-------
EPA-G005103
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LAND USE
on
WATER QUALITY
(A WORK PLAN)
BLACK CREEK STUDY
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
Allen County, Indiana
PLANNING PHASE - WORK PLAN
Reduction of Sediment
and
Related Pollutants
in the
Maumee River
and
Lake E*ie
Prepared by
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
In cooperation with
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region V - Chicago/ Illinois
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service
Agricultural Research Service
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
Cooperative Extension Service
Agricultural Experiment Station
ALLEN COUNTY COUNCIL
MAY 1973
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PRINCIPAL PARTICIPANTS
ALLEN COUNTY COUNCIL - Chairman, Max Shambaugh-County Funding
ALLEN COUNTY COMMISSIONERS - President, Charles N. Hoemig
County Administration
INDIANA STATE SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION COMMITTEE - Chairman, Louis McKee
State Assistance
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
Ellis McFadden - Chairman, Allen County Soil & Water Conservation District
Project Administrator
James E. Lake - Allen County Conservationist-Project Director
ALLEN COUNTY SURVEYOR'S OFFICE
William Sweat - Allan County Surveyor-Assistance in Design
and Application
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service - Indiana
Cletus Gillman......state Conservationist
State SCS Administration
Thomas Evans Former State Conservationist
State SCS Administration
Leon Kimberlin State Resource Conservationist
Conservation Planning Guidance
Eugene Pope State Engineer
Design, Planning and Application
Joseph Branco Area Conservationist
Area SCS Administration
C.F. Poland Area Engineer
Engineering Coordination
T. Daniel McCain....District Conservationist
Field Office SCS Administration
Darrell Brown Soil Conservationist
Black Creek Project Planner
ii
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PRINCIPAL PARTICIPANTS (CONT.)
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Holland Z. Wheaton...Agriculture Engineer
Ditch Bank. Studies,
Nutrient Movement Related to Tile Drains
Dr. Harry Galloway Agronomist
Conservation Tillage Demonstrations
Dr. Jerry Mannering Agronomist
Rainulator Studies
Dr. Eldon Hood Agronomist
Soil Testing
Dr. L.E. Sommers, Agronomist
Laboratory Analysis
Dr. G.W. Nelson Agronomist
Laboratory Analysis
Dr. Edwin J. Monke.......Agriculture Engineer
Modeling and Prediction
Dr. Jerry Hamelink Aquatic Biologist
Biological Studies
Dr. Ralph Brooks.........Sociologist
Sociological Studies
Dr. W.P. McCafferty Entomologist
Biological Study
Richard Land............Project Coordinator
Field Studies
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
Bruce Johnson - Agronomist-Rainulator Studies
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Carl D. Wilson - Project Officer and Technical Assistance
Region V - Chicago EPA
Ralph G. Christensen - Section 108A Grant Program Coordinator
Region V - Chicago EPA
CONGRESSIONAL ASSISTANCE
Congressman J. Edward Roush - Congressional Assistance
James Morrison - Administrative Assistance - Fort Wayne
iii
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LOCATION MAP
MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN
IV
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Abstract
An investigation of the Maumee Basin was conducted to determine the
characteristics which would be necessary to conduct a meaningful demonstra-
tion and research project on a small watershed. The Black Creek Watershed
in Allen County Indiana was selected for this project. An investigation of
the Black Creek Area identified land treatment measures, which will signifi-
cantly reduce the sediment contribution from this watershed to the Maumee
River. Monitoring sites were selected within the watershed and a plan of
investigation which will lead to a projection of results of the demonstra-
tion project to the basin was developed. Also developed were a series of
scientific studies to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms involved
in the treatment of the watershed. A work schedule for treatment was
developed and specific areas of concern identified.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part A
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SELECTION OF STUDY AREA
III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MAUMEE BASIN
IV. BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
V. INVESTIGATIONS OF STUDY AREA
Part B
I. INTRODUCTION
II. APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM
II. DEMONSTRATION
IV. RESEARCH
V. PROGRAM SCHEDULE
VI. RESULTS AND BENEFITS EXPECTED
VII. PROJECT COSTS
APPENDIX A Budgets - Allen SWCD, Purdue, SCS
APPENDIX n Bioqraphical Sketches of Study Participants
No. 1 GENERAL SOIL MAP
No. 2 GENERAL SOIL MAP
No. 3 LAND CAPABILITY MAP
No. 4 WORK LOCATION MAP
MAPS
Maumee River Basin
Black Creek Study Area
Black Creek Study Area
Black Creek Study Area
Page
A-l
A-5
A-9
A-l 9
A-40
B-l
B-5
B-9
B-17
B-29
u-33
D-34
B-37
B-43
A-17
A-21
A-29
A-49
VI
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'ART A
FINAL REPORT - PLANNING PHASE
for
Reduction of Sediment
and
Related Pollutants
in the
Maumee River
and
Lake Erie
May 1973
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - PART A
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SELECTION OF STUDY AREA
A. The Study Area
III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MAUMEE BASIN
A. Historical Information
B. Physiography
C. Economic Information
D. Geology
E. Soils
IV. BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
A. General Description
B. Soils
C. Land Capability Units
D. Socio-economic Conditions
V. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
A. Needed Conservation Practices
n. Monitorino Sites
FIGURES
A-l Median Family Income and Number of Families with
Income Over $10,000 and Under $3,000, 1970
A-2 Allen County Population Pyramid
A-3 Springfield Township Population Pyramid
A-4 Population, Total Number of Families and
Family size, 1970
A-5 Number of People Employed, Residents 65 years and
Older and in Poverty, and Families Below Poverty
Level, 1970
Page
A-l
A-5
A-6
A-9
A-9
A-9
A-11
A-11
A-13
A-19
A-19
A-20
A-23
A-30
A-40
A-40
A-48
A-32
A-33
A- 34
A-38
A- 39
IX
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TABLES
Page
A-l Land Capability Comparisons Maumee Basin and
Black Creak Study Area A-7
A-2 Land Use ComparisonsMaumee Basin and
Black Creek Study Area A-8
A-3 Soils Data by Land Capability Black Creek Study Area A-24
A-4 Aggregate Income by Sex and Type in Springfield
Township A-31
A-5 Occupation of Males 14 years and Older in Springfield
Township A-36
A-6 Summary of Springfield Township Population at Work
During Census Week A-36
A-7 Migration of Springfield Township Residents by State
of Birth A-36
A-8 Education in Springfield Township by Sex for Residents
25 Years and Older A-37
A-9 Poverty Status for Springfield Township Residents
65 and Older A-37
A-10 Land Treatment Goals and Estimated Installation Costs A-46
MAPS
No. 1 GENERAL SOIL MAP Maumee River Basin A-17
No. 2 GENERAL SOIL MAP Black Creek Study Area A-21
No. 3 LAND CAPABILITY MAP Black Creek study Area A-29
No. 4 WORK LOCATION MAP Black Creek Study Area A-49
x
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I. INTRODUCTION
This document constitutes the final report on the first phase of a five-
year project being undertaken under a grant from the United States
Environmental Protection Agency to the Allen County, Indiana, Soil and
Water Conservation District for a program to evaluate methods for reduc-
tion of sediment and related pollutants in the Maumee River and Lake
Erie by control of soil erosion in a selected demonstration watershed.
This report, and the accompanying plan of work, are the result of
investigation of the Maumee Basin and of watersheds within Allen County,
Indiana which approximate the physical, geologic, and socio-economic
characteristics of the basin. For the selected demonstration watershed,
an intense analysis of land treatment methods which it is believed will
reduce soil erosion has been carried out, by the Soil Conservation
Service of the Department of Agriculture under a contract with the
Allen County District. Concurrently, Purdue University Scientists, also
operating under a contract between the? District and the University, have
developed a detailed research plan and have identified sites within the
target watershed where monitoring activities can be conducted.
The proposal submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency by the
Allen County District for this demonstration and research project called
for a six-month planning phase during which time an appropriate watershed
which is representative of the Maumee Basin would be selected.
Currently, Purdue University scientists were to select appropriate mon-
itoring sites within the target watershed so that an assessment of the
effect of land treatment could be obtained. In addition, Purdue was to
develop a research plan involving controlled experiments on small plots
of land to gain precise information on the effects of various agricultural
practices. Purdue was also scheduled to begin a detailed sociological
study in an attempt to assess the attitudes of individual landownersthe
factors that appear to convince persons to participate in the program and
the factors which may preclude participation of others.
The proposal also called for a study during the planning phase by the
Soil Conservation Service to determine the types of land treatment which
would be applied in the target watershed, the volumes of each type of
treatment to be applied and a general time table for the installation
of these practices over the life of the project.
Each of these goals has been accomplished and are described in detail in
this report and the accompanying Plan of Work.
After a field study of the Maumee Basin, a review of existing data on
the basin, and development of criteria for selection of a target water-
shed, an IB.8 square-mile area in northeastern Allen County, designated
the Black Creek Study Area, was selected.
The area closely mirrors the Maumee Basin. It is described in detail in
Section 4 of this report.
A-l
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Immediately after selection of the Black Creek Study Area, personnel
of the Soil Conservation Service and the Allen County Soil and Water
Conservation District began a study of soil maps of the area and field
investigations. The result of this study is a description of the area
in terms of soil type and in terms of land use capabilities. This
description has, in turn, allowed Soil Conservation Service technical
and engineering specialists to predict by volume the types of land
treatment that will be needed in the study area and to develop a
schedule for the installation of this treatment by the end of the
fourth year of the project period. These descriptions and results are
Included jn Section V of this report. Purdue University has identified
.spec iTic monitoring sites at which data will be collected to evaluate
the effects of the total program and to aid in scientific studies of
the watershed itself and in projections to the Maumee Basin.
Purdue Scientists have also developed a research plan for the project
utilizing the selected watershed as a base for detailed plans for more
definitive studies on small plots utilizing a rainfall simulator.
Results of the watershed evaluation and the small plot work will be
projected to the entire Maumee Basin. Both the monitoring scheme and
the research plans are spelled out in detail in the accompanying work
plan which is Part B of this report.
In addition to the investigation of the physical and geologic charac-
teristics of the Maumee Basin and the Black Creek Study Area, a pre-
liminary sociological evaluation has been made. Data collected by
Purdue University will furnish the basis for analyzing the impact of
the project on the people of the study area. Most of this data is
contained in Section LV of this report. Plans to utilize this data and
to collect additional data on an on-going basis as the project is con-
ducted so that a meaningful analysis of the factors which contributed
to the success or failure of efforts to convince individuals to parti-
cipate in the land treatment program are outlined in the plan of work.
Following the six-month planning period, the Allen County Soil and
Water Conservation District, Purdue University, and the Soil Conserva-
tion Service are convinced that the program is a viable one.
As a result of the proposed program, it is anticipated that
meaningful data will be obtained from the study area which can
be extrapolated to the Maumee Basin specifically and other
river basins generally on:
1. the relative success of various existing erosion control
techniques in improving water quality
2. the effect of various land use and agricultural practices
on erosion and the resulting effect on sedimentation and
water quality
A-2
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3. the types of incentives that will convince individual land-
owners to voluntarily participate in erosion control programs
including an assessment of the need for and possible success
of legislation to achieve this end.
In addition, the proposed program should result in enhancement of
the general environmental quality of the study area because of
the application of land treatment which will reduce erosion. This
should result in an improvement of the water quality of the upper
Maumee Basin.
A-3
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II. SELECTION OF STUDY AREA
One of the most important tasks undertaken during the six-month planning
phase of this program was the selection of a study area which would
accurately represent the Maumee Basin.
It was proposed that the study area contain no more than 20,000 acres
which represents less than one percent of the total land area in the
basin. Because of the small size of the study area in comparison to
the basin, it was necessary to find a study area which was similar to
the basin in characteristics of soil type, land use, cultural practices,
and anticipated future land use.
In addition to these requirements, it was considered necessary to select
the study area such that it would be possible to both monitor gross
results and to conduct the necessary small plot experiments proposed in
the study.
To facilitate the selection of the most representative study area, the
following general criteria were used:
1. The study area should include lake bed and upland soils
which are reasonably representative of much of the total
Bas in.
2. Sufficient drainageways should be present so that monitoring
stations can be installed to evaluate erosion and sedimenta-
tion both from upland areas as well as where the channel
enters the Maumee Basin.
3. Present land uses and cultural practices should be comparable
to those of the total Maumee Basin.
4. The anticipated future land uses should be typical of those
expected throughout the Maumee Basin.
5. The physiography of the study area should facilitate the
separation of runoff between agricultural areas and land under
other uses.
6. It is desirable to have court ditches in the area with long
time records.
7. The study area should drain directly into the Maumee River.
8. The area should be up to 20,000 acres in size.
A-5
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A. The Study Area
The area selected as most nearly satisfying these criteria is the
12,038 acres which drain into Black Creek in northeastern Allen
County (See Map 1). Section III and Section IV of this report give
detailed information about the Maumee Basin and the selected area
respectively. The following is a general discussion of the
similarities between the basin and the area selected for study.
The area contains both soils and land uses which are representa-
tive of the Basin. Black Creek Study Area contains 36 percent
upland soils of the silty clay loam till of the Ft. Wayne moraine
in the Blount-Morley-Pewamo association. Soils are 39 percent Blount,
38 percent Morley and 16 percent Pewamo with only 7 percent minor
soils.
Below the upland, in a belt about 1-1/2 miles wide, on the lake
plain is an apron of medium-textured sediments underlying the
Rensselaer-Whitaker-Oshtemo association comprising 25 percent of
of the watershed. Poorly drained Rensselaer and Whitaker make
up 28 and 21 percent respectively, and excessively drained
Oshtemo 6 percent. Soils like well drained Martinsville and
Belmore comprise the remaining 45 percent.
Toward the outer edge of this apron is a small association making
up 5 percent of the watershed where sandy loams overlie clays at
less than 3 feet. This area in the Haskins-Hoytville association
contains 34 percent poorly drained Haskins, 31 percent poorly
drained Nappanee, and 35 percent minor soil areas.
On the main lake plain itself comprising 29 percent of the water-
shed is the very level high clay (40-50 percent clay in subsoils)
Hoytville-Nappanee association. About 48 percent is dark poorly
drained Hoytville, 23 percent is light colored Nappanee and 29
percent is of minor soils.
Alluvial soils of overflow bottomlands comprise only 5 percent of
the watershed and occur mainly along the lower reaches of the
Black Creek in the four miles before it enters Maumee River.
Narrow bodies occur in the upland as along Wertz Drain and the
main stem of Black Creek southwest of Harlan. In this Shoals-
Eel association, Shoals soils comprise 44 percent, Eel 20 per-
cent and minor soils 27 percent.
These five soil associations comprise a range of soil conditions
varying from those with 50 percent subsoil clay to those with
less than 10 percent. Surface soils range from silty clays to
loamy fine sands.
A-6
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Only the Paulding and Latty clay areas having over 50 percent clay
in the subsoils and Ottokee and Granby, on the deep sand deposits
of the north part of the lake plain east of Archbold, are not
represented in the Black Creek Watershed.
For the purpose of studying general hydrology and runoff charac-
teristics this watershed should be ideal to represent Maumee
Basin.
By comparing percentages by land capability classes and subclasses
for the Maumee Basin with those for lands in the Black Creek Study
Area, it is evident how closely this watershed represents conditions
in the Maumee Basin as a whole. Table A-l illustrates this compari-
son .
TABLE A-l
Land Capability Comparisons - Maumee Basin and
Black Creek Study Area
Capability Percent of Land Area In
Class Different Land Capabilities
Subclass
I
lie
Hie
IV e
IIw-IIIw
Ils-IIIs-IVs-VIe
The Maumee Basin is an area of intensive farming, producing corn,
soybeans, wheat, sugar beets, speciality crops including tomatoes
and others for canning. Amount of land in tillage-rotation varies
from about 75 to 90 percent, being least in the more rolling
counties and greatest in the counties which are mostly in the lake
plain. Wooded land ranges from 5 to 19 percent among counties,
being greatest in sandiest ones, and permanent pasture is generally
low. The two most urbanized counties are Lucas (Ohio) where 43
percent is occupied by Toledo and its environs and Allen (Indiana)
where 12 percent is in Ft. Wayne and its surroundings.
More than 95 percent of the Black Creek Study Area is devoted to
agricultural uses. This includes nearly 81 percent in cropland,
4 percent in pasture, 7 percent in woodland, 4 percent in other
agricultural related uses and 4 percent in urban and built-up
areas. This distribution of land use compares favorably with the
land use in the total Maumee River Basin as shown in the following
table:
Maumee Basin
0.9
7.4
3.5
1.4
82.6
4.2
100.0
Black Creek Area
2.4
12.6
3.0
1.3
79.6
1.1
100.0
A-7
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TABLE A-2
Land Use Comparisons - Maumee Basin and Black Creek
Creek Study Area
Percent of Lands in Different Uses
Land Use Maumee Basin Black Creek Study Area
Cropland 73 80.7
Pasture 4 4.3
Woodland 8 7.1
Urban & Built-up 9 3.6
Other 6_ 4.3
100 100.0
As in the Maumee Basin, corn and soybeans are the major crops
produced with an estimated 7,000 acres devoted to these crops.
Small grains and meadow in rotation represent a correspondingly
smaller amount of cropland acreage.
The scattered woodlands and the relatively smaller acreages of
pasture and haylands in the Black Creek Study Area are typical
of these land uses in the Maumee Basin.
Urban and built-up acreages for the study area are less, on a
percentage basis, than for the total basin, since data for the
basin includes the large population centers of Toledo and Lima,
Ohio, and Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The Black Creek Study Area town
of Harlan is fairly representative of the small towns and villages
found in the Maumee Basin.
A-8
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Til. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MAUMEE BASIN
A. Historical Information
The Maumee Basin was one of the last areas of the Lake Erie Basin
to be Settled. Although Fort Wayne and Toledo were among the
outposts established around 1800, it was not until the Erie Canal
opened an easy water route to the region in 1825, that settlement
of the Lake Erie region really flourished. The "Great Black
Swamp" was the last area to be settled. Comprising the major
portion of the Maumee Basin, this "Great Black Swamp" as it was
once called, represents the area of the former glacial Lake
Maumee.
It was primarily the German settlers, with their knowledge of
farm drainage, that brought the black soils of the former lake
bed into productive use. By the middle of the nineteenth
century, the dense forests of this area had been cut and the
most important agricultural lands opened to cultivation. These
broad, flat lands now have one of the most extensive farm
drainage systems in the nation.
The Maumee Basin is today the largest and most productive agri-
cultural area within the entire Lake Erie region. Except for
some suburbanizing influences in the Toledo, Lima, and Ft.
Wayne areas, the Maumee Basin is almost entirely devoted to
agricultural use.
B. Physiography
The Maumee River Basin comprises 6,608 square miles, of which
1,283 are in northeastern Indiana, 4,862 in northwestern Ohio
and 463 in southern Michigan. Approximately 4,229,100 acres are
involved in 26 counties: 17 in Ohio, 6 in Indiana and 3 in
Michigan. In Ohio, the Basin includes all of Allen, Defiance,
Henry, Paulding, Putnam, Van Wert, and Williams Counties; sub-
stantial portions of Auglaize, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Lucas,
Mercer, and Wood Counties; and smaller areas of Seneca, Shelby,
and Wyandot. Within Indiana the Basin includes substantial
portions of Adams, Allen and DeKalb Counties and smaller portions
of Noble, Steuben and Wells Counties. The Michigan portion in-
cludes portions of Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties and a very
small portion of Branch County.
The average annual rainfall for the Basin ranges between 28 and
36 inches. The mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees
Fahrenheit with monthly means ranging between approximately
25-30 degrees in January and February and 70-75 degrees in July
and August. The mean length of the freeze-free period ranges
between 150 and 180 days for most of the Basin.
A-9
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The Basin is roughly circular in shape, measuring about 100 miles
in diameter. The Maumee River is formed at Ft. Wayne, Indiana by
the confluence of the St. Joseph River and St. Marys River. The
St. Joseph River rises in Ilillsdale County, Michigan and flows
southwestward. The St. Marys River rises in Auglaize County, Ohio
and flows in a northwestward direction to Ft. Wayne where it turns
abruptly to a northeastward direction before joining with the
St. Joseph River to form the Maumee River. The Maumee River flows
in a northeastward direction from Ft. Wayne, across the Basin
to Toledo and its entrance to the Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. Two
major tributaries, the Tiffin River and Auglaize River join the
Maumee River from the north and south respectively, at Defiance,
Ohio.
Topography ranges from a nearly flat featureless plain across
much of the center and eastern portion of the Basin to rolling
hills around portions of the Basins' periphery, especially in
Michigan and Indiana. The altitude ranges from nearly 1150
feet (mean sea level) in Hillsdale County, Michigan to 570 feet
at the mouth of the Maumee River. Local relief ranges from a
few tenths of a foot over much of the area to nearly 100 feet
in the rolling hills of Michigan and Indiana. The Maumee River
flows in a tortuous channel entrenched some 25 to 40 feet below
the lacustrine plain. The River is generally lacking any signi-
ficant terrace or flood plain development.
The erosion rates of the Maumee River Basin are among the highest
in the Great Lakes Basin. The estimated annual gross erosion
exceeds 4-1/2 tons per acre. By contrast, the current estimated
gross erosion rate for the entire Great Lakes Basin is about 2
tons per acre. Sediment yields in the Basin are relatively large
as indicated by Waterville, Ohio gage data. From 1951 to 1958
nearly 1-1/2 million tons of sediment passed the Waterville gage
annually. In addition, the sediment load in the River fluctuates
greatly. For example, during a 3-day period in February, 1959,
nearly one-half million tons of sediment passed the Waterville
gage.
Physiographically, the Maumee River Basin is essentially a nearly
level plain that represents a portion of the abandoned floor of
glacial Lake Maumee which occupied the Lake Erie Basin in late
Pleistocene time. Abandoned shoreline deposits diverge in a
northeastward and southeastward direction from Ft. Wayne, Indiana.
Dominant surficial deposits include lacustrine clays and sands
and reworked, wave-scoured lake-bottom till. Bedrock consists
predominatly of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites and
shales. Depth to bedrock in the Indiana portion of the Basin
ranges from less than 50 feet to about 150 feet.
A-10
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C. Economic Information
The Maumee River Basin is primarily agricultural, with more than
90 percent of the land in the Basin in agricultural use. Approxi-
mately 73 percent is in cropland, 4 percent in pasture, 8 percent
in woodland, 6 percent in other agricultural related uses and 9
percent in urban and built-up areas. The principal crops grown
are corn, soybeans, wheat, and oats, with some sugar beets. There
are also significant acreages of vegetable crops and nursery stock
produced within the Basin. Sales from livestock and livestock
products account for about one-fourth of the income from farm
sales.
Total population in the area is approximately 1,295,000, of which
50,000 reside in Michigan, 275,000 in Indiana, and the remaining
970,000 in Ohio. Toledo, Ohio and Ft. Wayne, Indiana, are the
major cities with Lima, Findlay, and Defiance, Ohio being the
other major population centers. The remainder of the Basin is
primarily rural with a number of smaller agriculturally-oriented
communities.
The principal industries are machinery, electrical and transpor-
tation equipment manufacture, metal fabrication, petroleum
refining, and food processing. Major industrial centers within
the Basin are Toledo and Lima, Ohio and Ft. Wayne, Indiana.
Toledo ranks as the nation's third largest railroad center, and
the city's port, which is the ninth largest in the United States,
is the world's largest shipper of soft coal. The Port of Toledo
ranks second only to Chicago in size on the Great Lakes. Major
products passing through the port include iron ore, farm products,
machinery, and petroleum products. Lima, Ohio is the center of
an oil distribution system for the Great Lakes and Eastern
markets, while Toledo is the largest petroleum refining center
between Chicago and the Eastern Seaboard.
D. Geology
The drainage basins of the St. Joseph and St. Marys Rivers which
join at Ft. Wayne (where they reverse course and head toward Lake
Erie) is largely controlled by glacial features of the Lake Erie
glacial lobe. This lobe pushed across rocks mainly of limestone
and shale and carried fine till material into present day north-
west Ohio, northeast and east central Indiana and south central
Michigan. During the last major stand of this glacial lobe, in
its retreat some 10,000 years ago, the Fort Wayne moraine was de-
posited concentric to the front of the retreating lobe (See
General Soil Map of Maumee River Basin Associations 1 to 4) and
A-ll
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this dammed up a qreat body of water between i t and the eastward
retreating ice front of the lobe. This water body was named by
geologists "glacial lake Maumee" and the land area once covered by
it is known today as "the lake plain".
1. General Nature of the Lake Plain
Glacial lake Maumee did not remain long enough to influence
all of the lake plain uniformly. In the west end and along
the south border it merely reworked the glacial till beneath
it, leveling the surface but leaving only a thin deposit of
fine lake-laid sediments (Association 5). Similar areas
occur in the central part of the basin northeast and east of
Defiance. There are a number of areas where clays are over-
laid by sandy or loamy sediments up to 3 feet thick (Associ-
ations 8 and 9).
In areas below the steep northeastern trending flank of the
Ft. Wayne moraine, deltas of loamy materials were deposited
in Lake Maumee composed of eroded debris from the uplands
(Association 8). In this and similar border areas, tempo-
rary lake stages were recorded as beach ridges. In these
areas the material deposited includes sandy and/or loamy
beach ridges, deep loamy sediments on smooth deposits of
sands and silts, and loamy sediments on level and depressed
areas. Loamy sediments were deposited only thinly over
lake clays or till by action of water or wind (Associations
8 and 9).
Near the center of the glacial lake Maumee, fine sediments
were deposited most deeply as the retreating glacial lobe
stood somewhat east of Defiance. Here in an east-facing
crescent is an area known as the Paulding Basin (Association
7). These sediments in the Paulding Basin are higher in
clay content than any other part of the Maumee Basin. This
area was the center of what was once called the Maumee Swamp
or Marsh. Beach ridges developed concentric to the receding
lake borders just as they did at the Fort Wayne end of the
glacial lake (Association 8) .
Between Defiance and Toledo, clay loam till reworked by
waters of glacial lake Maumee lies east of the Paulding
Basin. The north flank of the lake plain is mantled with
thick to thin sands (Associations 9 and 10). Sandiest
areas occur just west of Bowling Green, southwest of Toledo
and in the Wauseon vicinity (Association 10). In these
same areas sandy loam and loam mantles only a few feet thick
over clayey till or in thin mantles of loamy sand over
clayey till or lake-laid clays (Association 9). There is a
high degree of local variation in these areas in comparison
with the more clayey parts of the lake plain.
A-12
-------
2. Nature of the Glacial Moraines and Till Plains
Clay loam till left by the receding glacial lobe of Lake Erie
occurs in parts of nine Michigan, Ohio and Indiana counties on
the northwest flank of the lake plain and twelve Indiana and
Ohio counties on the southwest and south. That part between
St. Joseph River and the lake plain is perhaps the most rolling
with best expressed morainic features and is mostly part of
the Fort Wayne moraine. That southeast of Fort Wayne and east
toward Findlay lies lower and is less rolling, being mostly
ground moraine. Drainage of the southwest portion is through
the St. Marys River which parallels the south flank of the
Fort Wayne moraine. The eastern portion drains toward Auglaize
River and its tributaries which flow north through the lake
plain. The northern part drains through St. Joseph River,
which parallels the north flank of the Fort Wayne moraine and
through Tiffin River which flows south across the lake plain.
On the south flank where the rise to the till plain is very
gradual, it is hard to determine the exact location of the lake
plain boundary. Since there was apparently less eroded debris
from the uplands on the south side, only a discontinuous apron
of medium textured deltaic deposits formed on the southwestern
flank. However, there are a number of local lake bed deposits
and muck areas in the till plain which occupy broader depres-
sions (Association 6). Also there are lake border ridges as
that one followed by U.S. Highway 30 SE of Fort Wayne (Associa-
tion 8) and broader deltaic strips fringe the lake plain in
the area north of Lima and east toward Findlay.
At the extreme north end of the St. Joseph River drainage in
Michigan the till is sandier and lies more elevated and more
rolling (Associations 3 and 4). In this area there are many
valley train deposits along courses of glacial meltwater
streams which are often under-laid by sand and gravel.
E. Soils
The General Soils Map for the Maumee Basin, which follows this
section, gives a visual reference to the variations of soils and
associated geology. Each of the soil associations are described
below. Associations 1 through 5 are soils dominantly formed in
glacial till. Associations 6 through 10 are soils dominantly
formed in water-deposited material, organic material, eolian
material.
1. Blount-Pewamo association
Depressional to gently sloping, very poorly drained to somewhat
poorly drained soils that have clayey subsoils.
A-13
-------
The landscape in this association consists of a glacial ground
moraine that is nearly level with many narrow depressions.
The soils formed in glacial till.
This soil association occupies about 26 percent of the water-
shed.
Blount soils are nearly level and gently sloping and are some-
what poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark
grayish-brown and dark grayish-brown loam or silt loam and a
subsoil that is mostly dark-brown and dark grayish-brown,
mottled silty clay and clay.
Pewamo soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray
silty clay loam and a subsoil that is mostly dark gray or
grayish-brown, mottled silty clay or silty clay loam.
2. Morley-Blount-Pewamo association
Depressional to moderately steep, very poorly drained to
moderately well drained soils that have clayey subsoils.
The landscape in this association consists of a glacial moraine
that is gently rolling with some depressional areas near
drainageways. The soils formed in glacial till.
This soil association occupies about 22 percent of the water-
shed.
Morley soils are gently sloping to moderately steep and are
moderately well drained. They have a surface layer of very
dark grayish-brown and grayish-brown silt loam and a subsoil
that is mostly dark yellowish-brown and brown clay and is
mottled in the lower part.
Blount soils are nearly level and gently sloping and are some-
what poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark
grayish-brown and dark grayish-brown loam or silt loam and a
subsoil that is mostly dark brown and dark grayish-brown,
mottled silty clay and clay.
Pewamo soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray
silty clay loam and a subsoil that is mostly dark gray or
grayish-brown, mottled silty clay or silty clay loam.
3. Miami-Conover association
Nearly level to moderately steep, well drained and somewhat
poorly drained soils that have loamy subsoils.
A-14
-------
The landscape in this soil association consists of a glacial
moraine that is gently rolling with some depressional areas
near drainageways. The soils formed in glacial till.
This soil association occupies about 2 percent of the water-
shed.
Miami soils are gently sloping to moderately steep and are well
drained. They have a surface layer of dark grayish-brown loam
and a subsoil that is dark brown clay loam.
Conover soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of very dark grayish brown loam and
a subsoil that is mostly yellowish-brown and dark yellowish-
brown, mottled clay loam.
4. Hillsdale-Fox association
Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils that
have loamy subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of glacial
moraines, kames, kame moraines, and valley trains that are
rolling with nearly level areas at the lower elevations. The
soils formed in glacial till and outwash.
This association occupies about 1 percent of the watershed.
Hillsdale soils are gently sloping to moderately steep and
are well drained. They have a surface layer of dark grayish-
brown sandy loam and a subsoil that is dark brown and dark
yellowish-brown sandy loam and sandy clay loam.
Fox soils are gently sloping to moderately steep and are well
drained. They have a surface layer of dark grayish-brown
loam and a subsoil that is dark brown clay loam and gravelly
loam.
5. Hoytville-Toledo-Nappanee association
Depressional to gently sloping, very poorly drained and some-
what poorly drained soils that have clayey subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of glacial lake
plain and glacial till plain that is dominantly nearly level
with occasional slight rises. The few sloping areas in the
landscape are near deeply dissected streams. Hoytville and
Nappanee soils formed in glacial till. Toledo soils formed
in lacustrine sediments.
A-15
-------
This soil association occupies cibout 17 percent of the water-
shed.
Hoytville soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer that is very dark
gray silty clay and a subsoil of dark grayish-brown, mottled
silty clay.
Toledo soils are depressional to level and are very poorly
drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray silty
clay and a subsoil that is dark gray and gray, mottled silty
clay.
Nappanee soils are nearly level to gently sloping and are
somewhat poorly drained. They have a surface layer that is
dark gray and grayish brown silt loam or silty clay loam and
a subsoil that is mostly grayish brown, mottled clay.
6. Carlisle-Montgomery association
Depressional and nearly level, very poorly drained soils that
have organic and clayey subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of a local
lake plain that is flat and is surrounded by a glacial ground
moraine. Carlisle soils formed in organic materials. Mont-
gomery soils formed in lacustrine sediments.
This soil association occupies about 1 percent of the watershed.
Carlisle soils are depressional to nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of black muck and
underlying material that is black and dark-reddish brown muck.
Montgomery soils are depressional to nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of black silty clay
loam and a subsoil that is dark gray, grayish-brown, and gray
silty clay loam and silty clay.
7. Paulding-Latty-Roselms association
Depressional and nearly level, very poorly drained and somewhat
poorly drained soils that have clayey subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of a glacial
lake plain that is dominantly nearly level with occasional
slight rises. A few sloping areas in the landscape are near
deeply d issected streams. The soils formed in lacustrine
material.
A-16
-------
LEGEND
RIVER BASIN BOUNDARY <
STATE LINE -
COUNTY LINE . -
RIVER OR CREEK -
COUNTY SEAT .
MAJOR CITY 8 COUNTY SEAT - -
STUDY AREA BOUNDARY .
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
OHIO , INDIANA , & MICHIGAN
BLACK CREEK STUDY
ALLEN COUNTY , INDIANA
GENERAL SOILS MAP
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
IN COOPERATION WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
-------
This soil association occupies about 15 percent of the watershed.
Paulding soils are nearly level and are very poorly drained.
They have a surface layer that is dark gray clay and subsoil
that is gray, mottled heavy clay.
Latty soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of dark gray clay
and a subsoil that is gray and olive gray, mottled clay.
Rose1ms soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of dark gray silty clay loam and a
subsoil that is light gray, brown, and grayish brown, mottled
heavy clay.
8. Haney-Bellmore-Millgrove association
Depressional to strongly sloping, very poorly drained,
moderately well drained, and well drained soils that have
loamy subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of long narrow
sloping beach ridges rising above the terrane and nearly level
glacial deltas and lake plain. The soils formed in glacial
and beach ridge deltaic deposits and lacustrine sediments.
This soil association occupies about 10 percent of the water-
shed. Any soil named in this association is more extensive
than the many soils of small extent not named. Although
collectively, the Haney, Bellmore, and Millgrove soils do not
make up the majority of the association.
Haney soils are gently sloping and sloping and are moderately
well drained. They have a surface layer of dark grayish-brown
loam and a subsoil that is dark brown clay loam and sandy clay
loam.
Bellmore soils are gently sloping to strongly sloping and are
well drained. They have a surface layer of dark yellowish-
brown loam and a subsoil that is dark brown sandy clay loam
and gravelly sandy clay loam.
Millgrove soils are depressional to nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark-grayish-
brown loam and a subsoil that is dark grayish brown and grayish-
brown, mottled sandy loam and sandy clay loam.
A-17
-------
9. Mermill-Haskins-Wauseon association
Depressional and nearly level, very poorly drained and some-
what poorly drained soils that have loamy and clayey subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of a glacial
lake plain and glacial ground moraine that are nearly level
with depressional areas and some gently undulating rises. The
soils formed in outwash on glacial till or lacustrine sediments.
This soil association occupies about 3 percent of the watershed.
Mermill soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray
sandy clay loam. The subsoil is mottled and is dark gray,
gray, and grayish-brown. It is a sandy clay loam in the upper
part and a clay in the lower part.
Haskins soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of dark grayish-brown loam. The sub-
soil is mottled and is yellowish-brown and light yellowish-brown.
It is sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and loam in the upper part
and light clay in the lower part.
Wauseon soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray
fine sandy loam. The subsoil is mottled and is dark gray,
grayish-brown, and gray. It is fine sandy loam in the upper
part and clay in the lower part.
10. Ottokee-Granby association
Depressional to sloping, very poorly drained, poorly drained,
and moderately well drained soils that have sandy subsoils.
The landscape in this soil association consists of beach ridges
that are nearly level with gently undulating rises. The soils
formed in water-laid and eolian sediments.
This association occupies about 3 percent of the watershed.
Ottokee soils are gently sloping and sloping and are moderately
well drained. They have a surface layer of very dark grayish-
brown loamy fine sand and a subsoil that is light yellowish-
brown and yellowish-brown, mottled loamy fine sand.
Granby soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained and poorly drained. They have a surface layer
of black loamy sand and a subsoil that is dark gray and light
brownish gray, mottled sand.
A-18
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IV. BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
A. General Description
The Black Creek Study Area comprises a drainage area of approxi-
mately 18.8 square miles (12,038 acres) in northeastern Allen
County, Indiana. The watershed is about 13 miles northeast of
Ft. Wayne, Indiana. Black Creek originates about 2 miles north
of the community of Harlan and flows in a south-southeasterly
direction for about 4 miles where it turns to an easterly
direction for about 2 miles, thence after a number of abrupt
changes in direction the creek flows southward for about 1-1/2
miles to the Maumee River. Black Creek is an entrenched stream
throughout most of its course, particularly in the lowermost 2
miles when it flows about 25 to 30 feet below the general level
of the lucustrine plain. Principal tributaries are Smith-Fry
Drain, Wertz Drain, Reichelderfer Drain and Upper Gorrell Drain.
The mean annual rainfall at Fort Wayne is 35.31 inches. The
rainfall is well distributed throughout the year with the month
of December having the least (2.09") and the month of June having
the most (4.17"). The mean annual temperature is 50.3 degrees
Fahrenheit with a mean July temperature of 74.2 degrees and a
mean January temperature of 27 degrees.
The altitude of the watershed ranges from about 710 to 850 feet
above mean sea level, a maximum relief on the order of 140 feet.
Local relief ranges from a fraction of a foot on portions of the
lacustrine plain to as much as 40 to 50 feet in the northernmost
part of the watershed and in the entrenched portion of Black
Creek near the Maumee River.
The Black Creek study area is largely within the Maumee lacustrine
plain. Surficial deposits consist largely of wave-scoured lake-
bottom till. A narrow (about 1,000 foot) band of beach and shore-
line deposits parallels Indiana Route 37 through the watershed.
These shoreline deposits are bordered on the northwest by glacial
till end-moraine deposits and to the southeast by a rather narrow
(approximately 1 mile wide) band of lacustrine sands which grade
into the wave-scoured lake-bottom tills. Bedrock consists of
Devonian limestone and dolomite generally less than 100 feet deep.
The Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and
Game census information shows populations of cottontail rabbit
poor to good; bob-white quail as poor to good; ringneck pheasant
fair to good; squirrel as good; and deer as light over most of
the watershed. Waterfowl usage and populations of other aquatic
species are very light due to the general lack of permanent
surface water throughout this watershed. Rabbit and squirrel
hunting is most important and together accounts for about 59
A-19
-------
percent of all hunting efforts in the area. Quail and pheasant
hunting together rank next at about 25 percent and night hunting
ranks 12 percent of all hunting efforts. The fishery of the
watershed is restricted primarily to farm ponds and the lower end
of Black Creek. There are over 100 species of songbirds and other
nongame species in this study area.
The Black Creek Watershed area is entirely rural except for the
small unincorporated community of Harlan which is located along
Indiana Route 37 in the west central portion of the watershed.
Land ownership is characterized by numerous small holdings. There
are 176 individual ownership tracts, of which 127 or 72% are less
than 100 acres, 45 or 26% are from 100-249 acres, and only 4 (2%)
are 250 acres or larger. The average value of land and buildings
is approximately $600 per acre.
The proximity of the watershed to Ft. Wayne provides excellent
opportunities for employment in needy industry and results in high
off farm employment. It is estimated that nearly 2/3 of the farm
operators work off the farm. Of those operators who have off-
farm employment, approximately 20% work less than 100 days off
the farm, and 80% work more than 100 days off the farm.
The average market value of agricultural products sold is approxi-
mately $11,300 per farm. This is about equally divided between
the two categories of cash crops and livestock, poultry and live-
stock and poultry products.
B. Soils
The General Soils Map of the Black Creek Study Area, which follows
this section, gives a visual reference to the variations of soils
within the area. Each of the soil associations are described
below, with number references corresponding to Map Number 3.
1. Blount-Morley-Pewamo association
Depressional to moderately steep, very poorly to moderately
well drained soils that have clayey subsoils; on uplands.
The landscape in this association consists of glacial ground
moraine and moraine that is nearly level with many narrow
depressions and is gently rolling with some depressional
areas near drainageways. The soils formed in glacial till.
This soil association occupies about 36 percent of the water-
shed. About 39 percent is made up of Blount soils, 38 percent
of Morley soils, 16 percent of Pewamo soils, and 7 percent of
minor soils.
A-20
-------
2
3
BLOUNT-MORL
very poorly drain'
on uplands.
SHOALS-EEL AS
ately well-draine
HOYTVILLE-NA
poorly drained ar^
uplands.
RENSSELAER-W
sloping, very poe
drained soils tha
HASKINS-HOYT\
poorly drained an
on uplands.
BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
ALLEN COUNTY , INDIANA
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
GENERAL SOILS MAP
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
IN COOPERATION WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
Mop No. a
3-I5-T3
-------
Blount soils are nearly level and gently sloping and are some-
what poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark
grayish brown and dark grayish brown loam or silt loam and
subsoil that is mostly dark brown and dark grayish brown,
mottled silty clay and clay.
Morley soils are gently sloping to moderately steep and are
moderately well drained. They have a surface layer of very
dark grayish-brown and grayish brown silt loam and a subsoil
that is mostly dark yellowish-brown and brown clay and is
mottled in the lower part.
Pewamo soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer of very dark gray
silty clay loam and a subsoil that is mostly dark gray or
grayish-brown, mottled silty clay or silty clay loam.
2. Shoals-Eel association
Nearly level, somewhat poorly and moderately well drained soils
that have loamy subsoils; on bottom lands.
The landscape in this association is nearly level flood plains
that are adjacent to streams. The soils formed in alluvium.
This soil association occupies about 5 percent of the watershed.
About 44 percent is made up of the Shoals soils, 29 percent of
Eel soils, and 27 percent of minor soils.
Shoals soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of dark gray and dark grayish-brown
silty clay loam and a subsoil that is gray silty clay loam.
Eel soils are nearly level and are moderately well drained.
They have a surface layer of dark grayish-brown and dark brown
silt loam and loam and a subsoil that is brown and dark
yellowish-brown, mottled light sjlty clay loam.
3. Hoytville-Nappanee association
Depressional and nearly level, very poorly and somewhat poorly
drained soils that have clayey subsoils; on uplands.
The landscape in this soil association consists of glacial
till plain that is dominantly nearly level with occasional
slight rises. The soils formed in glacial till.
A-21
-------
This soil association occupies about 29 percent of the water-
shed. About 48 percent is made up of Hoytville soils, 23 per-
cent of Nappanee soils, and 21 percent of minor soils.
The Hoytville soils are depressional and nearly level and are
very poorly drained. They have a surface layer that is very
dark gray silty clay and a subsoil of dark grayish-brown,
mottled silty clay.
Nappanee soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer that is dark gray and grayish-brown
silt loam or silty clay loam and a subsoil that is mostly
grayish brown, mottled clay.
4. Rensselaer-Whitaker-Oshtemo association
Nearly level to moderately sloping, very poorly, somewhat
poorly, and somewhat excessively drained soils that have loamy
subsoils; on uplands.
The landscape in this soil association consists of long narrow
sloping beach ridges above the terrane and nearly level glacial
deltas and lake plain. The soils formed in glacial deltaic and
beach ridge deposits and lacustrine sediments.
This soil association occupies about 25 percent of the water-
shed. About 28 percent is made up of Rensselaer soils, 21
percent of Whitaker soils, 6 percent of Oshtemo soils, and 45
percent of minor soils.
Rensselaer soils are nearly level and are very poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of very dark brown loam, loam to
silty clay loam, or mucky silty clay loam that is mottled in
the lower part. The subsoil is mostly gray or strong-brown,
mottled sandy loam or sandy clay loam.
Whitaker soils are nearly level and are somewhat poorly drained.
They have a surface layer of fine sandy loam, loam, or silt
loam that is dark grayish-brown in the upper part and pale brown
in the lower part. The subsoil is yellowish-brown and gray,
mottled clay loam or silty clay loam.
Oshtemo soils are nearly level to moderately sloping and are
somewhat excessively drained. They have a surface layer that
is dark-brown sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The subsoil is
dark-brown to yellowish-brown sandy loam or gravelly sandy
loam.
A-22
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5. Haskins, Hoytville Association
Depressional to gently sloping, somewhat poorly and very poorly
drained soils that have loamy and clayey subsoils; on uplands.
The landscape in this soil association consists of glacial
ground moraine that are nearly level with depressional areas
and some gently undulating rises. Haskins soils formed in
outwash on glacial till. Hoytville soils formed in glacial
till.
This soil association occupies about 5 percent of the water-
shed. About 34 percent is made up of Haskins soils, 31 per-
cent of Hoytville soils, and 35 percent of minor soils.
Haskins soils are nearly level or gently sloping and are some-
what poorly drained. They have a surface layer of dark
grayish-brown loam. The subsoil is mottled and is yellowish-
brown and light yellowish brown. It is loam or sandy loam in
the upper part and light clay in the lower part.
Hoytville soils are depressional and nearly level and are very
poorly drained. They have a surface layer that is very dark
gray silty clay and a subsoil of dark grayish-brown, mottled
silty clay.
C. Land Capability Units
The land capability unit represents a grouping of soils which
share common limitations for agricultural uses and which respond
to like treatment under similar conditions of use. There are 58
different kinds of soil in the Black Creek study area. These
soils make up a total of 21 Land Capability Units which are used
in determining land treatment needs. The major soils are listed
in Table A-3 and depicted in Map 4.
Capability Unit 1-1 (48 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level, well-drained,
medium-textured soils of the Martinsville and Rawson
series. These soils have moderate infiltration and
permeability and a high available moisture capacity.
These soils are productive and easy to manage and can
be cropped intensively. The proper use of crop residue
maintains the content of organic matter and helps to
keep good tilth.
A-23
-------
TABLE A-3 - BLACK CREEK STUDY
Maumee River Basin
Soils Data By Land Capability - Black Creek Study Area
Land
Capability
Unit
1-1
1-2
IIe-1
IIe-6
IIe-9
Ils-l
Ilw-l
IIw-2
IIw-7
IIIe-1
IIIe-6
IIIe-9
IIIe-11
IIIe-13
IIIs-2
IIIw-2
IIIw-6
IVe-6
IVe-11
IVs-1
VIe-1
TOTAL
Acres
48
239
206
1299
10
3
4435
3698
384
3
127
5
50
171
102
3
1074
137
24
5
15
12038
Major Soils Series
Martinsville, Raws on
Eel , Genesee
Martinsville, Miami, Rawson
Morley
Belmore
Belmore
Pewamo, Hoytville, Brookston
Blount, Crosby, Haskins
Shoals
Martinsville, Rawson
Morley
Fox
St. Clair
Belmore , Oshtemo
Oshtemo
Montgomery
Nappanee
Morley
St. Clair
Plainfield
Morley
Major Hazard
None
Flooding
Erosion
Erosion
Erosion
Dro ugh tine ss
Wetness
Wetness
Wetness
Erosion
Erosion
Erosion
Erosion
Erosion, Droughtiness
Droughtiness
Wetness
Wetness
Erosion
Erosion
Droughtiness
Erosion
A-24
April 1973
-------
Capability Unit 1-2 (239 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level, well drained
and moderately well drained, medium textured soils of
the Eel and Genesee series. These soils are flooded
occasionally in the winter and spring. They have
moderate infiltration and permeability and high avail-
able moisture capacity.
Capability Unit IIe-1 (206 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, gently sloping, well-drained,
medium-textured soils. These soils are of the Martins-
ville, Miami, and Rawson series. They have moderate in-
filtration and permeability and high available moisture
capacity.
Erosion control is the main management need. Contour
farming, diversion terraces, sod waterways, and proper
crop rotation and minimum tillage are among the measures
that can be used to control erosion.
Capability Unit IIe-6 (1,299 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, gently sloping, moderately
well-drained, medium-textured soils of the Morley series.
These soils have moderate infiltration, slow permeability,
and high available moisture capacity. Their natural
fertility is moderate. Their content of organic matter
is generally moderate or low.
Erosion is a hazard, particularly in intensively cropped
fields. Diversion ditches, contour tillage, stripcropping,
and sod waterways are among the measures needed for control
of erosion. Crop residue and intercrops help to maintain
and increase the organic-matter content. Minimum tillage
helps to maintain good tilth and control erosion. Wet
spots created by springs or by seepage can be drained with
random tile lines.
Capability^ Unit IIe-9 (10 Acres)
This unit consists of gently sloping, well-drained soils
of the Belmore series. These soils are moderately deep
and deep to gravel and sand. They have moderately rapid
infiltration, moderate permeability, and moderate available
moisture capacity.
A-25
-------
Erosion is a hazard. Contour farming and sod waterways
are among the measures needed for control of erosion.
Proper management of crop residue is important in main-
taining the organic-matter content.
Capability Unit IIs-1 (3 Acres)
This unit consists of nourly level, well-drained, medium-
tcxturod soils of the Belmore scries. These soils are
moderately deep to gravel and sand. They have moderately
rapid infiltration, moderate permeability, and moderate
available moisture capacity.
Droughtiness is a major limitation and crop residues
should be left on the soil to maintain and increase the
content of organic matter.
Capability Unit IIw-1 (4,435 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, level and depressional, very
poorly drained, dark-colored, medium-textured to fine-
textured soils. These soils are of the Brookston,
Hoytsville, Lenawee, Mermill, Pewamo, Rensselaer,
Washtonaw, and Westland series. They are waterlogged
in periods of wet weather. They have moderate infil-
tration, slow permeability, and high available water
capacity.
Wetness is the main limitation. An adequate drainage
system is needed if the common crops are to be grown.
Diversion terraces that intercept runoff from adjacent
uplands are beneficial. Sod outlets or structural out-
lets for the diversion terraces are needed. Spring
tillage should be delayed until the plow layer is dry.
Minimum tillage and crop residue management help to
maintain good tilth.
Capability Unit IIw-2 (3,698 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level and gently
sloping somewhat poorly drained, medium-textured or
moderately coarse textured soils of the Blount, Crosby,
Del Key, Haskins, and Whitaker series. These soils
have moderately slow or slow permeability and high
available moisture capacity. The gently sloping areas
are erodible.
Wetness is the main limitation. An adequate drainage
system is needed if the common crops are to be grown.
A-26
-------
Diversion terraces that intercept runoff from higher
areas are beneficial. Grass waterways are needed.
Other practices needed include minimum and properly
timed tillage and management of crop residues.
Capability Unit IIw-7 (384 Acres)
This unit consists of nearly level, somewhat poorly drained
and very poorly drained soils of the Shoals series. These
soils are flooded occasionally, and they have a fluctuating
water table. They have moderate infiltration and permea-
bility and high available moisture capacity.
Wetness is the main limitation. Adequate drainage is im-
portant. Other needed practices include conservation
cropping systems, crop residue management and minimum
tillage.
Capability Unit IIIe-1 (3 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, moderately sloping, well-
drained, medium-textured soils of the Martinsville
and Rawson series. These soils have moderate infil-
tration, moderate permeability, and high available
moisture capacity.
Erosion is the main hazard. Contouring is the erosion
control practice most applicable on the short slopes.
On the few longer and more uniform slopes, stripcrop-
ping can be used. Sod waterways are needed to control
erosion in drainageways.
Capability Unit IIIe-6 (127 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, gently sloping and moderately
sloping, moderately well-drained, medium-textured soils
of the Morley series. These soils range from uneroded to
severely eroded. They have moderate infiltration, slow
permeability, and high available moisture capacity.
Erosion is a hazard, particularly in intensively cropped
fields. Diversion ditches, contour tillage, stripcrop-
ping, sod waterways, crop residue management and minimum
tillage are among the measures needed for control of
erosion.
Capability Unit lIIe-9 (5 Acres)
This unit consists of Fox loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes,
moderately eroded, a well-drained soil. This soil is
A-27
-------
moderately deep to sand and gravel. It has moderate
permeability and moderate available moisture capacity.
This soil occurs as small areas, many of which are man-
aged along with less sloping soils that can be used more
intensively. As a result, considerable erosion has taken
place. Erosion is the main hazard. Contour tillage,
minimum tillage, mulch tillage, and a suitable cropping
system help to control erosion.
Capability Unit IIIe-11 (50 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, gently sloping, well-drained
soils of the St. Clair series. These soils range from
uneroded to moderately eroded. They have moderate infil-
tration, slow permeability, and high available moisture
capacity.
Erosion is the main hazard. Maintaining good tilth and
increasing the content of organic matter are problems.
Diversion terraces and contour tillage help to control
runoff and erosion. Permanent grassed waterways are needed
to prevent gullying of natural drainageways. Minimum
tillage, a suitable cropping system, and proper use of crop
residue help to improve tilth and to increase the content
of organic matter.
Capability Unit IIIe-13 (171 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, gently sloping and moderately
sloping, well-drained and somewhat excessively drained,
moderately coarse textured soils of the Belmore and
Oshtemo series. These soils have moderately rapid infil-
tration, moderate and moderately rapid permeability, and
low available moisture capacity.
Erosion is the main hazard, and droughtiness is a serious
limitation. Contour tillage, crop residue management,
and minimum tillage help to control erosion.
Capability Unit IIIs-2 (102 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level, somewhat
excessively drained moderately coarse textured soils of
the Oshtemo series. These soils have moderately rapid
infiltration and permeability and low available moisture
capacity.
Droughtiness is the main limitation to use.
A-28
-------
He
CLASS I Li
generally well
CLASS llw
overcome with
management S)^
CLASS He
easily o
ment systems.
CLASS Illw
require careful
systems to be
cultivated
CLASS Ille
may limit the
tion practices
also have a dri
CLASS Ills
hazard. Carefi
use of this Ian
CLASS IVe A
its use for cull ^
special conserft'
BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
ALLEN COUNTY , INDIANA
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
LAND CAPABILITY MAP
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
IN COOPERATION WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
3-ZI-7S
Map No. 3
-------
Capability Unit IIIw-2 (3 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level, very poorly
drained, dark-colored, moderately fine textured or fine
textured soils of the Montgomery series. These soils
become waterlogged in periods of wet weather and are slow
to dry out in spring. They have very slow infiltration
and permeability and high available water capacity.
Wetness is the major limitation. Maintaining good tilth
is a serious problem. A drainage system is needed. Crop
residue management, fall, and minimum tillage are
important practices for these soils.
Capability Unit IIIw-6 (1,074 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level, somewhat poorly
drained, medium-textured or moderately fine textured soils
of the Nappanee series. These soils have moderate infil-
tration, slow permeability, and high available moisture
capacity.
Wetness is the main limitation. Maintaining good tilth
is a problem. An adequate drainage system is needed. It
is necessary to keep tillage to a minimum. Crop residue
management in the cropping system is needed.
Capability Unit IVe-6 (137 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, moderately sloping and strongly
sloping, moderately well-drained, medium-textured and
moderately fine textured soils of the Morley series. These
soils have been eroded so severely that the present surface
layer consists almost entirely of material from the subsoil.
They have slow to moderate infiltration, slow permeability,
and high available moisture capacity.
Erosion is the main hazard. Contour cultivation, diversion
terraces, and sod waterways help to control runoff and
erosion. Crop residue management and minimum tillage also
improve tilth and reduce runoff.
Capability Unit IVe-11 (24 Acres)
This unit consists of St. Clair silty clay loam, 6 to 12
percent slopes, moderately eroded, a deep, well-drained or
moderately well-drained soil. This soil has moderate
infiltration, slow permeability, and high available moisture
capacity.
A-29
-------
Erosion is the main hazard. Permanent sod in natural
drainageways helps to control gully erosion. Contour
cultivation, crop residue management, and minimum tillage
are effective in the control of runoff and erosion.
Capability Unit IVs-1 (5 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, nearly level and gently sloping
well-drained, coarse-textured soils of the Plainfield series.
These soils have rapid permeability and low available mois-
ture holding capacity.
Droughtiness is the main limitation. Crop residue management,
minimum tillage and cover crops, help to control wind erosion.
Capability Unit VIe-1 (15 Acres)
This unit consists of deep, strongly sloping, severely eroded,
moderately well-drained, medium-textured soils of the Morley
series. These soils have slow to moderate infiltration, slow
permeability, and high available moisture capacity.
The soils are too steep and too credible to be suitable for
cultivation, except what is necessary for the establishment
of permanent pasture.
Erosion is the main hazard. A vegetative cover and protection
from overgrazing help to control erosion.
Major land uses in the Black Creek Study Area include cropland,
80.7%; grassland, 4.3%; woodland, 7.1%; wildlife and recreation,
2.7%; urban and built-up, 3.6% and farmstead, 1.6%. Lands
categorized as urban and built-up include the acreages occupied
by the town of Harlan as well as county roads, highways, schools,
and cemeteries. Table A-3 shows present acreage for each
capability unit in the Black Creek Study Area.
The pattern of land use is expected to remain relatively stable
over the next five years. However, some minor changes in land
use can be anticipated as indicated by recent trends and in
response to planned land use. It is estimated that urban and
built-up acreage will increase by 118 acres as some of the better
drained woodland and cropland along county roads and highways are
converted to residential use. A net decrease of 143 acres of
cropland and 70 acres of woodland is projected. The acreage used
for wildlife and recreation should increase by 118 acres.
D. Socio-economic Conditions
The socio-economic profile is based on data obtained from the 1970
census of the population, the 1969 agricultural census and local
A-30
-------
records. Most of the data available are for established political
boundaries as specified by the selected basin. Therefore, Spring-
field Township will be the central focus for most of the profile
since the communities in Maumee and Milan townships are outside of
the basin (Black Creek) and would distort the socio-economic pro-
file if all three townships were utilized. Future planned
sociological studies will enable full discussion of characteristics
of the entire basin since primary data collection will supplement
the secondary sources.
By utilizing the minor civil division codes in the 1970 census, we
are able to obtain various social and economic characteristics of
the population residing within the Black Creek area (Springfield
Township). The main purpose of the following discussion is to
highlight some of these personal and demographic characteristics
as obtained from the 1970 census deemed useful in describing the
selected basin.
1. Income
Springfield Township is reported to have a median family income
of $9,991 in 1970 (See Figure A-l). Of the twenty townships
in Allen County, only two others had lower median incomes.
The $9,991 figure for Springfield is well below the Allen County
median income figure of $11,010. Allen County ranks 5th in the
state median income. The middle figure reported in Springfield
Township (see Figure A-l) suggests there are 311 families with
incomes over $10,000 and 51 families with incomes below $3,000.
Wages and salary plus non-farm self employment are the two
largest categories of aggregate income (see Table A-4) in
Springfield Township. The category of farm self employment,
although not unusually large, accounts for only nine percent
of the total male aggregate income.
Table A-4. Aggregate Income by Sex and Type in Springfield
Township
TYPE
Wage and Salary
Non-Farm Self
Employment
Farm Self
Employment
Social Security/
Railroad Pension
Welfare
Other Income
Females
AMOUNT
$109,360
0
1,865
6,755
460
6,530
Males
AMOUNT
$425,725
89 , 160
51,165
12,110
630
15,295
NUMBER
537
109
109
92
10
214
A-31
-------
Figure A-l. Median Family Income and Number of Families with Incomes over
$10,000 and under $3,000, 1970
EEL
RIVER
$10,184
205
37
LAKE
$11,100
303
30
ABOITE
$13,782
1,193
52
LAFAYETTE
$11,284
364
20
PERRY
$13
WASHINGTON
$11,286
3,237
150
WAYNE
$10,042 1
18,793
2,488
PLEASANT
$10,480
334
43
CEDAR
CREEK
,581 $11,570
896 677
39 37
^
FORT
WAYNE
^
ST. JOSEPH
$13,593
7,369
199
>
\ ADAMS
S NEW
J* HAVEN
.T $11,552
5,066
257
MARION
$10,790
465
43
MILAN
$11
* SPRING- SCIPK
FIELD
$9,991 $11,61
311
51
,230
340
37
JEFFERSON
$10,250
240
26
MADISON
$9,571
190
34
1
MAUMEE
$10,556
265
15
JACKSON
$9,884
86
15
MONROE
$10,690
322
21
)
56
15
0
Top = Median Family Income
Middle = Number of families with incomes over $10,000
Bottom = Number of families with incomes under $3,000
A-32
-------
Figure A-2. Allen County Population Pyramid
MALE
75 & OVER
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
10-14
FEMALE
15-19
5-9
0-4
12 11 10 987654321 01 23456789 10 11 12
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
(percent)
A-33
-------
Figure A-3. Springfield Township Population Pyrmid, 1970
MALE
75 & OVER
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
FEMALE
35-39
30-34
5-9
0-4
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
I I I I I I I I I
65432101
I I I I I I I I
(percent)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
A-34
-------
2. Population
Figure A-2 is a population pyramid for Allen County. The
pyramid is presented to provide a brief overview of the
population structure in the county. The three groups of
interest are those 18 years and younger (dependent youth),
19 to 64 (the active working population) and 65 and older
(dependent aged population). Allen County has 36.8 percent
of its population in the 18 and under category. This is
compared to 35.4 percent for the state. In the 19-64 age
group, Allen County has 54.7 percent of its population com-
pared to 55.1 percent for the state. The 65 and over group
comprises 8.5 percent of the county population with 9.5
percent of the state in this category.
Springfield Township's population is presented in Figure A-3.
The erratic indentations and projections of the various age
groupings may be due to migration. A much larger percentage
of the population in Springfield Township is between the ages
of 0 and 10 years than the same age group in Allen County.
Indeed, the comparisons for the township and Allen County
age groups of "under 18", "19 to 64" and "65 and over" are
43.7% to 36.8%, 50.5% to 54.7% and 6.3% to 8.5%, respectively.
Using these indicators would suggest that the basin is a young
dynamic population. The population pyramid can be a basis for
comparing the structure of the Black Creek population with the
population of the entire Ohio, Michigan and Indiana basin.
This will be included in future analyses.
3. Occupation and Commuters
The three largest occupation groups in Springfield Township are
presented in Table A-5. At the top, in terms of percent of
workers, is craftsmen, foremen and kindred workers accounting
for 24% of the males 14 years and older. Operatives are second
with 19% and the third and fourth places are tied at 15% each
for managers, administrators and farmers (except managers).
Most of the work force is employed within Allen County (see
Table A-6). Almost 95% of the working population in Spring-
field Township was at work somewhere in the county during the
week of the census. Only 5% of the employed Springfield
residents have employment outside of the county. Also, Table
A-7 suggests that 83% of the residents in Springfield Township
were born in the state of Indiana. The next largest group is
comprised of those born in the north central states region.
Many of these states are contiguous to Indiana and account for
14% of its population.
A-35
-------
Table A-5. Occupation of Males 14 Years and Older in
Springfield Township
OCCUPATION
NUMBER
Managers , Administrators (Not Farm)
Sales Workers
Clerical and Kindred
Craftsmen , Foremen and Kindred
Operatives , except Transportation
Transportation Equipment Operatives
Laborers , except Farm
Farmers , except Managers
Farm Laborer and Foremen
Service Workers
Private Household Workers
Occupation Not Reported
Total Males 14 and over in Labor Force
104
28
29
160
129
55
27
101
4
30
0
7
674
15
4
4
24
19
8
4
15
.6
4
0
1
Table A-6. Summary of Springfield Township's Population at
Work During Census Week
PLACE OF WORK
NUMBER
Inside of County
Outside of County
Not Reported
Number of Workers
Table A-7. Migration of Springfield Township Residents by
State of Birth
WHERE BORN
NUMBER
In State of Residence (Ind.)
Northeast
Northcentral
South
West
Abroad
Not Reported
Township Population Total
2197
11
382
60
0
0
10
2660
83
0.
14
2
0
0
0.
4
3
A-36
-------
Table A-8. Education in Springfield Township by Sex for
Residents 25 Years and Older
LEVEL OF EDUCATION MALE % FEMALE
None Completed
1-4 years
5-6 years
7 years
8 years
High School: 1-3 years
High School : 4 years
College: 1-3 years
College: 4 years
College: 5 years or more
Total
15
7
24
22
136
108
251
33
16
1
613
2
1
4
4
22
18
41
5
3
5
0
15
36
112
157
257
30
3
2
617
1
0
2
6
18
25
42
5
1
Table A-9. Poverty Status for Springfield Township Residents
65 and Over
POVERTY STATUS NUMBER
Above Poverty Level
Below Poverty Level
Total 65 and Over
4. Education and Poverty Status
In 1970, 49% of the Black Creek Basin's male residents, 25
years and older (see Table A-8) had completed four years of
high school or beyond. Almost the same percentage applies
for the females. These levels of education attained in the
township are very near to the state averages for individuals
25 years and older.
With a relatively high level of education we might expect to
find a low level of poverty within the basin. Nearly 83% of
the 65 and older residents have incomes above the government
poverty level (see Table A-9) . Only 17% were below the estab-
lished government level.
Figures A-4 and A-5 are included to present additional data
on population, family size and poverty. Figure A-4 shows
Springfield with 2608 total population and 623 families with
4.1 as the average size per family.
A-37
-------
Figure A-4. Population, Total Number of Families and Family Size, 1970
EEL PERRY CEDAR
RIVER CREEK
1622 5768 4414
393 1253 1112
4.1 4.6 3.9
LAKE
2061
509
4.0
ABOITE
6132
1596
3.8
LAFAYETTE
2035
570
3.5
WASHINGTON
20296
5230
3.8
flS
ST. JOSEPH
38094
9489
4.0
>
WAYNE .J FORT \ ADAMS
1 WAYNE f NEW
149,516 ~? H HAVEN
36,746 U f
4.0 \_n
PLEASANT
2474
632
3.9
r 31034
7930
3.9
MARION
3221
816
3.9
MILAN
2335
541
4
[SPRING- SCIPIO
FIELD
2608 409
623 75
4.1 5.4
.3
JEFFERSON
2130
462 '
4.
6
MADISON
1711
428
4.
0
MAUMEE
1781
477
3.7
JACKSON
661
175
3.7
MONROE
2153
557
3.8
Top = Total Township Population
Middle = Number of Families
Bottom = Average Number of Persons per Family
A-38
-------
Figure A-5. Number of People Employed, Residents 65 Years and Older and
Poverty, and Families Below Poverty Level, 1970
EEL PERRY
RIVER
595 1997
117 639
53 78
7.1 3.3
LAKE
778
162
28
5.1
ABOITE
2225
359
30
2.1
LAFAYETTE
839
127
27
1.6
WASHINGTON
8970
1030
140
3.2
r^
CEDAR
CREEK
1773
314
87
3.3
ST. JOSEPH
15382
1791
145
>
1.9
WAYNE J FORT k ADAMS
\ WAYNE S
61300 p J
16432 [_
3292 \ _,
6.9
PLEASANT
969
182
14
3.6
NEW
HAVEN
r 12807
H 1394
226
3.4
MARION
1379
203
1
3
2.9
MILAN
f SPRING- SCIPK
FIELD
975 139
168 24
29 3
8.3 0.
801
137
35
9.2
JEFFERSON
779
154
21
6.1
MADISON
643
155
17
6
.5
MAUMEE
712
154
45
2.1
JACKSON
233
55
5
12.6
MONROE
809
245
85
5.0
Top = Total Number of people employed
Next = Residents Over 65 Years of Age
Next = Residents Over 65 and in Poverty
Bottom = Percent of Families Below Poverty Level
A-39
-------
V. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
As proposed to the Environmental Protection Agency, an analysis of
the study area was made to identify by volume the types of land
treatment it is believed will reduce soil erosion significantly
in tho area.
This study was completed by Soil Conservation Service personnel based
on established procedures of the service and long field experience.
No attempt was made during the study period to plan systems of treat-
ment for individual landowners.
A significant result of the project will be an analysis of the success
of known techniques of soil conservation as a mechanism for reducing
the degradation of water quality by sedimentation.
A. Needed Conservation Practices
The following lists, by volume, the various practices it is be-
lieved should be applied in the study area to achieve adequate
land treatment along with a statement of estimated costs and a
schedule for installing these practices. Refer to Table A-10.
It should be pointed out that success of this program of installation
will depend on planning of areas for individual landowners which will
be an ongoing process during the study period. It is anticipated
that treatment of the area will allow an accurate assessment of the
effect of the program on water quality.
1. Cropland
With cropland comprising more than 80 percent of the study
area the need for conservation treatment to minimize soil
erosion and sediment movement from croplands is recognized.
Conservation cropping systems, crop residue management,
minimum tillage, contour farming, terracing, stripcropping,
and grassed waterways are practices which can minimize soil
erosion when applied in varying combinations to match on-
site problems.
Drainage measures, grade stabilization structures, field
borders and streambank protection along the many miles of
drainageways serving the cropland fields are needed for
erosion control, sediment reduction, and protection and
maintenance of cropland resources.
2. Pasture and Hayland
Lands used for pasture and hay occupy a relatively low
percentage of the total land area. However, significant soil
erosion occurs from grasslands when the stands of grasses and
legumes are allowed to deteriorate through lack of fertility
A-40
-------
and overgrazing. Pasture and hayland planting and management
are needed to maintain vigorous plant cover and prevent
erosion losses. Where streams flow through pastures, pro-
tection of streambanks from grazing and trampling by livestock
is needed. Ponds and additional livestock watering facilities
help to solve this problem.
3. Woodland
Of the mixed hardwood forests which originally covered a
large part of the study area only 853 acres now remain in
woodland use. Much of the woodland is on sloping soils
adjacent to streams, while several small wooded areas are
located on wet soils and depressional sites. Management
of the timber resource to improve and maintain existing
stands is an important factor in controlling erosion and
reducing sediment.
Livestock exclusion, improved harvest cutting, and pruning
are practices which contribute to maintaining amount and
quality of woodland cover. Tree planting, including the
planting of windbreaks, is needed in limited amounts.
Natural black walnut reproduction has been observed along
streams. Encouraging the growth of these and other
desirable species through plantings on selected sites
along streams will aid in erosion control, wildlife area
improvement, and provide environmental benefits.
4. Wildlife and Recreation Land
Practices needed for wildlife include ponds constructed,
stocked with game fish, fenced, and developed for wildlife
nesting and winter cover; livestock exclusion from wooded
areas to develop dense edges for good wildlife cover;
wildlife habitat development to provide travel lanes and
winter cover; field border plantings for erosion control
that are managed for wildlife habitat; critical area
planting; and livestock exclusion from stream and ditch
banks.
Secondary wildlife benefits are realized from other conser-
vation practices such as grassed waterways and diversions
which are mown only as needed, and then after August 1 for
the protection of ground nesting species; ditch bank seeding
and management for ground nesting habitat; pasture planting
and pasture management which provides clumps of herbaceous
vegetation that can be utilized by quail and rabbit; minimum
tillage and crop residue management; and windbreak planting.
A-41
-------
Since a high percentage of this area is in cropland, the
wildlife populations of this watershed will be substantially
influenced by the agricultural land use and management
practices. Wildlife habitat development and other vegetative
erosion control practices are very important.
5. Urban and Built-up Lands
Roadside erosion control, critical area planting, recreation
area improvement, and the protection of land during develop-
ment are practices and measures which can do much to reduce
erosion and sediment losses from lands in this use. Minimum
disturbance of existing vegetation in developing areas will
be emphasized as land use changes are made.
6. Farmsteads
Protection of farmsteads and feedlots from erosion and surface
runoff is important throughout the area. Livestock waste
disposal systems are needed along with farmstead and feedlot
windbreaks to abate pollution, improve the environment, and
add beauty to the countryside.
The inter-relationship of land use and land treatment needs is
such that when the needed practices and measures are applied
and properly maintained for the selected land use, adequate
treatment of the land is achieved. Based upon Conservation
Needs Inventory data and field information it is estimated that
12 percent of lands in the study area are presently adequately
treated. The balance of the land will need additional treat-
ment involving the application of various combinations of con-
servation practices and measures.
Table A-10 summarizes the goals and costs for land treatment and the
schedule for achieving adequate treatment over a five year period.
Both total and annual goals are listed for conservation planning,
land use conversions, and practice installation.
The following practices and measures are briefly described and
listed in the amounts needed to achieve adequate land treatment.
The amounts listed are in addition to practices currently applied
in the study area.
1. Conservation Cropping Systems - 7,418 Acres
Growing crops in combination with needed cultural and manage-
ment measures. Cropping systems include rotations that
contain grasses and legumes as well as rotations in which
the desired benefits are achieved without the use of such
crops.
A-42
-------
2. Contour Farming - 769 Acres
Farming sloping cultivated land in such a way that plowing
preparing and planting, and cultivating are done on the
contour. (This includes following established grades of
terraces, diversions, or contour strips.)
3. Critical Area Planting - 10 Acres
Stabilizing silt-producing and severely eroded areas by
establishing vegetative cover. This includes woody plants,
such as trees, shrubs or vines, and adapted grasses or
legumes established by seeding or sodding to provide long-
term ground cover. (Does not include tree planting mainly
for the production of wood products.)
4. Crop Residue Management - 7,491 Acres
Using plant residues to protect cultivated fields during
critical erosion periods.
5. Diversions - 39,200 Lineal Feet
A channel with a supporting ridge on the lower side con-
structed across the slope.
6. Farmstead and Feedlot Windbreaks - 78 Acres
A belt of trees or shrubs established next to a farmstead or
feedlot.
7. Field Border Planting - 288,320 Lineal Feet
A border or strip of perennial vegetation established at the
edge of a field by planting or by converting from trees to
herbaceous vegetation or shrubs.
8. Field Windbreaks - 12,000 Lineal Feet
A strip or belt of trees or shrubs established to reduce wind
erosion.
9. Grade Stabilization Structure - 368
A structure to stabilize the grade or to control head cutting
in natural or artificial channels. (Does not include stream
channel improvement, streambank protection, diversion, or
structure for water control.)
A-43
-------
10. Grassed Waterways - 68 Acres
A natural or constructed waterway or outlet shaped or graded
and established in vegetation suitable to safely dispose of
runoff from a field, diversion, terrace or other structure.
11. Holding Ponds and Tanks - 11
A fabricated structure or one made by constructing a pit dam
or embankment for temporary storage of animal or agricultural
wastes, associated runoff and waste water.
12. Land Smoothing - 300 Acres
Removing irregularities on the land surface by use of special
equipment.
13. Livestock Exclusion - 215 Acres
Excluding livestock from an area where grazing is not wanted.
14. Livestock Watering Facility - 28
A trough or tank with needed devices for water control to
provide drinking water for livestock.
15. Minimum Tillage - 7,656 Acres
Limiting the number of cultural operations to only those that
are properly timed and essential to produce a crop and prevent
soil damage.
16. Pasture and Hayland Management - 402 Acres
Proper treatment and use of pastureland or hayland.
17. Pasture and Hayland Planting - 501 Acres
Establishing and re-establishing long-term stands of adapted
species of perennial, biennial, or reseeding forage plants.
(Includes pasture and hayland renovation, does not include
grassed waterway or outlet on cropland.)
18. Ponds - 39
A water impoundment made by constructing a dam across a water-
course or a natural basin, or by excavating a pit or "dugout".
(Such ponds do not include spring development or irrigation
reservoirs.)
A-44
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I1). Protection During Development - 118 Acres
Treatment based on a plan to control erosion and sediment
during development for residential, commercial-industrial,
community services, transportation routes or utility uses.
20. Recreation Area Improvement - 12 Acres
Establishing grasses, legumes, vines, shrubs, trees or other
plants or managing woody plants to improve an area for
recreation.
21. Sediment Control Basins - 6
A barrier or dam constructed across a waterway or at other
suitable locations to form a silt or sediment basin.
22. Stream Channel Stabilization - 96,000 Lineal Feet
Stabilizing the channel of a stream with suitable structures.
(Includes 90,000 feet, fencing; 6,000 feet structural
stabilization.)
23. Streambank Protection - 122,000 Lineal Feet
Stabilizing and protecting banks of streams or excavated
channels against scour and erosion by the use of vegetative
or structural means.
24. Stripcropping - 300 Acres
Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands
on the contour to reduce erosion.
25. Surface Drains - 90,500 Lineal Feet
A graded channel for collecting excess water within a field.
This does not include grassed waterway or outlet.
26. Terrace, Gradient - 11,000 Lineal Feet
An earth embankment or a ridge and channel constructed across
the slope at a suitable opening and an acceptable grade to
reduce erosion damage and pollution by intercepting surface
runoff and conducting it to a stable outlet.
27. Terrace, Parallel - 11,000 Lineal Feet
An earth embankment or a ridge and channel constructed in
parallel across the slope at a suitable spacing and acceptable
A-45
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IJ *)
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-------
grade to reduce erosion and pollution and provide a more
farmable terrace system.
28. Tile Drains - 2,249,200 Lineal Feet
A conduit, such as tile, pipe or tubing, installed beneath
ground surface and which collects and/or conveys drainage
water. The project goal is approximately 200,300 lineal
feet which is needed for erosion and sediment control of
surface drains and grassed waterways.
29. Tree Planting - 10 Acres
Planting tree seedlings or cuttings.
30. Wildlife Habitat Management - 222 Acres
Retaining, creating, or managing wildlife habitat for both
upland and wetland.
31. Woodland Improved Harvesting - 200 Acres
Systematically removing some of the merchantable trees from
an immature stand to improve the conditions for forest
growth.
32. Woodland Improvement - 610 Acres
Improving woodland by removing unmerchantable or unwanted
trees, shrubs or vines.
33. Woodland Pruning - 50 Acres
Removing all or parts of selected branches from trees.
A-47
-------
B. Monitoring Sites
Purdue University Scientists have identified proposed sites for
monitoring of the project:
Killiam Drain at Notestine Road
Smith-Fry Drain at Noestine Road
Wertz Drain at Notestine Road
Gorrell Drain at Notestine Road
Richelderfer Drain at Notestine Road
Dreisbach Drain at Brush College Road
Lake Drain at Bull Rapids Road
Wertz Drain at Bull Rapids Road
Dreisbach Drain at Trammel Road
Dreisbach Drain at Highway 37
Fuelling Drain at Shaffer Road
Fuelling Drain below proposed detention reservoir
Gorrell, Wertz and Smith-Fry Drains at sites immediately below
detention reservoirs which are still to be selected
Wann Drain (external reference watershed)
Maumee River at Highway 10 Bridge
St. Joseph River at USGS gaging station
St. Marys River at USGS gaging station
Tile drains (to be selected)
Feedlot outfalls (to be selected)
Rainulator plots (to be selected)
Based on the initial investigations of the basin and the study
area, it has been concluded that numerous cultural practices
as they relate to the land capability classes discovered by the
Soil Conservation Service, need to be evaluated.
Some of the most important are:
1. Fall versus spring plowing of row cropland.
2. Effect of winter cover crops.
3. Effect of conservation tillage systems. Of particular
interest would be fall chisel plowing, fall disking,
"no till" planting.
4. The effect of crop rotations, particularly those that
include a grass-legume sod.
5. The influence of pasture management, particularly over-
grazing.
6. The contribution of livestock waste disposal on crop and
pasture land.
A-48
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\
BLACK CREEK STUDY AREA
ALLEN COUNTY , INDIANA
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
WORK LOCATION MAP
ALLEN COUNTY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
IN COOPERATION WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
5-15-73
Map No. 4
-------
SCS estimates show both the Maumee Basin and the Black Creek
study Area to be predominantly cropland. Almost 81 percent
of the 12,038 acres in the Black Creek Study Area is cropland.
Corn and soybeans are major crops in the study area accounting
for 7,000 acres. Although numerous land use capability units
are found in the Black Creek Study Area, four (4) units
account for 87 percent of the watershed area. These are as
follows: 11% - IIe-6; 37% - IIw-1; 30% - IIw-2; and
9% - IIw-6.
The predominant recommendations by SCS for cultural practices
on cropland are: conservation cropping systems (containing
grasses and legumes in rotations), crop residue management,
and minimum tillage.
The above statistics indicate that experimental plot studies
should concentrate on (1) determining the contribution from
the four major soil capability units, (2) evaluating the effect
of presently used practices for corn and soybean production,
and (3) evaluating the conservation effectiveness of conservation
cropping systems, crop residue management, and minimum tillage.
The detailed plan for monitoring and for conducting the proposed
scientific study is Part B of this report.
A-49
-------
PART B
PLAN OF WORK
For
Demonstration and Evaluation
in
Black Creek Study Area
May 1973
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS - PART B
Page
[. INTRODUCTION B-l
II. APPROACH TO THF, PROBLEM B-5
II!. DEMONSTRATION B-9
A. Resource Planning and Application B-9
B. Monitoring B-ll
IV. RESEARCH B-17
A. Modeling and Prediction B-17
B. Analysis of Samples B-18
C. Biological and Chemical Studies B-20
D. Precipitation Measurements B-22
E. Rainfall Simulator Studies and Experimental Plots B-23
F. Stream Channel and Bank Studies B-26
G. Socio-Economic Evaluation B-27
V. PROGRAM SCHEDULE B-29
VI. RESULTS AND BENEFITS EXPECTED B-33
VII. PROJECT COSTS B-34
FIGURES
B-l Project Organization B-3
B-2 Interrelationship of Project Activities B-8
B-3 Schedule for Monitoring Activities B-14
B-4 Water Sampling Flow Chart B-21
B-5 Program Schedule B-31
TABLES
B-l Work Plan Implementation B-12
B-2 Water Quality Sampling Sites B-12
B-3 Project Cost Summary B-35
-------
1. INTRODUCTION
Control of soil erosion has been a recognized goal of the United States
Department of Agriculture for at least a half-century. Over many
years, USDA agencies such as the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest
Service and the Cooperative Extension Service, have developed a
recognized competance in preventing the destruction of land resources
through unchecked erosion.
Improved water quality has traditionally been a recognized benefit of
erosion control. It has not, until very recent years, been identified
as a primary goal of erosion control techniques.
The fundamental purpose of this project is to determine how successful
erosion control techniques can be in improving water quality in the
Maumee Basin and Lake Erie. To do this, it will be necessary to
evaluate the effects of a concentrated program of land treatment for
erosion control on a selected area within the Maumee Basin. Simul-
taneously it is necessary to study in detail and on a definitive
basis the effects of combinations of treatment practices within that
study area and on experimental plots to find out how a reduction of
sediment is achieved.
From these studies, insight can be gained into the total problem even
if the demonstration project does not achieve the desired reduction
of sediment entering the Maumee River from Black Creek in Allen County,
Indiana. If traditional treatment measures, based on the best current
knowledge of erosion control, can not achieve a desired reduction in
sedimentation, these definitive experiments can furnish insight into
what other methods may be necessary. If a satisfactory reduction of
sedimentation is achieved, the experiment will furnish insight into
whether this reduction might have been duplicated with a less inten-
sive and less costly program.
Results of the demonstration project and the experiments will be used
to help develop a computer model of the Maumee Basin which will de-
scribe the current sedimentation problem and in combination with other
results help to project the cost of achieving a desired reduction in
sedimentation in the basin.
No attempt will be made in this project to force a diverse group of
individual landowners to participate. Therefore, the results of an
attendant sociological study which will identify the factors which
insure participation in the program by the landowners will also be
of significant value in helping formulate a. course of action leading
to sediment control in the basin.
B-l
-------
In addition to these primary project goals, studies of the effects
of erosion control on the aquatic life in Black Creek and its tri-
butaries will be conducted and measurement of nutrients entering the
strpcun as a result of erosion will be made. These studies will con-
centrate on nitrogen and phosphorus to determine the significance of
each as a pollutant not only in gross amount but in terms of the
availability of each to plants in the river and the lake, particularly
algae.
This work plan is a supplement to the final report on the six-month
planning phase of the project described in a proposal "REDUCTION OF
SEDIMENT AND RELATED NUTRIENTS IN THE MAUMEE RIVER AND LAKE ERIE."
It describes the problem (Section II) identified by researchers from
Purdue University during the study phase, the Demonstration Project
(Section III), including the plan for work by the Soil Conservation
Service and the Allen County Soil and Water Conservation District
during the next four and one half years), the proposed research effort
(Section IV), results to be expected (Section V) and the time frame
for the balance of the project (Section VI).
A detailed breakdown of the projected budgets for the balance of the
project is included as Appendix A to this work plan.
The primary grantee for this project is the Allen County Soil and
Water Conservation District, a unit of state government funded by
Allen County. The District, under its board of supervisors, retains
responsibility for allocation of funds and for seeing that the work
outlined is accomplished. The Soil Conservation Service, under con-
tract to the District, will furnish the technical assistance for re-
source planning and application of planned practices. Purdue
University, also under contract to the District, will furnish
scientific support and conduct the research. Other state and local
agencies and units of government will furnish assistance as re-
quired during the project period. The organization of the project
is described in Figure B-l. Resumes of personnel listed in the
figure are given in Appendix B.
B-2
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B-3
-------
II. APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM
The Maumee River Basin has been identified as a primary source of
sediment and related pollutants in Lake Erie. The Basin is a roughly
circular shaped area in northwestern Ohio, northeastern Indiana and
southern Michigan measuring about 100 miles in diameter. Land use
is primarily agriculture. It is essentially a level plain which
represents a portion of the abandoned floor of glacial Lake Maumee
which occupied the Lake Erie Basin in the late Pleistocene Age.
Despite the relatively level topography, erosion rates of the basin
are among the highest in the Great Lakes region. The estimated
annual gross erosion exceeds 4-1/2 tons per acre.
Gage data for the USGS station at Waterville, Ohio indicate that more
than 1-1/2 million tons of sediment annually are carried by the Maumee
River into Lake Erie. It has been postulated that this sediment
carries with it many of the nutrients that contribute to algae "blooms"
in the lake, with a resulting acceleration of the process of
eutrophication.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency has set as a goal a reduction
of the silt load in the Maumee by 50 percent. Other agencies and
individuals have suggested higher reductions to be achieved.
It has been suggested that complete application of known techniques
of erosion control can accomplish a 50 percent or greater reduction
in the sediment load of the Maumee River.
It is therefore desirable to know if a concentrated application of
existing methods of land treatment in the Maumee Basin can achieve a
desired reduction in sediment, to make an estimate of how much such a
program would cost on a basin-wide basis and, if possible, to correlate
dollars spent for this goal with improvement in water quality, (i.e.,
an expenditure of X dollars in the basin would result in Y percent im-
provement in water quality) .
It is also desirable to understand more fully the relationship between
sedimentation and the nutrients that appear to be critical to an
acceleration of the eutrophication process.
Concurrently, it is desirable to discover what kind of program might
be carried out on a basin-wide basis which would convince individual
landowners to apply conservation practices for the improvement of
water quality in the Maumee Basin, whether this can be done adequately
on an incentive basis, or whether some type of mandatory controls on
pollution from non-point sources might be imposed with a reasonable
chance of success.
B-5
-------
The proposed project is a demonstration effort supported by research
to allow meaningful projection of data to the basin and perhaps to
other river basin systems and to understand more fully the mechanisms
whereby sediment can be reduced through control of soil erosion.
A study area has been selected in Allen County, Indiana which is com-
posed of the land draining into Black Creek, a tributary of the Maumee
River. The area has been analyzed in terms of soil type, land use,
and land capability and found to be very representative of the Maumee
Basin (see the Final Report on the Planning Phase).
During the project, an accelerated program of land treatment will be
carried out in this area. The treatment will be systematically applied
beginning on the Dreisbach Drain in May of 1973 and continuing down-
stream on Black Creek in order on the Richelderfer Drain, the Gorrell
Drain, the Wertz Drain, and the Smith-Fry Drain. This program will be
completed by October of 1976.
Immediately, monitoring on these drains, and on a similar paralled drain
outside the watershed will begin to furnish baseline data on the amount
of sediment coming from the total watershed and to allow an evaluation
of how successful the land treatment program is in accomplishing a re-
duction of the sediment load.
Because of the agricultural character of most of the land in the Maumee
Basin, a major objective of the study is to identify the contribution
of cropland agriculture to water quality in the Maumee River and in
Lake Erie.
Both sediment and plant-nutrients associated with runoff and sediment
require evaluation. The agricultural erosion problem in much of the
basin is different with respect to soils and topography than what has
been largely studied in the Midwest in the past. Earlier work indi-
cates that sheet erosion from these nearly level areas may account for
a significant portion of the material that is transported to Lake Erie.
Also, those soils in the lake plain are high in total and colloidal
clay and once this material is freed from the soil mass it will
probably stay trapped in suspension and travel for long distances. It
is important to know the relative sediment contribution of these nearly
level-high clay lake plain soils to those sloping soils developed from
glacial till.
In addition, the phosphorus composition of largely colloidal sediment
would be expected to be much higher than sediment containing larger
amounts of sand and silt. It is important to determine to what extent
this is true. The contribution of erosion and sediment transport from
various soils to NC>3~ concentrations of runoff waters is also an impor-
tant consideration.
B-6
-------
AnoLher facet of the erosion-sedimentation problem on lake plain soils
is the relative importance of rain drop energy to runoff energy in de-
taching soil material for transport. The relationship of quantity of
surface flow to detachment and transport of sediment is still another
consideration.
Evaluation of these factors will be made by use of the Agricultural
Research Service Rainulator working on small plots within the study
area. Also evaluated will be cultural practices such as fall vs.
spring plowing of row crop land, effect of winter cover crops, and
effects of conservation tillage systems (i.e., chisel plowing, fall
disking, "no till planting").
The results of these experiments will greatly increase the understand-
ing of the mechanisms within the demonstration watershed that lead to
its success in improving water quality by reducing the sediment load.
They will also furnish data to help verify projections of the results
of the demonstration to the entire basin.
Water samples from the rainulator plots, demonstration plots, and the
entire watershed will be analyzed to define the relationships and
equilibra between various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff
and stream waters. Laboratory studies will include fractionation of
N and P components in water samples, incubation studies to determine
if N and P are liberated from the sediment or if the sediment absorbs
these nutrients over long periods of time, and studies to determine
the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and stream
waters to algae.
The results of these laboratory studies will be used in the computer
model of the basin to refine estimates of water quality to be achieved
by control of soil erosion.
A supporting section of the project will be the socio-economic analysis
of the basin and the study area which is currently underway. This
study will attempt to measure existing attitudes toward the environment
and toward soil conservation in the study area and to compare these
patterns with the basin in general. The program will continue through
the life of the project so that it will be possible to determine
factors which convinced individuals to participate in the program,
where they received their information, and whether they can be expected
to continue the program in future years.
The sociological study will furnish data that can lead to formula-
tion of a. program for control of sediment in the basin and perhaps in
other river basins.
The interrelationships of the various activities are illustrated in
Kigure B-2.
B-7
-------
Figure B-2. Interrelationship of Project Activities
Demonstration
Project
Planning
and
Application
Projection
of
Results
I
Sociological
Study
Technical
Study
Experimental
Plots
Rainulator
Monitoring
(measurement of water
quality parameters)
Laboratory
Analysis
1
Biological
Studies
Bank
Studies
Bo
-o
-------
111. DEMONSTRATION
Briefly stated, the goal of the demonstration project is to install
wluit is, according to the best current estimates, adequate land
trodtmcnt on the Black Creek Study Area and to monitor the results of
this insLalJation.
It will be necessary to conduct the demonstration program in such a
way that it can support and be supported by the more laboratory-
oriented research on small plots, the sociological study, and the
anticipated projection of the results to the basin.
A. Resource Planning and Application
A continuing responsibility of the Project Director will be to
coordinate the activities undertaken by the Soil and Water Con-
servation District and the Soil Conservation Service with the
research needs of the Purdue Staff.
As a result, the first order of priority will be the selection of
sites for and the installation of six sediment basins in the up-
land portion of the study area. These basins are necessary to
the monitoring program and are also to be tested as means of re-
ducing erosion.
Each basin will be installed on a tributary to one of the major
drains within the study area and will collect water from a 200-to-
400-acre drainage area. They will be essentially "overbuilt ponds"
with a significant storage area and the capability to retain
water so that most of the sediment settles out.
With this effort will come the geologic investigations and sampling
of Black Creek and the Dreisbach Drain, also to furnish needed data
to the scientific study group.
The study area contains one major drain, Black Creek, a tributary
of the Maumee River which is joined by five major parallel drains.
This arrangement allows comparison of the work being done on each
drain with drains that have not yet received a concentrated appli-
cation program.
In order to receive the maximum benefit from this controlled
situation and also to allow for planning of the monitoring of
water quality, a scheme has been developed to allow the installa-
tion of land treatment on an orderly basis throughout the water-
shed.
Concentrated effort in planning and practice application will be
carried out in general from the west to the east of the study area
and from the headwaters of each tributary drain to its intersec-
tion with Black Creek.
B-9
-------
In keeping with this scheme, work will begin on the drainage areas
of the Dreisbach Drain from its headwaters to the Notestine Road,
and Black Creek, from its upper end to the junction of the Richel-
derfer Drain. Effort will progress to the Richelderfer Drain from
its headwater to its intersection with Black Creek. Then planning
effort will move to the Gorrell Drain from its headwater and Black
Creek from its junction with the Richelderfer Drain to its junction
with the Gorrell Drain.
Next, planning and application will be concentrated on the Wertz
Drain, beginning at its headwaters, and finally effort will be con-
centrated on the Smith-Fry Drain and on the balance of Black Creek.
In the planning phase of this project, land treatment practices to
be applied in the study area were identified, based on knowledge
and procedures developed over many years by the Soil Conservation
Service.
In the demonstration phase, each individual tract of land will be
treated according to Soil Conservation Service technical criteria
to achieve maximum reduction of erosion consistent with land use
and land capability. Practices will be applied in combinations de-
signed to achieve total treatment of each parcel.
The Allen County Soil Conservation District will concentrate its
efforts in the areas designated above. It will probably be im-
possible to actually install practices in the regular order an-
ticipated in this plan. However, by concentrating efforts in an
orderly fashion, it is expected that a significant difference
between the rates of application in the areas under consideration
and the balance of the watershed will be achieved. This dif-
ference is expected to be great enough that data collected in the
monitoring program will be meaningful. The installation and
planning will begin in May of 1973 and be complete by October of
1976.
The planning process will be a joint effort in which the technical
knowledge and experience of the Soil Conservationist are pooled
with the knowledge and experience of the land user. Completed
plans for individual farms or land units will reflect the volun-
tary decisions of the land owner or operator as to how he will
use the land within its capability and how he will treat it accord-
ing to its needs for protection and for improvement of water
quality.
A complete conservation plan containing all major decisions to
assure that the entire land unit will be used and treated to
achieve conservation objectives will be the basis for cost share
incentives on specific practices needed to implement the applica-
tion of the plan.
B-10
-------
Technical assistance furnished to landowners and operators will
meet the technical guide standard and design criteria of the Soil
Conservation Service.
Field demonstration tests conducted by Purdue University, will be
used to assist landowners in the adoption of conservation practices.
Certain selected practices will be chosen as particularly applica-
ble to the dominant capability subclasses.
Small field size areas, still to be chosen, will be selected for
farmer operator installation of adapted crop cultural-tillage
practices.
Monitoring of these plots will supplement the Rainulator studies
to be described in the next section of this plan.r
B. Monitoring
Monitoring is important not only in terms of evaluating the success
of the demonstration project in reducing the load of sediments and
related nutrients entering the Maumee River, but also as a portion
of the scientific research to be conducted with the demonstration
project. Consequently, the monitoring program has been designed to
both assess the effectiveness of the overall project and to answer
specific questions or provide basic data for a variety of other
studies.
Due to the size and complexity of the sampling and analytical load
envisioned with this project, plans have been formulated to inte-
grate the monitoring and water quality with the application phase
of the program. The basic approach is a combination of intensive
sampling and selective sample analysis. This is necessary to con-
serve space and personnel time during the annual cycles of discharge
and changes in emphasis which are expected during the remaining
four and one-half years of the project. Water quality monitoring
program procedures can not be "finalized" at this time because the
program is expected to undergo considerable change as the various
procedures, problems, results, and methods of evaluation are en-
countered and resolved. The following sampling schedule and sets
of procedures are based on the study is currently visualized.
The specific effects and benefits of various land treatment methods
will be evaluated by establishment of monitoring stations in the
upper areas of the watershed following the schedule set by the
district and previously outlined in general form. This schedule is
included in Table B-l:
B-ll
-------
Table B-l. Work Plan Implementation
General Work Area
Dreisbach Drain and Black Creek to
Richelderfer Drain
May 74 - Oct. 74 Richelderfer Drain
Oct. 74 - May 75 Gorrell Drain and Black Creek to Mouth
of Gorrell Drain
May 75 to Feb. 76 Wertz Drain
Feb. 76 to Oct. 76 Smith-Fry Drain and balance of Black
Creek
Table B-2 describes the water quality sampling sites to be installed.
Table B-2. Water Quality Sampling Sites
Site Number Description
1. Killian Drain at Notestine Road
2. Smith-Fry Drain at Notestine Road
3. Wertz Drain at Notestine Road
4. Gorrell Drain at Notestine Road
5, Richelderfer Drain at Notestine Road
6. Dreisbach Drain at Brush College Road
7. Lake Drain at Bull Rapids Road
8. Wertz Drain at Bull Rapids Road
9. Dreisbach Drain at Trammel Road
10. Dreisbach Drain at Highway 37
11. Fuelling Drain at Shaffer Road
12. Fuelling Drain below detention reservoir
(sites to be selected)
13. Gorrell Drain below detention reservoir
(sites to be selected)
14. Wertz Drain below detention reservoir
(sites to be selected)
15. Smith-Fry Drain below detention reservoir
(sites to be selected)
16. Wann Drain (external reference watershed)
17. Maumee River at Highway 101 Bridge
18. St. Joseph River at U.S.G.S. gaging station
19. St. Marys River at U.S.G.S. gaging station
20. Tile drain outfalls
21. Feedlot outfalls
22. Rainulator plots
23. Biological survey sites
24. Laboratory samples for nutrient availability
studies
B-12
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Figure B-3 outlines the general schedule for monitoring the sites
listed in Table B-2. Periodic collections in each case may be made
in subsequent years as dictated by conditions.
In general, sites 1 through 7 should provide adequate data to assess
the effectiveness of the various treatments as they are applied in
combination across the watershed as well as "pretreatment" and "in-
ternal control" data. Sites 8 through 12 should provide detailed
data for both upland and lake bed areas which will receive specific
treatments that may later be evaluated for their cost effectiveness
in comparison to the results observed over the whole watershed.
Sites 13 to 15 will serve to evaluate the effectiveness of detention
structures in reducing both sediment and nutrient load. Site 16 is
in an adjacent watershed for which no treatments are scheduled. It
will be periodically sampled to provide additional data for the
transport model being developed as a portion of the research.
Sites 20 to 22 consist of miscellaneous sites which will be used to
allocate the nutrient input loads relative to the whole watershed.
Site 24 is for laboratory studies which will be conducted to assess
the availability of nutrients associated with the sediments collected
both from the rainulator and the watershed.
Sites 1 through 11 will be routinely sampled once per week during
periods of normal or low flow and intensively sampled during periods
of high flows. It is anticipated normal flow periods would occur
about 40 weeks per year and high flow about 12 weeks per year.
Given a sampling intensity between 7 and 10 samples per week per
site during periods of high flow, about 100 samples per site per
year will be collected during high flow and about 40 samples per
site per year will be conducted during normal flow. About 1500
samples will be collected annually from these stations. These
samples will be primarily "grab" samples although an intensive
effort will be made to obtain discharge-weighted composite samples
whenever possible. Finally sites 12 through 19 will be sampled
on a weekly basis but only about four of the sites will be sampled
during a given year giving a total sample collection of about 200
samples.
Periodic collections of drainage tile effluents and rain water will
occur. A major share of the nutrient budget may arise from tile
outfalls due to both agricultural and septic tank drainage. The
objective of these studies will be to allocate that portion of the
total nutrient load from the watershed due to these "uncontrolled"
sources. Thus, about 20 tile outfalls will be sampled on a
biannual basis in each of the six major tributaries by a large team
of researchers. Currently, there will be a period of intensive
sampling at each of the respective gaging stations. Rain water
samples will be obtained from the rain gages.
B-13
-------
Figure B-3. Schedule for Monitoring Activities
YEAR
Site
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18 j
9
20
21
22
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24
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Primary monitoring period
Supplementary monitoring period
Continuation depending on results
B-14
-------
Depending on the time required to conduct the tile sampling, the
discharge at the time of sampling, and the actual number of tiles
sampled, around 300 or 400 samples will be collected annually.
Finally, an assortment of miscellaneous samples will be obtained
from feed lot drainage, Amish farms, the rainfall simulator and
the stream bank erosion study areas. It is expected that about
100 to 200 samples annually will be obtained for these sources.
About 2500 samples would be collected annually for analysis.
B-15
-------
IV. RESEARCH
The purpose of the research conducted with this project is to (1)
more fully understand the mechanisms whereby the demonstration
project can reduce the sediment load entering the Maumee River and
(2) utilize this understanding to project to the Maumee Basin an
accurate estimate of methods that can be employed to achieve a de-
sired reduction in sediment and the costs of doing so.
Small plot studies, rainulator studies, biological studies and labora-
tory studies described in this section have as their primary purpose
collection of data that will aid in this understanding and help refine
the projections to the basin level. However these studies will also
provide useful data in themselves concerning such things as (1) the
effect of cultural practices on erosion, (2) the importance of ditch
banks as a source of erosion, (3) both the amount and availability
of nitrogen and phosphorus to plant life that can be associated with
soil erosion, and (4) the effect of a reduction in sediment resulting
from erosion on aquatic life. Although the results of these separate
experiments can be considered as subordinate to the general project,
close attention will be paid to the possibility that the results may
lead to conclusions which can be applied in a general way to the
problems of erosion in the Maumee Basin and in other areas.
A. Modeling and Prediction
The mechanism whereby it is hoped that a prediction of sedimenta-
tion and related chemical pollution of the Maumee River and Lake
Erie can be related to land use is a systems approach using com-
puter simulation models of sedimentation and related-chemical
pollution into the river and the lake.
During the six-month study phase, some preliminary work was done
and Purdue University is currently looking at several models which
may be adapted to this purpose. The work of actually selecting a
model and testing it will begin April 15 and will continue through-
out the project as data from the demonstration watershed and the
various experiments being conducted within it become available.
To accomplish this task, all known information concerning the
Maumee River Basin as related to this study will be cataloged.
This information will include soil regions and land use
patterns in the basin, existing discharge, sedimentation and
related-chemical pollution measurements in the Maumee River
and its tributaries, and sediment loading of Lake Erie. Co-
operative relationships will be sought with sources of such
information such as USGS (contact has already been established
with the Indiana State Office), U.S. Corps of Engineers,
Environmental Protection Agency, departments within Ohio State
University known to be doing research in the basin, and other
B-17
-------
county and state agencies. In addition at least three sediment
and chemical pollution sampling stations, one on the Maumee
River below Black Creek, and one each above Ft. Wayne on the St.
Joseph and St. Marys Rivers are planned.
A review of literature reveals basically six different approaches
to the prediction of sediment yield from watersheds. As a beginning,
this study will start by trying to apply these models to the Black
Creek Watershed. Fundamentally, all of these models are of the
lumped variety and no accounting is made of spacial differences and
distributions within a watershed. The success of these models has
been widely varied and depends to a large extent on a judicious
evaluation of the model coefficients most of which have little
physical significance. For this reason, a distributed model approach
will be developed early in the study to see if indeed this approach
has some validity in sediment prediction. Within small spacial units,
erosion can be estimated fairly reliably using the statistically-
based Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The variables in this
equation are physically related. The problem, even if USLE can be
used, will still be to develop transport functions between homo-
geneous spacial units across land, into intermittent drainage net-
works, into major streams and finally into deposition sites such as
bays or estuaries. Involved in this transport process is a contin-
uous interchange all along a route between deposition and accretion
of sediment apparently easily conceptualized but extremely difficult
to quantatize. No known research at least on a river basin scale is
being performed using this approach.
Results from the other studies are expected to define the erosion
potential from land area transport characteristic of sediment and
nutrient runoff.
An accompanying phase of this study is being planned for the lab-
oratory using an existing erosion-bed apparatus with adjustable
slope, variable inflow rate at the top of the bed, and simulated
rainfall. The purpose of this phase of the study will be to deter-
mine the mechanics of erosion with cohesive soils on gentle slopes.
This will amplify the work in the field.
B. Analysis of Samples
Analysis of the samples collected from the system outlined in the
preceding section will help to:
1. determine the range, median, and mean values of certain water
quality parameters,
B-L8
-------
2. establish the species diversity and population abundance of
macro-invertebrates in designated areas of the watershed,
3. assess changes in the water quality, macro-invertebrate and
fish population parameters with time as the treatment methods
are implemented,
4. measure the quantities of pollutant compounds and materials
discharged from the watershed to allow assessment of the impact
of the various treatment practices on these loads,
5. help determine how much of the nutrient budget may arise from
septic drainage and how much may come from agricultural drainage,
6. help define the relationships and equilibria between various
forms of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff slurries and river
water.
The procedures to be involved include changes in water quality
assessment by analyzing for selected water quality parameters in
samples collected from the monitoring sites throughout the water-
shed. Some of the water quality parameters to be routinely
assessed are total suspended solids (turbidity), total dissolved
solids (conductance), total suspended organic matter, total dis-
solved organic matter, alkalinity, pH, total ammonia, total
organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, total ortho-phosphate, total
organic phosphate, and total phosphate. In addition, periodic
measurements will be made of temperature and dissolved oxygen,
BOD, chloride, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium content
of the water as dictated by conditions observed or under study
in the basin. An attempt will also be made to assess the extent
of organo-chlorine pesticide and heavy metal contaminations in the
area.
Information thus obtained will be compiled in a computerized format
together with records of the discharge volume measured in other
phases of the study. Computations will be made to obtain estimates
of the loads received from the various areas of the watershed, as
well as the total basin. Average concentrations and the variability
of the concentrations of the various compounds of materials will be
compiled. The expectation is that averages may provide a way for
assessing the impact of the treatment methods employed, while the
occurrance of extreme or critical conditions may be expected to have
a greater impact on the biological components being monitored.
The water samples will be calculated and analyzed in the following
manner:
B-19
-------
Dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity, pH, alkalinity and con-
ductance will be measured immediately either on site or following
collection in a suitably outfitted truck. Then two 500 ml aliquots
of water will be prepared for analysis in the laboratory on campus.
Since an attempt will be made to obtain a "standard" regression
between total suspended solids and turbidity, and total dissolved
solids and conductance for each sampling site, some additional
manipulations will be required the first year which will be largely
avoided in subsequent years. Thus, at the present time it is
planned to collect 1500 ml samples of water in narrow mouth plastic
bottles. About 500 ml will be used immediately to determine the pli
alkalinity, conductance and turbidity. Another 500 ml will be trans-
ferred unfiltered into a storage bottle and frozen for later analysis.
The final 500 ml will be precisely measured, vaccuum filtered through
a tarred dry weight glass fiber or 5 u membrane filter into a plastic
storage bottle and frozen for later analysis. The filterable solids
will be returned with the water samples, dried and weighed to obtain
suspended solids for establishment of the turbidity standard regres-
sions.
The water samples brought to the laboratory would be analyzed accord-
ing to the flow chart given in Figure B-4. Under this plan, the
filtered samples will be analyzed for total carbon, total phosphorus,
soluble phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen,
while the unfiltered samples would be analyzed for total nitrogen,
total phosphorus, and total carbon.
By difference or summation, values will be obtained for soluable
organic nitrogen, suspended organic nitrogen, suspended phosphorus,
and suspended carbon. If time permits and the results are desired,
analyses may also be conducted for calcium, magnesium, sodium and
potassium by atomic adsorption and flame photometry.
C. Biological and Chemical studies
The biological components which will be intensively studied during
the course of the project are fish and benthic macro-invertebrates,
primarily insects. Periodic surveys of the fish populations will
be conducted by seining and electro-fish shocking. These surveys
will be used to assess changes in the spacial distribution and re-
lative abundance of the species in the watershed. Fish biomass
and species diversity within the watershed will be evaluated on an
annual basis by collecting all the fish inhabiting designated areas
with Rotenone. All the fish collected will be preserved in 10%
formalin and returned to the laboratory at Purdue for indentifica-
tion and enumeration.
B-20
-------
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Benthic macro-invertebrate populations will be periodically sur-
veyed throughout the watershed with a "kick-screen" to assess
spacial distribution of the species present. This technique also
provides a rapid method for assessing relative changes in popula-
tion abundance over time. Absolute measures of population abun-
dance and species diversity will be obtained by sampling selected
sites four times annually with either a Surber sampler or a Ponar
dredge, depending on stream conditions. The invertebrates will be
preserved in alcohol and returned to the laboratory for identifi-
cation and processing. Furthermore, although no intensive studies
are planned, a general survey of the algae and higher aquatic plants
will be conducted as time and resources permit. Finally, the
presence of other forms of wildlife will be noted as observed during
the course of these studies.
Chemical studies will be carried out in an attempt to define
the relationships and equilibria between various forms of
phosphorus nitrogen in runoff slurries and river water. Run-
off slurries will be collected during rainfall simulator experi-
ments .
Specific laboratory studies include:
1. Fractionation of N and P components in surface runoff and
water samples. Elucidation of relationships between forms
of these nutrients, i.e. the amount of one form of P such
as dilute acid extractable P in the sediment may control
the amount of soluble P in the water phase.
2. Incubation studies to determine if N and P are liberated
from the sediment or if the sediment absorbs these
nutrients over long periods of time. The influence of
environmental parameters upon the liberation or sorption
of nutrients by sediment will be investigated.
3. The availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff
water and river water to algae will be investigated. Of
particular interest is the ability of algae to utilize
sediment phosphorus. Tracer techniques will be used to
elucidate the mechanisms involved.
D. Precipitation Measurements
To evaluate runoff from a watershed, the basic input rainfall must
be known in amount, intensity, type and areal distribution. These
measurements will be made with a series of rain gages. One re-
cording rain gage is presently installed and in operation. Nine
additional gages will be installed beginning April 15, 1973 with
installation completed by July of 1973. Twenty-four hour clocks
will be used on these gages which will allow storm rainfall to
be analyzed in five-minute intervals when necessary.
B-22
-------
'Hie gages will be installod as uniformly as possible on the water-
shed consistent with securing sites which will provide good rain-
fall exposure and rainfall collection.
Two rainfall collectors will be installed in the watershed to deter-
mine rainfall water quality. Samples will be stabilized until
analyzed in line with the previous description of sample analysis.
These collectors will be installed before July 1973.
K. Rainfall Simulator Studies and Experimental Plots
As has been previously indicated, a primary requirement for a
successful projection of results of the demonstration project to
the entire will be a more precise understanding of how
the application of cultural and conservation practices recommended
by the Soil Conservation Service effect erosion rates and sediment
load in the basin.
Much of this more precise information will be obtained from studies
utilizing the ARS Rainulator and from field experimental plots.
These experimental plots will help furnish base values needed to
validate data collected in the simulated rainfall experiments.
Objectives of these studies are:
1. To determine base values for the sediment contributions
of the major soil capability units in the study area.
2. To determine runoff and sediment compostion (physical and
chemical) coming from the major soil capability units.
3. To determine the relative importance of rain drop impact
and surface runoff in detaching soil material from nearly
level lake plain soil.
4. To compare the runoff and soil erosion effects of
presently used cultural practices to the conservation
cultural practices recommended by SCS.
The research conducted in 1973 will be confined to the first
three objectives. In the spring of 1973 test sites will be
selected that represent soil and topographic conditions of
the four major soil capability units in the study area.
Agreements will be secured from the land owner to allow
research to be conducted over the next five years. Water
storage areas will be constructed adjacent to the study
areas to permit the use of simulated rainfall as a test
procedure. On these four sites test plots will be turn-
plowed to create a fallow condition for testing during the
R-Z
-------
summer of 1973. Additional cultural practices will be
included as needed to control weeds prior to testing.
The ARS-Purdue Rainfall Simulator will be set up over the
test sites during the period of the 1973 summer. Repro-
ducible simulated test storms will be applied to the four
sites to secure the base values mentioned in objective 1.
Runoff samples will be processed so that the following
information can be obtained: (1) runoff rate and volume,
(2) sediment concentration of runoff, and (3) sediment com-
position of runoff (physical and chemical including the P
and N forms associated with the liquid and solid phase of
the sediment).
Using the same plots, runoff water will be introduced at the
top of the plot to simulate increased slope length and to
study the effect of runoff volume on sediment transport.
Measurements will be made of sediment transport by runoff
with and without simulated rainfall to determine the rela-
tive contributions of both energy forms in soil detachment
and transport.
The first year results will provide the base sedimentation
values occurring from the four principal soil capability
groups. The relative conservation effectiveness of various
cropping and cultural practices to be tested in 1974, 1975,
1976, and 1977 will be compared to these base values.
After the initial year of study plots will be established on
the same general soils area to permit simulated rainfall
testing of the influence of cropping and cultural practices
on runoff and erosion from cropland. These comparisons will
evaluate such practices as:
1. fall plowing
2. winter cover
3. several forms of conservation tillage
4. crop rotations
5. residue management
6. overgrazing of pasture
7. animal waste disposal on crop and pasture land.
Simulated rainfall research will be carried out by personnel
of the Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering Departments of
Purdue University and the Agricultural Research Service, USDA.
Site selection and arrangements as well as other assistance
will also be obtained from the Allen County Soil and Water
Conservation District and the Soil Conservation Service.
B-24
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Field demonstration test plots will be chosen to represent
the dominant capability subclasses to test effects on the
soil as well as the equipment needs and procedures of
operators. So as to sample the textural or other manage-
ment differences among those wetness subclasses, capability
units IIw-1, IIw-2 and IIw-6 will be studied in the field
for suitable locations for field demonstration test loca-
tions. Similar locations will be sought on areas of IIe-6,
the dominant gently sloping moderately erodible soil unit
in the watershed.
Small field size areas (strips, blocks, etc.) will be chosen
for farmer operation of equipment to install adapted crop
cultural-tillage practices which can have several values,
including:
1. Acquainting farmers with practices they have not
formerly used.
2. Allowing comparison between the new practices and
customary practices performed nearby.
3. Furnishing a place where persons can observe comparative
results either through individual visits or during field
days.
4. Furnishing controlled management which can later be tested
for effectiveness with the ARS-Purdue Rainfall Simulator.
Examples of practices useful in field demonstrations are com-
parison of moldboard and chisel plowing in fall land preparation,
double cropland preparation in spring, no-till planting in a
mulch without plowing on appropriate soils, and winter cover
crops with various forms of land preparation in spring.
In the spring of 1973, double disking will be compared with fall
and spring moldboard plowing. In the fall of 1973, comparison
of chisel plowing and moldboard plowing will be established to
afford comparisons with spring moldboard plowing for 1974 grow-
ing season. In 1974, no-till corn culture will be installed for
later comparison with plowed systems.
These practices will be monitored in accordance with procedures
outlined in the previous sections.
B-25
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F. Stream Channel and Bank Studies
There are indications that a major source of erosion and sediment
in the Maumee River Basin is from stream banks and channels, in-
cluding the areas which are immediately adjacent to the streams.
To determine the contribution of sediment from the stream channel
area, a detailed study will be conducted.
Starting in April 1973, the Soil Conservation Service will conduct
a geologic and soil mechanics study along the Black Creek Channel.
This study will include an evaluation of different channel grades,
bank slopes, vegetative cover, soil properties, and surface water
runoff. This soil and cover data will be used to select channel
study sites. Soil types to be studied include the non-cohesive
sands and silts and the cohesive clays. Seepage problems in
layered soils will also be observed. Principal types of cover to
be evaluated are trees, grass, and areas from which trees have
been recently removed. Some of the tests to be made are disper-
sion, sheer parameters, bulk density, and Atterberg limits. Trac-
tive force and slope stability measurements will also be made.
Starting in the spring of 1973 and continuing through 1976, an
evaluation of stream bank stability under tree cover will begin.
There is considerable area along Black Creek where trees have
recently been cut. Cross sections will be measured to determine
what change, if any, takes place in the channel.
The stability of grass-covered banks will be determined by
selecting sites with different soil properties and locating or
establishing bank slopes ranging from 1 to 1 to 3 to 1, or
flatter. Effectiveness of a grass strip along the edge of the
bank will also be studied.
Badly eroding sections of stream banks will be armor plated by
the use of riprap or other materials for analysis of effectiveness.
Some grade stabilizing (grade reducing) structures and other struc-
tural means of erosion control in or adjacent to the channel may
be available for analysis as the land treatment measures progress.
Channel stability evaluations will consist of cross-sectional
measurements using standard surveying procedures. Each cross-
section measurement will be replicated for a given set of con-
ditions so that an accurate statistical answer can be obtained.
The stream bank studies will provide information to refine the
projections to the Maumee Basin and should also furnish some
useful insight into the ways in which ditchbank treatment effects
erosion generally.
B-26
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(J. Socio-h'conomic Evaluation
The present socio-economic status and level of understanding of
and bias to soil conservation practices of the Black Creek Water-
shed residents must be determined to provide baseline data from
which the impact of the program on the behavior of the residents
can be measured. A study will be conducted to measure these
factors in detail. Basic objectives will be:
1. To assess present knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward
the environment and probable future involvement in conservation
practices.
2. To determine the present level of involvement in land use
programs.
3. To assess individual land owner's present understanding the
role of public and private organizations and agencies in
environmental activities and his use of these organizations
and agencies.
During this study, the following questions will be considered:
a. Who now participates in various pollution abatement
programs?
b. What are the characteristics of participants and non-
participants?
c. Where do they get their information?
d. Why are they (or are they not) participating?
e. What are their attitudes concerning the environment?
f. What are their future plans for land use and soil conser-
vation?
Immediate plans for the socio-economic study of the Black
Creek area, and their approximate sequence for the first
year are:
Six Month Period: April - October, 1973
April - June Review of literature emphasizing partici-
pation in incentive programs, soil con-
servatin as practiced by the general public
and sociological studies in the area of
conservation.
B-27
-------
July - August Study design.
September - October Development of research instrument. Per-
sonal interviews with land owners in the
basin, mail questionnaires and telephone
interviewing are being considered since
the population is already identified.
Next Six Month Period: November - April, 1974
November Pretest and revise the research instru-
ment.
December - January Collect data (This will vary dependinq
on the type of interviewing procedure).
February - March Code data and prepare for first draft
of report.
April Analyze data and prepare for first
draft of report.
From this study, baseline data will be provided from which com-
parisons can be made after the incentive program has been
functioning for over a year. Collection and analysis of data
will continue throughout the balance of the project. Develop-
ment of a framework for this activity will be dependent on the
results of the preassessment and study design described above.
B-28
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V. PROGRAM SCHEDULE
The program of work to be accomplished in this project is summarized
in Figure B-5 which represents a progress chart for the proposed
project.
The work to be accomplished depends to a great extent on the schedule
of application of land treatment set forth by the Allen County Soil
and Water Conservation District. This planning and application phase
will begin almost immediately with the first time period (scheduled to
end in May of 1974, being concentrated on the Dreisbach Drain from its
headwaters to the Notestine Road and on Black Creek from its upper end
to the junction of the Richelderfer Drain.
In May of 1974, planning and application will begin on the Richelderfer
Drain from its headwater to its intersection with Black Creek. This
phase will end in October of 1974.
Beginning in October of 1974 and continuing until May of 1965, concen-
tration of effort will be on the Gorrell Drain from its headwaters to
its intersection with Black Creek and on Black Creek from its junction
with the Richelderfer Drain to its junction with the Gorrell Drain.
Beginning in May of 1974, the work will move to the Wertz Drain with
concentrated planning and application there to be finished by February
of 1976.
The final phase of the planning and application process will include
the Smith-Fry Drain and Black Creek from its junction with Gorrell
Drain to its entrance into the Maumee River. This work is scheduled
to last from February of 1976 through October of 1976.
Monitoring will begin immediately in order to record values which will
represent the watershed before work has started in any concentrated
fashion. The monitoring will continue until well after the applica-
tion of land treatment has been completed. The monitoring schedule is
set out in brief form in Figure B-5 and in more precise form in Figure
B-3.
For monitoring percipitation, one gage has already been installed. All
are to be in place by July of 1973. Also by July, instruments to col-
lect rainfall for analysis of water quality parameter are to be installed.
Ditch bank studies will begin with the selection of appropriate tree
covered and denuded bank sites for evaluation and baseline measurements.
These sites will be selected in May of 1973 and measurements will be
made over the next three years.
-------
Duriny June and July, two other stream channel sites will be selected,
based on a Soil Conservation Service geologic and soil mechanics
investigation which is to be completed by July of 1973. Cross-section
measurements will be begun during July of 1973 and will continue until
1976.
Laboratory analysis to fractionate N and P components in surface runoff
and water samples will begin immediately. These studies will continue
throughout the life of the project as runoff samples become available.
From June of 1974 through June of 1976, incubation studies to determine
if N and P are liberated from the sediment or if the sediment adsorbs
these nutrients over long periods of time will be conducted.
From October 1975 through October 1977, studies to determine the
availability to algae of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff water
and river water will be conducted.
Plots will be selected for the rainfall simulator studies during April
of 1973 for testing during the summer of 1973. The rainfall simulator
will be set up over the test sites during the summer of 1973 to gain
base sedimentation values from the four principal soil types. Testing
of the various cultural practices will be made during the summers of
1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977 with the order of study determined to a
large extent by the needs of the project to prepare a computer model
of erosion and sedimentation in the basin.
For the experimental plots, the spring of 1973 furnishes an opportunity
to consider runoff where there was no fall plowing. (An extremely wet
fall led to very little fall plowing in the Maumee Basin last year.)
During this spring, double disking will be compared with fall and spring
plowing. In the fall of 1973, comparison of chisel plowing and mold-
board plowing will be made. In 1974, no-till corn culture will be
installed for later comparison with plowed systems.
The computer model of the Maumee Basin will be an ongoing project, be-
ginning in April of 1973 and continuing through the life of the project.
Sociological studies, beginning in April of 1973, will concentrate on
the selection of a research instrument, data collection and preliminary
analysis with tentative format for the balance of the study determined
by mid-1974.
B-30
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FIG. B-5 PROGRAM SCHEDULE
PLANNING AND APPLICATION
Dreisbach Drain to
Notestine Road
Black Creek to Richel-
derfer Drain
Richelderfer Drain
Gorrell Drain
Black Creek to
Gorrell Drain
Wertz Drain
Smith-Fry Drain
Black Creek to Maumee
River
MODELING AND PREDICTION
MONITORING
Sites 1-9,11,16,17,24
Sites 9-10
Site 12
Sites 13,14,15
Sites 18,19
Site 20
Site 21
Site 22
Site 23
Rain gages
Rain water sampling
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Install detention reservoirs
Geologic Study Black Creek
and Dreisbach Drain
Select and Investigate
sites for ditch bank study
Select plots and conduct
rainulation experiments
Select plots for field
demonstration
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Fractionation
Incubation
Availability
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
Review Literature
Study Design
Develop Research Instrument
Data Collection
Code Data
Prepare Report
1973
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'J. RESULTS AND BENEFITS EXPECTED
The program outlined in this work plan will provide data in the form
of technical and scientific information and sociological-economic
projections.
The Black Creek Study Area, containing 12,038 acres, was selected
because it is representative of the Maumee Basin in terms of soils,
land use, conservation needs and socio-economic conditions.
The Black Creek Study Area will provide a demonstration of improved
environmental quality through better use of the land, proper manage-
ment of the land and water resources, and a resultant effect on the
quality of the water leaving the study area and entering the Maumee
River and ultimately Lake Erie.
As a result, data collected from the study area will be suitable for
projection to the entire Maumee Basin. To help insure that the data
is accurate when projected to the basin, a computer model will be
developed. Results from monitoring of the total study area and
results of controlled experiments on small plots will be fed into
the computer model to update and validate it.
The project will provide an assessment of the practices listed in
Section IV, not only independently but also in conjunction with
other practices, to determine their effect on water quality.
As a result, it will be possible to state, at a reasonable level of
confidence, that the application of certain levels of practices
within the total basin, will result in a reduction of sediment and
related pollutants by a corresponding fixed amount. By applying
cost figures to these data, it will be possible to state that the
spending of a given sum of money, on specified measures, will result
in a corresponding decrease in the amount of pollution.
Results will primarily be concerned with the measurement of sediment
reaching the Maumee River. However, the sediment will be related
to other pollutants including nitrogen, phosphates, heavy metals,
pesticide residue and coliforms.
These measurements will provide information on how reduction in soil
erosion tends to effect these other elements of water quality.
The Black Creek Study Area contains 176 operating units averaging 68
acres in size. Many complex relationships will be involved which
will require group co-operation. The Allen County Soil and Water
Conservation District does not have the legal authority to force
landowners to co-operate with the project.
B-33
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It is expected that most landowners will co-operate when offered
adequate explanation of the project and when offered financial
Incentives.
Socio-economic studies will shed light on the factors which lead
some landowners to co-operate and other land owners to refuse to
take part. Projections based on these data will allow an evalua-
tion of how great a reduction in sediment and related pollutants
might reasonably be expected from adequately financed and properly
conducted voluntary programs throughout the Maumee Basin.
Although the primary value of this study will be realized by the
technical, scientific, and socio-economic data and projections
previously outlined, the study area will have great value as a
demonstration area.
Results of the land treatment applications should be visible early
in the program and their effect will be cumulative as the program
progresses. The value of the site as a demonstration area will
continue for some time after the termination of the program since
the effects of the land treatment practices to be applied can be
expected to be evident for many years beyond the program period.
VII. PROJECT COSTS
Costs for the Maumee Study can be grouped into two major categories:
(1) application of land treatment measures and associated technical
assistance, and (2) personnel, equipment, and related costs for ad-
ministering and conducting the five year study.
Total costs for the project is estimated to be $2,597,250. Costs for
land treatment measures are summarized in Table A-10 Part A, and
amount to approximately $1,169,827.
Total costs for personnel, equipment, construction and related expenses
are estimated to be $1,427,423, and are summarized in Table B-3, Project
Cost Summary. Costs are divided to show input by the three principal
participants, Allen County Soil and Water Conservation District,
Purdue University, and the Soil Conservation Service. Also shown are
costs related to land treatment measures. A detailed budget is attached
in Appendix A.
B-34
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B-35
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APPENDIX A
Budget for
Black Creek Study
Maumee River Basin
1. Allen County Soil & Water Conservation District
2. Purdue University
3. U.S. Soil Conservation Service
B-37
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ALLEN COUNTY SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT
BUDGET - BLACK CREEK STUDY MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
October 20, 1972 - October 19, 1977
COST CATAQORY
Personnel
salary & wages
Fringe Benefits
Travel
Equipment
Supplies
Other
publication coat
local gov. units
TOTAL PROJECT
TOTAL INDIRECT
TOTAL
PROJECT PERIOD
TOTAL
47,556.00
4,056.00
2,140.00
5,255.00
1,900.00
1,100.00
31,350.00
93,357.00
-
93,357.00
REQUESTED
11,150.00
180.00
1,155.00
3,566.00
975.00
575.00
computer serv.
4,800.00
22,401.00
_
22,401.00
BUDGET PERIOD
TOTAL
47,556.00
4,056.00
2,140.00
5,255.00
1,900.00
1,100.00
31,350.00
93,357.00
^
93,357.00
REQUESTED
11,150.00
180.00
1,155.00
3,566.00
975.00
575.00
4,800.00
22,401.00
mm
22,401.00
B-38
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*ATTACHMENT A
2 Hot Plate $ 330.00
1 Muffle Furnace 350.00
1 Conductivity Meter 400.00
1 Terbidimater 475.00
1 Power Dredge 200.00
1 Refrigerator 500.00
1 Freezer 500.00
1 PH Meter 500.00
1 D.O. Terry?. 600.00
1 Vacuum Pump 120.00
1 Portable Gas Gen. 200.00
$4,175.00
**ATTACHMENT B
The following equipment will be leased from outside
University vendors for 4*j years of this Grant:
1 Org. Carbon Analyzer
1 Spectrophotometer
B-40
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B-41
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APPENDIX B - BLACK CREEK STUDY
Maumee River Basin
The following biographical sketches are included to acquaint those
interested in the study with those people who will have direct responsi-
bilities for the implementation of the proposed program.
Joseph C. Branco
Joseph c. Branco is Area Conservationist with the USDA Soil Conservation
Service, assigned to northeastern Indiana. He holds a B.S. Degree in
Agriculture, majoring in Agricultural Engineering, from Ohio State
University.
He began his career with the Soil Conservation Service in 1956, and
has served in various positions and locations, more recently as
RC&D Project Coordinator and District Conservationist. He is a
member of the Soil Conservation Society of America.
Mr. Branco1s involvement in this study will be administrative
responsibility for all SCS area and field office personnel assigned.
M. Brooks
Ralph M. Brooks is Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural
Economics at Purdue University since 1972. He holds a B.S. in Business
Management and a M.S. in Sociology from Brigham Young University. In
1971, he was awarded a Ph.D. in Sociology from Iowa State University.
Dr. Brooks is in charge of the socio-economic studies to be conducted
under demonstration grant.
Dr. Brook's interests include organization for multicounty development
areas, affects of intangible goals on resoucre development programs, the
training of local coordinators and the assessment and evaluation
of social indicators for community planning and development.
Dr. Brooks is a member of the American Sociological Society, Rural
Sociological Society, the Pacific Sociological Society and the American
Academy of Political and Social Scientists.
B-43
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Harry M. Galloway
Harry M. Galloway is Associate Professor and Extension Agronomist at
Purdue University. He holds a B.S. Deqree in Forestry from Pennsylvania
State University and an M.S. in Soils awarded by the University of
Wisconsin. He completed additional graduate studies at Michigan State
University and Oklahoma State University.
As an Extension Agronomist at Purdue, Mr. Galloway developed a new
program in soil survey uses in soils management and land use planning.
He served on a task force studying reorganization of the Indiana Coop-
erative Extension Service.
From May, 1968 through May, 1970 he was visiting professor in soils at
Federal University of Vicosa in Minas Gorais, Brasil where he helped
inspire development of a rainfall simulator to use in soil management.
studies.
He is a member of the American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society
of America, the Soil Conservation Society of America, the Indiana Academy
of Science, the Resources Chapter of the Isaak Walton League and the
Purdue University Cooperative Extension Specialists Association.
His principal areas of research have been in soil drainage and tillage
management systems in cooperation with agricultural engineers, weed
scientists and others.
Clotus J. Gillman
Cletus J. Gillman, State Conservationist for Indiana with the USDA Soil
Conservation Service, is a native of Brookville, Indiana. He received
his bachelors degree in Agricultural Engineering from Purdue in 1949 and
a masters degree in Public Administration from Harvard in 1968.
Mr. Gillman began his Soil Conservation Service career as an Agricultural
Engineer and Soil Conservationist at Jeffersonville. He also served as
the District Conservationist at Angola, Decatur and Rensselaer. Later he
becama the Area Conservationist at Muncie. After attending Harvard
University, he became assistant state conservationist in Pennsylvania and
deputy state conservationist in Ohio. He accepted the State Conservation-
ist's position here in Indiana in October of 1972.
Mr. Gillman's involvement in this study will be administrative responsibility
for all Soil Conservation Service operations in Indiana, and specifically
the SCS contribution to planning and application of conservation practices
in the study area.
-------
Jerry L. Hamelink
Jerry L. Hamelink is Assistant Professor in charge of fisheries biology
at Purdue University since 1969. He holds a B.S. and Ph.D. Degrees from
Michigan State University majoring in fisheries, wildlife and limnology.
Dr. Hamelink is a member of the American Fisheries Society, Sigma Xi,
and the Institute of Advanced Sanitation Research. He was certified as
a fisheries scientist in 1972.
Dr. Hamelink developed the aquatic ecology program in teaching and
research at Purdue University, none of which existed before his arrival
in 1969. His research interests include the uptake and degradation of
DDT in farm ponds, exchange equilibria for controlling biological
magnification of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lentic environments, trace
contaminants in Indiana fish, the dynamics of mercury in model lakes,
and the utilization of heated waste water from power plants.
Leon w. Kimberlin
Leon W. Kimberlin is State Resource Conservationist for the Soil Conser-
vation Service in Indiana. He holds a B.S. in Agriculture from Purdue
University and an M.S. in Public Administration for Harvard University
awarded in 1971.
Prior to being named Indiana Resource Conservationist in 1971, Mr.
Kimberlin was State Agronomist with the Soil Conservation Service at
Phoenix, Arizona. He began his career with the SCS in 1948 as Conser-
vation Technician.
In 1966, Mr. Kimberlin was detailed to USAID as Soil Conservation Advisor
to the Government of Paraguay. In 1969 he served as a civilian detailed
to the U.S. Navy Research and Development Unit in South Vietnam, working
on Soil Stabilization and Erosion Control.
He is a member of the Soil Conservation Society of America, the American
Society of Agronomy, and the Society for Range Management.
B-45
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James E. Lake
James E. Lake will assume the duties of project director for the
proposed study. He will assume direct responsibility for the conduct
of the proposed study. He will be responsible for the direct
communication between the grantor (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency) and the grantee (Allen County Soil & Water Conservation District.)
He is an employee of the Allen County Soil and Water Conservation District.
He holds a B.S. Degree from Purdue University, awarded in 1970.
While at Purdue, he was a member of the Purdue University soil judging
team which won the National Contest in 1968. He was employed in the
Soil Conservation Service office in Adams County, Indiana before being
appointed County Conservationist by the Allen County District.
He is a member of the Soil Conservation Society of America, the American
Vocational Association, Purdue Agricultural Alumi Assoication and the
Agricultural Education Association.
Richard E. Land
Richard E. Land is Project Coordinator located in the Fort Wayne vicinity.
In this capacity he will have primary responsibility for routine monitoring
activities including the design and installation of special sites for
measuring stream discharge and precipitation and for sampling stream and
tile line waters. He will also act to coordinate the application,
monitoring and research phases of the project on Black Creek Watershed.
Prior to his present position as Project Coordinator, Mr. Land was em-
ployed by the Soil Conservation Service as an agricultural engineer from
1955 to 1958, and from 1958 to 1973, he worked with several pipe manufac-
turing companies.
Mr. Land received a B.S. in Agricultural Engineering from Purdue University
in 1955. During his undergraduate training, he worked part-time for the
Soil Conservation Service.
Mr.- Land is a member of the Indiana Society of Professional Engineers,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, American Waterworks Association,
and the American Concrete Pipe Association.
B-46
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Jerry Mannering
Jerry Mannering is Professor of Agronomy at Purdue University. He holds
a B.S. from Oklahoma State University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. from Purdue
University. He served as a research soil scientist with the Agricultural
Research Service and as a researcher at the Agricultural Experiment
Station at Purdue.
He is a member of the Agronomy Society of America, Soil Science Society
of America, Soil Conservation Society of America, and the Indiana Academy
of Sciences.
At the Purdue Agricultural Experiemant Station, Dr. Mannering has been
involved in research in the area of soil management, tillage practices,
soil and water conservation, and land management. He has primary responsi-
bility for runoff and erosion studies plus those which relate to water
use and conservation.
Previously, he was involved in research with a principal goal of refining
factors presently used in universal soil loss prediction equation
including study of the physical properties of soils as they relate to
runoff and erosion.
Thomas Daniel McCain
Dan McCain is District Conservationist for the Fort Wayne Field Office
assigned by the U.S.Soil Conservation Service. He holds a B.S. Degree
in Agronomy from Purdue University awarded in June of 1962. He is a
Council Member for the Hoosier Chapter Soil Conservation Society of
America.
McCain has been employed by the Soil Conservation Service since 1901 and
has served in five separate Indiana counties White, Jay, Tippecanoe,
Warren, and Allen. From 1963 to 1964 he was assigned as a production
PL-566 Watershed Conservation Planner in Little Wea Creek. Watershed. As
District Conservationist in Warren County, he was responsible for the
operation of Kickapoo Creek Watershed. Since 1969, he has been responsible
for Soil Conservation Service operations in Allen County.
Field Office operations will be supervised by McCain including the SCS
staff assigned to the Black Creek Study area. As District Conservationist
he meets regularly with the Allen County Soil & Water Conservation District
and assists with planning and implementing conservation programs under
the guidance of the Board of Supervisors.
B-47
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Ellis McFadden
Ellis McFadden is chairman of the Allen County Soil and Water Conservation
District and as such will be responsible for administration of the proposed
federal grant. He has been a member of the District Board of Supervisors
since 1969.
Mr. McFadden operates more than one thousand acres of agriculture land in
south-central Allen County. In his second year as chairman of the Allen
County District, he has pioneered local efforts in land use planning, up-
dating of District long-range goals, and the establishment of positive
objectives in environmental control through cooperation with the Allen
County Council of Governments (Three Rivers Coordinating Council).
Edwin J. Monke
Edwin J. Monke is Professor of Agriculture Engineering at Purdue University
in charge of research and teaching the soil and water resources area of
the department, lie holds a B.S. in Agricultural Engineering from the
University of Illinois, was awarded an M.S. in that discipline by the
University of Illinois in 1953 and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering in 1959.
He was appointed Professor of Agricultural Engineering at Purdue in 1967.
Dr. Monke's research has concerned the mechanics of erosion, the hydraulics
of sediment-laden flow on circular drains, the treatment of water from small
reservoirs, the movement of water and chemicals in soils.
Findings to date have lead to formulas which better describe the erosion
process and sediment-carrying ability of circular drains, to recommendations
of improved practices for treating water from small reservoirs, to a better
understanding of water movement in soils and needed drainage requirements,
to a discovery that electrical properties of bacteria may play an important
role in turbidity removal from raw water supplies, and to an assessment of
the degree of contamination of small reservoirs by runoff from watersheds
treated with organo-toxicants.
Dr. Monke is a member of the Indiana Society of Professional Engineers,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Soil Conservation Society of
America, American Geophysical Union, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi.
B-48
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Parrel! W. Nelson
Darrell W. Nelson is Associate Professor of Agronomy at Purdue University
since 1973. He received a B.S. from the University of Illinois in 1961
and a Ph.D. from Iowa State University in 1967.
Dr. Nelson's training has been in the areas of soil chemistry, biochemistry,
and microbiology. His special interests have focused on chemical and
biological transformations of nitrogen in soils with particular reference
to processes which lead to gaseous loss of nitrogen.
Dr. Nelson has extensive experience in the use of N^-> - labelled compounds
in research on the nitrogen cycle in soils and is proficient in the use of
mass spectrometer techniques for the estimation of N^-5 - isotope abundance
in biological materials. He has developed methods for estimating hydroxy-
lamine in soil extracts and nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in atmospheric
samples which are rapid, precise, and accurate and permit N^ - isotope
abundance determinations on the ammonium formed during the reduction of
these compounds in the analysis procedures.
Dr. Nelson is currently working on the transport of phosphorus by surface
runoff from fertilized and unfertilized soil, accumulation and movement of
nitrate in soils under very high nitrogen fertilization rates, chemistry
of soil organic nitrogen, and denitrificatton as a pathway for nitrate
removal in rivers and ponds.
Claudius F. Poland
Claudius F. Poland is Area Engineer with the USDA Soil Conservation Service,
assigned to northeastern Indiana. He holds a B.S. Degree in Agricultural
Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He previously served as
agricultural engineer with SCS in Kentucky, coming to Indiana in 1965.
He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Kentucky, and member of the
Soil Conservation Society of America and National Association of Conser-
vation Districts..
As Area Engineer, Mr. Poland will have responsibility for design and in-
stallation of all engineering practices in the Black Creek Study area.
He will also be involved with establishing and maintaining good working
relationships with landowners involved.
B-49
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Eugene J. Pope
Eugene J. Pope is the Soil Conservation Service State Conservation
Engineer for Indiana. He is a registered professional engineer and land
surveyor. Immediately prior to his assignment in Indiana, Mr. Pope spent
four years as a Soil Conservation Service irrigation and drainage engineer
in India on loan to the Agency for International Development. He holds
a B.S. Degree in Civil Engineering from the University of North Dakota.
With the Soil Conservation Service, Mr. Pope has served as an Area Engineer
in Minot, North Dakota, a District Conservationist in Fariview, Montana,
a Watershed Engineer in Cavalier, North Dakota and a Design Engineer in
Bismark, North Dakota.
Mr. Pope is a member of the Soil Conservation Society of America and the
American Society of Civil Engineers.
Lee E. Sommers
Lee E. Somnvers is Assistant Professor of Agronomy at Purdue University
since 1970. He holds a B.S. and Ph.D. Degrees, the latter awarded by
the University of Wisconsin in 1970.
Dr. Sommers1 training has been in the areas of soil microbiology and
biochemistry and water chemistry. His special interests include the
effect of substrate water potential on the growth of microorganisms and
the forms, amounts, and transformations of organic phosphorus in lake sed-
iment with special emphasis on the role of organic phosphorus in
eutrophication.
A program has been initiated recently to study the fate of mercury added
to aquatic environments.
Research interests includei development of rapid and simple procedures for
determining total P, N, and C in soil, sediment and sewage sludge samples;
eludication of the factors controlling Hg concentrations in soils and
sediments and affecting methylation of Hg in soils and sediments; evaluation
of N and P transformations occuring during erosion and deposition of soil
materials in reservoirs.
B-50
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Holland. Z. Wheaton
Rolland Z. Wheaton is Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering
at Purdue University. He holds B.s. and M.S. Degrees from Michigan
State University and a Doctor of Engineering Degree, awarded in 1967
by the University of California.
Dr. Wheaton has been an Associate Professor at Purdue since 1969.
Prior to that he was an Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering
at Texas Tech University from 1966 through 1969, an Instructor, Research
and Extension Teaching at Michigan State University and a Research Fellow
of the University of California from September 1959 through August, 1963.
He is a member of the American Society of Agrigultural Engineers, a
technical member of the Sprinkler Irrigation Association and a member
of the Indiana Planning Association.
His principal areas for research have been in waste water management,
development of systems for ground water recharge into the Ogallala
formation (Texas)f hydrology and waste management of feedlots and the
durability and stability of underdrains in organic soils.
William P. McCafferty
William P. McCafferty is Assistant Professor in charge of aquatic ent-
omology and director of the Purdue Laboratory of Insect Diversity since
1971. He holds B.S. and M.A. degrees from the University of Utah in
environmental biology, and a Ph.D. in entomolgy from the University of
Georgia awarded in 1971.
Dr. McCafferty is a member of the Entomological Society of America, the
Society of Systematic Zoology, Indiana Academy of Science, Sigma XI and
several other professional and honorary societies.
Dr. McCafferty is primarily involved with teaching and research of aquatic
entomology. He has been especially interested in mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
and systematics of aquatic insects. As director of the Insect Diversity
Laboratory he has greatly expanded the facility and begun an ecological
classification scheme while improving the traditional systematics in-
formation retreival systems. He is presently involved in a number of
research projects dealing with the ecology and distribution of aquatic
insects in Indiana streams.
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Eldon L. Hood
Eldon L. Hood is an Assistant Professor of Agronomy, He holds a B.S.
and M.S. degree from Oklahoma State University, and a Ph.D. from Purdue
University.
Dr. Hood has been on the Purdue staff since 1957. Prior to that, he
was employed by Panhandle A&M College, Boodwell, Oklahoma. He is a
member of the American Society of Agronomy, the Soil Science Society
of America, Sigma Xi, and Alpha Zeta.
His principle area of responsibility is the Purdue Soil Testing Laboratory,
which receives, processes, and interprets some 3,000 soil samples a year.
He also provides plant tissue and other related tests and interpretations
on request.
Darrell E. Brown
Oarre11 E. Brown is soil conservationist with the Soil Conservation Ser-
vice. He is a 1970 graduate of Purdue University with a B.S. degree in
Agriculture.
Mr. Brown has worked in the south, east central and north east areas of
Indiana. He was District Conservationist in Adams County, Indiana before
coming to the Black Creek Project.
Mr. Brown's responsibilities will include working with individuals and
groups in the study area and assist them in developing conservation plans
for their land.
EPA R V 0001
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