areas of land
under construction are causing massive erosion problems
affecting the entire area.
RIVERBANKS
The first white  settlers  in  this country  cleared the
bottom  land  along  rivers.  With  no  trees to  offer
resistance, rivers and streams began to erode their banks
and  to  meander with  a freedom never known before.
When the waters overflowed  onto the flood plains, the
freshly  plowed fields were easy  marks for floodwater
erosion.
                                                           Wheat field could have been protected by strip cropping.
Urbanized areas create erosion hazards.
                                                               Storm sewer placed with no regard for erosion.

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                                                                                                                     144:
V. WHAT CAN WE DO?

Control Measures and Community Planning

Any disturbance of ground cover and soil  will give
opportunity for erosion. Vegetation of any kind should
be  left  until just before construction begins,  and only
the minimum area required for operations should  be
disturbed at one time.  Bare  spots need to be covered as
soon as  possible.

When extended  periods of exposure are  unavoidable,
temporary  cover should be provided.  Annual grasses,
small  grains, or sod make a  quick cover. Mulch, burlap,
and plastic also protect the soil.

Contour diversions  can be used  to intercept runoff and
channel  it to waterways   that  lead  it by   means of
meanders  or  drop  structures to  safe  outlets.

Some erosion  is  inevitable  during periods of active dis-
turbance. Dams or basins can prevent sediment damage.

Communities—towns, townships, cities,  and  counties-
can help prevent erosion and sediment damage by plan-
ning the development of their land and water resources
and making their plans binding through zoning regula-
tions. Already many communities require  that builders
and planners adhere to specific regulations in clearing an
area for building. Some require that urban planning be
based on a scientific soil survey.

Community land use plans  need to suggest how private
and public improvements and land uses can be carried
out in the best interests of all the people.

Raw streambanks can be managed by sloping  and shap-
ing, establishing vegetation,  or the use of ro^k or other
stabliztng materials. Flood plains subject to scouring by
floodwater can be protected  by grass or other means.

Erosion can  be  stopped by dams or drop  structures.
Such  structures  usually require action by a  group of
landowners. Downstream interests, dependent on sedi-
ment-free water, may assist  with these structures as may
the State and Federal governments.

Contour farming, as compared to straight-row farming,
sharply reduces  soil loss. Terracing does  also. Experi-
ments have shown that terracing cropland will reduce
soil loss as much as 85 percent as compared to straight-
row farming.  These concepts can also  be  used  in com-
munity layout and  development. Technical assistance is
available from  the  Soil Conservation  Service through
locally organized soil and water conservation districts.
Controlling run-off in urbanizing area—seeding, sodding,ditchmg-
—paved flume
                                                ,-**•
                                               -/.f?*.
Farming the conservation  way—terracing,  strip crops, contour
cultivation.
Controlling Other Sediment Sources
Many highway departments and railroads are finding it
pays to plan road cuts and fills so that erosion will be
minimal and, further, to protect them with grass, vines,
or shrubs.

Wind erosion can be controlled by such farming methods
as stubble mulching,  improved cropping systems,  wind
stripcropping, and shelterbelts. Severe "blow" areas may
need to be planted by trees or dune grasses.

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                                                                                        1443
                             VI.  BASIC PRINCIPLES

The sediment control program for the urbanizing area will involve the following basic principles:

                 A. Sediment Control  in the urbanizing area should be-
                    come a stated policy  of the county government and
                    all concerned public agencies operating  in or having
                    jurisdiction  in  the  county. All departments and
                    divisions should cooperate  in implementing the pro-
                    gram.

                 B. Sediment control provisions should be incorporated in
                    the  planning  stage for most effective application in
                    the construction stage of development.

                 C Competent  technical personnel, workable procedures
                    and  regulations,  and  enforcement are essential for
                    successful sediment control.

                 D. Practical  combinations  of  the  following technical
                    principles  will  provide effective sediment  control
                    when skillfully planned and applied:
                    I.The  smallest  practical  area  of  land  should  be
                      exposed at any one time during development.
                    2. When land  is exposed during development, the
                      exposure should be kept to the shortest practical
                      period of time.
                    3. Temporary vegetation  and/or  mulching should  be
                      used  to  protect  critical  areas  exposed  during
                      development

                    4. Sediment basins (debris  basins, desilting basins, or
                      silt  traps)  should  be installed  and maintained to
                      remove sediment from run-off waters from land
                      undergoing development.
                    5. Provisions   should   be   made   to  effectively
                      accommodate the  increased  run-off caused  by
                      changed  soil and surface  conditions  during and
                      after development.
                    6. The  permanent  final vegetation and structures
                      should  be installed as  soon  as  practical  in the
                      development.
                     7.The  development  plan  should  be fitted  to the
                      topography and soils so  as  to  create the least
                      erosion potential.
                    8 Wherever feasible,  natural  vegetation should  be
                      retained and protected.

                  E. A  public   information  and education  program  on
                    sediment control  is necessary to obtain public and
                    industry support.

                  F Research, evaluation studies, and observations should
                    be  conducted  to  provide  needed  information for
                    improvement of the program.

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VII.  EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL        THIS?
      MEASURES
Rainfall  and  run-off  travelling  over  inadequately
protected land causes erosion  The amount of damage
depends on three variables 1) the quantity and velocity
of run-off 2) the nature of  soil and  3) the slope of
the ground.

The illustration  below shows how these variables affect
erosion under a wide range of differing conditions.

The example shows that the same amount of run-off will
erode a rather flat slope on barren soil, but will cause no
damage on a much steeper slope providing the ground is
covered with grass.

Let us consider  how we may control each one of these
three  variables;  run-off  quantity, character of ground,
slope of ground.

1. Controlling Quantity of Run-Off

In any given drainage area, while we have no control of
the total  rainfall discharged  upon that ground, we  can,
indeed, control its distribution and disposal. In so doing
we can protect the most vulnerable areas from damage.
Following are some of the techniques which have proven
to be effective:
a) Diversions -  Diversions are intercepting ditches and
berms or ridges placed  laterally along the contour on
sloping ground  to divert water before scouring  can
occur.  Their spacing depends  upon  slope, soil,  and
run-off. The water is collected and conveyed laterally
at slow velocity  and discharged into a protected area or
outlet channel.
            Wheat tteld erosion on long slope
                                     OR  THIS?
3B$$&$i6ii!*&3S*f
  Jr      ' •'  **•*    "-^,,'
* - :  e^tfr'" *   f"^$""c-~~=-  •
                                                               Successful farming on long moderate slope
E XAMPLE 1 — Moderate Runoff-*-— Nearly Bare Soil—*- Gentle Slope = Serious Erosion Damage


U.
u.
o
DC
O
2



small ^ " "
bare
^'''
-.*•
moderate moderate
"^ ^
dense
^ "^

ui
u
o

(">
^^^
m^
large "~~ \
"^^^ none
^^-^ /"
Ul
Uj 0.
3 v>
\- o
o z
>• 3
a °
^
level ^ -^
moderate ^- ^^-^ moderate
steep
/ ^
^ severe


Ul
a
^
^
<
a
z
o
lo
O
BC
UJ



EXAMPLE II — Moderate Runoff— Dense Soil Cover-*- Moderate Ground Slope = Very Slight Erosion Damage

-------
                                                                                                                 1445
       b) Bench Terraces -  Bench  terraces are relatively  flat
       areas constructed on sloping  land to planned dimensions
       and  grades. These  areas are  applied along  the contour
       with  the length  and width  controlled  by  the natural
       terrain and the required erosion limitations.

       Contour benches may be installed across the slope  and
       designed for widths which will permit  construction of a
       row or tier of housing units on flat areas which generally
       follow natural contours. Diversions may  be used  to
       transport water to a designed  outlet.
THIS?
                      Diversion under construction


        c) Outlet" Channels  -  This  measure  consists of  the
        construction of designed channels  for the  disposal of
        storm run-off from diversions, bench terraces and other
        structures. The design  is based  on the  run-off from
        predicted  storms   and  includes  the  vegetative  or
        structural measures required to protect the channel from
        erosion.
                                                                          Farmland at 2% gradient is subject to erosion.
                                                                  OR   THIS?
              But not with contour farming
                                            THIS?
                                                                            Unregulated, unprotected water channel
                                                                                                         OR  THIS?
         Channel outlet protected by vegetation and control structure.
                                                                                Controlled protected channel.
10

-------
                                                                                                                         1446
d) Waterway   Stabtization  Structures
Erosion control methods  include  structural  devices to
dissipate the energy  of flowing water  by holding the
waterway  slopes  and  velocities  within non-scouring
limits. Drop structures, concrete or other lining could be
utilized in an open waterway.
THIS?
             -j-ar-Bt - if      -»"-.-_-',
            '- -*-:_--*y   - --», c- ,-w.-
           ^  -_J---,^--&vfjii-_,,»*,, /™fr
           -  - -. _- --js^-^^v-^  •_- -j*» .. _
                --=^= =***^  ^_^^J""
                i,'-- *fl - -fi*»
   Structural devices dissipate the energy ot flowing water.
e)  Bank Erosion  Structures  -  The  control of  bank
erosion in main stream channels can be accomplished by
riprap, rock cribs, groins, jetties, fencing, piling, etc. The
purpose of bank control measures is to install a barrier
that will withstand the erosive forces exerted by flowing
water  or create a bank roughness that will  reduce the
erosive power  by dissipating energy of the water as it
moves along the bank line.
                                                                             Uncontrolled run-oft.
                                                           OR  THIS?
                                                                          Device for controlling run-off.
                                                                                                         THIS?
                                                                      Showing bank erosion uncontrolled.
                                                                                                   OR  THIS?
      Steel jacks used to prevent further bank erosion
                                                                       Sodding and rip-rap prevent erosion
                                                                                                                       11

-------
                                                                                                                     1447
                      River bank erosion control.
        f)  Sediment  Basins  -  The  sediment  basin  may  be
        considered as a safety valve.  It is an admission that the
        mechanics  and  scheduling of new construction cannot
        possibly eliminate a  certain  amount of erosion during
        the  period of  construction.  Strategically  placed,  a
        temporary  earth fill type dam  downstream from  a
        development area serves  to  regulate run-off and trap
        sediment.  The sediment can be removed mechanically as
        the storage space behind  the dam becomes  filled. The
        whole structure can be removed after stability is reached
        in  the development  area or  it  can be retained  and
        maintained to enhance the area.
       g) Stream Channel Construction - To relieve flooding or
       poor drainage conditions, it may be necessary to enlarge,
       deepen or reconstruct existing channels to designed cross
       section and grades. In doing this, however, the danger
       exists  of creating  a new erosion cycle. The design must
       include considerations regarding the stability of the bed
       and banks of the proposed channel under the predicted
       run-off conditions.
                                                                         Cribbing, planting make steep slopes erosion free
Sodding, seeding, mulching, blends with natural vegetation.
                                                                               Portion of sediment control basin.
12

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                                                                                                                        11-13
2. Controlling Ground Area Subject to Erosion

As seen on  the diagram, the nature of the soil cover is
tremendously important in controlling erosion. Overland
flow is most destructive on barren soils, less destructive
on  soils  covered  with   vegetation.  In  most  cases
vegetation can be established quickly and inexpensively.
Nowhere does the erosion control dollar go further than
with the prompt and careful covering of open soil with
natural vegetation.

Following are some of the  methods recommended to
control ground areas subject to erosion:

a) Limit Extent and Duration of Exposure - Where new
construction occurs, every attempt  should be  made to
reduce the size of the area and the duration of exposure.
    Asphalt-Straw Mulching Provides Temporary Protection.
 b)  Protecting Soils with  Vegetative Cover  - I n areas of
 good soils on moderate  slopes, the establishment and
 maintenance  of  good vegetative  cover are  relatively
 simple as compared to "critical areas." The non-critical
 areas can usually  be stablized by utilizing standard plants
 and seed mixtures recommended  by local agencies or
 landscaping services. Soil  tests should be made as a basis
 for   adding  the  plant   food  necessary  for   plant
 establishment and maintenance.
Critical Area Stablization - In addition to the disruption
due to heavy equipment on construction  sites, there are
other conditions which may be equally as "Critical."
Acidity,  low fertility,  compactness, dryness or wetness
often  prevail and  are  unfavorable  to  plant growth.
Excessively   long  slopes  and  steep  grades may be
encountered or created.  Water disposal  structures are
normally subjected to  hydraulic forces requiring special
techniques and grasses resistant to scouring. Information
to handle these difficult sites is readily available.
                                                              Steep critical slopes at bridges require special attention.
                                                          Temporary Measures - Where the life of a construction
                                                          contract extends over a considerable period of time, it is
                                                          highly desirable  to establish a  temporary  cover  with
                                                          annual  rye  or sudan grass. This technique can also be
                                                          used where jobs are completed at a season not favorable
                                                          for permanent vegetation. The temporary grass  is later
                                                          worked into the  soil when it is prepared for permanent
                                                          seeding.
                                                          An alternative method  is the application of mulch for
                                                          immediate  protection.  Areas  brought  to final grade
                                                          whatever  the  season  should be  mulched and  then
                                                          overseeded at  the  proper season with permanent  grass
                                                          and legume species.
           Mechanical Method of Applying Mulch.
                                                                                                                     13

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                                                                                                          144 9
       Permanent Vegetation - For both sodding and seeding,
       there is a  fairly wide choice  of  grasses, legumes, and
       other plants for use on critical areas. The final choice of
       species should be determined by weighing such factors as
       adaptability,  use,  aesthetic  requirements,  degree of
       maintenance that  can be expected  and other  special
       considerations.
                     Slope protected by sodding

       Plants should be selected that will  provide long-lived
       stabilization with little subsequent management where a
       "manicured" look is not required. Some species provide
       excellent  protection  against scour  in  waterways and
       outlets,  but  most  require   periodic  mowing  and
       fertilization.   Where  a  reasonably   high  level  of
       management  can be  expected, the  choice of plants is
       broader. Often, techniques of seedbed  preparation and
       establishment  are as  important as the selection of the
       species.
3. Controlling Slope of Ground

Areas which are excessively steep, where the topography
is rugged or where unusual conditions suggest that the
land is "unbuildable,"  should  not be intensively de-
veloped. The land use master plan should specify proper
restrictions, and no ambitious entrepreneur should be en-
couraged to  develop a site where erosion is sure to be a
problem.
%?$&m&-*
      Some land should be classified as "unbuildable."
This is  not to suggest that critical areas  are  to  be
avoided.  Huge  areas cannot be, and should not  be
leveled. Steep slopes in localized areas may be reduced
by retaining walls, terracing and channeling as previously
described, but  such development should be carried out
with adequate planning and careful supervision.
                  Seeded Banks Protect This Channel.
                                                               Steep slopes localized and well handled on residential lot.
                                                             Technical  references  and  sources for assistance in
                                                             planning for erosion control are listed on page 16 of this
                                                             bulletin.
14

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                                                                                                                145J
VIM. MODEL SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT
      CONTROL RESOLUTION

The  following model resolution,  when adopted by all
authorized  planning  bodies  within  the  Grand  River
Basin, can lay the ground work for easier control on  a
regional basis. Precise working  may be altered to  meet
local conditions.
WHEREAS,  the Grand  River  Watershed  Council has
been authorized by act of the Michigan State Legislature
to conduct water resource studies in the Grand River
Watershed,  and to  advise  local  governments of the
Council's view of the problems, and
WHEREAS,  the shifting of land  use in the watershed
basin  from  agriculture  to  urban  and   suburban
developments  has   substantially   increased  silt  and
sediment problems on the lands and, in the streams and
lakes in the region, and
WHEREAS,  the people of the State of Michigan have
indicated by  popular vote their approval of the  Clean
Water Bond Issue proposal in 1968, and
WHEREAS,  sediment  from  developments  has  been
declared a pollutant by the Water Resources Commission
of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, and  is
recognized under the adopted Water Quality Standards
for Michigan Waters, and
WHEREAS,   soil  erosion  and  sedimentation  cause
unreasonable damage to private and public property and
diminish  the public use and enjoyment of our streams
and lakes.
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED:
I.The  Legislative  body  of (township,  city,  county)
 • endorses and  supports the Grand River Watershed
  Council Soil Erosion and  Sediment Control Program,

2. That it is a policy of the  (township,  city, county) to
  provide  control  of  soil  erosion   and  resulting
  transported sedimentation, through its exercise of the
  review  and  approval authority for  subdivision  and
  commercial developments or any development where
  such control is considered  proper and  relevant,

3. That the same policy shall  be implemented through
  the  Public  Works   Departments (township,  city,
  county)  in  development  and  maintenance  of park
  lands, recreation sites, streets, and other Public owned
  properties,

4. That it shall be the policy of the authorized planning
  body  of the  (township,  city,  county) to seek
  comments and/or recommendations  from the Grand
  River   Watershed   Council,  the  Michigan   Water
   Resources Commission, the U.S.D.A. Soil Conserva-
   tion Service, the Soil Conservation District, or other
   agencies recommended by the Council  with respect
   to processing of any preliminary developmental plans
   as in the judgement of the authorized planning body
   of the  (township, city, county) that will require soil
   erosion measures to be carried out  by public  and
   private  interests  during  the  construction of  such
   developments.
IX.  INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL
     PROGRAM

To enlist public awareness and support, an informational
program  will  be  conducted  by  the  Grand  River
Watershed  Council, Soil  Conservation  Districts, Soil
Conservation  Service  and the Cooperative  Extension
Service.

Included in the program will be:

1. Publications -  such  as an illustrated  issuance of this
  Soil  Erosion Control Booklet, copies of standards and
  specifications for urban and rural soil erosion control
  practices, suggested ordinance for municipal adoption,
  etc.
2. Publicity about the program.

3. Informational  program  for developers and engineers.
4. Recognition of outstanding soil erosion control work
  by individual developers and engineers.

5. Preparation and distribution of study reports.

6. Assistance    to    local   communities    in    the
  implementation  and management of a soil erosion
  program.
      ___.-,.

       Ul.fi
                                                                                                              15

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                                                                                    1451
X.  TECHNICAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES

Technical    Guide     (Standards   and
  Specifications)-U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service

Standard   Specifications   For   Road  and   Bridge
  Construction—Michigan    Department   of   State
  Highways

Community Action Program For Sediment Control-
  National Association of Counties

Sediment Is Your Problem—U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation
  Service Bulletin A1B 174

Additional technical data as well as  complete informa-
tion for specific problems are available from the U.S.D.A.
Soil Conservation Service through the Soil Conservation
District. Other sources of information are available from:

        Bureau of Water Management,
          Department of Natural Resources
        Cooperative Extension Service
        Grand River Watershed Council
        Michigan Department of State Highways
    OTHER WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
                    BY THE
 MICHIGAN GRAND RIVER WATERSHED COUNCIL

Stream Monitoring Program
Stream Appreciation Month
Water Supply Study
Implementation of Flood Plains Study
Preservation and Utilization of Flood Plain Areas
Grand River Basin Federal Comprehensive Water Resources Planning Study

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                                                      1452
                   W. L. Ettesvold



          The Watershed Council provided one of the



two participants to review the "Community Action




Guidebook for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control"



developed by the National Association of Counties Research



Foundation,



          Neither of these booklets will have any value



unless the recommendations are implemented.  The best way



to assure their u?e is to conduct seminars, conferences



or other types of informational meetings to identify the



problems, present the tools for solutions, and assist the



local governmental units in the implementation of proper



guidelines and control measures.  To accomplish this



end, the Watershed Council is again accepting-the leader-




ship role by coordinating the interests and concerns of



the local Soil Conservation Districts and the Michigan



Association of Counties to co-sponsor with the Michigan



Grand River Watershed Council a series of conferences for



public officials.  Through these efforts we expect to



reduce one of our most critical pollution problems in the



basin.



          Flood Plain Control Regulations



          Development of flood plain areas is another



pollution factor that can be controlled through local



police powers.  Installation of septic tanks and drain

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                                                      1453
                   W.  L. Ettesvold



fields, open storage of solid wastes,  and the open storage



of usable materials in the flood plain can all have a



deleterious effect on the stream during flooding periods.



          Zoning laws, health codes, building codes and



subdivision control regulations are all tools that can be



used to protect the flood plain.  Adoption and effective



enforcement of these regulations will require technical



studies to accurately identify the flood plain.



          Flood Plain Information Studies conducted



by the Corps of Engineers, and Flood Plain Hazard Studies



conducted by the Soil Conservation Service are designed



to provide the technical data for ordinance enforcement.



Unfortunately, these programs are inadequately funded



to conduct the necessary studies in the rapidly urbanizing




areas.



          The Watershed Council has initiated action for



studies along fourteen stream stretches in the basin.



Two of these streams are scheduled for completion this



winter.  The need for these studies in our basin only



partially represent the need for studies across the state.




When a stream study has been completed, the Watershed



Council presents its publication, "Preservation and



Utilization of Plain Areas" to each governmental unit



to encourage adoption of local regulatory measures.

-------
                  W. L.  Ettesvold



          Local Water Quality Control Regulations



          The State has  the responsibility of water




quality enforcement.  However, funding of the



enforcement agencies is  not adequate for the State to



enforce the comprehensive programs needed.  Cities and




counties need to become  more actively involved to



supplement the State's efforts and to retain the home



rule philosophy.  An example of local enforcement  is



an ordinance adopted by  the city of Grand Rapids.



Through this ordinance regulatory limits have been



placed on industrial waste discharges to protect the stream



quality.   These limits  are being enforced by the  city




to protect their wastewater treatment plant and to reduce



pollution of the Grand River.



          The Michigan Grand River Watershed Council



is serving the regional interests of the governmental



units in the Grand River Basin.  Several programs



have been initiated that will benefit, not only the local




unit and the State, but will also result in a national



benefit.



          The following suggestions are offered for your



attention, your consideration and hopefully, your



endorsement:



          1)  Greater assistance to local communities

-------
                 W. L. Ettesvold



for developing adequate stream monitoring programs.



          2)  Funding to regional governmental entities



for conducting information and educational programs  on



needed water and soil management programs.



          3)  Additional funding for hydrological studies



to assist local communities in developing proper land




use for protection of flood plain areas.



          4)  Provide funding to local communities to



enable them to determine the method and cost for removing




stream-laden sediment to renew the streams for more



effective use.



          The Watershed Council is organized to serve



its constituent governmental units.  We also stand



ready to serve our State and the Federal Government  in



whatever way we can.  We realize our problems are not



unique to our area.  We believe if we can solve our



problems we will be helping other governmental units



by establishing guidelines which they may follow to



achieve success.

-------
                                                      1456
                P. F. Gustafson




          Thank you,  Mr.  Chairman.



          MR. STEIN:   Thank you.   Are there any questions



or comments?  If not, thank you very much.




          Philip P. Gustafson.



          May I suggest that those making statements,



that we are largely interested in the thermal problem.



We would appreciate any other aspects of pollution either



submit a statement for the record or summarize it, if



possible.








          STATEMENT OP PHILIP P.  GUSTAPSON,



          COORDINATOR ARGONNE GREAT LAKES



          RESEARCH PROGRAM, ARGONNE NATIONAL



          LABORATORY, ARGONNE, ILLINOIS








          MR. GUSTAFSON:   Mr. Stein, conferees, ladies



and gentlemen, I am Philip F. Gustafson, Coordinator



of the Argonne Great Lakes Research Program, Argonne




National Laboratory here in Argonne, Illinois, just



outside of Chicago.



          I might Just make a couple of statements as to



what Argonne is and why we are interested and concerned



with Lake Michigan problems.  Argonne, as many of you may




know, is subcontracted with the Atomic Energy Commission

-------
                                                     1457






                    P. P. Gustafson




by the University of Chicago and some 31 other



universities in the midwest area, and has been the center



of research and development over the years and has also




been a center for the study of radiation problems -



Since reactors emit also thermal discharges as well as



radioactive ones, it is not totally unreasonable that the



laboratory was requested by the Atomic Energy Commission




to look at the influence of thermal discharges.



          I do have a statement which I have handed




to the workshop, and I would like to read Just a few



portions of it and make a few comments, if I may,




at the end.



          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Gustafson.



          MR. GUSTAPSON:  Yes.



          MR. STEIN:  If you wish, we will put the



entire statement in the record as if read, even though



you summarize it.



          MR. GUSTAPSON:  I would appreciate that very



much,



          MR. STEIN:  Without objection, that will be



done.




          (Whereupon, the paper above referred to



follows in its entirety.)

-------
                                               1458  -1470






                  P, F. Gustafson



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  At the present time the States



bordering upon Lake Michigan and the Federal Government



are wrestling with the questions raised by discharging



waste heat into the lake.  The deliberate release



of waste waters  at temperatures above that of the lake



at the point of input is not a new practice; it has  been



part and parcel of human occupation of the land along



the lake and has increased at a rate commensurate to or



exceeding that of population growth.  What is new,



however, is the fact that the wisdom of this practice is



now being questioned, and indeed being subject to regulation



by the appropriate agencies.  This questioning and probing




is a healthy sign, a further indication of the awareness



on the part of a growing number of citizens that our



resources are not endless; that the natural environment,



be it air, land, or water, does not have a limitless



capacity to absorb wastes and other forms of insult and



assault.



          The matter of thermal discharges into Lake



Michigan has been brought to the fore by the construction



of six large nuclear powerplants (a total of ten




individual reactors tp be in operation by 1978) which



intend to use Lake Michigan water for condenser cooling,



and discharging this water directly back into the lake.

-------
                                                      1471





                   P. P. Gustafson



The sheer magnitude (volume) of water involved, coupled



with the rise in temperature over the condenser, tends



to stagger the imagination and perhaps to blur reason.



          About 4,600,000 gallons per minute or 10,000



cubic feet per second will be required for cooling



purposes by the nuclear plants now under construction.



This figure does not include the Bailly nuclear units now



being considered.  The cooling water will gain an average



of 20.5 degrees P. across the condenser.  Cooling water



for the nuclear plants will be taken from some



distance offshore, and in most cases from near the lake



bottom.   Hence, the cooling water will usually be below



the ambient temperature of the surface waters when it



enters the plant, and as a result the temperature



difference between discharge water and lake surface



temperature will be significantly less than the Delta



T across the condenser.  The objective of this statement



is to attempt to place the cooling water discharged from



nuclear powerplants in a reasonable perspective, to discuss



what is known and what is unknown concerning thermal



parameters in Lake Michigan, to explore the alternatives



to direct lake discharge, and finally, to suggest a



course of action to answer pertinent scientific questions,



to alleviate economic and operational stress, and to

-------
                                                      1472
                      P. Fo Gustafson

provide adequate electric power to residents of the Lake

Michigan region.

          Perspective

          Lake Michigan is the fifth largest body of

freshwater in the world.  It is of sufficient depth that

it is thermally stratified during the summer (roughly

May to November), and is thermally mixed from top to

bottom each spring and fall.  The primary source of

heating of the lake is direct solar and atmospheric radia-

tion, with river and surface water runoff providing a

relatively minor additional natural heat input to the

lake proper.  Major manmade sources of warm water dis-

charges include industrial discharges, municipal sewage

treatment plant effluent, and cooling water from steam

generating facilities.

          The waste heat from this latter category is

most readily documented because of the rather direct

relationship between electrical output and heat loss

across the condenser.  In addition, detailed records

of power generation make it possible to determine not

only annual heat discharge but to break it down into

daily or even hourly segments.  The present electrical

generating capacity situated on Lake Michigan, and

using lake water for cooling is about 8,000 MWe?  Except

*  8,000 megawatts electrical,  term describing generating
   capacity.

-------
                                                       1473





                   P. F. Gustafson



for 75 MWe which comes from the Big Rock nuclear plant



at Charlevoix, Michigan, all this power comes from



coal- or oil-burning plants.  Older fossil fuel plants



such as these have an efficiency of about 30 to 35



percent (although fossil fuel plants built recently achieve



about 40 percent efficiency) for converting heat into




electrical energy.  Of the 65 to 70 percent waste energy,



as it were, about 15 percent is lost up the stack.



Thus, from the 8pOO MWe from fossil fueled power generation,



there is between 17,000 and 19,000 MW of waste heat



produced, of which 13,000 to 15,000 MW is released



to the condenser cooling water.



          The present type of nuclear power reactors have



a conversion efficiency of about 33 percent (heat to



electrical energy), and effectively (a few percent may



be lost directly to the atmosphere in the plant) all of



the waste heat (67 percent) is released to water across



the condenser system.  Therefore, we see that for each



unit of electricity actually generated (per kilowatt, for



example), 20 to 35 percent more heat (50 percent more




when compared to the most modern fossil plants) is



discharged to cooling water from a nuclear plant than



from a conventional fossil fuel installation.



          It is also true that the present trend in power-

-------
                  P. F. Gustafson



plant construction is in terms of blocks of 500 to 1,000



MWe per generating unit.  This means that the heat



released is concentrated in a localized area and is



somewhat more aggravated in the case of nuclear plants



because of the greater aqueous heat loss per unit of power



produced as discussed above.



          In terms of heating of the entire lake, the



discharge from generating plants makes an insignificant



input.  Calculations show that if none of the heat



from present powerpflLants and those proposed through



1978 were to leave the lake over an annual cycle, the



temperature increase would be a few hundredths of a degree



centigrade throughout the entire lake.  Of course, such a



situation does not exist in nature, as there is continual



heat loss to the atmosphere by evaporation and



nonsyaporative  processes.  It is also true that the



discrete thermal disCharges from powerplants do not



mix throughout the entire lake, but are essentially



localized entities of warm water.  It is because



of this phenomenon of relatively restricted volumes of



warm water, present in one general location near shore,



that raises questions about biological effects and other



aspects relating to water quality.



          Except at times during fall and spring when the

-------
                                                      1475





                   P. P. Gustafson



lake is thermally mixed, the temperature is not



uniform throughout the lake.  In summer, the mixed surface



layer (which may extend down to depths of 60 to 70



feet) is appreciably warmer (10 to 25 degrees P.) than



the underlying waters.  Conversely, in the winter, surface



waters may actually be colder than those at greater




depths.  Furthermore, there are variations in surface



water temperatures over fairly short distances (less



than a mile) and/or short time intervals (less than an



hour.)  These variations are particularly evident near



the shore, and are due to the upwelling of cooler water,



warm surface water being blown onto the shore, and other



wind and current phenomena.  These variations make the



term ambient temperature somewhat ambiguous other



than in a general or average sense.



          As mentioned earlier, there are already



a number of generating plants situated on Lake Michigan



which draw cooling water from the lake and return the



heated effluent to the lake.  Three of these begin to



approximate the generating capacity and thermal discharge




of the nuclear stations now under construction.  These



larger plants now in operation are Waukegan (1108 MWe),



Oak Creek (1670 MWe), and State Line (964 MWe).  A feeling



for the magnitude and the environmental effects of

-------
                                                      1476
                  P. P. Gustafson




thermal discharges may be obtained by looking at and



around these plants which have been in operation for a



number of years.  The initial impression is that these



plants have not had a very profound or obvious effect




on the lake, certainly not an adverse effect as appears



to have been the case with some other discharges such as



sewage and chemical discharges.



          Determinations of the lateral extent and the



depth of the warm water discharges (called thermal



plumes in analogy to smoke plumes) have been made by



infrared over-flight techniques and by making direct




temperature measurements in the water.  A thermal



discharge is warmer than ambient lake water and tends to



float because it is less dense, spreading out as it



floats in a manner dictated by wind, current, and the



velocity of the discharge itself.



          The lake thermal plumes studies are a few



feet (6 to 8 maximum) thick and have temperatures which



are measurable above ambient (about 1 degree centigrade) out



to a mile or so from the discharge point.  The initial



decrease in water temperature from the outfall to the



measurable edge of the plume occurs primarily through



mixing with the cooler water surrounding the plume, with




some loss directly to the atmosphere as well.  Over a

-------
                                                      1477






                   P. P. Gustafson



matter of a day or so the bulk of the heat is lost to the



atmosphere.  Other than providing a warmer region for



swimming, and a more ice-free region of limited extent



during the winter, and occasional periods of local fog,



there are no obvious physical effects from the thermal



discharge.




          Biological effects are equally hard to discern.



Pish are noted to congregate near the outfall, particularly



in wintertime, but increased algal blooms, differences (or




lack of) in bottom organisms and other indications of




biological change have not been documented.  Bottom



organisms probably are not truly good indicators of the



thermal situation because of the surface-floating



character of the warm water.  The fact that changes have



not been documented in part implies they are difficult



to see, or are slight if not nonexistent.  On the other



hand, it must be said that not a great deal of research



has been devoted to looking for thermally-induced changes.



So we are faced with a situation in which obvious changes




have not been observed, but secondary, more subtle,



effects at some distance from the point of input may



take place.




          Additional information as to possible thermal



effects can be obtained from examining stream and river

-------
                 P.  P.  Gustafson



plumes in the lake.   The prime example as far as Lake




Michigan is concerned is the Grand River which has an



average flow of between 1,500 and 7,700 c.f.s. depending



upon the time of year.   This compares with the flow rates




of 3,260 and 3,500 c.f.s. specified for the Zion and




Donald C. Cook plants,  respectively.  The Grand River is



also warmer than the average surface temperature of the



lake, varying from 5 degrees P. above lake surface



temperature in March and September to as much as



19 degrees P. in July.   During part of the year the



actual heat carried into the lake by the Grand River in



B.t.u./day, for example, closely approximates that which



would be released from the largest nuclear plants now



under construction on the lake.  From March through July



the Grand River dumps between 200 and 340 billion B.t.u./day



into the lake, whereas  if run at peak capacity for 24



hours a day the Donald C. Cook  and Zion plants would



discharge 390 and 340 billion B.t.u./day respectively.



It is interesting to observe that the Grand River is not




generally thought of as a source of thermal pollution.



          Alternatives



          On the basis  that adverse effects may be taking



place now from the presence of thermal Inputs or the mode



of introduction, or that such changes may occur if the

-------
                                                      1479






                   P. P. Gustafson



inputs increase, one must consider other means of disposing



of waste heat.  This can be done in several ways; through



increased volume of cooling water, diffuser systems



which increase mixing, cooling ponds, cooling towers,



or combinations of these.  It is also apparent that in the




main the summer months are the more critical time; hence



the time when more elaborate cooling measures should be



taken.




          There is, of course, a further option open



and that is not to site powerplants or other heat



sources along the lake at all.  This is a solution for



future siting, but hardly helps in present circumstances.



From a strict economic sense, direct cooling is least



expensive in terms of initial investment and annual



operating costs.  It may, in fact, turn out in the end




to be the most reasonable use of a. natural resource,



namely the Great Lakes.



          Each of the various alternatives will be



considered in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.




          1)  The condenser discharge could be mixed



with additional water before entering the lake.  This would



serve to reduce the difference in temperature between



the plant discharge and the lake itself; however, it



would not reduce the total heat input to the lake.  Such

-------
                                                      1480






                   P. P. Gustafson



a procedure involves the expenditure of energy in pumping,




and the larger volume of relatively high velocity water



might produce both physical and biological effects such



as scouring of the lake bottom, or influencing fish



movements.  The advantage would be that modifications to



present facilities could be done at or near the lake shore



in most instances, and would not require the use of



additional land.



          2)  Diffuser systems.  Multiple nozzle or



aspirator systems will allow rapid mixing with cooler



surrounding water, and when spray devices are used, direct



heat loss by evaporation is achieved.  Such systems will




represent some expense, and the durability and maintenance



of such devices has not been field tested on a large



scale.  Where actual sprays are involved the water loss



from the lake system will increase due to evaporation.



          3)  Cooling ponds.  These would require



considerable land adjacent to the plant to be used for



this purpose, approximately 2 acres per MWe is a rough



figure for cooling pond size.  The loss of water from



evaporation would be comparable to or somewhat greater than




if the heat were put directly into the lake itself.




Confined bodies of warm water such as this may become



algal beds, and require attention to prevent their being

-------
                                                      1431




                   P.  P.  Gustafson




a source of odors.  The quality of cooling pond water



will decrease with time as solids left behind by



evaporation accumulate.



          *0  Cooling towers.  Wet or dry cooling towers



for powerplants in the 500-1,000 MWe range represent a



sizeable capital investment.  The Davis-Besse Plant in



Ohio is spending $9 million on cooling towers for a



872 MWe facility.  They will also consume power in their



operation, and require periodic maintenance.



          Such towers are faily large in size, both height



and base area.  Wet towers will be more wasteful of water



in that they depend heavily upon evaporation for heat



removal.  Solids left behind in evaporation must be



removed, as must slime and algal growths, usually by



back-flushing into the lake.  Such a procedure will



produce  periodic  inputs of concentrated chemicals into



the lake.  The evaporation may lead to fog and icing



under appropriate meteorological conditions.  Dry cooling



towers do not waste water, but are limited in their



cooling abilities by the ambient air temperature as cooling



is done by exchange to the air passing over the cooling



colls.  Experience with dry towers is limited to fairly



small (200-300 MWe) installations.  In some locations,



objections have been raised concerning the appearance of

-------
                                                     1482
                  P. P.  Gustafson




cooling towers and their effect on the landscape*



          Combinations




          A combination of methods might prove most



acceptable in the long run.  Direct discharge except in




warm seasons, when cooling towers could be used,  is one




possibility.  This would also avoid the fog and ice



problem during the winter months.  A cooling pond-direct



discharge is also in this category.



          It should be emphasized that from the standpoint



of water conservation, direct discharge of heat in the lake



is most conservative of this resource.  As demands for




lake water increase, the diversion of water for




cooling towers and ponds may be regarded as an



unacceptable use of water.



          Field Program to Determine Best Options



          Two things seem apparent:



          1)  That demonstrable physical and/or biological



effects from present thermal discharges are hard to find



on the Great Lakes or elsewhere.



          2)  There is a need for well-planned intensive



and extensive field work to determine what effects, if any,



do exist.  It would also seem reasonable to not be



overly restrictive on thermal discharges in light of



present observations.  In reality we will never know

-------
                                                      1483
                  P. P. Gustafson



what reasonable thermal standards are until adequate



field work is done, and to do this it will be necessary



to have thermal discharges to study.  Otherwise an unwise



alternate, the consequences of which are, in fact, less



clearly understood, may be chosen.  There are environmental



costs to be borne in any event, and what must be done



is to minimize these costs in conjunction with



their socio-economic impact.  This should be the prime



objective of regulation.



          There is a conservation principle involved here




related to the conservation of energy principle.  In fact,



energy is the real culprit.  Feasible methods of steam



electrical generation are inherently limited to maximum



efficiencies of the order of 40 to 50 percent.  This means



that half or more of the heat produced must be discarded,



and the name of the game is to discard this heat in



the manner least offensive to the environment or to use



it beneficially in some manner.  There is a feeling,



based upon plenty of evidence to be sure, that whatever



man does in terms of waste disposal is probably wrong.



It is possible that in the case of heat, discharge to Lake




Michigan is an appropriate, and acceptable use of a



natural resource.  It remains to be proven, however, and



the natural capacity of the lake to receive and to eliminate

-------
                                                      1484






                   P. P. Gustafson




heat must be determined.



          The source of support to do the necessary



research is always a problem.  But consider the manner



in which moneys are now being spent.   For example,  the




Davls-Besse nuclear plant on Lake Erie is going to



spend $9 million on cooling towers, plus operating and



maintenance expenses annually.  This exceeds the total



amount spent annually on research in the Great Lakes which



is at all relevant to the pollution question, and



greatly exceeds the annual support of thermal research on



the Great Lakes.  The point is that more money could



be reasonably spent to determine whether or not cooling



towers are a) necessary and b) desirable, rather than



going ahead and building them without further consideration.



The money involved could go a long way toward answering



some of the uncertainties, without irreversibly harming



the lakes, and perhaps would even save expenditures



in the long run.




          Lake Michigan Plan



          A suggested plan for determining thermal



effects and thermal capacity is to allow present



facilities  and those under construction  to operate, but



to conduct sound scientific investigations of the




environmental effects of such operation.  At present,

-------
                                                        US 5
                     P. F. Gustafson



theory is inadequate to predict the consequences; only



experiments will do.  This does not mean a license to



operate indefinitely in the face of evidence of deleterious



effects.  If such effects manifest themselves, corrective



action must be taken.  Such a procedure could be conducted



under a Lake Michigan Environmental Agreement between



the public (through their representatives) on the one



hand and thermal dischargees on the other.  The results of



field investigations should be reviewed by a commission



composed of Federal, State, and local representatives,



industrial representatives, and members of the concerned



public such as conservation groups, environmental



committees and the like.  If the findings indicate



environmental change, the commission must make a judgment



as to its seriousness and recommend that corrective



action be taken promptly, and may even recommend what



corrective action be taken.  The details of this approach



must, of course, be worked out.  The main point is, however,



that some reasonable course be followed which does not



blindly trade one environmental situation for another



which is even worse.

-------
                    P.  F.  Gustafson



          MR.  STEIN: Thank you.



          Are  there any comments  or questions?



          Mr.  Gustafson,  thank you for your paper.



          MR.  GUSTAFSON:   You are welcome.



          MR.  STEIN: You know, in a way,  you are one firm



— I have a little principle here, the Stein Principle of



Presentations  of Papers.   When on the second or third page



we get into a  discussion  of all of the alternatives



including dilution, I can predict that when we get to the



conclusions we are going to come  in with a recommendation



for further study.



          MR.  GUSTAFSON:   Well, I guess a research



organization has to be  that way.



          MR.  STEIN:  By the way, this isn't a criticism.



You know, in your field,  you try to be objective about



looking for things — the indicators of what is going to



happen in prediction.-



          MR.  GUSTAFSON:   Right.



          MR.  STEIN:  And in this field, I think we have



a few indicators,



          MR.  GUSTAFSON:   Indicators, yes.



          MR.  STEIN:  Mr. Mayo.



          MR.  MAYO:  You have indicated that the Argonne



National Laboratory has done some plume studies —•

-------
                                                     1437
                    P. F. Gustafson



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  That is correct.



          MR. MAYO:  — on Lake Michigan.



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  On Lake Michigan.



          MR. MAYO:  Which plumes specifically have you



worked with?



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  The Waukegan plume and the plume



at Big Rock.



          MR, MAYO:  Is this part of a current cooperative



study effort at Waukegan?



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  Well, we are indeed a part of the



group consisting of EPRO from DePaul, the Bio-Test Laboratory



of Commonwealth Edison, the Metropolitan Sanitary District



and ourselves.  But; this was really instigated quite



independently of these people.  It happens that we are all



working with the same area so that we have been exchanging



data, yes.



          MR. MAYO:  In connection with the studies that



you have conducted so far, do you have any feel for the



conclusions that were expressed yesterday, I believe, by



Dr. Pritchard?  Were you here at the time?



          MR. GUSTAFSON:  No, unfortunately I was at the



laboratory yesterday.



          MR. MAYO:  Perhaps much of the gist of Dr.



Pritchard's statement was that if properly defined in

-------
                       P. F. Gustafson



terms of an outlet facility, both in terms of placement,



configuration, and I think also the velocity, that the



heated water would essentially remain at the surface.



          MR. GUSTAFSON:   Yes.



          MR. MAYO:  And  if the depth was in excess of 10



or 15 feet, that little or no heat would be available  to



impact the lake bottom.



          MR. GUSTAFSON:   Yes.



          MR. MAYO:  How does this square with the findings



that you folks have so far?



          MR. GUSTAFSON:   This certainly is the sort of



thing that we have observed, Mr. Mayo.  We have made some



15 or 16 surveys at the Waukegan plant under various cir-



cumstances, and I believe that the discharge canal



depth is something on the order of 8 to 10 feet at the



mouth and we have not seen demonstrably warm water below



a 9-foot depth.  But this I worry about, and really the



purpose of our field measurements is so that we may plug



them into models which now exist and which the laboratory



is working on, including  those of Pritchard and some of



the people who have been  in this for a long time.  We are



trying to get field data  to verify these models.



          But one problem which bothers us is that you have



a natural bias in the days when you do get data because

-------
                      P. F. Gustafson



you don't go out when the lake is too rough because it is



hazardous to the people involved, and what really happens



when there is a lot of turbulence and upwelling and down-



welling, we don't know ourselves, and I have a hunch that



there aren't many people who go out in that kind of weather



either, so that unfortunately the field data suffer a bias



in that sense.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you.



          Are there any further questions?



          MR. CURRIE:  Yes, Mr. Chairman, one.



          MR. STEIN:  Yes, Mr. Currie.



          MRo CURRIE:  Mr. Gustafson, there were predictions



in Dr. Pritchard's paper regarding the residence time of



any particular molecule or organism at elevated temperatures



inside of a plume.  I take it you haven't attempted to



evaluate his particular calculations, but have you calcula-



tions of your own on the same subject?



          MRo GUSTAFSON:  We do have some calculations of,



say, the time course of temperature in a body of water that



has gone through the condenser and out into the plume,



and what we are now doing is integrating the total temper-



ature that this thing says, say, in degrees, ourselves



and we really don't have this thing completed yetc  But



it certainly gets down to within a degree centigrade of

-------
                                                     1490





                       P.  F.  Gustafson



ambient, within a matter of a few hours.



          MR. CURRIE:   Thank  you.



          MR. STEIN:   Thank you.



          Any other questions?



          If not, thank you very  much, Mr.  Gustafson.



          May we have  Mr.  Moerke  of the  city  of Milwaukee?

-------
                                                      1491
                   E. L. Moerke








          STATEMENT OP EWALD L. MOERKE, Jr.,




          ATTORNEY, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN








          MR. MOERKE:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and




members of the Great Lakes Water Conference.




          My name is Ewald L. Moerke, Jr., and I am




associated with the law firm of Schroeder, Gedlen, Rlester




and Moerke with offices at 108 West Wells Street,




Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  I am here representing the




Metropolitan Sewerage District of the County of Milwaukee




and its two component agencies, the Sewerage Commission




of the city of Milwgwkee and the Metropolitan Sewerage




Commission of the county of Milwaukee.




          I appreciate the opportunity afforded me to



present, on behalf of the district, the views of the




Commissioners of the Metropolitan Sewerage District with




respect to the application of the city of South Milwaukee




for approval of plans for secondary treatment for their




sewage treatment plant.  My commissioners feel that this




is a matter of great importance  not only to the citizens




living in the Greater Milwaukee area  but to all persons




who value the continued high purity of the waters of Lake




Michigan and its tributary streams.  We are very concerned

-------
                                                    1492
                    E.  L.  Moerke



about the continuation of a potable water supply for all



users on Lake Michigan.  We are afraid that events which



have recently transpired may impair the quality of Lake




Michigan water.



          As many of you know, the city of South




Milwaukee, a community of approximately 23,286 people



located on the shores of Lake Michigan, has for many years



operated a primary treatment plant for the citizens of that



community.  The city of South Milwaukee elected in



I960 not to come into the Metropolitan Sewerage District



and now is the only community in the cooncy of Milwaukee



which is not a part of the district.



          Here may I state the city of South Milwaukee



is completely surrounded by property under district



control.



          Within the last few years, the city of South



Milwaukee has seen fit to prepare plans for secondary



treatment of their facilities and has forwarded such plans



to the Department of Natural Resources of the State of




Wisconsin, together with an application for Federal and



State assistance.  Such plans involved an expenditure



based on 1968 figures of about $1.6 million.  If Federal



and State grants were approved to the fullest extent



possible, the city of South Milwaukee would recover about

-------
                                                    1*93
                   E. L. Moerke



$1.2 million.  These plans were approved by the Department



of Natural Resources of the State of Wisconsin early in



1970, but, as we understand it, the State grant under



the ORAP 200 program of the State of Wisconsin has not,



as yet, been approved.  Recently, however, the PWQA



did approve the granting of Federal funds for the project



in South Milwaukee.



          The city of South Milwaukee lies immediately



north of and its boundaries adjoin the district property



upon which the district's new South Shore Treatment Plant



has been built and recently placed in operation.  The city



of South Milwaukee could be served by this plant with the



construction of a sewer down South Fifth Avenue to the



main interceptor leading to this plant.  A stub has already



been built into our main interceptor to provide for the



South Milwaukee flow.  It is estimated by our engineer that



this main sewer would cost approximately $1.7 million and



if the city of South Milwaukee would elect to be served



by the district, the cost to South Milwaukee for their



share of this main would be approximately $3^,000.



          This, however, does not tell the whole story.



The Metropolitan Sewerage District, through its two



component commissions, has the power to improve water-




courses within the district.   The commissions' attorneys

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                   E, L,  Moerke




have advised the commissions that there is no duty to



improve any stream outside of the district.



          There is a watercourse which originates in the



cities of Milwaukee and Franklin known as Oak Creek which



has been partially widened, deepened and enlarged in the




city of Milwaukee to carry away storm drainage from that



watershed.  However, the outlet of Oak Creek into Lake



Michigan is in the city of South Milwaukee.



          It is estimated by the district engineers that



it would cost $2.8 million to widen, deepen, and enlarge



Oak Creek in the city of South Milwaukee so as to provide




an adequate outlet for this watershed,  Thus, any



reckoning of total costs must involve the watercourse



improvement cost for, if the city of South Milwaukee should



come into the district, the district would absorb this



charge as well as the charge for the main sewer.  If



the city of South Milwaukee stays out of the district and



is permitted to build its own secondary treatment plant,



then the taxpayers of the city of South Milwaukee will have



to shoulder this cost alone.  The two commissions have



jointly adopted a resolution following their counsels'




advice that they would not entertain a request from the



city of South Milwaukee to improve Oak Creek in the city



of South Milwaukee.

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                                                      1495






                  E. L. Moerke



          The Metropolitan Sewerage District of the county



of Milwaukee now serves the entire Bounty of Milwaukee



except the city of South Milwaukee, and by contract serves



many adjacent municipalities within the same watershed.



This includes the city of New Berlin, the village of



Elm Grove, the city of Brookfield, the village of




Menomonee Palls, the village of Butler, city of Muskego,



and the city of Mequon.  In addition, we are now engaged



in discussions with a sanitary district in the county of



Racine for the reception of their sewage into our system.



          The district serves its customers through a



system of main and intercepting sewers which, between




the two commissions at the end of 1969, totaled 216.7



miles.  The treatment of sewage is carried on at two



plants:  one located at Jones Island, which is the older



plant; and the other one is located in the city of Oak



Creek on Lake Michigan at the foot of East Puetz Road.



The latter plant has just been recently completed and put



into operation and is probably the most modern plant



in operation to date in the United States if not in the



world.



          In our plants, the effluent is constantly



monitored to determine the quality and effectiveness of



our treatment plants and we believe that we have achieved

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                                                     1*96
                   E. L. Moerke
operating results as good as any plant in existence.  The
Jones Island plant is a full treatment plant consisting
of coarse screening, grit chambers, fine screening,
aeration tanks, settling basins, and we are now planning
and have under contract post chlorination of all effluent
The South Shore Treatment Plant, at the present time, is
a primary treatment plant with chlorination, but we are
planning and have under contract the installation of
secondary treatment.
          The laboratory facilities maintained by the
district consist of a staff of approximately twenty
people and all of the latest and most modern facilities
are provided.
          The dry weather flow through the Jones Island
plant results in a parity of effluent of 96 percent to
98 percent (coliform removal).  Chlorination should bring
the quality even higher.  We fully expect that our South
Shore wastewater treatment plant, when secondary and full
chlorination is applied, will achieve the same excellent
results.
          The Jones Island plant has in the past
achieved spectacular results with regard to the removal
of phosphates.  As a matter of fact, the United States
Government has given us a grant to study the removal of

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                   E.  L.  Moerke



phosphates that we achieved and we have a second grant



to assist in the process  of running plant scale tests to



see whether we cannot achieve even better results.




          MIR. MAYO:  Excuse me.  You make a comment that



the South Milwaukee construction grant has been approved



by PWQA.  I think you are advised that it has not been



approved.



          MR. MOERKE:  In a phone conversation I had with



you, that is correct,  Mr, Mayo, you so advised me.   But



I am informed that in a previous conversation we were told



that it had been approved.  Now, I stand corrected if I am



wrong on that.



          MR. MAYO:  You are wron&.




          MR. MOERKE:   All right.



          We submitted a report to this body on March 31,



1970, relating to the removal of phosphates and we  have



some additional data to submit with respect to this



matter.



          (The reports above referred to follow in  their



entirety.)

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                                                                              1498
Proposed addition #1 to follow summary of the "Statement for March 31,  1970
                           Lake Michigan Conference"
                                                        (copy included)


     Additional data collected since completion of the statement for the
3-31-70 Lake Michigan Conference indicates that the use of iron from waste
pickle liquor continues to enhance phosphate removal without adversely af-
fecting purification or plant equipment.

     On July 30, 1970 Mr. R. D. Leary advised the F.W.Q.A. project officer
that the Commission was therefore ready to proceed with iron addition to the
85 M.G.D. West Plant as soon as formal F.W.Q.A. approval was obtained in
conformance with the original grant approval dated December 13, 19&9.  We
understand that the project officer has recommended approval of the project
extension and forwarded the material to the Washington Office of the F.W.Q.A.
                                         o
                                             Lawrence A. Ernest
                                             Director of Laboratory

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                                                                          1409


                                                           March 21^ 1970

                    Statement for i-!arch 31,  1970

                      Lake Michigan Conference




           The  Sewerage Commission of the City  of Milwaukee, the A. 0. Smith

.Corporation and the F. W. P. C.  A. have a joint  demonstration project

underway to demonstrate the removal of phosphorus from sewage utilizing the


•Iron in waste  pickle liquor from the sulfuric  acid pickling of steel as the

cation source.  The project was  proposed in late 1969  and placed on stream

on January 5,  1970.

           Waste pickle liquor is being added to  the 115 H!gd East plant while

the 85 mgd West Plant receives the same screened sewage and acts as the control^

           Two  30*000 gallon waste pickle storage tanks have been installed

and the instrumentation required to automatically provide constant iron

.addition to the mixed liquor is  being installed  by the A. 0. Smith Corporation,

The automatic  system will monitor mixed liquor flow and waste pickle liquor

iron concentration and. adjust the waste pickle liquor  flow to maintain the

desired rate of iron addition.
            .                                                 «
           The  major objective of the iron addition to  the East Plant is to

maintain an effluent total phosphorus concentration of 0.5 mg/liter (as P.) or

less.  Other objectives include:

          •A.  A comparison of the efficiency of  the two plants in removing

               BOD, COD, nitrogen and suspended solids.

           B.  Determination of optimum iron requirement to maximize phosphorus

               Jtemovalr

           C.  Determination of the effects  of  iron addition on the mixed liquor

               biota and its settling characteristics.

           D.  Observation of possible effect of  iron addition on the plant


                           i H f •? = «

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                                                                          1500




 Lake Michigan Conference           — 2 —                 March 24, 1970





           £.  Determine the effect of iron addition on waste sludge conditioning



               requirements.




           At the present time the spent pickle  liquor is being trucked froa



 the A. 0. Smith Corporation and added to the  raw sewage at a rate that is




 manually varied asto iron concentration determined by specific gravity.   The




 iron is added 24 hours a day and five days a  week.




        • — During the first week of the project  (January 5th through January 12th)




 problems with waste pickle liquor handling were encountered due to cold weather




 and the subsequent crystallization of Ferrous Sulfate in trucks and feeding



. equipment .




           The following total phosphorus data has been accumulated for the



 period from January 12, 1970 through  February 28,  1970.






                    Total Phosphorus in
                Screened Seivage              10.1



                East Plant Effluent           0.7?



                West Plant Effluent           2.?



                % Removal East Plant          #2.4



                % Removal West Plant          73»3





                      Iron Addition Data



              Average Ibs. iron/day     =   11,004



              Average iron concentration =      12.5



                In 'mixed liquor due to



                addition in m
           The range of total phosphorus concentration in the East Plant



 effluent was 0.35 to 1.9 mg/l-P with the high value  occuring on a Sunday




 and Monday,  (no iron was added on Saturdays and Sundays)  Of  the 48 days

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                                                                        1501
 lake Michigan Conference            - 3 -              March 24, 1970

 in the period, 15  days had East Plant total phosphorus residues of 0.50
 Bg/l-P or less.
           In closing I would like to  point out the  substantial contributions
 of the A. 0. Smith Corporation in both money and engineering expertise.  The
 A. 0. Smith Corporation has .been responsible for the supply and addition of
 the waste pickle liquor and in spite  of weather and equipment problems, they
 have met their difficult  assignments.  In addition  to the day to day iron
 addition, they are proceeding to provide the storage and handling facilities
-needed to maintain and control continuous iron addition.

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                                                      1502






                   E. L. Moerke




          In order to understand the cost to South




Milwaukee to provide its own secondary treatment as



opposed to coming into the district, it is necessary to



understand the basic financing of the district.  The



district has two budgets:  one is a capital budget, and



the other is an operating budget.  Let me first discuss



the capital budget and how it operates.



          The two commissions each year meet jointly



and prepare a district budget for capital improvements.



This budget is transmitted to the County Board of




Milwaukee County and under the law, the county must



approve such budget.  The county, however, has the option



to decide whether to provide the money by a general tax



levy  payable in the next year or whether they will bond



for all or part of the cost.  Generally speaking, the



county outlay for district purposes averaged about $10



million per year since I960, which includes financing



of the current budget by bonds and cash and debt service



and bond retirement from previous years' budgets.



This, then, is distributed to the towns, cities and



villages lying within the county, except for the



city of South Milwaukee, on the basis of the equalized



valuation of all assessable property within such town,



city or village.  Thus, for example, the taxpayers of the

-------
                                                     1503





                   E. L. Moerke



city of Milwaukee bear about 75 percent of the capital



budget and the city of South Milwaukee, if they were in



the district, would bear 1.9315 percent.



          The second budget prepared is the operating



budget.  This budget is certified to the towns, cities,



and villages directly by the district, based on the sewage



contribution of each town, city, and village.  If South



Milwaukee came into the district, they would annually



provide about 1.3 billion gallons of sewage out of a



total estimated gallonage of 70 billion gallons put through



our two treatment plants, or roughly 2 percent.




          We would now like to give you our analysis of



the relative costs between South Milwaukee coming into



the district and South Milwaukee staying out of the



district and providing its own secondary treatment.



We have included the cost of watercourse improvement



because we feel that this must enter into the total




picture since it will be a cost which is either assumed



by the district or assumed by South Milwaukee.



          If South Milwaukee should come into the district



and no Federal or State grants would be given, then the



cost breakdown would be as follows:




          Cost of sewer                $1.7 million



          Watercourse improvement      $2.8 million

-------
                                                      1504
                  E.  L.  Moerke

          Total costs of the sewer and
          watercourse improvements           $4.5 million

          South Milwaukee's share of the
          sewer and watercourse improve-
          ment at 2 percent                  $90,000

          Operating costs annually           $100,000

          However, the expense to South Milwaukee in

the first year they would be in the district would be

approximately $200,000 on the capital budget and $100,000

on the operating budget for a total of $300,000.

          If South Milwaukee stays out of the district

and receives maximum Federal and State grants, the

cost breakdown would be as follows:

          Cost of secondary treatment        $1.6 million

          Recovery of State and Federal
          grants totaling 75 percent         $1.2 million

          Net cost to South Milwaukee for
          secondary treatment                $400,000

          Watercourse improvement            $2.8 million

          Total cost to South Milwaukee
          for watercourse improvements
          and secondary treatment            $3.2 million

          Operating costs                    $100,000

          Total costs to South Milwaukee     $3.3 million

          These figures speak for themselves and it is

obvious that the cost of providing treatment and improving

Oak Creek in South Milwaukee could be better achieved if

-------
                                                    1505
                   E. L. Moerke



South Milwaukee came into the Metropolitan Sewerage



District.  We are here talking about taxpayers' dollars



from whatever source and if South Milwaukee came into the



district, the costs of providing service would be under-



written by the taxpayers of the district and no Federal



or State grant money, which also comes from taxpayers,



would be required.  Let me add:  If South Milwaukee



should come into the district, there would be no back



charge or entrance fee of any kind for South Milwaukee.



          While we have not analyzed the plans of the




city of South Milwaukee, because they have not been




submitted to us, we seriously question the ability of



the city to keep their operating costs under $100,000.



They have estimated their operating costs at $9^,000 in



the application submitted.  However, one process control



engineer or chemist will cost between $12,000 and $15,000



a year and they will need at least five operators to operate



this plant and supervise its operation.  We estimate that



for the five men this will cost at least $10,000 per man



per year.  Then there is the question of maintenance,




repairs, and chemicals needed to keep this plant operating




at top efficiency.  Therefore, we question, without even



examining the plans, the operating budget of $9^,000 per



year.

-------
                                                    1506
                   E. L.  Moerke



          Costs, however, are not the only criteria for



judging the wisdom and feasibility of the plans of the



city of South Milwaukee.   We believe that good municipal



waste control can only be acquired with large sewage




treatment facilities and an adequate transmission system




which serves all or a large portion of an entire watershed,



This idea is not of our origination and we do not wish



to take credit for it, for it has been made the policy of



the Great Lakes Water Conference.



          When you contrast what South Milwaukee proposes



to do with the limited personnel available to them to that



which is provided by the district, it is readily apparent



that better service can be provided by a metropolitan



district as opposed to a small plant which cannot



economically afford the type of treatment facilities and



laboratory control that we provide.  We believe that the



actions of the Department of Natural Resources of the



State of Wisconsin and the proposed action, if I might



say, of the Federal Water Quality Administration are



contradictory to the policy of nonproliferation, which



policy is for the purpose of improving and protecting the



quality of the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributary



areas and for the purpose of ensuring a potable water



supply for all water users of the highest maximum quality

-------
                                                      1507




                   E. L. Moerke




possible.



          You should also be made aware of the fact that



the SEWRPC Is studying and preparing a regional sanitary



sewer plan for the seven southeastern counties of the



State of Wisconsin.  These counties are Walworth, Kenosha,



Racine, Milwaukee, Waukesha, Ozaukee, and Washington.



We expect that this study will be forthcoming in the



near future and that it will lay the groundwork for many



policy determinations by the Department of Natural



Resources and the legislature of the State of Wisconsin




in dealing with the ever-growing problem of the reduction



of municipal waste and the preservation of our natural




water resources.  We envision this report to deal with



the problem of sewage treatment on the basis of natural



watershed boundaries rather than artificial political



boundaries which bear no relationship to the direction



in which waters flow.



          This indepth study, which has not as yet



been presented to the public, will undoubtedly



precipitate new legislative considerations due to the




fact that this study was not in existence at the time




the city of South Milwaukee made its application.  The



SEWRPC had no power to interject itself into this



controversy because their authority is based only on an

-------
                                                      1508





                  E. L. Moerke



interference with an adopted overall regional plan of



which there was none at that time. We are sure, however,



that if the plans of the city of South Milwaukee were



presented to the SEWRPC after their intensive study



becomes public, that that agency would disapprove of such



plans.



          Gentlemen, I know that this discussion has been



long and in some cases very detailed.  I have prepared my



remarks and reproduced them so that you may have them and



read them at your leisure.  We would ask that you use



your best efforts to reverse some of the decisions that



have been referred to with respect to the city of South



Milwaukee's plans for secondary treatment and we are sure



that you will agree with us that those plans are not in



the public interest.   We are certain that there are better



methods for handling the problems of the city of South



Milwaukee with respect to sewage treatment.  Again, I



wish Jbo state that I appreciate the time you have given



me and the kind and courteous attention you have rendered



to my discussion.  If there are any questions I can



answer, I will be happy to do so.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, Mr. Moerke.



          I guess this shows that the problem which you



have described, which we are finding all over the

-------
                                                      1509






                   E. L. Moerke



country — and that is the determination of how the




political subdivisions can best handle their wastes in



either a coordinatored or separate effort — is one



that probably at least produces as much heat as the



discharge from a powerplant.




          Any comments or questions?



          MR. MAYO:  Mr. Moerke, I have just a couple of



brief questions with regard to the South Milwaukee



Sanitary District situation.



          As I understand, at least the brief



financial comparison that you made here, from the standpoint




of cost to the Federal Government, whether it was in the



form of a $1.5 million grant to South Milwaukee for a



sewage treatment plant englargement, or whether it was a



grant to the Milwaukee Sanitary District for roughly



$1.5 million for an interceptor line, it would be



essentially the same.



          MR. MOERKE:  I don't know what the Federal grant



would be, or what a State grant would be for the sewer.  I



have been told that the chances of getting a Federal or




a State grant would be good for that sewer.



          MR. MAYO:  Well, the percentage of Federal



participation would be the same whether it was a treatment



plant or whether it was an interceptor.

-------
                                                      1510
                    E.  L.  Moerke



          MR. MOERKE:  I am not familiar with the details



of that.  You would be the judge of that, but I assume you



are correct.



          MR. MAYO:  I think another couple of problems




that we are obliged to address ourselves to — perhaps



we will have an opportunity to discuss these in more



length this evening — is the question of whether



or not the South Milwaukee discharge, as it is



contemplated in its current plans, will in fact meet



water quality standards.  And, as I understand the State



position, at this time, the discharge would be expected



to meet water quality standards, and whether or not the



general impact upon the environment would be the same



or essentially the same, whether the discharge goes



through the Milwaukee Sanitary District facilities, or



whether South Milwaukee went it alone.  So these are



fairly important considerations for us to keep in mind.



          One of the hazards that we are faced with in



the Federal Government review of these construction grant



applications, when there is a controversy between a




municipality and a district as to who should provide



the service, is the degree to which we permit ourselves



to become embroiled in the question of the appropriateness




of the costs that a municipality chooses to assume for

-------
                                                      1511
                   E. L. Moerke



itself by following a preferred method of doing something,




and whether we should or can really judge it is



appropriate for a municipality to do under those



circumstances, when, in fact, there is the element of




self-determination.



          So I would just offer those as some observations



in connection with the problems we are faced with as we



review construction grant applications when this kind of



a controversy surfaces.



          MR. STEIN:  Any other questions?



          MR. GROBSCHMIDT:  I wonder if I could make —




          MR. STEIN:  I am sorry.  You will have to come



up to the microphone and identify yourself.



          MR. GROBSCHMIDT:  Mr. Chairman, members of



the conference who are in attendance this afternoon and



this morning.  Thank you for the opportunity to be able to



say a few words here.



          My name is Chester Grobschmidt, and I presently



serve as the Mayor of South Milwaukee.  Now, I appreciate



the remarks as stated by the attorney for the Metropolitan



Sewereg System.  We have not, at this particular time, a



prepared statement to release to you, but I do have



with me the technical and legal people of our community



who are attending this conference here this morning and

-------
                                                      1512






                    E. L. Moerke




today for the purpose of wanting to be apprised of our



commitment to quality.



          The city of South Milwaukee's plant is not a



small plant; it is not a proliferated plant.   We advanced



the detail plans for our plant from its infancy to every



proper agency — to the State and to the Federal water



quality people.  We had an opportunity to meet with the



Washington officials to explain to them the plight that



the city of South Milwaukee had been faced with.




          What Mr. Moerke alludes to in his report



contains several discrepancies, and I think the first



and foremost which your group should take into



consideration is that the $2.8 million costs which



reflect channel improvement actually have nothing to



do with the application as submitted by the city of South



Milwaukee.  These costs should not be part of any sewage



treatment and commitment to quality that the city of



South Milwaukee is expected to have.



          The watercourse that Mr. Moerke alludes to




happens to fall under the jurisdiction of the Milwaukee



County Park Commission.  We have, through the years, given



up lands which were on our tax base.  We have removed our



utility, sewer, and water lines to allow for the eventual



widening and deepening of that channel.  We have no

-------
                                                      1513
                  E. L. Moerke



Jurisdiction whatsoever of that channel course.  This



falls entirely within the responsibility of the Milwaukee



County Parks Commission of which we share in a budget



which is annually assessed to each municipality and



Milwaukee County.




          At this particular time, I would like to ask




that your group give me an opportunity to formulate a



rebuttal to the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission's remarks,



sir.



          MR. STEIN:  Yes.  Well, do you want to submit



it for the record?



          MR. GROBSCHMIDT:  I do not have the remarks



prepared.  I do have a group with me — the knowledgeable



people.



          MR. STEIN:  When can it come in because — you



know, I am involved in innumerable controversies such as



this, and you certainly will have this, and this forum is



open, and I have one observation to make and I ask both



groups to consider this.



          I understand you are meeting with Mr. Mayo and



the State officials this evening.  You have this kind of



judgment to make on this whether a resolution of this



problem can best be served by utilizing a forum such as



this, to put yourselves on record, or whether you want to

-------
                     E. L.  Moerke



sit down and try to negotiate this without the various



parties concerned.




          But certainly the record is open to do whatever



you wish.



          MR. GROBSCHMIDT:   Sir, I would rather sit down




and talk to responsible parties and resolve this as we



have in the past.



          MR. STEIN:  Right.  But if you want to put



rebuttal in or any other statement, we will keep the record



open for a week and you can put it in.




          MR. GROBSCHMIDT:   I made my initial remarks



for the benefit of those of the audience who will not



be able to be in attendance at that particular meeting,



so I want to see that the people in the audience are not



disillusioned as to the plant as it exists in the city of



South Milwaukee and the inferences made.



          I will accept your suggestion to reasonably iron



this out at a meeting set forth by Mr. Mayo.



          Thank you, sir.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much.



          Mr. H. W. Poston, Commissioner of the Department




of Environmental Control, city of Chicago.

-------
                                                      1515






                   H. W. Boston








          STATEMENT OP H. W. BOSTON, COMMISSIONER,




          DEPARTMENT OP ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL,




                   CHICAGO, ILLINOIS








          MR. POSTON:  Mr. Stein and members — conferees.




I am very happy to appear before you today.  I note that




Perry Miller now has taken over for the State of Indiana,




and I wanted to congratulate Perry in his new position.




          MR. STEIN:  I made that announcement, Wally,




before when we had a large group here, but this is the




first day that Mr. Miller, on my right, has assumed




the job and office of  Executive Secretary of the Indiana




Commission, and he is replacing Mr. Blucher Poole, who we




all know and have worked with through the years .     We



all would like to give our best to Perry and well



appreciate the fact that he is spending his first day in




office with us here.




          Wally.




          MR. POSTON:  There is an ever-increasing concern




for the conditions of our lakes and waterways.  We in




Chicago are especially concerned about the condition of




our closest and greatest body of water — Lake Michigan.




          Although the primary concern of this conference

-------
                                                      1516
                    H. W. Poston



is focused upon the problems related to thermal discharges



in surface waters, I think it appropriate to cite two



other problem areas in which the city of Chicago is



taking positive action on behalf of the environment.



          Mr. Vaughn of the Chicago Water Department,




will add to the information from the city of Chicago  in



a presentation of chemical data resulting from numerous



studies which the Department has made — that is, the



Water Department — and it will serve as a continuation



of previous reports which he has given to this Board.



          During the past boating season Chicago enforced



the harbor pollution control ordinance of the municipal



code which prohibits the discharge of all forms of sewage



into the lake and surrounding waterways.  This code



further states that all vessels with toilets must be



equipped with a waste retention tank or incineration



device.  Fines ranging from $100 to $500 can be levied



against offenders.



          The continued discharge of nutrients, especially



phosphates, into our lakes and waterways causes massive




algal blooms.   These growths can contribute substantially



to the degradation of our lakes and other surface waters.



          Although the city of Chicago discharges no



sewage — treated or otherwise — into Lake Michigan, masses

-------
                                                       1517






                       H. W. Poston



of decaying algae whose growth was stimulated by nutrients



in sewage from neighboring communities in Illinois and the



States of Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin are adding



greatly to the eutrophication of the lake.



          A recent conference such as this one called



attention to the need for reducing the amount of phosphorus



reaching our surface waters.  To this end, the city of



Chicago has proposed legislation limiting the phosphorus



in detergents by weight to 8.7 percent effective



February 1, 1971.  It further proposes that phosphorus



be reduced to zero by June 30, 1972.



          This ordinance now pending before the city council



would eliminate about 60 percent of the phosphates in



municipal sewage and should bring about an immediate and



substantial reduction in the phosphorus discharged to the



surface waters downstream from Chicago.  We think this



action is warranted for the following reasons:



          1)  Chicago's primary objective is to protect



Lake Michigan by maintaining the highest level of water



quality, keeping it available for the full complement of



uses for this land and future generations.



          2)  Chicago desires to improve its rivers and



to be a good neighbor to downstream communities on the



Illinois River system.  Chicago wants to limit additions

-------
                       H. W. Poston



of phosphates to its rivers, thus minimizing water quality



problems now.  We do not want to put unnecessary phosphates



in surface waters, and we do not want other communities to



put unnecessary phosphates into Lake Michigan.



          3)  The aesthetic quality of Chicago's water



supply is at times adversely affected by the presence of



tastes and odors due to algae and diatoms in the raw lake



waters.  In addition, these organisms increase Chicago's



water treatment costs.  The growth of these algae and



diatoms is stimulated by the presence of phosphates



in the lake.



          4)  To remove phosphates by advanced waste



treatment methods would mean an additional cost to the



Chicago area residents estimated to be in excess of



$20 million per year.  These are figures from the



Metropolitan Sanitary District.



          In recent years the calefaction or warming of



bodies of water has posed a possible threat to the



populations of fish and other aquatic life now in



existence.  There is no doubt that the balance of aquatic



life will be harmed when water temperatures are raised



to limits beyond a certain toleration level.



          Great concern has been expressed by competent



persons in their statements before this conference



and the recent hearings of the Illinois Environmental

-------
                                                      1519






                    H. W. Poston



Control Board regarding the magnitude of the problem and



how it may be effectively controlled.  Numerous



investigations now in progress are aimed at assessing




the effects of thermal discharges into Lake Michigan.



One significant achievement concerning calefaction is the




attention being focused on the problem in its infancy



rather than waiting until a crisis proportion has been



reached.



          The major problem is not that all of Lake



Michigan will be affected by heat but rather that the




shoreline would become the prime victim of thermal



discharges; thus destroying the values now present —



fish and other aquatic life, recreational resources for



our citizens and a general source of beauty for all of us.



          Waste heat addition in coming decades could



significantly raise the temperature in extensive areas



of the inshore waters, particularly the beach water zone.



Waste heat from individual shore discharges are capable



of thermally influencing many miles of lake shore.  If



the frequency of discharges along the shore Increased,



many heat plumes would eventually be so close together



that their effects would merge.  With the magnitude of




projected waste heat, it is not difficult to envision a



very sizeable portion of the beach water zone and certain

-------
                                                      1520






                 H. W. Boston



adjacent waters physically affected by artificial




temperature increases.



          The aggregate influence of waste heat from



increasing numbers of plants around the perimeter of the



lake would proportionately magnify the unnatural effects




on fish and other aquatic organisms caused by a



single plume.  Where several powerplants would exist



close together, ecological problems would be intensified




because of the proximity of their thermal zones of




influence.



          Under such warmed conditions and in those areas



where nutrients are approaching critical levels, changes



toward increased eutrophication would be expected,



The increased eutrophication would be evidenced by



dramatic increases in blue-green algae.



          We think it is possible to realize the full



range of uses of Lake Michigan as a natural resource



by employing imaginative technology to serve human beings



living in an urban setting, whereby the quality of life




is enhanced aesthetically and the functiona, practical



needs are met as well.



          Rather than thinking in terms of having to




dissipate the heat developed during the production of



electric power, perhaps we should think in positive terms

-------
                                                      1521






                  H. W. Boston



and find means to utilize this heat.  For example:




          Heated effluents from nuclear power stations



could be used to some extent to improve the operation of



domestic waste treatment facilities.




        Other uses to which the low-grade heat in effluents




might be put include providing irrigation for fruit



orchards, for the raising of fish, keeping the Great



Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway open longer during the year,



extending the swimming season at public beaches, for



heating buildings in high density areas, for the



distillation of salt water or sewage, and using canals to



transport heated water to new, self-supporting metropoli-



tan areas.




          As Commissioner of the Department of Environmental




Control, one of our concerns is the quality of our lakes



and waterways.  We are noting closely the current research



efforts being conducted by various agencies and individuals.



Wherever possible, my cooperation and that of my staff



is available to prevent any deterioration of Lake



Michigan.



          Thank you.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Poston.



          Any comments or questions?



          Mr. Poston, I note that you talked about w...  warmed

-------
                                                      1522






                    H. W.  Poston



conditions and in those areas where nutrients are  approach-



ing critical levels, changes toward increased eutrophica-



tion would be expected,"



          I think the record will show that you were a



member of this group when  determinations were made in



Lake Michigan that nutrients were placed on the critical



list, isn't that correct?



          MR. POSTON:  That is correct.



          MR. STEIN:  And  that your program presumably in



Chicago limiting phosphorus and detergents, by the way,



to #.7 percent, effective  February 1, 1971> is to  implement



this.  It is designed to help reduce the nutrient  discharge



impact on Lake Michigan, is that correct?



          MR. POSTON:  The impact of this ordinance would



have the effect of encouraging similar ordinances  in other



cities that are around the lake.  The city of Chicago



itself discharges its waste to the Metropolitan Sanitary



District system, which goes down to the Illinois River.



          MR. STEIN:  That is correct.  But you are



talking in terms of reducing the nutrient problem wherever



it exists, and that Illinois waterway is a slack water



course where you are apt to have these nutrient problems,



too.



          MR. POSTON:  Where they do have these nutrient

-------
                                                      1523
                       H. W. Poston



problems, too.



          MR. STEIN:  I didn't want to talk that definitively



about an intrastate situation.



          Now, what I am saying is:  Given these factors or



these positions you have, if you believe that warming



the nutrients can create eutrophication, would you think



a suggestion would be in order to the conferees — and I



know, as I read your recommendations, you have been



elevated to a statesman status now — to adopt the specific



figure of 8.7 on the phosphates that you, in your role in



Chicago came up with.



          MR. POSTON:  This is a steep increase, Mr.



Stein, in that by June in 1972 it would be down to zero.



          MR. STEIN:  Now, what do you think — what



would you suggest to the conferees on temperature?  Do



you think we have an obligation to get a specific on



temperature increases as you have on phosphates?



          MR. POSTON:  'I would like to very much, Mr.



Stein.  I am not privy to all of the information which



has been used in granting permits for construction of



these new works.  I haven't been able to digest all of



the information that you, as a conference here, have had



presented to you.



          I am sure of a couple of things, and one is that

-------
                                                     1524





                      H. W.  Poston



Lake Michigan should not be  permitted to depreciate  its



quality in any extent and the city of Chicago,  I think,



is firm in this conviction.   I also am of the decided



opinion that the degradation of Lake Michigan should not



be permitted.  As to the exact figure, I am not ready



at this moment to tell you.



          MR. STEIN;  No, I  am not asking you for an exact



figure, but you did come up with a specific program and



a specific figure on phosphates.  You have come up with



a specific program and a specific figure on discharge of



various substances into Lake Michigan in your capacity in



the past.



          Now, as you view the question of the heat



problem in Lake Michigan, do you think that this panel has



an obligation to come up with specifics, as you have had



in the past with other substances in Lake Michigan,  and



specifics as you have in dealing with your phosphate



problem in Chicago?




          MR. POSTON:  Well, I think certainly that this



would be very desirable and I think that you should.  I



think this is a problem that is going to be increasing



rather than decreasing, and I would like to see this panel



come forth with a decision.



          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments?

-------
                                                     1525






                      H. W. Poston



          Mr. Miller,



          MR. MILLER:  Mr. Poston, I have a question that



relates to your ordinance, and my concern is how this



ordinance may speak to substitutes that may replace the



phosphorus and whether they may have just as much or



more of a deleterious effect than phosphorous compounds,



and does your ordinance speak to this?



          MR. POSTON:  We do not say what the content of



any detergent should be or any soap should be.  We are



concerned with the phosphate that we know is deleterious.



We have Carson Pirie Scott, Sears and Roebuck, Marshall



Fields, all advertising and selling detergents wHich



have low phosphate and zero phosphate.  They are national



companies which indicate that they can supply adequate



quantities of phosphate to meet the demand, and some of



those with the same ingredients that are already in —



or some of the ingredients that are already in the



detergents.



          I recognize that one of the milder substitutes



for phosphates is NTA and I recognize that there have been



clouds cast on the effect that NTA may have*     I know



that studies are going on relative to what these effects



are,* But I feel that we can come up with substitutes



that do not have to have this nutrient which is the only

-------
                                                      1526




                      H. W. Poston



nutrient, we feel, that can be controlled,  and which does



provide a stimulus or a stimulant to algal  growths and



eutrophication of our lake.



          MR. MILLER:  I don't disagree. I think that



we need to come up with substitutes. But I  wonder if



there isn't a need also for showing that the substitutes



are safe and aren't going to have a deleterious effect,



and just limiting the phosphorus may not accomplish this.



And this was my concern,,whether you were also in the



ordinance requiring a showing that the milder or the sub-



stitutes would not cause any deleterious effects.



          MR. POSTON:  We have not stipulated this in



the ordinance.  I would be glad to send you a copy of



the proposed ordinance.



          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Miller, who do you think should



show that the substance is safe, the public agency or



the manufacturer?



          MR. MILLER:  I think the manufacturer should



show it is safe.



          MR. POSTON:  I would agree with that.



          MR. STEIN:  Would you apply the same principle



to every industry, including the power industry?



          MR. MILLER:  Well, I think this is really a



question, and it comes down to one that you know — of



the many toxic compounds that you deal with, I think

-------
                                                      1527
                       H. W. Poston



there is an incumbent responsibility on the manufacturer



in the production of products to show that it does not



have an adverse effect.



          MR. STEIN:  Are there any —



          MR. POSTON:  I think that when you know that



something is harmful to the lake — and we have such high



regard for this thing — that we need to do something,



and I don't think that that includes waiting for something



else to be proven beyond all shadow of a doubt.



          MR. STEIN:  Well, Mr. Poston, you know, I have



relied in the past on your valuable advice in the various



jobs you have had throughout the country.  While you are



here, I would like to ask you one question.  I have been



listening to testimony here for several days.  Part of



the testimony is that since we don't know possibly what



the thermal effects of a discharge of heat should be, we



should let this go on in the lake, have some studies made,



not do anything now, but wait until these studies are



completed before we put in a control measure.



          What do you think of that approach?



          MR. POSTON:  Well, I think that there are many



ways to avoid action, and you can get many technical



answers to any particular problem — the reasons for doing



and reasons for not doing.  I think you must not forget

-------
                      H, W.  Poston



your goal, which is to prevent eutrophication in the lake,  and



that you should move towards that end as fast as you can.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank  you.



          MR, PURDY:  Just one comment.  I don't think our



problem is quite that easy.   For example, I think that the



city of Chicago adds fluorides to their drinking water supply



for a beneficial purpose. Fluorides in excess concentrations



are harmful, and in the same vein we have to weigh on what



is the harmful level of heat into the lake, and it is just



not that easy.



          MR. STEIN;  I fully agree with what you say, Mr.



Purdy.  I thought we talked  about that.  As I understand the



story, whether you have an outboard motor or whether you have



a municipal1  ;°wage everyone  has added heat to the lake.



         I think the question here is one of standards



which are supposed to be met, as contrasted



to a situation where we just move in and abate it after the



damage occurs.



          MR. PURDY:  Sometimes I think we might have to



reput this because although we are not changing up here



our audience is.



          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments or ques-



tions for Mr. Poston from the audience?  If not, thank



you very much, Mr. Poston.



          Mr, James Vaughn.

-------
                                                      1529




                   J. C. Vaughn








          STATEMENT OF JAMES C. VAUGHN,



          ENGINEER OF WATER PURIFICATION,



                 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS








          MR. VAUGHN:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, and



ladles and gentlemen.



          This is a progress report on Lake Michigan water



quality as related to Chicago   water treatment plants.



          This fourth report to the Four-State Enforcement



Conference on Pollution of Lake Michigan and its Tributary




Basin will be similar in most respects to the one




presented earlier this year at Milwaukee.  In general, the



story is one of continuing improvement in water quality



at Chicago.  However, increases in concentration of



certain constituents sound an ominous note for the future.



On the whole, the record as summarized here suggests



that gains have been made in improving water quality of



Lake Michigan, permits one to infer that further gains



are possible, and at the same time points out the directions



in which gains in quality are necessary.  It provides




grounds for hope  but not for complacency.




          Several of the tables in this report have been



abbreviated, to avoid undue repetition.  Examination of

-------
                                                      1530




                      J, C. Vaughn



the record of earlier sessions of this conference will



provide the data not present here.



          For orientation, Figure 1 (See P. 155&) locates



Chicago with respect to major features of the southwest



part of Lake Michigan.  The city, its intakes, and its



treatment plants are located between the Calumet industrial



area and what is often called the North Shore.  Reference



will be made to both areas later.



          The next several figures describe certain



parameters important, to operation of the South Water



Filtration Plant (SWFP).  Figure 2 (See P.  1559)  demonstrates



that the bacteriological quality of the raw lake water



continued to improve during the first half of 1970.



Previous improvements have often been followed, one can



see, by deterioration, but the fact that the most recent



improvement has continued for 2-1/2 years provides ground



at least to hope that it will be permanent.



          Figures 3, 4, and 5 (See Pp. 1560-1562) illus-



trate the data in Table 2.  (See P. 1551)  Here again is



continued improvement.  As Figure 3 shows, during half of



1970, both the number of "oil refinery" odor days and of



odor periods are much less than half of the corresponding



values for 1969.



          Similarly, in Figure 4, one can see clearly

-------
                                                      1531
                  J.  C.  Vaughn



that the ammonia nitrogen concentrations associated with




hydrocarbon odors have continued to decline.  These two




parameters (odor and ammonia nitrogen) are important



for their effect on plant and operating costs, since they



profoundly affect the amounts of activated carbon and of




chlorine required for proper treatment of the water.



          It will come as no surprise by now to see



that Figure 5 demonstrates that in fact the maximum



activated carbon dosage required for treatment of



hydrocarbon odors decreased during the first half of



1970 to a value below any previous one shown on the



figure.




          Figures 6 through 9  (See Pp. 1563-1566)



contain selected data related to water quality in the



Calumet industrial region, south of Chicago.  Figure 6



is a map on which are indicated water system intakes,



standard sampling points, and the principal waterways



which connect to Lake Michigan.



          On Figure 7 one sees annual values for average



collform MPN at the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship



Canal (IHSC) and the mouth of the Calumet River.  Here again,




coliform MPN's have been decreasing for  2  years,  and in



both cases the MPN has continued to decrease so far in



1970.

-------
                                                      1532






                   J, C» Vaughn



          The picture in Figure 8 is somewhat different.




The annual average ammonia nitrogen  at the mouth of



the Calumet River was near its 20-year peak in 196?



and 1968, but has decreased significantly so far in 1970.



In the upper curve, the ammonia nitrogen at the mouth of



the IHSC, which had actually been above the scale on the



chart in 1968 and 1969, has decreased noticeably.  The



values so far in 1970 are far higher than most historical



ones, and certainly far higher than one would wish to



see, but at least there has been a relative Improvement.



          In Figure 9 one notices that phenol concentra-




tions at the mouth of the IHSC have increased somewhat



so far in 1970.  However, the increase is not so large



so as to suggest any reversal of the general downward



trend which began in 1964, and cannot as yet be called



significant.



          Figures 10,- 11, and 12 (See Pp. 1567-1569)



illustrate, in part, those changes in water quality



which should cause unease.  As Figure 10 demonstrates,



nutrient concentrations are and have long been high enough




to permit nuisance algae growths.  The data collected




in 1969 suggested that numbers of plankton might be



starting to decline, but the data for the first half of



1970 contradict this interpretation.  As the eye looks

-------
                                                      1533
                  j. c. Vaughn

over this bar chart, it automatically tends to see

two continuous curves.   The annual averages would lie

along a curve which tends to increase towards the

right, at first gradually, then more steeply.  Examination

of the bars for the maximum day produces an effect which

is generally similar but much more pronounced.  One is

strongly tempted to conclude that the decrease in 1969

was merely a statistical randomness  of the kind one should

expect in a curve which is increasing at an exponential

rate.

          On examining determinations of phosphate in Lake

Michigan water at Chicago, one finds a possible explanation

for the difference between 1969 and 1970 data.  Tabulated

below are selected points from distribution of total

phosphate for the last  3 years:

               PERCENTAGE POINTS OF DISTRIBUTION
Year          5%	50% (median)	95%

1968        0.01 ppm         0.05 ppm          O.lM ppm

1969        0.01             0.04              0.12

1970        0.02             0.05              0.12
  (Jan-June)

          A few other statistics are significant.  The

arithmetic average concentration for total phosphate in

1969 was 0.05 p.p.m.; in 1970 so far it has been 0.06

p.p.m.  In 1969, 60 percent of determinations were

-------
                                                      1534
                   J .  C.  Vaughn




above 0.04 p.p.m.; in  1970,  70 percent have been above




this value.




          When one compares  the data with the value of




0.03 p.p.m. which is often quoted as the threshold abovt




which nuisance algal blooms  may occur, an even more




depressing set of figures emerges.  In 1968, 80 percent




of determinations were above this limit.  In 1969, 70




percent were higher.  In January to June 1970, 90 percent




were higher.




          Either the reduction in phosphate observed




in 1969 was illusory and merely a product of chance,




or the ground gained in 1969 has been lost, and more




along with it.  Whatever interpretation is correct, data




collected at Chicago provide no basis at present for




asserting that any improvement, i.e., reduction, in



phosphate levels of Lake Michigan has occurred.




          One peculiar aspect of these data becomes




evident when one plots their size distributions.  In 1968




and 1969 the distributions were skewed to the right;




i.e., there were more  high values than would be expected




from sampling in a lake at equilibrium with respect to




phosphate concentration.   This could be caused by irregular




large inputs, by inadequate  mixing of waters receiving




constant inputs, or perhaps  for other reasons.  In the

-------
                                                      1535





                   J. C.. Vaughn



1970 data, this skewness has nearly disappeared.  If this



means that major phosphate inputs have been eliminated,



and that the lake is approaching an equilibrium at



its present level of phosphate, there is reason for



concern certainly for the immediate future, and perhaps




for the long term.  This would imply that nuisance algal



growths should be expected until mixing with the deeper



waters plus whatever processes may cause deposition in



sediments have reduced the concentration of dissolved




phosphate below whatever level is critical for Lake



Michigan.




          Surveys of Lake Michigan near Chicago



          Figure 11, taken from the city's third report



to this conference, represents the trend of chloride and



sulfate concentrations over the period 1860-1960.  It



is worth noting that it shows the same sort of exponential



increase in concentration as was suggested earlier in the



discussion of plankton numbers.



          Portions of these curves, together with



straight-line trends based on a simpler method of




interpretation are shown in Figure 12.  As suggested in



the third report, the sulfate concentrations continue to



lie between the two projections, while the chloride



concentrations remain near the straight line.  Both have

-------
                                                       1536






                        J. C. Vaughn



increased.  Perhaps more significant, however,  is the



fact that here again the variation has begun to resemble



more closely that which one would expect in sampling from



an equilibrated system.  In part this can be attributed



to the fact that the points for 1970 represent only half



a year, but it is unlikely that this is a complete



explanation.



          Figure 13 (See P. 1570) based principally on



data in Table 4 (See P. 1553)» may appropriately conclude



our discussion of data collected at Chicago waterworks



intakes.  It illustrates, in terms of raw water odors



and carbon usage, the improvement that has taken place



in one importrnt characteristic of Lake Michigan at



Chicago.



          During the first half of 1970, odors were less



frequent and less severe.  On only 1 day, April 20, 1970,



was it necessary to feed more than 30,000 pounds of carbon.



This contrasts with 10 days in 1969> and an average of 17



days per year for the last 10 years.  Further confirmation



of improvement in raw water quality will be noted if one



examines Tables 3,  5» and 6 (See Pp. 1552, 1554, 1555).



          Whatever may be in store for the future, there



is no denying that from the plant operator's point of



view, there has been improvement recently in the quality of

-------
                                                     1537
                   J. C. Vaughn



raw water.



          I might depart from the text at this point to



say that from the first of July we have enjoyed the lowest



coagulate requirements in the history of either plant.



Never before have we been able to produce satisfactory



water with a coagulate slightly in excess of 6 p.p.m.




We enjoy our pleasures when we have them and we hope to



continue.



          MR. STEIN:  By the way, Mr. Vaughn, while you are



interrupting, the schedule indicates now that you are going



on after lunch.




          Will you continue?



          MR. VAUGHN:  Turning now to measurements over a



larger area, let us consider in Figures 14-17 (See Pp.



1571-1574) some of the data collected in our lake sampling



program.  As in earlier figures, data for 1970 cover only



the period from January to June.  For lack of time to



redraw the entire figure, data for 1970 in Figure



14 have been fitted between those for 1968 and 1969.  The



limits on the chart are those set by the Illinois Sanitary



Water Board for the open waters of Lake Michigan, and




have received the approval of the Federal Government.



Clearly, at nearly every location covered by these



surveys, the phosphate concentration increased above the

-------
                    J. C. Vaughn                      1538
concentrations found in 1969.  At one point (3N) no change
was observed.  Clearly, too, concentrations at all points
were above the annual average concentrations in the
relevant ISWB standard.
          In Figure 15, plotted in the same manner and
showing average ammonia nitrogen concentrations, there
has been a small decrease in general compared to 1969
measurements, although concentrations in general are
above the maximum annual average permitted by the
Federally-approved ISWB standards.
          Figure 16 compares data for 1969 and 1970 on
total and fecal coliform organisms at the same locations.
Obviously, even taking the logarithmic nature of the
scale into account, there has been a sharp decrease at
every point, as there have been decreases at locations
mentioned earlier.
          Figure 17 Illustrates average phosphate
concentrations for surveys during the first half of the
year, along the shore of the lake south of the area
shown in Figures 14, 15, and 16.  Here phosphate
concentrations at two points (6s and 73) have declined
slightly, but at all other points they have remained
at 1969 levels or increased somewhat.  All are above the
maximum annual average concentration of ISWB standard, and
most of the  averages  are above  the higher  limit  for daily
values.

-------
                                                      1539





                   J.  C.  Vaughn



          Table 8 (See P. 1557 ) summarizes results of



tests made for 5-1/2 years on seventeen of the parameters



in the ISWB standard for open waters of Lake Michigan.



For each fraction, the numerator is-the number of days



on which the standard was exceeded; the denominator, the




number of days for which tests were made.



          Data for 1965-3969 have been reduced to annual



averages; data for 1970 represent the period January to



June.  The increases in permissible concentration for



chloride, sulfate, and filterable residue incorporated



into the ISWB standard were assumed to take effect.at the



start of 1970.



          In the main, these data confirm what has been



said earlier.  Changes in bacteriological and most chemical



parameters so far in 1970 suggest improvement in water



quality in the lake.  It is interesting to note that



chloride concentration which exceeded the 1965-1969



standard only once in 5 years, has  exceeded the more




generous 1970 standard twice in half a year.  Sulfate



concentration, which never exceeded the 1965-1969 maximum



daily concentration, has exceeded the larger permissible




maximum daily concentration seven times so far in




1970.  Filterable residue, which exceeded the 1965-1969



permissible concentration only three times in 5 years,

-------
                   J. C.  Vaughn




has exceeded larger permissible concentration thirty




times in 1970, so far.  And, of course,  total phosphate,




whose permissible concentration remains  unchanged at .04




milligrams per liter for daily samples,  and which




exceeded this concentration nearly half  the time in




1965-1969, is now exceeding that concentration about



two-thirds of the time.




          At this time, Mr. Chairman, I  would like to read




the addendum which was provided for the  conferees




and the  Secretary, and prepared by Mr. Benjamin Willey,




Director, Water Purification Laboratory, city of Chicago.




And, if you have any questions, I will ask Mr. Willey to




answer them.




          Suggestion has been made that  alternate methods



of cooling are available for waste heat  disposal, such as




dry and wet type cooling towers and spray ponds.  In view



of this report in which we have shown increasing trends




in both chloride and sulfate concentrations in water at




the southern end of Lake Michigan, we could only view




with alarm the use of wet cooling systems.  These would




Inherently provide for concentration of dissolved solids




which would have to be disposed of in large measure




by blowdown.




          Since calcium carbonate deposition can be a

-------
                   J.  C. Vaughn



major problem in both condensers and cooling towers



it is most likely that alkalinity reduction and pH



readjustment would be required with conversion of most




or all of the alkalinity to sulfate ion.



          Dissolved solids in Lake Michigan water are




approximately 150 milligrams per liter, with about 110



milligrams per liter of alkalinity, 25 milligrams per liter




of sulfate and 8 to 10 milligrams per liter of chlorides.



Assuming evaporative cooling and recirculation of condenser



cooling water under conditions frequently encountered



in the Great Lakes area, a concentration of 10  times the



raw water would be expected as an average high dissolved



solids in the recirculating water, to be maintained by



blowdown plus a nominal draft.  This would mean blowdown



solids of approximately 1, 500 milligrams per liter



tol,SOO milligrams per liter (12,500 to 14,000 ibs./million



gallons) with most of it present as sulfate.  Chlorides



would approach 80 to 100 milligrams per liter.  To return



this water to Lake Michigan would further materially



increase the sulfate content in the local area and



eventually add to the already significant rate of rise in




sulfate as well as chloride in the lake water.  Addition



of wastewater of this dissolved solids magnitude would be



in violation of SWB-7 and would probably be equally

-------
                   J.  C.  Vaughn




objectionable to other wastewater courses affecting streams




or rivers in the area.




          Although question has been raised concerning




whether the effects of thermal pollution could be con-




sidered reversible in some instances, there can be no




question that sulfate and chloride ion pollution from cooling




water blowdown would be both harmful and irreversible.




          I will proceed with the main text.




          Following the report of finding mercury in the




Lake St. Glair, Port Huron and Sarnia area, Government,




State, and municipal laboratories began testing in various




areas of the Great Lakes system.  At the present time a




total of 453 tests have been run by the city of




Chicago   Water Purification Laboratory covering samples



taken from Lake Michigan from the Wisconsin line to the




Michigan line.  The surveys included the North Lake




Survey, South Lake Survey, North Harbor Survey,




mouth of the Chicago River, Navy pier and the Calumet-




Indiana Harbor Ship Canal Survey.  In addition, many raw




water samples were tested at Central, South, and Hammond




intakes and outlet (treated) waters were tested from




Hammond, 73rd and 79th Street outlets of SWFP, and




north and central outlets from CWFP.  All samples were




below the detectable limit for mercury.

-------
                                                       1543
                      J. C. Vaughn



          Tests prior to August 21, 1970, were reported on



a detectable limit of -p.;, p.p.b.  Tests on and after August



22, 1970 (275 determinations), reported mercury below 0.1



p.p.b., which is less than .01 microgram per liter.  There-



fore, based on our tests, the southern end of Lake Michigan



can be stated to be free of mercury contamination at the



present time.



          MR. STEIN:  What kind of test did you use, Mr.



Vaughn?



          MR. VAUGHN:  Our method was modified, and the



thing that is shocking about the whole mercury story, if



I may ad lib on it, is the fact that mercury is a very



heavy material, settles at the bottom of the lake and



probably would remain inactive, but it combines with the



organic materials in the lake, in the sediments, to make



soluble and volatile compounds.  So this method is a new



method that involves the use of an atomic absorption unit



in which I add the proper reagents to convert the mercury



to a volatile or soluble compound and run a stream of air



through that at a fixed rate through a quartz cell through



which a cathode ray tube suitable for mercury goes, and



then you write it  on the chart.



          MR. STEIN:  In other words, it is what we would



call "fLameless atomic absorption?"

-------
                                                       1544
                       J,  C. Vaughn



          MR. VAUGHN:  Yes.



          MR. STEIN:   The  low parts per billion,  how far



down —



          MR. VAUGHN:  Well, the limit is supposed to be



0.5 p.p.b., but the standard will come out very clearly



as low as 0.1 p.p.b.



          MR. STEIN:   Let  me try to reframe the question.



          We are consistently getting results from our



laboratory down to 1 part  per billion on the production-



line basis.  Do you mean to say in your testing when you



say, Hbelow detectable limits" that means below 1 part



per billion or below 0.5 parts per billion?



          MR. VAUGHN:  Well, we look below 1, in fact we



look below a half.



          MR. STEIN:   That is right.



          Well, if we don't run it too fast and we take



our time, we can get down to 0.2 p.p.b., but for practical



purposes, we are using 1 part.  I assume that you are



using that as a cutoff point to talk about — no?



          MR. MATO:  One.



          MR. VAUGHN:  Well, Mr. Stein, we will let Mr.



Willey explain briefly that.  He is in direct charge of that,

-------
                                                       1545





                      B. F. Willey



and much more familiar with it than I am.



          MR. WILLEY:  I am Ben Willey, Director of the



Water Purification Lab for the city.



          Our methodology has improved to the point where



we are getting low detectable limits of 0.1 p,p.b.  Of



course, the proposed standard is ,5 p.p.b., or 5 micrograms



per liter is the Russian standard and the one which we are



presently using as a proposed limit.



          MR. STEIN:  Who is using that?



          MR. WILLEY:  I understood that the U. S. Public



Health Service put this in there about March or April of



this past year.  There is something in the record on this



that they proposed that we take this over.



          Anyway analytically we started out with the



flameless atomic absorption method being very easily



detectable down to a half   oart per billion.  We have



since twice step-wise impi-oved the accuracy to where we



now can read one-tenth of a p.p.b. and know that it is



there.  All of our tests in southern Lake Michigan thus



far have been well below that detectable limit.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you.  I think you have a good



program here but I want to make one thing pretty clear:



I don't want anyone going away with the notion that you



are going to have a standard foi  * half part per billion

-------
                                                      1546
                       B. J. Willey




and that is the standard we are looking for.  I don't know



that we have any numbers yet, but so far we are talking



about trying to reduce mercury down pretty much to back-



ground levels if we can.  We are coming pretty close.



The plants have responded really famously on this.  Plants




which were putting out 20, 30, 40, 60 pounds of mercury




a day are almost all down to below a pound and the vast



majorities, I think, are down below a half pound.  Of




course, when you have to scrabble for inches or ounces that



is when the problem becomes more difficult.



          But I don't want anyone to get the impression



that there is a numerical tolerable standard of mercury



that the governmental agencies have put out or agreed upon.




          MR. WILLEY:  That is right.  I think that this



could be mentioned in this sense.  In our early work when



mercury was found, we went to the wet method.  We aimed to



find out how to get it.  Obviously, the wet method did not




give us the answer on the basis of the Russian standard,



and certainly we shouldn't go any higher than that standard,




          So we went from that to atomic absorption flame




method.  This also was not suitable, and finally when we



got the flameless method we were well under any previously




talked about limits.

-------
                                                      1547
                       B. J. Willey



          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Purdy.



          MR. PURDY:  While we are talking about detectable



limits, I think we also ought to talk about detectable limits



in what?  And are you speaking now of the detectable limit



at the water, and do you have that same detectable limit



in bottom muds and on fish?



          MR. WILLEY:  No, we have a much lower detectable



limit in water.  We have a higher accurate detectable limit



— half a p.p.b. in mud — rather in fish.  In muds,



the detectable limit is much higher.  I understand it is 5.



This is the most difficult thing we have to do.



          MR. STEIN:  We also have a problem.  I guess,



Mr. Vaughn, according to your testimony you possibly don't



have it.  But what happens with us is when we take the



material from an industrial discharge, it often has a lot



of other gunk in it.  When we run it through the flameless



atomic absorption method, it just puts the machine out of



commission for days.  As you can appreciate, in order to



do this in the Federal operation, we have taken laboratory



equipment and turned that into a production line device,



which has given us a lot of problems.  But when we get these



industrial samples, we have to run them twice through a



pretesting system to be sure that it won't wreck our flameless



atomic absorption system and disable our production line.

-------
                       J. C. Vaughn



          By the way, the response we have gotten from



the industry in this reduction program of mercury, has



been as rapid as any that I have ever experienced.  We have



really cut the mercury discharges, at least from those



sources which were pouring it into the water courses, very,



very rapidly within  the past several months.



          Would you continue, Mr. Vaughn?



          MR. VAUGHN:  I would like to add one thing, the



estimate — that is Lake St. Glair, the St. Glair River



— it was estimated that 565>000 pounds  of mercury have



been discharged to that area over the last 20 years.  That



is a figure that sort of keeps me awake nights.



          MR. STEIN:  That is right.



          Did you ever figure out how much this mercury



costs?  I am frequently asked that question.  I am not



necessarily asking it here.  But consider the cost per pound



of mercury and how many pounds were being discharged daily.



I don't think we have any disagreement on the figures that



we had, with those industries involved.  This was



never an area of disagreemart — their measures equaled our



measures.  But when you consider the cost of mercury and



the amount of mercury which was discharged into the



wastewater each day, a lot of the people have asked me how

-------
                                                       1549
                       J. C. Vaughn



the industry in this country could have afforded to put



that much stuff out in their waste.  I don't know what



the answer to that is.



          MR. VAUGHN:  I think the cost is $7.50 a pound.



          MR. STEIN:  Go ahead.



          MR. VAUGHN:  Conclusion.  From the plant



operator's viewpoint there has been a measurable and



continued improvement in water quality of Lake Michigan



at Chicago.  This improvement started in 1969 and has



continued in 1970, resulting in considerable reduction



in difficulty and cost of water treatment.  Most of the



measured parameters of water quality have shared in this



improvement.



          Two sorts of water quality parameters, however,



do not fit this pattern.  One group, related to the burden



of dissolved solids, has showed a continuous increase in



concentration, perhaps even at an increasing rate.  The



other group, consisting of algal nutrients, shows no



improvement.  In the case of phosphate, there is evidence



that the improvement observed in 1969 has been lost, and



that further increases in phosphate concentration have



occurred in 1970.  Furthermore, it may at least be

-------
                                                     1550
                      J. C. Vaughn



 conjectured that  concentrations of phosphate in the



 relatively shallow waters of Lake Michigan from which water



 supplies are drawn are tending toward an equilibrium con-



 centration which  is well above the threshold  concentration



 for nuisance algal growth.



          For these reasons, while the outlook for the



 recent  past and the short-term future permits optimism,



 the outlook for the longer term is badly clouded.  Clearly



'considerable effort is still required to improve and pro-



 tect  the quality  of Lake Michigan's waters.  Without effec-



 tive  control of its water quality, Lake Michigan could



 deteriorate to the level of Lake Erie.



          The tables and charts are arranged in the back



 of the  book.



          MR. STEIN:  Without objection, they will be



 included in the transcript, Mr. Vaughn.



          (The tables and charts follow on pages 1551



 through 1574.)



          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Miller.



          MR. MILLER:  Mr. Vaughn, I am interested in the



 comments that you made particularly on the sulphates



 because I know that there have been large  quantities of



 sulphates that have been reduced or eliminated from waste



 discharges "in the Indiana area.  What time of year did

-------
1551






































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-------
                                                                                1554
                                       TABLE 5

                       Annual Consumption of Activated Carbon,
                   Coagulants (Alum,  Ferrous Sulfate), and Chlorine
                                      1965-1970
Year
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
Activated
Total lb.
3,094,606
4,678,661
4,455,273
4,876,309
2,542,600
1970 880,900
(Jan- June)
Carbon
Ib /ml leal
23
33
32
33
18
13
Coagulants
Total Ib,
14,279,870
16,445,820
15,778,872
15,907,820
14,701,900
6,708,100
Ib /mi leal
104
116
112
109
104
99
Chlorine
Total lbn
2,797,986
3,518,720
3,388,261
3,215,810
2,969,600
906,400
Ib/milgal
20^4
24.8
24.0
21-3
16,1
13c4
Total Water
Treated
(mi leal)
136,895
142,084
141,107
146,166
141,779
67,508
Total  20,528,349             83,822,312             17,796,777                775,539

Average 3,732,427     26      15,420,433    108       3,235,778     22-9


           Bureau of Water, Department of Water and Sewers,  City  of Chicago

-------
                                                                             1555
                                    TABLE 6

                      Summary of Costs:  Activated Carbon,
                Coagulants (Alum, Ferrous Sulfate), and Chlorine
                                   1965-1670

            Activated Carbon	       Coagulants	   	Chlorine	
Year	Total	 $/milgal   Total       $/milgal   Total	$/milgal

1965      $ 243,055c45 $1,78     $  268,806.52 $1,96    $122,776*01 $0.90

1966        361,222,18  2,54        303,788-28  2,14     162,470.73  1,14

1967        368,913.81  2,61        293,547,31  2,08     167,047,76  1,18

1968        415,789.00  2.86        304,206,00  2,07     146,122,00  1,00

1969        224,134,00  1,58        263,900,00  1.86     143,098.00  1,01

1970         77,749.00  1-15        131,071,00  1.94      41,800,00  0.62
(Jan-June)


Total    $1,690,863,44           $1,565,319,11          $741,932,50

Average  $  307,429.72 $2,18     $  284,603,,47 $2,01    $134,896.82 $0.96
        Bureau of Water, Department of Water and Sewers, City of Chicago

-------
                                                                    1556
                            TABLE 7

                     CONTRACT PRICES PER TON
             Central  &  South Water Filtration Plants
                           1965-1970

                               Chemical
Year
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
Alum (Soln)
$39.07
40,55
41-85
43,45
43,75
44,05
Carbon
$156,18
156,70
166,60
178,00
173,00
178,00
Chlorine
$96,74
95,20
97o20
93.40
95,40
95,40
Bureau of Water, Department  of  Water  and  Sewers,  City  of Chicago

-------
1557





























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-------
                                                                  FIGURE  I
                                                                               1553
        WISCONSIN
        ILLINOIS
                               WEST SHORE OF  SOUTHERN  PORTION  OF LAKE  MICHIGAN,
                               SHOWING DISTANCES  BETWEEN MOUTHS OF INDIANA
                               HARBOR SHIP CANAL AND CALUMET  RIVER AND
                               VARIOUS WATERWORKS INTAKES.
           WAUKEGAN
      NORTH CHICAGO
        GREAT LAKES
          LAKE FOREST
          FORT SHERIDAN

           HIGHLAND PARK
        LAKE  COUNTY
        COOK  COUNTY
                              51 MILES
  LAKE
MICHIGAN
                   OLD TWO-MILE CRIB
                             CWFP
                                 68th ST
                                DUNNE CRIBS
                                      S.W.F.P
                                                                              N
DEPARTMENT OF WATER 8 SEWERS
      BUREAU OF WATER
       CITY OF CHICAGO
JANUARY 31- I9BB	  	

-------
                                                              1559
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                                                       FIGURE 2

-------
                                                    1560
     ABNORMAL  "OIL  REFINERY11

         TYPE  ODOR  PERIODS

SOUTH WATER FILTRATION  PLANT INTAKE
               1950 - 1970
  125
CO
O 100
O
cr
UJ
a.
a:
2
  75
u.
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a:
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  50
  25
TOTAL DAYS ODORS
OCCURRED EACH YEAR
                       ODOR  PERIODS EACH YEAR

                                          *JAN.-JUNe ,1970
    I9501
             I   'IOKK'
    1955'
'i960
T|965'
'I9701  I
DEPARTMENT OF WATER A SEWERS

    BUREAU OF WATER
    CITY OF CHICAGO
                       YEAR
                                           FIGURE 3

-------
                                                1561
                                  FIGURE 4
    MAXIMUM  AMMONIA  NITROGEN
 DURING  ABNORMAL  "OIL  REFINERY"
         TYPE  ODOR  PERIODS
 SOUTH WATER  FILTRATION PLANT  INTAKE
               I960 - 1970
  0.7r
  0.6
 £ 0.5
 QL
 Q.
Ld
§0.4
o:
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  0.3
  O.I -
                                        'JAN.-JUNE ,1970
    1950
      i  I   i
'1955'
                          'i9601
'1965'
VroT
DEPARTMENT OF WATER » SEWERS
    BUREAU OF WATER
	CITY 0? CHICA60	
                    YEAR

-------
                                    FIGURE 5
                                                1562
       MAXIMUM  ACTIVATED  CARBON
        DOSAGE  DURING  ABNORMAL
   "OIL REFINERY"  TYPE ODOR PERIODS
   SOUTH WATER  FILTRATION  PLANT INTAKE
  S.
 UJ
 o
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             I960 - 1970
     I200r
     1100-
     1000-
900-
800-
700-
600-
     50O-
400-
     300-
     200
     100 -
                                            'JAN.-JUNK, 1970
       I95O
DEPARTMENT Of WATER ft SEVERS

    PUMEAU OF WATER

    CITY Of CHICA80
             'I9951
I960'
19*5'
1970'
                  YEAR

-------
                                                                          1563
WEEKLY  POLLUTION  SURVEYS   -   LOCATION  OF  SAMPLING  POINTS
                                           O 66 +h ST. CBIB
       O
       79th ST.
SAMPLING POINTS
       tint ST.
                                          SOUTH MATER FILTRATION HANT
                                                           CITY OF CHICAGO
                                                    OEPARTMiNT OF WATER AND SEWERS
                                                                     FIGURE  6
                                                                      JUNE IW  D-P.

-------
                                                  1564
 O
 Q

 ir
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 a.
 O
 O

 LJ
 DC
 LJ
      ANNUAL  AVERAGE COLIFORM
         ORGANISMS PER  100 ml.
    6r
    4h
WEEKLY SANITARY SURVEYS
        1950 "1970
      MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
      SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
                     MOUTH OF CALUMET
                     RIVER-92nd ST BRIDGE
     I95O1
DEPARTMENT OF WATER A SEWERS
    BUREAU OF WATER
	CITY OF CHICAGO	
              YEAR
                                    '   '
                                * JAM- JUNE l»70

                                FIGURE 7

-------
 ANNUAL  AVERAGE AMMONIA  NITROGEN

          WEEKLY  SANITARY SURVEYS

                   1950-1970
                                                 1565
                                                  7.46
     5.0 r
 E
 a.
 CL
Ld

8
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 to
x
LU
2

<
4.0
     30
     2.0 -
     1.0 -
                MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
                SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
       MOUTH OF CALUMET
       RIVER-92nd  ST BRIDGE
       (_,
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS

    BUREAU OF WATER
    CITY OF CHICAGO
                    YEAR
                                      * JAN.-JUNE l»70
                                           FIGURE 8

-------
                                                    1566
       ANNUAL AVERAGE  PHENOL

      WEEKLY  SANITARY  SURVEYS

                1950-1970

    ©INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL SAMPLING AT CANAL ST.
      BRIDGE (1950-1959) AND DICKEY RD. BRIDGE (1960-1967)

    ©CALUMET  RIVER SAMPLING AT 92 nd  ST BRIDGE
      (1950-1967)
 0.25
 0.20

0.
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I
_]
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X015
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  0.05
  0.00
                 MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
                 SHIP  CANAL ©
             MOUTH OFv CALUMET  RIVER
       I  I
     1950
 DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS
     BUREAU OF WATER
      CITY OF CHICAGO
                     T"
T  I
                       YEAR
I  I   I
                                            •f JAN-JUNE 1970
                                           FIGURE 9

-------
                                                     1567
a:
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a.

(Tt
5
c/2
z
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ft
O
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01
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                     PLANKTON   '
            MICROORGANISMS   PER  ml
    SOUTH  WATER  FILTRATION PLANT  INTAKE
16,000 r



15,000



14,000



13,000



12,000



11,000



10,000



9,000
                    I960 - 1970
.MAXIMUM  DAYv,
         1950
DEPARTMENT OF WATER S SEWERS

    BUREAU Of WATER
    CITY OF CHICAGO
                  1955
                              ANNUAL DAY

                             JLftJJLJL
                    I960
                            YEAR
                                                JAN.-JUNE ,1970
                                                FIGURE 10

-------
        • *v%.
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                                            9
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                                        $
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                                        o
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                                        00
                                            s
                                            00
                                   FIGURE ||

-------
           45 YEAR RECORD OF CHLORIDE  AND SULFATE
                     INCREASE AT DUNNE CRIB
          — MAX. MONTHLY AVG.
           X AVG. FOR YEAR
          — MIN. MONTHLY AVG.
   30
   25
E  20
Q.
Q.
I
   15
h-
Z
UJ
o
o
   10
                                   o °o
                                                              1569
    1920      1930      1940      I960

                          YEAR
I960
1970
                                                       FIGURE 12

-------
                                                           1570
   35-
       MAX!MUM  ACTIVAI'ED  CARBON  USAGE
         SOUTH  WATER FILTRATION  PLANT
                	1958 7J970	
            	-NO  Of DA^fS OVER 30,000 Ibs USAGE
        -800..--MAXIMUM CARBON DOSAGE
            •»»* MAX-'MUM THRESHOLD ODOR.
      ^-700
                                                                ST.
 UJ
 £
 Jg
 O
 O
 Q.
 o
 fO
 Cd
 Id
 §
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 Lc
 O
 O
   30-
25-
20-
        1.0
         isss"7"" """^oV)
 PEPAR1MENT OK VATE** 9. 5FWERS
     BURF.,*!J Of-' W\Tf.«
     CITY OF CHICAGO
                                                     FIGURE 13

-------
         WAUKEGAN
   NO«TH CHICAGO/
 SREAT LAKES ij
NAVAL TRAINING 77  05N
   CENTER   r  r
  LAKE BLUFF
 LAKE FOREST
                     NORTH  SHORE  LAKE  SURVEY
                           ANNUAL  AVERAGE
                              1968-1969-1970*
                               PHOSPHATE
                                   PPM.
                                                                         1571
                                                                         1 0.30
 LAKE_ COUNTY
 COOK TOUNTY
                                                                           J04O
                                                              I  I   I   I   I
                                               O6 07  06  O9 10  II  12  |3 .|4 15
                                           ISINGU DAILY VALUE
                                     ANNUAL  OR AVERAGE uMIT
                                    AVFSAGE
                                    . MIT
                                                               LEGEND
                 I   /
                (   \
      / WILSON AVE
          CRIB
                                                        MAXIMUM
                                                        NUMBER
     CHICAGO
               /py.
  STATUTE MILES    /,   /
          ?
                        DEVER
4?N  '/CRIB
      iRTHMETu:]
      ^vERAGE   1
    I          '
!96877'7-7-7'-7-7-
                                             AR,
                                             ivE
1970
1969
    .v^wvww
                                       *|9TO DATA- JAN  JUNE
     FIG-14
                                                 WATER QUALITY  SURVEILLANCE SECTION

-------
                  rJ
          WAUKEGAN VC



               /
    NORTH CHICAGO/
               /    /
  CHEAT LAKES
 NJMAL TRAINING
    CENTER
   LAKE BLUFF
  LAKE WEST
  NORTH  SHORE LAKE  SURVEY
         ANNUAL  AVERAGE
           1968-1969-1970*
        AMMONIA  NITROGEN
                 PPM
                                       1572
 _LAKE_ COUNTY_ _

  COOK
               4N
                 RESTRICTED
                  AREA
        HOWARD
         WOODS
         KCNILWOHTH

             WILMCTTC
                                                 0 02-MAX.« AVO.
                                                I   I   I   I   I   I   I
                                                O5  06 07  08 09  10  II  .12
                                                 SINGLE DAILY VALUE
                                                 OR AVERAGE  LIMIT
ANNUAL
AVERAGE
                                                          1968
                                                          1970
                                                          1969
  STATUTE MILES
                                                         * 1970 DATA- JAN.' JUNE
ff*
     FIG. 15
                                                     WATER QUALITY  SURVEILLANCE SECTION

-------
                                NORTH  SHORE  LAKE  SURVEY
                                        ANNUAL AVERAGE
                              TOTAL COLIFORM 9 FECAL COL1FORM
                                          NO/ 100 m
                                          1969-1970*
rc  fc
<— * 1968 ANNUAL AVERAGE
    ' 1970 ANNUAL AVERAGE
TC' TOTAL COLIFORM M.F.
FC = FECAL COLIFORM M-F
                               SINGLE DAILY VALUE
                                            OF  TRAVEL
                                                  •*• 1970 DATA - JAN - JUNE
FIG. 16
                                             WATER QUALITY SURVIILL*NCt SECTION

-------
                             SOUTH SHORE LAKE SURVEY
                                   ANNUAL AVERAGE
                                       1968-1969-1970*
                                      PHOSPHATE
                                         PPM.
                                  SINGLE DAILY VALUE
                                  OR AVERAGE LIMIT
                                               •*• 1970 DATA JAN-JUNE
FIG.-I7
WATT* JOALITY SUHVIILLAKCI »ICTK>*

-------
                                                      1575






                      J. C. Vaughn



these seven that exceeded the daily maximum occur in 1970?



Do you know?



          MR. VAUGHN:  I will ask Mr. Reed who tabulated



this material for me to answer that.  His name appears on



the front of the report.



          MR. REED:  I can't tell you offhand.  I can send



the data in to the conferees if you like.



          MR. MILLER:  Well, I was just curious as to



whether there might be connection with the ice salt or



ice control and runoff and this type of thing.



          MR. REED:  I don't believe so.  They were a



little later in the year than one would expect that to



happen.



          MR. MILLER:  There certainly have been massive



reductions of sulphate in Indiana.



          MR. REED:  Still the tests we run are daily



and those averages are very stable and reliable and for



that reason do indicate an undeniable increase.



          MR. STEIN:  Are there any — yes, Mr. Currie.



          MR. CURRIE:  I think, Mr. Chairman,  that the



statement of Mr. Vaughn as well as that of Commissioner



Poston suggests very strongly the desirability that this



conference very soon address itself again to the question



of phosphates.

-------
                                                      1576
                      J. C. Vaughn



          I think that when we have a statement such as



in Mr. Vaughn's presentation that concentrations of phos-



phate in the shallow waters are tending toward an equil-



ibrium concentration which is well above the threshold



concentration for nuisance algal growths, that we may be



in serious trouble,  I welcome the city of Chicago's



attempt to deal with this problem.  I would also like to



report that the Illinois Pollution Control Board has



before it at present a proposal to strengthen the phosphate



standard of water quality for Lake Michigan from its



present annual average value of, 0.03 to 0.02 p.p.m., and



I would also like to suggest that Mr. Dumelle, one of my



colleagues on the Pollution Control Board, has a statement



which he would like to make relevant to the subject of



phosphate inputs to the lake, and I hope that he will have



an opportunity to make that.



          MR. STEIN:  We will put him on right after Mr.



Vaughn.



          Are there any other comments or questions?



          Mr. Vaughn, I would like to call your attention



to page 7 .     I am going to say before I go into this



question  that we have indeed had a great service here by



Mr. Vaughn^ and before him by Mr. Burstein,, in providing



us with this information.  All too often we have had

-------
                                                      1577
                       J. C. Vaughn



remedial programs that we didn't know — really in the



detailed sense that we have had from Mr. Vaughn — what



the conditions of the water were before we started.  After



these millions of dollars worth of works went into effect



we really didn't know whether we had an improvement or not.



          I think Mr. Vaughn now, and Mr. Burstein through



the years, as a watchdog provided for us this one area in



which we have "before1* and "after" result and really look



.at what we are having in water quality.  I don't think



there is any other situation like this.  I say to Mr. Currie



and some others that we should not despair on this, because



the first few years that Mr. Vaughn gave us in this report



I think were dismal indeed.



          We have had the program going and we just couldn't



see any improvement in water quality.  Then we began to



get a few glimmers.  As Mr. Vaughn points out, in some



areas we have a trend.  But I thoroughly agree with you



that when Jim Vaughn points up a danger signal it is time



for the conferees to investigate and explore it.



          But may I go back to page 7?  You



talk about chloride concentrations, sulfate concentrations,

-------
                                                       1573





                      J. C. Vaughn



and filterable residue which increased.   And what has



happened?  We presumably have more generous requirements



for, say, the residue and the chlorides  and you have



had more violations.



          Now, the question, I think, Mr. Vaughn — I



wonder if this is maybe a correlation between relaxing



the requirement and your getting more violations of the



relaxed requirement than you did of the  more stringent



requirement because once you relax it, people might



think they can get by with a little more.



          MR. VAUGHN:  The Technical Advisory Committee



that began with the — they began with the old GLIiiB



Project.  They spent many hours discussing whether they



should stagger those results in chlorides from filterable



residue,which is a direct reflection of the other two*



And the consensus was that we should so stagger them



because if we are going to increase anyway, we had no



real reason for trying to set up standards that you



couldn't enfcree i—because once it is above that level you



are stuck with it whatever it is; they aren't going to



take it out.  And some of us felt that those relaxed stan-



dards — staggered standards were really — we always were



constantly fighting the Drinking Water Standards, which



would permit 250 parts per million or less and —

-------
                                                   1579
                       J. C. Vaughn



          MR. STEIN:  I would ask the Technical Committee



and particularly the conferees to look at this.  I take



Mr. Vaughn's views seriously.  We had some relatively rigid



standards and they were violated a number of times.  Not



too many instances, but when the standards were relaxed,



we had a much greater percentage of violations.  Before



considering relaxation of the standards now, I believe the



Technical Committee and the conferees would be well advised



to think very carefully of more than the technical defense



of the regulatory program.  They should be more concerned with



the defense, or lack thereof, of the discharge itself, when



it automatically would not deteriorate the water quality



much more than you would do with your relaxation.



          I think that is a very interesting observation,



Mr. Vaughn.



          MR. MILLERj  I would like to respond a little



bit to that, Mr. Chairman, in that I served on the



Technical Committee that developed those standards, I



don't think that — at least to me — the terra "relaxed"



is the right terminology, in that these standards were



designed, based upon curves, to take into account the



increases that are going to continue to occur.  So that,



as far as application to a discharger, there has been no

-------
                                                      1530


                       J. C. Vaughn

relaxation to the one who is discharging;  that these

standards were to take into account naturally-occurring

increases into play.

          MR. PDRDY:   The only comment I have, Mr.  Chairman,

is that I think we would be leaving the wrong impression

if we left the impression that we would have expected to

have seen a change in phosphate concentration at this

point in time.

          The program that has been developed by this

conference has not really unfolded, and I would have been

extremely surprised to have seen a change.

          MR. STEIN:   I think that is a good point.

          Our phosphate reduction date is set for the end

of 1972.*

          Again, I am not sure, once the phosphates are

in the lake, they are going to be in the ecocycle and the

ecosystem.  Unless they find the abyss of Lake Michigan — if

there is one, and I guess there might be — and it is so

far buried, they are not going to come out, and that is

going to take a little time.  So I think Mr. Purdy's state-

ment is very pertinent concerning the notion that until the

phosphate reduction programs go into full effect, we probably

can expect an increase in the phosphate loading of the lake.

*By December 1972 - See Lake Michigan Summary of Conference
 (First Session), dated January 31, February 1-2, February
 5-7, March 7-3 and 12, 1968.

-------
                                                     1581





                      J. C. Vaughn



          I think possibly — I will just put this out —



maybe the significance is that with the kinds of loadings



we are having of phosphates now, that the rate of increase



might be a little more significant or a little more



alarming than we have considered.  But, again, I would



think that the Technical Committee and the group will



have to consider t;j"iis rather closely .     I would suggest,



again, at least one of the things in addition to the



thermal considerations that we are talking about, I think



if the conferees are agreeable^, we can discuss Mr. Currie's



proposal of how we deal with the nutrient problem and



particularly the phosphate question  and see if there is



time for a reappraisal.



          MR. CURRIE:  Mr. Chairman.



          Two additional points:  I have great difficulty



in reconciling the increasing concentrations of dissolved



solids which are permitted by the current regulations with



the nondegradation principle which is incorporated in all



of the standards.  Secondly, with regard to phosphate



dates, I quite agree that the current date for doing



anything about our most serious Lake Michigan problem



is set too far in the future.  For that reason, I have



suggested in a letter which I sent to the members of the



conference before it began that the conference consider

-------
                      J. C, Vaughn



accelerating the date of phosphorus removal from 1972 to




1971.



          MR. STEIN:  We will be happy to take that up.




         You know that as in all bodies like this some



people are for moving faster and some for moving more



slowly.  I think that was the most equitable agreement



we could get when we arrived at that determination, but



we will be glad to reopen that question if you wish.



          MR. PURDY:  Again, Mr. Chairman, I would hate



to leave the impression that we have set 1972 as a date



at which phosphorus treatment is to come into effect,



without having it also understood that this conference



set this as an outside date and that there are facilities



that will be coming into play yet this year, and so this



is an outside date and not a date at which time no progress



will be made prior to it.



          MR. STEIN:  That is correct.



          Are there any other comments?



          MR. FRANCOS:  Mr. Chairman, I just have three



questions to ask of Mr. Vaughn, and if he doesn't have the



data with him maybe he could give it to us a little later.



          But the first:  At what depths are the intakes



from which the phosphorus analyses are made?



          MR. VAUGHN:  The South Plant, from which most of

-------
                                                      1533
                      J. C. Vaughn
the phosphorus analyses are taken has two intakes:  one
is the crib, at a depth of some 35 feet in the water, the
center line of the gates are 17 feet below datum*— Chicago
datum, and the shore intake has a center line of about minus
22 feet.  Since we use varying quantities of shore and
greater, according to the daily demand, it was decided in

the Technical Advisory Committee that when we made a control
point that the header which represents a varying mixture of
the crib and shore waters, of which the percentage of each
is not easily determinable, that we would use the header
sample, so those are the official phosphate values.
          At the Central Plant, we have the shore intake
only and, again, the central line of the shore gate is
about 13 feet below datum,
          MR. FRANCOS:  What would be the average height?
I was trying to get a feel of how close you are to the
bottom.
          MR. VAUGHN:  Well, at the crib intake we are
roughly 17 — the bottom line of the gate would be about
14 feet above bottom of the crib, and at the shore end
gate, that is only about 2 feet above water.
          MR, FRANCOS:  Well, you have answered the second
question I had already„  But the other one, then:  Have you
done any sampling in the upper zones at all?

*fiasic iaice level

-------
                         J. C.  Vaughn




          MR. VAUGHN:   We have  not had the time  or the




manpower to sample at  varying depths.  I believe we




consistently sample 5  feet below the surface when we make



surveys.




          MR. FETTEROLF:  I would like to ask either you




or Mr. Willey whether  the figure — your figure  14 is for




soluble orthophosphate as PO^.




          MR. VAUGHN:   Mr. Reed can answer that.  He



prepared the data for  us.



          MR. REED:  It is an easy one.  Yes.




          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments or




questions?




          Mr. Nelle, did you want to ask a question?




          MR. NELLE:  Could I,  Mr. Chairman?  I  have been



pretty quiet here.  I  too served on this committee to



develop the standards  and, as I recall, the information



relative to the presence of phosphorus in the lake 5 years



ago was rather sparse  and unless a lot more information




is gotten we have as much as 20 and 30 times the difference




in certain areas in Lake Michigan in phosphorus.  I don't




think it is a simple problem, and if you stop phosphorus




today, it is very possible there will be phosphorus there




for a long sustained period and floating all over the lake.




          So let's don't think of

-------
                     J. C. Vaughn




it as a constant amount spread out through the lake or




even existing in various quarters.  I think we have a prob-




lem just like this thermal water problem, so let's don't




make it too simple and think that somebody can come up




with an answer right now.




          MR. STEIN:  If we made these problems too simple,




Mr. Nelle, they wouldn't need people like us.




          Mr. Dumelle.



          MR. DUMELLE:  I thought as long as we were talking




mercury I would like to make a few comments on it.  As




I understood Mr. Willey — and I stand corrected if I am




wrong — he said that most of the values on the testing of




Lake Michigan were below a tenth of a part per billio~: .




And this is at variance with the Federal tests which were




conducted while I was Director of the Lake Michigan Basin



Office.     There most of the values seemed to fall below




1 p.p.b.;in eluding the last date I looked at before I



left there at the end of July.




          So from that, I deduced that this was probably




the background level, at least for the Illinois portion




of Lake Michigan, and this incidentally included a lot of




data from Wisconsin and Michigan from the water intakes,




and the average seemed to fall below about 1 p.p.b.




          So based on that, we have proposed a mercury

-------
                                                        1566
                       J. C. Vaughn



standard of 1 p.p.b. feeling that this is the background



level which you alluded to, Mr. Stein, and also an effluent



standard of 1 p.p.b., so that no one would add anything



to the water he was using from the lake.  So all I am



saying is that I would like to have the Federal data



entered in the record about flameless AA so that we could



all know whether we are talking the same.



          MR. STEIN:  I would like to ask:  Mr. Dumelle,



are you saying that the water the plants take in from



Lake Michigan contain 1 p.p.b. mercury in them now?



          MR. DUMELLE:  Or less.  I say we had some values



of — as I recall it — 1.0 or 1.4.



          MR. STEIN:  I want to get with you on this.  Also



I think while we are here we might resolve it.  But here



is the theory we are using:  we check the water intake of the



various plants, then we check the discharge water, and then



we check the mercury content at both ends.  We don't want



to charge any plant with a discharge of mercury which



they have taken in with their intake water.  But we have



found that with the addition of relatively small amounts



of mercury when multiplied by the effluent flow results



in substantial amounts of mercury being deposited.  We have



found that these have increased.  To our dismay and surprise,



even when there are very small amounts going in, they have

-------
                                                        1537

                        J. C. Vaughn
 been concentrated in the fish, which concentrate mercury
 at a rate of about 3»000 to 1.  As you get older fish
 and bigger fish, we find surprising concentrations in  fish
 roes.
           Really when we have dealt with the gross mercury
 problem, I think we are pretty well on our way to pushing
 that back now.  So I think it behooves us, if we are
 talking in terms of a definitive program and future control
 of mercury, we have to think whether there is going to be
 any tolerable limit, that is, any tolerable limit over what
 a plant has taken in in its intake water.  I don't know
 whether you people have thought about that, but this is the
 problem we are wrestling with now.
           Let me repeat this very, very fast.  I think
 we can get a plant and from their large amount of mercury
 discharges, we are down now to 1/2 Ib. per day.  I  can  see
within  the  tuxt  2  oc  3  ~a.jnt.hs  we  will  na
-------
                                                       1588
                       J. C. Vaughn



          MR. DUMELLE:  I might say we are having these



hearings on the proposed mercury standards on October 8



in Springfield and October 14 in Chicago, and any of



the conferees would be welcome to attend or to send



observers.  We have also asked through Commissioner



Dominick that perhaps you could furnish from your staff



Mr. Sidio or someone else who is conversant with the



mercury situation.



          But the point I am trying to make is:  I think



there is a difference here as to what is the background



level in Lake Michigan.  We are in agreement that we ought



to hold the level at background, and if the background



is coming from air pollution and the burning of fossil



fuels that is another problem that we will have to get



at, too.  But I think we are agreed on that, but we want



to know what that is.



          MR. FETTEROLF:  Mr. Dumelle, I am not sure what



form of mercury you would be wanting to set your standards



on, and I am not sure that Mr. Sidio would be aware of



data recently developed by Dr. Mount in his laboratory at



Duluth which shows that for metal mercury a half a part



per billion in the water is toxic to minnows in from 30



to 40 days, so I think you might ask Dr. Mount to parti-




cipate in your public hearings if he has any information.

-------
                       J. C. Vaughn



          MR. DUMELLE:  We would be very glad to.



          MR. STEIN:  May I make a suggestion to the



State people?  The best way to do this, I think, is to



get in touch with the Regional Director Mr. Mayo, and you



will get in touch with the appropriate people, and we



will give you what support we can.



          MR. DUMELLE:  We have kept him informed, Mr.



Stein.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you.



          MR. DUMELLE:  One other comment, and that is I



appreciate Mr. Vaughn's data, but I know the Lake Michigan



Basin Office also conducts a Calumet area sampling program



and sampled many in June of this year . and has material



going back for the last few years, and I would ask that



that be incorporated into the record.



          MR. STEIN:  Could that be made available to us?



          MR. VAUGHN:  The Lake Michigan Basin?



          MR. STEIN:  Tes.



          Jake, would you come up?



          MR. DUMELLE:  I am sorry.



          MR. STEIN:  Does he have this material you are



asking for?



          MR. DUMELLE:  No, I don't think you would have it.



I think it would have to come from the Lake Michigan Basin



Office unless they have interchanged it.

-------
                                                          1590
                       J. C. Vaughn




          MR. MATO:  Would you be a little more specific




about which data you want introduced here?




          MR. DOMELLE:  On the water quality data on Lake



Michigan somewhat comparable to Mr. Vaughn's data; whatever




is out in that area from the regular sampling program at




the basin office.  Mr. Bowden has conducted this program,




and we recently cut it back because of the limitations of




when I was there — limitations of manpower — to a June



and January sampling — but it had been going on weekly




as I recall it.



          MR. STEIN:  Do you have that?




          MR. BOWDEN:  I am Robert V. Bowden.  I am with



the FWQA Lake Michigan Basin Office.




          The data that Mr. Dumelle is referring to has —



          MR. STEIN:  Will you talk up, sir?



          MR. BOWDEN:  The data that Mr. Dumelle referred



to has been used as the basis for a report to the Two-State



Conference in the Calumet area, and it has been prepared




by a technical committee appointed by that conference for




presentation to that conference.



          If it is desirable that that data be placed on



the record at this conference, it is available  and can be




made available within a short period of time.

-------
                                                         1591
                       J. C. Vaughn



          MR. STEIN:  How thick is it?



          MR. BOWDEN:  The report, I believe —



          MR. STEIN:  The  data.  How many pages would it




encompass?




          MR. BOWDEN:  The raw data would be quite




voluminous.



          MR. STEIN:  Let's say this, for the time being:




We will keep that data as an exhibit and as part of the




record, and it will be made available to Mr. Dumelle for



his inspection and the other conferees, and after looking



at that if you still want this in the record or a subsequent



record, I think we should examine that before we give the




green light because of the printing cost.



          (The above mentioned data, marked Exhibit 2, is




on file at Hq FWQA, Washington D. C., and the Great Lakes



Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois.)



          Thank you very much.



          MR. WILLEY:  Speaking to Mr. Dumelle's comment




relative to the 1 part per billion or the one-tenth of



a part per billion analytical data or background, I think



that we were at the 1 part per billion point at one time,




too.  Whether that is decided as background, this is

-------
                                                     1592
                      J.  C. Vaughn



something other than an analytical problem.  We faced it




as an analytical problem and we watched, as I  pointed out,,




half a part per billion was the point that we set as our




limit.  We could say it would be below that point.  We can




clearly state that it is below a tenth of a part per




billion now because on samples, some standards on waters




which we have run that would run 0.15 or 0.1&, we can




detect this very readily now, and so we are reporting our




results as   l/iO    as the base limit of our analytical




accuracy.




          One of the ways we did this, by the way, is




to increase the length of the tube through which the gas




passes, and this increases the accuracy somewhat.  There




might be one other aside that 1 might mention, just as a



sort of a favor.  We checked a couple of swimming pools



and the organo-mercury compound used in swimming poo In.



We got a report on one that was 18 parts per billion.  So




somebody might do something about that some day.  It is




not in our area of activities.




          MR. STEIN:  Mr. Dumelle.




          MR. DUMELLE:  I think we are sti'l confused here.




I have no quarrel with the tenth of a part per billion as




a sensitivity level.  What I am asking Mr. Willey is what




is his background level that he is finding in Lake Michigan

-------
                                                       1593





                      J. C. Vaughn




water.



          MR. STEIN:  I understand this0  By the way, let me




make clear to the group and the audience:  We are dealing




with what in a regulatory program is one of the most diffi-




cult problems we have, and that is the question of zero




tolerance.  I don't know that we are going to resolve that




with mercury or any other item that we run into here, and




this is another subject in itself.  If you want to talk to me




privately, I will be glad to give you the theoretical problems




we have with the zero tolerance, but this is common to all




regulatory programs when we get down to one of these very low




limits, and I suggest we leave that at this conference at




this point.




          Are there any other questions for Mr. Vaughn?  If




not, thank you very much.




          Did you want to make a statement, Mr. Dumelle, now?



          MR. DUMELLE:  Yes.



          MR. STEIN:  How long will that be?



          MR. DUMELLE:  Five minutes.  I won't read the paper




and, of course, I would like it included in the record, Mr.




Stein.




          MR. STEIN:  Without objection, this will be done.




          (The document above referred to follows in its




entirety.)

-------
                                                                  1594
                    STATEMENT BY JACOB D. DUMELLE
                     MEMBER,  ILLINOIS POLLUTION
                            CONTROL BOARD

                                to the

               LAKE MICHIGAN ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
         September 28 - October 2, 1970,  Chicago, Illinois
     My main point in speaking to the Conference is to assert
that published phosphate loadings into Lake Michigan are probably
far too low and that a greater proportion of phosphate is being
generated from land runoff than has been realized.

     Two ways exist to indicate that phosphate loadings have been
underestimated.  First, is the comparison of Lake Michigan data
to Lake Erie data.  Second, is the use of Vollenweider's charts
of "admissible" and "dangerous" levels of phosphorus loadings
to lakes.


Lake Erie Comparison
     Using the International Joint Commission report on Lake Erie
(Vol. 2) of June, 1969 a total of 6,740 tons of phosphorus (P)
is generated annually from 29,650 sq. miles of land (p. 260).
Converting to phosphate, the gross land runoff for Lake Erie is
1,365 Ibs./sq. mi. annually.

     For Lake Michigan, using the 5,000,000 Ibs. of phosphate
(PO.) said to be generated by land runoff annually (Proceedings,
Lake Michigan Conference, Vol. 2, February 1, 1968, p. 703) and
the 45,500 sq. mi. of land area, results in a comparative phosphate
runoff of HO Ibs./sq. mi., per year or one-twelfth of the Lake
Erie figure.

     I do not have available to me a detailed breakdown of these
gross land areas by agriculture, forest and urban uses but the
12.4:1 difference in phosphate runoff rates seems far too great.
                               -more-

-------
                                                                 1595
And since the IJC report is the later of the two estimates and a
great deal of work went into the Lake Erie phosphate figures I
feel that it is more reliable than the Lake Michigan figures.

     If the Lake Erie gross land runoff figure of 1,365 lbs./sq.
mi. is applied to Lake Michigan's larger drainage area, then
62,100,000 Ibs. of phosphate are generated from this source
annually.  Adding this to the 10,000,000 Ibs./yr. from municipal
treatment plants results in a total estimated annual phosphate
loading to Lake Michigan of 72,100,000 Ibs./yr.  The 72,100,000
Ibs./yr. of phosphate is 4.8 times the published 15,000,000 Ibs./
yr. phosphate figure for Lake Michigan.


Analysis of Vollenweider Chart
     The IJC report reproduces Vollenweider's chart of "admissible"
and "dangerous" limits of phosphorus loading to lakes  (p. 241).
Using Lake Michigan's mean depth of 84.2 meters the chart gives
"admissible" loadings of 0.36 g/m2 yr. and "dangerous" loadings of
0.7 g/m^ yr.  The chart is reproduced and attached.

     Using Lake Michigan's area of 5.82 x 1010 m2 and converting the
15,000,000 Ibs. of phosphate estimated input per year to phosphorus
(2.27 x 109 g) a supposed annual loading of 0.039 g/m2 yr. is
occurring.  This loading is only 11% of the "admissible" level
from Vollenweider's chart and would indicate that Lake Michigan is
in no danger from eutrophication caused by phosphorus.

     Dr. A.F. Bartsch, head of the FWQA National Eutrophication
Research Program, has termed eutrophication Lake Michigan's
"most pressing problem" (1968 Proceedings, pp. 737-738).  His
opinion would be completely at variance with conclusions to be
drawn from Vollenweider's chart.

     The new Federal report "Physical and Ecological Effects of
Waste Heat on Lake Michigan" quotes Schelske and Stoermer (pp. 79-80)
as stating

                "The evidence compared with data
                from Lake Erie and Lake Superior
                suggests that accelerated eutrophica-
                tion in Lake Michigan is rapidly
                approaching the point of a severe
                environmental change in which the
                diatom flora will be reduced or
                replaced by green and blue-green
                algae."
                                 -2-

-------
                                                                1596
     It seems obvious that the estimated phosphorus input to Lake
Michigan as previously published (5,000,000 Ibs. per year as
phosphorus or 15,000,000 Ibs. per year as phosphate) is far too
low.  If the loadings were in fact only 11% of "admissible" loadings
these authorities cited would not be sounding alarms about eutro-
phication and delineating physical changes which are taking place.
Furthermore, the conference program of 80% phosphorus removal
from municipal treatment plants would not be necessary.


Revised Estimate of Phosphorus Loading
     If the "dangerous" level as indicated by Vollenweider for
Lake Michigan is used, a revised estimate of phosphorus loading
can be computed.  Using this level (0.7 g/m  yr.) and multiplying
by Lake Michigan's area of 5.82 x IQQ m  results in a phosphorus
loading of 4.07 x 1010 g/yr.  This is equal to 89,800,000 Ibs. of
phosphorus per year or almost 18 times the old figure of 5,000,000
Ibs./yr.  As phosphate, the figures would be three times higher or
269,400,000 Ibs. per year compared to the old figure of 15,000,000
Ibs./yr.

     If the municipal contribution of phosphate is correct at the
old level of 10,000,000 Ibs. per year, then the balance, 259,400,000
is the land runoff figure.  Put another way, the munrcipal-to-land
ratio of phosphate  contributions changes from 2:1 (10 million
Ibs./yr. : 5 million Ibs./yr.) to 1:25.9 (10 million Ibs./yr.:
259 million Ibs./yr).  These figures indicate that the critical
factor in saving Lake Michigan will be control of land runoff.


Possible Defects in Revised Estimate
     The figures estimated above are extremely high and almost
double those of Lake Erie's estimated 154,000,000 Ibs./yr. input
of phosphate (IJC, p. 205) .  The revised estimate may be too
high because:

                a.)  Vollenweider ' s "dangerous" level
                     may not apply to Lake Michigan
                     because of its extremely long
                     flushing rate.

                b.)  The inshore water in which the
                     phosphorus is added, may function
                     largely as a body of water separate
                     from the open waters (those beyond
                     100 ft. in depth and generally more
                     than 3 miles from shore) .
                     Eutrophication may be occurring in
                                 -3-

-------
                                                               1597
                     the limited volume of the
                     inshore waters (4% of the
                     lake) at loadings below the
                     "dangerous" level for the
                     entire lake but at or above
                     it in this separate zone.


Recommendation
     It is recommended that the conferees set up a technical
committee to thoroughly review phosphate inputs to Lake Michigan
and to report back by January 1, 1971 with their best estimate
of the source and amount of phosphate.  The methods and techniques
used in compiling these same types of data for the International
Joint Commission's report on Lake Erie should be examined.
                                 -4-

-------
                                                                           1593
   6-
   4-
   2-
.E
2
a.
  .5-
   .2-
                   W. Erie
               Norrv.
 • Mo
A Norrv.
•(Nat.)
                  • Seb.
            f*vT¥ff
                                 • Gr

                                •Erie
                            • Ba

                           • Wash  «Zu
>Ma
 • Ha
                                      .,..
                                      Va
                                               • Ae
                                                             Michigan
                           A
                                                        "t
                                                           Bo
                            Le
                                                                           Tahoe
                       10
                    I      '    '    I   '  'r"!
                   20            50        100
                      MEAN DEPTH (m)
                               I
                              200
 I
500
     Fig.  3. 3. 1  Phosphorus loading  versus  mean depth for various lakes.

                 Abbreviations: Ae (Aegerisee), Ba (Baldeggersee), Bo (Bodensee,
                 Obersee), d'Ann (Annecy), Fu(Fures?i),  Gr (Greifensee), Ha
                 (Hallwilersee), Le (Leman),  M'a (Malaren),  Mend (Mendota),
                 Mo (Monona), Norrv (Norrviken), Ont (Ontario),  Pf (Pfdffikersee),
                 Seb (Sebasticook), Tu (Turlersee),  W. Erie (western basin, Lake
                 Erie), Wash (Washington), W (Vanern),  Z\i (Zurichsee),  The value
                 for Bodensee is twice the value for  orthophosphate-P (Alter .Vollenweider,
                 1968).

-------
                                                       1599





                      J. D, Dumelle








          STATEMENT OF JACOB D0 DUMELLE,  MEMBER,




            ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD,




                    CHICAGO, ILLINOIS








          MR. DUMELLE:  It seems to me that if the major




problem of Lake Michigan is eutrophication, and if the




major solution to this problem is phosphate that we ought




to keep a continuing surveillance on the  phosphate inputs




to Lake Michigan, and so while I was Director of the Lake




Michigan Basin Office, I took a look at the inputs and came




up with these discrepancies which I put down here.  I have




put all of the numbers down so that anyone can check my




arithmetic, and that is another reason for not reading them



off.




          But just to summarize, if we take the Lake Erie



data in terms of land runoff phosphates,  as reported in the



International Joint Commission Report,and convert that to



pounds per square mile, and do the same thing for Lake




Erie — excuse me — Lake Michigan on the basis of the figures




previously announced at this conference,  we come up with a




difference of 12.4:1.  In other words, Lake Erie's runoff




figure is 12.4 times that of Lake Michigan on a gross




basis.

-------
                                                       1600






                      J. D. Dumelle




          I realize probably more of Lake Michigan's B.asin




is forested than the Lake Erie Basin and this may make a




difference, but it just doesn't seem to me it ought to be




12.4 times different.



          And I go through the computation and show that




when you add municipal contribution, the total loading then




to Lake Michigan could be 4.8 times what we thought it was.




And then I do the same thing using Vollenweider's Chart




which is in the IJC Report and which is attached to my




paper, and under the assumption which can be questioned, but




under the assumption that Lake Michigan is receiving a




dangerous input of total phosphorus.  If you look at the




chart which is attached you will see I have drawn in a




line at the #4«2 meter level which is the average depth of




Lake Michigan, and somewhere along this line is whatever



total phosphorus is going into Lake Michigan.



          I take the intercept at the top of the shaded



band and, as you can see, that is .7 grams per square




meter per year.  Incidentally, right next to it you can




see Lake Ontario, that little dot there, which is in the




mesotrophic zone.  The upper zone, where you can see the




dots for Lake Erie and the West  Basin of Lake Erie are the




eutrophic zones and the bottom zone where Lake Tahoe is




indicated are the oligotrophic zones.

-------
                                                     1601





                      J. D. Dumelle



          Somewhere along that line must be Lake Michigan,



and if we take the .7 and take that postulate that Lake



Michigan is getting a dangerous input of the phosphates



and we work through the numbers, we come up with a very, very



large amount  of total phosphate to Lake Michigan, something



in the order of 25.9 times what we thought it was.



          All I am saying is that somewhere between the 4.3



and the 25.9 is probably the right figure and you can argue



•that you know it really doesn't matter what the number is,



the algae are responding to it, whatever is coming in.



But I think it is very important as far as this conference



is concerned because if land runoff is contributing much



more than we thought, perhaps we are chasing the wrong



source of pollutants in our priority order and maybe in a



sense we are doing what they did in Los Angeles where they



tried to suppress sulphur dioxide from the refineries only



to find out it was the. automobiles and was an entirely



different chemical equation.



          In a sense, we may be going after the wrong source



faster and leaving the other one alone.  So what I am sug-



gesting is that the conference set up a eutrophication



committee to look at these numbers and to look at all of



the monitoring data on the tributaries, and to either verify



or come up with a better figure so we can be guided in our

-------
                                                         1602
                       J. D. Dumelle



control measures.  There are some reasons perhaps why Lake




Michigan does not respond the way Vollenweider says, and



perhaps this goes back to the difference between the inshore




waters and the offshore waters.  I mentioned this in the




paper, but I really don't know where we are on it.  I




think it is confused enough that it would permit a great



deal of attention.




          MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Dumelle.




          I think you raised these questions when we




started out with our discussions on phosphorus control.




Like zero tolerance, when you get down to that point you




start defining these things.  Then I guess we have this



second problem you raise, which is indigenous to whatever




we do, and I felt rather sympathetic when I was charged



with still having that mercury program.



          Here is what we are doing.  We have an active



enforcement program for all of the people who are discharging



a significant amount of mercury into our waters.  But I am




not sure we are getting at the big source of mercury in




doing that.  There may be mercury in fossil fuels or other




yet to be discovered places which are getting in.  Some of the



companies have come in — and I guess the power companies are



here, and this is a quote, not mine — and they say, "We are

-------
                      J. D. Duraelle                   1603




putting in 12 pounds of mercury and you are getting us




down. But there is a power company up the road that is



probably putting out 50 or 60 pounds a day through its



stack.  Why don't you get them?"




          You know, the stack isn't my business.




          I am not talking about the validity of that, but




everything we do has this kind of limitation.




          MR. DUMELLE:   Mr. Stein, you are going into a




new Agency next week and it will be part of your business.



          MR. STEIN:  Let me clarify that.  Really the new




Agency i-s supposed to go into effect next week, but we



have a 60-day grace period.  They are even giving grace




periods now for establishing new Agencies, so we are going




to have to wait another 2 months.*




          Are there any other comments?




          MR. PURDY:  Mr. Stein, while we are talking




about setting up committees, I hope you do leave me one



or two people as an enforcement staff to carry out the



recommendations of the committees.  But with respect to



the phosphorus loading to the lake, I think that there is



some information on this in the present record.




          In our report to this first conference, January




1968, we did report on the basis of stream flows and




sampling at the mouths of the rivers the phosphorus loading





* By law t-he Environmental  Protection A-jency becomes



  effective  oecem"her ">,  1970.

-------
                                                      160/4-




                      J.  D.  Dumelle




from Michigan,  and this does total to be about 90 pounds




phosphorus as P per square mile of drainage basin.  So you




do have some concrete information in the record,  I would say,




          MR.  STEIN:  Are there any other comments?




          MR.  DUMELLE: Let  me just comment on that — two




things:  If it  is 90 pounds  as phosphorus per acre — per




square mile, and we trim  that to convert it to phosphate,




it becomes 270, and I think  the figure I quoted was 110




which, again,  shows that  it  is too low; and, secondly, your




data, Mr. Purdy, showed a very great increase because of




rainfall.  I think a 54 percent increase from one year to




the next.  And it may be  that these old figures were




collected in a dry year,  or incorrectly collected, and




that may be one reason why they are so very low.




          MR.  STEIN:  Are there any other comments?



          If not, thank you.  We will consider that, too.



I do sympathize with Mr.  Purdy's comment.



          You know, the policeman's lot in not a happy one.



I think if you will look right at the Federal Agency and




see the support troops and the people that are on the line




in Enforcement, we don't have as good enforcement as even




the modern armed services.




          Are there any other comments or questions now?




We will stand recessed for lunch until 2:00 o'clock.




          (Noon recess.)

-------
                                                    1605
                  AFTERNOON SESSION
          MR. STEIN:   Let's reconvene.




          May we have Mayor Prank Harangody of the city




of Whiting.








          STATEMENT OF FRANK HARANGODY, MAYOR,




               CITY OF WHITING, INDIANA








          MR. HARANGODY:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies




and gentlemen.




          The conferees are assembled at this conference




to consider setting a standard of 1-degree rise at point




of discharge in order to abate thermal pollution.  The




city of Whiting is concerned that a 1-degree rise will




place an undue hardship on municipal governments.




          You are aware that the Lake Michigan Basin is




an area where people heat their homes in the winter and




cool their homes in the summer.  The water supplied by




municipalities to homes stands in piping systems, toilet




tanks, and flush bowls and absorbs heat from the homes




in the winter.  In the summer, much municipally-supplied




water is used to cool air conditioner systems which also




add heat to the water.  It is very questionable whether




enough dilution will take place that a municipality can

-------
                                                    1606



                  F.  Harangody




return the water in keeping with a 1-degree  rise  without



the installation of costly cooling  equipment.



          The State of Indiana held a hearing  on  May 6,



1970, that was attended by the city of Whiting.   The water



quality standard that was adopted by the State of Indiana



concerning water temperature increases allows  a 5-degree




rise.  The city of Whiting believes the standard  adopted




by the State of Indiana to be reasonable.



          I am also here to present a report concerning




the efforts of the city of Whiting to abate  pollution of




Lake Michigan consistent with applicable water quality



standards.



          The city of Whiting is a body politic and



corporate, organized and existing under and  by virtue of



the laws of the State of Indiana, under and  by the authority



of which it exercises the powers of local administration



and government as a political subdivision of the  State of



Indiana.  The records show that in 1938 the  city  of



Whiting attempted to build a  sewage   treatment plant in




order to stop the flow of raw sewage into Lake Michigan.



Application was made under the P.W.A. and the  W.P.A.



program and the city raised $200,000 for its share of the



project.




          In the years prior to 19^3, there  was not enough

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                                                     1607
                  F.  Harangody



Federal money to accomplish the project.  The 2-percent



debt limit placed on municipalities by the Constitution



of the State of Indiana prevented the city of Whiting from



accomplishing the project without Federal financial



assistance.  Subsequent to 191*!, during the war years,



a shortage of materials prevented the commencement of



construction of the sanitary sewage treatment facility.



          In 19^3, the State of Illinois filed a lawsuit



in the Supreme Court of the United States suing the city



of Whiting as one of the many municipal and industrial



defendants.  As a result of this lawsuit, the city of



Whiting had three choices.  These choices were:




          1)  Constructing and placing in operation an



adequate sewage disposal plant, or



          2)  By delivering and continuing to deliver all



of Whiting's sanitary sewage and domestic wastes to the



sanitary district of Hammond for treatment and disposal



pursuant to said agreements of February 19, 19^5, and



August 5, 19^6, or



          3)  By any other feasible method acceptable to



Illinois and Indiana which will eliminate, discontinue and



terminate the discharge of sanitary sewage and domestic




wastes directly or indirectly into Lake Michigan.



          The city of Whiting, at that time, elected the

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                                                    1608
                  P.  Harangody




second option to discharge its sewage to the city of




Hammond's treatment facility.  The $200,000 was used to




construct the tie-in and to pay the legal fees incurred




as a result of the lawsuit.




          The contract for sewage treatment was signed




between the city of Whiting and the Sanitary District of




the city of Hammond on February 19, 19^5, prevailing for




a charge of $40 per million gallons.  Since that time, the




dry weather flow and as much of the wet weather flow as




the city of Hammond could handle has been treated by the




city of Hammond.  The treatment cost from 19^5 to 1962 was




gradually increased from $^0 to $60 per million gallons.




Prom 1962 to 1970, the treatment cost has skyrocketed




from $60 to $130 per million gallons.  This is a yearly




cost over which the city of Whiting has no control since



it is subservient to the dictates of the city of Hammond.




The escalating cost is placing an excessive burden on




our taxpayers while we have no recourse but to pay.




          Since this tie-in was made, the wet weather




flow which the city of Hammond cannot accept due to plant




limitations is being diverted into Lake Michigan by the




city of Whiting at the Atchison Avenue and Front Street




outfalls.  This condition has caused the city of Whiting




to be cited in both the First and Second Sessions of the

-------
                                                    1609
                  P.  Harangody




Conferences in the Matter of Pollution of Lake Michigan




and its Tributary Basin.




          I took office as mayor of the city of Whiting




in 1968.  The condition of Lake Michigan was of great




concern to me since I have been a resident of Whiting




all of my life.  My administration has been devoted since




1968 to accomplish everything it could do to save the




city of Whiting's most priceless asset, Lake Michigan.




          An application was filed in 1968 requesting




financial assistance  in the form of Federal funds to




construct a separate  sewer system or equal.  This




application was approved by the Lake-Porter Counties




Regional Transportation and Planning Commission, the




Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, and the Indiana




Stream Pollution Control Board.  Whiting's application  for




Federal funds was approved by Cincinnati and then referred




to Chicago where it was assigned File Mo. WS-IND-82. We




were not able to proceed because of the Indiana constitutional




2-percent debt limit  placed on municipalities which




prevented the city of Whiting from being able to




provide the necessary local funds.




          The cJty of Whiting then caused to be prepared




House Bill No. 1808 which was Introduced in the 1969




session of the Indiana General Assembly.   This bill

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                                                   1610






                   P.  Harangody




provided that any city or town contiguous  to a second-




class city could form a first-class sanitary district.




Indiana law allows a statutory debt limit  of 10 percent




of assessed valuation for a first-class sanitary district.




House Bill No. 1808 received bi-partisan support and was




passed by the Legislature and signed by the Governor




becoming Chapter 248 of the Acts of the 1969 Indiana




General Assembly.




          The Common Council of the city of Whiting then




duly adopted and passed Ordinance No. 1118 which created




a first-class Sanitary District for the city of Whiting.




After adoption and approval of this ordinance, I appointed




the Board of Sanitary Commissioners.




          The first order of business of the Board of




Sanitary Commissioners was to interview numerous engineering




firms for the purpose of hiring a competent engineer to



prepare a feasibility study In order to determine a means




of ending the city of Whiting's sewer and pollution




problems.  They selected the firm of Russell, Schubert,




Hamilton and Associates, Inc., of 1^03 North Delaware




Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.  The contract was signed




and preliminary work began.




          The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, on




January 20, 1970, ordered that a hearing be held in

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                                                   1611
                  F. Harangody



Indianapolis on February 10, 1970, concerning the city of




Whiting's combined sewer overflows at Atchison Avenue and




Front Street.  The city was represented at this hearing




by Leroy L. Young, Secretary of the Board of Sanitary




Commissioners; Board Attorney Donald L, Gray; Ernest R.




Hamilton, and myself.  The evidence presented at this




hearing was taken under advisement.




          The Board of Sanitary Commissioners filed with




the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board on April 15,




1970, an application for applying for State and Federal




funds for the proposed water pollution control facilities.




          On June ?2, 1970, Ernest R. Hamilton presented




to the Board of Sanitary Commissioners Plans A, B, C, and




D as possible alternative solutions to the sewer and




pollution problems.  Plans A and B were two rrethods of




installing separate systems in the city of Whiting.  Plans



C and D provided that the city of Whiting build their own




sewage treatment facility.  None of the plans were accepted




as such; however, the Board of Sanitary Commissioners




tentatively approved Plan C with variations.  After further




research, Ernest R. Hamilton prepared Plan E.




          By letter dated June 19, 1970, B. A. Poole,




Technical Secretary of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control




Board, notified Donald L. Gray, Attorney for the Whiting

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                                                   1612
                   P,  Harangody




Sanitary District,  that A.  C.  Offutt,  M.D.,  Hearing Officer,




had filed the hearing officer's recommended  findings of




fact and suggested order of the Stream Pollution Control



Board versus the city of Whiting,  Indiana,  in C?se   No.




B-76.




          Leroy L.  Young, in behalf of the  city of




Whiting, by letter dated July 6, 1970, objected to  these




findings of fact in the report of the  hearing officer




since these recommended findings of fact contained




statements that were not factual,  were inaccurate,  and




were highly argumentative.   It was requested that the




Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board not  enter the




recommended action of the hearing officer until the city




of Whiting had the additional time needed to present a




workable plan.  Preliminary Plans A, B, D,  C, And E,




together with drawings as prepared by  the consulting




engineer, were delivered to the Indiana Stream Pollution




Control Board on July 21, 1970.




          The Board of Sanitary Commissioners approved




Plan E and sought the approval of the  Indiana Stream




Pollution Control Board.  Indiana law requires that all




such installations, as we propose to build,  must be




approved by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board.




          This approval is an absolute prerequisite before

-------
                                                    1613





                    F.  Harangody



the Board of Sanitary Commissioners could authorize their



engineer to proceed to Phase II, which Includes prepnrr.tion



of detailed plans and specifications.



          A 137-page report entitled, "Sanitary Sew.erage




System and Water Pollution Control Facilities," prepared



by the consulting engineer, delineates in Plan E a complete



solution to the sewage and pollution problems of the




city of Whiting which the city of Whiting can accomplish



with limited financial assistance.



          Plan E provides for:



          1)  A treatment facility of the very latest



design with the most effective equipment now known to the




engineering profession.  It would provide primary, secon-



dary and tertiary treatment of all sanitary, storm and



industrial wastes.  Here I wish to emphasize that we



propose to treat all of the wastewater of the city of



Whiting, including both wet weather and dry weather flow.



The capacity of the treatment facility is sized so it



will handle the dry weather flow plus an average daily



amount.of storm water in excess of the daily average for




the heaviest month of rainfall since 1885.




          2)  A retention basin large enough to handle



the entire storm runoff of the heaviest month of rainfall



since 1885.

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                                                    1614
                  F.  Harangody




          3)  The outfalls at Atchison Avenue and Front




Street that connect the sewer system of the city of WMting




to Lake Michigan would be removed and sealed.




          4)  The completely treated effluent from the new




facility would be discharged into the Indiana Harbor Canal




near Indianapolis Boulevard depending on the route approved.




          The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,  at




its meeting on July 21, 1970, adopted and recommended




findings of fact and suggested order of the hearing




officer and summarily overruled the objections filed by




Leroy L. Young.   This was done without notice to the city




of Whiting and the opportunity to be present as required




by Indiana law.




          The city of Whiting received a letter from B. A.




Poole, dated July 27, 1970, which reads as follows:




          "Re:  Application for State and Federal Grant




Funds for Sewage Work Project, Whiting




          "A review has been made of your project




application.  It is noted that a Federal grant of $1,^36,250




and a State grant of $718,125 are requested to help finance




the construction of a new treatment plant, intercepting




sewers, outfall sewers, pumping station, detention basins,




etc.  An engineering report has not been submitted.

-------
                                                    1615
                   F.  Harangody




          "The proposal to construct a new sewage treatment




plant and to discontinue the discharge of dry weather sewage




flow to the Hammond Sanitary District for treatment at the




district sewage treatment plant is at variance with Federal




Water Quality Administration requirements which place




additional emphasis on the requirement that treatment works




be included in a metropolitan or regional plan for




pollution abatement.




          "In view of the preceding, no priority rating




is recommended for the Whiting project as described by




your application.  It is recommended that the city proceed




with a project to abate the discharge of combined sewer




overflow to Lake Michigan, to provide adequate disinfection




of all storm water  discharge to Lake Michigan and to make




Improvements to the sewer system as necessary to assure



that all sewage and wastes from the city of Whiting is




discharged to the Hammond Sanitary District for treatment.




          "Very truly yours, B. A. Poole, Technical




Secretary"




          Many phone calls were made to the staff of the




Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board between July 27




and September 8, 1970, requesting a conference to discuss




Plan E.  Finally, on Septeberm 8, 1970, the Board of




Sanitary Commissioners consisting of Joseph A. McDonald,

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                                                   1616
                   P.  Harangody



Edward D. Harbin, and  Leroy L. Young,  Board Attorney Donald




L. Gray, Ernest R. Hamilton and two of his associates,  and



myself, met with Perry Miller, Acting Technical Secretary,



and Oral Hert, Director of the Division of Water Pollution




Control of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board




staff.



          They stated  that Plan E was unacceptable to them



for the following reasons:



          1)  They would have to monitor another treatment



facility.



          2)  Mr. Perry Miller stated he has principles



which would not allow  him to recommend that the city of



Whiting build its own  sewage treatment facility.



          3) The plan would be unacceptable to the Federal



Water Quality Administration.



          4) Perry Miller could not recommend approval of



the Whiting project even if it had been proposed 10 years




ago because of the 19^3 lawsuit.



          5)  They were opposed to Whiting hairing a new



outfall which would not flow westward in the Illinois



waterway system.



          After questioning, it become obvious that these



members of the staff had not studied the report and that



they were unaware of what we proposed to build in Plan E.

-------
                                                    1617
                  F.  Harangody




Yet they made a judgment that we should not be allowed to




build a sewage treatment plant of the most advanced design




that would include tertiary treatment.




          This session was completely fruitless.  The




staff members present from the Indiana Stream Pollution




Control Board were, in their words "principled."  However,




we must solve a city's problems and we consider this




attitude to be the typical dogmatic bureaucratic attitude




which is the subject  of editorials.  They assume dictatorial




powers and attempt to make everyone appearing before them




bend to their wishes.




          The Board of Sanitary Commissioners requested a




hearing before the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board




at their next meeting that was being held on September 15,




1970.



          The Board of Sanitary Commissioners, Board




Attorney Donald L. Gray, Ernest R. Hamilton, Charles




Schubert, and two of  their associates, and myself,




appeared before the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board



on September 15, 1970.




          I presented the following statement:




          "In Re:   City of Whiting, Water Pollution




          Abatement




          "Gentlemen:

-------
                  P.  Harangody




          "As Mayor of the city of Whiting,  Indian*,  T can




only view with disfavor the condition of Lake Michigan.




The citizens of Whiting have been deprived of the full




use of their park and beach facilities for many  years and




it is my sincerest wish that the pollution of lake




Michigan be abated.  Physically the city of Whiting has




more shoreline than either Hammond or East Chicago and




our citizens have as much or more to gain per capita from




stopping the pollution of Lake Michigan than the citizens




of any other city in the State.  Therefore,  we are pledging




our best efforts to work towards alleviating this problem




and our citizens are ready to sacrifice for a complete




solution to the problem.




          "I cannot accept the thought that we should buy




a partial solution when a full solution is possible.




          "I disagree that the city of Whiting should




continue to pump storm and sanitary overflows to Lake




Michigan with only disinfection as ordered by the Indiana




Stream Pollution Control Board on June f9> 1970.




          "The sewage treatment charges of the city of




Hammond have increased from $60 per million gallons in




1962 to $130 per million gallons in 1970.  This escalating




cost of treatment prohibits the city of Whiting from




committing itself to a future program of complete

-------
                                                     1619
                   F.  Harangody



dependence on the city of Hammond and prohibits pumping all




storm and wastewaters  to the Hammond Sanitary District



on the basis of economics.



          "We have caused to be prepared a 137-page report



entitled, "Sanitary Sewerage System and Water Pollution



Control Facilities," copies of which have been delivered



to the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board staff.



          "We have also caused to be prepared a fact



sheet which summarizes said report and is attached to



this statement.



          "The analysis and evaluation of the five alterna-




tive plans in this report by the city administration of




the city of Whiting in conjunction with the consulting



engineer leads me to the conclusion that Plan E is the



complete solution that we have sought.



          "We are therefore asking this Board to do the



following:



          "1)  Order that the city of Whiting be rated.



          "2)  Determine the priority of the city of



Whiting's application for sewage treatment project



construction grant.




          "3)  Modify  the Board's order of June 19, 1970,



to allow evaluation of the five alternative plans submitted



by the city of Whiting.

-------
                                                   1620
                   P. Harangody




          "•4)  Modify the Board's order of June 19,  1970,




to approve Plan E of the city of Whiting as an effective




project for pollution abatement consistent with applicable




water quality standards.




          "Respectfully submitted, Prank Harangody,




Mayor, City of Whiting."




          Mr. B. A. Poole, Technical Secretary of the




Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board made many state-




ments throughout the course of the meeting of September




15, 1970.  Some of these statements were made in the




presence of the city of Whiting and some were not.  The




city of Whiting has procured  a tape of this entire meeting




and I must admit that Mr. B.  A. Poole used his influence




in the form of half truths and innuendoes to the utmost



to influence the Board's decision that the city of Whiting




not be rated and that Plan E not be approved.  At one




point in these tapes Mr. B. A. Poole said, and I quote,




"I scanned their report last night."  (Emphasis supplied)




          His statements made during the course of the day




prove that he had not given the report any consideration




and did not understand its content.




          The reasons given by the staff of the Indiana




Stream Pollution Control Board have caused several inquiries




by the city of Whiting.  The following are our conclusions

-------
                                                   1621
                   F. Harangody




based on these Inquiries:




          1)  The record of the lawsuit originated by the




State of Illinois in the Supreme Court in 19^3 shows that




the city of Whiting submitted three alternatives to cease




pollution of Lake Michigan.  The first of these alterna-




tives was that the city of Whiting build their own sewage




treatment facility.  This we have proposed since 19^5 and




we are still asking that we be allowed to do so at the




present time.




          2)   Regarding the allegation of Mr. Perry Miller




and Mr. B. A. Poole that the Federal Water Quality




Administration would not allow the city of Whiting to build




a treatment facility, Mr. Holloman of the Federal Water




Quality Administration for the Lake Michigan Basin stated




that he was not aware of any such ruling or prohibitive




policy.  It was requested of Mr. Holloman that he transmit




any and all Federal policies, rules, regulations, etc.




concerning the city of Whiting to me as soon as possible.



          3)  I was truly amazed by the statement of the




Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board staff that an




Indiana treatment facility ciuld not be built unless It




could discharge its effluent into a waterway draining




westward Into Illinois.  I have not been able to determine




that the Federal Government is in collusion with the State

-------
                                                   1622
                   F.  Harangody



of Indiana against the State of Illinois  and I am quite



sure the State of Illinois would not agree to this



arrangement.  Gentlemen,  I believe pollution must be




abated.



          4)  The Board of Sanitary Commissioners of the




city of Whiting has retained an attorney  to investigate



the possibility of seeking relief in the  courts by



obtaining an injunction against the Indiana Stream



Pollution Control Board whose actions against the city



of Whiting have been arbitrary, capricious, and detri-



mental to the best interests of the city  of Whiting,



          The city of Whiting as of today does not have



the necessary approval of the Indiana Stream Pollution



Control Board for its water pollution abatement project.



          In effect, the Indiana Stream Pollution Control



Board has patted the city of Whiting on the back and nent



them home with instructions to come back  next year.



          It is my understanding that it  is the avowed



Federal policy to save Lake Michigan and  not let it



deteriorate to the same fate as Lake Erie.




          It has been reported that Congress is going to



appropriate billions of dollars for water pollution



control projects.



          The present public awareness of the environmental

-------
                                                    1623
                  F.  Harangody




ecological problems in the United States makes it seem



incongruous that all  of the good intentions of the Federal



Government and municipalities such as the city of Whiting



can be so easily frustrated by a staff decision to postpone




action by a State water pollution control agency.



          It is a paradox of our time that when you have



Federal and State laws to compel municipalities and



industries to institute water pollution abatement control



projects that the city of Whiting comes forward seeking



approval and financial assistance to voluntarily construct



a sanitary treatment  plant of the latest engineering




design providing tertiary treatment to eliminate the



discharge of raw sewage in Lake Michigan and to maintain



water quality standards, that they are summarily rejected.




Let's face it, gentlemen, no action is tantamount to



rejection.



          If this is  true, this means that the 1968, the



1969, as well as this conference being held in Chicago



this week is nothing  more than window dressing that attempts



to fool the people that live in the Lake Michigan Basin.




You have a conferee present who by his actions has denied




the city of Whiting the opportunity to solve its sewer and



pollution problems and, on the other hand, insists that




the discharge from combined sewers must be stopped.  He

-------
                                                  1624
                 P.  Harangody




knows that this is not possible.




          Gentlemen, the people of Whiting,  Indiana,  would




like to be convinced that what you are  doing in these




conferences concerning water pollution  abatement is more




than a mental exercise for the purpose  of getting publicity.




          It is within the power of those present here  to




insist that the city of Whiting be allowed to proceed with




Its water pollution abatement project.




          Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for  the opportunity  to




present this statement.




          MR. STEIN:  Thank you,  Mr. Mayor.




          Do you have any comments or questions?




          Do you want to stay at the podium?




          MR. HARANGODY:  I will stand  up here if you don't




mind, Perry.




          MR. STEIN:  You don't mind, do you?




          MR. HARANGODY:  No, I dont mind.




          MR. MILLER:  I think I must respond on behalf




of the Stream Pollution Control Board to this presentation




by the mayor of the city of Whiting, and I certainly  would




say that there are many things that I disagree with which




he has included in what he has presented* But I think the




real important thing for the conferees  to consider is that




the staff and the Board In its actions  were considering

-------
                                                      1625
                      F. Harangody




that the request of Whiting was for a new discharge that




would go into Lake Michigan.




          To understand this, I think you must know that




the city of Hammond, which is currently treating the wastes




for  the city of Whiting, discharges into the Grand Calumet




River which during most all of the time flows westward into




Illinois and does not come back to Lake Michigan.  And any




plant discharging for the city of Whiting into the Indiana




Harbor Canal would be tributary to Lake Michigan and not to




the Grand Calumet River.




          This new source of pollution is contrary to the




recommendations and findings of the conferees of this




conference  of the Calumet area conference.     Further we




believe also that there is some implications at least in




the new regulations adopted by FWQA requiring regional




types of programs .     It. was on the basis also that the



Board does have an order that was issued and one of the




findings, as the mayor said, is that — and recommendations



— is that they continue to discharge to the city of Hammond,




and we believe that proper procedures were followed in the




issuance of this order*




          So it was on this basis that we — and I say "we,"




the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board — came to a




decision that it would not rate the Whiting project, that

-------
                                                    1626
                  F.  Harangody




we would explore the  possibilities with FWQA as  to the




compliance with their regulations, as to compliance with




the findings of the conferees of this conference,  and if




they were agreeable,  then we would rate the project next




year •     I think that this was a Justifiable conclusion,




and one that is based upon fact, that is not arbitrary,




and it is in keeping with the policies of the State of




Indiana and of the conferees.




          MR. STEIN:   Are there any other comments or




questions?




          Do you want to respond to that, Mr. Mayor?




          MR. HARANGODY:  In the Federal Register, there




is a requirement that you have a central disposal unit.




However, this is not in the immediate future.  Mr. Miller



would not tell us if the plant he wishes us to implement



would be valid in the next 5 years.  He couldn't guarantee




anything.  There is no such regional plan as of now and




none in the foreseeable future.  There are no laws on the




books to implement such plan,and we must stay at a stand-




still until such thing has been permitted by State statute,




etc., etc.  That is all I have to say.




          MR. STEIN:   Any other comment or question?




          Mr. Mayor,  let me tell you, you have presented




the last three or four pages as a fact.  What do you think

-------
                                                     162?
                   F.  Harangody




of those facts?  Do you agree that that is a fact sheet?




          MR. MILLER:   No, I don't agree this is a fact




sheet.  There are many facts pointed out in this presen-




tation which, so help  me, are not factual.




          MR. STEIN:  One of these things relates — I




think maybe I better clarify that.  You say it Is within




the power of tnose present here to insist that the city of




Whiting be allowed to  proceed with its water pollution




abatement project.




          Now, I know  we have in the Federal statute —




it is rather complex — but we have the primary rights




and responsibilities to abate water pollution resting with




the State, and we set  up certain requirements at this




conference, and we turned it back to the States to admin-




ister this under State laws and regulations.  Th!s is the




Federal statute procedure. Therefore, your problem, as




you pointed out here — and if there is a problem and I




am sure there is — relates to your relationship with yur




State government, Isn't that correct?




          J.R. HARANGODY:  Jf you put It that way, but they




refer us to the Federal Government.




          MR. STEIN:  Right.  Now, we cannot, as far




as I read the Federal  law, require any St.ite government to




issue or not issue a permit that it is

-------
                                                      1623
                        F. Harangody



taking under its laws and procedure.  Not only can't we




do it, but I don't think the other States can do it for a




neighboring State.




          However, the city of Whiting presumably is




still discharging storrawater contrary to the standard



requirements, as I understand it, and the requirements



of the conference.




          Now, we do have a procedure under the Federal




Government whereby we can get this resolved one way or




the other.  That is, we can file a 180-day Notice apainst




the city of Whiting and see what you are going to do.  If




you don't do it, we can go to court and-the Federal




Court can decide what is going to happen.



          Now, I think the alternatives that the conferees



here have should be borne in mind, because I do not think



we have the power by any law that I know of to change or



direct the State of Indiana to change its law, change




its procedure, or adjust its orders.  This is a State




matter over which none of the people at this table, other




than the Indiana representatives, have any authority.



While I appreciate what you are saying and what you are




asking us to do, I am not sure that is within our powers.




          MR. HARANGODY:  Our city attorney would like to




speak.

-------
                                                   1629
                   P,  Harangody




          MR. GRAY:  In reply to Mr. Stein's comment, I




would like to direct your attention to my understanding




of the law and that is this:  The Federal Government has




the most powerful weapon called the purse strings.  It




is my understanding that the Government provides under




Public Law 600 funds which can be used in two methods:




one by direct construction grants on a 30-percent basis




without State participation; the other is where you have




the 50 percent — 25 percent State participation and 25




percent by the local government.




          Our application was filed in keeping with the




Indiana rules to try to secure a grant of the 75 percent




moneys.  My theory, and our thinking in the city of




Whiting is this:   that we cannot get this type of funding.




          The engineering report shows an alternative,




which is to apply for Federal funds on a 30 plus a possible




10 percent increase for a total of MO percent funding.




This is within your bailiwick as I understand the PWQA




Act.  And it is our impression that we have been informed




by the State that if the Federal Government says that it




is permissible to create or construct a water treatment




plant, teritary phases of the most advanced design, we




would not be discharging pollution into Lake Michigan^ we




would be discharging an effluent that would be clean and

-------
                                                      1630
                       F.  Harangody



clear enough to drink.



          The Federal law says that you are to maintain




the quality of the water of Lake Michigan and you are to




do everything within your power to maintain and set the



standard for good quality water.




          MR. STEIN: Let me clarify that.  While there



may be some differences in what you have said and this,




I don't think that is the operating point.  Whether you




get 30 percent money, 33 percent money, 55 percent money,



the same limitation prevails.




          Let me give you this limitation.  When this law



was passed, there were various points of view taken about




primacy of State, Federal, or local rates.  One of the




things that the Congress put forth as a prerequisite to



any grant — any grant, whatever the money is, and this



is the point — was that the priority listing for that



grant would be in the hands of the State agency, not the



Federal Government.  The Federal Government was not given




the authority to select projects within the State.  All




we can do is make allocations of the grant funds.




          Now, it is true that the State priority system



must meet certain Federal criteria, and the project also,



once it achieves a State priority, must meet certain




other Federal requirements.  But I repeat:  Under the

-------
                                                    1631




                  P. Harangody




Federal law, no one in the Federal Government



selects the priority of a project within a State.  That Is



up to the State Government, and until we get a certification



from the State, we can't give you any construction




grants.  The law is very clear on that.  The Congress was




very clear on that.  And I think even with the newer



members, no one is proposing changing this.



          But this is not, sir — if you don't like the



way this works — and I know there are differences of



opinion — this is not the right forum. We can use it




as a sounding board, but if anyone is going to change



that it has to be the Congress and not UP..*     A.s far as



I know there has been no serious proposal to change that



feature of the Federal law.



          MR. GRAY:  Mr. Stein, I am cognizant of what you



are saying and I recognize that the Federal law does



provide that it must be with "the approval" of the



State pollution control agency.  This we are not



quarreling about.



          However, what we are saying is that when we  in




a small community  go to the State agency, we are told of




the existence of certain Federal policies which are



prohibitive in nature.     We come to you and say, "Well,



now, if these are a matter of Federal policy, this

-------
                                                        1632
                       F. Harangody




certainly should be within your jurisdiction,  and therefore



you would have the ability to determine what your own




policies are and whether they would prevent Whiting from




doing what it is attempting to do."



          This is the information and the impression — I




use that word "impression" — that we have received is




that Federal policy is adverse to the city of  Whiting,



and we say to you gentlemen sitting here dictating or




creating or establishing Federal policy:  Is this true?



And, if so, please be aware of our problem and take this




into consideration in establishing your Federal policy.




          MR. STEIN:  By the way, I fully understand




that.  I think we have something here that has to be solved.




But again in reading your report, there are a  lot of



other things beyond the Federal policy.  I am  not making



a judgment; obviously we cannot do that.  But  there are



allegations here whether the State is seriously considering



your project, whether they understood it, whether they




even read your proposal, etc.




          MR. GRAY:  This is a matter for the  State court.




          MR. STEIN:  I understand that.



          But it seems to me, sir, that before we get even

-------
                                                      1633
                       F. Harangody



to the Federal issue, we have to get these things resolved




with the State, because we are not proceeding in an orderly



way.  In other words, I have known the people in Indiana




State Government for many years, and I know all of the




people including Dr. Offutt, the hearing officer, that you



mentioned here.  It has been my experience through the




years that these people are among the most knowledgeable



people in water pollution.  They are aware of the Federal




and State law and State regulations.  As I understand it,




when they have certain prerogatives under the Federal




Act, they have to make that initial determination.



          I would suggest if the issue gets narrowed down




to the point that there are no allegations on either side



but the sole difference between you and the State might be




a question of Federal policy, that is the time perhaps that



you may want to direct your inquiry.  But the way this case



sits now, there seems to be a good deal to be done between



the municipality and the State to get the project squared



away.  The answer is if there is a Federal question;




if we are dealing with a clear Federal question and if




that is the only impediment to the project.  As I read




it there seems to be a lot more than that.

-------
                                                       1634






                      F» Harangody



          MR. GRAY:  Well, the record — the 16-page



presentation by the mayor was an attempt to present an



actual chronological sequence of events which have occurred




which have led us to be at this meeting today.



          In all fairness to Mr. Offutt for whom I have



great respect, at the time of the hearing on the 15th of



September, there were only four members in actual attendance



when Whiting made its presentation, including Mr. Offutt.



Mr. Perry Miller — he was physically present but he did



not become vocal and make any comments either for or in



opposition to Whiting's request.  The opposition was from



Mr. Blucher Poole, and the recommendations of the staff



and the technical secretary were accepted by the four



members who constituted a quorum at that meeting.



          We have requested the opportunity to be present



at the next meeting on — I believe it is scheduled for



October 20, because we do sincerely and earnestly feel



that they obviously did not understand or fully realize



what we were trying to propose to them.



          What we were concerned about is the fact that



we are under order from the Board as well as a prior



order from 196? from the  Federal Government to do some-



thing by the end of 1970, and were in effect told to go



home and come back next year.  That puts us in kind of a

-------
                                                      1635
                       F. Harangody



limbo.




          MR. STEIN:  I think it does.   I think if you



don't do anything by 1970 you are going to be in violation



of a Federal directive, and we are going to be around to




see you.




          MR. GRAY:  So all I can say, gentlemen, is "help."



          MR. STEIN:  I don't know if the cities appreciate




it when we knock on their door, but we will be there.



          Now, I suggest you sit down once more with the



State of Indiana and try to get this resolved.




          I am making this suggestion to both the Indiana



representatives and you.  Now, if you both feel, after your




next meeting — the city, the State, just yourselves get




together — that there are issues which cannot be resolved



because of unclarity or some doubt or disagreement on what



the Federal requirements are and you both agree that the



Federal people would be useful, I would suggest that you



get in touch with Mr. Mayo.  I am sure his office  or we



would be glad to provide all of the assistance we can.




          The reason I suggest that you get together




again is that it will narrow the issue before you get



the Federal people in it — the Federal questions.  Because




I don't think it will be helpful at all if the Federal




people get involved in some of the differences which you

-------
                                                      1636
                       F. Harangody



apparently have between you and the State.  This is in the




nature — and I don't like to make an analogy — of a family




quarrel and you get a third party in.  You are not going to




solve the situation, you are just going to complicate it.




And a good portion of these questions are whether you



understand the project and what you want to go for are



really not Federal questions.




          MR. MAYO:  Frequently it is the third party that




ends up in the hospital.



          MR. STEIN:  That is right.




          MR. GRAY:  I want to thank Mr. Stein and the



other conferees for listening, and I like Mr. Stein's analysis




and recognition of the problem.  I do concur with the



thought that perhaps we should and we would be receptive



to sitting down with Mr. Perry Miller who has now assumed



the position and title and the power of Mr. Poole, and I



would hope he would do this with an open mind.  What we




were concerned about is to be foreclosed for one full year,




and this was the impression that we received when we




walked out of Indianapolis.



          MR. MILLER:  First of all, I want to say that we

-------
                                                       1637
                       F. Harangody



are aware, and we have studied this report, and the comments



of Mr. Poole at the Board represented the staff's viewpoint



and that there is no question about this.



          I think there is another problem that Whiting



has that we don't need to go into as far as eligibility for



funds in this fiscal year, even if they were rated.  But



we certainly, I think, have viewed this with an open mind.



And our thought, as far as the requirement in the regula-



.tions and of this conference, is that the State of Indiana



is involved in interstate  conferences — this is in the



interstate waters — that we are adding a new source of



pollution, and admittedly it is small, even with tertiary



treatment.  But these are issues that have to be resolved,



I think, before we can come to grips.  And I firmly believe



that since Whiting's sewage has been treated since 1945



by the city of Hammond, that it can continue to be treated



there and that Whiting can treat stormwater as well.



          MR, GRAY:  I think that could become involved



in a two-way discussion which won't be fair to the con-



ferees.  So I will follow Mr. Stein's admonition that this



is a matter that should be handled within our local State



government.  I assume Mr. Perry Miller is aware of the



fact that the city of Whiting does wish to be in attendance



at the next regularly scheduled Board meeting on October

-------
                                                       1633
                       F. Harangody



20.  This was so stated on September 15.




          And as to what other course of  action we will



take, I should like to suggest, in trying to define and




narrow the issues — and if there is a Federal question,




and there is a Federal question or more than one question,



we would like to anticipate the assistance of your Federal




Regional Office here in Chicago.



          MR. STEIN:  Yes.  By the way, we are not limited




to that.  Although I think this can be resolved in the Chicago




office, if you ask us a Federal question  regarding your




operation, we will commit the whole Federal resource if



there is a Federal question to help solve this problem.




          MR. GRAY:  Thank you, Mr. Stein.



          MR. STEIN:  I have one more.  I think you raise



a rather interesting question here.  If you say reduction



of heat is a burden, it may be a burden on the municipality



or we have a problem of heat in the lake.




          You know, from reading this, I  get the idea that



you are committed.  I don't think there is any question




of your commitment to provide as clean water to the lake



as you can regardless of the permits of the plant.




I am not getting into that because that is between you



and the State.  You are talking about coming up with

-------
                                                     1639




                      F. Harangody




tertiary treatment and even treating the storrujater,  and




that is furtner than what I think most cities have gone .




So I think on its face, the end results of what you are




trying to do in the program are commendable.



          If we have the heat problem, I think we have to




really look at this.  I am not sure that we can ask the




cities — and you may have a point —to  reduce   the heat




fromtfte'ir water.  Some of the cities particularly may use




water from wells,which in the winter  when it starts out




is warmer than the surface water.  But if we have a heat




problem in the lake and we set up categories and the cities




are out, and we are not going to have too many restrictions




on them, and based on an assumption which we haven't made




yet that we have to control the heat, this may lead us to



even more stringent requirements on industrial users.




          And you recognize the implications of what you



are doing, because if we are going to make this kind of




classification, and you have powerplants and other indus-



tries putting out heat and we have to keep that heat down,



and we are going to recognize that the problems of munici-




palities may be a little more lenient, this may require us




possibly to require more stringent requirements on the




other dischargers to the lake  if we have to control it.




          MR. GRAY:  While our written report doesn't




cover this — and I am not an expert and I am not an

-------
                                                       1640




                      F. Harangody



engineer — the observation I wanted to make was the fact



that I was aware that some of your industrial users in the



Lake Michigan Basin — their attorneys have called me and



pointed out that this conference was significant} that



if they wish to establish thermal heating plants or plants



using that type of heat, they might be discharging an



effluent that would have a 14-degree rise.



          Now, some of these same industrial users were



in attendance at that meeting we had in Indianapolis on



May 1 at which I was present, and the State of Indiana —



if I am wrong, Mr. Miller, correct me — we had an 8-degree



input-output rise permissible and they wanted to reduce



this down to 5 degrees, and I assume that the Board will



act accordingly.



          Now, with reference, however, to Lake Michigan,



we are in a position that we have a water intake from



Lake Michigan, So we are vitally concerned, because our



source of raw water is from Lake Michigan, so we need to



have it clean, too.



          Then, also I have talked to the consulting



engineers,    I am informed that we do have the problem



that with municipal discharge of water into a lake, that



it is going to be in the wintertime below ground and, there-



fore, at a temperature higher than freezing, and the




probability is that your shore  front where the  outfall

-------
                                                      1641
                       F. Harangody



would be located is freezing.  So the paradox would be



that we have to discharge ice cubes to maintain the same



degree of temperature as the surface of the water.  I



don't mean to be funny but it did cross my mind.



          So, therefore, the municipalities are perhaps



in a special category which would mean they could be



excluded entirely or else could be made, as you put it,



more lenient — the thought being that because we increase



it 2 degrees, I think the point was we will have to make



the industries more restrictive, isn't that right?



          MR. STEIN:  That is right.



          MR. GRAY:  Okay.



          MR. STEIN:  If we make these categories enough



to preserve the waters of the lake that you use as your



water intake, you see the basic job we have — and you



hit this firmly here — is not to have this water resource



deteriorate because this is one of our most important



national assets.  But if the water resource deteriorates,



you are going to have a heck of a time with your water



supply.  I know Mr. Vaughn from Chicago who spoke this



morning, and is still here maybe can translate this.  Before



we had this program under way and — this comes from a



1943 case — there were times that the city of Chicago



water intake had taste and odor problems from the

-------
                                                      1642
                       F. Harangody



phenols and other substances which presumably were traced



to petroleum operations in your area.  This I think we



have knocked down considerably due to this program.



          What I am saying is that if heat, in fact, is



a problem or anything is a problem in the lake, people who



have to use the water for their water intake like Hammond



and Chicago are going to be the first —



          MR. GRAY:  And Whiting.



          MR. STEIN:  — and Whiting, I am sorry — and



Whiting are going to be the first ones to suffer because



you are right on the line, dependent on that water for



your water supply.



          MR. GRAY:  That is correct, and I think you have



hit the button on the head, too.  Only in relation to the



question is heat increase a contributing factor to further



degradation of the lake, this is what you must initially



decide.  Once you make that decision, then you implement



it, and I am not the authority on that.



          I have read the comments last night in the papers



of some professor that appeared here and said that Lake



Michigan in substance is the largest mixing basin in the



world and added heat really won 't make that much difference

-------
                                                      1643





                      R. E. Anderson



on aquatic life, etc., etc.



          I was in attendance at a hearing on May 6 when



we had that professor from the University of Minnesota



working under a Federally-funded project on research.  He



came to Indianapolis and presented a written report, which



Mr. Miller should have available in his file, in effect,,



saying that heat increase does not adversely affect



aquatic life.  But I won't take any posture or position



pn that because I am not the authority.  That is up to you



gentlemen to decide.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much.



          May we have Paul A. Kuhn for Raymond E. Anderson?








          STATEMENT OF RAYMOND E. ANDERSON, GENERAL



          MANAGER, NORTH SHORE SANITARY DISTRICT,



          WAUKEGAN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, WAUKEGAN,



             ILLINOIS (PRESENTED BY PAUL A. KUHN)








          MR. KUHN:  My name is Paul A. Kuhn, Associate in



the consulting firm of Greeley and Hansen.  We are the



consulting engineers for the North Shore Sanitary District.



          Chairman Stein, I want to apologize for Mr.



Anderson.  He is laid up with a virus and is unable to



present the. paper himself, and as we helped him prepare

-------
                                                      1644





                      R, E. Anderson



it, he asked me to present it.  This is a statement on Lake



Michigan thermal pollution standards.



          We understand that the principal concern of the



hearings on thermal pollution standards for Lake Michigan



has been standards for heated cooling water discharges to



the lake.  We believe that attention should also be given



to the following discharges which are governed by thermal



pollution standards which now exist or may be established,



          1,  Discharges of treated municipal wastewater.



          2,  Discharges of treated municipal combined



sewage overflows.




          The North Shore Sanitary District is now discharg-



ing treated municipal wastewater to Lake Michigan.  Our



present program envisions the ultimate diversion of all such



discharges from Lake Michigan,  The Sanitary District, how-



ever, lacks sufficient financing to forecast with certainty



the time at which the discharge from the Waukegan Sewage



Treatment Plant will be diverted from the lake.  If necessary



financing is made available to the Sanitary District through



the passage of the proposed $750 million Anti-pollution Bond



Issue, and from other sources, we can expect to accomplish



the Waukegan diversion before the end of 1973.



          The Sanitary District's project includes facili-



ties for the treatment of combined sewage overflows at the

-------
                                                      1645
                      R. E. Anderson



North Chicago and Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plants.  It is




expected that the discharge of such treated wastewater to




the lake will continue during periods of wet weather for




the foreseeable future.




          We will direct our remarks concerning thermal




pollution standards to the discharge of treated municipal




wastewater at the Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant, as this




is the only municipal sewage treatment plant in Illinois




which will discharge treated municipal wastewater to Lake




Michigan following completion of the first phase of the




Sanitary District's current construction program.  The




data available on thermal effects of the discharge of




treated wastewater at Waukegan are as follows:




          1.  Waukegan Water Treatment Plant raw water




temperature records.




          2.  Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant raw sewage



temperature records.




          No data are available on the thermal effects of




treatment of combined sewer overflows, as facilities for




the treatment of such wastewaters have not yet been con-




structed.  We would expect some difference in temperature




between effluent from a combined sewage overflow treatment




facility and the receiving lake water.  Furthermore, wo




would expect that such discharges could meet any thermal

-------
                                                      1646






                      R.  E.  Anderson



pollution standard attainable by the effluent from a



municipal wastewater treatment plant.



          Municipal sewage is principally water from the



public water supply system plus the waste materials added



to it as the water is used by the public.  Heat is added to



the water supplied for public use through the discharge of



such heated waters as laundry, bathroom and kitchen wastes0



Some of the heat added to the sewage by the public may be



lost to the ground as the sewage flows to the treatment



plant.  Such heat losses are, however, insufficient to



offset the heat gain through public use of the water,



          No data are available on the•change in temperature



of the sewage through the sewage treatment process as



effluent temperatures have not baen measured and recorded.



Attention is, therefore, directed towards a comparison of



raw sewage and raw water temperatures.



          The regional Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant was



put into operation in 1937.  The outfall of the Waukegan



Sewage Treatment Plant is approximately  5,500 feet from



the original Waukegan waterworks intake,  A new waterworks



intake was recently completed which is approximately B,500



feet from the outfall.  The Waukegan Water Treatment Plant



began operation in 1930,



          The monthly average raw water  temperatures at the

-------
                                                      1647





                      R. E. Anderson



Waukegan Water Treatment Plant for the years 1930 to 1969



are shown on Exhibit A.  (See Pp. 164S-1653)  There is no



substantial difference in monthly average raw water



temperatures over the 40 years of record and, significantly,



no discernible difference since the sewage treatment plant



was placed in operation.



          In Exhibit B (See P. 1654), the monthly average



raw water temperatures at the Waukegan Waterworks for the



period 1965 to 1969 are compared with the monthly average



raw sewage temperatures at the Waukegan Sewage Treatment



Plant.  The maximum recorded water and sewage temperatures



are also compared.  The difference in temperature between



the raw sewage and raw lake water varies substantially



depending upon the season of the year.  In the summer, the



average sewage temperature is generally about 5 to 1$ degrees



Fahrenheit warmer than the average lake temperature.  In



the winter, the sewage may be more than 20 degrees Fahren-



heit warmer than the lake.  The difference between annual



average Sewage and water temperatures is about 15 degrees



Fahrenheit for the 5 years reported in Exhibit B.



          Waukegan beach water temperatures, reported in the



Lake Michigan beach surveys by the Illinois Sanitary Water



Board, were as follows:  (See P. 1655)

-------
1648
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-------
                                                              NSSD -  EXHIBIT A
               WAUKECrAN FILTRATION  AND  PHMPING- PLANT
   : ON7TKLY AVERAGES OF RAW WATER TEMPERATURES IN...DEGREES FAHRENHEIT        , , rn
      '              -" '    '   '    - ' "     ' • -    ..--.-•••     	        1650
Konth
 Jan.                32.2             32.10            33.66
 Feb.                32.6             32.94            32.99
 1   -oh               33.8             33.94            36.11
 April               40.3             40.73            42.66
 Kay                 46.1             48.99            47.31
 June                53.0             51.29            52.39
 July                55.2             46.32            5^.20
 Aug.                61.2             56.83            66.53
 Sept.               57.2             56.99            56.56
 Oot.                49.0             51.08            56.13
 Nov.                38.2             44.50            47.44
 Deo.                33 J.             35.58            36.29
 Ave.                44.1             44.27            46.88
 Max.                66.7             68.50            72.50
      NUMBER OF DAY READINGS OF TEMPERATURES BETWEEN VARIOUS LIMITS

 Degrees
 Fahrenheit          1951             1952             1951
 32 - 40             160              134              111
 40 - 50              80              116              116
 50 - 60              80               69               92
 60 - 70              45               47               31
 70 - 80               0_               0               15
 Total Days          365              366              365

-------
WAUKEGAN FILTRATION AND PUMPING FLANT
. . , , 4-V
Jr.;..
Feb.
Ma roll
April
Kay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Avg.
Max .
Degrees
Fahrenheit
32 - 40
4o - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
To-cal Days
;or;?iiLY AVLRAJES OF RAW
1954
32.49
33.78
34.78
43.02
47.82
49.80
58.60
68.92
67.98
56.06
46.41
36.44
48.00
68.92
NUMBER OF DAY READINGS
1954
135
97
60
4i
J£
365
WATER TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES FAHREi^EIT T
195J.
33.30
32.58
34.56
41.31
43.05
52.29
60.12
68.33
59.85
51.65
41.12
32.39
45.92
68.33
OF TEMPERATURES
1955
141
84
82
29
.22
365
1956
32.40
32.57
34.72
42.56
47.00
50.50
61.30
62.87
55.72
54.02
•43.68
45.95
62.87
BETWEEN VARIOUS
1956
138
95
87
44
	 2
366
i25Z
32.34
33.18
35.05
40.63
47.85
48.91
57.57
67.31
62.14
55.84
44.89
35.09._
46.72
67.13
LIMITS
1957
135
88
64
66
12
365
4/6

-------
NSSD - EXHIBIT A


•J'./i,
3 •.':••.
;:.-«*
.\-i-il
i'r.-7
Jure
July
••'•'J*
r^:!;.
Oc c-»
i;ov.
AV.
JCiT^-Vt
32 • I/)
10 - 50
5o - 60
60 - 70
70 - 00
• t-ol Days

— — ••-"--'- •-
32. uO
32.1:3
36.19
ij3. 2-'*
u7.?6
51.^7
a.27
60.13
53.57
Itf.SXL
U.8!»
31.65
•kttVK-M *•*»»
7*0.^0
!?=•::, r. fi:1
J25L
123 /^
133 ((
60 -N
20
....6
365

;.-." •-.-•• : rn,. -•;,;-;
. ..'• i 0 tv/« f<£
5li.87 5Ji.6l
5U.12 60.60
57.21* 62.63
58.56 63.15
52.92 57.69
39.03 1*5.13^
3.3.9JI ^'JlOs
15.05 	 13+ZL
63.50 X>^T3»Q^.
D.\Y Pi:Anj//s o? •iv.Ty.il'V
^,« c ^
lid. 13U
>«
102 M 78
,_y// 76
"~~29 7U
^ 0 __^
365 356

A:M n. ;-r i r> • :.
• ' : . ' * J J '] I
32.2? 32.63
33.57 32.1i9
r-ey> A.i6
Kl.GO Ij3.l6
l»7.20 i^.20
55.23 Slȣ0
57.3U ^»33
|
65.37 63.2o
56.!^--^frai
£53^ &'7-t2

\r7" irto
?5iop 69.50
i-!i'"« B;iV .J-JI VAit
/
1961 1>A1
12U H8
101 101
9k 66
36 CO
,10 _JL
3^5 355

•
__^£f. 	 V_;v
1963 196U
31.60 32.57
31.60 32.61
35.28 35.68
Ii5.ll 1*2.1*8
U8.65 50.13
52.05 55.56
59.21 62.77
58.20 60.55
k 62.73 53.13
v\|9.!*5 1*7.77
1*9.50 1*5.U*
35.66 33.28
69^50 73^80
it';!J3 IT .ITS
1963 1961*
112 139
95 90
70 88
88 1*5
0 1*
365 366
5/6
1652
1965
32.73
32,09
33.19
1*0.62
ltf.01
52.U
69.11
53.06
55.W
1*9.96
W*.92
37.39
1*5.39
78.00
1965
133
102
95
32
3
365

-------
               WA'JKEGAIJ FILTRATTOM AND PUIPIHG PLANT
                                                                        NSSD  -  EXHIBIT  A
                                                                                        6/6
             KOTJTHLY AVERAGES OF RAW WATER  TEMPERATURES IN  DEGRESS FAHRENHEIT
                                                                              1653
*'onth
Jan.
Feb.
"-rch
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Av.
Tax. Day

Degrees
Fahrenheit
32 - hO
10- 50
50-60
60-70
70 - 80
Total Days
1966
33.U9
33. &
37.05
la.21
17.19
51.52
6U.U8

65.63
52.0U
U2.93
3S.Uk
U7.93
73.20
                      1968
                      32.35
                      32.55
                      33.00

                      U7.17

                      51.77
                      1*9.7U
                      51.06
           1^69
           33.20
           33 M
           -•o. j ,'
           J'3.32
                      36.33
                      39.83
                      68.00
            L6.9).
            |p?.6h

            ['7.B2
            62.53
            50.95
            U3.78
            35.02
            L5.79
            70.00
  NHI3SR OF DAY READINGS CF TEMPERATURES BETWEEN VARIOUS LI11ITS
1966
lilt
 99
 70
 71
 11
365
                       1968
             73
            if 3
             A-J
              0
175
 6k
 12

366
196_9_
131

 76

-------
a

EH
M
CQ
X
H
D
CO
                                                                                                                                            1654
          cd  3
          3  w
          01  cd
         CO  Vl
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         Pi  
-------
                                                      1655
                      R. E. Anderson
                                 Temperature Degrees F«
1963                      (1) Average             Maximum
Waukegan-outer                   62                  70
Waukegan-inner                   64                  70

1969                      (2) Average             Maximum
Waukegan-north                   62                  73
Waukegan-central                 6l                  74
(1)  Average for period 4-17-68 to 9-26-63.
(2)  Average for period 4-7-69 to 10-14-69.
         .The Illinois Sanitary Water Board, in 1966 in
SWB-7, established the present maximum allowable temperature
for Lake Michigan at $5 degrees Fahrenheit.  This temperature
limit has not been exceeded by any discharge from the
Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant,  The implementation and
enforcement plan for SWB-7, adopted as Rule 1.06 of SWB-7
by the Illinois Sanitary Water Board, further states at
paragraph 4s
          "4.  Drastic or sudden temperature changes will
not be permitted.  The Board will insist upon controlled
changes in temperatuere not to exceed 2 degrees Fahrenheit
per hour, nor more than a 5-degree cumulative change from
natural water degree temperature."
          Although the temperature differential between
the treated Waukegan wastewater and Lake Michigan water is

-------
                                                      1656
                      R. E. Anderson



over 20 degrees Fahrenheit at certain times of the year,



the relatively small amount of heat added to the massive



volume of receiving lake water and the immediate diffusion



and mixing which occurs in the generally turbulent shore



waters result in a thermally controlled discharge which



creates no significant cumulative change from natural lake



water temperature.



          Therefore, from the standpoint of the North Shore



Sanitary District, the &5 degree Fahrenheit maximum allow-



able temperature and requirements for controlled changes



in temperatures appear to be acceptable standards for Lake



Michigan water.  Furthermore, it seems reasonable to set



the maximum temperature for any controlled wastewater dis-



charge into the lake at the maximum allowable lake temper-



ature .



          It has been reported that the Federal Water



Quality Administration-may propose a thermal pollution



standard for Lake Michigan which would require that the



temperature of all wastewater discharges vary not more



than 1 degree Fahnrenheit from the'ambient lake water



temperature at the point of discharge.  The imposition



of such a standard would generally require the cooling



of the treated Waukegan wastewater before discharge to



the lake.  In some isolated instances, it would also require

-------
                                                      1657
                      R. E. Anderson



heating of the treated wastewater before discharge.



          The data of Exhibit A demonstrate that the



treated wastewater discharges to Lake Michigan from district



facilities have not adversely affected the lake water



temperature in the Waukegan area.  We consider it unreason-



able to require the cooling or heating of treated municipal



wastewater before discharge to meet a thermal standard



based upon a very small variation from ambient water temp-



erature in the receiving water.



          During the period of record of Exhibit A, Lake



Michigan in the Waukegan area was receiving heated"dis-



charges from the Waukegan Electric Generating Station of



Commonwealth Edison Company and heated industrial cooling



waters in addition to the discharges from the North Shore



Sanitary District.  The data of Exhibit A clearly indicate



that Lake Michigan may receive a substantial amount of heat



from wastewater discharges without changing the lake water



temperature.  It is suggested, therefore, that comprehen-



sive studies be undertaken to establish the total amount



of heat which may reasonably be discharged to Lake Michigan



from all sources, and that the allowable total amount of



heat discharge so established be allocated among the four



lake States.



          Each State could then, in turn, allocate its

-------
                                                      1653
                      R. E. Anderson




heat discharge allowance to the several users of Lake




Michigan waters in the State.  It is suggested that in




each State's management of its heat allocation, emphasis




be placed on control of the large heat dischargers.




Moderate adjustments of large heat discharges will obviate




the need for any temperature adjustment of a small heat




discharge such as the Waukegan Sewage Treatment Plant.




          Adoption of a comprehensive program of acceptable




heat discharges to Lake Michigan and reasonable management




of each State's allocation of heat discharges appears to




be in the best public interest and is  u rged for your




consideration by the North Shore Sanitary District.



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




          Who do you suggest do the heat allocation of



the discharges to Lake Michigan?




          MR. KUHN:  I suggest that the Four-State Con-



ference come up with the local and then allocate the



portions to the four conferees.




          MR. STEIN:  Do you suggest this conference do




the allocation?




          MR. KUHN:  Yes.




          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other commonts or




questions?




          Anyone from the audience have any questions?

-------
                                                      1659
                      D. Schwarz




          If not,  thank you very much,




          MR. KUHN:   Thank you,  Mr.  Chairman.




          MR. STEIN:   Could we have  David Schwarz,  Director



of Corporate Environmental Control,  Abbott Laboratories?








          STATEMENT  OF DAVID SCHWARZ,  DIRECTOR,




          CORPORATE  ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ABBOTT




          LABORATORIES, NORTH CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS








          MR. SCHWARZ:  Mr. Chairman,  members  of the con-




ference, ladies and  gentlemen.  My name is David Schwarz.




I am Director of Corporate Environmental Control for Abbott




Laboratories.




          Abbott Laboratories is committed to  doing every-




thing necessary to achieve compliance  with all legal




environmental pollution control regulations.  In most cases



this commitment to compliance means  the continuing



expenditure of substantial sums of technical and monetary




resources to meet changing and more  stringent  regulations.




We have been able to interpret and live with all of the




regulations proposed to date.  In the  case of thermal




pollution, however,  we at Abbott are concerned that a new




thermal standard will be adopted which cannot  in practice




be met without extraordinary and unjustified expenditure

-------
                                                      1660





                      D0  Schwarz



of funds.  We feel compelled to speak out to prevent the



unnecessary economic hardship not only to ourselves but



also to other industry and to society who will ultimately



have to bear the cost.



          The Abbott plant at North Chicago uses between



12 and 20 million gallons of water each day in various



process and utility operations.  This water is pumped



from Lake Michigan through the pumping facilities of the



city of North Chicago, whose water intake extends about



1 mile into the lake.  Our usage varies directly with the



temperature of the water in the lake.



          We have collected and plotted our inlet lake



water temperature for the years 196$ through 1969 in a



table appended.  (See P.  l66l)  This temperature is



measured by a continuous temperature recorder within the



Abbott plant.  Occasional spot checks have demonstrated



that the temperature measured at the Abbott recorder is



the same as measured at the North Chicago pumping station.



Both temperatures represent the temperature of the open



water at a point approximately 1 mile into the lake and at



a depth of 30 feet.



          One of the proposed amendments to the present



thermal standards is known as the "State of Michigan



Concept."  Included in this amendment is the following:

-------
                                                       1662


                      D. Schwarz

          "Lake Michigan shall not  receive  a  heat load which

would warm the therraocline or the hypolimnion,  nor may any

waters be warmed greater than 3 degrees  above natural lake

temperature nor above the maximum allowable temperature

shown in the temperature limitation table,  whichever is

lesser,"

          When we compare the inlet water temperature at

Abbott for the 5-year period with the Temperature Limitation

Table we see the following:


              Temperature Limitation Table
       Open Water
Shore Water
             Number of Days
              in 5 Years
Abbott Inlet  That Inlet Temp.

Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Temp. Limit,
°F
42
37
37
44
53
65
71
74
72
65
54
50
Temp. Limit,
°F
42
37
37
44
53
65
72
77
75
65
54
50
Mean Temp . ,
°F
32,9
33.2
35.1
42.7
47.7
53.2
60.3
60.9
61.2
57.7
39.9
36.2
Was Above
Shore Limits
0
0
55
85
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
          In March and April with the temperature limits

as proposed, the temperature of the lake itself frequently

exceeds the limits.  In  February the water temperature is

often so close to the limit that any heat input would

frequently raise the discharge  temperature above the limit.

-------
                                                       1663
                      D. Schwarz




          We must, therefore, raise the following question:



Is there any logical basis for establishing temperature




limits which are sometimes less than the natural water




temperatures ?




          We must also point out in our data the large




variation in daily water temperature in a given month.




Our daily temperature charts show that the water tempera-




ture often varies by more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit in a




24-hour period and occasionally varies by more than 15




degrees Fahrenheit in just a few hours.  These variations




can be seen in the temperature charts appended.  (See Pp.




l663a and l663b)  We would expect that similar and perhaps




even wider fluctuations would be seen in the examination




of the inlet water data from other industries and municipal




water treatment plants on the lake.



          We must also, therefore, ask the following



question:  Why is there any concern with establishing



standards which limit temperature changes to 3 degrees




Fahrenheit or 5 degrees Fahrenheit when the organisms in




Lake Michigan are naturally and frequently subjected to




much greater temperature variation?




          We have appended a report from Argonne National




Laboratory entitled, "Effects of Man-Made Thermal Discharges




on the Mass/Energy Balance of Lake Michigan."  (See Pp.

-------
                                                                                         I663a
w O*  *J
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easw
•rf H t-t 2

is .B
S  m <
2 a CM c3
H H i w
H Cd 00 P*
  O f-i £
  '
H
a

-------
                                                                                          I663b
  3  S
  M  H



a§  g
  ec3 en w
^ H ^ 2
l   M H

 wT.S j
 w 6 <:
                                            ;c* /I
WED,,
&Sj
                                                                        ^
                                                                            /-*.
                          ^
                        \
                ^ft
                                     U»
                                  /

-------
                                                      1664
                      D.  Schwarz




1665-1690)  This report concludes that the lakewide effects




of manmade thermal discharges into Lake Michigan are




negligible and will continue to be so for the rest of this




century.




          We have also appended a report entitled, "The




Calafaction of a River,"  by Daniel Merriman in which thermal




discharges into the Connecticut River were studied in




detail.  (See Pp. 1691-1701)  This report states that




industrial heating into this major river has so far had




no drastic biological consequences.  The levels of heating




encountered may even turn out to have beneficial long-




range results.




          We can appreciate and we share the concerns for




the protection of the lake.  The data, however, existing



today, about the effects  of thermal discharges on the lake,



are very sparse, very contradictory, and do not convey a



justified sense of urgency for change at this time.  As



a corporation, we are committed to complying with the




thermal standards, whatever they raicht be.  We must urge,




therefore, that we have an enforceable standard, with a




precise definition of what compliance is, that we can use




to design our equipment and measure our performance.  We




do not see these qualities in the proposed amendments to




the existing standards.

-------
                                                        1665
     ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
       9700 South  Cass Avenue
      Argoime,  Illinois   60439
Effects of Man-Made Thermal Disdiarges
                on the
 Mass/Energy Balance of Lake Michigan
                                      .J. G. Asbury
                                       May, 1970
   Center for Environmental Studies

-------
                                                                          1666
                       TABLE OF GONTEOTS



                                                             Page





1.0      Mass/Energy Balance                                   1





1.1      Introduction                                         1





1.2      Conclusions                                          1





1.3      The Study                                            2





1.3.1    Thermal Discharges                                   2





1.3.2    Mass/Energy Balance  of Lake Michigan                 3





1.3.3    Analytical Method                                    8





1.3.4    Future Research                                     21






         References




         FIGURES





         TABLES

-------
                                -1-                                       166?
1.0    Mass/Energy Balance
       Lake-wide physical effects of thermal discharges on Lake Michigan -
particularly as these effects relate to the mass/energy balance - have been
investigated.
       The following is a summary of the philosophy, techniques, and conclu-
sions of this study.  A more complete report is in preparation and will soon
be available.
1.1    Introduction
       In the most general sense, the motivation for the study is the desire
to contribute to the understanding of the physical qualities of Lake Michigan
in order to improve their utilization and to insure their preservation by so-
ciety.  This study  was specifically concerned with the heat assimilative
capacity of Lake Michigan relative to present and projected man-made thermal
loads.  The methods developed for the Lake Michigan study are now being used
in analyzing the heat assimilative capacities of the other Great Lakes.
       The remainder of this report is divided into three sections:
Conclusions, The Study, and Future Research.
1.2    Conclusions
       It has been concluded that the lake-wide effects of man-made thermal
discharges into Lake Michigan are presently negligible and will continue to
be so  for the rest of this century.
       The average annual increase in water surface temperature for the whole
lake has been determined to be 9.2 ± 2.0 x 10 ** °F per gigawatt of thermal
discharge; the associated annual average increase in evaporative water loss,
10 ±  2 cfs per gigawatt of thermal discharge.  The indicated uncertainties

-------
                               -2-
represent reasonable estimates of possible computational  error.   The

most likely source of error is in the choice of the evaporation  formula
                                                          1
used in the analysis.  We selected the Lake Hefner formula,  since it

has been used with apparent success by other authors in calculating
                                                   2,3,4,5
absolute rates of evaporation from the Great Lakes.

       Man-made thermal discharges can also be compared with the lake

energy budget.  A one-gigawatt advective input is equivalent to

0.13 BTU/(ft2-day); the naturally occurring average rate of increase  of

lake content during the March-August warming season is 1100  BTU/(ft2.day)  .

       The existing and projected effects on the lake's mass/energy

balance are summarized in Table 4.


1.3    The Study


1.3.1  Thermal Discharges


       The three principle man-made sources of thermal discharges are:

electric utility generating stations, steel plants, and municipal waste-

water treatment plants.  With the exception of the treatment plants,

these sources have been inventoried.


       The thermal  load imposed by municipal wastewater discharges can

be shown to be less  than 10% of that  due  to power generation on a per

capita water  use basis.. The percentage is less  for the Lake Michigan Basin

because the Chicago  area discharges  its wastewater into the Illinois River

System while  generating a  significant portion of its power on the shores of

-------
                               -3-                                     1669



the Lake.  Treatment plant discharges have therefore been omitted from  the

inventory.

       Steel plant discharges have been determined from FPC records of  in-

house power generation by steel companies and from estimates of heat rejec-

tion by other steel production processes.  Steel mills in the Chicago-Gary

area (representing over 961 of the Basins's steel capacity) generated in-

house electrical power at an average annual rate of 320 megawatts during

1969.  Total heat rejected by all processes is estimated to be 74 x 109 BTU/

day.  This is considerably less than the 147 x 109 BTU/day attributed to

steel plants by H. G. Acres, Ltd. in its report "Thermal Inputs to the
                       6
Great Lakes 1968-2000."

       Electric utility generating capacity has been inventoried and found

to be 7.85 gigawatts - vs. 7.75 Gw obtained by H. G. Acres.  Total heat rejec-

ted by all utilities is estimated as 450 x 109 BTU/day = 5.3 Gw .

       Figure 1 shows the locations of existing and proposed electrical generat-

ing stations on Lake Michigan, and Table 1 gives present and projected  (assuming

a 71 per annum growth) generating capacities.

       As is well known, nuclear plants are presently less efficient than fossil

plants and therefore waste more heat to the environment.  Table 2 compares  the

efficiencies and waste heat rates of fossil and nuclear plants.  It should be

noted, however, that nuclear reactor technology is in a relatively early  stage

of development.  Nuclear plant efficiencies can therefore be expected to

improve at a more rapid" rate than fossil plant efficiencies.

1.3.2  Mass/Energy Balance of Lake Michigan

       The man-made thermal discharge rate must be viewed in context with

the overall energy balance of the Lake.  Figure 2 illustrates and defines

the various terms entering into the energy balance equation.  The change  in

lake heat content  AH  js seen to be the sum of the net heat exchange across

the surface and the advective input.  Since the advective term is typically

-------
                              4-
                                                                              1670
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-------
                         -5-
                                                            1671
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-------
                         -6-
                                                     16?2
                     TABLE 2
      NUCLEAR VS FOSSIL PLANT EFFICIENCIES
PLANT TYPE
 NUCLEAR
 FOSSIL
               ENERGY
            INPUT  ELECTRICAL
100
100
33
                         LOSSES
                              IN-PLANT  STACK  WATER
0
                  10
63
 PER UNIT ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATED, NUCLEAR PLANTS
 WASTE (63/33) = 1.91 UNITS TO CONDENSER COOLING
 WATER.  CURRENT NUCLEAR PLANTS DISCHARGE (63/33)
 -r(46/4-0) = 1.67 TIMES AS MUCH HEAT TO CONDENSER
 COOLING WATER AS DO FOSSIL PLANTS.

-------
                                     -7-
                                                                       1673
LJ

O

-------
                                   -8-
two orders of magnitude smaller ';han the surface  exchange  term,  it is  the
latter which mainly drives the h?at content.   Figure 3 shows  a Lake Michigan
heat content curve developed by Ihurch from his bathythermograph measurements.
(The BTU/ft2 sca}e has been addei to his figure to facilitate comparison with
the discharge rates presented in this report.) The heat content of a  mid-
lake column is seen to increase by 50,000 cal/cm2 = 185,000 BTU/ft2 between
the March minimum and the August-Septomber maximum.  During this period,
therefore, heat is added to the Lake at average rate of roughly  1100 BTU/ft2/day-
By way of comparison, a 1-Gw advective input  corresponds to 0.13 BTU/ft2/day.
       Increased evaporative losses can affect the water balance of Lake
Michigan.  Figure 4 illustrates the various terms in the water balance and
Table 3 gives the annual average flows.  The  stated uncertainties in evapora-
tion and Straits outflow represent extremes in the determination of these
                        8,9,10,11
flows for Lake Michigan.  Due to lack of data regarding net flow through the
Straits, evaporation rates determined from mass  transfer formulae cannot be
readily compared with rates deduced from a water balance calculation.   Water
balance methods can, however, be applied to the  combined Lake Michigan-
Huron system.
       As will be shown below lake-wide evaporation is increased only
10 ± 2 cfs per Gw increase in advective input to the Lake.
1.3.3  Analytical Method
       Figure 5 summarizes the analytical technique used in developing a heat
exchange coefficient  K  .  The excharge coefficient can be used to express,
in a simple way, the difference between the rate of heat transfer across a
water surface at temperature  T'  and one at T   .

       Hex CTs} * Hex PS* = K (Ts ' V                              &

-------
                          -9-
                                                                          1675
 t>jjO|0> |o OOO'I  °!S      2

	I	I .	
O
o
•<*
    O
    O
    to
0
O
o
o
                  s ,nTiT s. nnn' T

-------
                                             -10-
                                                                         1676
 W
 U
 Q
.^>
 PQ
 w
 H
                                                                       9
                                                                       B
                                                                        II
                                                                       CO
                                                                       
-------
                              -11-
                                                            1677
                             TABLE 3
                    LAKE MICHIGAN WATER BUDGET
WATER LALANCE TERM
                                     AVERAGE FLOW
                                        (CFS)
   INFLOW
i Precipitation

Runoff
50,000  ±  2,000

39,000  ±  1,000
             Evaporation
  OUPFLOV;  ( Straits
             Diversion
                                   40,000  ±  5,000
                                   46,000  ±  6,000
                                    3,200

-------
Surface 1lea t Exchango EqUcTticm;
            T  Independent     T  Dependent
        ex  ^
                   H
                     R
Ts Dependent Terms:
       He = (cs-ca)f(W)
[

                     •
                           rp
                         s  a
                                   X

                        Sfceo(460)4(l+
Subtraction:
          HR
                                                          T
        =HR-  I(cs-ea)  +  .26(Ts-Ta)]f(W3  -  coC460)4(l +
                                 .26(r -Tg)]f 0\0
        Let:   es  =  6  Ts   •  B = B (Tg)
                   = -[15.7
                              FIG; s
                                                                          1673

-------
                              -13-                                       1679
       The method summarized in Fig.  5 is essentially that of Kdinger and

    • 12

Gyer.  The water surface temperature dependent terms  H ,  H , and H,    have
                                                       6   C       DT


been parameterized in the usual way with the sensible heat term related to



the evaporation term through theBoveJiRatio B.  The wind speed function,



temporarily, is left unspecified.



       The final form of the exchange coefficient is -





       K = -[15.7 + pf(wj +0.26 f(w)]                                (2)





where the three terms represent, respectively: black body radiation,



evaporative heat transfer, and sensible heat transfer.  3 = 3(T )  is the



slope of the saturated vapor pressure curve evaluated at the water surface



temperature;    the Bowen Coefficient has been set equal to  0.26 .  The



units for the wind speed function  f(w)  are BTU/(ft2-day-ran H ) ; for  K ,
                                                              O


BTU/(ft2'day °f).



       Equation (1) above can be used to calculate the average annual in-



crease in water surface temperature due to an increase in advective input.



If q represents the annual average of the additional advective input,
        (1 year), q  =  K (T' - Tjdt                                 (3)

                      )     *    s



where  (T1 - T ) is the water surface temperature increase required to dissi-
        J    J


pate the inci^eased heat load.  Since  K  is nearly constant over the annual



cycle  (see below) -





        q * K =  (r - Ts)





Once   K is know, the annual average increase in water surface temperature



can be determined.

-------
                               -14-                                      1630
       We have evaluated  K  according'to Eq.  (2)  using the Lake Hefner



wind speed function





       f(W) = 11.4 W       BTuy(ft2.d-mm H )                            (4)
                                         O

                           W in mph




We have chosen this particular formula because it has been used with



apparent success by other investigators in determining rates of evapora-

                         2,3,4                                                  13

tion from the Great Lakes.  Figure 6 shows a number of other wind speed formulae.



       Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2) gives





       K = -[15.7 + (B+0.26) 11.4 W]                                  (5)





Church's water surface temperatures (see Fig. 3) and wind data acquired from



the Illinois State Water Survey were used to calculate month-average values



of  K  .  The wind data are presented in Fig. 7 where monthly wind speeds



from 6 weather stations have been averaged together and plotted.  The sta-



tions are located in Chicago, South Bend, Escanaba, Muskegon, Sault Ste.



Marie, Green Bay, and Milwaukee.  The smooth curve shown in Fig. 7 is an



eye-ball fit to the data.  Before use in Eq. (5), these data were multiplied


                                             14           15
by the wind speed correction factor of Lemire and Richards in order to take



into account the systematic monthly variation between  lake and land wind



speeds.



       Month-average values for the exchange coefficient are shown in Fig. 8.



The annual average value  of  K  is 141  BTU/(ft2-day-°F)  .



       For an advective input of one Gw =0.13  BTU/(ft2*day), the average



annual increase in water  surface temperature is (0.13)  *  (141) = 9.2 x  10  ** °F



This temperature increase is somewhat larger than the  8.5  x  10  ** °F given  in



ANL Report No. 7679.  The annual average value  of K  quoted in the latter report

-------
                        -15-
                                                             1631
               r\	\\	
                \  \          *
                                                             O
                                                             •i-

                                                             ^•J

                                                             O
                                                             CJ
                                                             •o
                                                             o
                                                             ll-
                                                             rj

                                                             l-

                                                             O
                                                             rj
                                                             s.

                                                             n


                                                             5
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
                            < X
                            > z>
                            Uf U.

-------
                                   -16-
                                                    1632
14
    \
        WIND SPEED
          CMPH)
12
10
                     D
                                                       O
                                                       O
                                                       a
                                                       a
                                                       A
                                                       A
                                1952
                                1953
                                1954
                                1955
                                1960
                                1962
                                                   -I—I	h
                     M
AMJJASOND
            MONTH
FIG. 7   MONTH AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS

-------
                                                                      1683
was 152 BTU/(ft2-day-0F) .   This value was obtained using the Meyer Formula


for evaporation rather than the Lake Hefner formula.



       The evaporative water loss can be obtained by separating the evapora-



tive contribution to  K  from those due to the other two exchange mechanisms,





       K • Ke + Kc * "br '



Month average values for each of the terms on the right-hand side are



plotted in Fig. 8.  The water loss  Q   due to evaporation is easily
calculated -

where  L  is the latent heat of evaporation.  Since  K  = 70 BTU/(ft2.d-0F)
                                                      C


(= 0.5 K) , (L = 500 Ibs/sec = 8 cfs.  This rate of water loss is somewhat



low because it is based on the lake -wide average value of the ratio  K /K .



The actual loss is greater, because the ratio  K /K  increases slowly with
                                                \s


water surface temperature and is therefore greater near the discharge



points.  A more refined calculation, which will be reported later, takes



this factor into account and yields  0  = 10 ± 2 cfs per Gw of advective



input.



       The above determinations for water surface temperature increase and



for evaporative water loss can be applied to present and projected rates of



thermal disdiarge.  The results are summarized in Table 4.  The Table 4



discharge versus generation rates for 1975 reflect the greater rate of heat



rejection to the condenser cooling water for those nuclear plants now under



construction  (see Table 2) .  The temperature increases reported here are



lower  than those reported earlier:   (1) because the lake/land wind speed

-------
                                    -18-
                                                  1634
                               IffiAT KXQIANGE COEFFICIENT
     3TU/(ft/
160
120
 80
t	1	1	1-
                       M
M  •   J
                                                          1 - 1 - 1
                                         N

-------
                              -19-
                                                                    1635
•=t
w









&
1
C3
oo
t—<
n
3
I
£ j

w
r
<£
^
tin
O
t/3
b
e
rt.
MH
w
w
n
J~H
&

S3
5








to
0 M-l
ex o
x—-1

to /--»
H P-.
< 0
^
1
, W)
•P fn
•H rt ^->
S-83
4-j n ^ fj
^ Q



§
CD -H
rt5 ta
^ f-. S
0 o O
^> p^ s 	 t
<, 0
bo
.5 ^
^_J 
• • •
O rH (J»


OO O> **

O O rH




^O O"l
IT) rH LO
rH l^.







OO OO
* •
•<* r^ to
to


CTi VO
rH t


JH Oi LT) O
rt vo t>- o
 O
. >-< i— 1 rH 

-------
                              -20-
correction factor of Lemire and Richards  was^applied  to the wind  speeds



and  (2)  because utility disdiarge rates  were calculated from generating



rates rather than from generating capacities.



       The degree of mixing between the North and South Basins of the Lake



over an annual cycle is not known.  It is therefore useful to estimate the



surface temperature increase of the South Basin assuming no mixing.   Taking



into account relative surface areas and present and projected distributions



of thermal discharges, we estimate the South Basin water surface  tempera-



ture increases to be 1.8 times the whole-lake temperature increases given



in Table 4.  The North Basin temperature  increase is, of course,  corres-



pondingly lower.

-------
                                                                        1687
1.3.4  Future Research

       The analytical method described above is immediately applicable  to

the other Great Lakes.  The data necessary for the analysis are all

available and are currently being acquired.  Several inventories of
                                                   17
thermal discharges now exist and have been reported.  Water surface  tem-

peratures for the four other Great Lakes are available from the Canadian

Center of Inland Waterways.  Results for the other lakes should be avail-

able by the end of fiscal year 1970.

       The important problem of "interfacing" the far field region of

plumes with the main body of lake water is far from solved.  The rate

of heat dissipation by the plume to atmosphere is known to be small.

The plume decay factor due to heat dissipation to the atmosphere is  general

and simple:  exp(-t/t^ where  t = time  and  T = (dt p)/K  is the "life-

time" of the heat content of the plume.  For an average plume depth

d = 20 ft and exchange coefficient  K = 141 BTU/(ft2-day.°F) ,  \ = ft .9  days!

      •The current structure experiment recently proposed by Mortimer should

yield considerable information concerning the plume/lake-water interaction

in the far field region.  One of the experiment's specific goals is  to

determine whether or not a mixing inhibiting thermal bar is established at

the Oak Creek outfall during me winter months.

       Mortimer's data may prove useful in another way.  Palmer has  recently

developed a methodology for constructing plume "dispersion patterns" from

a continuous history of current data at a particular location.  We have

incorporated his method into a more general model which predicts average

concentrations (temperatures) at arbitrary points in the far field region.

The model, which is current data limited, could be tested at the Oak Creek

outfall.

-------
                                                                         1688

                                  -22-
        In addition to studying the  effects  of man-made  thermal  discharges



on the lakes proper, it is also necessary to assess  possible meteorological



and climatological effects.  "While  this amount  [man-made discharges]  of



heat is small compared to natural processes  (sunshine, natural evaporation,



etc.), it d°es not necessarily follow that the meteorological  consequences


                                                    18
(both long-term and short-term) will also be small."    Progress in deter-



mining meteorological consequences of thermal discharges will, of course,



be very dependent upon progress in understanding the micrometeorology of


                                     19
the Great Lakes' air-water interface.

-------
                                                                             1639
                                References
 1)    U.S.  Geological Survey,  "Water Loss  Investigations  -  Lake Hefner  Studies."
      U.S.  G.S.,  Prof. Paper 269:  1-70 (1954).

 2)    Richards, T.  L., and J.  G.  Irbe, "Estimates of Monthly Evaporation Losses
      from the Great Lakes 1950 to 1968 -  Based on the Mass Transfer Technique."
      Proc.  12th  Conf. Great Lakes Res. 1969.

 3)    Bruce, J. P., and G. K.  Rodgers, "Water Balance  of  the Great  Lakes System."
      AAAS Pub. No. 71 (1962).

 4)    Bradley, IV. (private communication).   Bradley has computed  month-average
      evaporation losses from Lake Michigan using mass transfer techniques with
      the Lake Hefner evaporation formula.   He  finds rates  of evaporation which
      are consistent with those deduced from the water balance method applied
      to the Lake Michigan-Huron System.

 5)    Richards, T.  L., and J.  P.  Fortin,  "An Evaluation of  the Land-Lake Vapor
      Pressure Relationship for the Great Lakes."  Pub. No. 9, Great Lakes Res.
      Div.,  Univ. of Michigan (1962).

 6)    Dennison, P.  J., and F.  C.  Elder, "Thermal Inputs to  the Great Lakes
      1968-2000."  Paper presented to 13th Conf. on Great Lakes Res. (1970).

 7)    Church, P.  E., "The Annual Temperature Cycle of  Lake  Michigan - Spring
      Warming and Simmer Stationary Periods, 1942." Univ.>  of Chicago Misc.
      Rep.  No. 18 (1954).

 8)    Berstrom, P..  E., and G.  F.  Hanson,  "Ground-Water Supplies in  Wisconsin
      and Illinois  Adjacent to Lake Michigan."   AAAS,Pub. No. 71  (1962).

 9)    Ownbey, C.  R., and G. E. Willeke, "Long-Term Solids Buildup in Lake
      Michigan Water."  Pub. No.  13, Great Lakes Research Division, Univ. of
      Mich.  (1965).

10)    U.S.  Geological Survey.   Annual.  "Surface Water "Supply of the United
      States." Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois (1965)..

11)    FWPCA, Lake Michigan Basin, "Lake Currents - A Technical Report Containing
      Background  Data for a Water Pollution Control Program," (1964),

12)    Edinger, J. E., and J. C. Geyer, "Cooling Water Studies for the Edison
      Electric Institute," EEI Pub. No. 65-902   (1965).

13)    Brady, D.  K., W. L. Graves, Jr., and J. .C. Geyer,  "Surface Heat Exchange
      at Power Plant Cooling Lakes."  EEI Pub,  No. 69-901 (1969)..

-------
                                                                           1690
14)   Lcmire,  F.,  "Winds  on the Great Lakes," Canada,  Dept.  Transport. Met. Br.
      CIR.  3560, TEC.  380,  (1961).

15)   Richards, T. L., "Recent Developments  in the Field of Great Lakes
      Evaporation." Vcrh.  Internal.  Verein  Limnol.,  15:247-256,  (1964).

36)   Asbury,  J. G., "Evaluating the  Effects of the Thermal Discharges on
      the Energy Budget of Lake Michigan."  Report presented to AEC Review
      Meeting, April 29,  1970.

17)   See reference 6) and the Field  Studies section  of this Report:
      Steam Electric Power Plants Sited on the Great  Lakes and Interconnecting
      Bodies of Water.

18)   Carson, J.,  "Meteorological and Climatological  Consequences of Thermal
      Pollution from Nuclear Power Generating Stations," (to be published).
      It should be pointed out that Carson,  using a somewhat different
      approach, has a]so concluded that thermal discharges will not signifi-
      cantly affect the mass/energy balance  of Lake Michigan.

19)   Frenzen, P., (private communication).   Frenzen.emphasizes that the
      microinetcorology of the Great Lakes'air-water interface is  not well
      understood.   As  pointed out in the text, inacro-scale, long-term-average
      rates of evaporation have been calculated with apparent success by
      investigators using the Lake Hefner formula (see references (2), (3),
      (4), and (5).)  This is no guarantee,  however,  that this formula,  or
      any other, developed from studies of smaller lakes accurately reflects
      the micrometeorology of the Great Lakes.  Frenzen proposes  to measure
      such quantities as net radiation, Bowen ratio,  and rate of evaporation
      at a Lake Michigan site.

-------
                                                                                                      1691
                    The  Calefaction of a River

    Calcfaction means  warming, and the industrial  warming of rivers
    and other waters is a cause of concern. A study of the  warming
    of the lower Connecticut River, however, reveals no  drastic effects

                                           by Daniel Merriman
  In recent years there has been much
   concern  that the waste heat being
   discharged into rivers, lakes and seas
by industrial activities is having a cata-
strophic effect on the populations of fish-
es and other organisms that live in these
waters. This concern is eminently justi-
CONNECTICUT RIVER divides Vermonl
from New Hampshire, crofmcH MaBf>arhii*cttf>
and Connecticut and lli<*n rmplicf* into l.onft
Inland  Sound. The  Connrcllcut  Yankee
Atomic Power Company's generating plant
(color) is one  of six power plants on the
Connecticut that use it* water for cooling.
fied; clearly there is an upper limit to the
amount of heat that can be introduced
into such waters without harmful results.
It is now possible, however, to view the
biological effects of heating with some
degree of peispective. A long-term study
in which I am participating, for example,
has shown that industrial heating in a
major river of the northeastern U.S. has
so  far had no drastic biological conse-
quences. The levels of  heating we are
encountering may even turn out to have
beneficial long-range results. In  such
circumstances the term "thermal  pollu-
tion," which is currently in wide use, is
misleading because it suggests that any
amount of heating is harmful. A  better
word  is  "calcfuction,"  which  is simply
defined as the stale of being warmed.
  The river being investigated in our
study is the  Connecticut, which flows
generally southward some 400  miles
from  its  source in northeastern  New
Hampshire, collecting the  runoff from a
good part  of central New England be-
fore emptying into  the eastern end of
Long Island Sound. The study is focused
on a five-mile stretch of the river  above
and below Iladdam Neck, a site 15 miles
fiom the mouth of the  river where the
Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Com-
pany has built a  nuclear  power  plant.
The steam condensers of this plant (not
the nuclear reactor) are  cooled by water
from the river.
  The study has been  under way since
1965, and  it will continue at least until
the end of 1972.  It was undertaken at
the expense of the  po-.ver company as
one of the conditions set by Connecticut
state authorities for appioval of the Had-
dam Neck plant's construction. Our in-
vestigations started about 30 months be-
fore  the plant began  lo return to the
river water that was 20 degrees Fahren-
heit warmer  than when  it was  with-
drawn. As a result we can  now begin to
compare conditions then with conditions
today, at the end of a roughly equal span
of plant operation.
  The effluent from the Haddam Neck
plant  is now discharged at an average
rate of 828 cubic feet per second (almost
372,000 gallons per minute). At  this
point  the Connecticut is a tidal  river
with a maximum depth of 30 feet at low
tide and a maximum width of more than
2,000  feet. Flood tides in Long Island
Sound push water of diminishing salinity
upstream as far as  East Haddam, a few
miles  south of the  plant, and raise the
level of the river as far north as Hartford.
45 miles inland. The difference between
high and low tide in the vicinity of the
plant is about 2!5 feet.
  Seasonal variations in river tempera-
ture range from the winter low of freez-
ing to a summer high that seldom ex-
ceeds  88 degrees F. The flow of water in
the river is at its peak from March
through May, as the river is fed the run-
off from melted Winter snow. In summer
the river dwindles, even (hough the av-
erage  monthly precipitation is about the
same throughout the year. (Monthly ptc-
cipilatiim at  llaitfoul, for example, nv-
ciagcd between three and four inches
from  1900 through 1939 ) The summer
shrinkage of the river is the result of
evaporation and of  the uptake of rainfall
by  plants  duiing  the piouing season.
Over  the past five  decades the average
daily rate of  flow of the Connecticut, as
recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey,
has been about 16,000 cubic feet per
second. During this period the maximum
flow was 282,000 cubic feet per second
(recorded on March 20, 1936); the mini-
mum was 968 cubic feet per second (re-
corded on October 20,1903), a scant HO
cubic  feet more than is now diverted lo
the Iladdam Neck plant. These measure-
ments were made well above the zone of
tidal influence. In the vicinity of the

-------
                                                                                                                    1692
po«er plant the daily average tidal flow
lias a minimum rale of 15,000 cubic (eel
per second.

rPlie calcf action of U.S. rivers, lakes
 -*• and  coasts it certain  to  increase as
Ilie power industry  meets the living na-
tional demand for electricity. The gen-
erating  capacity of  [lower plants in tlie
continental U.S. (Alaska excluded) is es-
timated by tlic Edison Electric Institute
to have been 315,000 megawatts at (lie
end of  1969 and if expected to reach
570,000 megawatts by 1980. Nearly 1.5
billion mega" all-hours of electric power
was  produced in 1969; the Edison In-
stitute forecasts an output close to three
billion mcga«alt-hours in 1980 and be-
tween .six and 10 billion megawatt-hours
by the year 2000.
   The  average daily natural runoff of
water in  the continental  U.S. (again
excluding Alaska) is about 1.2 trillion
gallons. \V'e use perhaps 10 percent of
this  amount, or  120 billion gallons, for
cooling  the condensers of steam-turbine
power  plants.  These  plants,  whether
fired with fossil fuels or nuclear fuels, are
rapidly  growing in number. It is possible
to forecast a daily requiiement of more
than 200 billion gallons of cooling water
by 1980 and of 600 billion gallons, or 50
percent of all the available water, by the
year 2000. If calefaclion is ecologically
harmful, quite a lot of harm lies just over
the horizon.
   Haddam Neck is a low-lying tongue of
land on the east bank of the  river just
above the point where a tributary, the
Salmon River, joins the Connecticut [sec
illustration  on  preceding  ]M>ge].  The
Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Com-
pany completed acquisition of a 500-
acre tract at Haddam Neck in August,
1963. Hearings on the issuance of a final
construction permit were held before the
Connecticut \Vater Resources Commis-
sion in the summer and fall of 1964.
Earlier  the U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion hud pi anted I lie various approvals
that lie wilhin its jurisdiction, and Iho
U.S. Anny Coips of Engineers, which
oversees the navigability of the river, au-
 thorized the dredging, necessary to allow
construction of  a water-intake area up-
stream  of the plant- and an effluent-dis-
charge  area downstream.
   The  Water  Resources  Commission
hearings afforded an illuminating exam-
ple of  the extent to which public con-
 cern about  environmental  degradation
 can be quite  innocently  misdirected.
 After the first hearing, in July, 1964, I
 received a number of  telephone  calls
 from   people  who  were ' genuinely
 alarmed by the prospect of a flssion-
powcrcd generating plant being built in
their \ icinily. No amount of reassurance
I could  offer them on the improbability
of radioactive pollution of the environ-
ment  lessened their  concern  about  a
neighboring atomic plant. Not until the
second  hearing, in September, did at-
tention  become focused more appropri-
ately on the effect on  the ecology of the
river  of the heated  effluent from the
plant. Thereafter the fear of radioactive
pollution  began  to  abate.  I  suppose,
however, there will always be those who
will point an accusing finger at the plant
when any tmustiiil natural phenomenon
occurs on the IOWCT Connecticut, in spite
of the fact that ladiological monitoring
of the river's water, its sediments and its
plant and animal life has revealed noth-
ing but the  normal background radioac-
tivity in the 30-odd  months since the
plant began operation.
   On  October  21,   1964,  the Water
Resources  Commission approved the
planned intake of river water for cooling
purposes and the return of the warmed
water to the stream on the  condition
(among others) that the power company
finance a thorough study of the river en-
vironment throughout the  start-up and
early operating stages of the plant and
for a period of five years after the level
of full operation was  reached. A further
condition of approval was that, should
the study reveal  adverse effects on the
river  attributable to calefaction or  other
aspects of plant operation, it  would be
the  company's  responsibility  to   take
remedial action.
   The  Connecticut River Study was set
up in January, 1965, with myself as di-
rector and Lyle M. Thorpe, recently re-
tired  as director  of the State Board  of
Fisheries and Came, as associate direc-
 tor. We established our base at the Essex
Marine Laboratory, a nonprofit private
institution, and began a series of ecologi-
cal observations that extended from the
mouth  of the Connecticut  to  the  dam
 an os.s the river it Enfield, some 60 miles
 upstream neur lite- Massachusetts binder,
Our stall' has viried seasonally from  10
 to 15, including technical and part-time
 help. From its inception the  study has
 had the benefit of counsel from a five-
 man  advisory committee  representing
 several  scientific  disciplines;  this com-
 mittee  has  met with  us at  least twice a
 year. We have made progress reports to
 the Water Resources Commission at six-
 month  intervals, beginning in July, 1965.
 The cost of our study to the power com-
 pany for the five years through 1969 has
 been  approximately  $750,000. Other
 contributions of company personnel to
 the study  have been  substantial. We
h.ive  also had  support from  the  U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the
Connecticut State Hoaid of Fisheries and
Came, and we have had the help of fac-
ulty members of the University of  Con-
necticut, both at the Storrs campus and
at the university's marine rcscaich lab-
oratory in Noank. In addition specialists
at the British Museum (Natural History),
the Smithsonian Institution and the Mu-
seum of Comparative /oology at  Har-
vard  University have identified various
Invertebrate specimens  for  us. Other
specimens were identified by H, B. Her-
rlngton of Weslbrook, Ont., n student of
freshwater mollusks.
   The river water that is  used to cool
the  steam  condenser at the Haddam
Neck plant leaves the plant at a tempera-
ture 22.4 degrees F. above the tempera-
ture  of  the river water.  It then  flows
through  a mile-long canal on  the east
bank, where heat exchange with the at-
mosphere serves to  reduce its tempera-
 DISCHARGE OF  WARM WATER  from
 the Hiddira Neck ciml  is thown *t dif-
 ferent lidil fliiet in these Iwo •erial ther-

-------
                                                           1693
«piwgis  uii, lay

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r   -\VA  ^v;.;;/.-,:;••,; v^'t-.-'.,^.;-.* v..-.-..-;'-v.:/»•;.,-,--<.     j
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-"      tT .  /*fcr^^W;V^>/f;-/^i,v J^. iv.,'"',^^:^"ri.f>.,':.  'i
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         ^$||,;C: V- ^'^/^^M^                   ^

             *'%|4^|('%1  ivft"'"' '•''  """ •  "'"*'** •'••** ** **"**'* "'**_^.l^»^»»«*^.,,fLi<»,^ ' '3
             • '* f x<^%<^«* *4kt''"- ,    '" if" *' •f. " "«*'*'"'"> "* '*, •"" " ''.--'V'/J''"'"' : '"" ' *• -  '*•' ' -"'  ''•-
                -•Vv  :S6.;V•'.''¥•"•'•' S'i'i'fV;'r S-^.'/--':;'"'v^1
                                t.,  _        ,


                                      ' ''";*'"     •"' ''  • ~
y.^/fi^y^:.
NUCI.EVR POWER PL \NT orcupiei the n>hl-rolorrd area near  dun « Haddam Nerk to carry warmed river water hack to the


ihe renter of this aerial photograph, at the head of a canal that was  Connecticut alter it hat been uted to cool the plant'l condemers.



                                                         43

-------
line lo .in r\lrnt dependent on (lie sea-
sonal  temperature of llie iiir. Tlic canal
has a  fan-shaped mouth that lowers-the
velocity of discharge into the  river and
also tends to krep the effluent near the
suiface of llie river water. Depending on
the tide, the phnneof warm water moves
either  upstream or down.  On  the ebb
tide the plume  is indistinguishable from
other  river  water  with respect to  the
temperature of  the first three feet of \va-
ter below  the  surface  by the time  it
reaches the East Haddum bridge, some
thiee  miles downstream.  On  the flood
tide the plume becomes  indistinguish-
able a little above Haddam  Island, or
two miles upstream from the plant [see
illustration on next two \mgcs].
   The shape of the warm plume, both
at the surface and at certain subsurface
levels, varies widely in response to vari-
ations in river  flow between one high-
water stage and  the  next, and also in
response to differing weather conditions
and seasonal circumstances. The  warm
water not uncommonly occupies the en-
tire surface  of the river in trie vicinity
of the canal mouth, so that the effluent
reaches the west bank of the river. This
does not, however, produce a "thermal
block" in the river, because  the  warm
effluent does not extend to the bottom
of the river, which here lies some 15 to
30 feet below the surface.

T^aily  in our  study we decided to
    establish  five monitoring stations
along the river  to record continuously
such  data as rate of flow, temperature of
surface and subsurface water, variation
in electrical conductivity (which reflects
the relative salinity of the water), oxy-
gen  content  of the water and so forth.
Two  of the  stations were  located well
outside the area that was to be influ-
enced by the effluent when  the plant
began to operate; these served as con-
trols. A third station was set up on the
west bank of the liver opposite the plant
and the other two were situated some-
what upstream and downstream respec-
tively from the plant. The stations were
designed and their construction was su-
pervised by \Villi.im A. Boyd.  director
of the Essex Marine Laboratory; all five
were  in full  operation  by the end of
June, 1966.
   In the period before plant  operations
began we established a number of facts
about this section of the Connecticut.
Variations in  water conductivity, for ex-
ample,  showed that water from Long
Island Sound made  its  way  above the
East Haddam bridge only at times when
high tides coincided with a low level of
river flow.

Tn October,   1967, the Haddam Neck
   plant completed start-up procedures
and began to generate power at less than
full capacity. The instruments at our
monitoring stations  promptly recorded
                                                                                                                    1694
 mal-eunning images, which record the infrared radiation from tar-
 lace areai at nrlont «hade> of gray. Aa the lide rliet (top) the warm
 water ii carried aptlreim; •• it ebba (bottom) the neranent it re-
                     verted. The wanning effect of the plant effluent cannot be detected
                     beyond two miles upstream and 2.2 miles downstream. The team
                     wen nude for the  VS. Geological Survey by HRB-Slnger, Inc.
                                                                                                                  At.

-------
                                                                                                                   1695
TKMI'F.RATURE INCREASES produrcd by the di»charie of warm
voter from the Haddant Neck canal were measured in September,
1968, when the Connecticut was near III seasonal low and the water
temperature was near iti Masonal high. Reading! were made at low

46
slack water la), nt mid-flood (6t. at hifli slnrk irl and al mid-rhh
(ill. Surfare temperatures are shown in the diagrams above, sub-
surface temperatures at far right. Shades of color indicate water
wanner than normal river water; numbers indicate temperature

-------
                                                                                                                  1696
above normal in degrees Fahrenheit. In the mibiurface diagram* light color indicate) water
op to five degree! F. warmer than normal, dark color more than fire degrees. No "thermal
block" w« formed at Haddam Neck, although warm water often covered the surface of
the rirer. The channel Is more than 10 feet deep; the water .below 12 feet was not heated.
the addition of the warm effluent to tlie
river. Hie station opposite the plant, for
example, logged increases  in tempera-
ture that persisted from  an hour to an
hour and  a half before the plume was
carried away from the west hank by tin*
effect of rising or falling tide. On several
occasions the temperature of trie surface,
water near the west bank was raised by
10 degrees  F. above  the ambient tem-
perature of the river,  and at a depth of
four feet the temperature rose  four de-
grees. Similar (although smaller) effects,
together with a reduction in oxygen con-
tent, were recorded at the stations  two
miles upstream and  1.8 miles down-
stream from the discharge canal. It was
apparent by October,  1968, 15 months
after start-up, that the plume of warm
water was quite sharply defined in terms
of  temperature: it streamed downriver
during ebb tide, spiead across the river
during  the  reversal from ebb  to flood,
streamed  upriver during flood  tide and
then spread across the river once more
at the reversal from flood to ebb.
   At this stage the power company or-
dered an  independent survey of varia-
tions in river temperature  to determine
how calefaction under actual operating
conditions compared  with  the predic-
tions made by the engineering firm of
Stone  &  Webster before  construction.
Temperatures were taken at mid-ebb, at
low slack water, at mid-flood and at high
slack water; while the  sinvey was in
progress the flow  in the Connecticut was
near its seasonal low and the water tem-
perature was near its  seasonal high.
   The  survey confirmed  the  readings
 made at our own  .stations and  provided
 additional information. When the warm
 plume reached the west bunk, for exam-
 ple, the heating of the subsurface water
 did not exceed two degrees F. at a depth
 of 12 feet. The survey set the upstream
 limit of the plume at two miles above
 the canal (which  agreed with our study)
 and the downstream limit at 2.2 miles
 (sevcial hundred yards below our moni-
 toring station in that area). Last summer
 we conducted plume studies of a rather
 more complex design than the company's
 1968 study, and  we hope to conduct as
 many as 10 more such studies this year.
   From 1966 through 1968, in addition
 to hydrological work  in the immediate
 vicinity of the discharge canal, we con-
 ducted more  than 24 surveys  that ex-
 tended from the  mouth of the river to
 a point well upstream from the plume.
 Eighteen stations were established, and
 at each station we recorded the  tempera-
 ture, salinity and  oxygen content of the
 river water near  the  surface,  near the
 bottom and at  an intermediate level

-------
                                                                                                                   1697
under varying liilal  ciicumstances ami
rates of river (lo\v. Over this three-year
period,  which started before the plant
went  into opeiation and  ended  nine
months  after operation  at the commer-
cial level had begun, the surveys  have
shown essentially identical results.

T laving gencially established the na-
* *  luie and extent of  the thermal dis-
turbance in this niea of the Connecticut,
we now faced the question of its biologi-
cal elfect. In the realm  of microbiology
we soon learned that a  series of studies
was already in progress  under the direc-
tion of John D. Duck and his associates
at the marine icscarcli lalwralory of the
University of Connecticut with the sup-
poi t of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Admini.stiation.  Sampling the  river
water in the vicinity of  the power plant
every three weeks or so, Duck's group
observed seasonal fluctuations in  river
bacteria. They found no alterations that
appealed to  be  attributable  to calefac-
tion except in the immediate vicinity of
the canal month. There  the diatoms that
normally dominate the river phytoplank-
ton, the species Mclosira amhigua, yield-
ed  that  role to  blue-green  algae. This
change  in flora does not seem to portend
obnoxious conditions either in the dis-
charge aiea or farther downstream, al-
though it is important to emphasize that
we are dealing here with short-term ob-
servations.
   Because  Muck's extensive microbio-
logical studies covered that area of re-
search,  we turned to investigating the
river's bottom-dwelling  fauna  and  its
populations of fishes, some of them resi-
dent  and some transient.  In order to
study the bottom community we estab-
lished 17 stations spaced along a zone
extending  from four miles below the
point of effluent discharge to four miles
above it. At fortnightly intervals we sam-
pled the river bottom in as many as 10
places at each station over a period of
more than  two years before  the  power
plant began operations. In 1969 we add-
ed 12 new  stations to this bottom-study
netwoik, all  of  them within the canal
that carries the effluent to the river.
   It  had been  < ur  original  plan that,
once the tedious task of  identifying the
members of the liottom community was
complete, we would  undertake  to deter-
mine the  presence  or  absence of the
more than  100 bottom-dwelling animal
species with  respect  to a range  of water
temperatures from two degrees Celsius
(35.6 degrees F.) to 38 degrees C. (100.4
degrees F.), or roughly seven degrees F.
above  the water  temperature  usually
considered fatal to fishes of the Tem-
perate  Zone. It soon became clear  that
considerations other than temperature.
among them the amount and velocity of
river flow and changes in the composi-
tion of bottom sediments, were of equal
concern  with respect to the well-being
of these mainly sedentary animals.
  The dominant animal species of  the
Connecticut  bottom sediments arc an
aquatic worm of the genus Limnodrilux
and, where the bottom is sandy, a fresh-
water  clam of the genus PMdiiim.  The
larvae  of two insects—the  midges  Pro-
claditis and Cryplocliironomiis—are  the
next most abundant animals under  nor-
mal river conditions. Dining the first 11
months that the power plant was in op-
eration it  became  increasingly  evident
that the areas  adjacent  to  the effluent
discharge harbored a greater variety of
oiganisms than they  had  before.  The
newcomers included the larvae of  bee-
tles, dragonflies, damselflies and other
insects. This diversity has remained high
in the  area where the canal water enters
the river.  Both  the degree  of  diversity
and the total numbers in the populations
of  this  area, however,  have  declined
sharply  on  several  occasions.  These
changes  were  apparently related to a
                                                                                                         CONDENSER
                                                                                                         COOLING
                                                                                                         SYSTEM
 TEMPERATURE of river water Is raised  20  degrees Fahrrn-
 heit u it flown thronah a condenser (right) where the steam thai
                     drives the power-plant turbine IB cooled. At the seasonal prak of
                     rirer temperature, effluent temperature can exceed IDS degree* F.

-------
                                                                                                                  1698
shutdown of tltr plant in March, 1008,
which halted the flow of effluent, and to
tlir spring freshets in May of lite some
year.

j\Te;ir  the  water intake of the plant
    conditions  are  the opposite. Here
both diversity and numbers show a sub-
stantial  decrease. Evidently the velocity
of the water as it is  pumped from the
river is  high enough  to wash away the
silt and  sand of the river bottom, togeth-
er with  the organisms dwelling in them.
The Iwttom in this area is now gravel
.nit!,  iiWiiiMwe, wholly unsuitable for
 tin- ur.ni>-, iinil cl.inis that formerly in-
 lulitlrd it.
    The  rixor Imllom near the discharge
 i-.in.il. which w.is formerly sand covered
 bv a thin layer of silt, has beerr changed
 to loosely consolidated silts that in places
 an- sescr.il indies deep. This is a highly
 sinl.ihlc habitat for the worms and also
 for insect larvae; hence the abundance
 and diversity of the newcomers. At the
 same time it is not a good habitat for the
 clams.  l>cc.nise the silt tends to cover
 their siphons; as a result the  population
 of clmis in the  area has  substantially
 dfcre.iied.
   Our interest  in these bottom-dwelling
 animals arises  fiom their role as an  in-
 tegral link in the river's food chain. Most
 of them are eaten by  the fishes that live
 in the river the year round (as opposed
 to migratory fish populations): catfishes,
 perches, pickerels and other  species. In
 any particular part  of the river the den-
 sity of the bottom-fauna populations in-
 fluences the abundance of fish, not only
 at certain seasons but also throughout
 the year. The striped bass, for example,
 is a seasonal inhabitant of these waters,
 but it is known to  spend the winter in
 a  number of northern localities where
 warm effluents have  made  the winter
 environment tolerable both for the bass
 and  for  the   bottom  organisms they
 eat. Since 1968 increasing  numbers of
 filliped  buss have been taken In wiilei.i
 I in 111  tin1 month  of th«  Iliiddiiin Neck
 cllhient canal.
   We arc now investigating which bot-
 tom organisms  are important as food for
 which fishes. We are also assessing what
 happens  to organisms that  are drawn
 into the power plant with the cooling
 wilier and involuntarily travel through
 the condenser  system. We know from
 observations made early in 1909 thai in-
 vertebrate organisms such as worms and
 clams survive the 6,000-foot  trip in spite
 of a rise of more than 20 degrees F. in
 water  temperature.  Live  invertebrates
 have also been found in the canal during
 the summer when the water temperature
                                          1.500-
  1.200-
8
I
in
g  900 —
t,
Q
I
O  600-
o:
    300—
            1965
                          1966
                                        1967
                                                     1968
                                                                    1969
NUMBERS OF SHAD that have entered the Connecticut to spawn in each of the past [our
years have not changed significantly since the Uaddam Neck power plant began start-up
procedures in July, 1967. The abundance of shad in 1965 is attributable to above-average
spawning success in 1960. Shad are the river*8 economically most important natural resource.
 was alrove 100 degrees F., which is some
 14  degrees  alxive  the  maximum sum-
 mer temperature of  river water.  Fur-
 ther analysis of the bottom populations
 in the canal should help to clarify the
 picture.

 Tn analyzing the fish populations of the
   Connecticut we have w orked our way
 from  the mouth  of the river to as far
 north as Northampton, Mass., 90 miles
 upstream. In the  first three years of our
 study, before the Haddam Neck plant
 had gone into operation, we made collec-
 tions with bag seines and trawls in three
 depth  zones: from the  surface to five
 feet, from three feet to 10 feet and from
 20 feet In as much as 40 feet in places
 wheni llie depth  of  I he river allowed
 It. A total of 30-1 separate, collections
 proved to contain representatives of 30
 species of fish.
   The most common  resident fishes  in
 the  Connecticut  are  the white  and
 brown bullhead catfishes (Ictaltmis ca-
 ttix and  /. nrbultaus),  the white perch
 (/lorriM  amrrlcanus),  the  yellow perch
 (Pcrca   faucsccns),  various  sunfishcs
 (Lcpomis), the spotlail shiner (Notropts
 litidsonlus), the darter (Etheostoma olm-
 stedi),  the  white  sucker (Catoslomtu
 commcnont) and the killifish (Fundulus
 dlajihanus). The common eel (Anguillo
 rottrata) is also an  inhabitant of the riv-
er, but  it spawns  in  the  ocean and  is
therefore  not strictly a  resident fish.
Sin.ee it spends most  of its young and
adult life in fresh water, however, we in-
clude it among the river residents. Cen-
suses of the fish caught by fishermen dur-
ing 10  months of the year from 1965
through 1969 show that 85 percent of
the catch in the Haddam Neck area con-
sists  of catfishes, perches, eels and sun-
fishes.
  The operations of the Haddam Neck
power plant  do  not  seem to  have sig-
nificantly  affected the  small  but rela-
tively stable catch of  resident fishes. At
the mouth of the Salmon River, about a
mile below the mouth of the plant's dis-
chaige  canal, however,  the catch ralo
.showed mi Increase In  1001); ihN iiiny
bo correlated  with the  presence of the
warm-water  plume nearby. Indeed, a
number of fishermen  now prefer to fish
near the mouth of the canal.
  In studying the catfishes and perches
we tagged more  than  1,000  of these
fishes In 1968 and some 5,000 of them
In 1909. The object of the study Is two-
fold:  to  provide  information  on  the
fishes' rate of growth and to trace the
movements   of  the  fishes  upstream,
downstream  and  in and out of the dis-
charge  canal. Tag returns in 1969 ran
above 10 percent, and significant infor-
mation from  this work is already emerg-

-------
                                                                                                                     1699
ing. For example, representatives of both
ciilfish species and of (lie yellow  perch
IMVO  been recaptured from  35  lo 40
miles  upshc.im of lite power plant and
from .six- (o lo miles downstream.
  Tlie fislios  that have moved from the
river into the discharge canal are now
being studied intensively. A picliminaiy
estimate of their numbers indicates that
in winter lictween  12,000 and 21,000
brown catfish and between 3,000 and
7,000 while  catfish are present in the
cait.il. In spite of the greater avail.ihility
of food in the raiiul urea the condition of
the canal catfishes is considerably poorer
than the condition  of river catfishes liv-
ing beyond the influence of the plume.
The factors responsible for this appear
to include the fishes' higher rate of me-
tabolism in the warmer  water, the in-
creased expenditure of energy required
to cope with  the relatively high rate of
flow in the  canal  and  the  effects of
crow ding.
  Young schooling  fishes, such as shin-
ers and kitlifish, ha\e been taken  in the
canal  when  the water temperature  "'as
98.6  degrees F.;   their  condition  ap-
peaicd  to be pood. The  upper limit of
water  temperature  tolerable  for  the
adult  fish, on  the other hand, is only
slightly above 93 degrees, a temperature
that is frequently surpassed in the canal
during the summer months. It is of in-
terest in this connection that observa-
tions  made  in  1968 and 1969 showed
that   adult  fish will move  from  the
cooler river back into the canal when the
temperature  of the effluent  has  fallen
less than two degrees F. below the upper
limit. It may well be that the knowledge
gained in these studies will be useful in
fish farming.
  The migratory fishes that  ore  domi-
nant in the Connecticut are three mem-
bers of the genus Alow: the glut herring
(A. flf-Wii'fl/i.s), a summer spawner; the
alewifc  (A.  furnrfn/iarnigm), basically
a  spring  sp.iwnor, and (he American
shad  (A.  viplitMina),  also  a   spring
spawner and one of the most delectable
of nil fishes to eat.  The three species are
not easy  to tell apart  when they are
adults, and  it  is even  more difficult to
do so when they  are  juveniles.  When
they are larvae, it is only possible lo dis-
tinguish them  by counting muscle seg-
ments under the microscope.

f~\ f the three migrant species the shad
"is the most important economically.
The commercial shad fishery on the Con-
necticut has an annual capitalized value
of some $7.5 million and the sport fish-
ery an additional value of $14 million.
The fish spawn in fresh water and the


                                                                                           -

 CENSUS OF FISHES found in the mile-Ion* effluent cmil it H.d-     erie« md G.me «nd it equipped to etun fish with in elertrir «hork.
 dim Neck nliliim • Uanrh that txlonn to the Stale Boud ol Fi.b-     Netmen on the Iranch «nd on following crift retrieve the rtnnned

-------
                                                                                                                1700
jn\ cuilcs go  to sea some five  months
later. They lematn al sea foi four lo five
veais, and little is known of their move-
ments and habits during  this inters al.
\Vhcu they have reached maturity, they
irtnrn  to  spawn in ficsh  water.  They
tome luck lo the sttcam in which they
developed, apparently uith  the same
high degree of precision  exhibited by
the salmon of the Pacific. Some shad are
single-time spawneis; otheis are repeat-
el s. The fish that find their way back to
the sea again, knoun as "i miners,"  are
emaciated and debilitated.
  One  of  the several shad studies  we
undertook  was to locate  the areas in
the Connecticut River where the shad
spawn.  This involved day and night vi-
sual observations from  the  shore,  and
from lx>ats, and the collecting of eggs in
towed and stationary plankton nets.  Be-
cause -shad swim in a characteristic cir-
   4>W ,p->  J|   ,  sNfeml
 fish for examination and tagging. Census is
 conducted by the Connecticut River Snnrey.
cular pattern when  they are spawning,
with their fins and backs out of the wa-
ter, visual observations are not difficult.
In June, 1967, for example, we observed
shad swimming over a period of nearly
a week in a circular pattern  150 feet
from the west bank of the Connecticut
1!5  miles  south of  the Windsor Locks
bridge above Hartford. The spawning
area was a gravel lx>ttom at a depth of
from three to four feet. When we lowed
plankton nets in this area, \ve collected
numerous shad eggs in a relatively early
stage of development.
   We rigged stationary bottom nets, at-
tached to buoys to allow for tidal chang-
es, at 31 points from Essex upstream to
Thompsonville,  18  miles above  Hart-
ford. On the basis of the number and the
age of the eggs collected in these nets
we were able to conclude that the shad
spawning aieas were far more numerous
above Hatlfurd  than below. We ob-
tained eggs both in May and in June,
when  the temperature of river  water
ranged from a low of 50 degrees F. to a
high of 73.4 degrees; the majority of the
eggs were collected when the water tem-
perature  was at the upper  end of this
range. Eggs were found in both  fresh
and tidal water. We discovered  that,
compared with the major shad spawning
areas north of Hartford, spawning in the
vicinity  of  the  Haddam Neck power
plant was minimal.
   One of the critical periods in the early
life of the shad is when the juvenile fish
move  downstream  en  route to the sea.
This  procession  starts  in the latter half
of August and continues into November;
the fish are from  three to five inches
long.  We wauled  to learn  something
about their  ral.3 of  movement down-
slieam and whelhoi or iiot their passage
would bo Impeded by  the plume of
warm diluent Irom tins  Haddam  Nock
plant. As a first step w>: marked 18,000
juvenile shad by clippi ig their fins and
7,000 more by spraying them with a
fluorescent  dye. Since we were unable
 to recapture any of the'e fish, we rigged
 gill nets that extended to a depth of 10
 feet  in  the  vicinity of the plume and
 then checked the catch at intervals that
 enabled  us  to compare the depths  at
 which the fish traveled by day and by
 night. We  found that the fish swim in
 deep water  by day aivl nearer the sur-
 face at  night. Even al night, however,
 they apparently pass under the plume at
 depths below four feet, the level where
 a five-degree temperature rise is encoun-
 tered. There is no  evidence  that the
 juvenile shad suffer any detrimental ef-
 fects  in  traversing the river  region af-
 fected by the effluent.
  In an  attempt  In learn  more about
how juvenile shad react to lapid changes
in water temperature we lonductcd a
series of experiments in I'lOO and I<)67
al the Essex Marine Laboratory.  The
preliminary tests showed that an inslan-
tancous rise in temprialiuc  lo  91  de-
grees F. (more precisely, a rise over a
range of from  16 degrees alxwe an am-
bient water temperature of 75 degrees
to nine degrees above an ambient 82
degrees) was lethal  to  the young  shad
within five minutes. Later experiments
showed that the juvenile  fish  actively
avoided water characterized by such se-
vere temperature gradients. In this con-
nection,  larval  fishes appear to 1m e a
greater immunity to the effects of cale-
faclion than juveniles. A  plankton-net
tow made in the discharge canal in July,
1968,  when the water tempciature was
93.2 degrees F., yielded more than 650
Ahsa  larvae;  they were mostly at the
late yolk-sac stage, which suggests that
they  were the  product of  upstream
spawning.  They had apparently entered
the plant intake and passed through the
condenser  unscathed.
   Midsummer fish kills are not uncom-
mon  in the lower i caches of the Con-
necticut. We have obseived  three since
the beginning  of our investigations, all
before  the Haddam Neck plant  went
into operation: on July 2 and July 13 in
 1965 and on July 4 in 1966.  The size of
the second kill in 1965 was estimated at
 100,000 fish and the 1966 kill at 50,000
fish. In all three instances the principal
fatalities were glut herring (99.9  per-
cent  of the kill in 1966) and alewives.
Shad, catfishes, white suckers, eels and
white perch were  killed in  far smaller
 numbers. The  kills were apparently the
 result neither of toxic effluents nor of a
 parnsilic mfcstiilion, Their  most  piob-
 able cause appears  to be  the combi-
 nation of  low river flow, water  tem-
 peratures  in excess of 80 degrees F.,
 a depleted supply of dissolved oxygen
 and, in the case of the summer-spawning
 glut  herring,  the stress associated  with
 spawning  activity.  In  many areas that
 we sampled  the watci contained less
 than five parls of oxygen per million, a
 level  that is   generally considered  un-
 favorable  for fish life: Our samples were
 taken in daylight;  since the photosyn-
 thetic activity of aquatic plants  is re-
 duced at night, the oxygen content must
 have  been even lower in the predawn
 hours when spawning activity is greatest.
    We needed to establish other  facts
 about the shad. What is the rate of the
 upstream  migration in the spring? How
 many fish return each year to spawn?
 Might the plume of  warm water from

-------
                                                                                                                   1701
tlir plant  keep the mature fislies from
traveling upstream to their usual spawn-
ing pounds? To answer these questions
we instituted  another intensive  shad-
tagging piogram. So far more than 18,-
000 migiating shad have been marked
by setting a "spaghetti  dart"—a short
barbed rod with a long bright-colored
streamer—in  the back muscles of the
fish. Another 200 fish have been "force-
fed" small sound transmitters so that the
details of their upstream movements can
lie monitored by hydrophone. We found
that the  speed  of upstream migration
ranged from less than a mile per day to
five miles or more once  the shad  had
moved upstream from brackish water to
fiesh.  There seems to be no  "normal"
speed  of  migration; instead the rate of
the fish's pi ogress  appears to depend on
the  temperature  and salinity  of  the
\\ater.
   It nppeuis that  the effluent from the
plant has  no significant retarding effect
on the shad's upstream progress. The
fish follow the  river channel, which is
close to the west bank in the area affect-
ed by  the  plume, and  sonic  tracking
shows that within  the channel they tend
to move along its west side. They either
pass through or under the plume with-
out apparent difficulty or significant hes-
itation. Under the environmental condi-
tions  existing during the  shad runs of
1968 and  1969, two  years  when the
power plant operated at nearly full scale,
there has been no thermal blockage of
the Connecticut. At  the present level of
plant operation, assuming that environ-
mental conditions remain the same, no
blockage is anticipated.
   The return of spaghetti lags, in com-
bination with other  data, has provided
the  basis  for  good estimates of how
many shad  return to the Connecticut
each year. We estimate that in 1963 the
number  was more than a million; this
appears  to reflect an unusually success-
ful spawning 'eason five years earlier.
From 1966 thiough 1969, we estimate,
the number of returning shad has fluctu-
ated  around tl e half-million maik [sec
illustration on page 49], The population
trend in  future years remains to be seen.
   The 'shad fishery is  the Connecticut
River's only major economic resource at
present.  The alewife and the glut her-
ring, however, are a resource that, al-
though it has suffered from mismanage-
ment in  the past, could well be rehabili-
 CATFISH FROM CANAL i« examined by Barton C. Marcy, Jr, of the Connecticut River
 Survey staff. Because the higher temperature oj the effluent Increases the fishes' rate of me-
 tabolism while the rate of effluent flow forces them to iwlra more vigorously than when In
 the river, the condition of the canal catfish Is relatively poor in spite of more plentiful food.
tated  given  the  proper  incentives. Un-
der prudent control the stock of these
river  herrings could uitMtand heavy
harvesting (as in fact it did in the earlier
part of the century, when  the o\erall
catch along the  East Coast  of the U.S.
ranged from 30 to 60 million pounds per
season). When the  problems besetting
the production and marketing of fish-
protein concentrate are surmounted,
these fishes should be exploitable in the
Connecticut and in other Eastern rivers.

T TOW can our studies of the Connecti-
* •* cut up to the present  be summa-
rized? First of all, it is necessary to avoid
anticipating the final conclusions of the
comprehensive study; the collecting of
data for that report will not be finished
before the end of 1972. Anything we can
say at this stage must he accepted as a
short-term evaluation. Not only will sev-
eral more years of intensive research be
needed to lay a firm foundation for fu-
ture decisions  about heating the  river
but also continued testing and observa-
tion are necessary if we are to detect
subtle long-term ecological  effects that
are not now even predictable. It is nev-
ertheless  possible  to rcpoit that  the
operation of the Iladdam Neck power
plant and the consequent c.ilcfiiclion of
the Connecticut River  in  the vicinity
of  the plant has had no significant del-
eterious effect on the biology of the riv-
er. There  have been changes in the flora
near  the plant,  in the bottom fauna at
the point of effluent discharge  and in
the condition of the  bottom  habitat near
the plant intake. Of the  river's fishes, the
catfish that enter the discharge canal do
not fare as well as those that do not en-
ter. These effects can hardly  be regarded
as  being calamitous, and in  the long run
the calefaction  may even prove to be
beneficial in one way or another.
   It is currently recalled that two cen-
turies ago Edmund Uurke declared  that
"the public interest requires  doing today
 those  things that men of intelligence and
good  will would wish,  five  or Ion years
 hence, had bcrn done." Wlicic the cale-
faction of streams,  rivers and hikes  is
concerned,  what  must  he  done  is not
only   to  squarely  face the ecological
problems that  the  rising  demand for
power are creating  but also to  accom-
pany  programs  of  construction  with
programs of environmental research so
 that the most favorable possible condi-
tions  are achieved. Such a course  re-
 quires rational give-and-take and a will-
 ingness of strong-minded people on both
sides of such problems  to bend enough
to  arrive at the  optimum  balance of
interests.

-------
                                                      1702




                      D.  Schwarz




          MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  Mr.  Schwarz.




          Any comments or questions?




          While Mr. Fetterolf is  getting set up,  this is




just for clarification.  I wish you were here the last




3 days when the Fish and Wildlife people were here because




I have heard the questions you asked, asked of them many




times .     These are questions that were asked by several




people with thermal problems throughout the country..




I think they have considered these and they do have




answers to them.




          I wouldn't like to, as  Chairman,  try to give you




a summary of the answers, but what I  can say is that I have




heard these questions asked and answered many times.




          MR. SCHWARZ:  Thank you.




          MR. FETTEROLF:   Mr. Schwarz, relative to the



amendment which the staff submitted to the  Michigan Water



Resources Commission on temperature standards, I don't



know what date was on the copy which  you had, so that




you would include these figures.  But  I have a copy dated




September 1970 which we presented to  our commission and




which they gave us permission to  use  on a written basis




with the other States and with the Federal Government,and




you will find that the figures have been adjusted.




          MR. SCHWARZ:  I will appreciate a copy of it.

-------
                                                     1703





                       D. Schwarz




          MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments or




questions?




          While you are hero I wonder if possibly you or




Mr. Klassen can indicate  how does the Abbott Corporation



stand in meeting their other requirements for abatement of




pollution in Lake Michigan?




          MR. SCHWARZ:  Well, I could respond to that if




it is acceptable, Mr. Klassen.




          MR. KLASSEN:  It is all right with me.  You are




under litigation.  I would prefer that you would reply.




          MR. STEIN:  If that is the case I will withdraw




the question.




          MR. SCHWARZ:  Our suit with the Attorney General




has been settled, Mr. Stein.




          MR. STEIN:  Do you feel free to talk?  If he



is under litigation — you know, I am often in the same



position myself.  There are loads of cases I can talk



about and we have got cases filed that I don't talk about,




and if this is under litigation, I will withdraw the



question.




          Are there any further comments or questions?




          If not, thank you very much, Mr. Schwarz0




          MR. SCHWARZ:  Yes.




          MR. STEIN:  May we have Byrd F» Parmelee?  Is

-------
                                                     1704
                      C. F. Riefstahl



Mr. Parmalee here?  I guess not.




          Do we have Mr. Riefstahl?   Do you want to make




a statement?




          While Mr. Riefstahl is coming up, I would like




to read a telegram sent to us today:




          "I urge you to give serious consideration in




your deliberations at the Chicago Thermal Pollution




Conference to the views of Michigan citizens which are




scheduled for presentation Friday.  The protection of Lake




Michigan's fragile aquatic and shoreline environment should




be the primary aim of this conference.  The Federal




Department of the Interior and conservation organizations




in Michigan have spent much time and effort researching




and studying this problem.  These views warrant the most



careful consideration during the conference."  Signed



Senator Sander Levin.




          Will you proceed, Mr. Riefstahl?








          STATEMENT OF CHARLES F. RIEFSTAHL,




                 SKOKIE, ILLINOIS








          MR. RIEFSTAHL:  My name is Charles F. Reifstahl,




8132 Kolmar Avenue, Skokie, Illinois.  I am a concerned




citizen and I wanted to make a statement here.

-------
                                                      1705






                      C. F. Riefstahl



          I would like to relate to you a personal



experience at the consumer end of the electrical industry,



or at the convenience outlet in my house.  A short time ago



I had occasion to use the drop cord in my shop and I found



that the 50-watt rough service bulb was burned out.  I went



to the local utility replacement bulb outlet and requested



a 50-watt rough service bulb to replace the burned out



one.  Imagine my consernation when I was told that the



50-watt bulb was no longer manufactured and I would have



to take a 75-watt rough service bulb.  An item of informa-



tion like this is usually lost to the public and to the



regulatory bodies since they happen to be a member of the



silent majority.  I am slowly finding my voice.



          The electric utility industry has had some



comments about advertising and natural load growth.  It



seems to me that it is another case of say it often enough



and people will believe it, and as for doubling electrical



demand every 10 years I can only say that my personal



expenditure for electricity over the last 23 years has



increased about 10 percent and I have all the things



that most households have but there is little waste.  We



turn off lights and turn the television on when there is



a program we wish to see, then we turn it off.



          Mr. Stein mentioned the seeming trend to the same

-------
                                                      1706






                      C. F.  Riefstahl




conclusions as this meeting has progressed,.and I feel




obligated to display my ignorance and ask about the trend




to 1000 MWe turbines and generator sets.  Why not 5-250




MWe turbine generator sets?  It seems to me that at a load




factor of 65 percent as mentioned in one of the recent




papers, three of the sets could be operating and one idle.




The electric utility people no doubt have explored this




avenue of approach and decided that they can live with




the effects of a major interruption when one of the large




units inadvertently drops out of the power pool.  I am




not as concerned with this problem as I am with one




which I read just last week.




          Mr. Stein, I would like to interject that I was




reading my thermal pollution file and finally got to the



bottom and this article was on the bottom.



          I continue.  I would like to read to you Page 15




of a paper called "Thermal Pollution, Its Sources, Control



and Costs," by Dean E. Abrahamson, M.D., Ph.D., University




of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, presented at the




"Workshop on Eutrophication," University of Minnesota,




Duluth Branch, September 21, 196^, sponsored by the Minn-




esota Chapter of the Izaak Walton League of America and




the Sears Foundation.



          On Page 15, the title is "Thermal Pollution of

-------
                                                       1707

                       C. F. Riefstahl
 Lake Superior."
          "At present there is relatively little thermal
 pollution of Lake Superior at least from Minnesota.  It
 is not surprising, however, that Lake.Superior attracts
 the attention of industries which require copious quanti-
 ties of clean, cool water.  It has been reported that the
 Atomic Energy Commission is considering the construction
 of a very large plant on the North Shore of Lake Superior.
 This plant would produce uranium fuel for nuclear reactors,
 and would require large quantities of cooling water.  In
 addition, the plant, which would be of the gaseous diffusion
 type, would require electrical energy equivalent to approx-
 imately 10 to 15 generating plants each the size of the
 Monticello reactor plant or the Clay Boswell fossil-fueled
 plant.
           "If this gaseous diffusion plant and its
 associated source of electrical power were the equivalent
 .of fifteen reactor plants each the size of the Monticello
 plant, then the total heat which could be discharged to
                                              TO     *(6)
 Lake Superior would be approximately 1.5 x lO-^B.t.u.
 per day or 10.5 x 1012 B.t.u. per week.  This is suffi-
 cient heat to raise the temperature of a cubic mile of
 water by 1 degree Fahrenheit each week of operation.
              12
*(6)  1.5 x 10   could be written as 1,500,000,000,000.

-------
                                                     1708





                      C. F. Riefstahl



The resultant effect on Lake Superior, which may be one



of the most sensitive bodies of water in the world and



which is a major cold-water fishery, can only be contem-



plated with considerable apprehension!



          "The effects of this quantity of heat on Lake



Superior would depend on complex interaction of many



factors, and could not be predicted without considerable



study.  It must also be remembered that Lake Superior is



classified as a cold-water fishery.  The proposed standards



relating to thermal discharges is that  'There shall be no



material increase in temperature.'  It would seem highly



unlikely that large thermal discharges would be permitted



by either State or Federal water quality regulations."



          The facts concerning the environment are hard to



come by and the lack of any publicity in connection with



fuel for all the proposed reactors is glaringly absent,



The reason, I suppose, is defense security and the fear



that an unfriendly power could conceivably profit from the



knowledge of this country's capability.  I had begun to



lose faith in some of our public officials when I dis-



covered just 2 years ago that the power industry and the



FEPC and well meaning men starting in 1933 built dams and



hydroelectric plants in such proliferation in the Columbia



River watershed that this once great river is now only a

-------
                                                      1709
                      C. F. Riefstahl




1200-mile long lake.  This in 37 short years.  (Reference




"Crisis on the Columbia" by Oral Bullard Library of




Congress Catalog Card No. 6S-57012.)




          I sincerely hope that you, Mr. Stein, and the other




men on this panel and all persons truly concerned with




the preservation of Lake Michigan and, in fact, all the




Great Lakes do not lose your dedication.




          Thank you for the opportunity to speak and I




hope that we all will be successful in our continuing




effort to preserve our priceless heritage.




          Thank you.




          MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




          You know, I said just one thing, and  I hope




people don't go away with the wrong impression.  Do you




know what the cubic feet per second flow on the Columbia



River is?  That is the fastest flow of any lake I ever



ran into.




          MR. RIEFSTAHL:  Well, that I will admit.  How-



ever, I was concerned that from all indications these



dams for 1200 miles has had a very, very deleterious




effect on the salmon run .    It has been documented and




there are prognostications that within 10 years the




salmon run will be immeasurable it will be so low.




          MR. STEIN:  By the way, I am not sure of that,

-------
                                                        1710
                     C. F. Riefstahl



but I think you do raise a point.  I have done a con-



siderable amount of work on this.  Perhaps our Fish



and Wildlife people who are here can assist us on the



Columbia River.  Do we still have Mr. Tichenor here?



What is the rate of flow of the Columbia?  Is it 200,000



feet a second?  I hesitate to give the figure.  Other than



the Mississippi, I don't know where we have a flow like that



anywhere in the country.  But I think this is the question



that we have with the salmon runs.



          We have fish passage devices which have cost



us a lot of money and a tremendous amount of research.



We have diseases appearing in the salmon — fungus diseases



and other problems that I don't think we realized were



there when we changed the regimen of that river.  I think



while we have to deal with the Columbia River — and I



don't want to deprecate any of the water projects that we



have had there, and I don't think we are going to lose



the salmon run because I think the salmon are going to



increase going up the Columbia — but we have had to pay



quite a price to keep those salmon up.  In fact, in some



places we find it easier not to have them go up a fish



ladder or passage device, but we put them in a tank car



and drive them up and then release them.



          I believe what has happened in rivers like

-------
                                                       1711
                     C. F. Riefstahl



that is the kind of thing that gives purpose in not



authorizing tremendous changes in the environment, when



someone says, "Well, we are not sure," or "We don't know,"



and "Let's try it and see."



          Now, again, I guess when we went to school years



ago in the thirties  and we had a little different type



education than we have now, we used to study these



philosophic principles.  One of the most famous and most



hoary ones I think was the principle that the simplest



explanation was likely the one to be the most correct.



Then we had another one that we studied in those days, at



least in the primitive stages of biology, that when you



tinkered with nature the results were rarely beneficial.



          I think your analogy of the Columbia River



is one that I know I am keeping very much in mind when



we are thinking of changing what we are going to do to



Lake Michigan.



          Are there any other comments or questions?



          If not, thank you very much, sir.



          Are there any other questions, or does anyone else



want to make a statement?  This about exhausts the list



for today.  I know tomorrow we are going to have a very



full day, from the look of it, and if anyone wants to

-------
                                                     1712





                      B.  F.  Parmelee




volunteer and make his statement today, he would be



welcome.




          Do you want to?  Come on up.   This is Mr. Byrd




Parmelee.








          STATEMENT OF BYRD F. PARMELEE, SALES




          ENGINEER, TECHNIGON INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS,




                   TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK








          MR. PARMELEE:  My name is Byrd Parmelee.  I work




with Technicon Industrial Systems, a division of Technicon




Instruments Corporation,  and I know how important your




time is so I will be very brief  in explaining how these




terms are synonymous.



          Recently it has become apparent to many people



that we have water quality problems.  It has been sug-



gested that one solution to the problem is source moni-




toring.  I don't know what you think about Technicon




Corporation.  I don't know what you think about it as a




result of past experience with Technicon Corporation.




But we have now formed a new division called Industrial




Systems,  We believe that it is a new ballgarae.  We believe




our future lies in industry, and those of us involved with




this particular job are enthusiastic about the ability of

-------
                                                    1713
                      B. F. Parmelee



our company now to meet the needs for source monitoring.



          A few examples where source monitoring has



shown the business man a cost reduction — a sugar-manu-



facturing plant in Brooklyn found by monitoring contin-



uously plant effluent for sugar loss that he was surprised



to find short-term sugar losses.  By eliminating these



losses, he was able to save money.



          An ammunition production facility in the United



States found by monitoring continuously for sulphate,



nitrate, and nitrite, they were able to detect intermed-



iate losses that created a cost reduction step.



          I am here primarily to invite each of you to



participate and attend our congress in New York on



November 3 where the subject of how to solve our water



pollution problem by source monitoring will be discussed.



The meeting will take place at the Hilton in New York,



and it is, we think, a good opportunity to share with



those who want to solve problems some of the opportuni-



ties for continuing to solve these problemsa



          MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much.



          You know, I thought I did my share for Technicon



by agreeing to coming up and speaking at your meeting,



but I am not sure we are available for commercial plugs



here in addition.  Thank you very much.

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                                                     1714





                      Murray Stein




          We have a statement here from the City Offices,



Petoskey, Michigan, from the City Clerk, which will be



entered into the record without objection.



          And a statement from the Lake Michigan Thermal



Study Committee, by Russell C, Mallatt, whom you all know,



and I will put that in the record.  Mr. Mallatt was here



to give this personally when we were supposed to have



these committees go on but, as you know, he has a very



demanding position in the petroleum industry and he had



pressing other business and he just left the statement



to be read.  Without objection this will be put into the



record.



          (The statements above referred to follow in



their entirety.)

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                                                                                 1715

                                   CITY CLERK
                                    VIRGINIA HUBBARD
                                    Sept. 15, 1970
Ralph W. Purdy, Executive Secretary
Department of Natural Resources
Stevens T. Mason Building, .
Lansing, Michigan 48926
                                                                         7 f
                                                                          '"197Q
     The following is a copy of a resolution adopted by the Petoskey City Council,
in Special Session Assembled, on the 14th day of September 1970.
               the land area surrounding the Great Lakes is prime recreation land,
ana
                                                                            ikes Basin
     WHEREAS, the Great Lakes are vital resources of the area if the Groat
is to remain prime recreation land, and
     WHEREAS, all reports indicate that the Great Lakes Basin is in great danger of
becoming irreversibly polluted unless sever and immediate action is caken, and
     V.1-ISRSAS, the City of Petoskey, Michigan is a community located on the shoreline
of Little Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan and desires that all means and controls are
utilized to abate the pollution of Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes,
     NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the City of Petoskey hereby proposes:
     1. That new and more stringent regulations be enacted covering the discharge
of effluent into the Great Lakes and its tributaries, requiring as a minimum the use
of tertiary treatment on all municipal and industrial discharges.
     2.  That equally stringent standards be established for all commercial vessels
operating on the Great Lakes and that these standards be rigidly enforced.
     3.  That all resort and subdivision development on the Great Lakes and its
tributaries be required to provide adequate sewage treatment facilities.'
     32 IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that copies of this resolution be sent to the Governor
of the States of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, the State Senators of
these four states and the Water Resources Commission, State of Michigan, for presen-
tation at the Federal Conference on Pollution of Lake Michigan and its Tributary
2asin, Third Session, convened in session at Chicago, Illinois, September 28 to
October 2, 1970."
                                         Virg/nia F. fiubbard, City

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                                                                           1716

                STATEMENT OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN THERMAL STUDY
        COMMUTES AT THE LAKE MICHIGAN FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
                  SEPTEMBER 28, 29, 30, OCTOBER 1,  2,  1970


     My name is Russell C. Mallatt and I am here to present a short statement

on behalf of the Lake Michigan Thermal Study Committee.

     The Lake Michigan Thermal Study Committee consists of representatives of

a number of diverse industries located along the western shore of Lake Michigan

in Northwest Indiana.  These companies have a mutual concern about the whole

question of thermal inputs to Lake Michigan and share the belief that there is

a definite lack of knowledge regarding the effects  of thermal additions to the

lake.

     This concern is precisely why the committee is prepared to initiate a pro-
gram of research.  It will begin with the commissioning of Limnetics, Inc. of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to undertake a one year thermal study of that portion of
Lake Michigan which lies in the Calumet region of Indiana if the conferees
agree with the opinion of the committee that data to be derived from such a
study are necessary prior to the adoption of new regulations pertaining to
thermal discharges.
     Until additional information is made available, members of the committee
believe that the present standards provide sufficient and necessary protection
for the Lake Michigan environment.  We presently do not know of any basis in
fact that will support the Department of the Interior's proposed limitations of
1°F. above ambient.  We believe this proposal to be most unrealistic.  It might
thwart present progress towards improving valor quality.  In fact, it might
make obsolete some recent investments in effluent treatment facilities.  It
might also divert future funds awcy from other more beneficial effluent Duality
improvement projects.

     Trie committee has organized cooperatively the proposed study to provide

information and the basis for reoom;;ieiiM«tionr- thai c?m affirm present water

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                                                                            1717
                                    — 2 —
quality standards or that vill suggest needed changes or new regulations.




     To aid in the solicitation of study proposals from several interested




research and academic institutions, the committee formulated the following study




objectives, which outline the scope of the proposed research:




     1.  Review and summarize objectively the effects of thermal discharges on




the fresh water aquatic biota which is typical of southern Lake Michigan.   It




is anticipated that this will require a comprehensive literature search and




will yield the information necessary to prepare a well-founded policy statement




on thermal pollution.




     2.  Determine and summarize existing thermal dispersion patterns in the




Calumet area of Lake Michigan under a variety of meteorological and hydrographi-




cal conditions.  This will involve the collection of outfall inventory data and




data on surface and subsurface currents and dispersion patterns in the lake.




It is expected that the data collection will involve a combination of field




measurements and aerial thermal mapping surveys.  The portion of Lake Michigan




which is of interest to the participating companies extends from the Indiana-




Illinois line up to the eastern boundary of Gary, Indiana.  The area of study




is tentatively defined as being within l*r miles of shore.




     3«  Study the influence of natural effects, including daily and seasonal




variations in wind, cloud cover, sunlight, air temperature, and land runoff on




short- and long-term temperature variations in the lake.  These natural effects




will be compared to the influence of the man-made heat discharges quantified




under item 2.




     We are not in a position to present definitive recommendations in regard




to thermal standards at this time; however, we will be ready to present the




conclusions from our study to the state of Indiana upon its completion in




approximately one year.  In addition, data from additional studies of which

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                                                                           1713







                                    - 3 -





committee members are aware should also be available  by that  time.  It  is our



conviction that meaningful revisions of the present water  quality  standards must



be predicated on need and based on fact.  Since the standards now  in  effect



afford reasonable protection and since additional facts will  be forthcoming, it



is our recommendation that the setting of  new thermal standards for the southern




portion of Lake Michigan be held in abeyance for at least  one year.

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                                                       1719





                        Murray Stein




          MR. STEIN:   Are there any other statements or




comments?




          If not,  I will thank you very much,  and  we will




stand recessed  until  9:00 o'clock tomorrow, and  I  hope




you will tell everyone to keep their statements  brief




tomorrow if we  are going to get through.




          We stand in recess.




          (The  conference adjourned at 3:40 p.m.)
                               * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1971 O - 422-409 (Vol. 4)

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