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           905R86100
 1                      CONTENTS
 2                                                      Page
 3    Call to  Order                                        3
 4    Introductions                                        3
 5    Thomas L. Ashley                                     5
 6    Charles  A. Vanik                                    17
 7    Arnold W. Reitze                                    20

 8    Gerald Remus                                        34
 9    Carl Stokes                                         72

10    Richard  D. McCarthy                                 79

11    George Simpson                                      95

12    Walter Lyon                                        104
13    William  Riley                                      125
14    George Harlow                                      140

]5    Amos L.  Wright                                     153
      Perry Miler                                        Id?
Ib
   i
. n \   Ralph Purdy                                        200
_L !  \
      Ralph Locher                                       237
33
      John Haberer                                       2&2
      George Eagle                                       301

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               Progress Meeting of the Conference in the
 2





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23
                                                              ii
matter of pollution of the waters of Lake Erie and its



tributaries (Indiana-Michigan-New York-Ohio-Peansylvania),



held at the Pick Carter Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio, on June 4,



1968, at 9:30 a.m.
          PRESIDING:



          Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner



          for Enforcement, Federal Water Pollution



          Control Administration, Department of the



          Interior.
          CONFEREES:




          Dwight Metzler, Deputy Commissioner, New



          York State Department of Health, Division



          of Pure Waters, Albany, New York
          George H. Eagle, Chief Engineer, Ohio



          Department of Health, Columbus, Ohio





          Loring F. Oeming, Executive Secretary,



          Michigan Water Resources Commission,



          Lansing, Michigan
               Blucher A.  Poole,  Technical Secretary,



24 |            Indiana Stream  Pollution  Control Board,



               Indianapolis, Indiana

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                                                            iii




       CONFEREES, Continued:


   2

                 Walter A.  Lyon,  Director,  Division of
   3

                 Sanitary Engineering,  Pennsylvania

   4

                 Department of Health,  Harrisburg

   5

                 Pennsylvania

   6
   7



   8



   9



"10

O


  11
  16
  17
  18
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
                 H.  W.  Poston,  Regional Director,  Great


                 Lakes  Region,  Federal Water Pollution


                 Control Administration,  Department  of


                 the Interior,  Chicago, Illinois
                 PARTICIPANTS:

  12
                 Hon.  Thomas Ashley,  U.  S.  House of Representatives


  13
       Washington,  D.C.


K14
                 Hon.  Charles A.  Vanik,  U.  S.  House of Representa-


  15
       tives, Washington, D.C.


                 Arnold Reitze, Associate Professor of Law, Case


       Western Reserve University, Citizens for Clean Air and


       Water, Cleveland, Ohio.
  1 q
  iy !j            Gerald Remus,  General Manager,  Detroit  Water



  20  !  Board,  Detroit,  Michigan.
                 Hon. Carl Stokes, Mayor, city of Cleveland,  Ohio.


                 Hon. Richard D. McCarthy, U. S. House of Repre-
       sentatives, Washington, D.C.
                 George Simpson, Consulting Engineer, Havens and
       E-nerson, Cleveland, Ohio.

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 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
IS
                                                             iv
     PARTICIPANTS, Continued:

 2
               Hon. Jacob K. Javits, United States Senate,

 3
     Wa shingt on, D.C.

 4
               William Riley, Sanitary Engineer, Great Lakes


 5   Regional Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-


 6   tration, Chicago, Illinois.
            George Harlow,  Director,  Cleveland  Program


  Office,  Federal Water Pollution  Control Administration,


  21929 Lorain Road,  Fairview Park, Ohio.


            Colonel Amos Wright, District Engineer,.Buffalo


  Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.


            Perry Miller, Assistant Director, Division of


  Sanitary Engineering, Indiana State Board of  Health,


  Indianapolis, Indiana.


            Ralph Purdy, Chief Engineer,  Michigan Water


  Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan.
17 j'            Ralph Locher, Attorney, Izaak Walton League,

   ij
ie |j  1255 Terminal Tower, Cleveland, Ohio.
   i]
19 i|            John Haberer, Assistant Commissioner, New York


20 j'  State Department of Health, 84 Holland Avenue, Albany,


2i i|  New York.
   jl
               Charles Marquetta, Southeast Council Civic Club,
22


23
I  Cleveland, Ohio.
   |i           John  Chascsa, President, Lake Erie  Clean-Up


   !i Committee, 3^68 Brewster Road, Dearborn, Michigan.

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 1    PARTICIPANTS,  Continued:


 2             John E. Kinny,  Consulting Engineer, Ann Arbor,


 3    Michigan.


 4             Mrs.  James Angel,  Chairman,  Citizens for Land


 5    and Water Use,  Lakewood,  Ohio.


 6             Seba Estill, Izaak Walton League, 3577 Cumraings


 7    Road, Cleveland, Ohio.


 8


 9


10


11


12


13


14


15


16


17
   !

18


19 I


20


21 |


22


23


24

   ij
25 I!

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                                                            vi
               ATTENDEES:
 2
               Donald Alexander, East Cleveland, Ohio.
 3
               Mrs. James H. Angel, Chairman, Citizens for

     Land and Water Use, 20#4 Elbur Avenue, Lakewood, Ohio.

               Mary C. Ansbro, Editor, Water in the News.
 o
               J. H. Bailey, Executive Manager, Tourist and
 
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                                                           vii
 1   ATTENDEES, Continued:


 2             Richard E. Butler, Technical Superintendent,


 3   Monsanto Company, 5100 West Jefferson, Trenton, Michigan.


 4             Frank A. Butrico, Director, Environmental


 5   Sciences Programs, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1755


 6   Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.


 7             Stan Cesen, City Engineer, City of Euclid,


 8   5#5 East 222nd Street, Euclid, Ohio.


 9             John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie Clean-Up


10   Committee, 3568 Brewster Road, Dearborn, Michigan,


11 I            George A. Childress, Chief Sanitary Engineer,


12   Dalton and Dalton Association, The Arcade, Cleveland, Ohio.


13 I            Edward J. Cleary, Consultant, Ohio River Valley
   i

14   Water Sanitation Commission, 414 Walnut Street, Cincinnati,


15   Ohio.


16             John Clark, Reporter, Cleveland Plain Dealer.


17 !            Genevieve S. Cook, Citizens for Clean Air and


10 I  Water, 25296 Hall Drive, Westlake, Ohio.
   i

lg             Robert Cottrill, District Sanitary Engineer,


     Ohio Department of Health, 2025 Second Street, Cuyahoga


     Falls, Ohio.
& X


               Earl H. Cunningham, Board Member, Citizens for


   i  Clean Air and Water, Inc.
25 \                      '
   !

   i            Lemont W. Curtis, Project Engineer, Havens and


   !  Emerson, 1220 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio.
23

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                                                          viii
 1    ATTENDEES,  Continued:


 2             Leo  P.  D'Arcy, News Director, WELW Radio, P.O.


 3    Box 599, Willoughby, Ohio.


 4             Robert  E. Davies, Advertising and Public


 5    Relations Counsel, Erie Tourist and  Convention Bureau,


 6    Erie,  Pennsylvania.


 7             David DeHaven, Clean Streams Chairman,


 8    Pennsylvania Federation of Sportsmens Clubs, 1022 McCarter


      Avenue, Erie,  Pennsylvania.


10             William R. Diem, Editorial Writer, Cleveland


      Plain  Dealer,  1S01 Superior Avenue,  Cleveland, Ohio.


12             Mrs. Harry Dodds, League of Women Voters,


      Pinehurst Drive,  Eastlake, Ohio.


               Gerrit  Dragt, Chemist, General Electric,


,= II   1099 Ivanhoe Road, Cleveland, Ohio.
15 H
   i

               Charles W. Dougherty, Lorain County Regional
16

      Planning Commission, 21 Turner Block Building, Elyria,
JL.I

      Ohio.
18

               Herbert J. Dunsmore, Engineer, United States
J_ L/

      Steel, 133  Barbour Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
fC> \J i

               Miss Erie of 1963, Erie, Pennsylvania.
21

   |            Seba H. Estill, Izaak Walton League, 3577
22

   I   Cummings Road, Cleveland, Ohio.
23 i

               Paul D. Findlay, Director, Pollution Control,
24

      City of Toledo, 600 Collins Park Avenue, Toledo, Ohio.

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                                                            ix


  1    ATTENDEES,  Continued:

  2              S.  L.  Frost,  Deputy Director,  Water Department

  3    of Natural Resources,  Columbus,  Ohio 43215.

  4              Joseph B.  Gaghen,  Sales  Engineer,  Dow Chemical

      Company,  1#04 Illuminating Building,  Cleveland,  Ohio.

               Merrill B. Garnet,  Federal  Activities Coordinator,

      Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration,  Chicago,

  Q    Illinois.
  o

                Jack Garner,  Senior Environmental  Engineer,

      B. F.  Goodrich Chemical Company, 3135  Euclid Avenue,

      Cleveland,  Ohio.

               Mrs. Fred  Gerard,  Water  Chairman,  League  of

      Women  Voters, Shaker Heights, 3290 Warrington Road,

      Cleveland,  Ohio.
14
               Walter E.  Gerdel,  Commissioner,  Division  of
15
      Water  Pollution  Control,  City of Cleveland,  1#25 Lakeside
16
      Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
17
               M.  G.  Glenn,  Plant Manager,  General Tire  and
18
      Rubber, P.O.  Box 63, Ashtabula,0hio.
1 Q I
iy |
   |             Charles Gullickson, Pennsalt Chemicals, Inc.,
20
      Wyandotte,  Michigan.
21
               John Haberer, Assistant  Commissioner,  New York
22
      State  Department  of  Health,  84 Holland Avenue, Albany,
23 I
      New York.
24
               G.  A. Hall, Engineer-Secretary,  Ohio Water
25 j
   i'   Pollution  Control Board,  Columbus, Ohio.

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     ATTENDEES, Continued:

 2
               Mrs. J. L. Hanna, League of Women Voters of

 3
 4


 5


 6


 7


 8


 9


10


11


12


13


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23


24


25
Euclid, 22050 Maydale, Euclid, Ohio.

          George L.  Harlow,  Director,  Cleveland program


Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,


21929 Lorain Road, Fairview Park, Ohio.


          Robert P.  Hartley, Chief, Surveillance Section,


Cleveland Program Office, Federal Water Pollution Control


Administration, 21929 Lorain Road, Fairview Park, Otto.

          John Helvig, Elyria, Ohio.


          Charles E. Herdendorf, Lake Erie Section Head,


Ohio Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 650,


Sandusky, Ohio.


          Mrs. J. E. Henning, League of Women Voters,


Erie, Pennsylvania.


          Kathleen S. Hostetler, National Council of State

Garden Clubs, 6950 Hilton Road, Brecksville, Ohio.


          M. P. Hughes, Isotopes-Ateledyne, Company,


Box 2304, Sandusky,  Ohio.


          George E.  Hubbell, 2709 Telegraph Road,

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.


          John Hyland, Regional Enforcement Officer,


Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Wheeling,

West Virginia.


          R. L. Ireland, Lake Erie Watershed Foundation,

Cleveland, Ohio.

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                                                            xi






 1   ATTENDEES, Continued:



 2             Dr. D. F. Jackson, Professor, Syracuse
 3



 4



 5



 6



 7



 8



 9



10
12
13
15
,„             Jack Kinny, Consulting Engineer, Ann Arbor,
_Lo
22





23





24





25
_,   Michigan.
± /
19
     University, Syracuse, New York.



               Thomas Jacobs, Editorial Correspondent, McGraw



     Hill  Publications, Cleveland, Ohio.



               Dean Jarman, Dow Chemical Company, 2020 Abbott



     Road, Midland, Michigan.



               Jean T. Dimitri , Dow Chemical Company, 2020



     Abbott Road, Midland, Michigan.



               Paul A. Johnson, Water Quality Coordinator,
11 |j   City of Akron, Ohio, 6260 First Avenue, Kent, Ohio.
               Fred Jones, Pittsburgh Press, Boulevard of the



     Allies,  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.



               F. Kallin, Ford Motor Company, the American



     Road, Dearborn, Michigan.
               W. R. King, Illuminating Company, Cleveland,
               Donald G. Kirk, Senior Research Chemist,



     Hammermill Paper Company, East Lake Road, Erie,



     Pennsylvania.




               Betty Klaric, The Cleveland Press, 901



     Lakeside Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.



               Judith Kold, Cleveland, Ohio

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                                                           xii

     ATTENDEES, Continued:
 1
               Edward Kramer, Sanitary Engineer, Cleveland

 2
     Program Office, Federal Water Pollution Control
 3
     Administration, 21929 Lorain Road, Fairview Park, Ohio.

 4
               L. R. Kummick, Waste Control Engineer, Sun Oil

 5   Company, P.O. Box 902, Toledo, Ohio.

 6             William C. Lang, Manager, Chemical Engineering,

 7   General Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio.

 8             Leonard E. Leis, City Director, 120 South Macomb

 9   Street, Monroe, Michigan.

10             N. J. Lardieri, Scott Paper Company, Philadelphia,
   i
11 ||  Pennsylvania.

12 |            Ralph S. Locher, Attorney, Izaak Walton League,

13 |  1255 Terminal Tower, Cleveland, Ohio.

14             Arthur Marohn, Forest City Civic Association.

15 ji            Charles Marquetta, South East Club.
   J!
lrf |            Helen McCue, Executive Committee, Mother's
   h

17 !  March  on Pollution.
   •
lg i            Stephen Megregian, 2522 Pierce, Ames, Iowa.
   i j
19             James L. McLaughlin, National Park Service,

20   Great  Lakes Area Office, 1405 South Harrison Road, East

21 |j  Lansing, Michigan.

OQ i            Dan Mclver, Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
&& | j
   i
07; !  Michigan.
*iv) J I

   i!            Mrs. Hermine Merkle, Water Resources Chairman,
   i !
   i;  League of Women Voters, Citizens for Land and Water Use,

   i  Citizens for Clean Water and Air.

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 6


 7


 8


 9


10


11


12


13


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21
                                                             xiii
     ATTENDEES,  Continued:
 2
               Frank S. Merritt, Burton, Ohio.
 3
               Perry Miller, Assistant Director, Division of


     Sanitary  Engineering,  Indiana State Board of Health,

 5   Indianapolis, Indiana.
24


25
                Peter T. Miller,  Cinematographer, WJW-TV,

     Cleveland, Ohio.

                R. J. Manson, District  Engineer, Ohio  Department

     of Health, Bowling Green, Ohio.

                Albert G. Moore,  Wastes Management Department,

     Greater  Cleveland Growth Association,  690 Union  Commerce

     Building,  Cleveland, Ohio.

                Mrs. Gilbert D. Moore,  Lake  Erie Basin

     Committee, League of Women  Voters, Williamsville, New York.

                Mrs. H. T. Moore,  Chairman,  League of  Women

     Voters,  Lake Erie Basin Committee, Chardon, Ohio.

                H. M. Mueller, Regional Manager, Neptune Micro

     Floe,  Elk  Grove Village, Illinois.

                Jeffrey Myers, Cleveland, Ohio.

                Donald L. Norling, Deputy Director, Ohio

     Department of Natural Resources,  Columbus, Ohio.
                Charles W. Northington, United States  Public


     Hoal-hVi Ro>
23
22

     Health Service, Dallas,  Texas.

                Edwin J. Odeul, Sanitary  Engineer, Ohio Department


     of Health,  Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

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                                                            xiv




     ATTENDEES,  Continued:


               James P. O'Keeffe, Director of Conservation and


 3   Resources,  United Auto Workers, Columbus, Ohio.


 4             Nicholas V. Olds, Assistant Attorney General,


 5   State  of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.


 6             Laurence D. O'Leary, Director, Detroit Program


 7   Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,


 8   Grosse He, Michigan.


 9             Dr.  Paul Olynyk, Assistant Professor, Cleveland


10   State  University, Cleveland, Ohio.


11             R. H. Papenfuss, Plant Manager, Olin Mathieson,


12   Ashtabula,  Ohio.

   i
13             John Pegors, President, Clear Air, Clear Water,


14   Unlimited,  No. Hopkins, Minnesota.


15             Charles Ownbey, Federal Water Pollution Control
   I
   i

16 i  Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.


   i            David E. Perriman, Assistant Director, Division
X / i

   i  of Oil and  Gas, New Tork State Conservation Department,
   I

lg |  Albany, New York.


or^             R. J. Pickering, Associate District Chief,


     United States  Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
£> X

               Peter J. Piecuch, Assistant Editor, Environmental
22

     Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.


               Rheta Piere, Federal Water Pollution Control
24 ;

     Administration, Washington, D.C.

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                                                            XV
 1    ATTENDEES, Continued:
 2              Mrs.  Carol Pietrykowski,  Councilman,  City of
 3    Toledo,  Toledo, Ohio.
 4              P.  R. Pine,  Vice President,  Harshaw Chemical
 5    Company, Cleveland,  Ohio.
 6              Blucher  A. Poole,  Director,  Bureau of Environmental
 7    Sanitation, Indiana  State  Board of  Health,  Indianapolis,
 8    Indiana.
   i
 9              D.  E. Powell,  Supervision Process Engineer,
10    Mobil Oil.
11              Glenn D. Pratt,  Sanitary  Engineer,  Cleveland
12 i   Program  Office, Federal  Water  Pollution Control Adminis-
   i
13    tration, Cleveland,  Ohio.
   i
14              Chris Potos, Chief of Laboratories,  Cleveland
15 |   Program  Office, Federal  Water  Pollution Control Adminis-
16    tration, Cleveland,  Ohio.
17              Ralph W. Purdy,  Chief Engineer, Michigan  Water
, 0    Resources Commission,  Lansing,  Michigan.
!<-. ]
19 |             J.  M. Rademacher,  Director,  Division  of
nn :   Technical Services,  Federal  Water Pollution Control
4V j
0.,  !;   Administration, Washington,  D.C.
£ J.
                Arnold Reitze, Associate  Professor of Law, Case

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                                                           xvi
 1   ATTENDEES, Continued:


 2             W. J. Riley, Sanitary Engineer, Chicago Regional


     Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,


 4   Chicago, Illinois.


 5             Walter Rodenberger, Waste Control, Republic Steel

   I

 6   Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio.


 7             Lawrence W. Rollin, Process System Engineer,


 8   NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.


 9             John J. Roosen, Superior Engineer, Detroit


10   Edison Company,  Detroit,  Michigan.

   i
-Q             Aaron A. Rosen, Cincinnati, Ohio.


12             Ray Roth, Superintendent, Bureau-of Industrial

   !
,-. I  Waste, city of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio.
10 [
   i

14             James L. Rouman, Executive Director, Michigan


     United Conservation Clubs, Lansing, Michigan.
J. O

               Robert W. Ruch, NASA, Plum Brook Station,
16

     Sandusky, Ohio.
17

               Agnes V. Rupp, Parma, Ohio.
_L O

               Anthony Russo, State Representative of Ohio,
J- y

     Cleveland, Ohio.
20

               D. W. Ryckraan, President, Ryckman, Edgerley,


     Tomlinson and Associates, St. Louis, Missouri.
22

               Krish Saigal, Sanitary  Engineer, Dalton and
23

   i  Dalton, Cleveland, Ohio.

24 i

   !!            James P. Schafer, Bacteriologist, City of

25 j;

   ii  Cleveland.

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 8



 9



10



11



12



13



14
17



18


19



20



21



22



23



24



25
                                                           xvii
ATTENDEES, Continued:


          Robert L. Sehueler, River Basins Studies


Coordinator, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ann Arbor,


Michigan.


          Eugene Seebald, Regional Engineer, New York


State Department of Health, Buffalo, New York.


          David Scullin, Aqua Laboratories, Cleveland,


Ohio.


          Bryan J. Sevey, Engineering Supervisor, Monsanto


Company, Trenton, Michigan.


          A. M. Shannon, Chief, Water and Waste Water


Treatment, Detroit Metropolitan Water Services, Detroit,
Michigan.
          George Simpson, Consulting Engineer, Havens
15 i  and Emerson, Cleveland, Ohio.

   I)
16 |;            Ned Skeldon, Administrator, Clear Water, Inc.,
Toledo, Ohio.


          Al Smith, Federal Water Pollution Control


Administration, Cleveland Program Office, Cleveland,  Ohio.


          John J. Smith, Detrex Chemical Inc., Cleveland,


Ohio.


          Mrs. Richard Smith, League of Women Voters  of


Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio.


          Peter E. Snoek, Senior Engineer, Bechtel


Corporation, San Francisco, California.

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                                                          xviii
     ATTENDEES, Continued:


               A. D. Staursky, Assistant Director Public


     Relations, United States Steel, Cleveland, Ohio.


 4             Evelyn Stebbins, League of Women Voters,


 5   Chairman, Three Rivers Group, Rocky River, Ohio.


 6             Ben S. Stefanski, Utilities Director, city of


 7   Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio.


 8             Edward F. Stevenson, Engineer, NASA, Lewis


 9   Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.


10             Carl Stokes, Mayor, city of Cleveland, Cleveland,
   |
11 !  Ohio.


12 \            Mark E. Talisman, Administrative Assistant to


13 |  Congressman Charles Vanik, Washington, B.C.
   j |

14 |            John T.oth, Sanitary Engineer, Water Pollution
   i
15 |  Control, Erie County Department of Health, Erie,


16   Pennsylvania.


17 i            J. W. Tracht, Manager, Maintenance of Facilities,

, P i  Pennsalt Chemical Corporation, King of Prussia,
1   I
19 I  Pennsylvania.
   i
   i
on :            F. E. Tucker. National Steel Corporation,
«iU j

01 I  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
   i

               W. G. Turney, Regional Engineer, Michigan


     Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan.


               Harry L» Vanderwoop, Technical Director,


     Peerless Cement, Detroit, Michigan.

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                                                            xix
 1   ATTENDEES,  Continued:

 2             John F.  Slambroack, Mayor, city of Monroe,

 3   Michigan.


 4             George Voinovich, State Representative,

 5   Fifty-third  District,  Cleveland, Ohio.

 6             Harry Von Huben, Sanitary Engineer, Headquarters
   i

 7   Fifth United States Army, Fort Sheridan, Illinois.
   i
 8             Henry J. Vyhnalek, Supervisor Plant Chemist,
   !
 9   Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Cleveland, Ohio

10 I            Adel Wagner, Lakewood, Ohio.

11 i            Fred Wampler, Regional Coordinator, Ohio

12   Basin Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,

13 j  Cincinnati, Ohio.

14 j            Dale Warnert Parma Heights, Ohio.
   i
15 I            Mrs. Neil Waterbury, Northwest Ohio Natural
   i
16 i  Resource Council, Toledo, Ohio.
   !
   i
17 j            George H. Watkins, Executive Director, Lake
   i
lg   Erie Watershed Conservation Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.

19             Erbin Wattles, President, Dunbar and Sullivan
   i
20   Dredging Company.

21             P. J. Weaver, Chairman, Technical Committees,
   i
     Soap and Detergent Association, New York City.

               Neil M. Waterbury, President, Northwestern Ohio
£ O l

     Natural Resources Council, Toledo, Ohio.
24 I                                   '

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 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11
      Control Administration,  Cleveland, Ohio.
X w
               Betsey Winters,  Cleveland, Ohio.
   i
               John  J. Wirts,  Chemical Engineer, Easterly

      Pollution Control Center,  Cleveland, Ohio.
15
16

17

18

19

20 !

21

22

23
   !

24 |
   j
25 i
                                                            XX
ATTENDEES, Continued:
          Gregory A. Weiss, Legal Department, Cleveland
Electric Illuminating  Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
          Edward Wellejus, Reporter, Erie Times, Erie,
Pennsylvania.
          Thomas C. West, Director of Environmental Health,
Erie County Department of Health, Erie, Pennsylvania.
          G. L. Whitney, Engineer, Dorr-Oliver, Inc.,
Columbus, Ohio.
          Alfons R. Winklhofer, Chief, Field Operations
Unit, Cleveland Program Office, Federal Water Pollution
          Colonel A. L. Wright, District Engineer, Buffalo
Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.
          Donald J. York, Director of Public Utilities,
city of Toledo, Ohio.

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  1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
                  Opening Statement - Mr.  Stein
                      PROCEEDINGS
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The Conference is open.  This


conference in the matter of water pollution of Lake Erie


is being held under the provisions of the Federal Water


Pollution Control Act.  We have had several conferences on
the lake.
          We are holding this session as a progress meeting.
The conference involves the five Lake Erie States and the


Federal Government, as represented by the United States


Department of the Interior.
13             We will  make  a summary of the  meeting.   We  will


14 |   also have a transcript  made,  and the transcript,  of course,


15 j   as  many  of  you  know,  will be  available in  about  three or


ls    four months.  However,  if you want  copies  of the  transcript


17 !'   or  portions thereof earlier,  contact the reporter, Mrs. Hall


lg !   and Mrs. Hall will be glad to make  arrangements with  you so


19    you can  get it.  You  should understand that  Mrs.  Hall is an


or. i!   independent contractor  and you will make your arrangements
20 |;

01 jj   with her privately if you want this information.
&L jj
   li
               The speakers,  other than  the conferees,  should


      identify themselves by  name and affiliation and see that
»oO

      the reporter receives a copy  of  their remarks, if they have
24 i
   |!
   !i   any,  and come to the  lectern  to  make their remarks.
25 '

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                    Opening Statement - Mr. Stein


   '            We will have comments and questions by the
 2
     conferees.  We are asking all of you to withhold your
   1  questions or remarks until you come up for your statement.



 4 i            At this point, I would like to start at the



 5 |  left and ask the conferees to identify themselves.  Mr.



 6 !  Eagle, would you begin, and I would ask you all, until the

   11

 7 !  PR system gets operating, if it does, to please raise your
   i

 8 |  voice and try to project.

   11

 9 li            MR. EAGLE:  My name is George H. Eagle.  I am



10   Chief Engineer of the Ohio Department of Health and I am



11   representing the State of Ohio.



12             MR. METZLER:  Dwight Metzler, Deputy Commissioner,



15   New York State Health Department.


14             MR. OEMING:  Loring Oeming, Executive Secretary,



15 ;  Michigan Water Resources Commission, Lansing.


               MR. POSTON:  H. W. Poston, Great Lakes Regional


     Director for the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-


     tration , Chicago, and I am the Federal Conferee.



I9             MR. POOLE:  I am Blucher Poole, Technical Secre-



.-^   tary of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board and
<£ j      J


     representing the State of Indiana.



               MR. LYON:  I am Walter Lyon, Director of the



     Division of Sanitary Engineering in the Department of



     Health in Pennsylvania, representing Pennsylvania,
24 ;


               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  My name is Murray Stein.  I am

-------
                       Hon.  Thomas L.  Ashley

  1    from Washington,  B.C., and the representative of Secretary

  2    Stewart Udall.

  3              We are  going to try to adjust  the agenda as best

  4    we can.  First, we  have a representative here who is ready

  5    to make a presentation, but he has a  very tight  schedule

  6    and commitments back in Washington this  morning,  and first

  7    we would like to  call on Congressman  Thomas L. Ashley of

  8    the Ninth District  of Ohio.   Congressman Ashley.

  9              MR. ASHLEY:   Thank you,  Mr.  Chairman.

10              Panel of  officials,  ladies  and gentlemen.   Any

•Q    discussion of the desperate  state  of  pollution of Lake Erie

12    must take into full account  that for many years both the

,.,    United  States and Canada have  been and continue to be in

      flagrant violation  of  the law which exists pursuant  to a

      treaty  entered into by the two countries  in 1909  providing
JLo
      for the adjustment  and settlement  of all  questions which
16
      might arise between the United States and Canada with re-
17
      spect to the  use of boundary waters.  The treaty, which
18
      is  still in full force  and effect,  defines  boundary waters
19
      as  "the waters from mainshore  to mainshore  of the  lakes
20
      and  rivers and connecting waterways, or the  portions
21
      thereof,  along which the  international boundary between
22
      the  United States and the Dominion  of Canada passes  ..."
23
      Obviously this includes Lake Erie.
24
               Article IV of the treaty  specifically provides
25

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                                                               6
                       Hon.  Thomas L.  Ashley
      that "boundary waters  and waters going across the boundary
 2
      shall not be polluted  on either  side to the injury of health
 2
      or property on the other."
 4
                Article VIII establishes an order of preference
      with respect to various uses for these waters, with water

 6    for domestic and sanitary purposes having highest priority,

 7    followed next by water used for  navigation, then for power
 8    and irrigation.

 9              Contrary to  Article IV,  providing that boundary
10    waters shall not be polluted on either side, we find that

11    six per cent of municipal waste,  from a population of ten

12    million Americans living along the shores of Lake Erie in
13    1965, were deposited in the lake  with no treatment at all,
14    that forty-one per cent received  only primary treatment
15    and fifty-three  per cent received secondary treatment.
16              About  seventy-nine per  cent of the municipal
17    waste from the Canadian population of 1.2 million living
,g    on Lake Erie in  1965 received secondary treatment, twelve
19    per cent primary treatment  and nine per cent no treatment.

20              Similarly, according to the 1965 Interim Report

0,     of the International Joint Commission,  the United States  in
£ J_
      1965 had 271 and Canada 63 sources of industrial waste
&£
      along Lake Erie,  many  of which were classified as being
OO
      subject to inadequate  treatment.   The report also noted
24
      that waters from overland runoff  and deep percolation
25

-------
                                                               7

                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


      contained agricultural and other wastes which affect the

  2
      quality of the receiving waters, and of course this is

  2
      especially true of Lake Erie.


                A surprising omission in the Commission Report


      was the extent to which the Federal Government of the


  6    United States is itself in constant violation of the 1909


  7    Treaty and therefore of Federal law.  It is also surprising


  8    that the agenda of this conference, as set forth in the


  9    Department of Interior release of May 15, 1968,  fails to


10    list for discussion the activities of the United States


11    Government which continue to pollute the waters  of Lake


12    Erie in violation of our law.


13              The agenda is silent on the fact that  last


14    year — 1967 — United  States  Government dredging projects


15    at fourteen Lake Erie harbors  produced a total of


16    7,671,000 cubic yards of polluted dredged material.   Of


      this total,  5,43^,000 cubic yards were  dumped at so-called


      "authorized" disposal areas in Lake Erie.
lo

,„              For 196S,  also according to data received from


      the  Office of the  Chief of Engineers,  Government dredging
*oU

      at these  same harbors is expected to produce  7,015,000
4CX

      cubic  yards  of spoil material,  virtually all  of  it
*C«o

      polluted.  Of this total,  5,302,000 cubic  yards  are
2o

      planned for  open lake disposal.


                Since  the  1965  Interim  Report  of the International
25

-------
                                                               8


                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


      Joint Commission,  United States efforts to bring Government


      dredging operations within the law have been anything but


      noteworthy or encouraging.  In 196?,  2.2 million cubic


      yards of Government dredged spoil material were consigned


      to diked area disposal.   For 1968,  the amount of polluted


 6    material resulting from Government  dredging that will be


 7    consigned to diked areas is expected  to be only 1.7


 8    million cubic yards.


 9              What this means quite clearly is that about 71


10    per cent of the polluted material resulting from Federal


11    dredging activities in 1967 was dumped into Lake Erie in


12    violation of the law as  againt 29 per cent that was properly


13    diked,  and that in 1968   unlawful open lake dumping is


14    expected to increase to  more than 75  per cent,  as against


15    only 25 per cent that will be  diked.


16              When I state that this activity is in violation


17    of the  law, let me again refer to Article VIII  of the


,g    Treaty.   If I interpret  this language correctly,  it means


19    that the use of lake waters for domestic and sanitary


20    purposes is given  preference over other uses and no use


      shall be permitted,  including dredging for navigation that


      results in the pollution of lake waters, which  tends


      materially to conflict with the highest priority of water


      uses, namely for domestic and  sanitary purposes.
24

                Tet, completely contrary  to this policy and
25

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   j                                                           9

                     Hon. Thomas L. Ashley
   i
 1 !  prohibition, the Department of the Army takes the position,

   !i
 2 ]  as stated in a letter to me, dated May 3, 1963, that
   j

 3 |  "because of severe economic hardship ... and because no
   ]

 4 !j  disposal areas other than the authorized deep water areas
   11
 5 !  of Lake Erie are now available, it has been determined
   i1
   i j
 Q   that dredging in 1968 must be done and the dredged material

   i!
 7 |  disposed in the lake."  Although fully aware that the


 8 !i  spoil material thus consigned for lake disposal is bound


     to re suit in further pollution, the letter concludes with
 9 II

     the assurance that "the Corps of Engineers will continue


     its efforts, in coordination with FWPCA and state authori-


     ties, to construct and maintain harbors in consonance with
12 i,

     the national objective of cleaning up our rivers and lakes


     at the lowest possible cost."
14 '•

               With respect to Lake Erie, the Corps apparently
15

     has determined that the cheapest way to clean it up is
16

     to fill it up.  The fact is that the Corps is not main-
17
     taining harbors on Lake Erie with the national objective
18 ;
     of cleaning up our rivers and lakes.  What it is doing is
19 ',
     dredging at the lowest possible cost by "authorizing"
20
   ,  so-called "deep water" disposal areas along the entire
21 '
   i  United States shoreline of Lake Erie — areas which it
22 !
   i  has no right to authorize and which, in point of fact, are
23 •
     both shallow and in many cases in immediate proximity to

24 "<
     municipal water intakes serving hundreds of thousands of

-------
                                                              10

                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


      people.

  2
                The result of this Federal activity is to con-

  •z
      stantly add to rather than abate the pollution of Lake



  4   Erie waters.  Federal justification for pursuing this



  5   policy is said to be drastic hardship to navigation, a use



  6   which somehow has leapfrogged in priority over the "uses



  7   for domestic and sanitary purposes" that are given pref-



  8   erence in the Treaty of 1909.



  9             Now, let me comment  on the problem of disposal



10   of materials dredged from harbors and waterways under



11   permits issued by the Corps of Engineers.



12             In 1967, such permit dredging accounted for



13    185,000 cubic yards of dredged material, all of which was



14   polluted and all of which was  dumped in open lake disposal



15    areas.   In 1968, contract dredging pursuant to permits



,     issued by the Corps of Engineers has already more than



      doubled and 348,000 cubic yards of additional polluted



      material have been added to Lake Erie waters so far this
18


      year.   These figures, of course, do not include a large



      number of applications presently pending for approval or
*£\)


      expected to be filed for permit dredging this summer and
& -L


      fall.
22

                One permit for private dredging not yet acted

23

      upon by the Corps has generated particular interest.  It

24

      involves the application of the Dunbar and Sullivan Dredging

25

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                                                              11


                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


  1    Company of Detroit to dredge 295,000 cubic yards of


  2    especially badly polluted spoil and scum from the bottom



  3    of the Rouge River and to dump it in shallow waters in



  4    Western Lake Erie within less than 2000 yards of the



  5    international boundary.



  6              The policy of the Corps of Engineers appears to



  7    be ambivalent.  The Corps itself dredges polluted spoil



  8    from the Rouge River which, because of its condition, it



  9    deposits on Grassey Island rather than in the lake.  At



10    the same time, its District Office recommended approval


H    last year of a permit to allow private dredging of the



12    same contaminated material for disposal in the shallow



13    waters of Lake Erie.



,.              Again in 196?  the same private dredging company



      was in the process of dumping into Lake Michigan, with
J_O


      the Corps of Engineers* approval, some 203,000 cubic yards
16

      of highly polluted dredging similar in character to the


      spoil material in the Rouge River.  In the wake of public
18

      outcry and vigorous representations from the  Illinois
J. *7

      Congressional delegation and the  Governor of  Illinois,
&\)

      this dumping was found to be contrary  to the  public
4&X

      interest and was halted.
22

                In a letter to me,  dated May 31, 1968, Assistant

23

      Secretary of the Interior Max N.  Edwards advised me, rela-

24

      tive to the proposed permit dredging of the Rouge River

25

-------
                                                             12
                     Hon.  Thomas L.  Ashley

  1   for open lake disposal,  that "in view of the nature of the

  2   sediments to be dredged, the Federal Water Pollution Gon-

  3   trol Administration  Regional Office has recommended to the

  4   United States Corps  of Engineers that the dredgings con-

  5   cerned not be disposed of in Lake Erie, but be placed in

  6   upland areas so that pollution of Lake Erie will be pre-

  7   vented.  Recognizing the shortage of suitable on-shore

  8   disposal sites for such  materials, (your) suggestion that

  9   this material be placed  on the Grassey Island disposal

10   site appears to be appropriate from a pollution control

11   viewpoint.  We understand, however, that this approach has

12   been rejected by the Corps."

13              All of this suggests to me, in the strongest

14   possible terms, that the final decision with respect to

      issuance of dredging permits, where the material to be
J.O
      disposed of has been found to  be polluted,  should rest
16
      with the Secretary of the Interior rather than the Secretary

      of the Army.  Under  a July 13, 196?, agreement between the
18
      Secretaries of these two Departments, the Secretary of the
.L y
      Army is given the authority to evaluate the economic
<&U
      advantages and benefits  of a proposed dredging operation
21
      in relation to resultant loss  or damage, including viola-
22
      tion of applicable water quality standards,  and to either
23
      deny the permit or include such conditions  as he determines
24
      to be in the public  interest.
25

-------
                                                              13


                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


                In my view, if Lake Erie is to be saved, strong


  2    pollution abatement enforcement should not be subject to


  3    a waiver based upon temporary economic convenience or


  4    advantage.  Activity which contaminates the water upon


  5    which our very lives are dependent must be outlawed and


  6    uniform enforcement should be in the hands of the agency


  7    having primary responsibility for establishing water


  8    quality standards and seeing that they are met.


  9              Let me say in conclusion that there must be a


10    prompt clarification of Federal policy if the confidence,


11    support and commitment of our citizenry is to be sustained


12    in fighting pollution and achieving a national goal of


13    clean water.


14              Thank you, Mr. Chairman.


15              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank you, Congressman Ashley.


                I would like to tell you that we will have an


      opportunity for full discussion of the dredging problem


      and the Federal installation problem at this meeting.  It
18

      is on the agenda.   The Corps will make a statement,  I
-L. y

      think,  but this will be open.  That has not been excluded
20         *

      from  the  agenda.
& ±.

                One more factual point:   Under the law,  the Corps
22

      does  have the authority to determine where they are  going
23

      to dredge and the  disposal of the dredged material;  the

24 |

      law provides that.  We do  not have that authority in the

25

-------
                                                              14
                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


      Department of the Interior.


  2              MR. ASHLEY:  The question is whether the law


  3    authorizing the Army to — so-called "authorizing" — use


  4    these open~J.ength disposal areas is a proper law,   I


  5    think it is an absolute violation of the  Treaty of 1909•


  6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank you.


  7              MR. METZLER:   Mr. Chairman,  may I  ask the


  8    Congressman a question?


  9              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Surely.


10              MR. ASHLEY:  Yes, sir.


11              MR. METZLER:   I  am Dwight Metzler  from New York.


12              I am sympathetic to the point of view that you


13    present here.  I want to inquire, though, do you feel that


14    Congress is sufficiently informed on this that they are


15    ready to authorize costs of perhaps three or four  times


      as much for disposal of dredge d  materials as now  is


      appropriated to the Corps  today?


                MR. ASHLEY:  I think we may  be  faced with those
18

      increased coats.  When  the choice is between the salvation
JL y

      of our lakes and the increased cost, we will go in the
20                                       '

      direction of the increased cost, yes,  sir.
21

                We have been  approaching  the whole dredging
22

      situation with a myopic view.   We have been  concentrating
23

      entirely on cost, and the  Congress  has insisted on this

24

      and the result has been the pollution  of  five of the

25

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 1
 2
 3
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17 ||

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
                                                          15
                  Hon. Thomas L. Ashley

  greatest bodies of water on the face of the earth.

            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  One more point, Congressman Ashley

  I think on that Lake Michigan dredging situation that the

  record will also show that the conferees, many of whom are

  represented here, participated in the dredging discussions

  of Lake Michigan and the disposal of the spoil.  This hap-

  pened after the Illinois delegation came in, and I think

  the discussions at our conference with the representatives

  of the States bordering Lake Michigan, the Corps of Engineers

  and the Department of the Interior  were very useful in

  working up at least a program of action to terminate dis-

  posal in Lake Michigan.

            MR. ASHLEY:  But that disposal had been approved

  and the permit granted by the Corps of Engineers, isn't

  that correct?  They were dumping in 100-foot water as

  distinct from the shallow depths.

            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, there is much land disposal

  there.  Again — and I don't know that this is the time to

  get into the detail, but the problem that we always have

  of land disposal — and the Corps can speak for itself —

  is a very complex one.  You have to find appropriate sites

  and a site large enough to be able to take the spoil for

  a considerable period of time, in order to make that an

  efficient operation, because you can't shift your disposal

!'  operations from place to place.  We did get some of the

-------
                                                               16

                      Hon. Thomas L. Ashley


      industries along the southern end of Lake Michigan to

 o
      cooperate, to give  us land,  make  land available   and

 2
      enclosed areas behind dikes  available for the disposal


 4    of the dredged material.      I think we have  a reasonable


 5    program worked out  there.  I am hopeful that  we  can get


 6    one here.


 7              MR. ASHLEY:  You brought this up, and  I know


 8    you don't  want to go into  details  now.   But all  I said is


 9    that the Corps of Engineers  had issued a permit,  that


10    polluted dredging was being  dumped into Lake  Michigan,


11    that hearings were  held, protests  were heard, and this


12    activity polluting  Lake Michigan was found to be contrary


13    to the pujlic interest, despite the fact that the Corps


14    of Engineers, on the basis of  all  the  information earlier


,5    presented  to  it,  had granted the permit for the  dumping


,.,    in the first  place.
16

                CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Well, it was precisely a meeting


      such as this  on Lake Michigan at which we arrived at that
18

      program and those conclusions;  that is why we are here.


                MR. ASHLEY:  That  is  why I  am recommending  that
20

      the authority of the Corps of  Engineers be taken and  placed
*£±.

      in the Department of Interior.  (Applause)
22

                CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  At this point,  we  have also
23

      had a previous request.  We  will now hear from Professor
24
      Reitze from the Citizens for Clean Air and Water, Inc.
25

-------
                                                             17
                     Hon.  Charles  A.  Vanik
   I j
 1    Professor Reitze.

 2              While you  are  coming up,  I have  another  communi-

 3    cation here  and a  statement from Congressman  Charles A.

 4    Vanik, who would like this included in the record, and

 5    his  schedule,  he writes,  precludes  him from personally

      presenting this statement.  As you  know, Congressman Vanik

 7    is from Ohio.  Without objection, I would  like to  give the

 8    statement to the reporter and have  it entered into the

      record as if read.   (Prepared statement follows.)

10              MR.  VANIK:   Mr. Chairman.  Almost three  years

ll    ago,  on August 3,  1965,  I attended  the first  Lake  Erie

12    Water Pollution Conference at Cleveland.  At  that  time,

•j ^    our  hopes were high that speedy  action would  be taken to

., x    stop the deterioration of Lake Erie.  At that time, we

.,  .    were  told of dramatic actions which would be  taken to

      clean up the lake.  We were told that cleanup orders would

      be issued, that injunctions would be sought against the

      contaminators, that the  Federal  Government would move with

      dispatch where it had jurisdiction.

                At this  fourth conference, we are still  in a
2 •)
      talkathon on the pollution problem.  Water quality is

      getting worse  by the  hour —  and the hour is  late.

                Since the first conference, it is important to
£ ~J
      note  that the  Federal Government has granted  over

      $20,000,000  to help meet  the  water  pollution  problem in

-------
                                                              IB

                      Hon.  Charles A.  Vanik


      Ohio.   As can be noted from the  list of grants and the

 2
      benefited communities, the Lake  Erie pollution problem

 3
      has been completely overlooked.   Federal water pollution

 4
      funds  have filtered,  in the main, to small towns and


      hamlets.  It is a rural program.


                Since the first  conference,  the State of Ohio


 7    has not appropriated a single dollar toward meeting the


 8    problem.  It has used the  contribution of local govern-


 9    ments  to make up the  matching grant.


10              It seems to me that it  is  important  for the


11 j   conference to identify and comment on  the lack of state
   I

12    participation so that the  community  can recognize this


13    flagrant failure of State  participation and do something


14    about  it.


15              At the first conference in 1965,  I directed  the


16    first  attention in the Nation to  the contribution to the


17    water  pollution problem resulting from the  dumping of


18    polluted dredged material  into Lake  Erie by the United


19    States Army Corps of  Engineers.   After much deliberation,


20    the Army Corps of Engineers announced  they  would meet


21    this problem by dumping dredged material,  at least in  part,


00    in  diked areas.  In 1967,  of 7,671,000 cubic yards of
«o«o

      dredged material, 5,43^,000 cubic yards were dumped into
*oO

      Lake Erie while 2,233,000  cubic yards  were  consigned to
^4r

      diked  area disposal,  mostly at Toledo  Harbor.

-------
                                                              19

                      Hon. Charles A. Vanik


                For fiscal 1968, Government dredging in Lake

  2   Erie is expected to produce 7,015,000 cubic yards of


      material.  Of this, 5,302,000 cubic yards will be dumped


      in Lake Erie, while 1,713,000 cubic yards will be consigned


  5   to diked areas.


  6             The above figures reveal that  of total govern-


  7   ment dredging in 1967, amounting to 7,671,000 cubic yards

  8   of polluted material, 70.9 per cent was dumped in Lake


  9   Erie.  Of the 7,015,000 cubic yards of Government dredging


10   predicted for 1968, by contrast, 75.5 per cent will be


1;L   consigned to open lake disposal areas.


                I am shocked that in 1968 the Federal Government
J. &
   \\
      will dike approximately 500,000 cubic yards less of  Lake
J. O |
    i

      Erie dredgings than was diked in 1967, or a total of 1.7


      million cubic yards in 1968 as compared with 2.2 million
15

      cubic yards in 1967.  It appears that the Government,  under
16

      the pressures of anti-pollution forces in 1967,  responded
17
      with a "token effort" in meeting the pollution problem
18
      with a gradual phase out of this effort in 1968 and future
19

      years.
20
                The indignation of the people of my community
21
      will not tolerate a "token effort" to solve the  water
22
      pollution problem of Lake Erie by either the Federal
23
      Government or the State of Ohio.  The public protest will

24
      not tire or terminate.   Concrete proposals must  be

25

-------
                                                             20
                       Arnold Reitze
      vigorously pursued to reduce the Federal Government
  2
      contribution to the pollution problem.  Until this is
      accomplished, the entire dredging program of the Corps of
      Engineers will be placed in jeopardy.
  5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Professor Reitze.
  6              MR. REITZE:  Mr. Chairman, conferees.  My name
  7    is Professor Reitze, Associate Professor of Law, at Case
  8    Western Reserve University.  I represent today Citizens
  9    for Clean Air and Water.
10              It is my pleasure to appear here today before the
11    Federal Water Pollution Control Administration as a repre-
12    sentative of Citizens for Clean Air and Water, Inc.  This
13    is an organization of citizens from Greater Cleveland who
14    are interested in a dynamic program of water and air
15    pollution abatement.
                Our program has been endorsed by:  the Area
17    Council, the Cleveland Audobon Society, the Edgewater
lg    Yacht Club, the Greater Cleveland Boating Association, the
19    Holy Family P.T.U., the Izaak Walton League, and the Rocky
2Q    River Kiwanis.
                I shall discuss three subjects:
                1*  The Ohio water quality standards;
                2.  The proposed application of those standards
      to the Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin and Grand River Basins
      and the consequent affect on Lake Erie;
25

-------
                                                             21

                           Arnold Reitze

  1             3.  The progress to date of pollution abatement

  2   activities.

  3             As you know, the intent of the Federal Water

  4   Pollution Control Act (P.L. #4-660), as amended, is to

  5   maintain high quality water where it now exists and to

  6   upgrade and enhance water quality where degradation is

  7   presently found.  When Secretary of the Interior Stewart

  8   Udall testified before the Senate Subcommittee on Air and

  9   Water Pollution, March 27, 196$, he outlined the eight

10   basic principles used by his Department when reviewing

      state water quality standards.  They are:

                1.  No degradation of existing water quality;
J. £

                2.  No waters shall be used solely or principally
-Lo

      as a waste carrier}
14

                3.  All wastes must receive the best practicable
15
      treatment or control prior to discharge into any interstate
16
      water;
17
                4.  A general acceptable range of values for key
18
      indicators of water quality has to be developed, especially
19
      with respect to dissolved oxygen and temperature;
20
                5.  There  must be consistency among standards  of
21
      adjacent and downstream states;
22
                6.  Water  quality standards must be adequate to
23
      protect and upgrade  water quality in the face of population
24
      and industrial growth,  urbanization, and technological

25

-------
                                                             22

                           Arnold Reitze

      change;

 2
                7«  There shall be no exemptions from the stan-

 5
      dards for a particular industry or area; and,


 4              8.  Standards must be feasible and achievable.

 5              It is extremely difficult to comprehend how


 6    Ohiofs standards can meet these Federal tests.   Ohio has


 7    created seven water quality standards.  The two criteria


 8    of lowest quality are Industrial Water Supply and the

 9    euphemistic Aquatic Life B.  These criteria allow dissolved

10    oxygen of 2.0 mg/liter, a pH between 5 and 9> and a temper-


11    ature not to exceed 95 degrees Fahrenheit.  It is difficult


12    to imagine water of this quality not violating the Federal

13    prohibition against using water primarily as a waste


14    carrier.   It is also difficult to believe this water is

15    receiving the best practicable treatment prior to discharge,

16              Not only are Ohio's water standards low, but the

      criteria  making up the standards vary so much from category


, _    to category that it is difficult to use them for meaning-
18

lg    ful results.  Thus, in the Public Water Supply category,


      there is  no limitation on pH, temperature or toxic sub-


      stances.   Neither Aquatic Life A or 6 has a bacteria

      criteria.  The Recreation criteria calls for a bacteria
22

      limitation only.  Presumably water skiing in hot acid is
23

      a proper  recreational use.  The Agricultural Use and Stock
24

      Watering  category is the strangest of all, for it places
25

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                                                              23
                           Arnold Reitze
      no limitation on pH, temperature, bacteria, or dissolved
  2    oxygen.  Finally, there are no limitations on nutrients
      even though this is the most serious pollutant of Lake
  4    Erie.
  5              Even poor standards, if applied to maximize water
  6    improvement, would achieve significant advances.  When we
  7    look at the application of Ohio   stream quality criteria
  8    to the Grand, Cuyahoga, Chagrin and Rocky Rivers we have
  9    little reason for optimism.  The Ohio Water Pollution
10    Control Board has not yet zoned the waters flowing into
11    Lake Erie so as to apply the water quality standards to
12    specific segments of the four rivers which are the subject
13    of this discussion.  However,  if the Board follows the
14    recommendation of the Division of Engineering of the Ohio
15    Department of Health, we can expect continued pollution of
-      these rivers and, therefore, continued pollution of Lake
16
17
                If the Health Department recommendations  are
18
      accepted,  then,  continued pollution will be legitimatized
x. J
      by law.   One example  is their recommendation that the
20
      Cuyahoga River from State Highway No.  17 to the  U.S. Coast

-------
                                                              24


                           Arnold Reitze


      near future.  In addition, a goal of water so inferior in

  o
      quality that fish cannot live in it is accepted as a goal



  3    to be pursued through government action.  Even if we meet



  4    this goal, in 1975  we will still be polluting the nearby



  5    Lake Erie beaches — Perkins, Edgewater, White City, and



  6    Wildwood.  When our leaders1 vision is so myopic, we can



  7    only conclude that the great society will not include


  8    swimming.



  9              The recommendations for the Rocky River follow



10    the same approach used toward the Cuyahoga.   Minimum


11    standards are sought.  A new category, Partial Body Contact,



12    is proposed.  This would allow a bacteria coliform group


13    not to exceed 5>000 per 100 ml.  Water of this proposed



14    quality is unsafe for swimming or for use by children.



15    There is no proposal for increasing this standard.   In


      addition to low quality water as a proposed goal, these
16

      Rocky River proposals violate the Federal guidelines in
•A. /

      that the proposed standards are in some instances —
18

      particularly regarding temperature, pH, and oxygen content
J_ t/


      — below the existing condition of the water.
20

                These recommendations of the Division of Engin-
21

      eering could be attacked one by one for the rest of the
22

      day*  This is unnecessary.   These proposed quality standards
23

      assume a defeatist attitude by accepting minimal standards*

24

      The necessary pollution abatement controls are known by

25

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                                                             25

                           Arnold Reitze


      everyone.  The real problem is that there has been insuf-

  2
      ficient commitment to pollution abatement.  Studies are

  3
      used as substitutes for standards and standards are watered

  4
      down substitutes for programs that would in fact end

  K
      pollution.  Tou will not end pollution until you stop


  6   putting pollutants in our waters.  This simple fact has a


  7   tendency to disappear in the haggling over the proper


  8   criteria for water quality standards.


  9             In August of 1965  the first of these pollution


 10   conferences was held.  The revised conclusions and recora-


 11   mendations of the conferees issued on August 12,  1965» set


 12   forth twenty-seven conclusions.  Some of these conclusions


 13   concern the quality of Lake Erie waters*  Today,  three


 14   years later, they could be rewritten at  the conclusion of


 15   this conference.  Lake Erie is still polluted.  Eutrophi-


 IQ   cation or over-fertilization is still a major concern.


 17   Many sources of waste discharge reaching Lake Erie still


 18    have inadequate waste treatment facilities.


 19              The 1965 report, however,  makes specific recom-


 20    mendations as to how to abate  pollution.  It is interesting


 2i    to read them today as nearly three years have passed for


 22    implementing the recommendations.


                Conclusion No.  7 said municipal wastes  are to
 
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                                                            26

                           Arnold Reitze


  1    so as to maintain coliform densities below 5,000 organisms


  2    per 100 ml.  Today, two communities still have only


  3    primary treatment.  Much more serious is that inadequate


  4    treatment plants still abound in all four watersheds which


  5    are the subject of this discussion.


  6              Conclusion No. & called for treatment plants to


  7    maximize the removal of phosphates.  This simply is not


  8    being done.  Conclusion No. 18 required waste results to


      be reported in terms of both concentration and load rates


,     with the information to be maintained in open files by the


      state agencies for all those having a legitimate interest.


      Not only has this not been carried out. but Ohio Revised
12                                          '

      Statute 6111.05 states that records of a private disposal
J.O

      system may not be made public without the express permission


      of the owner.  The State of Ohio by statute protects the
15

      polluters1 nefarious activities from public scrutiny.
16

                Conclusion No. 25 gave the U.S. Army Corps of

17

      Engineers six months to develop a program to end the

18

      disposal of dredged material in Lake Erie.  They are still

19

      dumping the material in the lake.

20

                These examples are by no means the only failures

21

      to meet the recommendations of the conferees.  If the 1965

22
      recommendations are used as the measure of progress, then,

23
      there has not been much progress.   In fact, indications

24
      are that Lake Erie is more polluted today than it was three

25

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                                                               27


                            Arnold Reitze
  1
      years  ago.
  2
                 During  the  past  three years  some  industries and

  3
       some municipal governments have spent  a great deal  of money

  4
       on  pollution abatement facilities.  Many industries and



       municipal  governments have firm plans  which will require



  6    even greater expenditures.  However, when listening to



  7    industry or government defend their actions, we should



  8    apply the  same test that an industry applies to a sales



  9    executive.  We should look at results.  Are they or are



 10    they not ending the pollution of our waterways?  We are



 11    aware of the time it  takes to put pollution abatement



 12    equipment  into operation; but, industry and government have



 13    already had three years.  Why is it that after three years



 14    of so-called progress, a sludgeworra or a leech cannot live



 15    in the lower Cuyahoga River?  The answer is that the



 16     commitment to pollution abatement is not a serious commit-



 17    ment.  The State of Ohio has yet to give one nickel to


 18    the City of Cleveland for water pollution control.



 19              The City of Cleveland has spent a great deal of



 20    money on sanitation treatment plants, yet,  inadequately



 21    treated wastes from the Southerly Treatment Plant, storm-



      water overflows,  and sewage bypasses discharge large quan-
 &£


      tities of oxygen-demanding wastes and bacterial contamina-
 
-------
                                                              28
                           Arnold Reitze

  1    Cleveland can claim the dubious honor of having the lowest

  2    sewage charge of any major city in the United States.

  3    Industry, one of the major polluters of the Cuyahoga, has

  4    spent many millions of dollars, but in terms of the value

  5    added to goods manufactured in this area, the expenditures

  6    have been minimal,

  7              Our conclusion is that pollution abatement has

  3    been moving much too slowly.  If the recommendations of the

  9    Division of Engineering of the Ohio Department of Health

10    are accepted, we can all look forward to a vile polluted

1]L    Cuyahoga River for many, many years to come.   We, there-

      fore, make the following suggestions as to how to speed up
L&
      the protection of our valuable water resources:
lo
                1.  An effluent tax should be placed on all
14
      polluters.  The rate of the tax would be a function of
J.O
      both quantity and type of pollutant.  This tax has been
16
      used successfully in the Ruhr Valley of Germany for some—
17
      time.  If such a tax was levied by the State  as an excise
18 I
      tax for the use of public waters,  it would be constitu-
19
      tional.  If such an excise tax was levied by  the Federal
20
      Government, but limited to navigable waterways, it too
21
      would be constitutionally sound.
22
                2.  There should be no state, real  or personal
23
      property tax on water pollution abatement facilities, nor,
24
      should such facilities be used to  determine a corporation's
25

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                                                               29

                            Arnold Reitze


      value for excise or franchise taxation.


  2             3.  A corporation should have the  option to


  3   treat water pollution abatement facilities as a business


  4   expense under Section 162 of the Internal Revenue Code of


  5   1954.  This could be  done without denying the investment


  6   credit under Sections 3$ and 46.


  7             4.  Section 6111.05 of the Ohio Revised Code


  8   should be modified to require full public disclosure of


  9   all pollution sources.


 10             5.  Communities with water and sewage charges


 11   substantially below the national average should raise


 12   their rates immediately and apply the proceeds to


 13   pollution abatement facilities.


 14             6.  Communities with inadequate sewage treatment


      facilities should not be allowed to expand the size of
 15

      their populations.   No building permits should be author-
 16

      ized until such facilities are of acceptable standards.
 l?

                7.  The water quality standards of the Ohio
 18

      Water Pollution Control Board should be repudiated for
 J- J

      failure to meet the standards set forth in 33 United
 20

      States Code Section 466 (b).
 21

                $.  The revised conclusions and recommendations
 22

      of the conferees as stated August 12, 1965,  together with
 23

      the recommendations of the Lake Erie Program Office of the

 24

      Federal Water Pollution Control Administration should be

25

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                                                              30
                          Arnold Reitze

      implemented.

 2              If  these recommendations are  carried  out, we

 3    may  have  a chance of seeing pure water  in Lake  Erie and

 4    its  tributaries within  the lifetime  of  some  of  the people

 5 !   in this room.

 6              If  we continue to talk about  goals of water

 7    with 2 mg/liter of oxygen in  1975, we might  as  well all

 8    give up.   The basic problem,  I reiterate, is one  of

 9    philosophy.   If we accept as  a guiding  principle  the

10    concept that  no one has the right to pollute our  waters,
   ! j
11 jj   at any time,  for any reason,  we can  develop  programs
   I
12    necessary to  end pollution.   The remedies will  be costly
   i
13 I   and  we will all have to pay the charge, but  there is no

14    other way. Thank you.  (Applause)

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Professor Reitze.
J. D

                I would like  to point out  several  things:  One,
   j
      that in addition to the requirements set forth  by the
-L / j
   i   conferees, there was a  time schedule set forth  specifically

   j   for  improvements to be  made in each  State and this is all

      set  forth in  detail.  A lot of these plans are  to be com-

   j   pleted in 1970 and 1971.  Obviously, until the  plans are
21 !
      completed you are not going to see the  improvement.
£il&
                Now, I have several suggestions:   While all these
23
   j   statements are indeed appreciated, I would like to point out
24
   I   what the  function of this panel here is, and I  speak
25 '

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                                                            31


                          Arnold  Reitze



      representing  the  conferees.  We  have  set up an action


 o
      program to abate  pollution.  We  have  a time schedule and



      requirements  to do  it.  There may be  a lot of suggestions



 4    which  can improve water pollution control, such as changing



 5    the  law, the  tax  structure,  economic  consensus, and so



 6    forth.   I think most of the  people at this table have



 7    been in long  discussions in  other forums on that.



 8             But I would suggest that any really effective



 9    action in these areas would  require the placing of this



10    before  another forum.  The only  mandate that we have is to



11    follow out the conclusions of the conference and to see

   I

12    that we are moving  ahead.  Again, I make a plea to you,



      because this  is a new aspect of  water pollution control



14    that I  think  we are faced with throughout the Great Lakes.



15    I think both  in Lake Michigan and in  Lake Erie we are



16    probably right in the throes of  the biggest municipal and



., _ I   industrial waste  cleanup that I  have  ever experienced in



      this country, and I think that we have ever had.
JL o


,g             Now, while we are  in the midst of this cleanup,



or. |   what appears  to be  happening is  we are getting the same



      kind of criticism — and, by the  way,  I will fight to the
& X


      death  for your right to make this criticism — this we



      have gotten before  — but I would suggest that the way to



      be productive is  to find out if  we are meeting that
24 |
   jt
   ji   schedule.
25 l!

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                                                              32

                            Arnold  Reitze

  1
                Now, the analogy I  used before — and let me

  2
      try to use it again — if we  have a congested highway,

  3
      and a two-lane road, and we decide to build one of

  4
      these beltways or superhighways to alleviate the traffic,

  5
      you can start throwing the dirt, grading,  etc.

  £>
      But until you cut that ribbon  and the cars get on the super

  7
      highway, you are going to have the same traffic jam on

  Q
      the old road.

  Q
                Now, I donft think  anyone  reasonably  at this


      table  expected that we were  going to have spectacular


 11   results or even significant results  until  these plans got


 12   on line, and the time schedule has to be had in mind.


 13              For.example, Michigan — we had  construction


 14    of all industrial and remedial facilities  to be completed


 15    by January 1970.  In Indiana, they were to be completed


 16    by December of 1966.  In Ohio, construction of all remedial


 17    facilities by 1971,  with the  exception of  the Cleveland


 18    Westerly Plant completed by December of 1971.  In Pennsyl-


 19    vania, construction  of all remedial  facilities to be


20    completed by December 1970.   In New  York,  construction of


2i    all remedial facilities completed by January 1971,  with


22    the exception of Republic Steel at Buffalo,  New Tork,


23    which is to be completed by July 1971.


24              These conclusions were arrived at  after extensive


      analysis and discussion.   As  you can see,  none  of these

-------
                                                             33
                           Arnold Reitze

  1    dates really have arrived yet, and to expect a change in

  2    the water conditions which we all agree had to be improved

  3    before these plans and these improvements go into shape,

  4    I think is not looking at reality.

  5              What we had to do — and maybe the conferees

  6    were wrong in this -- was set up a reasonable time schedule.

      We all think that the time schedule was pretty tight —

      and if you don*t believe us, ask some of the cities and the

  9    industries concerned — but I don't think that we can really

10    answer the question of why the water isn't getting any

,,    better before the plants go into operation, because it is

      not going to get any better before the plants get into

      operation.     This is what this panel is here to try to
.Lo :
      do here today.
14
                Are there any other comments or questions?
15
      If not, as you know, we are graced with several large
16
      cities in and around Lake Erie contributing their effluent
17
      waters which either flow into the lake directly or in-
18
      directly, and I am sure we will hear from Cleveland in a
19
      little.     B'Ut we also have another large city on the
20
      lake,  Detroit,  and I wonder if I could call on Mr.  Oeraing
21
      for a  presentation from Detroit.
22
                MR. OEMING:   Yes, I would like to, at this time,
23
      call on Mr.  6*  Remus,  of the Detroit Water Board,  to
24
      present a statement.
25

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                                                              34
                           G. Remus

  1             MR. REMUS:  Conferees.  I think, as you know, that

  2   the Sheraton-Cleveland Hotel has got a notice down there

  3   that the meeting is in the Grand Ballroom.  That is where

  4   we were for a while until we woke up.

  5             My purpose here is to explain what progress we

  6   have made in the program that we, in cooperation with the

  7   area of Detroit, and with the Water Resources Commission

  8   of Michigan, worked out.  The basic program involved

  9   114 million dollars worth of work.  It involved improvement

 ,Q   in treatment, some expansion of the system, and it involved

      taking care of the area.

                We, of course, had to reduce the solids we put
 X &
      in the river.  We had to reduce the BOD loading, and those
 13
      nuisances of oil, phenols, and so forth, all were included.
 14
      A formal contract was signed, which had been approved by
 15
      the City of Detroit, which I think is unusual in that it
 16
      documents from the Rouge River north upstream, so that the
 17
      Detroit municipal water services operation would be
 18
      responsible for meeting the new standards and also putting
 19
      the interceptor in the area to do the crucial job.
 20
                It is unusual, I think, in that there is no
 21
      industry in that area that discharges directly into the
 22
      Detroit River.  All of it discharges into the public
 23
      system, and, as such, complicates in one way but helps
 24
      in another.
25

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                                                              35
                            G.  Remus

  1             On each phase of the operations that we have,

  2   I would just like to briefly comment where we are.  We

  3   have quite a lengthy report here that we have presented

  4   to the conferees, but I do not wish to pursue that*

  5             CHAIRMAN STEIN;  Mr. Remus, without objection,

  6   that report will appear in the record as if read in its

  7   entirety. (The above-mentioned report follows.)

  8             MR. REMUS:  Presented herein is a brief summary

      of progress to date by the Detroit Metropolitan Water

      Service  on its Detroit Regional Watershed Pollution Control

      Program launched in September 1966.

                The Detroit Metropolitan Water Services  Waste-
 12
      water Disposal System currently serves approximately
 13
      3,000,000 persons living in fifty-four communities,
 14
      including Detroit.   The system's service area is presently
 15
      about 360 square miles.  The Detroit Metropolitan Water
 16
      Services  Wastewater Disposal Plant processes an average
 17
      of 700 million gallons of sewage per day.
 18
                I.   Wastewater Plant
 19
                A.   Advanced Treatment
20
                1.   Test  Facility
21
                Expenditures to date - $55$,713.6?
22
                a.   Demonstration Project
23 I
   1             With the  assistance of a $300,000 Federal Grant
24
      offer,  a 200  gpm advanced treatment test facility has been
25

-------
                                                             36

                            G«  Remus


      constructed and placed in operation.  The activated sludge


  2   portion was placed in service in September 1967, and the


  3   trickling filter portion in May 1968.  Federal participa-


  4   tion in the project is scheduled to continue until December


  5   1969.  Project operating costs for the next eighteen months


  6   are estimated at $200,000.


  7             The primary objective of the test facility


  8   operation is to obtain proven design information for an


  9   economically feasible process for removal and/or reduction


 10   of suspended solids, BOD, phenol, oils, bacteria and 80


 11   per cent of the incoming dissolved orthophosphates in


 12   accordance with our May 19, 1966, Stipulation Agreement


 13   with the Michigan Water Resources Commission.


 14             Other objectives are to determine:  the compara-


      tive economies of the activated sludge and trickling
 J_D

      filter processes; the suitability of various sludge dis-


      posal methods for phosphate removal; and the development


      of practical uses for industrial wastes.
 18

                The variety of tests conducted to date on
 19

      activated sludge without chemical additives have not
20

      demonstrated any potential for consistent phosphate
<&JL

      removal, especially insofar as the dissolved orthophos-
22

      phate fraction is concerned.  Total phosphate removals
23

      were generally about 50 per cent, but the dissolved

24

      fraction showed bleedback tendencies.

25

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                                                              37

                           G. Remus

  1             Detroit is one  of the world1s centers of the

  2   metal working industry and for many years we have known

  3   that when a slug of ferrous iron appeared in the waste-

  4   water at the plant, the phosphate content dropped to a

  5   low level.  Laboratory studies were made using various

  6   iron salts, and it was learned that waste ferrous chloride

  7   from the steel industry,  some of which is being discharged

  8   into the river, is very effective in removing phosphate

  9   from Detroit wastewater.  Accordingly, the use of pickle

 10   liquor for phosphate removal was made part of the deraon-

 11   stration project.

 12             Pickling liquor (ferrous chloride) has been

 13   added to the wastewater in a pilot activated sludge process

 14   for approximately two months.  The indications are that

      better than SO per cent of the total phosphate is being
 15

      removed.  The final effluent concentration of orthophos-
 16

      phate is from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/1 of P.   This does not meet

      our stipulation of 30 per cent removal of orthophosphate;
 18
      however, the incoming orthophosphate is extremely low,
 j_ y
      averaging from 1.1 to 2.0 mg/1 of P.  This makes an 30
20
      per cent removal much more difficult to obtain,
21
                In the final analysis,  it  is the phosphorous
22
      content of the effluent that really  matters — not the
23
      per cent removal.   Therefore,  if the waste pickle liquor
24
      treatment process were to be incorporated into the
25

-------
                           G.  Remus

      plant design, a two-fold objective would be accomplished:


  2             1.  Lake Erie would be deprived of most of the


  3   phosphates from the municipal plant, and


  4             2.  Industry would not be compelled to develop


  5   and construct treatment devices for their waste pickle


  6   liquor.


  7             With or without pickling liquor, the activated


  8   sludge process has demonstrated the capability of consistent


  9   high removals or reduction of suspended solids, BOD, and


10   TOG.


11             The plastic media trickling filter is in the


12   "shakedown" stage.  No data of consequence has been obtained


13    during the first month of operation.


14             Phenol reduction continues to be studied and


15    analyzed.

16              Oewatering and incineration of the waste sludge


17    (primary activated) will be under study and analysis in


..0    the near future.
lo

19              b.  Deep Tank Aeration


                Due to ever-increasing population densities and


      housing needs in urban areas, it is known that every effort


      will have to be made to expand vertically as well as
22

      laterally in the future, and this concept applies to
23

      wastewater plants as well.
24
                Therefore one of the 25 feet deep sludge holding
25

-------
                                                               39

                            G. Remus


       tanks is being temporarily converted to  a demonstration


  2    aeration tank to  study  the feasibility of using  shallow


  3    submergence  aeration  systems  on tanks of depths  of 30  feet


  4    or more.


  5             The equipment for this test is installed and


  6    ready for operation.


  7             2.   Allied  Activities


  8             a.   Detergent and Soap Industry


  9             At  a recent meeting of the  Industry/Government


 10    Joint Task Force  on Eutrophication Research at the  Detroit


 11    Wastewater Treatment  Plant, where they reviewed  our


 12    pollution control program  and our pilot  research plant


 13    for phosphate  removal,  the detergent  and  soap manufac-


 14    turers stated  that they were searching diligently for a


       substitute for phosphate in detergents.
 -L t>

                3.   Future  Construction
 16

                Within approximately one year,  it is expected


      that  sufficient design  and cost information will have been
 18

       derived to enable proceeding with the design and construe-
 J- v7

      tion  of the first segments of the advanced treatment
 20

      facilities.  It is probable the method will involve a
 21

      chemical-biological process*
 22

                Provided that 55 per cent Federal and 25 per cent
 23
      state grant assistance  is forthcoming in  sufficient volume
 24
      at an early date, the first full-scale segment may have a

25

-------
                           G. Remus


      capacity of 100 to 200 cfs. and may cost approximately


  2   $70,million for biological-chemical treatment tanks, final


  3   settling tanks, pumping facilities, discharge and chlorina-


  4   tion conduits  and sludge disposal facilities.  Upon


  5   satisfactory operation of the initial units for approxi-


  6   mately two years, other segments would be added to bring the


  7   advanced treatment capacity up to plant load requirements.


  8             B.  Expansion


  9             Due to enlargement of the service area of the


 10   system, higher per capita water usage and interception


 H   of a greater percentage of storm runoff, it will be


 12   necessary to not only provide advanced treatment but to


 13   expand the basic capacity of the treatment works.


 u             1.  Site


                We are in the process of acquiring approximately
 15

      27 acres of adjoining residential area to add to our present
 16

      72 acre site.   Approximately #0 per cent of the properties
 17

      have already been acquired by negotiated purchase and
 18

      demolition is in progress.  Acquisition costs are esti-
 19

      mated at $2,5 million.
20 I

                2*  Construction
21

                Tunnels, conduits, primary tanks, vacuum filters
22
      and incinerators are being added to increase the basic
23
      capacity of the plant by approximately one-third.
24
                Approximately $2?miHion of work is under con-

25
      struction and another $0.5 million will be under

-------
                                                              u
                            G. Remus
       construction prior to June 30, 1968.
  2
                An application for  55 per cent and 25 per cent
  3
       state grant funds has been filed for approximately
  4
       $35 million, of expansion and  improvement work to start
  g
       prior to June 30, 1969.  Included in the work is the
  o
       installation of two fly ash collectors, which when installed
       will provide for 100 per cent air pollution control from
  8    all incinerators.
  9             C.  Product Reuse
 10             Due to the ready availability and economy of
 11    purified Great Lakes waters, there is currently no market
 12    for primary effluent nor is there expected to be any
 13     market for secondary effluent.
 14              However, in addition to the effluent, a waste-
 15     water plant produces two other waste products:   namely,
       hot exhaust gases and ash (or filter cake).
 17              The exhaust gases are cleaned with a wet scrubber,
 lg     and this hot scrubber water is now processed through an
 19     in-plant system for plant housekeeping, filter cleaning
20    and scum processing.
                Pilot plant studies have been made by a cement
      company (Peerless Division of American Cement Corporation)
      and others using Detroit's sewage filter cake (or incin-
      erator ash) with powerhouse fly ash to produce  a light

-------
                                                             42
                           G.  Remus
      quality.  The cement company is seriously considering
  o
      manufacturing this product because there is a tremendous
  3    market for light weight aggregate.  There is also the
  4    possibility that sewage sludges can be used in place of
  5    filter cake in a rotary kiln.
  6              D*  Design Progress
  7              Approximately $300,000 has been expended to date
  8    for engineering and technical services (exclusive of test
  9    facility) toward design of required treatment plant
10    facilities.
11  |            1.  Outfall diffuser - contract bids opened.
12              2.  Plant tunnels (raw and settled flow) -
13    contract documents complete.
, .              3.  Screenings Disposal - under construction.
15              4.  Primary tanks (two each) - design approxi-
    I  mately 30 per cent complete, including soil borings.
16
                5.  Scum disposal - alternate processes investi-
      gated.  Preliminary layouts prepared.
18
                6.  Sludge disposal - alternate processes inves-
-L y
      tigated.  Preliminary drawings prepared for vacuum filtra-
20
      tion, incineration and pneumatic ash disposal.
21
                7.  Intermediate lift station - alternate layouts
22
      prepared.
23
                £.  Biological process - site arrangement plans
24
      prepared.
25

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                                                               43

                            G.  Remus


  1              9*   Final settling tanks - scale model tests


  2    completed.   Preliminary  plans in process of being prepared.


  3              10.   Chlorine  contact chamber and effluent


  4    conduit  -  preliminary plans  prepared.


  5              11.   Rouge  outfall — scale model built.  Hydrauli


  6    testing  started.


  7              12.   Heating and ventilating  - cost  studies


  8    prepared.


  9             13.   Electrical and instrumentation  -  studies


 10    underway.


 1]L             14.   Site improvements  - preliminary planning


       underway.


                II.   Combined  Sewer Overflow  Control
 13

                With the assistance of  a $1 million  Federal grant
 14

       offer, DMWS is currently constructing a $2,113,000 sewer
 15

       system monitoring and remote  control network as a demon-
 16

       stration project for improving  combined sewer  overflow
 17

       quality.  Other work to improve the system is  also pro-
 is

       ceeding concurrently without  Federal financial assistance.
 19

                A.  Objectives

 20

                The storm overflows from the system  are tributary

 21
      to the Detroit and Rouge Rivers.  There are approximately

 22
      seventy points where overflow could occur.  Presently the

 23
      exact number of spills, their duration and volume and the

24
      quality thereof are not known.

25
                The primary objective of this project is to reduce

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                                                              44

                           G. Remus


      stream pollution from combined sewer overflows by reducing

  2
      the number and duration of spills and by controlling the

  3
      quality of that portion which of necessity must be spilled


  4    during heavy rainstorms.  This is to be accomplished by


  5    practicing storm anticipation and thereby in effect gaining


  6    additional temporary  stormwater "storage" or retention in


  7    the system.  The plan is to lower the liquid level (hydrauli


  8    gradient) to the maximum degree possible by coordinated


  9    pumpdowns at the wastewater plant and sanitary pumping


10    stations prior to a storm and to hold the level as low and


11    as long as possible so as to intercept the first flush of


12    the storm and as much of the entire storm as possible.  To


13    do this properly requires instantaneous knowledge of the


14    behavior of the system, the storm and the characteristics


15    of the sewage at all times.


16              The work consists of the furnishing and installa-


17    tion of liquid level sensing devices at numerous locations


.,      throughout the system,   proximity switches on all backwater


19    gates and diversion devices to denote open or closed


20    position, rainfall intensity and accumulation gauges at


      numerous locations throughout the metropolitan area,


      sewage sampling devices at critical locations, remote


      controlled sluice gates at several locations for flow
23

      manipulation and throttling, flow measurement devices,
•Crr

      remote control switch gear at the pumping stations and the
25

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                                                              45

                           G.  Remus

  1
      control center as well as all related electrical, mechanical

  2
      and structural work.  The work also includes operation of

  3
      the sewage disposal system to maximize pollution control

  4
      and maintenance of the equipment installed under this


      project.


  6              The second objective of the project is to collect


  7    data on the behavior of flow in the sewer and interceptor


  8    system which will aid in the design of more adequate sewers


  9    and interceptor systems in the future.


10              The work will include analysis of samples,


11    interpretation of data, mathematical computations,  estab-


12    lishment of emperical formulas for use in computer  pro-


13    gramming, and other work required to prepare the informa-


14    tion for use in future  designs.


15              B.  Construction


16              1.  System Monitoring and Remote Control


17              The monitoring equipment and data logger  for


,g    the initial phase of the project have been delivered and


19    are being installed.  It is anticipated that one year


20    will be required to complete the installation and place


      the system in initial operation.
& X

                A contract  for the furnishing and installation


      of power driven regulator gates and "sluicing gates" has


      been advertised.   It  is anticipated that this work  will
24

      also be completed within one year.
25

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                                                             46

                           G.  Remus


                A program of sewage sample collection (manual)


 2    and analysis has been in operation for some time.  The


 3    sample collection-analysis program is providing background


 4    information on the quality and characteristics of various


 5    combined sewer outfalls.


 6              Automatic sampling apparatus is in the process


 7    of being procured to enable initiation of a 24-hour samp-


 8    ling program.  Three vehicles have also been ordered to


 9    provide transportation for the sample collection crews.


10              2.  Additions and Improvements to the Sewerage


11    System


12              a.  Dolson Backwater Gates (work completed)


13              Project Cost - $78,190 (33 per cent Federal)


14              In our continuing program to protect the inter-


      ceptor system from flooding out from high river levels,
-L D

      backwater gates were added to a sewer outlet on the Rouge
16

      River south of Schoolcraft Road.
17

                b.  Leib and Helen Regulator Additions and
18

      Improvements (work completed)


                Project Cost - $213,322 (33 per cent Federal)
&\J

                To accommodate increased loads emanating from
21

      Oakland County through the Oequindre Road interceptor,
22

      the capacity of the Leib Regulator on the Detroit River
23

      was doubled*
24

                To make the Helen regulator more responsive to

25

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                                                             47

                           G. Remus


      available Detroit River interceptor capacity, the regulator

  2
      sensing and operating  system was modified and rearranged.

  3
                c.  Oakwood  Pumping Station


                Project Cost - $105,131.36 (33 per cent Federal)


                Twenty-five  per cent more sanitary pumping


  6   capacity is being added to the Oakwood Pumping Station.


  7   The pumps are scheduled to be in service in November 196$.


  8             Due to the station's proximity to nearby oil


  9   refineries along the Rouge River, a neoprene belt type oil


 10   skimmer has been added to the pumping station wet well.


 11   Startup testing is underway.


 12             d«  Belle Isle (work completed)


 13             Project Cost - $268,053 (33 per cent Federal)


 14             All sanitary wastes from Belle Isle are now


 15   pumped to the mainland for treatment.  The existing Belle


 IQ   Isle Treatmert  Plant has been modified and converted to


 17   a  stormwater retention and treatment facility.


 lg              e.  Sewer Program


 19              A program of constructing additions,  improvements,


2Q    replacements and modifications to the system of laterals,


21    trunk sewers and storm relief sewers is being performed


      at the rate of several million dollars per year.
«C«o

                C.   Operation

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                                                              4*
                           G. Remus

  1              All regulators and backwater gates are inspected

  2    and serviced regularly and after every storm by a four-man

  3    crew.

  4              Regulator float settings have been reviewed and

  5    field adjustments made where required to optimize utiliza-

  6    tion of all available interceptor capacity by present

  7    operation methods.

  8              b.  Preventive Maintenance Inspection

  9              The condition of the interior of the Detroit

10    River interceptor, the combined sewer overflow outfalls

,,    and some major combined sewers is being inspected pre-

      paratory to formulating a renovation program to complement
J. &

      other work to be performed toward control of combined sewer
J.*J
      overflows.
14
                c.  Related Activities
15
                Studies and reports of others such as those of
16
      the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Federal Water Pollu-
17
      tion Control Administration,  and the American Society of
18
      Civil Engineers are being reviewed for information relative
19
      to quality of combined sewer overflow, storm drainage and
20
      rainfall as it pertains to the local situation.
21
                2.  Future
22
                a.  Following completion of the installation of
23
      the System Monitoring and Remote Control Network,  much of
24
      the surveillance and operation of the system will  be
25

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                                                              49

                            G.  Remus


      conducted from a central location.


  2             As more knowledge of the system behavior is


  3   derived through subsequent operation, many of the operating


  4   functions will be adapted to direct computer control.


  5             Quality collection, analysis and control will be


  6   mechanized to the maximum possible degree.


  7             III.  Regional Interceptor System


  8             Currently, DMWS serves all or portions of 54


  9   communities in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb Counties.


 10             A.  Service Area Expansion


 11             The long range objective of BMWS is to provide


 12   wastewater disposal service for all of Wayne, Oakland,


 13   Macomb, Monroe, Washtenaw and St. Clair Counties in an


      orderly and systematic manner*


                Of immediate concern is the provision of
 JL O

      wastewater interceptor facilities for the Clinton River
 16                     r

      drainage basin.  This service is essential for the follow-
 17         6

      ing reasons:
 18

                (1)  The waste load on the Clinton River must
 19

      be reduced to protect our Belle Isle water supply intake.
 20

                (2)  The region (and Nation) will benefit from
 21

      single unified administration and operation of all pollu-
 22

      tion control efforts in the region.
 23

                (3)  The area will financially benefit from the

 24

      economy of large scale operations.

25

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                                                              50

                           G. Remus

 1              Accordingly, DMWS has signed service agreements

 2    for all of Macomb County and all except the westerly por-

 3    tions of Oakland County.

 4              Communities to which service is to be extended

 5    initially are:

 6          Macomb County                  Oakland County

 7          Chesterfield Township          Avon Township

 8          Clinton Township               Orion Township

 9          Fraser                         Pontiac Township

10          Harrison Township              Waterford Township

            Macomb Township                West Bloomfield Townshi

12          Sterling Township

13          Utica

                Currently, DMWS is negotiating for initial

      service to three other communities in Macomb County:  Mt.
-LO

      Clemens, Shelby Township,  and Warren.  It is also expected
16

      that several other communities from Oakland County will
17
      soon be incorporated into the initial phase of the program*
18
                DMWS has had preliminary discussions with Living-
19
      ston, Washtenaw and Monroe Counties relative to service by
20
      the proposed Huron River-Hannan Road Interceptor System.
21
      Preliminary studies indicate that this system would serve
22
      the remaining portions of Oakland County (except that
23
      area outside the drainage basin), portions of Livingston
24
      County, all of Washtenaw County, the remaining portions of
25

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                           G.  Remus

  1    Wayne  County not presently served by DMWS, and portions

  2    of Lenawee County.

  3              B.  Construction Program

  4              Approximately  $65 million is to be expended in

  5    the next two years for the initial construction of the

  6    Oakland-Macomb Interceptor System.  Soil boring and

  7    aerial photogrammetric data are currently being collected.

  8    The basic design of the  system has been completed.

  9              C.  Future Construction

10              The design of the North Interceptor, the major

11    outlet for the Oakland-Macomb Interceptor System and other

12    systems in Oakland and Macomb Counties, is in the develop-r

      mental stage.  Preliminary cost estimates for this facility
.L*->

      indicate an expenditure of approximately $60 million.

      This facility is expected to be in operation before 1975.
Xt)

               A  preliminary estimate indicates that at least
16
      $200 million would be required for construction of portions
17
      of the Huron River-Hannan Road Interceptor System, includ-
18
      ing the Huron River Regional Wastewater Plant, in the next
19

      20 to 25 years*
20
                IV.  Industrial Waste Control
21
                A.   Scope
22
                The policy of the Detroit Metropolitan Water
23
      Service  is to work cooperatively with industry toward
24
      the solution of our mutual problems*
25

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                                                             52

                           G.  Remus

  1               The  following numbers of companies which dis-

  2     charge to  our  sewer  system have been contacted:

  3                Oil Survey                -  297

  4                Acid Usage                -  142

  5                Heat Treating Industry    -   12

  6                Pharmaceutical Industry   -    2

  7                Fried Foods Industry      -    8

  8                Total Personal Visits     -  113

  9                Total Companies Contacted -  574

10              Of those contacted, the following have instituted

11    major treatment facilities:

12    General Motors Corporation       Chrysler Corporation

      Ternstedt Division               Mound Road Engine Plant
-L«j

      Chevrolet Gear and Axle Plant    Eldon Avenue Axle Plant
14

      Chevrolet Bumper Plant           Detroit Universal Plant
15
                Industrial waste control installations, now
16
      operating or being built by private industry in the
17
      Detroit area and whose effluent enters our system,
18
      represent a cost of over $$ million.   All of these opera-
19
      tions have been voluntary and were instituted by industry
20
      after the nature of our industrial waste control problem
21
      was made clear.
22
                In addition, the following companies have made
23
      extensive surveys and are studying methods for the best
24
      ways of treating their effluent:

25

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                                                             53
                           G. Remus

  1    General Motors Corporation       McLouth Steel Corporation

  2    Detroit Diesel Engine Division   Ford Motor Company

  3    Cadillac Motor Car Division      ILivonia Plant

  4              DMWS is actively working with Ford Motor Company

  5    to solve their phenol discharge problem.  DMWS has also

  6    arranged for the Scott Paper Company plant to discharge

  7    the paper mill waste into our system.

  8              In our oil survey, it was found that 27 companies

  9    reported 71.5 per cent of the unaccounted-for oil.

10    Accordingly, our waste oil problem is one of getting these

,,    large contributors to remove this waste oil from their

12    effluent.

                Personal visits have been made by our staff to
J.*J
      63 plants.  It is estimated that 50 additional companies

      have been visited for reasons apart from the above-mentioned
15
      industry surveys.
16
                Thus, a total of 574 companies have been con-
17
      tacted with respect to the control of industrial waste.
18
      From this list of contacts, there has evolved a hard core
19
      roster of chronic contributors of acid and oil.  We are
20
      actively working with the large oil contributors and we
21
      make a continuing survey of the acid contribution of the
22
      companies whose records are poor in this respect.
23
                B.  Proposed Follow-up
24
                Liquid wastes generated in the Detroit Metropoli-
25
      tan Area are influenced by the fact that Detroit is the

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                                                              54
                           G.  Remus

      automotive center of the world*  This concentration of the
      metalworking industry contributes oil, acid and heavy
 3    metals out of proportion to the population when compared
 4    with other American cities.  Major sources of these wastes
 5    have been determined, but their full evaluation remains
 6    to be accomplished.  Contacts with Detroit industries
 7    have revealed a paucity of effluent data.  Expressed
 8    interest of Detroit Metropolitan Water Services has already
 9    resulted in effluent surveys and others are being planned.
10    Several of the industries have requested assistance of
11    the Industrial Wastes Control Unit in the organization and
12    conduct of these surveys.  This follow-up work is consid-
13    ered a most important element in the successful prosecu-
14    tion of the Industrial Wastes Control Program of Detroit
15    Metropolitan Water Service .
                C.  Forthcoming Work
16
                1.  Continue conferences with industry and extend
      into suburban areas.
18
                2.  Maintain an organized follow-up on pollution
J- i?
      abatement programs with those industries known to create
20
      significant liquid wastes.

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                                                               55

                            G.  Remus



  1    monitoring  system in  cooperation with industry.


  o

                5*  Accumulate data to serve as basis for



  3    developing  industrial waste surcharge schedules.



  4              6.  Coordinate industrial waste findings with



  5    pilot plant investigational research at Detroit Wastewater



  6    Treatment Plant.



  7              7.  Revise  "Standards and Regulations Controlling



  8    the Discharge of Industrial or Commercial Type Wastes into



  9    the Detroit Sewer System."



10              V.  Community Action



11              A.  Keep Detroit Beautiful Committee



12              The mayor*s Keep Detroit Beautiful Committee has



13    launched a vigorous campaign this spring to enlist the



14    help of all citizens in keeping our streets and alleys



15    free of litter and dirt.  A recent study by our department



      reveals that the dirt and debris which washes off the
16


      roads into the combined sewer system has a costly impact



      upon those we serve.
18     *


                B.  United Automobile Workers
J> j


                The UAW has been of invaluable assistance in
20


      alerting the people of this area to the problems and costs
<^JL

      of pollution control and in striving for the necessary
22

      legislation and funding.

23

                C.  Marinas and Boats

24

                Recent State legislation on the control of waste

25

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 6



 7



 8



 9



10



11
17



18


19



20



21



22



23



24



25
                                                        56
                     G. Remus


and litter involving boats and marinas has prompted


preliminary design work on sanitary waste disposal


facilities for the city-owned marinas.  Such facilities


are to be in operation by 1970.  The Province of Ontario


has passed laws similar to Michigan's for the control of


pollution from pleasure boats.


          D.  City Departments and Agencies


          A unified and expanded street and alley cleanup


program was recently initiated by the major city depart-


ments.  This will materially reduce the solids flushed into


the combined sewer system during a storm.  (End prepared
12 |  report.)
   i;

, T- ;             I will only  spend a few minutes to point to the
X O I!
   I

     various things that we are doing, and in the order that

   I!

   I  they appear in the report.
J_ D !
   i
   j;             At the present time, we have 54 communities
16
besides Detroit on the system, about three million people.


An additional twelve are under contract for which con-


struction is going forth.


          We have about 360 square miles of service area


to be responsible for.  To attack this problem, we had


multiple things to do.:  one is to find out exactly what


our improved treatment had to be, what our expansion of the


system had to amount to, what we were going to do about


stormflow to do the best we could; and we had to put this


all into some sort of practical balance so that we could

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                                                              57
                           G. Remus
      plea to the city fathers to get approval so that we could
 2
      do the financing.
 •z
                The wastewater treatment was improved, but the

 4    fact remained that there were certain things we knew and
 5    there were others we did not know, principally regarding
 6    the phosphate removal aspects.  In cooperation with grants

 7    that we have received, we have built a wastewater plant
 8    that has been in operation now some six months.  Briefly,

 9    it did not improve the phosphate removal situation.
10    However, working that in conjunction with pickling acid
ll    from our steel mills, we have been able to get in excess
12    of 30 per cent total phosphate removal.  Our stipulation,

13    of course, is to orthophosphate removal and we may come

14    to the Water Resources Commission for some adjustment on

15    our contract on that in light of the information that is

..„    being developed.
J.D
                We have operated a plant for 21 days where we
      met the BO per cent removal factor by the fact that the
18
      conglommeration of sewage came in there with a pretty good
J- t7
      sludge of pickling acid and a combination of this — for
20
      laek of better English — mess took the phosphate removal

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                           G.  Remus

 1    treatment seems to do the job.  In our test station, which

 2    has now been in operation for two months, we have been

 3    getting the BO per cent on total phosphate removal.  We

 4    will operate yet another three or four months on that to

 5    make sure we have all aspects evaluated.

 6              We have explored the aspect of working with

 7    industry on this, and we think there are two very important

 8    factors that are promising as far as the entire area is

 9    concerned.  If this method of handling the phosphate re-

10    moval can be finalized so that we can bet millions of

!!    dollars on it, then, of course, our municipal plant will

12    be handling all of the waste for the area, and indirectly

13    by that method industry will be getting the help it needs

14    in their complicated problem, and they will not have to at

      least in the area we serve build their own treatment plants
-Lu

      to get rid of those types of wastes.
16

                We have some aeration problems} and we have some

      tanks under test on that.  We have a working arrangement
18
      with the detergent industry, and I believe they are now
-L i/
      becoming aware of the fact that the total cost of the
20
      detergents on the shelf is what it takes, and we hope that
21
      the prevention aspects there will develop.
22
                We have committed a lot of construction in the
23
      plant, such as:  we have cleared 27 acres where 198 homes
24
      were taken off, plus four industries, for the space we
25

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                                                             59
                           G.  Remus

  1   need for the plant improvement — that is substantially

  2   complete.

  3             We have committed some adjustments to the

  4   conduits for sewage handling in the present site for the

  5   purpose of being able to adjust increased plant capacity

  6   when it comes.

  7             We have committed and have installed additional

  3   filters and additional burning equipment, and we are bound

  9   right now in the business of committing money to do addi-

 10   tional work on the basis of 33 per cent participation,

      when in the near future we hope to have the 30 per cent

      or #5 per cent participation by combination of Federal
 JL&
      and State help.
 -L*j
                The reason we committed as much money as we did
 14
      to get this basic work done is that it is those incidental
 15
      things that take so much time, so that when you go into
 16
      major construction that you have to do anyway, and we
 17
      didn't want to postpone our operations any further.
 18
                A couple of interesting sidelights:   One I
 19
      mentioned was that pickling has benefit which was better
 20
      than we anticipated.   Another one, we have extended review
 21
      with Peerless Cement and they have concluded that the
 22
      filter cake can be burned in conjunction with fly ash from
 23
      precipitators of the power companies at a temperature in
24
      the range of 22 to 24 hundred degrees, and you make a very
25

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                                                             60

                          G. Remus



 1   effective light weight aggregate.  We hope that Curtis



 2   Cement will  put the plant in, and if they don't we probably



 3   will.



 4             The  design of the  system is such that we will



 5 j  have major construction underway as soon as the Federal



 6   and State money becomes available.



 7             On the  combined sewer overflow problem, I just



 8   briefly want to mention that we have received $1 million



 9   from the Federal  Government  which we matched with the idea



10   of sort of escalating a storm sewer across the city of



     Detroit.  Our  system is made up with a multiple of 12, 16



12   and 17 foot  storraflow conduits.  We are operating those



13   at an  elevation  that is about 35 feet below the river level



14   for the purpose of keeping those empty so the smaller



]5   storms that  go across do not cause our regulators to



     function and dump directly into the river.
1 6


               We have been able  to take those spills down a
J-7


   \  considerable number of times.  I think it was 26 times in
J. o


lq j  the last year  that we had spills in the river which was

   i

   j  roughly half of what we had  the year prior.  You hate to

   i

     use that kind  of  data, however, because the weather man



     might make a liar out of me  in the morning.



               The  principal thing we are concentrating on, on



     the stormflow, is that we would put in and we are now
24

   i  having installed  a good portion of the controls on our

25 I

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                                                                61

                           G. Remus


  1     stormflow pumping  station, and  operate  our  regulators  in

  Q
       such a way that the first flush  of the storm will go


  3     directly to the plant and then it will be bypassed into

  4     the river,  and that way we will  catch the dirty sludge


  5     that lays  in these  large interceptors.

  6               The second aspect is:  we have, in cooperation


  7     with the Keep Detroit Beautiful  Committee, a rather exten-

  8     sive program whereby we hope to  cut down the amount of  dirt

  9     from alleys and streets that gets into our catch basins


10     and into our sewers.  The tonnage on that is very large.

11    We have had a great deal of evaluation of that, and we


12    believe we  can cut that in half.  The home owners, I think,

13     should know they can take their  rubbish from in front of

14    their house and get it disposed  of via truck in rubbish


15     containers  at about $20 a ton — $20 to $27  is the range

,„    we found.  Also it found it is$120 a ton via the sewage
16

      system, and, as such, we are not only keeping Detroit

      clean if we follow this route, but we are saving a lot  of
18

lg    money.

                Those types of figures do make impressions on
jCVJ

      committees that have been working on it.  All of the
21

      departments of the city have been working on it, and we
22

      think that will help considerably.
23
                There are details in the report on what type  of
24
      controls we are installing on our storm system, what type
25

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                                                              62

                           G.  Remus


      of gates  we  are  installing  or  have  installed  and I will


      not read  those.


 3 j            We have  another aspect  of our program that  I


 4    would  like to point  out  that is underway,  and I am not


 5    talking from what  we are going to do.  The points I am men-


 6    tioning here are the ones that are  being done.  We are


 7    expanding the system.  There still  are effluents which


 8    empty  into the Detroit River by some route, and if you are
   I

 9    going  to  take the  central city and  improve our treatment


10    and do not do anything about the  outlying  district, you


      are either going to  stop development or you will not  be


12    making any sum total improvement.


13 |            The twelve communities  that we are  now doing


, .    construction work  for, where we build the  sewage plant
14 [

      outside the  city of  Detroit, to go  into those areas
15

      to collect the wastes, the  sum total of that  construction
16

      is about  $60 million.  There are  about $8  million


      under  construction now,  where  the contracts have been
18

      awarded.
19

               One of the brightest spots we have  found is the
fC \J

   i   industrial prevention, pollution  prevention.  I mentioned
21 J

      the aspect of pollution  prevention  as far  as  getting  it
22

      off of the streets in our system, and hopefully we will
23 |

      gradually reduce that.   But in our  dealing with industry,

24 |

   |   we have to date  worked with 574 different  companies that

-------
                                                              63
                            G.  Remus

  1    we  suspect  or now know have been adding to the complica-

  2    tions of our sewage system.  Of those, 297 were on oil

  3    survey; 142 were acid usage; 12 were heat treating industry;

  4    two were the pharmaceutical industry; eight, the fried

  5    foods industry; and 113 miscellaneous.  I think it is of

  6    interest that we are  getting a very good cooperation from

  7    industry.

  8              The pressure that Murray Stein and his team have

  9    put on apparently is  getting some results along that line.

10    I never thought I would give him that acknowledgment

      because we  started a  long, long ways apart, and we are

12    getting closer every  day.

                The principal companies that have really

      responded were such as General Motors; Chryslers-Ford; the

      people at — well, Scott Paper — there is a large waste
15
      problem which they could not correct in their own property
16
      so we are taking their waste now, and they are paying us
17
      extra which helps in our operation.  The bill is a mere
18
      $300 a day.
19
                The point that I want to make is that on this
20
      industrial pollution prevention is that indirectly it
21
      helps industry a great deal; because if we can get Federal
22
      financing,  State financing, together with our local fin-
23
      ancing,  and take the industrial wastes from those plants
24
      thereby cutting down if not eliminating the construction
25

-------
                                                             64

                          G.  Remus

 1
      they have  to make  for their wastes, they are by that

 2
      method  getting  tax relief  for their problem.  This took

 3
      us  a couple of  years to  work out, and we believe it is the

 4
      best answer that is on the market today for that partic-


      ularly  ticklish problem  and we would oppose any change


      because we have this one working now.

 rt
                The problems we  have, then, in brief are based


 8    on  the  fact that we think  we are close to the final answer


 9    that we will need  on our treatment process.  It will be


10 |   a combination of  bacteria reduction and chemical precip-


11 |   itation if you  want to use that kind of language.  We
   i
12 I   know we have the expansion of the system developing.  We
   I i
13 |S   have a  better control of our stormflow situation, but I


14    would not  want  to  mislead  anyone in thinking that


15    that problem is solved.


16 i             We do not, of  course — I want to repeat --
   i
   i
17 j   subscribe  to this  business of separating sewers for two


IQ    major reasons:  one is we  are not sure that is the final

   j
19 |   answer  on the basis of dirt that runs off of the streets
   I
20 j   as  far  as  pollution is concerned, but more so in a city
   I

21    like Detroit it is impractical.  There is $1.7 billion
   I;
22 \   to  do the  public part of it to say nothing of what the


23 |   home owner would have to do, and we would have the


24 ||   streets dug up  until the year 2020 to get that kind of


25 I   separation, so  the best  answer has to be found.

-------
                                                             65
                           G. Remus

  1              We are taking steps on it.  We hare now reduced

  2    the amount of dirt that comes in the river now in storms

  3    already, and we hope in a systematic way to resolve this

  4    to a better solution.

  5              Now, on the report that I gave the conferees

  6    there is a summarization of our  10-point program.  It

  7    involved the three I mentioned:  stormflow, the improved

  8    treatment  and expansion of system.

  9              There are some additional ones that are, however,

]_0    necessary.  One is, I think,you have to recognize, whether

11    you like it or not, that the water supply and the protection

12    of that supply is one economic problem.  We handle it in

13    two different accounts, but we know if we misapply our

14    efforts on one  it will affect the other one.

                Another point I mentioned here is this pollution
15
      prevention which I think should be attacked on three major
16
      fronts, which I would like to report.  One is industry;
17
      the second is with the home owner;  and the third is with
18
      the detergent industry, who, after all are the ones that

      are phosphating — the principal people that are phosphating
20
      our lake,
21
                There are other things, such as boat marinas.
22
      There are 500,000 people on the river in the summertime.
23
      Most of them are in marinas which have inadequate circula-
24
      tion of water,  which usually have little rubbish control,
25

-------
                                                              66

                           G. Remus


  1    equipment  and  very  little  sanitary  facilities.

  o
                 The  State of Michigan has adopted a law, as has


  3    Ontario, Canada.  In Michigan, in 1970, the larger pleasure


  4    boats have to  have  appropriate facilities on them.  We


  5    have, however,  some very serious binds,  I would like to


  6    point out  that we have had very good cooperation from,


  7    as I mentioned, the Keep Detroit Beautiful Committee and the


  8    United Auto Workers.   The  first reaction on boats has died


  9    out, and the marinas are working very cooperatively on


 10    what has to be  done.


 11              The  city  government of Detroit has approved a


 12    $11^,000,000 commitment.   If you look at that folder, that


 13    adds up to $922,000,000 by the year 2000, the normal


 14    projection of that  system.


 15              We have our  financing done to this extent;  that


 ,„     the money  that we need is  in this form:  of $114,000,000
 16

       we have about $19,000,000  in cash on short-term investment,


       which we  are using for these starts here.  We have approval
 18

       for the bond money;  when the city fathers approved this
 JL t7

       program  they approved the money.  Nobody in their right
 *oU

       mind, however, would go and commit $114,000,000 worth of
 *w.L

       work with  the probability  of $0 per  cent or 85 per cent
22

       being available from the outside, and that is what we are
23

       awaiting,  the point  being  that the Federal Government is
24

       now changing its financing scheme.
25

-------
                                                              67
                           G.  Remus

 l              The  State  of Michigan hopefully will pass that

 2    $335,000,000 bond  issue  which will make  the  State1s par-

 5    ticipation whole.  If we are to really make  this program

 4    move  on  the schedule that we have  laid forth here and

 5    which we have  all  the basic  work done  on, then this final-

 6    ization  of the funds has to  be made promptly.   I can't

 7    emphasize that rapidly enough because  in most  municipali-

 8    ties,  as in ours,  you cannot get city  funds  appropriated
   I
 9    except under a set of very precise conditions.   By the  time

10    that  has been  set, the Federal agency  changes  its rules, and
   l
1]L I   again you are  out  of step, so this boogie-woogie financing
   i
   li   has to stop if we  are going  to make progress.  Thank you.
1
-------
                                                             6$

                           G. Reraus


                Are there any comments or questions?


 2              MR. POSTOM:  I would like to comment that I think
 3
      Mr.  Remus gave a very excellent report of the activities,

 4    and  they certainly have had a lot of them  in connection


 5    with the abatement of pollution in the Detroit area*


 6              My question is:  Are you essentially on the time


 7    schedule at the present?


 8              MR. REMUS:  On parts of it we are ahead.  The


 9    aspect of getting the major additional treatment completed


10    depends entirely on how fast this money can be made avail*


11    able, and even then it is a very tight schedule.  I would


12    think that we are somewhat behind on the improved—treatment


13    aspects in its entirety.  Certain sections of the plant


14    changes are being made and those are on schedule, but


15    to finalise that last step I think is going to be a very


16    tight schedule.


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any other comments or questions?


                MR. METZLER:  Detroit is very fortunate to have
18

      one of the most experienced utility managers in the country


      in your position.


                MR. REMUS:  Thank you.  I wonder what that is
21

      going to cost me.
22

                MR. METZLER:  Well, my question really is —
23

      perhaps this is because I have come into the picture a
24
      little later. Jerry — but what kind of removals now are
25 I

-------
                                                              69
                           G. Remus


  1    we talking about here  in the event the financing  doesn't

  o
      become available?  Are you hopeful that you can get $0

  3
      per cent phosphate removal perhaps  or in this range?


  4              MR.HSMUS:  Very close to that, On the basis of


  5    the test operations of the test station, which is a good


  6    size test station, we  have done it now for about two months?


  7    and by a combination of circumstances, it isn't a full


  8    plant for twenty-one days, but we had to find out by the


  9    reverse process what really happened.  We didn't know, but


10    we concluded that it was a rather systematic deposit of


11    pickling acids rather than in large solution entering


12    the system.


13              MR. METZLER:  Can you give me a general idea of


14    what the added costs are for phosphate removal as you are


15    putting them in here in terms of percentage of your over-


16    all cost?


                MR. REMUS:  Well, I cannot apply that to phos-


      phate alone, but we are expecting that our operating costs
18

      will double at least.
JL t7

                MR. METZLER:  The reason I asked the question,
£\)

      it leads to my next one:   i)o you feel any qualms about

-------
                                                            70
                         G.  Remus
              MR. REMUS:   Well,  hopefully we are  handling this
    in such a way that that  will not break our back either way,
  ii
3   the reason being that most of what we have committed our-
    selves to now we would do in any event*  Part of this
    phosphate removal thing  -- to answer that precisely — I
    wouldn't want to answer  that right now, because I don't
    know the answer.  But before the final big slug of money
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
, p
JL o
19
20
21

&£i
    is committed,  we will have to have a better evaluation,
    because I think you people are practical enough to know
    that unless we are sure of what we are going to get as
    the result, you cannot commit that type of money.
              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I would like to make one more
    comment:  Since this program had started, Michigan, the
    Federal Government and the Detroit area zeroed in  on what
    the objectives of the program are.  Mr. Remus has  moved on
    the abatement time schedule in really an expeditious manner,
    and I would commend some of the experience in Detroit to
    some of the other major cities, or even the smaller ones
    that are considering facing the same problems.
              I do think that the approach that Mr. Remus has
    used and the evaluations that he has used have been out-
    standing and present a real expeditious and sensible
    approach to the problem.  I certainly am encouraged
    because I think we are finding a major city moving
    toward a solution of a pollution problem in an

-------
                                                             71
                           G.  Remus

      exemplary fashion that is certainly satisfactory,  I  am
 2
      pretty sure,  to the State people  and certainly to  the
 3
      Federal people.   I think we have  to meet  some  of these

      difficult problems one at a time.

 5              MR. POOLE:   Mr. Chairman.

 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, Mr. Poole.

 7              MR. POOLE:   Mr. Remus,  I  just want to be sure

 8    that  I understood you correctly on  one issue,  and  that is:

 9    you are saying that Detroit's rate  of progress from  here  on

10    is going to depend basically on the availability of  Federal
   i
11 I   and State grant  funds, am I correct?
   i
12 |             MR. REMUS:   That is correct.
   i
13              The bind in our program now is  the money.  I
   I
14 |   would like to make one other explanatory  statement here.

15    The responsibility of the department I represent is  from

16 |   the Rouge River up, and  we have a lot of  work  to do  in

17 i   southwest Wayne  County where we have a multiple of small

18 i   sewer systems,  where  industry discharges  directly  into the
   i
19 I   river,  and we are not responsible for that.  But we  are

20    trying to work out a  program with Regional Planning  and
   j
21 !   with  Wayne County and with Washtenaw and  Monroe Counties,

      to see if we  can't handle that on an area-wide basis;  but

      the progress  isn't very  good on that right now.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Any other comments  or questions?

      If not,  thank you very much for your contribution.

-------
                                                              72
                          Hon.  Carl Stokes

  1             At this point,  may we hear from Cleveland  and

  2    I'd like  to call on Mr. George Eagle?

  3             MR.  EAGLE:  Mr.  Chairman,  I would like to  invite

  4    Mayor  Stokes to make a statement on  behalf of the  city  of

  5    Cleveland.  Mayor Carl Stokes.

  6             MR.  STOKES:  Well,  good morning, Mr. Stein and

  7    conferees, and members of  the Lake Erie Enforcement  Com-

  8    mittee.   It is my pleasure, as Mayor of the city here,  to

  9    welcome you to Cleveland and  to commend you on what  I hope

 10    is  going  to be a progress  report from all  of those assembled

      We  want to feel that the word "progress" means that  there

       is  some kind of positive or forward  motion going on, and
 12
       it  certainly is the desire of this administration to place
 J.«J
       and to keep pollution abatement on a positive basis.  So
 14
       I now welcome  the opportunity afforded me to present what
 15
      we  feel is Cleveland^ own progress  report to you this
 16
      morning,  and I think it would be only appropriate for me
 17
       to  acknowledge, as I talk  about this, that one of those
 18
      who has done much during a period of five years to con-
 19
      tribute to what, in some sense, is a progress report, is
20
      here this morning participating — Ralph Locher, our former
21
      Mayor.
22
                Well, ladies and gentlemen, since the total con-
23
      tribution of the State of  Ohio to the flow in Lake Erie is

24
       only five per  cent of the  lake's total volume, it seems

25

-------
                                                             73

                        Hon.  Carl Stokes



      that the flow from Cleveland must be considered  small


  2   compared with that of the entire lake.  However, we here


  5   in this great city of ours are concerned with keeping this


  4   small portion of the flow into the lake as clean and free


  5   from pollutants as possible; and we do believe that our


  6   planned water pollution control program will accomplish


  7   this.


  8             As far back as 1937, when only primary treatment


  9   was demanded by the then existing criteria for plants with


10   effluents discharging into Lake Erie, the City of Cleveland


11   designed, built, and placed in operation the Easterly


12   Wastewater Treatment Plant.  This plant provided secondary


13   treatment for over 90 per cent removal of pollutants.


14             Now, some thirty years later, present design


15    criteria call for secondary treatment for all plants whose


.._    effluents discharge into Lake Erie.  Additional improve-
J.6


      ments on this plant will be under contract this month for


      approximately $4,500,000.
18

                The Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant is


      currently undergoing a $20,000,000 expansion program of
£\J

      which approximately $13,000,000 in improvements have
«^ -L

      already been completed.  Now,  these will substantially
22

      reduce the solids loading of the Cuyahoga River.
23

                Westerly, the last of the three Clevelandwastewater

24

      treatment plants, will be under contract for construction

25

-------
                                                             74

                         Hon.  Carl Stokes



      by the middle of this summer signifying the start of a



 2    $25,000,000 new treatment plant.



 3              The city of Cleveland has recognized the Cuyahoga



 4    River as the major source of pollution to Lake Erie In the



 5    Cleveland metropolitan area.  It has now become somewhat of



 6    a fairly regular thing for us, as we talk about this prob-



 7    lem, to say that we have the only river that tends to con-



 8    stitute a fire hazard*  (Laughter)



 9              But we are taking measures to abate this pollu-



10    tion that can honestly be attributed to our inadequate



11    municipal facilities by the improvements previously enum-



12    erated.  In addition, all of the sanitary sewage from the



13    low lying areas along the Cuyahoga River is now being



14    collected and pumped to treatment plants for full treat-



15    ment,



-,„              In 1966, Cleveland created the Bureau of Induatria



17    Wastes to deal specifically with the pollution of wastes



10    other than those of a sanitary nature and has cooperated
J.8


19    with the Cuyahoga River Basin Quality Committee, the State



      of Ohio Health Department, the Three Rivers Watershed
&\J


      Committee, and the Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
21             *


      istration in collecting and analyzing samples throughout
22

      the metropolitan district,
23

                In cooperation with its consulting engineers,

24

      the city of Cleveland has just completed a comprehensive

25

      study of the water pollution problem not only within the

-------
                                                              75


                          Hon.  Carl  Stokes



       city but in  our metropolitan  area.  This report is due



  2    shortly and  will be available to interested parties.  It



  3    will include data and information gathered over a two-year



  4    period.



  5             I  might now indicate to you that before completing



  6    my  statement, I am  going to tell you something that we



  7    think is —  well, we certainly know that in this area —



  8    is  unprecedented.  We are going to have available to you



  9    here Mr. George Simpson of the Havens and Emerson Consul-



 10    tants, who,  to the  extent that you so desire, is going to



 11    try to detail to you what Cleveland is going to try to be



 12    doing in an unprecedented manner to tackle this problem



 13    of  pollution control, at least to the extent that it is



 14    within our power to do, and within the realm of our



 15    responsibilities.



 16             But, before that, let me say that the city of



 17     Cleveland is now installing two automatic water data



 , 0    monitors on the Cuyahoga River which will not only provide
 JLo


 ,g     information on the river but will transmit, record  and



      even signal to a remote location when and where parameters



      exceed predetermined levels.



                Cleveland will consider additional installations
22


      of this type at critical locations on the Cuyahoga, in



      the harbor  and in Lake Erie as its Master Plan calls for*

24

                In my concluding remarks this morning and in the

25

-------
                                                              76

                         Hon. Carl Stokes

      spirit of Cleveland:  Now, we are going to ask for a mandate

 2    and a commitment from this community to clean up pollution

 3    in the Greater Cleveland area.  This administration intends

 4    to present to Council a bond issue of up to $100,000,000

 5    for the control and abatement of water pollution In the

 6    Greater Cleveland area.  The issue will be presented to

 7    the voters in November if favorably passed by the Council

 8    within the next thirty days, and we have no reason to think

 9    that Council would not permit us to present this kind of

10    issue for this kind of problem to the voters for their

11    approval.

12              The comprehensive study of water pollution prob-

13    lems in the metropolitan area which will be released

14    shortly indicates that $200,000,000 will have to be spent

15    to clean up pollution in this area.   This sum of money is

10    programmed to be spent in the next four and one half years.
16

      Cleveland is taking the first and the major step to

      implement this program by asking the voters to pass this
18
      bond issue  and these issues.  The bonds themselves will,
j- y
      of course, be supported by the sewage revenues, and I
£\J
      might indicate here that the city of Cleveland does not
21
      only have the lowest sewage rates in the State of Ohio,
22
      but has among the lowest of all big cities in the entire
23
      United States.
24
                Obviously all of us know,  as the gentleman
25

-------
                                                              77

                         Hon.  Carl Stokes


      preceding us just  indicated, that the big hangup in water


  2   pollution to this  date has  been money.  Well, it is our


  3   feeling that with  this bond issue and with matching funds


  4   by the Federal, we hope, the State, and the county govern-


  5   ment  we will have sufficient funds to complete our water


  6   pollution program by late 1973 at the very latest.


  7             Thank you, Mr. Stein.  (Applause)


  8             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank you, Mayor Stokes, for


  9   a very excellent statement  and you have brought us


10   encouraging news indeed.


11             I wonder if any of the conferees may have a


12   comment or question?


13             MR. STOKES:  Mr. Simpson will be here.  Where is


      he?  Will you stick around here in case any of the conferees


      wish to question something particular on what we plan to
J.O

      do?  But we are going to do itI
16

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I know you will.   Thank you very
17

      much, sir.
18

               MR. EAGLE:  If it is in order, I would like for
19                                           '

      Mr. Simpson, if he could, to briefly give the highlights
20

      of the comprehensive report.
21

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  There would be no objection.
22

      I might point out that I think all of us in the business

23

      know that the key point is the financial point, and once

24

      you have gone ahead with you? bond issue and that is arranged

25

-------
                                                            78

                        Hon. Carl Stokes
   i

     we know — we have worked for years with the people in

 2
   1  Cleveland and in Ohio -- and there is no doubt in our mind

 3
 4
     as to your technical competence in doing the job, because
     the pollution control experts in this area are as sophis-

   il
   |j  ticated as any we have in the country.  They know the
   11
   i
 6 !  problem as well as we do.  So I think we are on our way.
   11

 7 I            MR. STOKES:  I think we are on our way and we
   II

 8 !  would like to invite everyone to help us campaign for

   i

 9 !  this bond issue.


10 !            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We will be ready to do that.
   j i

11             MR. POOLE:  Mr. Mayor, I am asking the same


12   question I did of Detroit:  Am I to assume that your
   , i

13   entire program is hinged on, say, your $100 million in


14 !'  your bond issue plus Federal grants or do you expect to


15 ji  go ahead if there are no Federal grants with $100


],3   million?


J7             MR. STOKES:  We are going to have to go ahead —


18   obviously much of this is going to depend to a great deal


l-.   upon the Federal Government aiding and assisting us, and


     I want to repeat that the State is going to have to par-


     ticipate in this.  It is not going to stop us — at least


     whatever we can do on the local level by way of our


     financing we are going to be doing.


               MR. OEMING:  Mr. Stokes, I will make a deal


     with you:  If we help you with your bond issue, will you

-------
                                                              79

                          Hon. Richard D. McCarthy


       come up and help Michigan with its bond issue?



                 MR. STOKES:  Well, if mine passes, I will come.


  3    If it doesn't, I won't.  (Laughter and applause)


  4              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Eagle.


  5              MR. EAGLE:  This is Mr. George Simpson of Havens


  6    and Emerson, consulting engineers, of Cleveland.


  7              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Eagle, I wonder if we could


  8    interrupt, and I am sorry.  Congressman McCarthy has just


  9    arrived, and he has a commitment.


 10              MR. EAGLE:  We will yield to the  Congressman.


 11              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you.



 12              Congressman McCarthy has been an old friend of


 13    water pollution control and a watch dog of pollution


 14    control.


 15              MR. POSTON:   Murray, wouldn't it be better to


 ,      say that he is a young friend of longstanding?


                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let's see how friendly he is


       going to be today.
 18

                 Congressman  McCarthy is on the Committee we go


       before in the Congress and is one of the most active
 t£(j

       congressional participants in pollution control affairs
 &L.

       and one of the most knowledgeable men in the  legislative
 22

       branch of G-overnment in our field.  Congressman McCarthy
 23

       is  from Buffalo.

24

                 MR.  MCCARTHY:   Well,  thank you,  Mr. Chairman.

25

-------
                                                             SO

                       Hon. Richard A. McCarthy


  1              I want to preface my remarks today by expressing


  2    deep  personal concern for the improvement of very aggravat-


  3    ing water quality conditions in Lake Erie as a priority


  4    matter.  Likewise, I hope it will be clearly understood


  5    that  I have an equally strong interest in helping to achieve


  6    an equitable and wise exploitation of all natural resources


  7    in the entire Lake Erie region.


  8              In our national efforts of water pollution


  9    abatement, the basic objective of Federal policy has been


10    to upgrade the efficiency of existing waste treatment


11    methods while simultaneously looking ahead to the preven-


12    tion  of any further degrading influences on water quality.


13    This  goal takes its form in three general ideas:


14              1.  The idea of fully designing our treatment


15    plants by incorporating the latest waste treatment tech-


._    nologies;
J.D

                2.  The idea of a total view of pollution


      influences:  municipal wastes, industrial by-products,
18

      agricultural chemicals and runoff, oil spillage, and so
JL y

      on;
20      *

                3.  And, finally, the idea of using a combination
21

      of integrated resources planning, water quality criteria,
22

      research demonstration, government regulations, and
23

      financial incentives as the means of controlling our

24

      continuing pollution of the environment.

25

-------
                                                              81

                       Hon.  Richard  D. McCarthy

 i !!
 1 ;             Nowhere is the  need  more urgent  than  here  in  the
   i [

 2 j   Lake  Erie  Basin  for rigorously applying these fundamental


 3 i   ideas of pollution control.

   I

 4              This is particularly true  in view of  the poten-


 5    tial  polluting side-effects  of the proposed oil and  gas


 6    drilling in offshore areas on  the United States side of


 7    the international boundary.  In this connection, I think
   i
   i
 8 |   there are  some striking parallels that can be drawn  between
   I
   i
 9    the resource-oriented  work of  the Federal  Power Commission


10    and the  Federal  Water  Pollution Control Administration.
   i
   i
H \             You may recall  that  the National Power Survey of

   i

12    1964, carried out by the  Federal Power Commission, summar-


13    ized  the existing and  expected trends of electric power
   i

14    generation in the entire  Northeast Sector,  and  also  outlined


      the considerations underlying  the competition among  fuel
J_ O ,'


      sources.  According to the survey report,  the Northeast
16 ;

      Sector is  quite  fortunate in having  close  access to  a


      broad range of good quality  coal.  The largest  deposits


   !   lie in the Appalachian region  of western Pennsylvania,
X. tj

   ;>   southeastern Ohio, West Virginia and eastern Kentucky.
20

      The distance from coal mines to major load centers in this
& j~ | j

   ii   region —  with the exception of the  New England States  —
22 j,

   i|   rarely exceeds 200 to  250 miles, and many  of the important
23 ||

   |   centers  are within 100 miles.
24 i!

                In 1962, gas contributed only 4*1 percent  of
   '

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                                                              82
                       Hon. Richard D. McCarthy

  1     the total fossil-fueled power generation in this region

  2     while fuel oil accounted for £.1 per cent.  Fuel oil

  3     supplies, according to the report, are almost wholly from

  4     foreign sources and are used primarily in seaboard areas.

  5               On the matter of interfuel competition, the report

  6     has this to say:

  7               "The choice between competing fuels depends not

  3     only on delivered prices but on many other facts as well

  9     ....  In determining the type of fuel to be used for

10     electric generation, there are a number of factors to be

11     reviewed and evaluated.  Each of these has a bearing on

,      cost and influences the degree to which an electric utility

       is able to meet its obligation to provide reliable service
-L*j
       at a reasonable price.   In locations where land costs are
14
       high and areas heavily  congested,  these costs become a
it)
       major consideration in  selecting a proper fuel.  In some
16
       areas,  operating conditions, such as air control regulations
17
       on the  west coast,  may  justify a premium fuel.  Therefore,
18
       while a general picture can be drawn concerning the
19
       availability and price  of fuels, the final determination
20
       in selecting a fuel or  fuels ...  must be based on the
21
       specific facts ...,"
22
                 As an illustrating case  in point consider the
23
       recent  case of Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v.
24
       Federal Power Commission (354 F.  2d 608-2d Cir. 1966).
25

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                                                              83
                        Hon.  Ricfoard A.  McCarthy

  1    The Commission had licensed Consolidated Edison of New

  2    York to construct a pumped storage generating project

       in New York.  On appeal from a citizen group concerned

  4    with the aesthetic impact of that decision, the Commission

  5    was reversed  and ordered to consider certain alternatives

  6    posed by the citizens.  The Court said:

  7              "If the Commission is properly to discharge its

  8    duty in this regard, the record on which it bases its

  g    determination must be complete.  The petitioners and the

 IQ    public at large have a right to demand this completeness.

 11    It is our view, and we find,  that the Commission has

 12    failed to compile a record which is sufficient to support

 13     its decision.  The Commission has ignored certain relevant

 ,4    factors and failed to make a thorough study of possible

       alternatives to the Storm King project.   While the Courts
 15
       have no authority to concern  themselves with the policies
 16
       of the Commission,  it  is their duty to see to it that the
 17                      '
       Commission's decisions receive that careful consideration
 18
       which the statute contemplates  ...."
 19
                 More recently,  the  Supreme Court sent another
 20
       case back  to the  Federal  Power Commission together with
 21
       this guidance:
 22
                 "The test is whether the project will be in the
23
       public  interest.  And  that determination can be made  only
24
       after an exploration of all issues relevant to the *public
25

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                                                               84
                        Hon.  Richard D. McCarthy

  1    interesti1 including future power demand and supply,

  2    alternate sources of power, the public interest in pre-

  3    serving reaches of wild rivers and wilderness areas, the

  4    preservation of anadromous fish for commercial and recrea-

  5    tional purposes, and the protection of wildlife."

  6              The overtones of these decisions are clear.  The

  7    Courts have recognized that a wide range of factors should

  8    be considered in determining and selecting the most

  9    appropriate development scheme for important natural

       resources, particularly in highly congested areas.

                 Now I believe there is no question but that the

       factor of pollution in Lake Erie should be in the forefront
 1.&

       of any discussions concerning offshore exploration for new

       fuel sources.  Apart from the economic, aesthetic and
 14
       conservation impacts one fuel choice bears on another,
 15
       there is the much more urgent question of whether improper!.
 16
       controlled oil and gas drilling will aggravate what is
 17
       already one of the most serious pollution situations in
 18
       the entire country.  I recognize, of course, that natural
 19
       gas as a fuel leaves fewer objectionable pollutants than
 20
       coal or oil.   But we have also been told by the Federal
 21
       Power Commission and other experts in this field that
 22
       desulfurization may soon restore the superiority of coal.

 23
                 As you know, Mr.  Chairman, the whole question

 24
       of oil pollution control is now being considered by the

25

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                       Hon. Richard D. McCarthy

       Congress  in the subcommittee on which I serve.  Future
 Q
       enactment of legislation will have a direct bearing

 3     on the proposed oil and gas exploration in Lake Erie.

 4     Also the International Joint Commission is looking ahead

 5     into the international aspects of the oil and gas

 6     exploration problem including such matters as compensation

 7     for damages, uniformity of regulations,  and production

 8     pooling.  Both New York and Ohio have vital economic

 9     interests in Lake  Erie's submerged resources, but these

10     States have postponed plans to lease bottomlands pending

1:L     further investigations.   Michigan has stated that it will

12     not lease lands in Lake Erie for mineral development.

,„     Moreover, Michigan and the Province of Ontario have agreed

       not to permit any  exploratory activities in Lake Huron,

       Lake St. Clair, and the St.  Glair and Detroit Rivers,
15
       which brings me to the  main point of my  being here,  and
16
       which I regard of  sufficient importance  to  have induced
17
       me to arise at 5t30 this morning to come out here from
18
       Washington,  where  I must return this afternoon to be on
19
       the Floor of the House,  at my own expense.
20
                 In light of these  events,  I  think it is most
21
       unfortunate  — indeed it borders on the  scandalous —
22
       that the State of  Pennsylvania is moving ahead with the
23
       awarding of drilling contracts.   Accidental spillage of
24
       oil on a body of water  such  as  Lake Erie can do great
25

-------
                                                             S6
                       Hon.  Richard D.  McCarthy

  1     damage.  Experience in other offshore drilling areas has

  2     shown that spills do occur even  under the best of circum-

  3     stances.  For example, Interior  Secretary Udall recently

  4     found it necessary to call upon  the Western Oil and Gas

  5     Association to enter into an emergency effort to cope

  6     with an increasing number of water pollution incidents

  7     caused by oil exploration in Alaska1s Cook Inlet.  I

  3     feel certain that drilling operations would also tend to

  9     increase navigation hazards and  be inimical to yachtsmen,

1Q     swimmers, water skiers  and fishermen on highly used

n     Lake Erie.

                 If the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-

       tration is properly to discharge its  function on the basis
lo
       of existing legislative authority, then I believe it must

       make every effort at  its disposal to  intervene in the
15
       proposed exploration of submerged lands.   What the
16
       citizens of this entire basin will expect is not after-
17
       the-fact prosecution  of violators of  existing water
18
       quality standards.  Rather the public must be assured
19
       that the joint Federal-State water standards are backed
20
       up with appropriate mechanisms to prevent any oil and gas
21
       pollution that might  result from exploratory and develop-
22
       ment programs.  The anti-pollution stipulations Pennsyl-
23
       vania decides to include in its  leasing arrangements
24
       simply may not be adequate in terms of the other States*
25

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                                                              87

                        Hon.  Richard D. McCarthy


       views.  And  existing water quality standards agreed to


  2    by  the States  should probably be jointly revised in order


  3    to  meet this need as well as to anticipate the Congressiona


  4    intent with  respect to pending  oil pollution legislation.


  5              I  can assure you that our committee is watching


  6    this situation very closely.  As I stated earlier, Mr.


  7    Chairmani rapid and economical  treatment of the wide


  8    variety of waste products entering Lake Erie is a priority


  9    matter, and I think that this whole pollution effort is


 10    now hanging in the balance.  If Pennsylvania goes ahead


 11    with this, I think the public is going to be thoroughly


 12    disenchanted, and the integrity and the sincerity of this


 13    conference that has been in existence now for several


 14    years will be seriously compromised.   The public just


 15    won*t believe that this is a serious effort, if we are


       going to spend billions of dollars to clean up Lake Erie,
 16

       and at the same time permit the start on a new source of
 17

       pollution.  The public just is going  to say, "Well, it
 18

       is a farce."


                 The rapid economical treatment of the wide
 20

       variety of waste products entering Lake Erie is indeed


       a priority matter, vital to the health and future well-
22

       being of this entire region.   At the  same time, wider
23

       economic interests must not be overlooked.   Only in this
24
       way will this region's total resources endowment be put

25

-------
                        Hon.  Richard D.  McCarthy


        to its best  use.


  2               Thank you, Mr.  Chairman, and members of the panel


  3               CHAIRMAN STEIN: * Thank you, Congressman McCarthy.


  4               Does anyone want to make comments or observa-


  5     tions?


  6              Mr, Lyon.


  7              MR. LTON:  Congressman, I know this isn't the


  8     place nor the time to get —


  9              MR. MCCARTHY:  I think it is.


 10              MR., LYON:  Fine.  — to get in a public debate


 H     on this, but I want to tell you, first of all, that we


 12     in Pennsylvania are just as concerned with pollution of


 13     Lake Erie as you are,     We are just as satisfied that the


        leases that have been issued by the Commonwealth of
 14

       Pennsylvania are the strictest leases that have ever
 15

       been issued in the 150 years of drilling on Lake Erie.
 16

                 From what you said  it would make it appear that
 17

       there hasn't been any drilling on this lake.   I think you
 18

       know that the whole Ontario side of the lake has been
 19

       leased for drilling  and that there is no evidence that
20

       this has caused in the recent past any pollution what-
21

       soever.
22

                 The leases which Pennsylvania has issued are the

23
       strictest leases that Pennsylvania has ever issued, and,

24
       by the way, we have issued leases and permits for drilling

25

-------
   i                   Hon.  Richard  D.  McCarthy
 !  I
      on the  lake  before.   The  drilling  was  done  very  satis-

 2 !   factorily.   There was no  pollution whatsoever from this

 3 i   drilling, and  I have  copies of the key provisions  of
   I
 4 ;   these  leases here for you to  see.   They are more strict
   • i
 5    than the leases issued by the Secretary of  Interior for

 <3    off-shore drilling.   We are very much  concerned  about
   11
   I (
 7 ,j   pollution from drilling operations,  but we  are convinced

 8 i|   that this can  be done.

 9 !            We have only issued leases for  a  very  small
   i
10 !   area of Pennsylvania  — the Pennsylvania  part of the

11 ;   lake — while  Ontario, as I said before,  has successfully

12    drilled for  several generations  without causing  any

13    pollution.

T_4             I  would be  happy to give you a  copy of the
   i
lt-    provisions of  our leases  which are here,  and with  the

1 ,    permission of  the Chairman would like  to  make them a

      part of our  record.

                (The above-mentioned documents  follow.)
.1 .;

,.  i            MR.  MCCARTHY:  I don't doubt the  accuracy of

c      your statement as regards to  Pennsylvania,  and I don't

      preclude eventually getting into this. But in light

      of what New  York and  Ohio and Michigan have done,  and

      in view of the fact that  today legislation  on this

      subject is being considered in the Congress, and in

   '   light  of the Court decisions  that  I have  cited,  I  think
25 ;
   I1   it is  arrogant of Pennsylvania to  go ahead  with  this.

-------
M-O4G-LB-68
OU * Natural CM
         kith of Pennsylvania
Department of Forests and Waters                            Contract No.
Division of Minerals
P. O. Box 1467                                              	
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120
            OIL AND NATURAL GAS LEASE FOR THE LANDS BENEATH LAKE ERIE
           WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
THIS AGREEMENT nade and entered into on this     day of               , 19   ,
by and between the COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, acting through the DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTS AND WATERS, hereinafter designated "Lessor," and 	
hereinafter designated "Lessee," with its principal place of business at
                                                                       Corporation,
                                                    and authorised to do business
in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

WITNESSETH:  THAT,

WHEREAS, Lessor is authorized by Act 293, dated July 5, 1957, amending the
Administrative Code of 1929,  ( P. L. 177), Article XVIII, Section 1802, paragraph
 (g), to make and execute contracts or leases in the name of the Commonwealth for
the removal of oil and natural gas beneath those waters of Lake Erie owned by the
Commonwealth whenever it shall appear to the satisfaction of Lessor that it would
be for the best interests of the Commonwealth to make such removal; and

WHEREAS, Lessor made a determination that the leasing of oil and natural gas rights
in the premises hereinafter described will be for the best interests of the
Commonwealth and authorized leasing of the same; and

WHEREAS, the proposed leasing of said lands was duly advertised as required by law.
Upon the opening of the bids, submitted pursuant to such advertising, Lessee herein
was found to be the highest responsible bidder.

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the sum of
                                             Dollars ($            ), paid to
Lessor by Lessee (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged by Lessor) and other
mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth, Lessor does hereby grant,
demise, lease, and let exclusively unto Lessee for the purpose of exploring for,
drilling for, operating for, producing, removing, and disposing of oil, natural gas,
and liquid hydrocarbons; at locations subject to the approval of Lessor, the
drilling of wells, the laying of pipelines, including any and all necessary
appurtenances, attachments and cathodic protection devices and the building and
installation of approved tanks, towers, stations, and structures thereon to produce,
save, take care of, and transport said products, in lands beneath all that/those
certain block/blocks of Lake Erie comprising           acres, more particularly
described on the Oil and Natural Gas Lease Attachment, identified as Exhibit "A"
and as shown on the Map, identified as Exhibit "B"  which are attached hereto and
made a part hereof, hereinafter referred to as the "leased premises."  It is
understood that the aforesaid acreage and the location shown on the Map,
identified as Exhibit "B" are approximate. For the purpose of calculating any
payments based on acreage, the acreage aforementioned will be used.

-------
M-0&G-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease


1.             INTERPRETATION AND LIMITATION OF LEASE

               1.1       The rights granted in this lease apply only to oil 5 natural
gas and liquid hydrocarbons.

               1,2       In this lease, oil, natural gas, and liquid hydrocarbons
shall not mean and include helium or any sulphur produced in association with the
foregoing.

               1.3       Rights to all minerals and substances other than oil,
natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons on or beneath the bed of Lake Erie are reserved
to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

               1,4       The right to use any part of the leased premises for gas
or LPG  (fluids) storage is expressly reserved to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

2.             TERM OR PERIOD

               2.1       It is agreed that this lease shall remain in force for a
term of ten  (10) years from the date first written above, subject to all tezms and
conditions hereinafter set forth and shall continue from year to year thereafter so
long as oil or gas is produced in paying quantities from said land or as long as
Lessee is engaged in bona fide attempts to secure or restore the production of oil,
natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons by conducting drilling, or reworking operations
on the leased premises or engaged in the abandonment, or removal of equipment
therefrom.

               2.2       In the event that Lessee is engaged in drilling operations
or is prevented by weather or water conditions from carrying on drilling operations
in progress at the expiration of the ten  (10) year term. Lessor may upon applica-
tion in writing within thirty  (30) days following the ten  (10) year tezm extend
the lease for a period not to exceed six  (65 months.

               2.3       The months from November to March, both inclusive, shall not
be computed in the extended period.

3.             RENTAL

               3.1       The first annual rental will be the amount of the bonus bid
for the above described premises and is payable upon execution of this lease by
LMsee.

               3.2       After the first year. Lessee agrees to pay Lessor an annual
rental in advance for the above described premises at the rate of ONE DOLLAR  ($1.00)
per year for each acre of this lease retained by Lessee.  The rental shall be
paid on or before the anniversary date of this lease.  Each successive rental
thereafter shall be paid on or before the anniversary date of this lease°

               3.3       The completion of each well on the leased premises to or
through the Ordovician Queenston Formation,, or shallower depths if approved as
stipulated, shall reduce the rental set out in the preceding paragraph by the amount
of rental on the number of acres attributable to each well as provided in the
section entitled, "SUBSEQUENT WELLS," which reduction shall become effective on  the
next rental date after such well has been completed and shall apply whether the  well
is a producer or a dry hole.  If such wells are drilled on a unit created by a
spacing order of the Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, or on a unit
created by a voluntary unitization agreement entered into with the approval of
Lessor, a well drilled on such unit shall reduce the rental prescribed above by
the amount of rental attributable to the acreage contained in the portion of the
leased premises included in such unit.
                                           -  2  -

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M-0&G-LE-68
Oil 6 Natural Gas Lease
4.             OIL ROYALTY

               4.1       Lessee shall pay to Lessor, as royalty* one-eighth  (1/8'
of the field price per barrel  (42 US. Gallons) at 60® F  produced and saved
from the leased premises for all oil, condensate and other liquid hydrocarbons
of like grade and gravity which prevails in that area on the day such oil and
other products are run into the pipeline or into storage tanks.

               4.2       Lessor may at his option, however, demand that Lessee
deliver to the credit of Lessor, as royalty, free of cost, in the pipeline to
which Lessee may connect its wells, the equal one-eighth  (1/8) part of all oil,
condensate, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced and saved from the leased
premises.

               4.3       If gas, oil, condensate, and other liquid hydrocarbons,
each in paying quantities, should be developed from the same well, then the gas
and the oil, condensate and other liquid hydrocarbons shall be salved,.

               4.4       Lessee shall gauge, measure, sample, and test all
petroleum and petroleum products in accordance with standard practices as outlined
in American Petroleum Institute Standard 2500, January 1, 1955, or as subsequently
amended by the same authority, and at a temperature base of 60" t.  Lessee shall
provide tanks for accurately measuring the crude oil produced from the lease„
Positive copies of 100 percent capacity tank tables are to be furnished to Lessor
or other acceptable standards of measuring production.

5,             GAS ROYALTY

               Sol       To pay Lessor, as royalty,, Four Cents ($0°04) per thousand
cubic feet  (Mcf) or one-eighth (1/8) of the market value, thereof, at the mouth
of well, whichever is higher for all gas and other gaseous substances produced
and saved from each gas well drilled on the leased premises.

6.             SHUT-IN WELLS

               6.1       If at any time or times there is on the leased premises a
well or wells capable of producing oil or gas or both and the well or wells
are shut-in, suspended, or otherwise not produced and the gas is not used or
marketed therefrom during any year ending on &n anniversary date of this lease,
Lessee shall pay Lessor at the expiration of each said year for that year a sum
equal to Two Dollars ($2.00) per acre for the number of acres then covered by
this lease for each such well and each such well shall be deemed to be a producing
well hereunder.  The failure to make such payment shall subject the lease to
forfeiture.

7.             GAS MEASUREMENT

               7.1       All gas producing wells shall be equipped with adequate
facilities for continuously metering gas suitably safeguarded from weather and
from interference by unauthorized persons, and no gas shall be produced at a well
unless it is netered, except that Lessor may give permission to dispense with
the installation of a meter or facilities for metering and permit group meter
measurements instead.  The meter charts and relevant records shall be kept in a
permanent file and be made available to Lessor on request.

               7.2       Where, in the opinion of Lessor, adequate measurements
are not being made of the gas produced from a well or wells, Lessor may require
that the well or wells be closed in until such time as provisions for adequate
measurements have been made.
                                          - 3 -

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M-O&G-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease


               7.3       The volume of gas produced, saved, and marketed shall be
measured according to Boyle's Law for the measurement of gas under varying
pressures with deviations therefrom, as provided in paragraph e° below, on the
measurement basis hereinafter specified and shall be determined as follows:

               a.        The unit of volume for the purpose of measurement shall be
one (1) cubic foot of gas at a temperature of sixty degrees  (60®) Fahrenheit and
an absolute pressure of 14 73 pounds per square inch.

               bo        The average absolute atmospheric pressure shall be assumed
to be 14.4 pounds to the square inch, irrespective of actual elevation or location
of Point of Delivery above sea level or variations in such atmospheric pressure
from time to time.

               c.        The temperature of the gas passing the meters shall be
determined:  (1)  By the continuous use of a recording thermometer so installed
that it may properly record the temperature of the gas flowing through the meters.
The arithmetic average of the temperature recorded each 24-hour day shall be used
in computing gas volumes; (2)  If a recording thermometer is not installed, or if
installed and not operating properly, an average flowing temperature of fifty
degrees  (50") Farhenheit shall be used in computing gas volume.

               d.        The specific gravity of the gas shall be determined by
tests made by the use of an Edwards or Acme gravity balance, at intervals of
three  (3) months, or at such intervals as are found necessary in practice0
Specific gravity so determined shall be used in computing gas volumes=

               e.        The deviation of the natural gas from Boyle's Law shall
be determined by tests at intervals of three  (3) Months or at such other shorter
intervals as are found necessary in practice„  The apparatus and the method to
be used in making said test shall be in accordance with the recommendations of
the National Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, or Report No. 3
of the Gas Measurement Committee of the American Gas Association or any amendments
thereof, or any other mutually agreed upon method,,  The results of suoh tests
shall be used in computing the volume of gas delivered hereunder0

               7.4       No gas from any gas well, except such as is produced in a
cleanup period not to exceed 48 hours after any completion or stimulation operation,
plus that used for the controlled testing of the well's potential in a period not
to exceed 24 hours, plus that used in any operational requirements, shall be
permitted to escape into the air.  Extensions of these time periods shall be granted
by Lessor upon application if the Lessee demonstrates sufficient good cause„

               7.5       All gas wells capable of production shall be equipped with
wellhead controls adequate to properly contain and control the flow thereof

               7.6       Lessor may require the periodic testing of any gas well in
such a manner as Lessor may prescribe in order to establish the producing capacity
and characteristics of the well.

8.             STATEMENT

               8°1       Lessee shall submit statements to the office of Lessor at
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, by individual wells of the production and sales of oil,
ga», other hydrocarbon products, and other products not later than the twenty-fifth
(25th) day of each calendar month covering production and sales for the preceding
calendar month.
                                          - 4 -

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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease
9.             PAYMENTS

               9.1       Lessee shall be held  responsible  for  the payment of  all
royalties, which shall be mailed to the office of Lessor at Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania and made payable to Lessor,,  Payments of royalties  shall be made
not later than the twenty-fifth  (25th) day of  each calendar month covering
production or sales during the preceding calendar month.

10.            PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION

               10.1      Lessee agrees to conduct all operations in  such a manner
as to comply with the provisions set forth in  the STIPULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION
AND CONSERVATION OF THE SUBMERGED LANDS AND THE MATERS OF  LAKE ERIE, identified
as Exhibit "C" attached hereto and made a part hereof.,

11.            OPERATIONS

               11.1      Lessee agrees that it will carry  on operations under this
agreement with all due diligence and in a competent and workmanlike  manner, in
accordance with the best offshore oil and gas  field practices.

12.            FIRST WELL

               12.1      Lessee shall drill a  well on each block leased or on
uniticed acreage containing a portion of a lease block, but the  well need not
necessarily be on the portion of the lease block contained within the unit,,
Lessee agrees to commence and proceed with operations for  the  drilling of a well
to the Ordovician Queenston Formation, at a location approved  by Lessor, within
five  (5) years from the date first written above, and shall continue operations
in a workmanlike manner to complete said well, and all wells herein  stipulated,
with due diligence.  If, however, gas or oil or both are found in marketable
quantities in a shallower formation, that well may satisfy the first well
requirements of this paragraph upon the written approval of Lessor.  In the
event, the aforesaid well is not commenced within the above mentioned five  (5)
year period, the lease shall be terminated in  its entirety.

13.            WELL SPACING

               13.1      All wells drilled in  Lake Erie in the absence of a spacing
order of the Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission  shall  be subject to
a spacing density of one gas well per tract (approximately 630 acres - 1 Minute
of Latitude by 1 Minute of Longitude).  Oil well spacing will  be no  more than
one well per approximately 40 acres, or 16 wells per tract.  Exceptions to these
spacings may be allowed by Lessor upon proper  justification by Lessee.  Such
exceptions must be authorized in writing.

               13.2      The first well in each tract (1 Minute  of Latitude by
1 Minute of Longitude) is to be located in the center of the northwest quarter
of the northwest quarter (NW NW) of the tract  for flexibility  in well spacing
programs, subject to approval of Lessor.  Exceptions to this location may be
allowed if Lessee shall submit to Lessor the information upon  which  such
exception is based.  Such exceptions must be authorized in writing.

               13.3      The spacing of wells  shall also be subject  to all
regulations and restrictions imposed by the United states  Coast  Guard and the
United States Army Corps of Engineers in regard to shipping lanes, docks, and
other areas under their jurisdiction.
                                          - 5 -

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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil S Natural Gas Lease
14.            SUBSEQUENT WELLS

               14.1      If the well or wells required under Paragraph 12»1
hereof or any subsequent well produces oil or gas or both in marketable
quantities, then Lessee shall drill an additional well or wells through the
producing formation during the same lease year   Lessee will commence and
proceed with the drilling of at least one  (1) well to or through the producing
formation on each lease block, each and every lease year thereafter so long
as successive wells have marketable production.  Wells may be drilled on a
unit containing a portion of a lease block, but not necessarily on the lease
block portion of the unit. If Lessee concludes that an additional well or
wells is not justified, then Lessee shall submit to Lessor the information
upon which the conclusion is based. If Lessor determines upon review of such
information that an additional well should be drilled, then Lessee shall have
the option of drilling an additional well within six  (6) months from Lessor's
written determination or releasing all of the acreage covered by the lease
except for forty  (40) acres around each well from which oil ia produced as
the principal product and six hundred and thirty (630) acres around each
well from which gas is being produced as the principal product.

               14.2      Lessee shall not be required under this provision to
drill more wells than required or allowed under any spacing order, rule, or
regulation of the Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, or in the
absence of any such order, more than one well for each forty  (40) acres where
oil is being produced as the principal product of such well, or more than six
hundred and thirty  (630) acres where gas is being produced as the principal
product of such well.

               14.3      The amount of acreage included in a spacing unit by the
Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission or in the absence of an order by
such Commission, forty  (40) acres where oil is being produced as the principal
product of such well, or six hundred and thirty  (630) acres where gas is being
produced as the principal product of such well, shall be referred to elsewhere
in the lease as acreage attributable to each well.

15.            RESTRICTED AND RESERVED AREAS

               15.1      The areas in Lake Erie within one-half mile of the
International Boundary, the Ohio Boundary, and the New York Boundary are
restricted drilling areas.  No wells may be drilled in these areas without
written permission of Lessor.  These areas may be drained without a competitive
offset program unless geological conditions warrant closer spacing.  Where
feasible, these areas will be unitized for proper spacing and management.

               15.2      An area in Lake Erie along the shoreline and in the
vicinity of the Presque Isle Peninsula is reserved.  This area is shown on the
Hap, identified as Exhibit "B" which is attached hereto and made a part hereof.

16.            DEVELOPMENT

               16.1      Lessee agrees to conduct the drilling of all wells as a
reasonable and prudent operator would drill under the same or similar
circumstances.  After discovery of oil or gas on the leased premises, Lessee
shall develop and produce all wells from the described leased premises in an
efficient and economic manner, without waste, and to the best advantage of
Lessor.  Lessee will plan and develop all wells in accordance with the rules
and regulations of the Oil and Gas Division, Pennsylvania Department of Mines
and Mineral Industries.
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M-0&G-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease


               16 2      It is understood and agreed that Lessee is privileged
to develop oil or gas from formations shallower or deeper than the Ordovician
Queenston Formation provided that commitments and provisions of this  lease
are at all times fulfilled.  The operator shall apply the same degree of
precaution and control as outlined for the Ordovician Queenston Formation
operations to drilling, casing, and completing operations of the other
formations, both below and above the Queenston Formation.

17.            OFFSETS

               17.1      Lessee agrees to promptly offset within ninety  (90)
days any wells located on other blocks owned by the Commonwealth leased to
other parties than Lessee at a lesser royalty or owned by the States  of Ohio
or New York or the Canadian Province of Ontario, which are within 2,260 feet
of any boundary described in this lease and are producing gas or oil  in marketable
quantities; or any well that is completed within the radius of the drainage
area set by an order of the Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.
This provision may be waived by Lessor in writing upon Lessee's application,
when evidence shows that such offsetting well is unnecessary or economically
unsound.  However, if Lessor determines in writing that  an offsetting well should be
drilled, Lessee will have the option of drilling the well as required or
paying to the Commonwealth compensatory royalty on production from the offset
well.  This payment shall be based on the ratio the affected acreage  bears
to the total acreage drained by the well.  Lessee may at its option release
all of the acreage of the leased premises except forty  (40) acres around
each well from which oil is being produced as the principal product and six
hundred and thirty (630) acres around each well from which gas is being produced
as the principal product.  Lessee may also release that  drainage acreage
attributable to a well by an order of the PenasyIvaniat Oil and Gas Conservation
Commission if the affected acreage falls within an area  subject to such a
spacing order.

               17.2      In the event that Lessee is prevented by weather or
by ice conditions in the lake from drilling a required offset well during
the ninety (90) day time period, Lessee may apply to Lessor for an extension
of the time limit not to exceed six (6) months„  The months from November to
March, both inclusive, shall not be computed in the extended period.

               17.3      No well on the leased premises  shall be shut-in if
drainage will occur through offsetting wells within the  aforeprescribed distances
for oil and gas wells.  If such offsetting gas wells are on compression,
the offset wells on the leased premises shall be placed  on compression.

               ]7,4      Lessee agrees that any well along the boundary line,
contingent to other lands where oil and gas are owned by the Commonwealth,
•hall be located at least 660 feet from such boundary; or that distance from
such boundary line which will be the radius of the drainage area set  forth
by an-order of the Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission,  if the
area is subject to such a spacing order.  Upon application by Lessee, this
provision may be waived in writing by Lessor when deemed in the best  interest
of the Commonwealth and not in an area subject to a spacing order of  the
Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Conservation Commission,
                                          - 7 -

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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil fi Natural Gas Lease
18.            UMITIZATIOM

               18.1      Lessee shall haw the right at any tin*, where this
lease is offset by blocks on which oil and gas rights arc leased to other
parties, to unitiis this lease in whole or in part to secure the most efficient
and economical development and production of the oil and gas resources of the
reservoir or reservoirs and in the best interests of sound management and
production practices.  Lessee may participate in such joint operating and
development agreements to prevent drilling of an excessive number of wells,
or of wells located too close to the boundary of the leased premises.  Such
joint operating agreements and termination thereof shall be approved in writing
by Lessor.  If such joint operating agreements or unit agreements are entered
into pursuant to a valid Spacing or Integration Order of the Pennsylvania Oil
and gas Conservation Commission, the approval of Lessor shall not be required.

               18.2      Drilling, or reworking operations upon, or production
of oil and gas from, any part of any such unit shall be treated for all purposes
hereunder as operations upon or production from the leased premises.

               18.3      Upon production from any part of any such unit, Lessor
shall be entitled to and Lessee shall pay royalties calculated as follows<
there shall be allocated to the portion of this lease included in such unit
a fractional part of such production on the basis the ratio of the acres
from the leased premises included in such unit bears to the total number
of acres included in the unitised area and Lessor shall be entitled to the
royalties provided for in this lease on such fractional part of such production
and no morej provided, that if Commonwealth authorities shall prescribe a
different method of allocation, the method so prescribed shall prevail.

19             PIPELINES

               19.1      Lessee is herewith granted the right to lay any necessary
pipelines at or below the level of the lake bottom on or under the leased
premises for the sole purpose of removing oil, gas or other materials from
the block or blocks under lease.  Any pipelines under shipping lanes and
anchorages must be buried.  A route map for each line shall be submitted
to the Lessor, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Army
Corps of Engineers for their approval in writing as to location ninety  (90)
days prior to the laying of that pipeline.

               19.2      Where the Lessee's pipelines cross offshore blocks
not already leased to it, Lessee must enter into a pipeline right of way
agreement with Lessor.  Lessor reserves the right to grant pipeline rights
of way across the block or blocks leased to other lessees of the Commonwealth
providing the opeations of Lessee are not unduly hampered thereby.

               19.3      All pipelines shall be laid on or below the lake bottom.
Before a pipeline may  be used to transport any fluids not indigenous to the
waters of the lake, it shall be tested with fresh water to a pressure of
twice the anticipated working pressure.  No gas or fluids may be transported
in pipelines until approval is given by Lessor.

20.            LESSEE'S USB

               30.1      Leesee shell have the privilege of wing sufficient
gae from the leaeed premises, free of royalty, to run all machinery necessary
tor drilling thereon.
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Oil & Natural Gas Lease
21.            DRILLING

               21.1      Prior to beginning any drilling operations, Lessee
shall submit to Lessor, the United States Coast Guard and the United States
Army Corps of Engineers, for their approval, a plan of the drilling program
to be carried out.  This plan shall include:

               (a)       a location plat of the proposed well,
                         Scale 1 inch = 400 feet, which shows
                         and contains:  (1) the proposed drill-
                         ing unit and its position in the lease
                         block; (2) its distance from the bound-
                         ary of the proposed drilling unit; and
                         (3) unitization with adjacent tracts.
                         The well location must be surveyed to the
                         nearest one-half second (1/2") of longi-
                         tude and latitude.  The well location shall
                         be verified and amended as required by
                         precise survey with the drilling rig on
                         location and the elevation above sea level
                         provided.  If the well is to be direction-
                         ally drilled, the projected bottom hole
                         location of the well is to be shown;
               (b)       designation of the veil by number and
                         lease block;
               (c)       the geological formation to be tested or
                         used and the proposed total depth;
               (d)       the type of drilling tools or equipment
                         to be used;
               (e)       the plan for disposal of water, drilling
                         fluid, and other waste substances result-
                         ing from obtained or produced in connection
                         with exploration, drilling, or production
                         of oil and gas;
               (f)       a detailed plan for casing and cementing
                         of the proposed well;
               (g)       a detailed plan for plugging and abandon-
                         ing the proposed well if the well should
                         prove nonproductive.

               21.2      No well shall be commenced, deepened, reopened, or
plugged back without authorization of Lessor in writing and before a permit
has been issued by the Oil and Gas Division of the Pennsylvania
Department of Mines and Mineral Industries.  Lessor shall be notified at
or immediately prior to the start of drilling operations.

               21.3      The location of a well shall not be changed without
prior written approval of Lessor.

               21.4      With the first show of gas or oil, drilling operations
must be suspended and the casing tested and found to be free from all leaks
before drilling is continued.

               21.5      At the end of every drilling or plugging operation,
Lessee shall ensure that any platform, piling, anchor post or other obstructions
arc removed as soon as is reasonably possible, and in any case within thirty
(30) days.  A permanent platform of approved design may be installed for
the production of oil or gas.
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Oil & Natural Gas Lease
22.            IDENTIFICATION

               22.1      Lessee shall display a prominent sign at all structures
placed in the lake for drilling, producing, or reconditioning a well, or
for handling or processing produced fluids.  This sign shall be located in
a conspicuous place and shall include the name of Lessee, the name and number
of the well or facility, and a description of the well or facility location
by latitude and longitude.  The sign shall not be removed or changed without
written approval of Lessor.  In case of lake bottom completions or subbottom
completions, identification satisfactory to Lessor shall be placed at the
wellhead.

23.            DEVIATION AND DIRECTIONAL WELL SURVEYS

               23.1      Lessee shall drill a straight hole to the be»t of
his ability.  The maximum point at which a well penetrates a producing formation
shall not vary unreasonably from the vertical drawn from the center of the
hole at the surface.  Minor deviations will be permitted, for short distances,
to straighten the hole, to sidetrack junk or to correct other mechanical
difficulties.

               23.2      Lessee shall run a device for measuring deviation
from the vertical every five hundred (500) feet and at the total depth and
shall provide Lessor with this information.  If Lessor determines from this
information that a well has been deviated excessively, he shall have the
right to require Lessee to have a complete angular deviation and directional
survey made in the well by an approved well surveying company and certified
as to correctness at Lessee's sole risk and expense.  In the event the survey
reveals any unreasonable violations of the applicable well location or spacing
regulations, Lessor may either require the excessively deviated well to be
redrilled or to be plugged and abandoned by Lessee.

               23.3      If Lessee fails to take a deviation survey, Lessor
may order that, until the survey is made, no further drilling be done; or
if the well has been placed on production, no further production be taken.

               23.4      Lessee may conduct directional drilling operations
upon the approval of Lessor in writing so long as, at depth, there is no
encroachment upon adjoining leaseholds or drilling units.  Lessee shall make
written application to Lessor and provide the following information)

                (a)       names of field or area, pool, block,
                         tract and well number;
                (b)       description of the well location and
                         of the target bottomhole location in
                         feet from the two nearest lease bound-
                         aries >
                (c)       reason for the proposed intentional
                         deviation;
                (d)       names and addresses of the offsetting
                         lessees and a statement that each has
                         been sent a copy of the application and
                         a map by registered mail, and the date
                         of such mailing.  The map must be drawn
                         to a suitable scale which shows the
                         well; all offsetting leases and the
                         wells located thereon; the pool in which
                         they are completed; and the names of the
                         offsetting lessees.
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Oil & Natural Gas Lease


               23. S      With,.n thirty (30) days atter the completion of an
intentionally deviated well, a complete angular deviation and directional
aurvey of the well obtained by an approved veil surveying company and certified
as to correctness shall be furnished to Lessor.

24.            BLOWOUT PREVENTERS AND CASING HEADS

               24.1      Lessee shall maintain at all times the casing control
oquipment in ouch condition that will effectively control any oil, gas, or
water encountered during operations in a well being drilled, tested, completed,
or reconditioned.  All drilling wells or we'ils being serviced by a rig, shall
be equipped with working blowout control equipment tested to twice normal
hydrostatic pressure for the depth drilled that will completely close off
the open hole and will completely close off around any equipment being employed
in the well, and will be equipped with a blaed-off valve of the proper size
and working pressure.  If, the blowout preventer is hydraulically operated,
adequate pressure shall at all times be available for efficient operations.
Blowout control equipment must be capable in case of an emergency of shutting
in the well at a point at least fifty  (50) feet from the wellhead.

               24.2      When rotary drilling equipment is used during drilling,
all wells shall be fitted with a suitable valve in proper working order for
the purpose of shutting off the hose connections should the hose blow out.

               24.3      All wells shall be equipped with casing heads of rated
working pressure of twice normal hydrostatic pressure for the depth drilled,
with adequate connections and valves available to permit pumping mud-laden
fluid between any two strings of casing at the surface.   Reconditioning
shall be required on any well showing pressure on the casing head or leaking
gag or oil between the oil string and next larger size casing string, when
in the opinion of Lessor such pressures or leakages assume hazardous proportions
or indicate the existence of underground waste,  Mud-laden fluids may be
pumped between any two strings of casing at the top of the hole, but no cement
shall be used except by special permission of Lessor.  No casing shall be
perforated until adequate control equipment has been installed and in good
working order.  Such control equipment shall consist of Master Valve and
Lubricator, or their equivalent. The entire equipment shall be in good working
order and condition at all times.

               24.4      While a well is being drilled, Lessee shall test control
equipment daily and record the results of such tests daily.

               24.5      Whenever an inspection shows that the casing or control
equipment at a well is not adequate, Lessor may prescribe remedial measures
which shall be complied with before any further drilling.

25.            DRILLING MODS

               25.1      When drilling with rotary tools, drilling mud of sufficient
weight, capable of controlling formation pressures and preventing oil and
gas blowouts or flows of water, shall be maintained on the location of a
drilling well at all times.
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Oil & Natural Gas
26.            CASING PROGRAMS

               26.1      All casing, tubing, and equipment wed in the drilling
of a well shall be in good condition and adequate fox the depths to be drilled
and the pressures that may be encountered.

               26.2      Lessee shall comply with the oil and gaa statutes,
rules and regulations of the Commonwealth with regard to preventing the escape
of oil, gas, or water out of one stratum into another, preventing the pollution
of any fresh water supply and preventing blowouts=

               26.3      When drilling with cable tools, a conductor string
of new or reconditioned casing shall be driven into the lake bed   All wells
must be equipped with a string of surface casing which shall be set and cemented
at a sufficient depth below the top of a competent rock formation so that
all fresh water reservoirs will be confined.  Lessor shall set depth requirements
for each well based on the depth of fresh water reservoirs in the area,.  Ibis
surface casing shall be new or reconditioned of sufficient test to withstand
pressures for the depth at which it is run.  Sufficient cement shall be used
to fill the calculated annular space back of the surface casing to the lake
bed plus 15%.  Cement shall be allowed to stand a minimum of 12 hours under
pressure and a total of 24 hours before drilling plug or beginning tests°
The term "under pressure" as used herein shall be considered as being complied
with, when one or more back pressure valves are found to be holding.  Casing
shall be tested by pump pressure to at least 1,000 pounds per square inch.
If, at the end of 30 minutes the pressure shows a drop of 50 pounds per square
inch or more, the casing shall be considered unsatisfactory for its purpose.
After the corrective operation, the casing shall be again tested in the same
manner before drilling continues.

               26=4      When cable tool drilling is used, intermediate strings
of casing shall be set inside the surface casing if it is necessary to confine
any gas, oil, or water originating from intermediate horizons prior to the
setting and cementing of the production string of casing.  Intermediate casing
may be cemented through any potential producing horizon with cementing procedures
approved by Lessor.

               26.5      The producing or oil string shall be new or reconditioned
seamless pipe of not less than 4-1/2 inch outside diameter with a mill test
of at least twice normal hydrostatic pressure for the depth drilled.  After
cementing, the casing shall be tested by pump pressure to at least twice
normal hydrostatic pressure for the depth drilled*   If at the end of 30 minutes,
pressure shows a drop of 50 pounds per square inch or more, the casing shall
be repaired sufficient to withstand the pressure test described herein   After
the corrective operation, the casing shall again be tested in the same manner.
Cementing shall be made by pump and plug method   Sufficient cement shall
be used above the shoe to fill the calculated annular space back of the casing
to the lake bed plus 15%.  Cement shall be allowed to stand a minimum of
24 hours before drilling plug or initiating tests.   In the event the producing
string is set through all known producing formations, a minimum of 20 feet
of cement shall remain in the bottom of the casing.

               26.6      The waiting period on cement may be reduced from 24
hours upon approval of Lessor.
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Oil & Natural Gas Lease
27.            COMPLETION OF WELLS

               27*1      All reasonable preparations and precautions shall be made
before a well is drilled in for the preventing of waste and the contamination
of the lake by oil, gas or well fluids.  Reasonable provision shall be made
for producing and storage equipment before a well is placed on production.

               27.2      Lessee shall insure that the production casing is
cemented to surface before production commences,

               27.3      Lessee shall complete and connect all producing wells
to pipelines as near as practical to the level of the lake bottom. The wellhead
is to be encased in a cellar below lake bottom.  The maximum height of the
wellhead assembly above the lake bed may be 2-1/2 feet upon written approval
of Lessor.  All wells shall be cleaned, tested, and produced in a manner
to prevent pollution of the lake.  Lessee shall employ procedures and use
equipment that will eliminate or minimize any fire hazard.  No production,
processing, or any other type of platform can be erected unless approved
in writing by Lessor, the United States Coast Guard, and the United states
Army Corps of Engineers.

               27.4      When and if the area is designated as a primary trawling
area, the wellhead shall be fitted with a trawl deflector of approved design.
When and if the area is designated for other types of commercial fishing,
the wellhead shall be fitted with a protective device of approved design„

               27.5      Lessee shall not commingle the production from two
or more reservoirs unless specific written permission for such commingling
has been granted by Lessor.

               27.6      An accepted device  (tubing safety valves) approved
by Lessor shall be installed below the elevation of the lake bottom on all
producing wells in such a manner that will prevent the escape of oil, gas,
or water in the event the wellhead equipment is damaged,

               27.8      If shown to be more practicable, other completion
methods may be used if approved in writing by Lessor.

28.            REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT AND PREVENTION OF WASTE

               28.1      Lessee shall at all times during the continuance and
delivery of oil, gas and liquid hydrocarbons to the market, keep, maintain
and repair its pipelines and equipment to the end that there shall be no
leaks or waste of oil, gas and liquid hydrocarbons   Lessee shall promptly
repair or cause to be repaired any structures or other facilities which may
be damaged by his operations.

               28.2      Lessee, his agents, contractors and subcontractors,
shall not allow any well to blow open, except in case of an emergency, over
twenty-four (24) hours after drilllng-in.  Lessee shall pay Lessor at the
regular royalty rate for any gas allowed to escape, except in case of an
emergency, after this initial twenty-four (24) hour period.  Such gas shall
be estimated by a method approved by Lessor in writing.
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Oil & Natural Gas Lease


               28.3      After an initial open flow teat has been taken, all
future determinations of open flow potential shall be made by the United
States Bureau of Mines, Back-Pressure Test Method (USBM-Monograph 7) or by
other methods standard to the industry and approved by Lessor.

               28.4      The determination of the initial open flow of a well
shall be made before any attempts are undertaken to increase the flow of
such well through mechanical or chemical stimulation,

               28°5      At least every six (6) months, Lessee shall determine
the open flow of each producing well as required in Section 28=3 and will
also take a twenty-four  (24) hour reservoir pressure test and shall furnish
Lessor with the results of all such tests.  Shut-in pressures shall be taken
with a deadweight gauge, after a minimum shut-in time period equal to the
period required to reach stabilization or twenty-four  '"241 hours, whichever
is the lesser.

29.            APPLICABILITY TO OTHER OPERATIONS

               29.1      In addition to being applicable to newly drilled wells,
the applicable provisions of the foregoing sections shall be in effect for
deepening, plug back and conversion operations.

30.            TEMPORARY ABANDONMENT

               30.1      Lessee shall not temporarily abandon any well without
written permission from Lessor.  Permission for such temporary abandonment may
be granted by Lessor upon written application by Lessee showing sufficient
good cause.

               30.2      Upon termination of the period of temporary abandonment,
Lessee must either resume operations or permanently plug and abandon the
well as hereinafter provided,

31.            PERMANENT ABANDONMENT

               31.1      If a new well is found to be dry or nonproductive,
it shall be plugged and abandoned as hereinafter provided.  Lessee shall
give prior notice to Lessor of the intent to plug and abandon a new well
so that plugging operations may be witnessed

               31.2      If a well that has been on production is to be plugged
and abandoned, Lessee shall notify Lessor and the Oil and Gas Division,
Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries, when actual plugging
and abandonment operations are to be started so that they may be witnessed,

               31.3      Lessee shall not abandon any well, wells, or lease
without having plugged and abandoned such well or wells and effected the
adequate restoration of the lake bed.  A plugging certificate shall be filed
with the Oil and Gas Division, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral
Industries.
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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease
32.            PLUGGING METHOD

               32.1      All wells shall be plugged by filling the hole completely
with cement including the inside and annulus of all casing left in the well.
Any casing left in the well shall be cut off at the lake bottom or below.

               32.2      Lessee shall plug any well in a manner that:

               (a)       ensures protection for potential oil
                         and gas producing reservoirs;
               (b)       prevents the harmful infiltration of
                         water into oil, gasf water, or salt
                         formations;
               (c)       constitutes no hazard to users of the
                         surface;
               (d)       retains all fluids in their source
                         formations; and
               (e)       seals off reservoirs from those
                         above and below.

               32.3      Lessee shall also plug and abandon all wells on the
leased premises in accordance with the requirements of the Pennsylvania Gas
Operations, Well Drilling, Petroleum, and Coal Mining Act of 1955 administered
by the Oil and Gas Division, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral
Industries, and all other applicable laws of the Commonwealth.  A copy of
the plugging certificate approved by the Oil and Gas Division shall be supplied
to Lessor.  Failure to comply with the above plugging requirement will be
reason for cancellation of this lease and the posted bond will be forfeited
in order that Lessor may properly plug such wells.

34.            PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION

               34.1      Construction of any permanent or semipermanent structures
to be utilized for production, storage, processing, or transportation of
any fluids produced from wells must be approved in writing by Lessor, the
United States Coast Guard, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
Detailed plans for any such structures must be submitted to Lessor at least
twenty (20) days prior to commencement of construction.  No construction
shall begin until such plan is approved

               34.2      All platforms utilized for supporting pumping and
other equipment shall be firmly anchored in the lake bottom.  Such platforms
shall be of fabricated steel design of rigid construction able to withstand
all adverse weather conditions including moving ice.  Such platforms may
also be utilized for other operations incident to well operation such as
paraffin solvent injection, temporary oil and waste storage, oil and gas
processing equipment such as separators„ gas heaters, and heater treaters.
All such platforms shall be designed in such a manner that will confine any
fluids which could escape into the lake thereby causing contamination or
pollution in any degree. All platforms shall be approved and marked with
suitable navigation markers as required by the United States Coast Guard
and United States Army Corps of Engineers.
                                          - 15 -

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Oil S Natural Gas Lease
35.            WELL RECORDS, LOGS, AND REPORTS

               35.1      Lessee shall keep a daily drilling record which will
describe the formations penetrated, depth and volumes of water, oil, gas,
and liquid hydrocarbons found while drilling each well on the leased premises.
Any other data that is usually acquired in the normal procedure of drilling
shall be recorded and furnished to Lessor, such as drilling tine, rate of
fill-up, lost circulation zones, caving strata, casing records, core analyses,
mud log analyses, perforation, and production test data.  Within thirty  (30)
days after completion of each well, Lessee shall furnish Lessor an accurate
location plat, a detailed lithologic log, and history of the well including
geologic, drillers, electrical, and any other well surveys made to obtain
subsurface information  In addition, any logs, records„ and data pertaining
to the completion or treatment of wells shall be made available within thirty
(30) days after they are made.  A drillers log shall be furnished to the Oil
and Gas Division, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries,
in accordance with the requirements of the Pennsylvania Gas Operations, Well
Drilling, Petroleum, and Coal Mining Act of 1955.  Upon request, samples
of all formations penetrated and parts of cores taken, accurately labled
with the name of the well, and interval of depth shall be furnished to Lessor
at Lessee's expense.  Lessee shall also ship a complete sample suite to the
Pennsylvania State Geological Survey, State Office Building, 300 Liberty
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222, within thirty  (301 days after completion
of each well.

36.            AUDITS

               36.1      Lessee shall furnish to Lessor, at its request, the
meter charts covering the production of each well on the lease.  Lessor may
keep such charts for examination for a period not to exceed ninety  (90) days.
Lessee shall furnish or secure for Department promptly any statements furnished
to Lessee by any person or corporation to whom Lessee delivers for sale or
transport any oil, gas, and other products produced from the leased premises.

               36.2      Lessee further authorizes and directs any person,
association, company, partnership, corporation, or other entity to whom Lessee
sells or furnishes gas, oil, and liquid hydrocarbons, produced from any well
covered by this lease, to disclose and exhibit accounts and other instruments
to representatives of Lessor at Lessor's request having to do with the transactions
involving payments to Lessee, his heirs, administrators, executors, successors,
and assigns for gas, oil, and liquid hydrocarbons from wells covered by this
lease.

               36.3      Lessee further grants to Lessor the right, at any
time, to examine, audit, or inspect books, records, and accounts of Lessee
pertinent to the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the reports and statements
furnished to Lessor, and for checking the amount of payments lawfully due
under the terms of this lease.  Lessee agrees to provide every aid or facility
to enable such audit to be made by Lessor   If such audit should disclose
any gross error or fraud by Lessee in payment of royalties, then Lessee
shall pay the cost and expense of said audit together with the deficiency.
However, in case of fraud by Lessee, such payments shall not preclude Lessor
in his discretion from cancelling this lease upon delivery to Lessee of written
notice of Lessor's intention.
                                          - 16 -

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M-0&G-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease
37.            LESSEE'S TERMINATION

               37.1      Lessee may at any time surrender this  lease  in its
entirety or any number of tracts, measuring 1 Minute Latitude by 1 Minute
Longitude, and comprising six hundred and thirty  (630$ acres more or  less
of the block or blocks leased; provided, however, that such surrender must
be evidenced by written notice accompanied by a release or releases in recordable
form delivered to Lessor thirty  (30) days prior to the effective date thereof,
and Lessee has performed all commitments with which Lessee is charged to
the effective date of surrender.  It is also agreed that any amount paid
as an advance bonus, land rental, previous to the effective date of said
surrender, shall be deemed liquidated damages due Lessor, and shall be in
no way prorated or subject to claim by Lessee for return to Lessee    Under
no circumstance and regardless of well spacing requirements, may portions
of this lease be surrendered other than on the basis of the tracts described
above   Lessee is not then in default of any obligations under  this lease.

               37o2      In the event that producing wells are  to be  retained,
Lessee shall be entitled to retain that drainage acreage attributable to
each well as previously provided under the section entitled "SUBSEQUENT HELLS."
Lessee shall deliver to Lessor a release or releases in duly recordable form
approved by Lessor.  Lessee shall be relieved of all obligations thereafter
accruing as to acreage surrendered and any rental thereafter coming due
shall be reduced in the same proportion that the acreage covered hereby is
reduced; provided, however, that Lessee shall not be relieved of any  obligation
which accrues prior to such surrender.

38.            REMOVAL

               38.1      Lessee shall have six (6) months after termination,
abandonment, or surrender of this lease, or any part hereof, in which to
remove all machinery, well structures, equipment, platforms, pipelines, and
other materials and structures resulting from Lessee's operations.

39.            RELEASE

               39.1      Lessee shall not be granted a final release  from the
terms of this lease until an inspection of the leased premises  by Lessor
indicates the proper removal procedure has been completed.

40             ABANDONMENT AND STORAGE RIGHTS

               40.1      In the event the development of this lease demonstrates,
in the opinion of Lessor, that this tract has potential value as a gas storage
reservoir (no storage rights are demised to Lessee under the terms of this
lease), before any well shall be plugged, the well, equipment,  property,
and casing involved shall first be offered to Lessor, his nominee or  assignee,
at the then fair market value of those itemso  Such firm offer  shall  be
made in writing to Lessor at least thirty (30) days prior to commencement
of removal of the equipment from the well by Lessee.
                                          - 17 -

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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil £ Natural Gas Lease
41.            LESSOR'S TERMINATION

               41.1      If Lessee shall fail or refuse to pay any rental or
royalty due under the terms of this lease within thirty (30) days after demand
in writing by Lessor, of if Lessee shall violate, or fail to perform any
of the covenants or provisions of this lease, Lessor shall have the right
to terminate the lease.

               41.2      In case of default in the payment of any sum of money
due under the provisions of this lease within thirty (30)  days after demand
in writing by Lessor or the breach of any other of the terms of this lease,
Lessee hereby authorizes and empowers the Attorney General of the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, or any attorney of any court of record to appear for it
in an amicable action of ejectment for the leased premises above described,
to be entered by the Prothonotary in which said Lessor shall be plaintiff
and said Lessee defendant and confess judgment therein in favor of the plaintiff
and against the defendant for the said leased premises and authorize the
immediate issuing of a writ of Habre Facias Possessionem  (without asking
leave of court) waiving all stay and exemption laws and release of errors.

42.            INDEMNITY

               42.1      Lessee shall, at all times, hereinafter indemnify
and save harmless Lessor from and against all detriment, damage, loss? claims,
demands, suits, and expenses, or other claims of any kind whatsoever, which
the said Lessor may sustain, suffer, or be subject to directly or indirectly
by reason of location, obstruction, presence, maintenance, renewal, or removal
of said operations permitted by this agreement or resulting therefrom.

43o            BOND

               Lessee agrees to give Lessor a surety or performance bond
with satisfactory corporate surety in the principal sum of forty Thousand
Dollars  ($40,000.00) at the time this lease is executed.  Lessee shall also
give Lessor a surety bond with satisfactory corporate surety in the principal
sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars  ($20,000.00) prior to the commencement of
each and every well drilled on the leased premises.  Upon the satisfactory
permanent abandonment of each and every well and the adequate restoration
of the affected area of the lake, the bond deposited will be reduced by the
principal sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars  ($20,000.00).  Each bond shall have
a  judgment clause in a form to be approved by the Attorney General conditioned
on the faithful performance of the covenants of this lease.  Said bonds shall
be further conditioned that in the event Lessee shall fail to remove his
equipment and machinery and properly abandon said well or wells. Commonwealth
can execute upon said bonds to pay for the cost of removal of said equipment
and machinery and proper abandonment of said well or wells.  In addition,
each bond shall be conditioned in favor of the Commonwealth for all damages
that may arise as a result of fires, accidents, or any other causes brought
about by Lessee or Lessee's agents occupying the leased premises.

44.            INSURANCE

               44.1      Lessee shall maintain in force an insurance policy
of One Million Dollars  ($1,000,000.00) which will cover accident and property
damage liability resulting from each adverse occurrence or accident which
may occur during any operation, including but not limited to exploration,
drilling, producing, and delivering the well product conducted pursuant to
this lease.
                                          - 18 -

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M-OSG-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease
45.            RELATED AGREEMENTS

               45.1      Lessor will be furnished for record purposes and to
protect his interests a copy of all agreements, contracts, letters, or memoranda
entered into, made, or sent by Lessee in any way concerning the development/
operation, or sale of products from this lease.

46.            ASSIGNMENTS

               46.1      Lessee shall not use or allow to be used, the leased
premises for any other purpose than authorized by this instrument, and shall
not assign or sublet, the leased premises in whole or in part at any time,
or from time to time, without the prior written consent of Lessor.  Lessee
shall make application to obtain such consent in writing accompanied by a
plat to Lessor describing the land to be assigned and the interest therein
if less than the whole, together with the interest retained by assignor.
Assignee shall agree in writing to be bound by all of the terms and provisions
of the lease, and shall furnish a surety or performance bond satisfactory
to Lessor. After Lessor has consented to the assignment, assignor shall be
released  from all liability under this lease arising or accruing subsequent
to the date of such assignment as to the part or parts so assigned, and assignee,
thereof, shall, thereupon, be deemed to have assumed and be responsible for
the covenants, conditions, and obligations of this lease as to the part or
parts assigned.  In the event that a portion only of the leased premises
is assigned, the default of any of the covenants, conditions, or obligations
of this lease by one of the holders of a portion of the leased premises created
by an assignment, will not affect the interests of a party not in default.

47.            LIMITATION ON WARRANTY

               47.1      The Commonwealth is considered to be the owner of
the oil and gas rights under the leased premises, but makes no warranty as
to the presence of oil and gas.  In the event of an adverse claim to the
premises affecting title to all or a portion of the oil and gas rights under
the leased premises, notice of such claim will be given to Lessor who may
with the approval of the Attorney General enter into an escrow arrangement
for future rents and royalties accruing to such disputed portion under terms
and conditions that he feels proper to safeguard the rights and interests
of the Commonwealth.  In the event an adverse claimant files suit against
the Commonwealth or against Lessee, claiming title to all or a portion of
the oil or gas rights under the leased premises, or if Lessee, after receiving
notice of an adverse claim, institutes litigation in a court of competent
jurisdiction to secure an adjudication of the validity of the claim, the
rents and royalties accruing to the litigated portion shall be placed in
an escrow account, until such time as the ownership of the disputed interest
shall be determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.  The rents and
royalties placed in escrow shall be refunded to Lessee in an amount proportionate
to the outstanding title if it is finally determined by compromise or by
a court of competent jurisdiction that all or part of such rights are not
owned by the Commonwealth.
                                          - 19 -

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M-0&G-LE-68
Oil & Natural Gas Lease
48.
FORCE MAJEURE
               48.1      This lease shall not be terminated, in whole or in
part, nor shall Lessee be held liable for damages, for failure to comply
with express or implied covenants hereof if compliance, therewith, is prevented
by or if such failure is the result of any Federal ox State laws, executive
orders, rules or regulations whether valid or invalid.  If at the. end of
the primary term, hereof, such term has not been extended by production or
drilling as in this lease provided and Lessee by reason of any of the above
recited causes is unable to drill a well on the leased premises for oil or
gas, the primary terms and the rental provision, hereof, shall be extended
automatically from year to year for a period not to exceed ten (10) additional
years unless further extension is approved by Lessor in writing so long as
Lessee meets all requirements for payments of money and other obligations
to Lessor; provided, however, upon the removal of such delaying cause, Lessee
must commence operations within six  (6) months after such removal.  During
any period that Lessee is unable to produce and/or market any products from
the leased premises by reason of any of the above recited causes, this lease
shall remain in force and effect.

IT IS HEREBY MUTUALLY UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that this lease shall be legally
binding on the parties hereto, their heirs, administrators, executors, successors,
and assigns.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Lessor and Lessee have caused this lease to be .duly executed
and have caused their seals to be hereto affixed and attached by their proper
officer, all hereunto duly authorized, on the date first above written.
ATTEST:
                           COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
                         DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS
                                        By-
                                                Secretary
ATTEST:
                                        By
                                                            (Seal)
                                                Authorized Agent
APPROVED AS TO MANNER AND
FORM OF EXECUTION:
                         APPROVED:
Assistant Attorney General
                                 Governor
                                          - 20 -

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                 79-50
                                                     79M5
                                                                                        79NO'
67
                                   66
                                                                       69

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M-0&G-LE-68                                                                89b
Oil  & Natural Gas Lease
Stipulations
                                COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
                              DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS

OIL AND NATURAL GAS LEASE FOR THE LANDS BENEATH LAKE ERIE ATTACHMENT

                                       EXHIBIT "C"

Attached to and made a part of Oil and Natural Gas Lease For The  Lands  Beneath
Lake Erie, No.                , by and between:  COMMONWEALTH OF  PENNSYLVANIA
and
                              STIPULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION
                             AND CONSERVATION OF THE SUBMERGED
                             LANDS AND THE WATERS OF LAKE ERIE

1.             PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION

               1.1       It is hereby fully and mutually understood and  agreed
that no rights are granted in this lease which shall in any way be so construed
as to impair the powers or duties of the Commonwealth or its representatives in
the execution of the laws of the Commonwealth, having particular reference to
the control, protection, maintenance, development and use of the submerged lands
of Lake Erie and the waters covering these lands.  Lessor shall have the right
at any time to take any measures necessary for the control, protection/
maintenance, development, and use of the submerged lands of Lake Erie and the
waters covering these lands.  This right includes but is not limited to  the
proper conservation and utilization of the oil and gas resources indigenous
to these lands and the prevention of pollution and contamination of the  waters
of Lake Erie.  Lessee shall  not use or allow to be used the leased premises
for any other purpose than that authorized by this lease.  Lessee shall  conduct
all operations with deference to the purposes to which the leased premises are
dedicated as set forth in the health, park, water, fish, and game laws,  rules
and regulations of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and in particular agrees
to the following:

               1.2       Lessee shall be familiar with and abide by all
applicable laws, rules and regulations of the Water and Power Resources
Board, and the Sanitary Water Board of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the
United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the United States Coast Guard.
Any and all operations of Lessee must be approved by and carried out in
accordance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the said
agencies and Lessee shall promptly comply with any specific rulings by the
•aid agencies concerning his operations.

               1.3       Lessee shall be familiar with and comply with the
objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Control established by the International
Joint Commission and approved by the Governments of Canada and the United
States.

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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                                     PRESS RELEASE 68-14
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS                                 MARCH 14, 1968
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA                                         Page One

                              FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

          HARRISBURG - Maurice K. Goddard, Secretary of Forests and Waters,  announced

that his Department is requesting sealed bids for the leasing of thirty-seven (37)

offshore oil and gas lease blocks in Lake Erie, comprising 369,989 acres.

          The proposals will be received until 2 p.m., EST, Tuesday, April 9, 1968,

at Room 409-A, Education Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

          Forms of the required bid proposal, the lease agreement, and a map showing

the location of the lease blocks, may be obtained from the Department of Forests and

Waters, Division of Minerals, Room 408,  Education Building, Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania

17120.

          Drilling and production regulations for the lake that will assure the

orderly development of the oil and gas resources - chances of finding oil  are minimal,

protect Lake Erie from pollution and preserve both public and private interests -

have been developed and incorporated into the Department's lease for the lake.

          The strict requirements and rigid guarantees contained in the Department's

lease were developed over a twenty-month period beginning in July, 1966.   They are

the result of joint discussions held and information exchanged between the Department

and representatives of Ohio, New York, and the Province of Ontario, along with other

State and Federal agencies having jurisdiction over the lake.  Periodic meetings

will be held in the future to maintain close liaison, to assure that all rules and

regulations are adhered to, and to develop any new measures necessary for the

control and protection of the lake's resources.

          Some strong lease provisions for the protection and conservation of the

lake's resources are:

          1.   Prior to beginning any operations, plans of 'the proposed operations

               must be approved by the Department and all other State and Federal

               authorities having jurisdiction over the lake.

          2.   The Department retains the right at any time to take any measure

               necessary for the control, protection, maintenance, development,

               and use of the submerged lands and waters of Lake Erie, including

               the proper conservation and utilization of the oil and gas resources

               and the prevention, of pollution of the waters of the lake.

          3.   No pollution or contamination of the lake in any manner whatsoever

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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA                                         Page Two
               is permitted and all deleterious substances must be disposed of

               onshore in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth.

          4.   Any operation which is a source or potential source of pollution

               will be stopped by the Department until it is determined  that no

               pollution will occur.

          5.   Reimbursement must be made for all damage or destruction  of

               property including shoreline,  life, and the waters of  Lake Erie.

          6.   For this purpose and to provide for proper abandonment, a

               permanent bond of $40,000 is to be maintained.   In addition,

               a $20,000 bond must be provided prior to the commencement of

               any well.  A $1,000,000 insurance policy is to be maintained

               that will cover accident and property liability resulting from

               each adverse occurrence or accident during any operations.

          7.   Drilling mud of sufficient weight, capable of controlling

               formation pressures, and preventing oil and gas blowouts  or

               flows of fresh water must be available at all times.

          8.   All casing tubing and equipment shall be in good condition

               and adequate for the depths to be drilled and the pressures

               that may be encountered.

          9.   An accepted device shall be installed below the elevation of

               the lake bottom on all producing wells to prevent the  escape

               of oil, gas, or water if the wellhead equipment is damaged.

         10.   No leaks or waste of oil, gas, or other liquid hydrocarbons

               is permitted at any time.

         11.   All wells must be abandoned by filling hole completely from top

               to bottom with cement.

         12.   Any pipeline under shipping lanes and anchorages must  be  buried.

               All others must be laid at or below the level of the lake bottom.

               Before used to transport any fluids, they must be tested  with

               fresh water at twice the working pressure.

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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA                                         Page Three


         13.   At the first show of oil or gas, drilling operations  must  be

               suspended and the casing tested and found to be free of all

               leaks before drilling is continued.   Emergency oil  saving equip-

               ment and storage must be available at all times,

         14.   Blowout preventers and casing cpntrol equipment to  effectively

               control any oil, gas, or water must be maintained at all  times.

         15.   A valve must be provided to shutoff rotary hose connections if

               the hose blows out.

         16.   No drilling is to be permitted within one mile of a  public water

               supply or industrial water supply intake crib, intake tunnel,  or

               pipeline, nor within 1,000 feet of any outfall structure, municipal

               or industrial, for the discharge to lake waters of  sewage or in-

               dustrial waste.

         17.   Wellheads are to be marked with byoys, equipped with a trawl

               deflector, and protected from damage by ice and boats.  There

               is to be no interference with any fishing rights.

         18.   A two to eight mile zone is reserved along the shoreline  which

               will not be offered for lease.  This zone is designed to  insure

               that Presque Isle State Park and private beaches and facilities

               are protected.

         19.   The necessary inspections will be made to insure that the lease

               requirements are complied with.

          The first offshore well drilled in North America was in  Lake Erie, opposite

the Township of Roraney, Ontario, during the summer of 1913.  Since 1943, almost  500

offshore exploration and development wells have been drilled in Canadian waters  with

225 being completed as gas wells.  On the American side of the lake, oil and gas

exploration has been carried out only in Pennsylvania's waters.  In 1957, the Depart-

ment of Forests and Waters leased two blocks comprising 35,710 acres.   Two unsuccess-

ful wells were drilled - one on each block.  No  pollution  of  the lake  has occurred as

a result  of this drilling activity.

                                    ##################

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                             POOLING COMMITTEE-LAKE ERIE                   89c
                           INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
                              UNITED STATES AND CANADA
                                 MINUTES OF MEETING
                                   AUGUST 6, 1968
PURPOSE OF MEETING

          The Pooling Committee consisting of representatives from the Governments
of Canada, the United States, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and the Pro-
vince of Ontario met at 9:30 a.m., Room 4008, General Accounting Office Building,
441 G Street, N.W., Washington, D. C., August 6, 1968.

          At the meeting of the International Joint Commission at Toronto, Ontario,
February 28, 1968, Pennsylvania agreed to convene a group for the purpose of study-
ing problems related to pooling or combining contiguous oil or gas pools in sep-
arate jurisdictions.

          A copy of the portion of the Minutes of that meeting pertaining to this
question is enclosed for your information along with the agenda of the August 6
meeting and a list of those in attendance.

DISCUSSION

          Mr. Tarr opened the meeting by stating the purpose and the discussion
which followed centered on the items of the agenda.  All of the problems connected
with pooling in the lake were discussed by the participants along with the possi-
bilities for developing regulations and requirements for a suitable pooling arrange-
ment to prevent the drilling of unnecessary and uneconomic wells, prevent physical
and economic waste, and to insure that each jurisdiction would receive its fair
share of oil and/or gas production and/or income.

          The principal topics concerning the obstacles to pooling across Inter-
national Boundary discussed were:

          1.   Determination of the ownership of the reserves belonging to each
jurisdiction in pools straddling the International Boundary.  Of immediate importance
would be the fixing of the International Boundary for resolving this and other
pooling and drilling requirements.

          2.   Royalty and taxes - There would have to be a provision for the
apportionment of the fair share of royalties and taxes to each jurisdiction for
its acreage included in the pool.

          3.   Pressure differential - The effect of production from a pool being
produced more rapidly on one side of the International Boundary on the production
capability of the portion of the pool on the other side, as a result of severe
pressure differential.  Instances were cited by Mr. Byrd where this had occurred
in the Mid-Continent area.

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          4.   Differential in prices - Gas on the Canadian side of Lake Erie
brings a much higher price - averaging about 45C per Mcf - as opposed to about
30C per Mcf on the United States side.  With this price differential, an operator
would want to produce and/or sell his gas in Canada unless the price for American
gas is raised.

          5.   Ratable taking provision - This provision would be necessary to
prohibit discrimination in favor of one producer against another in separate
jurisdictions. It would obligate the buyer to purchase gas from a seller ratably
with other purchases from other sellers so that each lessee and jurisdiction
would be able to recover his fair share of oil and/or gas.

          6.   Import-Export requirements - It will be necessary to reach agree-
ment with the Customs of both Canada and the United States regarding the export
and import of gas across the International Boundary.

          Mr. Sharp presented a review of Canadian operations, since all pro-
duction to date in Lake Erie is located in Canadian waters under the management
of the Province of Ontario.  He stated that Ontario had no pooling regulations.
He further pointed out the value of the gas reservoirs in the lake for storage
to be utilized for peak shaving requirements.

          Mr. Neil, a new drilling unit, was introduced into the lake in July
by Pan American and Consummers Gas.

          Mr. Sharp estimated that the rental for the piece of equipment was
$5,000 per day bringing the cost of producing wells to $60,000 as opposed to the
present cost of $40,000 to $45,000.  Dry hole cost is estimated at $20,000-$25,000.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

          The meeting concluded with agreement that pooling could be accomplished
in the lake across the separate jurisdictions.

          Mr. Sharp advised that he would poll all Lake Erie operators relative
to the adoption of a uniform spacing pattern of nearly 640 acres for gas and 40
acres for oil.  It was felt that this spacing requirement along with limiting
operations to a distance of one-haIf mile from the International Boundary would
prevent problems across the separate jurisdictions until pooling regulations
could be established.

          Mr. Tarr pointed out that the Department of Forests and Waters' lease
provisions included this requirement and agreed to provide copies to the committee
showing that Pennsylvania, at this time, could require an equitable pooling arrange-
ment .

          It was also felt by the participants that a policy statement be formu-
lated by the states and the Province of Ontario stating that non-unitized pro-
duction would not be permitted across the International Boundary and setting forth:
                                          - 2 -

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(1) the limitation of production within one-half mile of the International Bound-
ary;  (2) the requirements for 640 acre gas and 40 acre oil spacing; and (3) ratable
take.

          The jurisdictions could withdraw from this agreement on a thirty (30)
day written notice of intent.  Such a policy statement could be made without
enacting legislation.

          It was agreed that all participants would provide their comments on
the pooling problem to the Chairman by September 6.  These comments would be then
circulated to the committee with the Minutes of the Meeting for review prior to
calling another meeting and making a report to the October Meeting of the Inter-
national Joint Commission.

          The comments received to date are attached as a part of the minutes of
the August 6 Meeting.

          Mr. Sharp has polled Lake Erie operators relative to spacing and will
soon forward the results of the poll.

          Also attached is a copy of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and
Waters lease for Lake Erie and maps.
Earl G. Tarr, Chairman
Mineral Economics Director
Pennsylvania Department of
Forests and Waters
                                         - 3 -

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                        POOLING COMMITTEE-LAKE ERIE
                      INTERNATIONAL  JOINT  COMMISSION
                         UNITED STATES  AND CANADA
                           ATTENDANCE LIST FOR
                            MINUTES  OF  MEETING
                              AUGUST 6,  1968
Edward A. Albares

Lawrence R. Alley


Richard C. Byrd

Harry A. DuPont


Lee A. Keeling


John F. O'Leary


Dennis A. Sharp


Carl W. Sherman



Earl G. Tarr



Bruce E. Ziegler
Federal Power Commission,  Washington,  D.C.  20426

Executive Secretary,  I.O.C.C.,  P.  0.  Box 53127,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma  73105

General Counsel, I.O.C.C., Ottawa, Kansas 66067

Regional Oil & Gas Supervisor,  U.S.G.S.,
19th and F Streets, N.W.,  Washington,  D.C.  20242

Consultant, Philtower Building, Tulsa,
Oklahoma  74103

Chief, Bureau of Natural Gas, Federal  Power
Commission, Washington, D.C.  20426

Supervisor, Petroleum Resources, Department of
Energy and Resources Management, Toronto 5, Canada

Director, Division of Oil  and Gas, Conservation
Department, State of New York,  Albany, New York
12224

Director, Division of Minerals, Department of
Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
17120

Petroleum Engineer, Oil and Gas Division,
Department of Mines and Mineral Industries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15222
                                     -  4  -

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                       POOLING COHMi ITKK - LAKK KH1K
                      INTKRNATFIUAT, JOINT COMMISSION
                         "NI.TRO STATES AND CANADA

                Meeting with repvesen'.at i ves of the Federal
            Government. States 'if Michigan, Ohio,  Pennsylvania.
                 Now Yiv-k and Province of On'.ario, Canada
         9:30 A.M.. Room 400H, General Account.in^  Offic" Building
                     regulations and  roqui romr;iH s
       oc the sevc.ral States, Province  of Ontario, and  thn Federal Government

3.      Laws governing pooling in and across tho separate jurisdictions  -
       Conflicts States, Province of Ontario, and Federal Government,

4.      Pooling requirements to be studied further to provide additional  in-
       formation and to determine common pooling p-actices fo<- effective
       conservation of oil and gas in Lake Erie.

5.      Arrangements for further meetings.

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                    International Joint Commission
                           Minutes of Meeting
                            Toronto, Ontario
                           Fnhruary 28, 1%S
Pooling or combining of Canadian and United States production
from contiguous oil and gas pools	

28.   The Meeting, after further discussion, noted that the
Province of Ontario and the States intending or contemplating
the institution of programmes in Lake Erie intended to prohthit
drilling within one half mile of the international boundary (as
well as hetween state boundaries) but that other features of
territorial and jurisdictional limitation required further con-
sideration and consultation.

Identification of questions, if any, requiring further study
and arrangementa for such study	

29.   The.Meeting, after further discussion, agreed'

         (c)   that questions related to the pooling or combining
               of production from contiguous oil or gas pools In
               separate Jurisdictions (para 28 above) should be
               considered further'  Pennsylvania officials to
               convene a group for this purpose, with the re-
               presentatives of National Energy Board and Federal
               Power Commission offering their assistance.

Commission Action

30.   The Chairman, with the concurrence of those present:

         (b)   agreed to convene a meeting, similar to that just
               concluded, in approximately six months time to
               consider particularly the results of the further
               discussions noted in para 20 above.

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                              COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

                        DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES

                                         HARRI8BURG
ornct OF »IC«T»RY
•Mr. Earl E. Tarr, Chairman
 Pooling Committee-Lake hWLe
 U08 Education Building
 Harrisburg, Pe.
      .Dear Mr.  Tarr;
                                    Tidioute, Pa.
                                    Aajust 26,
                                       111   ,,„. inic,.
                                            '  r 3'M-.
                                      DEPAR''  ' '     •
                                          pivi'UN Ci; lU^i; .
                                            HARrlSBURG. PA.
                After  thinking aver all of the discuseien at our meeting in
      Washington,  D. 0. «n  August 6, 1968, I would like t« make tke fellvwing
      onntnentci t

                 L, Due t«  the type «f production ai reported en the Canadian
               aide of  the Lake by Mr. Dennis Sharp, it anpt>?.rs that using the
               orifional «ne nile buffer zrrn a.p present Woald be most pratical.
                     (this is due to the marginal and spotty production to date)

                 2m With the small production t» date, the royalty would not
              warrent  the administration cost* of a pooling agreement when one
               oensJderes the small amount of gas tint Bight net be drained from
               between  the wells on each sdge of this mile strip.

                 3. Pooling will probably be desirable if deeper and higher
              pressure gas  is encountered or if an oil pool extends across these
              boundaries.

                 h» I  think the necessary framework should be set up where by
              pooling  could b* placed in operation quickly if the need is apparent*

                 5. I  think the well operators should establish or suggest the
              actual pooling agreements and then the rariwu grrermantal agencies
               could accept  these or adjust then for more smooth operation and
              regulation.
                                                      Very truly yo
        cc: Hon. W.  Roy Cunningham
           Deputy Secretary
           Gil and  Oas Diviaira
                                                Bruce E.
                                                Petroleum Engineer
                                                Department of Mines and Minsral Industries
                                                Tidioute, Penna.

-------
    , „. lv. r',<-iiS e, WATERS
 DIVIS10U OF
   HARRISBURG, PA.
                                  QNTAPIO

                             CN._,F!C-Y AND Rr.
                                             fi, MANAGE
31"-' 1981.
                              880 Bay Sl.reot,
                              Toronto 5,  Ontnri

                              August 14,  1968.
                              Ref. No,  580.68.
                                                       .1 r
                                                      \- M.
      jlo ;
     On August 6th, the Department met  with  representatives
from the States of New York, Pennsylvania  and  Oh.i.o and the
         Energy Board and the Federal Power  Conunlssion to
                and im:i t/i nation of Lake Erie production
      National
      discuss pooling
      from  contiguous  oil and  gas pools in separate jurisdictions.

            In  light  of the discussions to date, this Department
      is giving  consideration  to the adoption of uniform well
      Spacing  in Lake  Brie where licence of occupation boundaries
      BO permit.  The  uniform  spacing pattern being proposed is
      being based on one gas well for approximately 625 acres -
      one minute of  Latitute by one minute of Longitude.

            It  has further been suggested that within each one
      minute of  Latitude by one minute of Longitude, the first
      well  be  located  in the centre of the northwest quarter of
      the northwest  quarter (NW NW) to permit on-pattern develop-
      ment  whore subsequent well spacing is to be based on some
      multiple, of approximately 4® acres.

            The spacing of wells near the international boundary
      is of immediate  concern  to the Department and it is our
      intention  to further discuss this matter with the above
      mentioned  jurisdictions  in early September.  It is important,
      therefore, that  the view of those Ontario operators presently
      holding  acreage  in Lake  Erie be fort^arded to the Department
      not later  than August 31, 1968.

                                     Yours very truly,
      DAS/po
                               D.  A.JSharp,
                               Supervisor, .... ...—--
                               Petroleum Resources
c.c. Mining Lands  Branch
     Ontario Petroleum  Institute
     Gas & Petroleum Assoc.  of Ontario
                                                          Section.

-------
     AUG 1 9 1968  ^
DEPARTV.Ui if rURCMS & WATERS
   DivilcMffMeSTATE
                         OIL   COMPACT   COMMISSION
                P p BOX 53127
                                 900 N. E 23RD STREET
                                                      OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA 73105
                         TElEPHONf JAckion 5-3556 -AREA CODE 405
IAWMNCE R. AllEY
 Executive Secretory
                                  August 15,  1968
       Mr. Earl G.  Tarr
       Department of Forests and Waters
       Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120

       Dear Earl:

       I again want to express my appreciation for being allowed to attend
       your meeting in  Washington on August 6.  Listening to the discussion
       among all of those present, it was easy to conclude that you have a
       very real problem, and,  in my opinion, it is not going to  be too easily
       solved.

       If an arbitrary International Boundary could be established on Lake
       Erie, I believe the problem could be solved by an agreement between
       the states of the United States bordering on Lake Erie and the Province
       of Ontario whereby a well would not be allowed to produce that did not
       have the  required minimum acreage.  This would necessarily cause
       the operator to pool  this  spacing unit with the area in either the Pro-
       vince of Ontario or one of the four states of the United States.  This
       seems to me  to be a  relatively simple solution; however, in listening
       to Mr.  Dennis Sharp from Ontario,  it is almost impossible to deter-
       mine the International  Boundary within several miles.  If an arbitrary
       determination could  be made of the International Boundary, I think
       this would solve the  problem.

       There seemed to be  one  or two who felt that poolwide unitization was
       the only solution; however, I do not think you can get compulsory
       unitization between lands in Lake  Erie in Ontario and lands in Lake
       Erie in the United  States without a treaty between the two countries,
       which would necessarily have to be approved by Congress.

       Insofar as a price  differential between gas in New York and gas in
       Ontario is concerned, I have absolutely no  solution,  since any move-
       ment of gas from New York State into Ontario would be under the

-------
Mr.  Earl G.  Tarr
August 15, 1968
Page 2
jurisdiction of the Federal Power Commission.  From listening to
Mr.  O'Leary, I do not think they would be too ready to raise the
price of gas in  New York 15 cents per  thousand.

I hope this will be of some benefit to you in trying to solve what I
consider an almost insolvable situation.  I do not think that the
present ruling of no drilling within one-half mile of the International
Boundary is too helpful, since there is no International Boundary
established.  My recommendation would  be first to see if some
means could not be obtained to settle on an arbitrary International
Boundary.

Again let  me express my appreciation  of being with you and the
other members of your committee in Washington.

                                Kindest personal regards,


                               TC^...
                                Lawrence R. Alle
LRA:mr

-------
                 STATE   OF    NEW   YORK
 Hit    I
of \ /i (, ami
                                                                                            ( i
                                                                                              n i
B  STFWSHT KIIBOBNE
     Oonimr '.ifinf'i
   ,i',nn iwrtirr
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  I rif.Hr'iri A IIOI'I

  ROHIKI r f'ttirir,
1>"|j'l1/ r,'j|Mf i , .innrT
    inv/r; H KINI",
        Carl W Sherman
            Duct toi
           ni 7r.'i//

       D.iviil F I'i'iimuii
       A .isl.inl II	Inl
                                                                       September 16,  1968
              Mr.  Earl Tarr
              Mineral  Economics Director
              Division of Minerals
              Department of Forests and Waters
              Room 408 Education Building
              Harrisburg, Pennsylvania      17120

              Dear Earl:

                         As I stated at our  meeting in Washington, D.C. on August  6,  I
              think it is imperative that we  pursue the matter of unitization  across
              state and international boundaries.

                         Conservation and economic  considerations make field-wide
              unitization a necessity.  The many  legal problems posed by the royalty
              interests being state and provincial governments and the possible
              importing or exporting of gas must be explored with all possible haste.

                         With this in mind,  I  would suggest that the Lake Erie  Oil and
              Gas  Committee define a theoretical  field at the junction of Ontario,
              Pennsylvania, and New York bondaries and then proceed with the development
              of a unitization agreement.   In this instance, I think we could  also assume
              the  roles of the working interests.

                         Upon completion of  this document we could then ask  our own
              attorneys to confer on what steps must be taken to ratify such an agree-
              ment and what consideration must be  given to the two federal  governments
              and  their agencies.  It might also be advisable to submit the same
              question to the Interstate Oil  Compact Commission for their assistance.

                         I believe that we may soon be faced with these problems so 1
              again stress the need for prompt attention.  Until they are solved, I  think

-------
                             -2-

all the states and Ontario should continue to observe the present "unofficial"
agreement limiting drilling to no closer than one-half mile to thf various
borders.

          I hope that this brief summary of my opinions on a very complex
matter is sufficient for your immediate needs.

                                        Sincerelyv,
                                        Carl W.^ Sherman
                                        Director
                                        Division of Oil and Gas
CWSrch

-------
n
P! lf " T'
FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION

   WASHINGTON, D.C. 20426
                                               IN REPLY REFER TO:
                                    August 9,
       1 4 19CO
      v'i .c-..ijii& WATERS
  DIVISION OF MINERALS
    HARRISBURG, PA.

       Mr. Earl Tarr
       Director, Division of Minerals
       Pennsylvania Department of
          Forests and Water
       Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17120
  Dear Mr.  Tarr:

       A broad range of problems and issues were raised
  in our discussion of the possibilities of pooling
  arrangements for natural gas development on Lake Erie
  in the meeting  held under your chairmanship on August 6.
  It seems  to me, however, that the group arrived at the
  promising conclusion that pooling could be accomplished
  despite the difficulties Imposed by multiple Jurisdic-
  tions.

       The  most important Issues that we discussed were:

  1. The .Basis for Establishing Participation in pooling
     Arrangements
     Discussion made it apparent that the problems of
     determining  proportionate participation in pooling
     arrangements Involving cross-border fields are little
     different from those involved in establishing con-
     ventional unitIzation of pooling agreements.

  2. Ratable Takes
     It became apparent that a system for imposing ratable
     takes  from fields or from areas of fields that lie
     across the international boundary is essential to the
     development  and operation of an equitable pooling
     system.  Participants in the discussion indicated that
     this requirement could be enforced through the waste
     provisions of the conservation statutes of their
     respective Jurisdictions.

  3. Customs Treatment
     An understanding with Customs authorities of both
     nations will be required to facilitate transfers
     and re-transfers of gas across the international
     boundary without hindering efficient operations of

-------
                           - 2 -


    cross-boundary fields and reservoirs.

 M. Prices
    There is a recognized difference in prices paid for
    natural gas on the Canadian and U.S.  sides of the
    border.  This problem should be regarded as a small
    part of a larger and highly complex problem of price
    administration within the U.S.   The larger problem
    will have to be resolved before the specific problem
    relative to pricing of Lake Erie produced gas can be
    handled.

 5« Area To Be Covered in Pooling Arrangements
    It will be necessary for supervisory Jurisdictions to
    define carefully the areas that will be included as
    a part of cross-border pooling arrangements.  I would
    suggest that immediate attention be focused on those
    areas of cross-border fields that would be directly
    influenced by conservation practices of wells oper-
    ating in adjacent jurisdictions.  In time, agreement
    may be extended beyond this narrow geographical unit;
    however, initially it seems to me that the problems
    posed by attempting to obtain pooling arrangements
    with regard to the total area of cross-border fields
    are too complex to be solved without greater exper-
    ience than is now available.

    As a crude first attempt to outline the sort of vehicle
required for achieving the above, I would suggest that all
four Jurisdictions adopt simultaneously a policy statement
consisting of the following elements:

(1) A statement that production of natural gas within
    one-half mile of the international boundary would not
    be permitted unless pooling arrangements satisfactory
    to the Jurisdictions involved were adopted by the
    leaseholders.

(2) The jurisdlctional authorities stood ready to provide
    for uniform spacing in the cross-border producing
    area.  This could be handled by a flat 6^10-acre
    spacing requirement or, on consultation between
    affected Jurisdictional authorities, by a separate
    field order.  I would suggest that the final arrange-
    ment combine both elements, requiring 640-acre spacing
    unless uniform field orders calling for closer spacing
    were issued by both Jurisdictional authorities.

-------
(3) The statement should make provision for nomination
    of allowables to determine ratable takes and for a
    suitable make-up period.   The ratable takes provision
    would assure equitable treatment of all participants
    in the pooling arrangement and avoid wasteful pro-
    ducing practices.

('!) The statement should include a clause to the effect
    that any of the Jurisdictions Involved could uni-
    laterally withdraw from the arrangement on thirty
    days notice to the other parties.

      I think that as  long as we bear In mind that the
objective here is simply to achieve physically efficient
operations without interference from the fact of the
international border, our goal can be achieved.

                            Sincerely yours,
                            Chief, Bureau of Natural^-ftas

-------
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         M M 0 A    Mi 3 W





       * <: W VA1 AS N W 3
      ?

-------
                                                              90
                      Hon. Richard D. McCarthy

 2   The  least  they  could do would be to wait — you  have got
   l
 3 [  a.  whole  series  of  factors that remain to be resolved,
   i
 4   I  am not saying that this should be precluded, and that

 5 |  is the impact of my remarks, but until  these  issues can

     be resolved, I  would expect that Pennsylvania would at

     least have the  decency to wait.

 8              MR. LYON:  Mr. Congressman, you make it appear
   i
 Q !  as if we are just  beginning to drill.   There  has been
   !
1Q   drilling in Pennsylvania in the past.   This is not a

     fait nouveau.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any further  comment or ques-
X &
     tion?
J_ O
                Well, as you and Congressman  McCarthy  point out,
14
     I  think  the issue  has been joined.  There are several
15
     proposals. At  least from the Federal administrative
16
     level — and maybe the Congressman could make the judgment
1.7
     on this  — with the interests that we are going  to have
18 !
     in Lake  Erie, specifically on the question of oil-well
19
     drilling,  I would  suspect that ultimately the determination
20
     is going to be  made by the Congress.  As you  well know,
21
     Congressman McCarthy is on the particular committee and
22
     subcommittee that  handles this.
23
                Possibly the notion, as I understand it, is
24
     that if  a  policy is going to be made by the Congress, it
25 :;

-------
   II                                                         91





 1                    Hon.  Richard D. McCarthy




 2   may be the better part of valor and  investment to wait




 3   until that policy is resolved before too much money is




 4   put into this.




 5 I            The other point I think that we have adminis-




 6   tratively before our Department is just what the alterna-
   I
   I


 7   tives are for us to get into the oil-well drilling opera-




 8 j  tion in Lake Erie under the present  state of law.  There

   j


 9   may be two approaches:  1) to approach that through the


   !

10   standards-making process,and, 2) it may be possible for




11 |  the Secretary to consider expanding the scope of this




12 !i  conference to include  that specifically as a specific




13 (i  charge.
   j i
   j i

14 ii            Now, these are all open for discussion, and I
   i



15 |  don't have any brief for any of them.




16             MR. LYON:  Mr. Chairman, I don't think




     Pennsylvania would have any objection at all to include




   I  the question of oil-well drilling in this conference.




,g   But I think when you look at the public furor and atten-




   i  tion that has been given that oil-well drilling problem
£ U I



   j  in relation to the real pollution sources of this lake,
£ -L I
   i

   i  the hundreds of tons of phosphates, industrial wastes
^«o


   1  and sewage and dredgings that go in this lake, frankly,
23 I


   !  we think this is a tempest in a teapot.

24 i


               Lake Erie is polluted, but it is not polluted

25

-------
                                                             92


                      Hon. Richard D. McCarthy



     because of oil wells.



 2 !            MR. MCCARTHY:  That may be true, but I think



 3   that was at issue here and you have touched on it as the



 4   credibility of this conference mechanism, and this is



 5   what touches the public.



 6             Of course we know where the pollution comes



 7   from, but on one hand to be spending what we will be
   i
   I

 8 |  spending — billions — among the States, Federal Govern-

   i
 9   ment, private industry, to clean up Lake Erie; and at



10 ;  the same time, to enter into a new program that poses



11   the very real threat of additional pollution, the public

   |!

12 i  just says, "Well, it doesn't mean anything.  They aren't,
   11
   j

13 i  obviously, serious and why should we make any efforts if

   i

14   they are going to go ahead — the Government — and they



15   don't make often a distinction between the States and



16   Washington — go ahead and grant leases to start a new



17   operation that is going to cause new pollution."



1P             MR. LYON:  Again, Congressman — and again I



19   think this will be the last thing I will want to say



20   because I know we don't want to get into a continuing



21   debate on this — drilling for oil or gas on Lake Erie



     is not new; it has gone on for approximately 150 years.

-------
                                                              93
                       Hon. Charles D. McCarthy
   i

  1    that  we get pollutants such as municipal, industrial
   !
  2    wastes, dredgings,  and compared to that, the oil-well


  5 \   operations might be a tempest in a teapot.
   i
  4 i             You know  this is precisely the argument that I


  5 ||   have  heard about dredgings.  Considering municipal


      and industrial wastes, why worry about dredging?  Now,


      everyone can make that classification of what is important


  g j   and what is not. I think the view that we have taken
   i[
  9 !   is that we take every pollutant no matter how large or
   i

1Q    how small and deal  with it.  I also believe it is a fair


   j   judgment to state that in view of the interest in the


      operation of all kinds of material going into Lake Erie,
J. rCi ]

      that  unless we can  work out a program -- particularly
13 ||                                                               |

   '   with  some of the items such as dredging, and the question
14 i

   i   of oil-well drilling — unless we can work out a program
J. D i

      that  is satisfactory to most of the people concerned and
is '.

      come  up with a reasonable one, we have to face the very
l?

      real  possibility that the Congress is going to act; and
18 |

      they  are going to tell us what the program is; and they
19

      are going to give us the guidelines to do this.
20 ;,

                Now, this is the challenge, and I don't think
21 !j
   j I
   ;   there is any way out of that unless we come up with some-
22 i
   I   thing that is going  to satisfy the people in this area.
23 i
   i
   i   They  are going to petition their Congressman, and we
24 '
      have  heard from two Congressmen this morning — one on

-------
                                                             94

                       Hon. Richard D. McCarthy

 1     dredging, and one on the oil-well drilling.  I am sure


 2     they are going to have sympathetic ears.


 3               MR. LYON:  Well, we would certainly be happy

 4     to work with this group or any other group on any program

 5     designed to prevent pollution from any kind of drilling.

 6     There is no question about that.  We are convinced that

 7     it can be done without causing any pollution.


 8               CHAIRMAN STEIN;  Are there any other comments


 9     or questions?

10               Thank you very much.

n               MR. MCCARTHY:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman.  I


       appreciate your interest and attention  and the trip was
-Lx^

       worth it, based on what you have just said.  Thank you.
J.O

       (Applause)
14

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, thank you.
15

                 MR. EAGLE:  By way of introduction, again, of
16
       Mr. Simpson, I would like to point out that his firm,
17
       Havens and Emerson, have been engaged in the past couple
18
       of years, I believe, in making a very comprehensive
19
       study of Cleveland   sewage and industrial waste prob-
20
       lems, and I believe this report is just in the process
21
       of being completed now, and if Mr. Simpson can, I*d like
22
       him to give the highlights of his recommended plan for
23
       water pollution control for the city of Cleveland as he

24
       envisions it.

25

-------
                                                               95
                          George Simpson

  1               MR. SIMPSON:  Ladies and gentlemen, I don't have

  2     a prepared statement this morning.  I will make a few

  3     extemporaneous remarks and deal briefly with a few of the

  4     things that are contained in this rather comprehensive

  5     report.

  6               Mayor Stokes mentioned in his address that

  7     programs for improvement of the waste treatment facilities

  8     were  included in this overall  Master Plan program  and

        indeed they are.   These are in keeping with the conferees1

 ,..      recommendations of the 1965 and subsequent meetings.

                  I think it is significant that more than half

        of the total program cost of $211,000,000 will deal with
 J./O

        an entirely different  problem  and one which most  large
 J.G

        cities in  this  country will have to  come to grips  with,
 14
        and that is the combined sewer problem.
 15
                 We have  ten  or eleven small  streams,  the Cuyahoga
 16
        River  and  Lake  Erie, and all of these  waterways are
 17
        polluted by combined sewer  overflows and cross-sections
 18
        to a major degree.  Our study  found  about  535  combined
 19
        sewer  overflows in the  metropolitan  Cleveland  system,
 20
        within the  city itself,  and  we  found over  100  cross-
 21
        sections and overflows  in the ostensibly separated suburban
 22
        systems.
 23
                  Correcting these problems  or improving the

 24
        combined sewer system will account for well  over half

25

-------
                                                             96

                       George Simpson

 1     of the $200,000,000 program that the Mayor mentioned.


 2               There are about thirty to forty separate

 3     projects.  They deal with all aspects of the sewer


 4     system:  the streams, the treatment plants, one new

 5     treatment plant along the Cuyahoga River for handling


 6     overflow from the Kingsbury Run and oily wastes, and

 7     thirty or forty other items.  I won*t attempt to detail

 8     them now.  The entire program, of course, will be

 9     delineated in the submission of our final report in the

10     next few weeks.

1]L               I think that it is our feeling, having prepared


12     this report, that pollution in the metropolitan Cleveland


       area has many sources.  Generally, today, we have heard
JLo

       much about sewage treatment  and this is certainly one

       very important source, but there are many others.  There
J.O

       are sources from industrial wastes, and there are many
16

       sources from our sewer systems which are inadequate,
17

       antiquated,  overloaded  and a good deal of the money
18
       in Cleveland's program will go to correcting many of
19

       these  faults.
20
                 Thank you, sir.
21
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you.  Are there any
22
       questions?
23
                 MR. EAGLE:  Yes, I have a question, Mr. Stein.

24
                 George, did you attempt to set up any kind of a

25

-------
                                                              97
                        George  Simpson

        schedule in your report aad recommendation?

  2               MR. SIMPSON:  Tea, there is a schedule that

  3      extends through  1973.  The schedules that the conferees

  4      have been talking about generally are tied to pollution

  5      abatement — that is wastewater treatment. Those schedules

  6      which you already have on the books are being met  or will

  7      be met in Cleveland*

  8               The projects going on until 1973 involve some of

  9      the sewer system improvements which weren't originally

10      included in the conferees1 recommendations or conclusions*

H               It is necessary, we believe, for orderly con-

12      struction and financing of a program of this magnitude,

13     to put it over perhaps a five-year period, perhaps even

14     a little bit longer than that, in order to obtain satis-

       factory financing  and satisfactory construction contract
.Lo

       procedures.
16
                 MR. EAGLE:  And that total cost is $211,000,000?

                 MR. SIMPSON:   Those are, of course, projected
18
       and don't include any operating and maintenance costs,  but
J_ 17
       those are projected to the year expected for construction.
20
       There are some escalations in that figure.
21
                 CHAIRMAN STEINt   This does not include storm-
22
       water drainage?
23
                MR. SIMPSON:   This includes treatment of
24
       combined sewer overflows  and certain remedial measures
25

-------
 5


 6


 7


 8
13


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23
                                                            98
                      George Simpson


     which will deal with the combined sewer overflow problem,


     but it does not include complete separation.


               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are you going to treat all of


     your combined sewage or overflows or just the first

     flush?


               MR. SIMPSON:  We are going to treat all of it


     on the first flush, yes.  One major phase of this is a


     large stabilization retention treatment basin to be con-
 9 i  structed into Lake Erie, which was the subject of a


10   feasibility study for the Water Pollution Control Admin-
   i

H |j  istration.  And this basin will accept all flush and


12 !  runoff, including treatment plant effluent, from the

   i
     Easterly Works, the polluted streams, and the combined


     sewer overflows of about one-third the total metropolitan


     area that is on the east side of Cleveland, so that there

     will be virtually no land runoff into Lake Erie that won't

     be treated in this area.

               The other programs will include runoff into the

     harbor, and the major overflows from the west side of


     Cleveland will likewise be diverted for treatment and

     chlorination.


               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Supposing you have extensive


     area-wide rain over a long period of time, will there
   ||  come a time in your system when you are just going to
24 |i
     bypass that and let it run out?

-------
                                                             99
                         George Simpson

  1              MR. SIMPSON:  There will be some overflow
  2
       because the complete separation of the system — which

  3    incidentally this report considered — we found that the

  4    cost of separation of Cleveland1s combined sewer system

  5    would be about $94^,000,000.  We felt — and I think you

  6    will agree — that within limits of municipal financing,

  7    this is an infeasible type of expenditure.  So our program

  8    really has developed around less expensive alternatives.

  9    We believe we have found them.  We believe they are at

 10    least as effective.

 11              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Oh, yes.  Most of the communi-

 12    ties in the country have come up with a plan such as

 13    this and have not gone — at least in larger cities —

 14    to my mind, to complete separation.  As Mr. Remus indi-

 15    cated to you, sometimes if you go to complete separa-

       tion  or even if you contemplate it with all of the

       money, you may close the city to automobile traffic

       for the next twenty years  and that alternative, par-
 18
       ticularly in Detroit, doesn*t go.
 J. *s
                 But we faced that in Washington, D.C.,  and
 20
       decided to go to an alternate, too; but what I am getting
 21
       at — and this is, I think, to be put before the con-
 22
       fereea  and technically the public — is the notion that
 23
       once one of these compromise systems is going to go into
 24
       effect, there will be times when some of the water does
25

-------
                                                             100
                         George Simpson

 1     go into the lake — run into the lake — and this should

 2     be understood, because once  it goes in, some people will

 3     get emotional about this.  You should know what is hap-

 4     pening beforehand to be able to appraise the situation

 5     and to recognize that there will be times when some of

 6     the wastes will go into the lake.

 7               The notion is that these will be infrequent

 8     and they will be of a character which will not degrade

 9     the lake too much.

10               MR. SIMPSON:  I might say that in spite of the

13,     fact that there will be some overflow to the lake, Mr.

n      Stein, there will be preliminary treatment, screening,
-L<&

       and chlorination of all of the discharges into Lake
J.O
       Erie.
14
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.  I think Mr.  Poole
15
       has a question.
16
                 MR. POOLE:  Mr. Simpson, have your studies
17
       proceeded to the point where you have a definite recom-
18
       mendation on processes for phosphate removal?
19
                 MR. SIMPSON:  We have made a two-pronged
20
       recommendation.  We have in the program about $650,000
21
       to construct a 3-mgd pilot and demonstration plant at
22
       the Easterly plant   for demonstrating various processes
23
       of not only phosphorus  but also nitrogen removal at
24
       thd Easterly plant.

25

-------
                                                            101

                        George Simpson


  1             The  construction of phosphate removal facilities


  2    in  a  system as large as  Cleveland's, of course, is very
   i
   i
  3    expensive.  We feel that the city should explore all
   i
   i

  4    possible methods and have flow sheets before they under-


  5 !   take  this full construction.

   i
  6 |!            The  second part of our recommendation, however,
   I!

  7 !   is  that the city undertake a combined biological-chemical


  3 S   treatment process in the intervening period, which
   11

  9 ij   basically is the Barrett and Ettinger suggestion of using
   11
   , i

10    the existing aeration and final settling tanks for chemi-
   i

•p ;;   cal precipitation, combined with biological treatment.


,? '   We  are recommending that the city undertake this and


.j ,    enter into a period when they discover whether this or


      some  other method is the optimum for Cleveland.


               A third phase  is that there are recommendations


      on  alterations to the existing wastewater treatment plants
1 6

      to  improve biological removal.  That includes greater


      quantities of  air, so that the sity is going to attack
18

      its problem we think in the way it should be attacked,


      that  is, to discover the most advantageous and economical
20 |

      way of removing phosphorus.  In the meanwhile, proceed
21

      on  those bases which have been shown to do the job with
22

      the least capital cost.
25 ;'

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any further comments
£1
      or  questions?


               FRCM THE FLOOR:  Yes, I want —

-------
  1                                                        102
  j
  jj                      George Simpson


1 !j             CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  I  am  sorry.  I don't  think we

  j
2 \   can take  any questions  or comments from the audience, because


3 i   if we did we would  have to throw it  open to everyone.  You


4 i   will be given an  opportunity  to  make a statement.  I ask


5 |   you to hold  your  comments or  questions until then.
  11

Q \             I  might say there is one indication here that
  i'

7 !   Cleveland should  be proud of, and that is John Wirts in

  i,
3 I   the operation of  that Easterly plant.  I have heard more


     proposals for pilot plants or demonstration projects and


     research  projects to be put in the Easterly plant, and I


     think this is a tribute to John  Wirts and the way he runs


     that plant.


               FROM THE  FLOOR:  May I say something there?


               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  I  am  sorry, sir.


               FROM THE  FLOOR:  I  thought it was in the paper


     — it said we could talk at this meeting.


               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Let me make the rules clear:


     Everyone  will be  given  an opportunity to talk and talk


     fully. We cannot take  comments  from the floor for each


     participant.   If  you will hold your  comments, you will


     be given  a full opportunity to make  those comments for


     the record.   You  will be heard.  If  we do otherwise,


     our experience has  shown that the conferees and the rest


     of us will have to  become semi-permanent residents of the


     city we go into,  like Cleveland, and I know that while

-------
                                                              103
                          George Simpson

  1     we like this city, all of these people are rather busy.

  2     I ask you to stay with us, to follow this procedure  and

  3     I am sure that everyone will be given an opportunity to

  4     be heard and we will  get all points of view on the table.

  5     No one is going to be cut off,  but we are going to do this

  6     in an orderly manner.

  7               Any other comments or questions?

  8               MR.  POSTON:   I would  like  to ask Mr.  Simpson

  9     whether or not in the study  of  the metropolitan area

 10     there was consideration given to the inclusion of some of

 •Q     the  separate  outlets  from industry and including  them in

 12     the  treatment  with municipal wastes.

    i              MR.  SIMPSON:   Much of the  industrial  waste
 J_G

        in  Cleveland  is now treated  along with the domestic waste,

       Mr.  Poston.
 15

                  Some of the major  heavy industry along  the
 16
        Cuyahoga  River is  not.   Generally these have their own
 17
       treatment  facilities.   The one  example that I can give
 18
       of a new  industrial waste treatment that we are recora-
 19
       mending is the construction  of  a treatment plant  at
 20
       Kingsbury Run where we will be  picking up certain
 21
       industrial wastes  from the steel firms in that area,
 22
       which are discharged into Kingsbury Run, and that will
 23
       be treated, But the major industrial wastes which are
24
       now in the Cuyahoga Valley will remain treated at the
25

-------
                                                             104
                         Walter Lyon

  1      industrial  source, principally because the treatment

  2      plants that Cleveland has are not designed to handle that

  3      type  of waste.

  4               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments

  5      or questions?  If not, thank you very much, sir.

  6               I would now like to call upon Mr. Lyon for

  7      Pennsylvania.  Mr. Lyon.

  8               MR. LYONi  Mr. Chairman.  This report from

  9      Pennsylvania has been prepared for the purpose of updating

,Q      our February 1968 status report and to provide the current

        status of cases in the Pennsylvania portion of the Lake

        Erie Basin.

                 The Borough of Girard is now following the
-Lo
        revised schedule submitted on January 24f 1963.  Bids
14
        have been awarded for the construction of settling and
15
        chlorination facilities.  This schedule calls for
16
        compliance by June 1, 1969.
17
                 Until mid-1966, the city of Erie sewage
18
        treatment plant was removing an average of &5 per cent
19
        of the BOD with monthly averages frequently exceeding
20
        90 per cent.  From that time and through 1967, the plant
21
        has been averaging only a 75 per cent BOD reduction.
22
        The city, on May 21, 1963, submitted the final report
23
        on the pilot plant study for the joint treatment project
24
        with the Hammermill Paper Company.  This report is now
25

-------
                                                              105

                            Walter Lyon


        being reviewed and evaluated by  the  Pennsylvania Department

  2
        of Health.   The city's schedule  sets the  compliance  date

  2
        for December 15,  1970, whether or not joint treatment  is

  A
        carried out.


  5              In accordance with its implementation  plan


  6     for interstate waters, the Sanitary  Water Board  at its


  7     March 20-21,  1968,  meeting,  authorized the issuance


  8     of orders to  sixteen municipalities  with  combined sewer


  9     systems serving a population greater than 30,000 (includ-


 10     ing the c'ity  of Erie)  to prepare a report on the location


 11     and quantity  of its combined sewer discharges and the


 12     effects of these  discharges  on receiving  water quality.


 13     Upon receipt  of orders to  be  issued  shortly, the muni-


 14     cipalities will be  given one  year to prepare and submit


 15     the report.  Where  the report shows  that  pollution occurs


 16     from such discharges,  the Board will  order the municipality


 17     to prepare a  feasibility study for a  pollution abatement


        program.  Depending upon the  size and complexity of the


 19      project, the  design and  construction  of abatement facili-


on      ties should be  completed in the period 1975 to 1977.  A

-------
                                                            106

                        Walter Lyon

               When we reported to you last we told you that

     the people of Pennsylvania would have a chance to vote on

     a $500,000,000 bond issue.  This bond issue was approved

 4 j|  by the voters on May 16,  196?.  One hundred million dollars

     of the $500,000,000 bond  issue has been allocated under the

     recently passed Land and  Water Conservation and Reclamation

     Act (Act 443) for grants  to municipalities and municipal

 8   authorities for the construction, reconstruction and improve-
 9


10


11


12


13


14


15
     ment of sewage treatment plants and major  interceptors.


     Twenty million dollars has been made available  for the two

     fiscal years that began on July 1,  196?, with initial funds

     to be available by early summer 1966.  Combination State-

     Federal grants (P.L.  660) of at least thirty  percent  of  the

     estimated eligible cost will be made in accordance with

     rules and regulations adopted by the Sanitary Water Board.

     Thus far, forty-nine  projects have  been certified for a
1p'
   i  combination grant, including the Borough of Girard, Erie
17 i
     County, which is in the order of $71,970 for  sewage
18 i
     treatment plant additions.

               I won't go  into detail on our Table No. 1 in this

     report, which you can read at your  leisure.  It supplements


     the information in the similar table which we submitted  to


     you in February.  But, generally speaking,  we need modi-

     fications and additions for the treatment  plant at Erie,

     and it is now planned to include the remaining  waste  from


     the Hammermill Paper  Company in that plant.
19


20


21


22


23


24

-------

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-------
                                                            log
                        Walter  Lyon

 1              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Have  Hammer-mill  and Erie  arrived
 2    at  an agreement?

 3              MR.  LYON:   No, no agreement  has been arrived at.

 4    The engineering report  has just  become available within the

 5    last few months and  is  now being studied by our Department.

 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   The difficulty I have with  this

 7    --  and I don't want  to  belabor this  — I just  want you to
 8    make the record.
 9              MR.  LYON:   Sure.

10              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   At the last meeting we had,  you

1:L I   said that by December 31»  1967,  the  basic negotiations for
   i
, 0 j   an  agreement between the city authority and Hammermill

,„ ii   would be concluded.   Now it is considerably past December
   I
      31, 1967.  I would not  raise this question  specifically
   I

      known that your Board  ordered Hammermill to  provide  complete
     except previously in your  submission — and this is well
15 i
16 i
   !   treatment  of  industrial wastes  on February  26, 1946  — the
17 |
   i   company has been granted  10 extensions of time.   The
18 I
   !   eleventh request was refused  by the Board,  but a  schedule
JL J
      of compliance expiring July 31, 1966, was approved.
20
                Even now, the question that I have to raise --
21 j
   !   and we are not dealing with a small company without
22
   j   resources  —  is:  when are we going to get  this going?
23 !
                The reason I am bringing this up  is that this
24 I
   I   is an anomaly in.a past excellent program.  They  generally
25 ;!
   Ii   have as good  compliance as anyone in the country  —  any

-------
                                                            109

                        Walter Lyon



 1    State  program in  the  country.  -This  has  been the  one  area



 2    that is  not,  and  I think we  should spotlight this.  We



 3    have those  problems,  too,  in our Federal regulatory pro-



 4    gram.  I wouldn't raise  this with you  if I didn't have



 5    cases  like  this myself.
   i


 6             MR.  LYON:   Well, I think that  both Hammerraill



 7    and  the  State  feel that  the  past record  is not a  very happy



 8    one, but I  can assure you, Mr.  Chairman, that we  are  con-

   i|

 9 i   vinced that the company  is fully intending to comply  with



10    the  schedule.



               Now, it is  true that we are  two or three months



12    behind the  signing of the agrement,  but  this has  been a



      matter of pilot plant studies.   They had some equipment



      problems in completing these studies.  The report has



15    been written,  and we  have every  reason to think that  we



      will sti^Ll  be  able to stay on  schedule.
JL. O


               Everything  you have  said certainly is correct.



      We are convinced  that Hammermill means business.
J. O


               Girard,  I mentioned  earlier.   Bids have been



      let  for  construction. Larry's Truck Stop unfortunately



      has  not  complied.  They  have the facilities they  need,
& ~L


      but  they are not  being operated  the  way  they should be



      and  we are  going  to get  after them.  I will briefly sum-
23


      marize some of the other waste problems.
24


               The  Hammermill Paper  Company submitted  the  final

25


   \\   report and  the pilot  plant studies on  May 21, 1968.   This

-------
                                                             110
                         Walter Lyon

  1    report is now being  processed  and  evaluated by the

  2    Pennsylvania  Department  of Health.   The company had been

  3    disposing of  its  spent pulping liquors into two deep in-

  4    jection wells which  were under permit from the Sanitary

  5    Water  Board.   On  April 14, 196$, Well No. 1 failed and

  6    resulted  in previously injected pulping wastes backflowing

  7    from the  well into Lake  Erie,  The company immediately

  3    contacted its consultant and took prompt steps necessary

  9    to temporarily plug  the well and to ultimately restore it

IQ    to operation.  The well was plugged and the backflow

n    stopped on May 7, 1968.

12             A new application for a permit for restoration

13    of Well NO. 1 was received on May 20, 1968.  The company

       has begun drilling a third deep well and submitted an

       application for a permit on May 27, 1963.  A time schedule
J.U
       has been received which calls for restoring Well No. 1
16
       to operation by July 1, 1963, and for placing Well No.  3
17
       in operation by July 15, 1968.  This gives us a spare
18
      well if there are ever other problems on other wells.
19
                I think what happened at Hammermill does not give
20
      us any reason to think that this is not a good method for
21
       disposing of waste.
22
                A new application for a Sanitary Water Board
23
       permit for additional treatment facilities at the Parker
24
      White Metal Company  in Fairview Township, Erie County,  is
25

-------
                                                              Ill

                          Walter Lyon


  1    being processed and evaluated by the Pennsylvania Departraen


  2    of Health.


  3              The Erie Reduction Company did not meet the


  4    April 15, 1963, compliance date in its revised schedule


  5    due to a delay in receiving approval for crossing a rail-


  6    road right-of-way.  All necessary approvals have now


  7    been obtained.  Bids are to be received on May 27 for


  8    construction of a sewer line to connect to the city of


  9    Erie sanitary sewerage  system.   It is expected that this


 10    work will be completed  and the  discharge eliminated plac-


 11    ing the  case in compliance prior to August 1,  1968.


 12              (See Modifications of Table  II on following


 13    page.)


                 One new point  that we would  like to  make, Mr.


       Chairman,  is the  need for  a water quality  management
 JLo

       model.   One  of the least understood areas  in the thera-
 16

       peusis of  Lake Erie is the  cause  and effect relationship
 17

       between  hydrology, the inputs and  outputs  of degrading
 18

       substances,  aquatic life and biochemistry  of the lake.
 19

       It is essential that we  establish  a mathematical model
 20

       which will allow us to forecast the  effect of  changing
 21

       key variables  on lake water quality.  Once various sets
 22

       of related levels of water quality  objectives  and abate-
 23
      ment are determined, it is necessary to determine their

 24
       costs so that public policy decisions can properly relate

25

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112

-------
                                                             113
                           Walter Lyon


      water quality and water use  improvements  to dollar inputs


  2    into the program.  Admittedly  this is  a difficult  task.


  3    Our state of  knowledge  regarding  such  modeling  is  far


  4    behind where  it  should  be.  Nevertheless, this  is  probably


  5    the single most  important task to  which we  must dedicate


  6    ourselves if  Lake Erie  is to be a  healthy lake  again.


  7              Now, I  am not trying to  say  here, Mr. Chairman,


  „    that we  should not  go ahead with the abatement  program


      that these conferees have developed.   I think we should
  *s

      fully  implement everything we  have agreed to do, but in


      addition  I think we should do  this modeling.


                CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  How much will it cost?
12  I

               MR. LTON: We  estimate very roughly somewhere
13

     between $150,000 and $250,000, and this is assuming that
14
     the FWPCA would have to  collect possibly some additional
15
     data for input to the model.  If this is not necessary,

16
     the cost  should stay around $150,000.

17
               The lake represents a complex ecosystem.  There

18
     are the hydrologic and biochemical subsystems.  These,  as

19
     well as others, must be mathematically related in a con-

20
     ceptual framework for public policymaking.  While this

21
     has been done for the Delaware estuary very successfully,

22
     this has not been done for Lake Erie or any of the other

23
     Great Lakes.   Understandably, the ecologic problems of

04
     lakes are much more complex than those of rivers and

25

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                                                              114
                          Walter Lyon

      estuaries,  but they should be  subject  to solution.   It

  2   should be possible  to  develop  an  adaptive computer  program

  3   that  should give us fairly good indications of the  conse-

  4   quences of  changing certain environmental parameters in

  5   the Lake Erie  ecosystem.   Understandably, such a model

  6   would only  give very approximate  solutions and safety

  7   factors would  have  to  be imposed  if we want to attain the

  8   goals we set.  But frankly  we donft know today  what  precisely

  9   is going to be accomplished except in general  we know it

10   will  be improvement  by the  abatement program that we  have

11   implemented.   We don't know what  the resulting water  quality

12   will  be with the program that we  have.

               One  other  area of "treatment" has not been
J.O
      explored and should  be. It  relates to the  fact that all
14
      lakes act as traps for sediments  and organic and inorganic
15
      materials.   They slowly fill up and by filling cause
16
      ecologic and hydrologic changes that cannot  be reversed
17
      unless  the trap is cleaned  out by removing the trapped
18
      material.  To  say that this is a  sizeable task is indeed
19
      an understatement.  But one ought at least make an engin-
20
      eering  feasibility study of the task of removing these
21
      sediments in order to reverse or  halt the aging of the
22
      lake.   The cost and  consequences  of doing this should be
23
     used  as input to the water quality management model.
24
               In summary, then, Pennsylvania  is making good
25

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                                                              115
                         Walter Lyon

     progress.  We have  51  sources of waste  on the  lake;  one  of
 2
     them  is not moving, but they have a facility —  that is

 3   LarryTs Truck Stop  —  and 45 are already in compliance with

 4   the treatment requirements.  The remaining five  or six are

 5   on schedule or moving  satisfactorily

 6             I would like to have you meet Miss Sherry  Brockway

 7   who is Miss Erie of 1966.  She grew up along the shores of

 8   Lake  Erie.  (Applause)  She is going to throw out to you

 9   some  beach balls which have in them certificates that will

10   give  those who will catch them a free week-end at Erie,

11   so that they can enjoy Presque Isle and see that our beaches

12   are clean.

13             Those who have received the balloons, if you

14   will  send the certificate — I think they have instructions

15   on them — you will get a free week-end including motel

16   and other things at Erie so you can enjoy the lake, and I

     know it is a pleasant place because I went swimming there

1Q   yesterday,
lo
               VSR. METZLER:  May I make a point of order here,

     Mv  nVta-irv
20
19
     Mr. Chairman?

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I hope it is not the one I am

     thinking it is.
22          °
               MR. METZLER:  I want to point out that they have
23
     imported a New Torker here to represent Erie, Pennsylvania,
24
     Miss Erie is actually from Buffalo, New York.
25

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                                                             116
                          Walter Lyon

  1             MR.  LION:   She  may  have  grown up in Buffalo,  but

  2   she  lives in Erie  now and she is Miss  Erie,  Pennsylvania,

  3   1966,

  4             I«d  be happy to answer any questions except

  5   about Miss Brockway.

  6             MR.  POSTON:  I  have a question.

  7             I  wondered,  Mr.  Lyon, whether you  gave any

  3   consideration  in this  model   or did any investigation of

  9   what would be  required in  getting  information from the

 10   Canadians, whether this has been part  of your  investigation?

 1;L             MR.  LYON:  Being a  member of the Lake Erie

      Pollution  Advisory Board of the International Joint Commis-
 X*c
      sion, and  knowing  of the work that has  been  done by Ontario
 J.O
      and the Dominion of Canada. I am confident that the Canadians
 14                             '
      would be happy to  cooperate with any model that -- of course,
 JLo
      I canft speak  for  them, but I get the  feeling that the
 16
      Canadians  would be only too happy to provide us with the
 17
      input that we would necessarily have to have in order to
 18 I
      make this  model of the lake complete-,  But I frankly think
 19
      that the people of the land,  in the long run, are going to
 20
      have to be entitled to know specifically what their money
 21
      that they  are putting into pollution abatement — both
 22
      industries and the municipalities — the money that they
 23
      are putting into pollution abatement,  what it will do to
 24
      the lake.  We don't know that today.  The one thing we are
25

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                                                             117

                         Walter Lyon


     sure about is that what we are doing is going to do a lot

 2   of good, but how much good  we don*t know, but only a model

 3   will tell us this.


 4             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You brought one with you.

 5             MR. LTON:  The story that Lake Erie is dead is

 6   simply not true.  If you read the pages of the sports

 7   magazines, you can see that Lake Erie is still a very


 8   fine lake-recreational resource.  We had 3»176,000

 9   visitors to our beaches on Presque Isle last year.  Lake

10   Erie is a "sick" lake  and some of its recreational uses


1]L   in other States may have been adversely affected.  But
   i

12   Lake Erie is not "dead."  It is subject to resuscitation.

     It is obvious that the people of Pennsylvania and the other
X O

     people who live in its watershed are gearing up to spend

     the money that is needed to correct this problem.
15

               The national publicity about Lake Erie being
16

     "dead," because it led people to think that the recreational

     uses of Lake Erie have been destroyed, cost our tourist and
18
     recreation industry in the Pennsylvania portion of the lake
19
     approximately $13 million in reduced income last year,
20
     This means that this publicity has not only deprived some
21
     sectors of our economy of this income, but more importantly
22
     has deprived many citizens of the enjoyment of the lake.
23
               The Pennsylvania beaches at Pretfque Isle are a

24
     pleasant and healthy place to spend a lazy week or a

25

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  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
                                                        118
                    Walter Lyon

 weekr-end and we  invite  you and the people  in the other Lake

 Erie States  to do so.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Any other questions or comments?

           MR.  METZLER:  Mr.  Chairman, I would like to

 support  the  concept of  the model*   I understood that this

 actually was going to be done  three or four  years ago.

 Wasnlt there a start made  on this?

           Let  me  say that  I  am not  making  this facetiously

 or as though I had thought about it for the  first time,

 because  New  York  State  has spent an equivalent amount  of

 money on two of its major  waterways, and I would say that
     neither of these waterways are anyways as near as compli-
J. &

     cated as Lake Erie,  I would want to be very sure that the
J_O

     fact that such a modeling attempt was going to be made
14
     would not slow down the enforcement program, but I think
15
     this is entirely too complex a system for us to blithely
16
     promise that we will have SO per cent phosphate removal,
17
     that we are going to stop the algal blooms or that with
18
     95 per cent BOD removal we are going to return the high
19
     level of sport fishing that this lake might have enjoyed
20
     at one time.
21
               I think that when you think of the estimates that
22

23

24

25
you have already heard as to the amounts of money that are

being spent by cities like Detroit and Cleveland and

Buffalo, I don't see how you can justify doing this and

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  6
  8
 10
 11
 12
 13
                                                         119
                     Walter Lyon

 not doing the model.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments or

 questions on that?

           MR. OEMING:  It seemed to me, Mr.  Chairman, that

 we bridged that gap when we had the original conferences,

 and if you will recall, I really was the one that raised

 serious questions about where we were going, and I thought

 the conferees at that time were convinced that #0 per cent

 removal of phosphates had been supported by  the record of

 the conference.   Now, I wonder if we are going to start

 all over here again reassessing this,  and with its induced

 delays — whether you like it or not,  there  are induced

 delays when you  start new research projects.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Well,  I think that  point is
20


21


22


23


24


25
 14

     well made.  I think our program is established on the
 15

     notion that any pollution control program where we put in
 16

     secondary treatment and chlorination and have phosphate


     removal, we know that you are going to get a significant
 18

     degree of improvement,
 J_ J
          I think what Mr. Metzler and Mr. Lyon said is:

you don't have a precise degree of treatment.  The one

question that I have ~ and I ask this in all sincerity:

given the complex situation that we have in the lake, it

is not like possibly an estuary or a river, or something

of that kind.  I am not quite so sure that once we have

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                                                            120
                         Walter Lyon
      done  the model  and  done the  work  that we will be able to
      make  very much  more of an accurate prediction than we can
  3   in the program  we have.  We  may, but I am not sure of that.
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
20

21

22

23

24

25
          MR. METZLER:  Well, I think this is an important
point, Murray.  I am in the hands of the experts here, and
I  expect maybe Walter Lyon is better informed than I.,  But
I  am under the impression that we can get some much more
precise ideas of the effects of taking out various kinds
and amounts of pollutants out of the lake*
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Lyon.
          MR. LTON:  I would like to comment en what Mr.
Oeming from Michigan said  and I think Mr. Metzler touched
on it, too.
               I want to re-emphasize that I do not propose
15   this model idea for a stalling device.  I think we have

     all agreed on what has to be done*  I think we should go
16
     ahead and do it, and this is not something that would make

     us wait  and not go ahead and abate the pollution we are
18
     planning to abate.  That should go right ahead; that should
JL 17
not be stopped.  But I think that without a model — and
I would have to be the first one to admit that our knowledge
in this modeling business is not as precise as we would
like it to be; it is not like a Swiss watch — but it
will — and I have talked to people who are knowledgeable
jnthis and they agree that it will — give us a much better

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  1
  2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        121
                      Walter Lyon
 guideline as to where we are going to get with this pollution
 abatement program and whether  it is enough or whether it
 isn't enough.      I think this is  the important thing.
           This  is what  we have got to remember:   operating
 without  a model now is  almost  like driving without  a
 speedometer;  you just don*t know how fast you are going.
 Tou have  got  to sort  of guess   and modeling takes some  of
 the guesswork out of  some of it.
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let me  ask you a very practical
 question   if  we are going to consider this, Walter;   I,
 and I guess at  least  two other conferees  here,  have  just
 been through  the  throes of trying  to  get  some State  and
 Federal money together  for the  alewife removal program in
    Lake Michigan, and I know how difficult and what problems
    you have even dealing with relatively small amounts*
15
              We got up $500,000 and the localities are going
16
    to put out about the same amount.  Tou might say this was
17
about the same size program for the State and Federal
people we are getting here.
          Would you propose that the money for this come
as a State and Federal joint effort  or would you propose
that this be a federally-financed project?
          MR. LYON:  Frankly, I havenft thought about that
particular point.  I would like to recall that the modeling
that was done on the Delaware was done under the Comprehensive

-------
                                                            122
                           Walter Lyon

      Planning Section of the Federal Water Pollution Act.

      Frankly, I donft see why that could not also be done for

      Lake Erie under that section of the Act.

 4              Since you mentioned alewives, let me remind you

 5    that part of the answers coming from such a model will

 6    help us come to grips with the alewives problems*  It

 7    will help us understand the ecology of this lake better

 8    so we can try to prevent the alewife problem, and this

 9    is how it will help us in every conceivable way.

10              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there other comments or

      questions?

12              If not, I think at this point we are going to

      plan to recess for lunch-     I would like your cooperation

      on this:   One, as in all these sessions, we really don't

      know how many people we are going to have and how long it
15
      is going to take.
16
                Now, I would suggest that participants other
17
      than those from the panel make arrangements with the
18
      people who are going to introduce them from their State
19
      or with myself, indicate how many want to come up, and
20
      try to give us an approximate time of the length of your
21
      statement.  This will enable us to plan an efficient
22
      conference.  We are trying to put this through today.
23
      Now let me see if I can meet the schedule.  I think with
24
      Mr. Oeming's schedule we are just going to have to plan
25

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                                                            123
                         Walter Lyon
 1 !   on pushing on through and see if we can complete this
 2    evening.
 3              Now, I  again want to assure you that everyone
      will be heard and heard fully.  With that, we will recess
 5    until 20  after 1:00 for lunch.
 6 |             (Whereupon, the Conference recessed for lunch.)
 8

 9!
10 ||
   !
11 ;i
   i
12 ||

13

14 !'

15
   i
16 i:
1 ^
-L '
IS
19  •

20

21  i

22

23

24 i

25

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                                                           124


                        AFTERNOON SESSION



 2          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let's reconvene.

 3          Let me read a telegram into the record:


 4          "June 4, 196S


 5          "Friends:  Regret that I am unable to participate
   i

 6   personally in this crucial meeting on pollution in Lake


 7   Erie.  In the past months, progress has been made on this


 8   problem, but we have far to go in saving Lake Erie and in
   i
   i
 9   preserving this invaluable national resource for the future


     recreational and commercial use of millions of Americans.


     Most importantly, we need a firm commitment from Federal,


,0   State and local officials and from the private interests
   I
   i

   |  located in the area of Lake Erie that it can and will be
-L O i

   ;  saved.  New York State, with the passage of its $1 billion


     'pure waters' bond issue has taken the lead, but the Federal
15 i!
   I
     Government has yet to fulfill the promise implicit in the
16

     enactment of water pollution abatement legislation, in
17

     recent years.  We can, however, act decisively and immedi-
18

     ately to curb municipal and industrial pollution in the


   i  shores of the lake to stimulate the development of tech-
20 |!

   i  niques which will save Lake Erie from eutrophication as
21

     the result of phosphates and restore the lake to its former
22

   I  condition, and to take such other administrative actions as
23 j!
   j!  will limit new sources of possible pollution.  Be assured of
24 !|
   !  my continuing commitment to work with you in this new and
25 i

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                                                              125
                        William Riley
       crucial  conservation  crusade."   Signed Jacob K. Javits,
  2
       U.  S. Senator*
  2
                Mr. Poston.
  4             MR. POSTON:  As the Federal presentation for
       this conference, we have  three  five-minute reports:  one
  6    on  the compliance of the  Federal installations; one on
  7    surveillance of Lake Erie; and  one report on the pollution
  8    of  Lake  Brie beaches.  We  also  have Col. Wright, District
  9    Engineer in charge of the  pilot  program on dredging, and
 10    I would  like to proceed with these, starting with the
 11    report on Federal installation  compliance, and Mr. Bill
 12    Riley will give this to us.
 13             MR. RILEY:  Conferees, ladies and gentlemen.
 14   My name  is Bill Riley.  I am here to present the statement
 15    on the status of compliance with Federal installations
 16   with the recommendations and conclusions of the Lake Erie
 17    Conference.
                The progress being made by Federal installations
 18
 19    in the Lake Erie conference area toward compliance with
      the requirements of Executive Order 1123$ and the Con-
 «cvJ
      ference Summary has been reported at previous conference
 £L.
      sessions.  At the time of the first session of this con-
22
      ference in August 1965, there were approximately 390
23
      Federal installations in the Lake Erie-Detroit River
24
      Basin.  Sixteen of these had waste treatment facilities
25

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                                                            126

                        William Riley

  1
      inadequate to meet the requirements later adopted by the

  2
      conferees.  All installations have since instituted satis-

  3
      factory abatement programs with the result that all major

  4
      installations, except Grosse He Naval Air Station, which
  5
      is scheduled for deactivation by July 1969, are now in

  c
      compliance with the Conference Summary.  Two small in-


  7    stallations, namely, the U.S. Coast Guard Detroit River


  8    Light Station and the Toledo Coast Guard Station, are not


  9    yet in compliance.


10              The status of the three installations not in

11    compliance is as follows:


12              Grosse He Naval Air Station, Grosse He,


13    Michigan:   The Department of Defense, in 1964, announced


14    plans to close Grosse He Naval Air Station and to transfer


15    operations at the station to Selfridge Air Force Base.


16    The original target date for the move was September 1967,

17    contingent upon modification and construction of certain


18    facilities at Selfridge.  Unfavorable bids for construction

19    of these facilities were received in May 196?.  The project


2Q    scope was  subsequently revised and funding reprogrammed.


21    Favorable  bids were received in March 1968 for the


      necessary  construction.  The move to Selfridge Air Force
£&

      Base  is now scheduled for July 1969.
£d

                United States Coast Guard Detroit River Light
24

      Station, Monroe County, Michigan:  Sanitary wastes from
25

-------
                                                              127
                         William Riley

  1
       four persons are discharged without treatment to  Lake Erie.

  2
       Previous attempts to replace this station with an automated

  3
       light structure have been unsuccessful due to ice problems.
  4
       The Coast Guard has submitted a request for funds to  the
  5
       Congress to design and construct a permanent,  unmanned and

  6    automated navigation light.


  7              United States Coast Guard Station,  Toledo,  Ohio:

  8    Wastes from ten persons are  discharged untreated  to Maumee


  9    Bay.   The Coast Guard has made arrangements to connect

 10    this  station to the  city of  Toledo sewer system in con-


 11    junction with an adjacent yacht  club.   The  sewer  project


 12    is  presently awaiting city of Toledo action.


 13               Significant progress has  been  made by Federal

 14    installations since  the March 22, 1967,  session of this


 15     conference.

 16               The National Aeronautics  and Space Administra-

 17     tion,  Lewis  Research Center,  has effected maximum pollution

 ,g     abatement  through both construction and  surveillance

 19     programs.  The  construction of secondary treatment facili-

 20     ties at  the  Plum Brook Station, Sandusky, Ohio, was com-


 21     pleted during February of this year.  Chemical treatment

       facilities for the removal of  phosphates have been incor-
 &£

       porated  into this plant.  NASA is presently conducting

-------
                                                            12B
                         William Riley

      instituted a complete waste discharge sampling program

  2    at its Cleveland facility.  Results of this program

  3    indicate no significant pollution originating from this

  4    installation*  Arrangements are now being made to

  5    routinely provide the results of this sampling program

  6    to the State Water Pollution Control agency.

  7              The Onited States Coast Guard has continued

  8    their construction program and instituted a program to

  9    maintain surveillance of sewage treatment plants serving

10    the various stations.  Secondary treatment and chlorina-

H    tion facilities were installed at the Cleveland Coast

12    Guard Station during July 196?.  Inadequate treatment

13    facilities aboard the Coast Guard   Put-in-Bay Houseboat

14    were replaced by an incinerator unit during April 1968.

                Other installations in the conference area have
15

      been surveyed to insure adequate waste disposal practices.
16
      This surveillance will be continued.  The Federal Govern-
17
      ment fully intends to keep its own house in order.
18
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any questions?
19
                MR. OEMING:  I have a question, Mr. Chairman.
20
                CHAIRMAN STEINt  Yes.
21
                MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask
22
      to clarify a point here.  When this gentleman reports that
23
      everybody is in compliance at least in thirteen points
24
      here, does this include phosphate removal at all these
25

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                                                             129

                         William Riley


       locations?   Is  the  phosphate being removed?

  2             MR. RILEY:  No.


  3             MR. OEMING:  Well, then, actually this is not


  4    in  compliance with  recommendations, is it?


  5             MR. RILEY:  To that degree, no.


  6             MR. OEMING:  I wonder, Mr. Chairman, if this is


  7    the proper time to  raise the question — while this relates


  8    to  Federal installations — about operations over which


  9   Federal agencies have some control?  I am referring


 10    specifically to oil pollution problems arising from ship-


       ping and particularly international shipping or interstate


       commerce.  Is there someplace else on the program where


       this might be more appropriate?
 J.O

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, this might be the place,
 14

      but letfs try to handle the first question first on that
 15

      phosphate.
 16
                MR. POSTON:  The recommendations, as I under-
 17
      stand them, on phosphate removal are rather loose.
 18
                MR. OEMING:  I understand that.  I asked him
 19
      if he was removing phosphates and he said, "No."
 20
                MR. RILEY:  In one instance.   In all of these
21
      installations with the exception of possibly two or three,

22
      all installations are discharging in the neighborhood of

23
      three to five thousand gallons a day — many of these less.

24
                MR. OEMING:  My question still stands:   Is

25

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   !                                                          130
   |                       William Riley

 1    phosphate being removed from any of these installations?
   I
 2 !             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   One of them he said.
   I
   i
 3              MR. OEMING:   In  one of them he  says.

 4 I             MR. EAGLE:  Conducting tests he says.

 5              MR. OEMING:   Yes.  Now, my question is — and I

 6    think I am right — that the conferees called for phosphate

 7    removal, not at any level  but for phosphate  removal.  So

 8 i'   if they are not removing phosphates, how  can we  say they
   i
 9 ji   are in compliance?
   i
10 i             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Is there any answer on that?
   ij
      One of the things is — I'd like to get a clarification

      on that and I think this is a major item  we  should consider

,„    — the Lake Michigan conference, at which two of these

      States were represented, we arrived at a  recommendation

      of a minimum of #0 percent of phosphate removal.  On Lake

      Erie we are talking about  a substantial phosphate removal.
16
      The reason for that relative lack of nonprecision is that

      I don't think we had as much information  at  that time
18
      as we did at Lake Michigan.

                I think the key  point is that if we are going

      to do as well as Lake Michigan, this is something the

      conferees should consider.  But let's assume for the
22
      moment that we are going to ask for an 80 percent phos-
23
   i   phate removal, how many of the Federal installations meet
24 |
   I   that?
25 •:

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                                                             131
                           William Riley

  1              MR.  RILEY:   At  present?

  2              MR.  POSTON:   I  think that the Federal installa-

  3   tions  have secondary treatment or more, is this not right?

  4              MR.  RILEY:   Right.

  5              MR.  POSTONi   And  insofar as phosphate removal

  6   is concerned,  we do get as  much phosphate removal at these

  7   plants as  we would from any other municipal plant providing

  8   secondary  treatment.

  9              MR.  OEMING:   Oh,  if  that is the way you want it.

 10              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Let me rephrase the question.

 -Q   I said, assuming we ask for BO per cent phosphate removal

 12   — I am not paraphrasing  it, I am stating it again —  how

 ,,    many of the Federal installations will meet this at the

      present time?

                 MR. RILEY:  With  present treatment facilities?
 15
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
 16
                MR. RILEY:  There is only one Federal installa-
 17
      tion with  new treatment facilities designed and capable
 18
      of being operative to effect phosphate removal.
 19
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let me get this again.   How
 20
      many Federal installations, at the present time, are
 21
      removing BO per cent of their phosphates?
22
                MR. RILEY:  At present how many are removing
23
      phosphates?
24
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, SO per cent at least*
25

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                                                            132

                          William Riley



                MR. RILEY:  At the present, none of them are



 2    removing #0 percent of the phosphates.



 3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any other comments or questions?



 4              MR. EAGLE:  Yes.  I think the report is in error



 5    here, then, when you say NASA at the Lewis Research Center



 6    has effected maximum pollution abatement through both



 7    construction and surveillance programs; and then back here



 8    in Conclusion No. 7 of the Conference of 1965, we say that



 9    municipal wastes be given secondary treatment or treatment



10    of such nature as to effectuate the maximum reduction of



II    BOD and phosphates.  So I think the report is in error.



12              MR. RILEY:  As far as NASA is concerned —



13              MR. EAGLE:  Tell me what kind of treatment do



14    they have at NASA?



15              MR. RILEY:  Originally they had F primary plant.



      They had a trickling filter, followed by a clari-floccu-
16


      lator.  We had chemical precipitation facilities for



      phosphate removal.  They are presently running jar tests
18

      to determine precisely what chemicals to use and in what
J~ \s


      dosages to get their phosphate removal.  At present, their
£\J

      phosphates are running very low.   They have the facilities.

-------
                                                             133
                           William Riley

  1              MR.  RILEY:   It is part of their construction

  2    program.

  5              CHAIRMAN STEIN;   No,  what percentage removal

  4    are they getting,  Mi*.  Riley?

  5              MR.  RILEY:   Excuse me?

  6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   What per cent  of phosphate

  7    removal are  they getting at the NASA plant?

  8              MR.  RILEY:   They  haven't  installed the  automatic

  9    chemical feeding equipment.  They have run  several  full

 10    plant  scale  tests.
   I
 11 !              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   In other words — I  don't want
   i
 12 [    to  put words in  your mouth  — in other words, you say  they

 13    can, with the  existing equipment, remove better than SO

 14    per cent,  but you  don't know whether they are doing it

       all of the time  now?
 J_O
                MR. RILEY:   Well, they don't have  their
 16
       automated feed equipment installed yet.
 17                     i   *—
                 CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  In other  words, they are not
 18
       getting it.
 J- y
                MR, RILEY:   No, they  are not; but  they  are in
 20
       the process.
 21
                MR. POSTON:  There was not a  timetable set for
22
       phosphate removal.
23
                CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  We understand that,  and  that is
24
       one of the major reasons we are here today,  and I think
25

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 1


 2


 3


 4


 5


 6


 7


 3


 9


10


11
j'5
                                                       134
                    William Riley


this is a question that I am going to pose to the conference


We have at least a nutrient removal problem -- a pretty


similar problem relating to Lake Michigan and Lake Erie.


The Federal conferees and two of the States here have


agreed to a minimum of #0 percent removal in Lake Michigan.


We do not have this in Lake Erie.  The question here is:


Should we have a program at least as good as we have in


Lake Michigan?  Maybe we shouldn't.  Maybe there are other


factors in Lake Erie or maybe you don't care as much about


Lake Erie, but if we do adopt that program that we have


adopted in Lake Michigan for Lake Erie, no Federal installa-


tion is in compliance at the present time.

          Is there anything wrong with what I just said?


Are there any further comments or questions?


          MR. OEMING: Did you open this up for other —


          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, after we finish this


phosphate question, I think that the phospate situation


is one that we will want to grasp pretty firmly before

this is over.


          All right, Mr. Oeming.


          MR. OEMING:  Well, Mr. Chairman, my question to


the conferees and to you as Chairman is:  what procedure


is followed in the Federal establishments to handle oil


losses' — and I am referring now to repetitive oil losses —

-------
                                                              135

                           William Riley

  1    from vessels plying the connecting channels?  This

  2    means the Detroit River and Lake  Erie  — and a case  in point

  3    is this:   Norfolk and Western which plies between  Detroit

  4    and Windsor, Ontario.   The  ferry  boat  is called the  Windsor.

  5              We have suspected for some time that this  is

  6    a  recurring  oil pollution problem,  and we finally  nailed

  7    it down on May 2,  1963,  to  a loss of oil from the  storage

  8    tanks,     The situation is such  on this ferry that  any

  9    time the  oil is loaded  on this ferry it  has  an overflow

       device that  permits  overflowing of  the fuel  tanks  into

       the  river.

                Now, at  the present time,  this matter is in  the
 12 |
       hands of  the  Coast Guard.   I am  posing  the  question here
 13
       to the conferees:  if we are going  to be concerned about
 14
       oil  — and I think we are — must we rely solely upon the
 15
       Coast Guard  or what mechanisms are we going to get to
 16
       establish here to get problems like this corrected?
 17
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you want to try that, Mr.
 18
       Poston?
 19
                MR. POSTON:  I think that the problem of oil
20
      pollution, whether it is bilge or leaky ships, is very
21
      difficult in that it is almost impossible to catch them
22
      in the act most of the time.
23
                However, we do receive reports from various

24
      sources on such spills  and we do try to follow up.  Our

25

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                                                             136

                          William Riley


  1    legislation requires that we show willful discharge of


  2    oil on the part of the boat or ship  if we are to obtain


  3    a conviction  and this is a very difficult thing to show.


  4              I think our Congress has under consideration


  5    legislation which would make this easier on the part of


  6    the Administration to enforce some of the regulations*


  7              When we find out about any of these, we will


  8    proceed ourselves to investigate and get abatement and


  9    stop situations such as this, and enforce in any other


 10    manner that the law will provide.


 n              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, let me ask you this


 12    question again.  You have heard Mr. Oeraingfs account of


      the situation there.  Don't you think he has presented a
 -Lo

      prima facie case for a willful discharge?


                MR. POSTOH:  Well, I am not sure that it is
 15

      willful.
 16

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, if every time that they
 17

      put oil in they know there is an overflow  and the over-
 is

      flow leaks out, what would you call it?
 19

                MR. POSTON:  If he is notified  I would say it
20

      is willful.
21

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, in a case like that, in
22
      a specific case like that, don't we have a procedure for

23
      getting at that?

24
                MR. POSTON:  Yes, sir.

25

-------
                                                             137
                           William Riley

  1             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  So I wonder — trying that

  2   assumption — can*t we work on that case, Mr. Poston?

  3             MR. POSTON:  Yes, sir, we will proceed on this.

  4             MR. OEMING:  That is all.

  5             MR. POSTON:  Will you give us any other informa-

  6   tion relative to this particular situation?

  7             MR. OEMING:  I will hand it to you.

  8             MR. POSTON:  We will report back to you very

  9   shortly as to what actions we take.

                MR. OEMING:  Well, my concern, Mr. Chairman, is

      not that anybody is falling down here at this point, but

      I am looking for a mechanism that we can follow here —
X &

      some mechanism — and if it is to be the Coast Guard,
13

      fine. But I am not so sure in my own mind whether it is
14

      to be the Coast Guard or the Federal Water Pollution
15
      Control Administration or whom.
16
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, let me try to answer that
17
      as best I understand that procedure*
18
                You can report this to any Federal agency.  Now,
19
      the Coast Guard — and I don't know if there is a repre-
20
      sentative of the Coast Guard here — is charged with
21
      enforcing all of the laws of the United States as they
22
      affect  waters.
23
                Now, it shouldn't really make any difference to

24
      a complainant if they report this to the Coast Guard or

25

-------
                                                             138


                          William Riley



 1    to us.  This is an internal matter.   We are supposed to



 2    have an arrangement in gathering the facts and referring



 3    a case of this type to the Department of Justice for
   i
   !

 4 |   appropriate action which would follow.



 5              Now, without prejudging the facts — and you



 Q    know the facts in any case tend to be a little different



 7    sometimes on investigation — but assuming a complaint



 8 jj   comes in like this from a responsible State agency, I

   i

 9 jj   think this warrants an investigation.  If the facts

   l|

10    indicate that the situation is as you outline it, we do

   j!

11    have a remedy and we do have a procedure.



12 i             Now, Mr. Poston is notified and I think we will
   i
   i

13    just follow this through and get this along and follow

   j

14    the case through.



If3              MR. OEMING:  I am satisfied.



16              MR. POSTON:  I didn't say that Mr. Oeming has



,r/    documented the occurrence, and he has two eye witnesses,



      I might say.  I think he has given us a very adequate
J- C


19    report so that we may make further investigations and



2Q    hopefully come up with elimination of this particular



01    situation.
tcL


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Lyon.
4O*^>


                MR. LYON:  Mr. Chairman, this incident illus-
*cO


   j   trates maybe one other important point and that is the
24


   !!   fact that enforcement alone may not be the answer.  It
20 !.

-------
                                                              139
                           William Riley

       seems to me that we would have to institute a program,  or

       we ought to institute a program to prevent not only oil

  2    spills but also the pumping of bilges,  and so forth.

  4    Somebody has to figure out where these  vessels should

  5    discharge waste materials or bilge  materials.   You  just

  6    can't expect them not  to do this if they  donft have a place

  7    to put the bilge discharges, So there is  a real need, in

  8    addition to enforcement activity, to develop a program

  9    that  will prevent  this type of thing, both on  on-shore

 IQ    installations and  on the vessels themselves*

 ]_]_              My question  basically is:  Is there  a Federal

 12    program that would try to come up with  answers to prevent

 13    this  type of thing?

 14             MR. POSTON:   I  think we do not have  an adequate

       program for coping with all of the oil  pollution that
 JLD

       comes in the  lakes.  I  think that Congress  is  presently
 16

       or has  held hearings,  and whether they  come up with

       additional  legislation  that would be helpful in this area
 18
       only  Congress knows at  this point.
 19
                We are concerned  and  we do follow up.  I know
 20
       the Coast Quard is on the scene with their watercraft
 21
       in connection with other  activities, and they  follow up
 22
       on some  of these.  The  Corps of Engineers is interested
 23
       in oil pollution, but I think that the fact that we have
 24
      these spills with the frequency that we do is  indicative
25

-------
                                                               140

                           George Harlow

  1    that we  do not have  ample  program on  this  in the  matter

  2    of water pollution.

  3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there  any  other comments  or

  4    questions? If not,  Mr. Poston.

  5              MR.  POSTON:  I would ask Mr. Harlow to give the

  6    report on surveillance of  Lake Erie,  as well  as his

  7    report on the  pollution of the Lake Erie  beaches.  Mr.

  8    Harlow is in charge  of our Cleveland  Office,  and has

  9    charge of surveillance in  this area and has a very active

 10    program.

 n              MR.  HARLOW:  Mr. Chairman,  I would  like to

       present you with a report.  If you don!t  have a copy, I
 J_ £

       have a few here, on the efforts of our surveillance of
 J_ O

       the lake  in 196? and 1963, and I only have three copies
 14

       with me right  now.
 15
                 For  your information, and in reading  in your
 16
       spare time, I  have some more reports here that  have
 17
       compiled  all of the analytical data and the physical,
 18
       chemical, biological and microbiological data on the lake
 19
       from the  early studies at the Cleveland Program Office.
20
                At this time, I would like to summarize our
21
      efforts in surveillance of the lake  and what the water
22
      quality parameters indicate.
23
                Between 1964 and the present, in the western

24
      basin  all chemical constituents increased except

25

-------
                                                             141

                           George Harlow


       chlorides,  silica, and chemical oxygen demand.  The total


       dissolved solids have increased five per cent.


  3              In the central basin for the same period, all


  4     chemical constituents have  increased except chlorides,


  5     silica, and nitrates.  Dissolved  solids have increased


  6     ten per cent.


  7              In the eastern basin  all chemical constitutents


  8     have increased except silica, ammonia, and nitrates.


  9     Dissolved solids increased  fourteen per cent.


10              Silica is the only chemical to have decreased in


H     all three basins.  The average decrease is 26 per cent for


12     the entire lake.  This decrease is accompanied by increases


13     in diatom populations — diatoms utilizing silica in


,.     skeletal formation.


,_              In 1967-68 the average total dissolved solids
ID

      for the entire lake was 197 ag/l>  an increase of nine
16

      per cent over 1963-64, whereas chlorides decreased slightly


      to 23 nig/1.
18

                Sediments in 1967-68 showed increases in nutrients
JL y

      since 1964.   Total phosphorous has increased in all basins
20

      with the greatest per cent increase occurring in the
21

      eastern basin.  Ammonia increased in all basins with the
22

      largest increase again occurring in the eastern basin.

23

      Organic nitrogen increased in the  western and eastern

24

      basins while decreasing slightly in the central basin.

25

      Nitrates  showed  decreases  in the central  and eastern basin

-------
                                                             142
                          George Harlow

      sediments, while remaining constant in the  western.

                The west to east trend with respect  to decreas-

      ing phytoplankton populations was again noted  in 196?-68

      data, however bloom conditions did not exist during  the

      sampling periods.

                Bacterial densities in the  western basin under

      ice cover showed larger populations in the  bottom waters,

 3    whereas non-winter 1963-64 figures showed greater popula-

      tions in the top waters.

lo •             In summary, on  the  basis of our most recent

      data, the over-all water  quality of Lake Erie  is worse

      than it was in relation to the 1963-64 data.   With this

      qualification, this conclusion should be taken with  a

      word of caution; however, in  order to make  this statement

      a true and perfect comparison all other factors which

      affect water quality would have to be equal.   In reality

      these other factors are vary  unequal.

                And this completes  my statement on surveillance

      of the lake.  (Report entitled "Lake  Erie Surveillance

      Data Summary 1967-1963 follows.)

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  What do you mean by "unequal"?

      Do you have more people there?

                MR. HARLOW:  Well,  we have  different conditions

      of temperature,  wind, currents, waste discharges —  these

      other factors affect water quality as well  as  what is

-------
       LAKE   ERIE
   SURVEILLANCE
  DATA  SUMMARY

          1967 -1968
                                  UNITED STATES

                           DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

            FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

                             GREAT LAKES REGION

                         CLEVELAND PROGRAM OFFICE
MAY 1968

-------
             TABLE  OF   CONTENTS



                                              PAGE No,
SUMMARY                                           i

INTRODUCTION                                       2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                    2

PROGRAM AND I%THODS                                2

PARAMETERS                                         4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION          ?

DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA                       9

     Water Chemistry                               9
     Sediment Chemistry                           33
     Water Biology                                40
         Phytoplankton                           40
         Chlorophyll and Seston                   58
     Sediment Biology                             58
     Water Bacteriology                           59

-------
                         LIST  OF   TABLES
TABLE No,                          TITLE                          PAGE No,

    I.      Cleveland  Program Office,  Lake Erie Routine              10
               Surveillance  - Mid-lake Water Chemistry

    2.      Detroit Program  Office, Water Chemistry -                25
               Western Basin -  1967

    3.      Water Chemistry  Comparison 1963-64 - 1967-68             29
               Cleveland  Program Office Data

    4.      Detroit Program  Office, Michigan Waters of Lake          31
               Erie Comparative Data,  1963 and 1967

    5.      Detroit and Cleveland Program Offices, Comparison        32
               of 1967-68 Cleveland and Detroit Data for
               Western Basin

    6.      Cleveland  Program Office,  Lake Erie Routine              34
               Surveillance  - Mid-lake Sediment Chemistry

    7.      Sediment Chemistry Comparisons 1963-64 - 1967-68         39
               Cleveland  Program Office Data

    8.      Cleveland  Program Office,  Lake Erie Routine              41
               Surveillance  - Mid-lake Plankton

    9.      Percent Phytoplankton Types vs. Total Organisms          40
               Cleveland  Program Office Data

   10.      Average Phytoplankton Populations                        57
               Cleveland  Program Office Data

   II.      Water Biology Comparisons                                58
               Cleveland  Program Office Data

   12.      Cleveland  Program Office,  Lake Erie Routine              60
               Surveillance  - Mid-lake Benthic Macro invertebrates

   13.      Lake  Erie  Water  Microbiology, Winter (68) Cruise         65
               Cleveland  Program Office

-------
                     LIST   OF  FIGURES
FIGURE No,                     TITLE                       PAGE No,

    I.        Lake Erie Mid-lake Surveillance Stations             3
               Cleveland Program Office

    2.        Lake Erie Western Basin  Surveillance  Stations        5
               Detroit Program Office

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                              SUMMARY
     Although Lake Erie is still an excellent source of municipal
raw water, the effects of pollution are becoming ever more discern-
ible.  The dissolved solids have increased by nine percent since
1964 with progressively higher concentrations from west to east.
Most chemical constituents in both water and sediment have increased
during the same period.

     High populations of phytoplankton were noted with diatoms
the overall dominant type in spring, fall, and winter, and green
and blue-green in summer depending on the basin.  Bloom conditions
were not noted during the 1967-68 sampling period.  As in 1964,
the pollution-sensitive scud was all but missing in all samples.
The pollution-sensitive types, such as sludgeworms and bloodworms,
were in profusion.

     The 1967-68 program was the first published study of the
chemical,, biological, and microbiological  conditions under ice
cover.  The  limited winter program revealed higher bacterial
densities in western basin bottom waters as opposed to the non-
winter 1963-64 findings where the highest densities were found  in
the surface waters.

-------
                            INTRODUCTION

     The following report is the first of an anticipated annual series
to be prepared by the Cleveland Program Office of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region.  All significant
data gathered by the Cleveland and Detroit Program Offices in their
surveillance monitoring programs on Lake Erie will be included.

     The purpose of the reports is to chronicle water quality changes
in Lake Erie.  It is not the intent to provide detailed interpretive
evaluations.  However, the compiled data, along with information col-
lected by other agencies, should be useful to those engaged  in lake
water resources management including pollution control.

     All water quality data of a routine nature are to be entered into
the STORET data processing system in use by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.

                           ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The first four surveillance cruises conducted by the Cleveland
Program Office were made with the United States Coast Guard  buoy tender
Tupelo.  The cooperation of the Coast Guard is gratefully acknowledged
and special thanks are given to the captain and crew of the  Tup_el_p_ in
accommodating Cleveland Program Office personnel and equipment.  All
waters analyzed by the Detroit Program Office were sampled with Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration equipment assigned to the
Detroit Office.

                         PROGRAM AND METHODS

     The Cleveland Program Office surveillance program on Lake Erie was
initiated  in response to a recommendation by the state-federal Confer-
ence on Pollution in Lake Erie snd  its Tributaries  in August  1965.  The
Detroit program  is the result of an earlier similar conference on the
Detroit River and Michigan Waters of Lake Erie  in  1963.   In  order to
better describe any changes in the overall quality of Lake Erie, both
programs were primarily designed for offshore water quality  definition.

     The Cleveland program was established to include sample collection
at thirty  stations along the longitudinal midllne of the  lake  (Figure  I).
The plan called  for four sampling cruises per year under the conditions
of (I)  ice cover, (2) spring overturn, (3) maximum temperature stratifi-
cation and (4) fall overturn.  Each station was to be sampled  in three
areas, at  the surface, mid-depth, and bottom.  Bottom sediment samples
were also  to be collected.

     In accord with the Cleveland plan, mid lake water and sediment were
sampled  in May, August, and October 1967, and January  1968.  The sampling

-------
    (A
ffgure  I

-------
was accomplished as planned except foY the January cruise, which was
completed only in the western basin and a portion of the central
basin, then terminated because of severe ice conditions.

     Only non-winter, western basin surface water samples were col-
lected by the Detroit Program Office.  Figure 2 shows the 26 stations
included in the Detroit study.

     In addition to cruise sampling data, future reports will  include
data from biweekly raw water sampling at most municipal  water intakes
along the south shore.  The Ohio intake sampling program was initiated
in March 1968 in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Health.  Sim-
ilar programs are anticipated with the States of Michigan, Pennsyl-
vania, and New York.

     The water quality documentation with which data from this report
and future reports should be compared is complied in the "Lake Erie
Environmental Summary, 1963-64", prepared by the Cleveland Program
Office, and  in the "Report on Pollution of the Detroit River, Michigan
Waters of Lake Erie and their Tributaries - Findings", prepared by
the Detroit Program Office in 1965.

                              PARAMETERS

     The water quality parameters shown are those which have been con-
sidered, up to this time, as most significant in Lake Erie.

     Analysis of both  lake water and bottom sediments is made, since
each is part of a dynamic environment with continuous interchanges
occurring between the two.  The quality of each can and does affect
the quality of the other.

     The parameters included  in this report are as follows:

           Physical water properties

                 I.  Temperature
                2.  Transparency
                3.  Turbidity

           Water Chemistry

                 I.  AIkaIi n i ty
                2.  pH
                3.  Conductivity
                4.  Dissolved sol ids

-------
Y
                             A
                     Figure 2

-------
               5.  Total  solids
               6.  Dissolved oxygen
               7.  Biochemical oxygen  demand
               8.  Chemical oxygen demand
               9.  Chlorides
              10.  Organic  nitrogen
              II.  Ammonia  nitrogen
              12.  Nitrate  nitrogen
              13.  Soluble  phosphorus
              14.  Total  phosphorus
              15.  Silica

          Sediment Chemistry

               I.  pH
               2.  Eh
               3.  Biochemical oxygen  demand
               4.  Chemical oxygen demand
               5.  Volatile solids
               6.  TotaI  Iron
               7.  Total  phosphorus
               8.  Organic  nitrogen
               9.  Ammonia  nitrogen
              10.  Nitrate  nitrogen

          Water Biology

               I.  Plankton types and  numbers
               2.  Organic Seston
               3.  Chlorophyll  a_ and b^

          Sediment Biology

               I.  Benthic fauna types and numbers

          Water Microbiology

               I.  Total  col I form bacteria
               2.  Total  bacteria at 20°C
               3.  Total  bacteria at 35°C

     The methods used by the  Cleveland Program Office in the measure-
ment of each of the  above are given  In the "Laboratory Manual, Cleveland
Program Office" available from that  office of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.  The  significance of each water quality parameter
Is detailed In "Lake Erie Environmental Summary,  1963-1964" available
from the same office, and in  "Physical and Chemical Quality Conditions,
Lake Michigan Basin" available from the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Great Lakes Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois.

-------
              LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION
     Abbreviations are used in this report for tabulated data accord-
ing to the following list:

Un Ii ts
mg/l- milligrams per liter
mg/g     - mi I Iigrams per gram dry weight
yg/l     - micrograms per liter
umhos/cm - micromhos per cm
MV       - millivolts

Water Chemistry
ALK or Alkal - Alkalinity in mg/l CaCO
BOD,- - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in mg/l
CL or Cl  - chlorides in mg/l
COD - chemical  oxygen demand in mg/l
CON - conductivity in umhos/cm at 25°C
DO - dissolved oxygen in mg/l
Eh - oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts
FE or Fe - i ron i n mg/1
N - nitrogen
NH-.-N - ammonia nitrogen in mg/l
NO,-N - nitrate nitrogen in mg/l
ORG-N - organic nitrogen in mg/l
P - phosphorus
pH - hydrogen ion  concentration
S i Q>2 ~ tota I s i I i ca
SO.  - sulfate in  mg/l
SP - soluble phosphorus in mg/l
SS - suspended sol ids
T - temperature in degrees Centigrade
IDS - total dissolved solids in mg/l
TP - total phosphorus in mg/l
TS - total sol ids  in mg/l
TB - turbidity in  mg/l  silica

Sediment Chemistry
BOD- - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in mg/g, initial mixing
COD - chemical  oxygen demand in mg/g
Eh - oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts
NH -N - ammonia nitrogen in mg/g
NO^-N - nitrate nitrogen in mg/g
ORG-N - organic nitrogen in mg/g
pH - hydrogen ion  concentration
T - temperature in degrees Centigrade
TFE - totaI i ron  !n mg/g
TP - total phosphorus in mg/g
VS or vol. solids  - volatile solids in % dry weight

-------
               LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION
                               (concluded)
Biology
Am - Amphlpoda In organisms per m
Is - Isop'oda in organisms per m^
Pr - Prosobranchia in organisms per rrr
Pu - Pulmonata in organisms per rrr'
Hi - Hirudinea in organisms per rrr
01 - 01 igochaeta in organisms per rrr
Ne - Nematoda in organisms per m^
Tu - Turbellaria in organisms per rrr
Un - Unionidae in organisms per m^
Sp - Sphaeriidae in organisms per m
Ch - Chironomidae in organisms per rrr
Ep - Ephemeroptera in organisms per m^
Tr - Tricoptera in organisms per m
Ot - Other in organisms per rrr
CHLORO - Chlorophyll in mg/m3
No/ml - number per ml
mg/m3 - milligrams per cubic meter
Blue-green, green, flagellates, and diatoms given In number of organisms
     per ml
x - Qualitative only
Microbiology
T.C. - Total coliform in organisms per 100 ml
20° SPC - Total bacterial count at 20°C in organisms per ml
35° SPC - Total bacterial count at 35°C in organisms per ml

-------
                      DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA
     The chemical, biological, and microbiological status of Lake
Erie in 1967-68 will be compared with that in 1963-64, however, the
reader is cautioned to consider the following.

     The 1963-64 Michigan waters' stations along with several others
in the western basin were the only stations reoccupied in 1967-68.
All sampling at these stations was accomplished by the Detroit Program
Office.  The Cleveland Program Office made no attempt to reoccupy  its
1963-64 stations.   It was felt that midline sampling was the most
efficient way to determine midlake water quality.

     In addition, sampling station reproduction in the central and
eastern basins can be most difficult.  Although radar bearings were
made where possible, many stations were located by dead reckoning.
It is not inconceivable that the same station may be as much as a
mile at variance with that of a former cruise.  Station reproduction
in the western basin is less a problem since  islands and buoys are
available for sighting purposes.

                              WATER CHEMISTRY

     Upon reviewing the 1967-68 data (Tables  I and 2) it can be con-
cluded that with respect to chemical quality Lake Erie still is an
excellent source of municipal raw water.  However, upon further exam-
ination,  and in comparison with historical data and the 1963-64 data
collected by both the Cleveland and Detroit Program Offices, the re-
lentless increase in most chemical concentrations can be easily de-
tected.  The 1963-64 data averages include results from some tributary-
affected nearshore stations which are not included in the Cleveland
Program Office 1967-68 surveys.  Since these data affect the overall
lake chemistry averages, the increase in chemical  concentrations from
1964 to 1967 may be even more pronounced than indicated.

     Cleveland Program Office data (Table 3)   indicate that all chemical
constituents in the western basin have increased except chloride, sil-
ica, and chemical oxygen demand.  Table 4 is a comparison of chemical
concentrations in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie as sampled and
analyzed by the Detroit Program Office in 1967 with that in 1963.
These waters, adversely affected by the Detroit River to a great ex-
tent, show increases in all  chemical concentrations except chloride
and organic nitrogen.  Table 5 is a comparison of  chemical  concentra-
tions in the western basin as determined by both Program Offices.
Differences are not significant except in nitrogen data,  which can be
explained by seasonal variations in this parameter.

-------












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             TABLE 4

     DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE

  MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE
COMPARATIVE DATA - 1963 and  1967

Conductivity
Chlorides
Phenols
Total Phosphorus
Soluble Phosphorus
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ammonia Nitrogen
Organic Ni trogen
Suspended Sol ids
Sulfate

1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
Max.
540
46
42
16
21
0.25
0.31
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3.6
0.58
1.35
0.62
0.92
70
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Min.
220
14
9
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-------
                     TABLE 5

     DETROIT AND CLEVELAND PROGRAM OFFICES

COMPARISON OF 1967-68 CLEVELAND AND DETROIT DATA
                FOR WESTERN BASIN

Conductivity
Chlorides
Total Phosphorus
Soluble Phosphorus
Nltrate-N
Ammon I a-N
Organ ic-N
Suspended Sol Ids

DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
Basin
Average
296
285
22
19
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.6
0.2
0.28
0.17
0.18
0.37
II
17
Combined
Average
290
20
.06
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0.4
0.22
0.27
14
                      32

-------
     In the central basin, all chemical constituents show increases
except chlorides, silica, and nitrate nitrogen, while in the eastern
basin the only decreases are  in silica, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate
nitrogen.

     The average dissolved solids have increased 9 percent during
this period in spite of the fact that chlorides and silica have de-
creased.  The average specific conductance has also increased indi-
cating that the increase in dissolved solids is due to inorganic
constituents.  Future work will endeavor to describe these inorganic
constituents.  Silica is apparently paralleled by extensive Increases
in diatom populations in each basin.  Diatoms metabolicalIy assimilate
dissolved silica in skeletal formation.

                              SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY

     The role of bottom sediments in Lake Erie, as in  other temperate,
eutrophic lakes, has great significance especially during summer
thermal stratification.  During this period, convective mixing be-
tween the temperature-density stratified water is severely limited.
The bottom layer, isolated from atmospheric replenishment,  eventually
becomes depleted of dissolved oxygen due to uptake by  sedimented
plankton.  This leads directly to an accelerated nutrient cycle be-
tween sediment and water.

     With development of anaerobic conditions at the sediment-water
interface, the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and sulfur,  along
with phosphorus, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are leached from the
sediment to the overlying waters.  The effect is a nutritional  stim-
ulus to plankton.  The death and sedimentation of these plankton
renew the sources of sediment organic matter, which are again bac-
teriological ly degraded in a succeeding stratification leading to
another hypolimnetic deoxygenation and nutritional  enrichment.

     It is suspected that a lake can reach a state of  eutrophicatfon
or enrichment whereby, in spite of elimination of all  waste inputs,
the bottom sediments become such that the above cycle  would be in-
definitely perpetuated.

     In an attempt to study the state of eutrophication in  Lake Erie,
bottom sediments were analyzed during the various seasons of  the year,
(see Table 6).  A comparison with respect to basin averages for the
years 1963-64, and 1967-68, is given in Table 7.

     Substantial increases in sediment phosphorus and  ammonia nitrogen
were noted in all  basins.  Sediment organic nitrogen increased in the
western and eastern basins while decreasing in the central.   Sediment
nitrate nitrogen showed decreases in the central  and eastern  basins
while remaining constant in the western.
                                33

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samp I ing .period indicating the probability of error.

                              WATER BIOLOGY

PHYTOPLANKTON

     PhytopIankton productivity in Lake Erie is highly variable from
year to year.  The variations result from many factors including
nutrient concentration, light intensity, turbidity, and period of
sampling (organisms may be in a logarithmic growth stage during sam-
pling period).  Since the variables are many, comparison with 1963-
64 data will  only superficially be made.  The 1967 data (see Table 8)
will be treated generally to show ranges and to illustrate seasonal
variations in productivity and species composition.  Only Cleveland
Program Office data are available; the Detroit Program Office made no
biological evaluations.

     The phytoplankton data were averaged for all  stations and sep-
arated according to basins and seasons.  Table 9 illustrates phyto-
pIankton types as related to total phytoplankton for each basin and
season.

     The data show a spring pulse in the western basin composed pri-
marily of diatoms.  Another western basin pulse occurred in fall,
primarily of diatoms and green algae.  Low-level diatom pulses oc-
curred in spring  in the eastern basin, and  in summer and winter in
the western basin.  In each case the dominant diatoms were of the
Cyclotella-Stephanodiscus variety.  Scenedesmus was the dominant
gree,n alga.  Table 10 shows average total populations and algal types
with reference to basin and season.

     The decreasing west to east trend is not as obvious in the 1967-
68 data as it was in 1963-64 especially when considering the averages.
However, upon further examination of the individual types and numbers,
the trend is discernible especially in spring, summer, and fall.

     Table II shows slightly higher spring  1967 average phytoplankton
numbers in the western and eastern basins than in  1963-64.  Lower
numbers were noted in the central basin in  1967-68.  Higher numbers
of phytopIankton were noted  in the western  and central basins  in the
fall of 1967 than in the fall of  1964.  Fall, eastern basin average
phytoplankton numbers were similar during both sampling periods.

     The fall  1963-64 plankton populations  indicate bloom conditions
in the western basin, whereas this state of algal  productivity was not
encountered anywhere during the  1967-68 sampling period.  However,
conclusions with  respect to changes in Lake Erie algal productivity
cannot be made without more frequent sampling.
                                 40

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                             TABLE  9

          PERCENT PHYTOPLANKTON  TYPES  vs.  TOTAL  ORGANISMS
                  (Cleveland  Program Office  Data)
Basin

Western
Central
Eastern

Western
Central
Eastern

Western
Central
Eastern

Western
Central
Eastern
Spring
DIATOMS vs
87.0
51.7
76.9
BLUE-GREENS
4.0
19.8
7.6
GREENS vs
6.9
17.4
10.7
FLAGELLATES
2.1
II. 1
4.8
Summer
Fall Winter
Annual
. TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
47.4
14.7
9.1
vs. TOTAL
20.8
32.8
60.6
52.9
56.3
56.1
NUMBER OF ORGAN
8.8
2.4
3.8
85.8
60.6*
ISMS
1.8
3.0*
66.9
46.5
52.5

8.4
14.5
23.7
. TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
26.8
42.2
22.7
vs. TOTAL
5.0
10.3
7.6
36.9
35.7
34.7
NUMBER OF ORGAN
1.4
5.5
5.4
10.2
27.5*
ISMS
2.2
8.9*
22.6
30.2
18.1

2.3
8.8
5.8
* 3 stations sampled out of total  of II  stations
                                 56

-------
                             TABLE 10

                 AVERAGE PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
                         Organisms per ml
                  (Cleveland Program Office Data)
Type of
Algae
D i atom
Bl ue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Diatom
Bl ue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Diatom
Blue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Diatom
Blue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Season
Spring
Spri ng
Spring
Spring
Spring
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Fal 1
Fall
Fall
Fal 1
Fal 1
Wi nter
Winter
Wi nter
Winter
Winter

Western
1943
91
152
47
2233
468
207
265
52
992
1378
229
960
36
2603
514
II
61
16
602
Basin
Central
238
91
81
51
461
45
101
137
32
315
284
12
180
28
504
391*
20*
177*
58*
646*

Eastern
500
50
70
31
651
35
230
86
29
380
102
7
63
10
182
__
—
—
—
—
* 3 station average
                                 57

-------
                             TABLE I I

                     WATER BIOLOGY COMPARISONS
                Average numbers of Organisms per ml
                  (Cleveland Program Office Data)
Season
Spring
Fall

1963-64
1967-68
1963-64
1967-68

Western
1805
2233
10,800
2603
Basin
Central
1170
461
1005
504

Eastern
575
651
180
182
CHLOROPHYLL AND SESTON

     To supplement phytoplankton data chlorophyll  and seston analyses
were instituted for the Cleveland Program Office 1967-68 study, (see
Table 8).  Chlorophyll is an enzyme present in green plants.  In the
presence of light, through photosynthesis, chlorophyll converts water
and carbon dioxide to sugar, a substance basic to plant metabolism
and reproduction.  As a result chlorophyll is closely related to
primary production or the conversion of inorganic materials to living
plant tissue.  Chlorophyll determinations are used to give an estimate
of phytoplankton productivity since the amount of chlorophyll present
is an indicator of the type algae present.  Coccoid and filamentous
green algae contain chlorophyll a_ and b_.  Diatoms and brown flagellates
contain chlorophyll a_ and £ but lack chlorophyll b_.  Blue-green algae
contain only chlorophyll  a_.

     Organic seston includes the living phytoplankton and zooplankton,
and the non-living particles of organic matter floating or held in
suspension in the water.    It provides a gross estimate of algal pro-
ductivity by assuming that most of the mi-d-Lake Erie suspended organic
matter is derived from algal sources.  However, In some instances this
may not be true, and significant contamination with non-living organic
debris (tripton) is a probability.  The results of Lake Erie 1967-68
chlorophyll and seston determinations are summarized  in Table 8.

                            SEDIMENT BIOLOGY

     Benthic fauna are macroscopic organisms which live on or within
lake bottom sediments.  Some have been classified, rather nonprecisely,
                               58

-------
as "pollution-tolerant" or "pollution-sensitive".  Characteristic
of a clean water zone is the presence of many kinds of bottom
organisms.  Typical clean water species are immature caddis flies
(Tricoptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera),
dobson flies (Megaloptera), giI I-breathing snails (Prosobranchia),
scuds (Amphipoda) and pearl button clams (Unionidae).  Although the
variety of organisms is great,  the total  population is small, because
of predation and competition for food.

     In a polluted zone only a  few kinds of organisms can survive in
the soft, shifting, bottom organic sludge blanket.   Such organisms,
isolated from predators, reproduce to huge populations.  These in-
clude sludgeworms (01igochaetea),  some kinds of bloodworms (Chiron-
omidae), sowbugs (Isopoda), lung-breathing snails (Pulmonata), var-
ious leeches (Hirudinea) and the fingernail clam (Sphaeriidae).

     The results of bottom fauna surveys of Lake Erie in 1967-68  by
the Cleveland Program Office are summarized in Table 12.  The
pollution-sensitive scud is found  only in small numbers in the
western basin, increasing in quantity in the central basin, and
reaching a high in the west end of the eastern basin, only to de-
crease sharply in the extreme east portion of the lake.  The more
pollution-tolerant sludgeworms,  bloodworms, fingernail  clams and
nematodes are prevalent throughout the entire lake.

                          WATER BACTERIOLOGY

     Bacterial densities in Lake Erie under ice cover have never  been
determined on a lake-wide basis.   Towards this end, samples were  col-
lected at two depths (top and bottom) in January 1968 for the follow-
ing parameters:  Standard Plate Count, 20°C, Standard Plate Count,
35°C, and total coliforms.   As  mentioned previously, this cruise  was
only completed in the western basin with partial  sampling In the
central  basin.  The results are summarized in Table 13.

     Under ice conditions rather large bacterial  populations were
found in western basin bottom waters.  In 1963-64 during non-winter
sampling, larger bacterial  populations were found in western basin
surface waters.  The three  stations sampled in winter in the central
basin were for all  practical purposes free of coliform organisms.
In the western basin the sampling  stations closest  to Toledo and
Detroit demonstrated the highest bacterial  densities.  Coliforms
ranged from a high of 1,350 per 100 ml  to less than one per 100 ml.
                               59

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-------
           TABLE  13


 LAKE ERIE WATER MICROBIOLOGY
      WINTER  (68) CRUISE
(Cleveland Program Office  Data)
Sampl i
Point
E2-I
E2-I
F3-I
F3-I
F3-2
F3-2
G4-I
G4-I
E5-I
E5-I
G6-I
G6-I
G7-I
G7-I
G9-I
G9-I
GIO-I
GIO-I
GI2-I
GI2-I
DI3-I
DI3-I
FI6-I
FI6-I
GI8-I
GI8-I
ng
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Date
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/10/68
1/10/68
1/10/68
I/I 1/68
I/I 1/68
1/12/68
1/12/68
1/13/68
1/13/68
Total Col i forms
per 100 ml
water sample
380
1,240
700
350
20
33
30
1 10

-------
                                                             143
                           George Harlow
  1
       discharged into the lake, so that when we sampled in 1963
  2
       we essentially sampled under different conditions than
  3
       you would be sampling today.   You cannot  make  the condi-

       tions the same.
  5
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Well, when  can you  ever do
  6    that?
  7             MR.  HARLOW;  Tou  can't; you  can't.
  8             CHAIRMAN STEIN: In other words, this is as good
  9    a  comparison as we could ever hope for.
 10             MR.  HARLOW:  That is true.

 11             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Isn't that what we always do
 12    in pollution control?  We take the river one year and we
 13    take the river the next, and I don't know that we ever

 14    find the same  river.
 15             All  right.  Are there any further comments or

       questions?
                MR.  OEMING:  Yes, I have a couple, Mr. Chairman.
                Mr.  Harlow, on the bottom of the first page you
       mention that there  is a decrease in silica and this is

20     accompanied by an  increase in diatom populations.
21              Now, you  don't draw any further conclusion
       about this.  Are you prepared to draw some conclusion?
       Is this good or is this bad?  I mean the increase in
       diatom population.  Have we substituted one problem for
24
       another?
25

-------
                                                             144


                           George Harlow


                MR.  HARLOW:   I  don't  know whether there  is  a


       relationship there  or  not  between  the  fact that the


  3     silica has  gone  down and  the diatoms have gone up.


  4              MR,  OEMING:   Let's take the diatoms themselves.


  5     Is  this bad?


  6              MR.  HARLOW:   Yes, the diatom  is an algae and


  7     it  goes to  the problem of eutrophication and overenrich-


  8     ment  of the lake, and  that is all a part of the algal


  9     population,  and  I think we are trying to keep that to  a


 10     minimum.  But  I  don't  think it is the silica necessarily


 H     that  has caused  the  diatoms to increase; that is not what


 12     I am  saying.


 ,3              MR.  OEMING:   Now, you didn't have anything to


 14     say here about the depressed area in the central portion


       of the  lake that was found prior to the initiation of
 J.O

       this  conference.  Did you  study that area again this last
 16

       year to determine whether  it has expanded or decreased or


       what?
 18

                MR. HARLOWt  Yes, we did study it, and it so
 19

       happens that when we went through the lake with our
 &\J

       surveillance program, in cooperation with the Coast Guard
 21

       last summer, it was in July, and we were just in the
 22

      beginning of the decreasing oxygen values in the central

 23

      basin bottom waters.  On the basis of our sampling, it

 24

       is difficult to draw conclusions, but it looked to me,


25     from the day that we had,  that the  area of oxygen depletion

-------
                                                             145

                           George Harlow


       was  increasing.  However,  we  did  not  sample during the

  o
       severest  period  of  oxygen  depletion which usually occurs

  r?
       the  last  of August.


  4             MR. OEMING:  Do  you plan to do that this year?


  5             MR. HARLOW:  This year  we are changing our sur-


  6    veillance program slightly so that instead of doing one in


  7    the  winter, spring, summer and fall, like we did last


  8    year, we are going to concentrate on the mid-lake during


  9    late summer to try to define  better that area of oxygen


 10    depletion and be able to make comparisons on that basis


       with earlier data.


 12             MR. OEMING:  I think that needs to be done.


       I am glad you are thinking about that, because that is


       one of the primary concerns in this lake aside from the


      nutrients themselves, but this decreased oxygen area —


 --    is it getting bigger or is it constant, or what is hap-
 lo

      pening to it?  We donft know much about it since the


      original study.
 18

                MR. HARLOW:  It is still there,  but I can't say


      categorically that it is increased or decreased.
20

                MR.  OEMING:  I see.
21

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  All right.   Mr.  Metzler.
22

                MR. METZLER:   I am interested with your obser-
23

      vation that the nitrates have not increased.   So do I
24

      take it from that they are actually decreased in the

25

-------
                                                            U6

                           George  Harlow

      central and  eastern  portions of the basin?

  2             MR. HARLOW:  In the middle of my statement on

  3   the first page, talking about "In the central basin for

  4   the same period, all chemical constituents have increased

  5   except chlorides, silica and nitrates" — that means that

  6   nitrates have decreased*

  7             MR, METZLER:  Now, isn*t that a pretty signifi-

  8   cant finding?  Here  is one  of the two minimum nutrients

  9   that we are  concerned about.  Do you have some explanation

10   for why the  nitrates might  have decreased?

1L             MR. HARLOW:  No,  I haven't looked into the data,

12   quite frankly, with that perspective.  I am not so sure

13    total N has  decreased.  I think it has increased*

14             By the way, very  deep in that surveillance

      report that  I handed out are individual summaries of every
15
      basin and every constituent.  We have figures, I think,
16
      for the entire lake  — an average for the entire lake —

      and I think  an average for  each sub-basin:  eastern,
18
      western and  central basins, on the increase or decrease
19
      of each constituent.
20
                I may be wrong on this, but we can dig it out
21
      of the data.  I think total N has increased.
22
                MR. METZLER:  If total N has increased, you
23
      mean it is in the form of ammonia or some other form
24
      than nitrates, is that what you are saying?
25

-------
                                                              147
                           George Harlow

  1              MR.  HARLOW:   I expect it might be organic,  but

  2    still I am not sure.   We have to look in the detailed data

  3    to find this out  for  sure.

  4              MR.  METZLER:   I think that  is  a very  interesting

  5    observation that  ought to be  followed through certainly.

  6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there  any other  comments or

  7    questions?

  8              MR.  HARLOW;   I am handing out  to  the  conferees

  9    a  report on bathing beach water quality  in  Lake Erie.

                 At the  June  1,  196?   meeting of the Lake Erie

       Enforcement Conferees,  the five basin  States and the

 12    Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration requested

       a  report on the conditions of bathing  beaches in Lake
 14

                In reply to this request, this report was prepared
 15

      for presentation at this meeting.
 16

                The contents of the report are based on infor-
 17
      mat ion ascertained from local, State and Federal agencies.
 18
      Evaluations were not made of Michigan beaches located on
 19

      the Detroit River, Lake St. Glair and St. Clair River  or
 20
      beaches not open to the public.
 21
                Sixty beaches are summarized with the following
 22
      conclusions:
 23
                Three beaches are considered unquestionably

24
      acceptable for swimming.  They are Cedar Point in Ohio,

25

-------
                           George  Harlow

  1   Presque  Isle  State Park  in  Pennsylvania  and Beaver  Island

  2   State  Park  in New York.

  3             Twenty-six beaches are  considered generally

  4   acceptable  for  swimming.  These beaches sometimes exceed

  5   acceptable  swimming  limits  for short periods particularly

  6   during and  immediately after heavy rains or strong winds.

  7             Eleven beaches are considered of questionable

  8   water  quality which  indicates frequent pollution problems.

  9             Eleven beaches are considered unacceptable for

IQ   swimming.

11             The remaining nine beaches do not have sufficient

12   data to evaluate their water quality.

13             Pollution  sources to Lake Erie beaches include

      sewer  overflows, municipal treatment plant bypasses,

      inadequately disinfected effluents, septic tank discharges,
15
      urban and rural runoff  and industrial waste discharges.
16
      These  sources not only contribute bacterial pollution but
17
      also are causes of nuisance conditions.  Many beaches
18 I
      have severe algal problems where obnoxious and unsightly
19
      conditions are present from decaying algae.  Beaches that
20
      are generally acceptable are in some cases encumbered by
21
      decomposing algae and dead fish which, without adequate
22
      maintenance, become undesirable.
23
                Color, oil, garbage,  trash and other debris
24
      add to the physical degradation of the beaches which
25

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                                                            149





                          George Harlow


 2 jj   impair recreational activity.



 3              These problems of Lake Erie beaches are curable.



 4 j   With adequate monitoring programs which include intensive



 5 !   sanitary surveys, the extent of problems can be adequately



 6    defined.  These problems are highly publicized and are



 7    numerous.  Such problems, which need immediate attention

   j

 8 !   if the beach situation is to be improved, are adequate
   i


 9 I   disinfection of effluents, the sewering of areas which



10    are presently served by spetic tanks in undesriable soils,



11    diversion and chlorination of stormwater outfalls and



12    combined sewer overflows, and regulation of bypass struc-



      tures to convey the maximum flow to treatment plants.



                This program is essentially what the conferees



15    recommended in 1965.  In addition, in order to make the



., ,    beaches more attractive, increased beach maintenance



      Programs are essential.



                This completes my statement on the beach



      programs.



                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection, this entire



      report will appear in the record as if read.
s$ j.  j


                (Reports entitled "Lake Erie Bathing Beach Water



      Quality" and "Lake Erie Environmental Summary 1963-196/*,11



      follow.)
24 :

-------
         LAKE  ERIE
BATHING BEACH  WATER QUALITY
           JUNE 1968

-------
                             SUMMARY
     At the June 1,  196? meeting of the  Lake  Erie Enforcement  Conferees,
the five basin states and the Federal Water Pollution Control  Adminis-
tration requested a  report on the conditions  of  bathing beaches  in
Lake Erie.

     In reply to this request, this report vas prepared for presenta-
tion at this meeting.

     The contents of the report are based on information ascertained
from local, state and federal agencies.

     Sixty beaches are summarized with the following conclusions:

          Three beaches are considered unquestionably acceptable
          for swimming.  They are Cedar Point in Ohio,  Presque Isle
          State Park in Pennsylvania,  and Beaver Island State  Park
          in New York.

          Twenty-six beaches are considered generally acceptable
          for swimming.  These beaches sometimes exceed acceptable
          swimming limits for short periods particularly during and
          immediately after heavy rains or strong winds.

          Eleven beaches are considered of questionable water  quali-ty
          which indicates frequent pollution problems.

          Eleven beaches are considered unacceptable for swimming.

          The remaining nine beaches do not have sufficient data to
          evaluate their water quality.

     The following table summarizes these beaches by state:

   LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY WATER QUALITY  CONDITIONS BY  STATE
Questionable
Generally Safe Moderate Insufficient
Safe Slight Pollution Pollution Unsafe Date
Michigan
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
-
1
1*
1
k
IT
-
5
1
3
1
6
-
8 8
1
3
*  Does not include Beach #1 which is generally safe and Beach #11 which
   is questionable.

-------
     Pollution sources to Lake Erie beaches include sewer overflows,
municipal treatment plant bypasses, inadequately disinfected effluents,
septic tank discharges, urban and rural runoff,  and industrial waste
discharges.  These sources not only contribute bacterial pollution
but also are causes of nuisance conditions.  Many beaches have
severe algal problems where obnoxious and unsightly conditions are
present from decaying algae.  Beaches that are generally acceptable
are in some cases encumbered by decomposing algae and dead fish which,
without adequate maintenance, become undesirable.

     Color, oil, garbage, trash and other debris add to the physical
degradation of the beaches which impair recreational activity.

     These problems of Lake Erie beaches are curable.  With adequate
monitoring programs which include intensive sanitary surveys,  the
extent of problems can be adequately defined.  These problems  are
highly publicized and are numerous.  Such problems, which need immedi-
ate attention if the beach situation is to be improved, are adequate
disinfection of effluents, the sewering of areas which are presently
served by septic tanks in undesirable soils, diversion and chlorina-
tion of storm water outfalls and combined sewer overflows and  regulation
of bypass structures to convey the maximum flow to treatment plants.

     This program is essentially what the Conferees recommended in 1965.
In addition, in order to make the beaches more attractive, increased
beach maintenance programs are essential.

-------
BEAVER ISLAND STATE PARK~|
     AMBUHG TOWN PARK
               HANOVER a SUNSET BAY BEACHES
                   SHERIDAN BAY
                     WRIGHT PARK BEACH
                       POINT GRATIOT
                        LAKE ERIE STATE PARK
                           RIPLEY BEACH
                             PRESQUE ISLE STATE PARK I  BEACHES  2-10
                                                     BEACH  11
                                WALDAMEER BEACH
                                (I.D.) ILAKE CITY COMMUNITY PARKI
                                  I.D.) ICONNEAUT TWP. PARKI
                                   -(I.DJIASHTABULA TWN. PARKI
                                      I.D.) ISAYBROOK TWN. PARKI
                                                           LUYD HP. HARK
                                                          WILDWUUU MAHKM
                                                            AVON LAKE RARK
                                                            SHEFFELD PARK
                                                            CENTURY PARK
                                                           I.DWERMIUON PARKI
                                                           ID) HURON CITY PK|
                                                           D)|KELLEYSIS.ST.PK
                                                      (I D)IPORT CLINTON PK.I
                                                     ID)ISO. BASS IS. ST. PK.I
        IgTERT-iNG STATE PARKS
                                                   lULiiDU AKhA HhALHl:

-------
     Many state, local and private beaches dot the Lake Erie shore-
line.  These beaches vary considerably in both size and attendance.
Many of these beaches are not being used to their full potential.
Although geographical location in relation to population centers
is a factor which limits use, an unfortunate but major factor in
reducing attendance at some beaches is pollution.

     Bacterial pollution, or esthetic impairment, is a problem in
almost all areas.  Even beaches with good to excellent water quality
at least occasionally  have esthetic problems from algae and dead
fish.  With inadequate beach maintenance programs, this situation
produces obnoxious and unsightly nuisance conditions.  Dead fish,
which may have died from natural causes, are immediately associated
by bathers with pollution.

     Excess nutrients in Lake Erie have contributed greatly to
extensive increases in algal production in all areas of Lake Erie,
particularly from the island chain west and the far eastern portion
of the lake.

     Additional esthetic problems such as color, oil, garbage, trash
and other debris add to the physical degradation of the beaches,
further impairing recreational activity.

     From a public health standpoint, of far more important concern
is the bacterial quality of the water.  Beaches have become bacteri-
ally polluted from storm water outfalls, combined sewer overflows,
inadequately disinfected wastes from municipal treatment plants,
septic tank discharges, industrial waste discharges and urban and
rural runoffs.

     The extent of bacterial pollution at beaches depends on location
of bathing areas in relation to pollution sources.  There are very
few beaches which are not at least occasionally affected by bacterial
pollution.  A number of beaches are adversely affected only periodi-
cally, such as during and immediately after reins and strong winds.
Unfortunately, many beaches are frequently or continuously contamin-
ated by bacterial pollution.

     Some beaches which are unsafe for swimming have been posted as
such by the state or local health departments,  but the public still
insists on swimming in these areas.  This is due probably to an
unawareness on the part of the bathers as to the health hazard
present.

     This report summarizes the water quality situation of beaches
both esthetically and bacterially.  Many private community beaches and
small public beaches are not included in this report but should not
be ignored in the development of adequate monitoring programs.

-------
     The evaluations in this report are based on information from
local, state and federal agencies.  The four classifications for
evaluations are as follows:

     1.  Safe - Beaches with good to excellent water quality with
         infrequent water quality problems.
     2.  Generally safe, slight pollution - Although beaches may
         be safe for swimming, there are occurrences when beaches
         should be temporarily posted against swimming.
     3.  Questionable, moderate pollution - Beaches with question-
         able water quality; further studies may indicate frequent
         posting against swimming.
     **••  Unsafe - Beaches unsafe for swimming as indicated by
         excessively high coliform counts; should be posted
         against swimming until analyses indicate acceptable
         water quality.

                            MICHIGAN

     Figure 1 summarizes the bacterial data collected by the Michigan
Water Resources Commission and the Monroe County Health Department.
Although the median coliform concentrations are generally below the
recommended safe limit for swimming, the maximum concentrations are
very high and indicate that pollution reaches these beaches.

     The principal sources of pollution are combined sewer overflows,
municipal waste discharges, industrial wastes, and storm water outfalls
discharging in or near beach areas.  The municipal wastes are primarily
from Detroit, Wyandotte, Riverview, Trenton, Monroe and some built up
inland communities,  Michigan beaches, especially the ones closer to the
Detroit River, are adversely affected during winds from the north or
east.  Bacterial concentrations increase greatly at this time as does
the accumulation of decaying algae and debris.

     Sterling State Park and Willow Beach have good sand beaches but
out in the water the bottom contains a considerable amount of muck.
Both are plagued by algae.  Sterling State Park has been posted as
unsafe for swimming by the Michigan Department of Public Health but
many people still swim there in spite of the warning signs.

     Sterling State Park pollution stems from three sources: (l) wastes
from Consolidated Paper Company, Monroe Paper Products Company, and
Union Bag Camp Paper Company in Monroe, (2) the City of Monroe's muni-
cipal wastes, and (3) septic tank drainage from the unsewered Brest
Bay communities.

                              OHIO

     The Ohio beaches vary in water quality from quite good to grossly
polluted.  Figures 2, 3 and k summarize bacterial data as reported by
the local health departments.

-------
FIGURE

-------
Toledo to Avon Lake

     The "beaches in this area outside of the large  pollution areas
are probably of fairly good water quality.   Adequate data  on most
beaches in this area (Figure 2)  are not available,  so conclusive
evaluations of these beaches are not possible.   However, during rain-
fall these beaches can be adversely affected by combined sever over-
flows, storm water discharges, sewage treatment plant bypasses, and
land runoff.

     Beaches between Toledo and Sar.dusky are subjected to  periodic
fouling from accumulations of rotting algae and aquatic plants. Due
to the rocky substrate in much of the area, attached algae are better
able to grow.  Algae problems are very prevalent in the island area.

     The beaches in the Toledo area are polluted by the Maur.ea River
(including the Toledo treatment plant effluent), storm and combined
sever overflows and bypasses from the Toledo treatment plant.  The
Lucas County Health Department does not recommend swimming at any
beach in the county except Crane Creek State Park.

     The principal sources of pollution in the Lorain-Avon Lake Area
are storm and combined sewer overflows, bypasses from sewage treatment
plants, and the Black River.  The Lorain County Health Department
discontinued their sampling program at Avon Lake and Sheffield Lake
in 1964 after the results of their study showed continual polluted
conditions.  Century and Lakeview Parks in Lorain have had high
counts in the past and the City Health Department has recommended
against swimming in either of these beaches.

Greater Cleveland  (Avon Lake to Euclid)

     The beaches in this area, with very few exceptions, are grossly
polluted.  Coliform counts in excess of 100,000 per 100 ml are quite
frequent  (Figure 3).

     Many sources  of pollution affect these beaches such as:  (l) com-
bined and storm sewer overflows,  (2) municipal waste discharges from
treatment plants at Rocky River, Lakewood, Cleveland  (Westerly,
Southerly and Easterly), Euclid and Willoughby-Eastlake, and  (3) load-
ings from the heavily polluted tributaries within the area.  In some
areas, storm sewers continuously overflow  due  to the overloading
from the  rapidly developing  suburbs.  Raw  sewa~e has been observed along
the shoreline during periods  of no rainfall.

-------
FIGURE 2

-------
FIGURE 3

-------
Euclid to Connsaut

     Beaches in this area are generally of fair to good water quality
with high bacterial counts (Figure 4) occurring during and immediately
after rains and strong winds.

     Generally, under normal meteorological conditions,  the beaches
in this area are out of the pollution-affected areas of Greater
Cleveland.  However, pollution problems are present at these beaches
stemming principally from municipal waste discharges and bypasses from
Ashtabula and Lake County sewage treatment plants, septic tank efflu-
ents, storm water discharges and the pollution-laden tributaries of
northeastern Ohio.

                            FZiri'SYLVAITIA

     By far the largest beach ^/ithin the Lake Erie basin is Presque
Isle State Park located at Erie.  There are also small beaches in
Pennsylvania which are used by individual communities.  They are not
considered bathing areas by the Pennsylvania Health Department since
there is no lifeguard on duty at any time.

     Figure 5 summarises bacterial quality of Pennsylvania's beaches.
Beaches 2-1C at Preccue Isle are generally of excellent water quality
and are heavily used.  In past intensive testing, these beaches were
never found to exceed the recommended bacterial standard, though
esthetic problems from fish, algae, and paper wastes have occurred.
Beach 1 is occasionally affected by septic tank effluents from the
Kelso Beach and Ecochconber Hotel areas.  The beaches at these two
locations are likewise affected.  High coliform concentrations have
been recorded on Beach 11.  These are caused by Mill Creek, the Erie
sewage treatment plant bypasses, and storm sewer overflows.  Beach 11
is closed by park officials when bacterial problems are found to
exist.  The effluent from the Eammermill Paper Co. reaches these
beaches when winds are from the east.  Kammermill's effluent contains
tannins and lignins which discolor the water and produce foul odors
and foam.  A further source of pollution to Beach 11 is the bird
sanctuary located immediately north of it.

     All beaches east of Prc - .ue Isle are affected by algae.  Also,
under normal conditions the effluent from Hammermill adversely affects
beaches for over ten miles east of Erie.  Besides the color, odor,
taste, and foam problems associated with their wastes, wood chips are
also found on beaches ad^ccunt to their plant.  Several of the small
beaches east of Erie have -xcessive coliform concentrations, others
are of unknown quality.

-------
FIGURE 4

-------
Ld
CS

UJ
2
fe
6
                                 FIGURE  5

-------
                            NEW YORK

     Figure 6 summarizes the bacterial data  collected by Erie  and
Chautauqua County Health Departments.   Median coliform concentrations
are fairly high for "beaches in Chautauqua County while the median
concentrations are lower for beaches in Erie County.

     Pollution sources to these beaches are  primarily storm and
combined sewer overflows, pollution laden streams in  the area,  muni-
cipal waste treatment plant effluents and bypasses, and septic tank
effluents.

     The maximum coliform concentrations were found to be associated with
meteorological conditions.  Beach surveys conducted by Erie County
Health Department indicate that winds are a  major factor in pollution
of the beaches.  Pollution from Cattaraugus  Creek is  kept near shore
with high winds and affects the water quality of several Erie  County
beaches.  Enteric pathogens have been isolated from the Buffalo River.

     All New York area beaches are affected  by heavy  algal growths
which are washed into long windrows along beach areas, particularly
in coves and other shoreline indentations.  These algae, produced by
nutrients discharged to the lake from sources within  New York  and
neighboring Lake Erie states, cause extensive esthetic problems as
they decompose.  As an example, at Lake Erie State Park, bathers must  go to
the end of a concrete pier before attempting to enter the water to.avoid
the foul slimes of decomposing algae.
                               10

-------
FIGURE 6

-------
                          CONCLUSIONS
1.  All Lake Erie beaches are adversely affected at least oc-
    casionally by bacterial pollution, esthetic impairment,
    or both.

2.  Bacterial pollution varies from major continuous problems
    at some beaches to occasional or infrequent problems at
    others.  The following table summarizes the bacterial quality
    at sixty Lake Erie beaches.

3.  Pollution sources to Lake Erie beaches include sewer over-
    flows, municipal treatment plant bypasses, inadequately
    disinfected effluents, septic tank discharges, urban and
    rural runoff, and industrial waste discharges.

k.  The principal esthetic problem is that of algae fouling
    beach areas.  Without adequate beach maintenance programs,
    obnoxious and unsightly conditions are created by the de-
    composition of these algae.   Other esthetic impairments are
    caused by discoloration, oil, garbage, trash, and other
    debris.

5.  The primary purpose of a bathing beach surveillance program
    is not only the determination of water quality but the
    location of all pollution sources to the beach and its
    effect on the water quality.  The objective of the program
    is not to close down presently polluted beaches but to
    remove the pollutants at their source so as to eliminate
    or at least reduce the need for future closures.

6.  Although a necessary step for the protection of public health
    is the posting of polluted beaches, this action should be
    only temporary.  An unsafe beach should immediately establish
    an active program to abate pollution and the needed additions
    and corrections to existing facilities should be a high
    priority in any pollution control program.

-------
             WATER QUALITY OF LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACHES
Unsafe
   Questionable
Moderate Pollution
 Generally Safe
Slight Pollution
Safe
                              MICHIGAN
              Sterling State
                     Pointe Aux Peaux
                     Stony Point
                     Willow
                     Toledo
                                OHIO
Toledo Area
Rocky River
Perkins
Edgewater
White City
Wild-wood
Euclid
Lloyd Road
Century
Sheffield Lake
Avon Lake
Crane Creek State
East Harbor State
Lakeview
Huntington Metro.
Osborne
Orchard
Mentor City
Painesville City
Headlands State
Fairport Harbor
Painesville Township
Perry Township
Tuttie
Madison Township
Geneva-on-the-Lake State
Geneva Township
Walnut
Cedar Point
                            PENNSYLVANIA
              Presque Isle State
               (Beach #11)
              Waldameer
                     Presque Isle State
                      (Beach
                         Presque Isle State
                          (Beaches #2-10)
                              NEW YORK
Westfield
Silver Creek
Hamburg Town
Ripley
Lake Erie State
Point Gratiot
Wright
Sheridan Bay
Hanover Beach
 & Sunset Bay
Seneda (Millers)
Evans Town
Evangola State
Buffalo Municipal
Tines
Beaver Island State
Insufficient data available to evaluate water quality at the following
beaches:  South Bass Island State, Port Clinton City, Kelleys Island State,
Huron City, Vermilion City, Saybrook Township, Ashtabula Township, Conneaut
Township in Ohio and Lake City Community in Pennsylvania.

-------
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Evaluation by
FWPCA
Estimated as questionable
moderate pollution.
Insufficient data to
evaluate vater quality
situation. Lore in Co.
Health Dept. recommends
against swimming.
Generally safe, slight
pollution. Occasional
high coliform concentra-
tions. Algal problem.
Estimated unsafe. Exces-
sively high coliform
concentrations
Unsafe - Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions.
Unsafe - Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions.
Unsafe - Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions.
Unsafe - Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions.
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     LAKE ERIE
  ENVIRONMENTAL
     SUMMARY
      1963-1964
                   UNITED STATES

               DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
          F.EDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                   GREAT LAKES REGION
MAY 1968

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                       TABLE   OF   CONTENTS
                                                              PAGE No,
CHAPTER 1                                                          '

     INTRODUCTION                                                  '

         Area Description                                          I
              General                                              I
              GeoIogy                                             8
              CIi mate                                             14

CHAPTER 2                                                         21

     LAKE ERIE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS                            2I

         Lake Bottom                                             21
              Western  Basin                                       21
              Central  Basin                                       22
              Eastern  Basin                                       23

         Lake Water                                              24
              Tributary Supply                                    24
                   Lake Huron Outflow                             24
                   Major Tributaries                              26
                   Minor Tributaries                              26
                   Ground  Water                                   29

         Lake Water Balance                                       29

         Lake Levels                                             33

         Lake Water Temperatures                                  39
              Western  Basin                                       43
              Central  Basin                                       43
              Eastern  Basin                                       45
              Nearshore Water Temperatures                        45
              Effects  of Temperature Phenomena                     47

         Lake Currents                                           49
              Western  Basin Circulation                           55
              Central  Basin Circulation                           68
              Eastern  Basin Circulation                           76
              General  Observation                                 77

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                    TABLE   OF   CONTENTS
                                                                 PAGE No,
CHAPTER 3                                                           78

     LAKE ERIE  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS                              78

          Sediment Chemistry                                         78
               TotaI  i ron                                            78
               Total Phosphate                                       81
               Sulflde                                               81
               Organic Nitrogen                                      81
               Ammonia Nitrogen                                      85
               Nitrite and Nitrate Nitrogen                          85
               Volatile Solids                                       85
               Chemical Oxygen Demand                                85
               Alpha Activity of Bottom Sediments                     91
               Beta Activity of Bottom Sediments                      91

          Water Chemistry                                            91
               Temperature                                           92
               Dissolved Oxygen                                      92
               Chemical Oxygen Demand                                96
               Biochemical Oxygen Demand                             97
               Conductivity and Dissolved Solids                      97
               Total Solids                                          99
               Chlorides                                            104
               SuI fates                                             104
               Calcium                                              106
               Magnesium                                            109
               Sodium                                               109
               Potassium                                            109
               Silica                                                12
               A Iky I Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)                          15
               Soluble Phosphorus                                    15
               Total Phosphorus                                      19
               Nitrogen                                              19
               Other Chemical Constituents of  Lake  Erie Water        121
               Radlochemlstry                                       128
                   Alpha Activity of Lake Water Samples             128
                   Beta Activity of Lake Water                     129
                   Alpha Activity of Plankton Samples               129
                   Beta Activity of Plankton  Samples                129

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                     TABLE   OF   CONTENTS
                                                                 PAGE No,
CHAPTER 4                                                          130

     LAKE ERIE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS                            iso

         Lake Bottom Biology                                        130
         Lake Water Biology                                         137
              Algae                                                137
              Fish                                                 143

CHAPTERS                                                          i«

     LAKE ERIE BACTERIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS                       ue

         Water Bacteriology                                         148
              Western Basin                                         150
              Central Basin                                         153
              Eastern Basin                                         154
              Lake Erie Harbors  (South Shore)                       155
                   Ottawa River  and Maumee River                    155
                   Portage River                                   155
                   Sandusky Harbor                                  156
                   Lorain Harbor-Black River                        156
                   Rocky and  Cuyahoga Rivers - Cleveland Harbor      156
                   Chagrin River                                   157
                   Grand River-Fairport Harbor                      157
                   Ashtabula  River                                  159
                   Erie Harbor - Presque Isle                       159
                   Buffalo River                                   160

     BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                   iei

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                        LIST   OF  TABLES
TABLE No,                          TITLE                        PAGE No,

    I      Physical  Features of  Great  Lakes  System                     2
    2     Runoff Statistics for Tributaries of the Lake Erie         27
             Basin
    3     Water Supply to Lake  Erie                                  34
    4     Water Balance in Lake Erie                                 35
    5     Causes and Effects of Water Level Changes                  39
    6     Current Metering Station Description Data                  57
    7     Current Flows at Central Basin Meter Stations              71
    8     Bottom Sediment Chemistry - Western Basin                  86
    9     Bottom Sediment Chemistry - Central Basin                  87
   10     Bottom Sediment Chemistry - Eastern Basin                  88
   II      COD Concentrations in Lake  Erie                            98
   12     Conductivity in Lake  Erie                                 100
   13     Dissolved Solids Concentrations  in Lake Erie              101
   14     Total Solids Concentrations in Lake Erie                  103
   15     Chloride  Concentrations  In  Lake Erie                      105
   16     Sulfate Concentrations in Lake Erie                       107
   17     Calcium Concentrations in Lake Erie                       108
   18     Magnesium Concentrations  in Lake  Erie                     110
   19     Sodium Concentrations in Lake Erie                        Ml
   20     Potassium Concentrations  In Lake  Erie                     113
   21      Silica Concentrations in Lake Erie                        114
   22     ABS Concentrations in Lake  Erie                           116
   23     Soluble Phosphorus (P) Concentrations  In Lake Erie        117
   24     Chemical  Analyses - National Water Quality Network        120
             Stations
   25     Total Nitrogen Concentrations in  Lake  Erie                122
   26     Ammonia Nitrogen Concentrations  in Lake Erie              124
   27     Nitrate Nitrogen Concentrations  in Lake Erie              125
   28     Organic Nitrogen Concentrations  in Lake Erie              126
   29     Water Quality - Nearshore and Harbors                     127
   30     Other Chemical  Constituents of Lake Erie Water            121
   31      Dominant  Phytoplankters during Spring  and Autumn          140
   32     Average Combined Annual United States  and Canadian        145
             Production for Specified Periods of Major
             Commercial  Species of Lake Erie
   33     U.  S. Commercial  Fish Catch Statistics                    146

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                     LIST   OF   FIGURES
FIGURE No,                        TITLE                         PAGE No,

     I        LocaIi ty Map                                           3
     2       Great  Lakes Features                                   4
     3       Bedrock Geology of Great  Lakes Area                    6
     4       Surface Geology - Lake Erie Basin                      7
     5       Bottom Topography and Profile                          9
     6       Bottom Deposits                                       10
     7       Physiography                                          13
     8       Air Temperature                                       15
     9       Monthly Precipitation                                 16
    10       Precipitation  Map                                     17
    II        Wind Diagram                                          19
    12       Sunshine                                             20
    13       Monthly Tributary Flows - St. Clair, Maumee,          25
                Cuyahoga
    14       Ground Water AvaiIabiIity                            30
    15       Ground Water Quality                                  31
    16       Comparative Water  Inputs  of Tributaries               36
    17       Lake Levels and Winds                                 38
    18       Water Temperatures - Put-in-Bay and Erie              40
    19       Typical Thermocline                                   41
    20       Temperature Development                               44
    21        Temperature Cyclic Development                        46
    22       Temperature Distribution  -  Western Basin              48
    23       Current Metering  Locations                            56
    24       Seabed Drifter Release Locations                      58
    25       Dominant Summer Surface Flow - Western Basin          59
    26       Dominant Summer Bottom Flow - Western Basin           61
    27       Western Basin  Surface Flow  - Southwest Wind           62
    28       Bottom Flow Southwest Wind  - Western Basin            63
    29       Western Basin  Surface Flow  - Northwest Wind           64
    30       Western Basin  Bottom Flow - Northwest Wind            65
    31        Western Basin  Surface Flow  - Northeast Wind           66
    32       Bottom Flow Western Basin - Northeast Wind            67
    33       Dominant Summer Surface Flow - Lake Erie              69
    34       Dominant Summer Bottom Flow - Lake Erie               70
    35       Prevailing Bottom Flow -  Lake Erie                    73
    36       Bottom Sediment Sampling  Stations                     79
    37       Total   Iron Bottom Sediments                          80
    38       Total  PO  Bottom  Sediments                            82
    39       Sulfide Bottom Sediments                              83
    40       Organic Nitrogen  - Bottom Sediments                   84

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                    LIST   OF  FI GURES
FIGURE No,                       TITLE                          PAGE No,

    41       Ammonia Nitrogen Bottom  Sediments                      89
    42      Volatile Sol ids Bottom Sediments                       90
    43      Water Sampling Stations                                93
    44      Chetnical Concentrations  in Western, Central,            94
                and Eastern Basins
    45      Beeton's OS Curves                                   102
    46      Soluble Phosphate - Western Basin                     118
    47      Nitrogen in Western Basin                             123
    48      Relative Abundance Benthlc Fauna                      132
    49      Zones of Benthlc Fauna                                133
    50      Low DO Area                                          136
    51       Davis' Phytoplankton Data                             139
    52      Decline of Desirable Fish                             144
    53      Surface Microbiology                                 151
    54      Bottom Microbiology                                  152
    55      Total Col I form Contour Map - Cleveland Shoreline       158

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                          CHAPTER   1

                       I NTRODUCTION
     The Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration  and  Its ante-
cedent, the Division of Water Supply and  Pollution  Control of the U.
S. Public Health Service, have gathered a great  amount of data on the
physical, chemical, and biological  characteristics  of Lake Erie.  Var-
ious reports by those agencies and  others have been based on the
gathered data.

     This report is an attempt to summarize  the  information  gathered
in the years 1963 through 1965.   The purposes are  (I) to provide a
document for validating previous reports  on  the  pollution problems  in
Lake Erie and (2) to provide a base for comparison  with  future lake
surveiI lance data.

     Adequate understanding of the  significance  of  the reported data
requires a knowledge of physical features and history of the basin,
as summarized in the following description.

                           AREA DESCRIPTION

                                GENERAL

     Lake Erie is centered at 42°15'  North Latitude and  81°15' West
Longitude, with its long axis oriented at about  N70*E.   The  lake Is
approximately 240 miles long and more than 50 miles wide near the mid-
point of its long axis.  Figure  I shows the  Lake Erie basin  as de-
scribed in this report.

     The area of the Lake Erie basin is about 32,500 square miles—
about 40,000 square miles if the Lake St.  Clair  drainage area is in-
cluded.  Nearly one-third (9,940 square miles) of the Lake Erie basin
Is covered by the lake Itself, a ratio which is  approximated In each
of the other Great Lakes basins.  However, Lake  Erie receives the
drainage of the three lake basins above It,  so that the  total water-
shed supplying Lake Erie is in reality 260,000 square miles.

     In terms of surface area, Lake Erie  ranks fourth of the five
Great Lakes.  Only twelve freshwater lakes In the world  are  larger.
The depth of Lake Erie, however, is remarkably shallow,  averaging
only 60 feet and reaching a maximum of 216 feet.   Its total  volu*p»
is 125 trillion gallons, the smallest of  the Great  Lakes (see Figure
2 and Table I), storing only two percent  of  the  total Great  Lakes
vo I ume.

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                              TABLE I




              PHYSICAL FEATURES OF GREAT LAKES SYSTEM
Water Area

Lake
Superior
Michigan
Huron
St. Clai
Erie
Ontario
Length
(miles)
350
307
206
r 26
241
193
Breadth
(miles)
160
118
183
24
57
53
(sq.
U.S.
20,700
22,400
9,110
200
4,990
3,600
mi les)
Canada
1 1 ,200
—
13,900
290
4,940
3,920

Total
31,900
22,400
23,010
490
9,930
7,520
Mean
Depth
(feet)
487
276
195
10
60
283
Drainage
area
(sq. miles)
80,000
67,860
72,620
7,430
32,490
34,800
Totals                     61,000   34,250   95,250

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FIGURE I

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                                               THE   GREAT   LAKES
           ILLINOIS
   ELEV.  600.4
                     ELEV. 578. <
                  MICHIGAN f
                    HURON
                                                     ELEV. 244.6
                                GREAT   LAKES
                                     PROFILE
                                                     LAKE
                                                    ONTARIO
30-
20-
10-
    SUPERIOR
                 MICHIGAN
                               HURON
                                             ERIE
                                                         ONTARIO
                    GREAT   LAKES   STORAGE
                                                                       FIGURE  Z

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     The water of Lake Erie  lies entirely above that of Lake Ontario,
 into which  it drains.  Lake  Erie owes  its existence both to the
 Niagara bedrock sill, which  acts as a  dam, and to glacial scouring
 during the  Ice Age.  The form of Lake  Erie reflects the bedrock
 structure of the area, Figure 3.

     The landscape of the Lake Erie basin is characterized by thou-
 sands of square miles of flat terrain, broken only by occasional
 ancient beach ridges and relatively steep valley walls in many of
 the major tributaries.  Even these features are subdued in the
 western part of the basin.   The terrain is less monotonous from
 Cleveland eastward, along the south shore, where the basin reaches
 into the northwestern perimeter of the Appalachian uplands with
 their rolling hills.  However, the basin there is relatively narrow
 between the  lake and the drainage divide.

     Soils  in the extensive  flatlands of the Lake Erie basin are
 characteristically dominated by poorly drained and relatively im-
 pervious clays, derived from old lake and glacial sediments,  Figure
 4.  These soils are fertile  and, because of this, have been arti-
 ficially drained to a great extent.  The uplands along the southeast
edge of the basin are well-drained, rock-derived, and less fertile.
Old beach ridges throughout the basin are extensively used for high-
ways and farming.

     Streams entering Lake Erie are generally low-gradient and wind-
 ing but with steep-walled valleys.  They carry large silt loads
where they traverse easily eroded clay flatlands and smaller loads
 in the rocky hilly areas.  Excluding the Detroit River input, only
two streams, the Maumee River In Ohio and the Grand River in Ontario,
supply significant quantities of water to the lake.

     Lake Erie proper is unique among the Great Lakes In several of
 its natural  characteristics, each of which has a direct bearing on
 its condition with respect to pollution.   Lake Erie is by far the
shallowest of the Great Lakes and the only one with its entire water
mass above sea level.  It has the smallest volume, 113 cubic miles,
and its flow-through time of 920 days is the shortest.  It is the
most biologically productive and the most turbid.  It has the flattest
bottom;  it is subject to the widest short-term fluctuations in water
 level  (13 feet maximum);  and its seasonal  average surface levels are
the most unpredictable.  It  is the only one of the Great Lakes with
 its long axis paralleling the prevailing wind direction and is subject
to violent storms.  Lake Erie is also the southernmost, warmest,
(averaging 5I°F)  and the oldest (12,000 years) of the Great Lakes.

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                                                            GEOLOGIC  MAP
                                                               OF THE
                                                        GREAT  LAKES  REGION
           •o*
 (FROM seoLoar of THC SKCAT LAKES, HoueH,i9S»)

                                    LEGEND
      PENNSYLVANIAN AND  MISSISSIPPI* ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED
      UPPER DEVONIAN  ROCKS, MAINLY  SHALES   ANTRIM SHALE IN  MICHIGAN


nUIII LOWEB DEVONIAN  ROCKS, IN UNITED  STATES DEVONIAN  UNDIFFERENTIATED IN  CANADA


[NNNN UPPER  SILURIAN ROCKS,  IN ONTARIO  AND  NEW YORK  (MAINLY  DOLOMITE )


 '•'•''•/'•I SILURIAN  SALINA  GROUP ROCKS IN  NORTHERN MICHIGAN  AND  ONTARIO  (INCLUDES  SALT  BEDS)

      MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARAN SERIES ROCKS IN NORTHERN  MICHIGAN, ONTARIO, AND NEW YORK
       SILURIAN ROCKS  UNDIFFEDCNTIATED  IN WISCONSIN, IOWA, ILLINOIS,  INDIANA, AND OHIO

      LOWER SILURIAN  ROCKS IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN, ONTARIO, AND  NEW YORK


      ORDOVICIAN  ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED


 ''••_ ..; | CAMBRIAN  ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED
      PRECAMBRIAN  ROCKS, UNDIFFERENTIATED. (MAINLY  METAMORPHIC  AND  IGNEOUS  ROCKS )
   BEDROCK    GEOLOGY   OF   GREAT   LAKES   AREA
                                                                        FIGURE  3

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FIGURE 4

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     Lake Erie's shores are characterized by easily eroded banks of
glacial  till  and not much sand.   Bluffs of limestone or shale bedrock
exist in the  islands area, between Vermilion and Cleveland, Ohio, and
around the eastern end of the lake.   Good sand beaches are few in
number,  but where developed, are built to the extreme.  Examples are
Long Point, Pointe aux Pins, and Point Pelee, Ontario; Cedar Point,
Ohio; and Presquo Isle, Pennsylvania.  The till  and lake clay bluffs
recede by erosion at rates up to 5 or more feet  per year, contribut-
ing an average of 16 million tons of sediment annually to the lake.

     Topographically, Lake Erie  is separated into three basins,  Figure
5.  The relatively small  shallow western basin is separated from the
large, somewhat deeper, flat-bottomed central basin by the rocky
island chain.  The deep,  bowl-shaped eastern basin is separated  from
the central basin by a low, wide sand and gravel  ridge near Erie,
Pennsylvania.  The western basin averages 24 feet deep with a maximum
of 63 feet in South Passage; the central basin averages 60 feet  with
a maximum of  80 feet; the eastern basin averages 80 feet with a  max-
imum of 216 feet.  The areas of  the western, central, and eastern
basins are approximately  1,200,  6,300, and 2,400 square miles, re-
spective ly.

     The bottom sediments of Lake Erie show patterns closely related
to topography and relief, Figure 6.  In general, the broad, remark-
ably flat areas of the western and central basins and the deeper,
smoother part of the eastern basin have mud bottoms and are the  recip-
ients of nearly all of the sedimentation in Lake Erie.  Ridges and
shoreward-rising slopes are generally comprised  of sand and gravel and
are characterized by either erosion or the deposition of coarse  sedi-
ments.  Rock is exposed in the western basin and in strips along shores
in the central and eastern basins.

                                 GEOLOGY

     It is generally believed that the antecedent of Lake Erie,  prior
to the  Ice Age (Pleistocene Epoch), was a major stream valley essen-
tially along the long axis of the present lake.   The  land topography,
although showing slightly more relief, was probably not far different
than that of today.  The drainage or river system was controlled by
differential  bedrock resistance and  large-scale  rock structural  features,
Bedrock nearest the surface, as it is today, was comprised of shales
and  limestones and some sandstone, laid down, long before, in epicon-
tinental seas.

     The glacial history of the Great Lakes basin  is described in de-
tail by Hough (1958) and by Leverett and Taylor (1915).  Glaciation
by continental ice sheets began on the North American continent approx-
imately one million years ago, representing the  beginning of the Pleis-
tocene Epoch of geologic history.  Four great ice  invasions, named the
                                8

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      §0
      IX
FIGURE 5

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TCT
                                FIGURE 6

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Nebraskan, Kansan,  Illinoian, and Wisconsin, characterized this period.
Apparently all of these Ice sheets covered the Great Lakes region.
However, each succeeding  invasion obscured or obliterated most of the
evidence for the preceding one.   In the Lake Erie basin the features
produced by Wisconsin glaciation are of the most concern.  There are
meager remnants of  Illinoian glaciation and none of previous activity.

     Apparently the Wisconsin ice sheet moved into the Lake Erie basin
from the north and  northeast about 25,000 years ago.   It covered the
entire lake area and nearly all of the drainage basin.  In western
Ohio the ice sheet moved south over flat lands to near the Ohio River
while it was stopped by the Appalachian uplands in eastern Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, and New York.

     Upon retreat of the  ice sheet, a complex series of glacially-
produced features were left behind, most of which resulted from tem-
porary readvances and retreats of the ice front.  The features are
mainly ground and frontal  moraines composed of crushed and reworked
local bedrock.  A lesser amount of the material  is derived from bed-
rock to the north.  This "erratic" material is conspicuous in many
places as large crystalline boulders.

     Lakes were generally not formed or were very transient features
while the ice front was south of the Ohio River-Great Lakes drainage
divide.   A lake began its existence in the Erie basin when the ice
front retreated from a position now represented by a frontal moraine
called the Fort Wayne moraine, passing through Fort Wayne, Indiana.
This moraine essentially  lies along the shoreline of the first glacial
lake stage (Lake Maumee)  in the Lake Erie basin.  The Ice still cov-
ered what is now Lake Erie, its front lying along the Defiance moraine.
The surface of Lake Maumee was at about 800 feet above sea level and
the drainage was westward into the Wabash River In Indiana.

     Following the Lake Maumee stage was a long series of stages, some
draining westward and some eastward.  The most significant of these
stages are marked by we 11-developed beach ridges.  They were Lake
Maumee at 800 feet elevation. Lake Whittlesey at 740 feet, Lake Warren
at 690 feet, and Lake Erie at 570 feet.  All  of these drained westward
except for Lake Erie.

     One of the most significant points to remember in regard to the
history of the Great Lakes is that a lake has occupied the present
Lake Erie basin for a much longer time than lakes have existed In the
other basins.

     The four stages mentioned above were the most Important, but
there were many intervening stages, not always successively downward,
in the Erie basin, controlled by relatively minor retreats and advances
of the ice front.  Significant in this regard Is the fact that ice
                                11

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occupied the eastern end of Lake Erie several times, possibly account-
ing for the present relative deepness of that part of the basin.

     The water level in the Erie basin has not always been at its
present level or higher.  At least two stages have been considerably
lower and did not receive drainage from the upper lakes.  Both these
stages have occurred in the last 11,000 years.  The first one of im-
portance was some 80 feet lower than the present lake.  The lake then
rose by ice damming and uplift to a level of 100 feet above the present
lake.  Ice retreat dropped the level again to 40 feet below the present
lake.  That stage was the immediate predecessor of Lake Erie as we know
it today.   The lake then began to rise (about 4,000 years ago) to its
present level by uplift of the Niagara outlet; that rise continues
today.

     The differential resistance of the bedrock (see Figure 3) to
glacial abrasion was responsible for a major part of Lake Erie's
present form (Carman, 1946).  The islands and headlands of western Lake
Erie are remnants of resistant limestone and dolomite.  Resistance also
accounts in part for the shallow water depths In the west end of the
lake.  The broad flat central  part of the lake lies along the strike
of a broad band of uniformly resistant shales bounded on the south
shore by similar shales capped by relatively resistant sandstones.  The
deeper eastern basin is also underlain by shales but has been subject
to more abrasion and less, later sedimentation.

     The Lake Erie basin lies mainly in the Central  Lowlands physio-
graphic province (Figure 7) near where it wedges out between the
Appalachian Plateau and Laurent I an Upland.  The southeastern part of
the drainage basin is in the Appalachian Plateau.  The boundary be-
tween the Central Lowlands and the Appalachian Plateau In the Erie
basin is a sharp rise of 200 to 300 feet in elevation called the
Portage Escarpment.  From Cleveland eastward the escarpment parallels
the lake shore and lies generally less than five miles from It.  At
Cleveland the escarpment turns southward across Ohio.

     The part of the Central Lowlands In the Lake Erie basin is called
the Lake Plain and Is for the most part the very flat former lake
bottom.  East of Cleveland it Is narrow and lies between the Portage
Escarpment and the present lake shore.  West of Cleveland It widens
quickly and In western Ohio It Is more than 50 miles wide.  It narrows
again in Michigan to about 20 miles wide.  In Canada it is 20 to 30
miles wide but Is not so well  defined because of the complexity of
glacial features.  The lake plain Is characteristically low and com-
prised of poorly drained silt and clay with occasional sandy ridges
formed as beaches and bars In older lakes.

     The streams (except the Detroit River) entering Lake Erie orig-
inate either within or just outside the boundaries of the Lake Plain.
                                12

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13
                                FIGURE 7

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The valleys are generally narrow and winding with steep to vertical
walls.  The shapes indicate that most of the valleys are In a youth-
ful stage of maturity, having been cut rapidly since the Ice Age in
a flat region but high relative to the lake.

                                CLIMATE

     The climate of the Lake Erie basin is temperate, humid-continental
with the chief characteristic of rapidly changing weather.

     The annual average temperatures for land stations in the Erie
basin range between 47°F and 50°F.  Temperatures generally decrease
northeastward from the southwestern end of the basin.  The highest
average temperature at recording stations is at Put-in-Bay on South
Bass Island with an annual  average of 5I.2°F.

     The highest average monthly temperatures occur in July, ranging
from 70°F to 74°F at land stations.  These also generally decrease
northeastward across the basin, Figure 8.  Put-in-Bay again is highest
at 75.1°F.  The lowest average monthly temperatures occur in January
at the west end of the basin and February at the east end, and range
from 24°F to 28°F.  The extremes of temperature in the Lake Erie basin
are about -20°F and IOO°F.

     Average annual precipitation at land stations in the basin is
well-distributed throughout the year, Figure 9, and ranges from about
30.5 inches to more than 40 inches with an overall basin average of
about 34 inches.  Yearly precipitation has varied between the extremes
of 24 and 43 inches.  Precipitation shows a striking correlation to
land elevation and topography, Figure 10.  Low-lying flat areas of the
basin have the lowest precipitation.  Highest precipitation occurs in
the southeastern part of the basin.

     Most of the precipitation in the Lake Erie basin is derived from
the flow northeastward of warm, moisture-laden air of low pressure
systems from the Gulf of Mexico.  Precipitation results when this
clashes with colder, northern air of high pressure systems, moving in
from the west and northwest.  This kind of weather is characteristic
of spring, summer, and early fall, and usually occurs in cycles of a
few days.  Humidity is high along with high temperatures, and south
to southwest winds persist for long periods.

     In winter, however, the colder Canadian air masses push south-
eastward and dominate the weather, resulting in less precipitation and
less humidity.  Heavier precipitation (usually snow) is experienced
in the southeastern part of the basin, explaining the shift in the
annual precipitation pattern in that area.  This phenomenon is largely
local, caused by air moving across Lake Erie, picking up moisture en-
route, and precipitating it when the air rises along the front of the
hills on the southeastern shore.  Snowfall is greater in the eastern
                                14

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                                      PUT-IN-BAY
   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUN.   JUL.   AUG.   SEP.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC
20
          ANNUAL  AIR  TEMPERATURE  CURVES  FOR
              TOLEDO, PUT-IN-BAY  AND  BUFFALO
                                                       FIGURE 8
                          15

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  UJ
  I
  o
  z
        JAN  FEB   MAR  APR  MAY   JUN  JUL  AUG   SEP  OCT  NOV   DEC
 in
 ui
  o
  z
  r
  o
  z
        JAN  FEB   MAR  APR  MAY   JUN  JUL  AUG   SEP  OCT  NOV   DEC
        JAN   FEB   MAR  APR  MAY   JUN  JUL   AUG   SEP  OCT  NOV   DEC
 UJ
 I
        JAN  FEB  MAR  APR  MAY   JUN  JUL  AUG  SEP  OCT  NOV   DEC
AVERAGE  MONTHLY   PRECIPITATION   AT   LAND   STATIONS

                     LAKE   ERIE   BASIN
                              16
FIGURE  9

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FIGURE 10

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part of the basin with Buffalo having an annual  average snowfall  of
72 inches, as compared to less than 36 Inches for Toledo.

     Southwesterly winds prevail  over Lake Erie  (Figure II)  in all
months of the year, a characteristic common to the northern  hemis-
phere temperate region.  However, in fall  and winter,  northwesterly
winds occur frequently, reaching  high velocities (40-50 mph) In
storms.  In spring the same is true of northeasterly winds except
that velocities (30-40 mph) are usually lower.

     The percent of possible sunshine is greatest in midsummer and
least in winter, Figure 12, although precipitation might indicate
otherwise.  Less sunshine in winter is due to the cloud-producing
effects of the lake.  December and January ordinarily  have less
than 40 percent of possible sunshine, while June and July  average
more than 70 percent at most stations.  The percentage over  the lake
proper in summer is even greater.

     Lake Erie has a marked moderating effect on the climate of the
basin, especially for a few miles inland from the shore.  This is
demonstrated by the length of the frost-free season -  near shore it
is greater than 200 days, while only a few miles inland it is as
much as 30 days less.  This longer frost-free season is due  to a
warming effect from the lake water.  During the  late fall  and early
winter the lake water is still relatively warm and delays  the first
ki11 ing frost.
                                 18

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                                                                     VELOCITY W MILES PER HOUR
                                                                           0 to 12
                                                                           13 to 24
                                                                            25 and ov*r
                                                           ./•N-^XN INDICATES WIND DURATION IN PERCENT OF TIME.
                                                        *•..*"*»..•*•• INDICATES WIND MOVEMENT IN PERCENT OF TOTAL.
NOTES:
  Figurtt at tht end of bort indieat* avtragi yaarly ptrctntagc at
  occumnct of wind in tht direction and vtlocity thown.
  Wind data from loat of tht  U. S. Coast  Guard, Cltvtland, Ohio.
                  WIND    DIAGRAM   FOR   CLEVELAND,  OHIO
                                           19
FIGURE  II

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 1-
 z
 Ul
 o
 CE
 UJ
 CL
 r
 UJ
    80
    70
           JAN  FEB  MAR  APR MAY  JUN  JUL  AUG. SEP  OCT  NOV DEC
           JAN  FEB. MAR APR  MAY  JUN  JUL AUG  SEP  OCT  NOV  DEC.
           JAN. FEB. MAR  APR  MAY  JUN JUL.  AUG  SEP  OCT NOV. DEC.
MONTHLY   PERCENT   OF  POSSIBLE   SUNSHINE   1965
                          20
FIGURE 12

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                        CHAPTER   2


LAKE   ERIE  PHYSICAL   CHARACTERISTICS



                           LAKE BOTTOM

     Each of  the  three basins of Lake Erie contain unique physical
features.  Because of this, each basin will  be  described separately
in some detail.   Much of the description is  taken from U. S. Lake
Survey and Ohio Division of Geological Survey publications.

                          WESTERN BASIN

     The western  basin of Lake Erie is that  part of the lake west of
a line from Point Pelee through Kelleys Island  to Marblehead, Ohio
(Figure I).   Its  long orientation is west-northwest, at an angle to
the main east-northeast orientation of Lake  Erie.  The basin averages
24.5 feet in  depth and covers an area of approximately 1,200 square
miles.  On its western and southern sides the bottom slopes gently
from shore out to the 24-foot depth, five to ten miles offshore.  On
the north side of the basin the nearshore slope is steeper, the 24-
foot depth being  only one-half to two miles  offshore (Figure 5).
Beyond the 24-foot depth the bottom is very  flat, reaching a maximum
depth of only about 35 feet west of the Bass Islands.  The flat bot-
tom fs generally  mud, interrupted locally by small reefs and islands
of rock, such as  Niagara Reef, West Sister,  and Middle Sister Islands
(Figure I).

     The inter-island bottom, also mud, has  considerably more relief,
but much of  it, too, is very flat.  Depths are  generally In the same
range as those west of the islands.  Within  the more restricted
channels, depths  are considerably greater, due  to current scour.  The
deepest of these  are south of South Bass Island at 63 feet and north
of Kelleys Island at 52 feet.

     Reefs of bedrock are common around the  islands.  They generally
have rough surfaces and steep slopes and rise to near or above lake
level.  Most  of the rock exposures lie in two bands, one from Marble-
head through  Pelee Island, and the other from Catawba through the
Bass Islands.  Bedrock under the basin Is fairly rough and In places
is 80 feet or more beneath the lake bottom (Hartley, 1961).  These
depressions are filled with lake sediments.

     Hard clay bottom is found In a narrow strip along the south shore
and in a broader  band near the northeastern  shore of the western basin
(Verber, 1957).
                               21

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     Sand and gravel  are not abundant in western Lake Erie.   Most of
that which exists is  found on beaches along the mainland shores, in
a relatively large area off Locust Point, Ohio, across the mouth of
Maumee Bay, and in the northern half of  the eastern island chain
(Figure 6).

     Beach, bank, and nearshore bottom erosion is prevalent and in
many places is a very serious problem especially in the Toledo area.

     The shore banks  around the western  basin are mainly clay.  Their
height is  less than 10 feet above lake level on the south shore.
Dikes and swampjand are common.  On the  north shore the banks rise
to 30 feet or more above the lake.  Rock bluffs, up to 30 feet high,
are found on the islands and the Catawba and Marblehead peninsulas,

                             CENTRAL BASIN

     The central basin of Lake Erie extends from the islands eastward
to the sand and gravel bar crossing the  lake between Erie, Pennsyl-
vania and Long Point, Ontario (Figures I and 6).  The top of the bar
is 40 to 50 feet below water level.  The central basin has an area
of about 6,300 square miles, an average  depth of 60 feet, and a max-
imum depth of 80 feet.  Approximately 75 percent of the central basin
is between 60 and 80 feet deep.

     The bottom of central Lake Erie is  extremely flat over most of
its area (Figure 5).   The only relief features of any consequence are
the shoreward-rising slopes of sand, gravel, and rock, and a  low wide
bar extending south-southeastward from Point Pelee, Ontario to near
Loraln, Ohio.  This bar is two to six miles wide and rises 15 to 20
feet above the general lake bottom.  It separates a small, triangle-
shaped, fI at-bottomed basin with 40 to 50-foot depths from the main
part of the central basin to the east.  This small basin and the main
basin have mud bottoms and are connected by a broad channel near the
Ohio shore.

     The mud, which covers more than two-thirds of the central Lake
Erie bottom is generally dark gray  in color and contains very  little
coarse material.   In mid-lake it  is similar in physical appearance
for several feet downward from the surface  (Hartley,  1961).

     Sand and gravel  are found on the bottom in a strip of varying
width along the north and south shores of the basin.   It reaches its
greatest width of five miles or more between Cleveland and Fairport,
Ohio.

     Limestone and dolomite bedrock are found on the bottom at the
extreme western end of the basin.  Shale is exposed as a narrow strip
                                22

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discontinuously from Vermilion eastward along and very near the south
shore.  Otherwise bedrock does not reach the  lake bottom surface  in
the central basin.  At some places it  is known to be more than  100
feet under the  lake bottom.

     Natural beaches are generally narrow to nonexistent along the
south shore of central Lake Erie and along most of the north shore.
The Cedar Point spit on the south shore and the spits at Pelee Point
and Pointe Aux Pins on the north shore are exceptions.  Harbor struc-
tures, such as those at Huron, Fairport, Ashtabula, and Conneaut on
the south shore have created exceptional artificial beaches but have
caused shore erosion problems on the down-drift sides (Hartley, 1964).

     The north and south shores of the central basin are generally
characterized by eroding banks of glacial till and lake-deposited
silt and clay.  On the south shore the banks rise in height from  less
than 30 feet near the west end to more than 70 feet at the east end
of the basin.  On the north shore they rise similarly to more than
100 feet at the east end.  Rock bluffs are limited to shore stretches
between Vermilion and Cleveland, Ohio.  Rapid erosion of the shore
banks has contributed a great amount of sediment to the central basin.

     Rivers and streams emptying into the central  basin are small  and
ordinarily provide an insignificant amount to the lake's water supply.
In the past, however, they have contributed a very large amount to
lake sediments.

     The water of the central basin of Lake Erie is generally less
turbid than that of the western basin because the basin is larger and
deeper, and streams do not carry great loads of sediment.  The western
end of Lake Erie acts as a settling basin for most of the water supply
to the central basin.

                             EASTERN BASIN

     The eastern basin is that part of Lake Erie lying east of the bar
between Erie, Pennsylvania and Long Point, Ontario (Figure I  and
Figure 5).   It has an area of approximately 2,400 square miles and an
average depth of about 80 feet.  It is by far the deepest part of  Lake
Erie with a maximum depth of 216 feet (U. S.  Lake Survey Chart No. 3).

     The bottom of the eastern basin is relatively smooth but not  flat
like the western and central basins.   Most of the bottom is mud (Figure
6) and is generally lighter-colored and more compact than that in  the
other two basins.

     The eastern basin is bounded on the west and south and around the
east end by relatively steep slopes on sand and gravel.  Rock is ex-
posed in a  strip along both the north and south shores.  As In most of
                                23

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Lake Erie the beaches are generally narrow or absent with two notable
exceptions.  Presque Isle, Pennsylvania and the massive spit at Long
Point, Ontario, are large natural accumulations of sand, together ac-
counting for a large part of the beach sand in Lake Erie.  Both of
these spits have enclosed rather large shallow bays.

     Rocky bluffs are found along most of the shore of the eastern
basin with shale on the south shore and limestone on the north shore.

     Rivers and streams entering the eastern basin are unimportant to
the water supply of the lake even though the Grand River in Ontario
supplies more than 2,000 cfs.  The streams have been relatively small
contributors of sediments.

     The water in the eastern basin is clear compared to the remainder
of Lake Erie.  The shores are very resistant to erosion, sediment-
laden streams are virtually nonexistent, and the water is much deeper,
thereby minimizing wave agitation of bottom sediments.  Also the cen-
tral basin is a settling basin for nearly all  of the eastern basin's
water supply.

                             LAKE WATER

                          TRIBUTARY SUPPLY

LAKE HURON OUTFLOW

     Lake Erie receives 80 percent of its water supply from upper lake
drainage.  The large volume and high quality of this inflow have a great
dilutional effect on Lake Erie, and any significant decrease in either
the volume or quality could be disastrous.

     The Lake Huron outflow is the only source of water to Lake Erie
which is not controlled by precipitation over the Erie basin, being
controlled instead by precipitation in the basins of Lakes Superior,
Michigan, and Huron.  Diversion out of Lake Michigan at Chicago, diver-
sion into Lake Superior, and flow regulation from Lake Superior affect
to a minor degree the Lake Huron discharge.

     According to U. S. Lake Survey measurements, the Lake Huron out-
flow has averaged 187,450 cfs between I860 and the present.  The
monthly averages have ranged from a high of 242,000 cfs In June 1896
to a low of 99,000 cfs in February 1942.  Lowest flows ordinarily occur
in February (average 159,000 cfs) and the highest in July or August
(average 199,000 cfs), Figure 13.  Other tributary runoff to Lake Erie
is generally at a minimum during periods of high Lake Huron outflow.

     Though the variation in flow volume from Lake Huron is great, it
is still the most uniform of the tributary drainages to Lake Erie.
                               24

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FIGURE 13

-------
This is because of the regulating effect of the upper lakes storage.

MAJOR TRIBUTARIES

     Only four Lake Erie tributaries beside the Lake Huron outflow,
exceed an average discharge of 1,000 cfs to Lake Erie.   These are
the Maumee and Sandusky Rivers in Ohio and the Grand and Thames Rivers
in Ontario, Table 2.  The Thames discharges to Lake St.  Clair.   These
rivers supply a total  flow of approximately 10,000 cfs  - the Maumee
River accounting for about one-half of this.

     All four major tributaries drain land which is largely agricultural
and rather intensively cultivated.  Precipitation on the Grand and
Thames basins is slightly higher than on the Maumee and  Sandusky basins,
Figure 10.  However, the percentage of precipitation appearing as un-
off is considerably greater in the Canadian basins, 36  percent compared
to 28 percent, the difference being accounted for in topography and
soil characteristics.   The average water yield per square mile is just
over 0.7 cfs in the Maumee and Sandusky River basins, and over 0.9 cfs
for the Grand and Thames River basins.

     Drough flows are  very low for the Maumee and Sandusky Rivers.  Seven-
day, 10-year recurrence low flows are estimated at 86 cfs and 14 cfs,
respectively, at the mouths of these streams.  Drought  flows of the Grand
and Thames Rivers appear to be much higher per unit area, indicating that
ground water is significant in contributing to those flows.  The low ground
water contribution in  the Maumee and Sandusky basins can be attributed to
the relatively flat topography and to the dense and relatively impermeable
clay soiIs.

     In many upstream locations there is virtually no flow during the
critical low flow, high temperature, high evaporation months of July
through October.  Flow is also low and time of travel is long near most
stream mouths.  For example; in the lower several miles  of the Maumee
River the flow volume  is low, the cross-sectional area  of the river is
large, and the gradient is virtually nil.  This results  in a very long
time for water to travel through the Toledo area - frequently a month or
more.  A similar situation, but less severe, exists in  the lower several
miles of the Sandusky  River.  At other localities in both basins, time
of travel  is lengthened by pooling effects of both natural and artificial
features.

MINOR TRIBUTARIES

     All other tributaries to Lake Erie contribute only  minor water flow
to the lake.  The more important of the minor tributaries, with pertinent
hydrologic data, are listed in Table 2.  These streams  have average flows
between 200 and 900 cfs.
                                   26

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                                                         27

-------
     The Portage and Raisin Rivers are similar in most characteris-
tics to the Sandusky and Maumee Rivers except for much lower average
flows.  The minor tributaries in Ontario are also similar to the
Grand and Thames Rivers.

     The Huron River in Ohio is similar to the Sandusky in flow char-
acteristics except that it has a higher base flow per unit area and
its basin is partly in higher land, approaching the hilly section of
the lake watershed.  Ground water appears to be more important as a
part of this stream supply.

     From the Huron (Ohio) basin eastward along the Ohio shore, pre-
cipitation generally increases (Figure 10) and a greater share of
the precipitation reaches the lake as runoff (Table 2).  Drought flows
are, however, widely variable and again reflect the ability of ground
water to support stream flow.  In addition, these streams have higher
gradients and runoff is much faster.  The upstream reaches of most of
these streams may be completely dry during much of the summer-fall
low flow period.

     All of the streams along the south shore become sluggish in the
lower few miles, a characteristic accentuated by the harbor enlarge-
ment of stream cross-section.  The time-of-travel in the dredged
channels is often a week or more.  The 7-day tow flow volume for the
Cuyahoga River (Table ?) is relatively high, due to impoundments and
large waste water discharges to the river, rather than ground water
supply.

     The important minor tributaries in Michigan are the Clinton,
Rouge, Huron, and Raisin Rivers.  The Clinton discharges into Lake
St. Clair, the Rouge into the Detroit River, and the Huron and Raisin
directly into Lake Erie.  All are highly polluted streams, passing
through the urbanized and industrialized area of southeast Michigan.
They all drain relatively flat land, and not only is precipitation
the lowest, but the proportion of runoff to precipitation is also the
lowest  in the Lake Erie basin.  However, their drought flows are higher
than average per unit area, indicating that perhaps there is signifi-
cant release of ground water or surface storage.  The Clinton and Huron
are fed by several small natural lakes, but the Rouge and Raisin are
not.  There are several low-head dams near the mouth of the Raisin
River.

     The lower few miles of Michigan tributaries are dredged, sluggish,
and lake-affected.  Time of travel  is long and especially long in sum-
mer and fall.  The streams are similar to the south shore minor trib-
utaries mentioned above in having long time-of-travel  characteristics.
                                28

-------
GROUND WATER

     Ground water in the soil and rocks surrounding Lake Erie varies
widely in both quantity and quality, Figures 14 and 15.  Quantity
alone is not a good indicator of supply capacity because of differ-
ences in retention characteristics of the soil.  For example, glacial
clays may contain much water, with the water table very near the
surface, but their low permeability makes them a poor source of water
supply.

     Although characteristics vary, the basin as a whole is a rather
poor producer of ground water.  Tills, lake clays, and shales which
are prevalent over much of the basin are not good aquifers - producers
of water.  Where they do produce significant quantities, it is not
uncommon for the water to have a high sulfur content.   Locally high
quantities of water may be available where deep sandy soils occur as
the result of beach-building or glacial outwash, or in old valleys
filled with gravelly soils.  Porous limestones are also locally good
aquifers as are sandstones, but all of these sources,  except for sand-
stones, may contain sulfur.

                             LAKE WATr.P BALA'JCE

     The water balance must be considered in the hydrology of Lake Erie.
Because of a lack of precise quantitative information  on some of the
factors any proposed balance is an estimate and subject to criticism.
The factors can be formulated, for a given period, in  the equation:
                  P+R+U+ I  -1D-E-0=AS

                  where:

                  P = precipitation directly on the lake's surface
                  R = runoff from the lake's land drainage area
                  U = ground water - considered plus in the aggregate
                  I  = inflow from lake above
                  0 = outflow from lake
                  D = diversion; plus if into lake, minus if out of lake
                  E = evaporation from the lake's surface
                 AS = change in  amount of water store in the lake; pI us
                      if supplies exceed removal, mi nus if removals
                      exceed suppIies

     Precipitation (P) on the lake's surface is difficult to measure
and must be interpolated from perimeter land precipitation measurements.
It is generally considered that  over-lake precipitation is less than that
over land and precipitation on the lake's surface approximately equals
evaporation in the long run.  In the balance shown here, the precipita-
tion (29 inches annually) at Put-in-Bay has been used.
                                  29

-------
FIGURE 14

-------
31
FIGURE 15

-------
     Runoff (R) is measurable to a degree by stream gaging but is
highly variable due to areal differences in precipitation, topog-
raphy, soil type, and vegetation.  Runoff is estimated by applying
factors, derived from stream gaging, to stream drainage basin areas.

     The ground water contribution (U) is virtually unknown, is not
directly measurable, and is usually considered negligible in lake
water budget computations.   It is regarded as positive in the equation,
although it may actually be a negative factor.

     Inflow (I) from the lake above and natural outflow (0)  are not
difficult to measure, and the U.  S. Lake Survey has done this for
more than 100 years.  The measurements are considered reliable and
adequate for balance calculations.

     Diversion (D) in Lake Erie is of two kinds, diversion out of the
basin and consumptive, or transient, use within the basin.  Water is
diverted out of the basin as a supply for the Welland Ship Canal.   In
the balance, the U. S. Lake Survey estimate of 7,000 cfs annually has
been used.  Within the basin, water is diverted for man's use out of
and back into the lake.  A small  portion is consumed and not returned
in this process.  The total consumption is measurable, but in the
total lake water balance it is considered negligible.  The diversion
factor in Lake Erie is always minus.  Diversion to the lake from out-
side the basin is nonexistent.

     Evaporation (E) is a net loss from the lake.   Its measurement
with unquestioned accuracy is not possible with present methods.   It
is usually calculated by solving  the water budget equation for E.
This calculation obviously depends upon the accuracy of the other
factors.  In the balance presented here it has been calculated to be
34.3 inches per year.

     Changes in storage (AS) are  easily measured by recording water
levels over the period.  Changes  in water levels at a particular site
induced by factors other than those in the equation; i.e., wind set-
up, seiches, and tides, are not considered as changes in storage.
The long-term change in storage is assumed to be nil for Lake Erie.

     A Lake Erie water budget study by Derecki (1964) has been used
to determine monthly percentages  of precipitation and runoff.  Annual
runoff was calculated from U. S.  Geological  Survey and Canadian Water
Resources Branch surface water gaging data.   Inflow and outflow were
calculated from U. S. Lake Survey reported measurements.  Changes in
storage were calculated from average monthly water levels as reported
by the U. S. Lake Survey.  Evaporation was obtained by solving the
equation for it.

     The annual supply sources for the Lake Erie water balance are
                                32

-------
detailed in Table 3.  The relative importance of each of the tribu-
taries to the Lake Erie water supply is graphically shown in Figure
16.

     In the water balance table, Table 4, cubic feet per second (cfs)
has been used for the unit of volume.  The values shown can be con-
verted to inches of water in Lake Erie by dividing by 735.

     A study of the water balance indicates the following significant
factors:  (I) annual evaporation nearly equals runoff to the lake,
(2) evaporation exceeds precipitation, (3) change In storage over a
long period is not significant, and (4) evaporation is greatest in
late winter and in autumn.

     Calculations show that 80 percent of the net basin supply is
derived from Lake Huron inflow via the Detroit River, 9 percent is
precipitation upon the lake's surface, and only II percent is con-
tributed by basin runoff.   Loss of water from Lake Erie consists of
86 percent outflow, 3 percent diversion, and II percent evaporation.

                              LAKE LEVELS

     Lake levels vary over short periods of time due to such phenomena
as wind set-up, seiches,  and lunar and solar tides.  But, lake levels
show changes in storage only when averaged over long periods of time.
Changes in storage for Lake Erie reflect precipitation fluctuations
over it and the upper Great Lakes.  From I860 (the beginning of U. S.
Lake Survey records) to the present, change between minimum and max-
imum levels for Lake Erie  has been 5.3 feet - almost nine percent of
the lake's average depth.

     Short-period fluctuations mentioned above are manifested, not by
changes in volume, but by  changes in the shape of the water mass.
Tidal  effects are negligible, but wind set-up and seiches may be quite
pronounced, especially at  the ends of the lake.

     A wind set-up is the  result of wind drag across the lake.  Water
is pushed toward the leeward shore in greater quantity than can be
simultaneously returned in subsurface flow.  The water rises at the
leeward side and is depressed at the windward side.  Lake Erie is par-
ticularly susceptible to  high amplitude wind set-ups because of its
shallowness and the orientation of its long axis parallel to predom-
inant  southwest and northeast winds.  Amplitudes in excess of 13 feet
have been recorded simultaneously between the ends of the lake during
storms, with little change in level  near the center of the lake.

     In general the highest amplitude wind set-ups occur in spring
and fall with northeasterly and westerly winds, respectively.  Flooding
and erosion are severe when high amplitude wind set-ups occur, and are
                               33

-------
         TABLE 3




WATER SUPPLY TO LAKE ERIE
Source
Western Basin
St. Clair River (Lake Huron, outflow)
Black, Pine, Belle Rivers
Cl inton River
Rouge River
Thames River
Miscellaneous Runoff
Precipitation (Lake St. Clair)
Subtotal (Detroit River)
Huron River (Michigan
Raisin R i ve r
Maumee River
Portage River
Miscellaneous Runoff
Precipitation (Western Basin)
Subtotal
Total Western Basin
Evaporation
Central Basin
Western Basin
Sandusky River
Huron River (Ohio)
Vermi 1 ton Ri ver
Black River
Rocky River
Cuyahoga River
Chagrin River
Grand River (Ohio)
Ashtabula River
Conneaut Creek
Otter Creek
Kettle Creek
Miscellaneous Runoff
Precipitation (Central Basin)
Total Central Basin
Evaporation
Supply
(cfs)

187,450
688
470
235
1,840
1 ,799
919
193,401
556
714
4,794
403
1,271
2,564
10,302
203,703
-3,042

200,661
1,021
296
228
302
273
850
333
784
169
257
312
185
1,410
13,508
220,589
-16,023
Percent of
Total
Lake Supply

79,774
.293
.200
.100
.783
.766
.391
82 . 307
.237
.304
2.040
.172
.541
1 .091
4.384
86.691
-1.295

85 . 396
.435
.126
.097
.129
.1 16
.362
.142
.334
.072
.109
.133
.079
.600
5.749
93.877
-6.819
Percent of
Basin
Supply

92.921
.338
.231
.115
.903
.883
.451
94.943
.273
.351
2.353
.198
.624
1.259
5.057
100.000
-1.493

90.966
.463
.134
.103
.137
.124
.385
.151
.355
.077
.117
.141
.084
.639
6.124
100.000
-7.264
        34

-------
                  WATER SUPPLY TO LAKE ERIE (Concluded)
     Source
                     Supply
                     (cfs)
Percent of
   Total
Lake Supply
Percent of
  Basin
 Supply
Eastern Basin
  Central  Basin                    204,566
  Cattaraugus Creek                    705
  Buffalo River                        784
  Grand River (Ontario)               2,405
  Big Creek                            256
  Miscellaneous Runoff               2,023
  Precipitation (Eastern Basin)       5,1 72

  Total Eastern Basin              215,911
     Evaporation                    -6,1 35

  Lake Outflow                     209,776
                                   87.058
                                     .300
                                     .334
                                     1.024
                                     .108
                                     .861
                                    2.201

                                   91.886
                                   -2.61 I

                                   89.275
                   94.746
                     .327
                     .363
                    I . I 14
                     .1 19
                     .937
                    2.395

                  100.000
                   -2.841
                                  TABLE 4

                        WATER BALANCE IN LAKE ERIE
                                    (cfs)
                 P   +   R   +   I
                                     D  -
                     AS
 Annual
 Average
22,000  25,eee-  i87,ooo  203,000   7,000  25,000     o
                                   35

-------
FIGURE 16

-------
even more severe during periods of high lake levels (times of in-
creased storage), especially in the western basin where the shores
are low.

     A wind set-up, which generally lasts less than 24 hours, forms
a standing wave which will persist when the wind subsides,  the
standing wave, called a seiche, will persist and gradually diminish
until  another wind set-up.  A typical  example of wind set-ups and
following seiches are shown in Figure 17 for simultaneous lake level
readings at five different stations.  Influencing winds and baro-
metric pressure are also shown.

     The primary seiche period of Lake Erie Is 14.2 hours, that of
the uninodal oscillation between the ends of the lake.  This seiche
period is nearly always apparent on water level records from west of
Cleveland and east of Ashtabula, Ohio.  Any number of seiches can
exist together and each can have several nodes, giving rise to seem-
ingly unintelligible water level records.  Even the harbors, where
most recorders are located,  can have short-period seiches called
surges or harbor resonance.

     The shortest period oscillations of water level are simple sur-
face waves caused by wind.  In Lake Erie these waves ordinarily have
periods of less than six seconds.  Wave heights are limited by lake
depths and fetch or length of water surface over which the wind blows.
In general, maximum possible wave heights increase from west to east
in Lake Erie.  Waves over six feet in height are rare In the western
basin, while similar conditions may produce wave heights of 15 to 20
feet in the eastern basin.  Violence of waves in Lake Erie is caused
by short wave lengths and the resulting wave steepness.

     Waves are destructive to shore property in Lake Erie.  The shore-
line of Ohio is particularly susceptible because beaches are narrow
and most banks are clay.  Waves, of course,  are more destructive
during high lake stages and in areas of simultaneous wind set-up.  In
the western basin, wave action is believed to be the principal  agent
in maintaining the relatively high turbidity of the shallow water by
stirring up bottom sediments.   Table 5 lists some of the effects and
causes of various kinds of water level disturbances.
                                37

-------
570 FT.
568  MONROE, MICH
570 FT.
568   MARBLEHEAD, 0
570 FT.
568   CLEVELAND, 0
570 FT.
568   BARCELONA, N.Y,
570 F
568  BUFFALO, N.Y
             SIMULTANEOUS  LAKE  ERIE  LEVELS
                 WIND AT BUFFALO AIRPORT
 3O.OO IN.
 29.50 IN
29.00 IN.
           BAROMETRIC  PRESSURE  AT  BUFFALO
9/19/641 9/20 I 9/21 I 9/22 I 9/23 Fg/24 I 9/25 '9/26 I 9/27 I 9/28 ' 9/29 ' 9/30 '


            LAKE  LEVELS  AND  WINDS
                     SEPTEMBER, 1964
                         38
                                                      FIGURE 17

-------
                                TABLE 5

               CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WATER LEVEL CHANGES
Water Level
Disturbance
                                Effects
   Cause
Navigation   Shore Property  Pollution
Stage
Precipitation  High - good    High - adverse  None
              Inflow
               Low - adverse  Low - good
Wind Set-up Wind



Seiche Wind Set-up
Tide Moon - Sun
Waves Wind



Same as above Same as above



Same as stage Same as above
None None
High - adverse Adverse
Low - none


Lee - con-
centration
Windward -
dispersal
Dispersal
None
Dispersion
and long-
shore trans-
port
                         LAKE WATER TEMPERATURES

     Lake Erie is the warmest of the Great Lakes.  Mid-lake surface
water reaches an average maximum of about 75°F (24°C) usually in the
first half of August (Figure 18).  Occasionally the summer temperature
in mid-lake surface water rises above 80°F.   Nearshore water normally
reaches a maximum along the south shore of 80°F or more.

     The most Important characteristic of lake temperatures In summer
is temperature stratification.   If the water is deep enough upper warm
water (epilimnion) becomes separated from bottom cold water (hypolImnion),
Figure 19.  The transition zone between these layers Is called the
thermocline.

     Surface water temperatures throughout much of the ice-free seasons
reflect water depth with temperature decreasing toward deep water
(Rodgers, 1965).   This inverse relationship  changes to a direct re-
lationship in the fall and early winter.

     Water temperature Is, of course, changed by variations In air
                                 39

-------
    YEARLY  WATER TEMPERATURE  CURVE,  PUT-IN-BAY, OHIO

          AND AIR TEMPERATURE  AT TOLEDO, OHIO


 JAN  | FEB | MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL , AUG | SEP | OCT , NOV , DEC
                                             Av. Water Temp.
    Water Ttmp. Range,

       1916-1965
   Av. Air Temp.
                            -30-
UJ
uj
cc
o
UJ
55 r



54



53



52



 51



SO



49
        1920
                1930
1940
1950
I960
        ANNUAL  AVERAGE  WATER  TEMPERATURES  AT

    PUT-IN-BAY,  OHIO  AND  ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA  1918-1965

     (FROM OHIO DIV. OF WILDLIFE AND  U.S. BUR. COMM. FISH. DATA)
                           40
                                                     FIGURE  18

-------
0.
UJ
o
   20
   40
60
   80
   100
     30
                  O

                  z
                  5
                  o
                  Q-
                  V
                  X
                           EASTERN

                            BASIN
                                      CENTRAL   J

                                       BASIN
              40
                        50         60


                      TEMPERATURE  IN  °F
                                           70
                TYPICAL SUMMER DEPTH

                         VS.

             TEMPERATURE  IN   LAKE  ERIE
                                                     80
                        41
                                               FIGURE 19

-------
temperature, and the relationship is direct.  Slight modifications
to the relationship are caused by the amount of sunshine, strength
and duration of winds, and by humidity.

     Lake Erie water temperature, in the western basin, falls to 33°F
normally about the middle of December and remains at that level until
the middle of March.  Usually the western basin freezes over com-
pletely.  The surface water in the remainder of Lake Erie is at 33°F
for about the same length of time, but normally about two weeks later,
or from the first of January until the first of April.  The central
and eastern basins usually do not freeze over completely, but often
are almost entirely covered by floe ice.

     Just after the ice breakup in spring, the ice drifts eastward
and accumulates in the eastern basin.  Occasionally ice jams signifi-
cantly impede the flow of the Niagara River.  Ice normally disappears
in Lake Erie by May I.

     Windrows of ice are common near the shore and on reefs.  Wind
exerts a significant force on the ice and can cause breakup without
thawing conditions.  Occasionally with onshore winds along the south
shore of the western basin, ice piles up on shore, scouring the bot-
tom as it moves in.  At times it piles to heights of 30 feet or more
and destroys buildings and other structures along the shore.

     Spring ice breakup in the western basin, after it begins, occurs
rapidly, going from complete ice cover to open water in a few days.

     Warming of the lake water usually begins immediately after the
ice breakup.  The rate of warming is remarkably uniform until about
the first of July when the maximum temperature is being approached
and the rate flattens out.

     A comparison of surface water temperature curves and air tempera-
ture curves (Figure 18) shows that during the ice-free season there is
a definite and expected parallelism.  The water temperature curve  lags
the air temperature by 9 to 12 days in spring and by 12 to 15 days in
fall.  The greatest departure is in midsummer when the air temperature
decline begins about three weeks before the water temperature decline.

     Figure 18 also shows temperature data from about 45 years of
record maintained at the Ohio State Fish Hatchery at Put-in-Bay (Ohio
Division of Wildlife,  1961).  Mean monthly water temperatures are shown.
Also annual average temperatures are shown for the period for Put-in-Bay
and for the Erie, Pennsylvania water intake as compiled by the L). S.
Bureau of Commercial  Fisheries.  The Erie record shows a trend toward
higher temperatures during the period and the Put-in-Bay record shows
a trend toward lower temperatures.  Trends appear insignificant, however,
especially since accuracy of measurement is at least questionable.
                                 42

-------
     Temperature of the surface water of Lake Erie is of  less sig-
nificance than the three-dimensional temperature structure.  This
structure influences circulation of the water and its dissolved and
suspended substances, and also has a marked influence on the chemical
and biochemical activity at the bottom sediment-water interface.

WESTERN BASIN

     Figures 20a, b, and c diagrammatically show the development of
seasonal temperature structure in each of Lake Erie's three basins.
Figure 20a for the western basin shows the simplest thermal structure.
In spring the temperature of the entire water column rises gradually.
In summer the water is usually nearly isothermal vertically.  A trans-
ient secondary thermocline of little importance can be formed near the
surface during hot calm periods.  During periods of normal winds and
above average air temperatures, a thermocline can be formed near the
bottom, simultaneously with the development of a secondary thermocline
in the central basin.  This thermocline is accompanied by rapid de-
oxygenation of the bottom water due to oxygen-consuming material and
the inability of oxygen to penetrate the thermocline.

     Storms equalize temperatures in the western basin top to bottom.
In August when cooling begins, the western basin water is vertically
isothermal and remains so as it cools in fall  and winter.

CENTRAL BASIN

     The central basin water, Figure 20b, has a simple fall, winter,
and spring thermal  structure.  In summer the structure is more complex
than in the western basin.  The temperature at the beginning of the
first summer weather cycle in early June is approximately the temper-
ature of the following hypolimnion.

     The stable thermocline and hypolimnion are formed relatively sud-
denly during the first storm ending this weather cycle.   The Intensity
of this storm determines the depth of the thermocline, and the thermo-
cline remains at approximately its initial  elevation until the lake
begins to cool in August.   The thermocline is normally tilted slightly
upward to the north.  During its existence the hypolimnion loses oxygen
and may lose it all  because it does not mix with the water above, and
it contains oxidizable organic matter.

     Summer weather cycles cause the epilimnion to alternate in struc-
ture between one layer and three layers.  Storms equalize the temper-
ature of the epilimnion.  During the following warming period a sec-
ondary thermocline  is formed by heat input and the mixing by normal
winds to a depth of 6 or 7 meters.   While this is forming the temper-
ature of the epilimnion below this temporary thermocline Is not changing.
The temperature of  this zone is then raised suddenly during the cycle-
ending storm when the temperature of the entire epilimnion again becomes
                                 43

-------
LAKE ERIE -WESTERN
APR. , MAY . JUN. , JUL.
BASIN - ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
AUG. . SEP. , OCT. . NOV. , DEC. . JAN. . FEB. . MAR.
DIURNAL RISE AND FALL "-LAKE SURFACE-'
CAUSED BY DAILY RISE AND FALL OF AIR TEMPERATURE
J
t
D
c ;
3
0
• (0
i- GRADUAL RISE,
D FREQUENT SMALL
I5 SHARP INCREASES
:
i.

INTERMITTENT THERMOCLINE
RESULT OF HOT, CALM WEATHER


GRADUAL RISE
AND OCCASIONAL
SHARP INCREASES
CAUSED BY WIND
MIXING WITH ABOVE




ISOTHERMAL
GRADUAL COOLING
X

INTERMITTENT THERMOCLiNE
CAUSED BY STEADY NORMAL WIND AND HIGH
AIR TEMPERATURE; DE - OX YGE NATION MORE
RAPID AND SEVERE WITH EACH OCCURRENCE. LAKE BOTTOM
SURFACE FREEZES

X
ISOTHERMAL *
CONSTANT 33°F u
u



UJ
to
GRADUAL R


LAKE ERIE-CENTRAL BASIN-ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
APR. , MAY JUN , JUL AUG. , SEP. OCT. , NOV. , DEC. JAN. , FEB. , MAR.
DIURNAL RISE AND FALL
CAUSED BY DAILY RISE AND FALL OF AIR TEMPERATURE
INTERMIT
RESULT!
Lj
c
D
£
§ ?
lO
I GRADUAL RISE ,
D FREQUENT SMALL
o SHARP INCREASES
L CAUSED BY NORMAL
_ SPRING WEATHER
L
ll
3
TENT THERMOCLINE
OF WARM, CALM WEATHER
GRADUAL RISE,
OCCASIONAL
SHARP DECLINES
CAUSED BY NORMAL
WEATHER
INTERMITTENT
THERMOCLINE
CAUSED BY NORMAL
WEATHER
CONSTANT,
OCCASIONAL
SHARP INCREASES
CAUSED BY SUMMER
JTTORMS
-H
u.
o
i ISOTHERMAL
" GRADUAL
K. COOLING
V>
UJ
g
I
STABLE THERMOCLINE roweS-*^.
gY FIRST SUMMER WEATHER CYCLE NQ£
ISOTHERMAL-CONSTANT- TEMPERATURE^
DETERMINED BY SPRING TEMPERATURE BEFORE '
FIRST SUMMER WEATHER CYCLE . DE-OXYOENATION
GRADUAL, MAY GO TO COMPLETION.
*^LAKE SURFACE — ^
z
K
ISOTHERMAL
DECLINES TO S
^ CONSTANT
?
V
^-LAKE BOTTOM-^,
SURFACE PARTIALLY FREEZES
ISOTHERMAL
CONSTANT 33°F
     LAKE  ERIE - EASTERN  BASIN-ANNUAL  TEMPERATURE
                             AUQ.
                                    SEP.
                                           OCT.
                                                  NOV.
                                                         DEC.
                                               -LAKE SURFACE—'*
                                                   DEVELOPMENT
                                                     JAN.  ,  FEB.  ,  MAR.
               DIURNAL  RISE  AND FALL
         CAUSED BY DAILY RISE  AND FALL OF AIR TEMPERATURE
                                                       CONSTANT 33°F
SLIGHT WARMINO
          GRADUAL. RISE
STABL^
  THERMOCLINE
    7>RMED BY'
          *?~D?^— NORMAL
                ^
                                   ISOTHERMAL
                                 GRADUAL COOLING
     NEARLY  CONSTANT-ISOTHERMAL
                40-42° *
           TEMPERATURE DETERMINED
          : BY SPRIN8 WEATHER;
          i DE-OXYGENATION SLIGHT
                                                                POSSIBLE REVERSE
                                                                   THERMOCLINE
                                                                 CONSTANT 39°F
                                     44
                                                             FIGURE  20

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 uniform.  The density gradient at the stable thermocline  is thus  in-
 creased.  The whole process  is repeated several times before August.
 Figure 21 shows the summer cyclic development at station  E-8 (Figure
 23)  in the central basin.  In August the epilimnion begins to cool
 and  loses its three-layer structure.  The density gradient at the
 thermocline decreases and the thermocline deepens, disappearing
 entirely by October.

     Upwelling, downwelling, and internal waves are created during
 summer storms in the central basin, especially during northwesters.
 The  hypo limn ion slides around in the basin.  This water movement
 probably brings bottom sediments into suspension and this may increase
 oxygen consumption, bringing about relatively sudden oxygen depletion
 in the hypo limn ion.  Internal waves other than up and downwelling in
 the  central basin probably have amplitudes of less than five feet,
 as indicated by a study in the summer of 1965.  Periods range from
 less than five minutes to two weeks or more, with an inertial  period
 near eighteen hours apparently predominant.

 EASTERN BASIN

     The temperature structure of the eastern basin is probably like
 that of the deeper Great Lakes, Figure 20c.  In winter It is nearly
 isothermal and may have reverse stratification.  In spring it mixes
 top to bottom and is vertically isothermal.  The upper waters warm
 gradually and a shallow thick thermocline forms early, thinning and
 deepening as summer progresses.  The epilimnion is mixed more often
 or more constantly than in the central  basin.  Figure 21  shows a
 typical summer thermal  development at station EI2 and EI4 (Figure 23)
 in the eastern basin.

     Mixing in the epilimnion of the eastern basin may be aided greatly
 or perpetuated by relatively high amplitude thermoclinal  waves.   Sig-
 nificant internal  wave motion is virtually constant throughout the
 summer with an inertial  17 to 18-hour period dominant.  The thermocline
 thins and deepens rapidly after the epilimnion begins to cool.   Just
 before the thermocline disappears,  usually in November,  it has reached
 a depth of 100 feet or more.   With its disappearance the hypo limn ion
 zone warms somewhat, due to mixing, and then begins to cool  to winter
 temperatures.

 NEARSHORE WATER TEMPERATURES

     Temperature plays  an important role in nearshore waters.   The
 significance is not great in winter because the temperature is nearly
 uniform throughout the  lake.   However,  during the other  three  seasons
waters of different temperatures are in contact and density interfaces
are formed,  inhibiting  mixing processes and resulting In  currents
which would not otherwise exist.
                                 45

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                            UN
             1964
                      10   II    12   13   14   15   16   17   It   19   2O  21   22  25
                         • ATER  TEMPERATURES  » MILES  NW  OF  ASHTABULA
                                        (CENTRAL  64SIN)
                SURF,
                  1
y  .,
"-"
                5O FT
                           WATER  TEMP
                                    ERATURES
                                        IEA5TEI
 MILES  SOUTH  OF LONC.  POINT
:RN  BASIN)
                                                      A/:
                                                 
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     During the spring and summer, and strongly in the spring, a tem-
perature differential may exist between nearshore and offshore waters.
The water within a mile or so off shore is usually considerably warmer.
The greatest differential appears to exist along the south shore of
the central basin.  The primary reasons for this are warm tributary
discharges and the southwest winds over the lake pushing warm surface
waters toward the right of the wind or toward the south shore.  North
shore nearshore waters do not appear to be greatly warmer than mid-
lake water at any time of the year.  The prevailing southwest winds
here too may be largely responsible.

     There is less lateral variation in the eastern basin in water
temperatures, probably because of less tributary input and deeper
nearshore water.  The warmest water there is also normally along the
south shore in spring and summer.

     The nearshore temperature structure in spring and summer indicates
an eastward movement of south shore nearshore water.   The physics of
the system require this movement.  Current measurements at several
nearshore stations have confirmed it.

     In the western basin the disruptive influences of the Detroit River
inflow, bottom topography and the islands do not allow the development
of the same nearshore thermal structure.   Figure 22 shows a typical
temperature distribution in the western basin in early summer.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE PHENOMENA

     Temperature plays a most important role in Lake  Erie processes
as does the temperature-related density stratification.  Some of the
more important effects are:

     I.  Actual  temperature controls plant and animal  productivity
         of the lake to some degree;  in general  the higher the
         temperature, the greater the productivity.

     2.  Intermittent thermal stratification near the  bottom of  the
         western basin leads to rapid deoxygenation of the water in
         the hypolimnion,  when and where it occurs.  The warmer  the
         hypo limn ion the more rapid the deoxygenation  will  be.

     3.  Stable summer thermal  stratification in the  central  basin
         leads to  the annual  deoxygenation of hypolimnetic water.

     4.   Thermal  stratification in the  eastern basin  does not have
         serious consequences because of  the much  greater thickness
         and less  rapid circulation of  the hypolimnion.
                                  47

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48
                             FIGURE 22

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     5.  Temperature fs  important in controlling water movements in
         nearshore areas.  Density barriers may confine warmer waters
         and pollution substances to the nearshore zones, especially
         along the south shore, in spring and summer.

     6.  Temperature rises in general limit top to bottom mixing;
         temperature declines favor it.

                              LAKE CURRENTS

     Two basic types of circulation exist in Lake Erie:  (I) Horizontal
motion and (2) essentially vertical  motion.  Each of these can be gen-
etically subdivided as follows:

  Horizontal Currents                     Vertical Currents

(I)  Lake flow-through        (I)  Temperature gradient (convection)
(2)  Wind-driven              (2)  Turbidity gradient
(3)  Seiche                   (3)  Dissolved solids, gradient
(4)  Inertial                 (4)  Convergence of horizontal currents
(5)  Density                  (5)  Divergence of horizontal currents
(6)  Turbulence               (6)  Turbulence

     Generally more energy is involved in horizontal than in vertical
currents.  All currents tend to relocate and disperse suspended or
dissolved constituents.  The movement may be quite different between
offshore and nearshore waters because of the effects of bottom topog-
raphy and boundary conditions.

     The lake flow-through current is always a net movement eastward.
This, however, does not mean that, at all places at all times, a flow-
through component is included.  It is possible that this component of
water movement is found only on one side of the lake or that it wanders
from one side to the other.  Throughout the water column, it should be
essentially uni-directional, with no compensating return flow.  All
other types of currents are superimposed and, except in restricted
channels, the flow-through may be completely masked.

     The flow-through current of Lake Erie can be considered as the most
significant agent in distribution of dissolved substances because most
of these substances are introduced near or at the source of the flow-
through.  Because of its generally very low velocity, it Is not sig-
nificant in the transport of suspended material.  The exceptions are
in restricted channels.

     Wind-driven currents are, as the term implies, the movements of
water directly caused by wind stress at the water surface.   These cur-
rents are the fastest and the most variable in direction of the large-
scale water movements.   Large volumes of water can be moved in a very
short time, as in wind set-up.

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     The first effect of wind is to produce waves.  Waves, In them-
selves, are not significant transporters of water, at least in deeper
areas of the lake.  Most of the motion is orbital  in a vertical  plane
decreasing downward from the surface to zero at a  depth equal  to the
wave length.  There is only a slight net transport of water in the
direction of wave progress.  However, when waves reach shallow ater
(half the wave length or less) they change from orbital to a to and
fro motion.  The slight net transport still exists and along with the
effects of gravity on the return flow and wind drag, littoral  or long-
shore currents are created.  Such currents can be  especially rapid
when the wave approach is toward shore at some angle other than normal.

     Waves in mid-lake (also along shore) can produce turbulence and
if the water is shallow enough, bottom sediments may be thereby brought
into suspension.   In deep water this is not a significant agent, in
itself, for transport of sediment.  It may be looked upon as an agent
for mixing essentially in situ.  However, wave turbulence may bring
sediment up into the water to be transported by other currents.

     The second effect of wind is to drag, en masse, a volume of water
more or less in the direction of the wind.  This Is probably the major
factor in wind set-up.  The drag decreases with depth and so does the
imposed velocity.  If the volume of water moved cannot escape from the
lake, two things will  happen:  (I) the water level will rise at the
leeward end of the lake and (2) a subsurface return flow will  be
created.  If there is adequate depth so that there is an unrestricted
return flow, the rise in level will be small.  In  Lake Erie the water
is shallow, the return flow is restricted, and the disturbance of
water level is pronounced.

     The above description  of wind-driven currents is greatly over-
simplified.  The currents are influenced by the Coriolis effect, by
previously established wind-driven currents, by water temperature, by
air temperature,  by the local and overall shape of the basin,  by the
force of the wind, by the distance of wind travel  over water (fetch),
and by the direction and duration of the wind.

     Seiche currents are those created in the standing wave motions of
seiches.  Seiches, of course, depend upon the wind (rarely atmospheric
pressure change along) for their creation.  After  the wind set-up, a
seiche and its currents are self-sustaining.  They degenerate by fric-
tion.  Degeneration is seldom, if ever, complete because seiches are
normally rejuvenated and/or changed by the wind.

     The highest velocity seiche currents in a symmetrical basin occur
along and normal  to the nodal line of a particular seiche, and the
velocity decreases to a minimum at the locations of maximum amplitude.
Superimposed and multinodal seiches can lead to complex and seemingly
unintelligible motions.  In Lake Erie the longitudinal seiche dominates
                                 50

-------
and the motions associated with it over-ride the others.  Currents
reach significant velocities in the nodal zone (roughly across the
lake from Fairport, Ohio) and in the inter-island channels.

     Seiche currents apparently do not result in a net transport of
water; the motion is to and fro and balancing.

     Density currents are those resulting when water of a different
density is brought into the lake.  Density differences can result from
temperature differences, differences in dissolved solids content, dif-
ferences in suspended solids content, or any combination of these.

     Density currents are the most apparent and probably have their
greatest importance in boundary waters.  They provide a mechanism for
a more rapid horizontal distribution of tributary inputs than would
otherwise occur.  When tributaries are warmer than the lake, the in-
puts can override the lake water, and vice versa.  In either case the
inputs can spread widely offshore.  Density currents from differences
in dissolved solids or suspended solids content nearly always tend to
force input water to under-run lake water.  If however, the solids-
laden water is of high enough temperature, it can override the lake
water, and this often happens in Lake Erie.  Paradoxically, density
differences in a vertical plane can often be sustained, especially with
water temperatures near 4°C (39°F), the temperature of maximum density,
preventing lateral dispersion and confining inputs to the nearshore
zone.

     Density currents are not compensating.  Their movement is ordin-
arily offshore with no return of the same water.

     Turbulence, to some degree, is associated with all other types of
currents.   This is more or less random motion, with horizontal and ver-
tical components.   Its main effect might be considered as that of mixing
or dispersion, in that a given volume of water will,  after a given time,
be found throughout a much larger volume.  Turbulent motion is most
pronounced when associated with wind-driven currents.

     Convection is vertical circulation caused by heat transfer.  It is
important in Lake Erie during the cooling period from August to January.
The surface water loses heat to the atmosphere,  becomes colder than
lower water, and sinks.   Wanner water rises to replace it.  This process
continues until the water column reaches 4°C,  the temperature of maximum
density.   This kind of circulation probably cannot be called currents
in the strictest sense, but it Is highly effective in exchanging water
between the surface and bottom.   Heat loss from the water is the only
factor needed to sustain this kind of motion.

     Convection currents are of  little consequence during the warming
months, with the possible exception of short periods of colder air
                                51

-------
temperatures during storms.  The over-running of cold water from
tributaries can cause convection currents, but this is not common.

     Turbidity and dissolved solids gradients can cause vertical cir-
culation if, like over-running of cold water, they can be formed with
the denser water on top.  This situation is not normal.

     Convergence of horizontal currents can cause vertical movement
if at some lower or higher level there are diverging currents.  Con-
verging surface currents lead to downward movement.  Diverging surface
currents lead to upward movement.

     Turbulence, associated with storm activity, is the most effective
vertical motion at all seasons of the year.  The result is rapid, ver-
tical mixing in unstratified water from top to bottom, and above the
density barrier if the water is stratified.

     Currents in Lake Erie have been studied from time to time since
before the turn of the century.  Most studies have been largely con-
fined to the western basin of the lake.

     Only one attempt has been made in the past to show the general
water circulation pattern for the entire lake.  This was by Harrington
(1895).

     Circulation in the western basin has been investigated by several
workers, Including Harrington (1895), Wright (1955), Olson (1950),
Verber (1953, 1954), and recently by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries.   The eastern basin has been neglected except for a rather
local study in the Long Point area by Green (Fish, I960).

     The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration measured cur-
rents continuously and synoptically at selected locations in the
western, central, and eastern basins.  The U. S. Lake Survey has also
similarly measured currents near a few selected harbors on Lake Erie.
These programs are the first of their kind in Lake Erie.

     Nearly all  past work has relied upon data gathered from the re-
lease of drift cards, drift bottles, and shallow drogues.   Only a
very small  amount of metering has been done, and this was by manual
methods.  Some attempts have been made to map chemically or physi-
cally different water masses, thereby inferring water circulation, in
the western basin.

     Harrington (1895), using drift bottles, deduced the surface cur-
rents of Lake Erie.  In the western basin he showed the Detroit River
fanning out from the Michigan shore to the Canadian shore.  The eastern
half of the Detroit River flow went directly to Pelee Passage.  The
remainder apparently flowed south and eastward to discharge through
                                 52

-------
the South Passage with a small amount going northward to Pelee Passage.
He also showed a clockwise movement around Pelee  island and a counter-
clockwise movement around Kelleys  Island.

     Olson  (1950) made a study of  surface currents  in western Lake
Erie in 1948 and 1949 using drift  cards.  He divided the Detroit River
flow into three parts, which he called the "Colchester Convergence",
the "Pigeon Bay Drift", and the "Pelee Passage Drift" (See Figure I).
This implies that the Detroit River flow stays along the north shore,
passing into the central basin via Pelee Passage.  He showed a drift
toward shore along the Michigan shore and indeterminate flow along
the south shore.  He stated that Maumee River water must flow through
South Passage or between the islands, but indicated a to and fro motion
in those channels.  He also showed a clockwise movement around Pelee
island which he called the "Pelee  Island Gyre".

     Wright (1955) studied the surface currents of western Lake Erie
in 1928 using drift bottles.  He drew no conclusions except to state
that surface currents were not constant but were highly dependent
upon the wind.  Most of his bottles released near the Ohio and Michigan
mainland shores went southward while most bottles released just west
of the islands went northward.

     Verber (1953, 1954), using drift cards, droques, and a current
meter in the inter-island channels, concluded that a rotational  move-
ment of water existed in western Lake Erie.  Measurements in Pelee
Passage, at depth as well as at the surface, indicated a larger outflow
from the western basin than inflow in that channel and vice versa in
the southern channels.  He also concluded that most of the Detroit
River water moved eastward through Pelee Passage.

     The U.  S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in recent work, using
drogued drift bottles for measurement, indicated that surface currents
in western Lake Erie are dependent upon winds.  Southerly winds push
the surface water toward the north shore and Pelee Passage.  Westerly
and northwesterly winds result in a flow pattern more or less similar
to that of Harrington with Detroit River water reaching deep into the
basin.   Northeast winds push water toward the west shore with a simul-
taneous flow out of the Pelee Passage.

     The Detroit Project, FWPCA,  investigated currents near the mouth
of the  Detroit River and along the Michigan shore with dye and drogues.
They deduced that outside the influence of river flow that currents
were controlled by and essentially followed the wind direction.

     The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (Hartley,  Herdendorf,
and Keller,  1966) measured conductivity and temperature  in a dense
pattern in the western basin on 23 June 1963.  They indicated that the
main part of the Detroit River flow extended far southward into the
                                  53

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basin at the surface and at depth.  The west part of the river followed
the Michigan and Ohio shores moving northward west of the islands.  The
east part of the Detroit flow appeared to be moving east along the
Canadian shore.  The bulk of the western basin water was moving out
through the Pelee Passage.

     The only published work attempting to describe the circulation of
central Lake Erie is that of Harrington (1895).  He showed a general
down-lake surface flow with a counter-clockwise gyre between Point
Pelee and Pointe Aux Pins, Ontario, and East of Pointe Aux Pins.  He
also showed the gyre around Pelee island extending several miles into
central Lake Erie.

     Green (Fish, I960) measured currents at a few isolated sites in
central Lake Erie in 1929 without showing significant movements.

     The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries recent work with shallow
drogues indicates eastward flow in nearly all cases in mid-lake.  They
indicate that the Pelee Passage discharge reaches the Ohio shore be-
tween Sandusky and Lorain.

     The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, with some direct measure-
ments  in the southeastern part of the basin indicates that complex
patterns of water movement may exist both areally and in depth.  Also
their work indicates that eddies are common around harbor breakwaters
which are not shore-connected.  This has been confirmed by the U. S.
Lake Survey in their harbor work.

     Even  less is known of eastern basin water circulation.  The only
known past attempt to measure currents in the eastern basin was by
Green  in 1929 as reported by Fish (I960).  Green used a current pole
and a Price current meter to measure velocities in the deeper water
of the basin.  He admitted that his measurements at depth were prob-
ably too high in value.  In general he found, on the few occasions of
measurement, that there was a rather rapid flow eastward, especially
near Long Point.  He also found that surface flow opposed the wind
quite often.  Flow patterns, other than eastward dominant movement
cannot be shown from his data.

     Drift bottles, drift cards and shallow drogues, released by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources  in the western and central basins in recent years, have
arrived on Long Point and the south shore of the eastern basin in great
numbers.  Only a few drifted to the north shore of the eastern basin
east of Long Point.  This probably indicates an eastward cross-lake
flow of surface water.

     In order to further describe the prevailing circulation patterns,
the U. S. Public Health Service (now the Federal Water Pollution Control
                                54

-------
Administration),  in May  1964, established a system of automatic cur-
rent metering stations in  Lake Erie.  The metering program was main-
tained  until September 1965.  The station locations and kinds of
measurements are  shown on  Figure 23.  Table 6  lists the stations, the
depths  at each meter, and  the time of station occupancy.  Temperature
recorders were installed  in conjunction with the current meters.  Wind
recorders were installed on most stations, but only during summer.

     The metering program  could not describe currents very near the
lake bottom.  Therefore,  in the summer of 1965 seabed drifters were
released at selected  locations in Lake Erie (Figure 24).  These small
drifters contained instructions to return to the sender.

     Intensive, localized, short-term drogue studies were made near
the mouth of the Detroit River and off western Cleveland in the summer
of  1964.  These were made  to learn something of lake dispersion and
local currents.

     Dye studies of short  duration were carried out near the mouths of
several tributaries along  the south shore of the central basin during
the summer of 1965, using  Rhodamine B dye.

     The metering program  and seabed drifters have shown movement
patterns very unlike the surface water movements which must exist in
Lake Erie.

     It is very difficult  to describe predominant flows three-dimension-
ally when directions vary  with depth and location, and such is the case
in Lake Erie.  Therefore the following description will  deal  mainly
with surface and bottom currents, and much of the interpolation between
top and bottom will be left to the reader.

WESTERN BASIN CIRCULATION

     As noted previously,  the water movements of the western basin have
been studied more than in  any other area of Lake Erie.  Combining the
facts determined in all  those studies, a pattern of most probable dom-
inant summer surface currents has been compiled as shown in Figure 25.
The surface currents in the western half ot the western basin are dom-
inated by the Detroit River inflow.  However, in the eastern half of
the basin the surface flow becomes more influenced by the prevailing
southwesterly winds, and this effect produces a clockwise flow around
the islands.  Eddy effects along the sides of the Detroit River inflow
lead to sluggish movement of surface water west of Colchester, Ontario
and between Stony Point,  Michigan and Toledo.  These eddies tend to
retain waters contained within them, leading to higher concentrations
of pollutants commonly found in these areas.

     The surface flow of the western basin water is often changed by
                                 55

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                          TABLE 6

          CURRENT METERING STATION DESCRIPTION DATA
              (station locations on Fig. 4-7)
Station
Number
E-l
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9
E-10
E-ll
E-12
E-13
E-14
E-15
E-16
E-17
E-18
E-19
E-20
E-22
E-23
E-24
E-25
E-26
E-23
E-29
E-30
E-31
E-33
E-34

Meter
depth (ft.)
30
30
30
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50
30, 50, 75, 100
30, 50, 75, 100
30, 50, 75, 100, 185
30, 50, 75
30, 50, 75
30, 50
30
30
15
15
15
15, 30
15
15
15
15, 30
15
15, 30, 45
15
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22
Time of station occupancy*
5/18-10/12/64, 11/26/64-9/17/65
5/19-10/13/64, 11/26-4/20/65
5/19-8/6/64, 11/26/64-9/16/65
5/19-10/11/64, 10/14/64-9/18/65
5/19/64-5/1/65
5/19/64-4/28/65
5/19/64-9/17/65
5/20-10/15/64, 5/3-9/19/65
5/20-10/15/64, 10/16/64-5/2/65
5/20/64-8/5/65
5/20/64-9/17/65
5/20/64-9/20/65
5/20-10/15/64
5/20-9/20/65
5/21-10/23/64, 5/7-9/23/65
5/20-10/18/64
5/7-9/24/65
6/11-8/6/64, 4/21-9/16/65
4/21-9/16/65
6/12-7/17/65, 8/11-9/17/65
6/12-7/17/65
6/12-7/17/65
6/12-7/15/65, 8/8-9/17/65
6/16-7/15/65, 8/6-9/17/65
6/16-7/16/65
6/15-7/16/65
6/14-7/15/65
6/14-7/15/65
6/14-7/15/65
4/21-9/15/65
7/29-8/12/65

Record length averages about 60$ of total occupancy times.
                              57

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                                     U
                                   hi
                                   5 w

                                   "hi

                                   1 m

                                   «
                                   hi u
                                     U

                                     K
                                         ---4
                                     x


                                     o
58
                                       Z4

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59
                              FIGURE  25

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changes in wind direction and intensity.  The effect of strong winds
on surface circulation is to essentially skim the surface water and
move it in the direction toward which the wind is blowing.  Thus with
a sufficiently strong wind most of the surface water, except along
the windward shore, may move in the same direction.

     Surface flow tells nothing about bottom circulation.  In summer
bottom currents in much of the western basin of Lake Erie are similar
to surface currents, being dominated by the Detroit River inflow
(Figure 26).  However, in the island area the bottom currents are
often the reverse of the surface currents with a counter-clockwise
flow around the islands.  The metering station (E-19) in Pelee Passage
showed a dominant northwestward movement of water at a depth of 30
feet between the months of April and August 1965.  Three days of meas-
urement at 30 feet in South Passage (E-18) showed a dominant eastward
movement.   In late August and September in Pelee Passage the bottom
flow had reversed, indicating that it had then become like the surface
flow.  Apparently lake cooling is important in establishing a top to
bottom uniformity of dominant circulation.  The dominant annual bottom
flow may be clockwise around Pelee Island.  Seabed drifter data tend
to support this.

     Records of currents at station E-34, one-half mile north of the
Toledo water intake crib, during the summer of 1965 showed a dominant
movement northwestward, compatible with the clockwise eddy movement
in the Toledo-Monroe area.

     Like the surface movement, bottom currents can also be changed
by the wind, although it probably takes a stronger wind to create a
major change of pattern.  With very strong winds, which cause major
changes of water level, the bottom currents are essentially the re-
verse of surface currents.  This means, for example, that a strong
westerly wind will cause bottom currents toward the west and a strong
easterly wind will cause bottom currents to shift toward the east.
Continuity considerations demand that subsurface reversals occur.

     In the western basin water movements are not all so simple as
described above.  Seiches and changing winds complicate the patterns
which occur at any particular time.   An ice cover will enable the ex-
istence of a more or less stable pattern which should be similar to
1he dominant pattern of summer surface flow (Figure 25).

     The probable surface and bottom flows under different strong wind
conditions are shown in Figures 27 through 32.  The western basin
water apparently will show these kinds of responses year-round in the
ice-free period.  However, the reverse response in bottom waters ap-
parently becomes less in fall and winter.

     The most significant effects of current patterns In the western
basin are:

-------
ON r     4
     ^ \  '
  ^M?
              FIGURE 26

-------
62
FIGURE 27

-------
   I '> *
 \ \ *fi/r~
^((/^
     /
      X
     X
/
f~\
w
      N ^-x
      \ v,_, \ „/*

     '-'^%AA
        63
           FIGURE 28

-------
FIGURE 29

-------
FIGURE 30

-------
       \  c,   \
    -/W  V-)N
  ''    ".  
-------
FIGURE 32

-------
      I.  Concentrations of contaminants from the Detroit, Raisin, and
         Maumee Rivers may build up along the west shore under the
         conditions of dominant flows, both surface and bottom.

     2.  Concentrations of contaminants may similarly build up to
         even higher values under ice cover since wind then has less
         effect.

     3.  Winds cause mixing and redistribution of contaminants over
         the entire basin in ice-free periods.

     4.  A portion of central  Lake Erie water may recirculate in and
         around the island area of the western basin.

CENTRAL BASIN CIRCULATION

     The effect of wind is over-riding in the water circulation of the
central basin of Lake Erie.  The orientation of the basin, with its
long axis essentially parallel  to the prevailing southwesterly winds
makes this effect especially important.

     The predominant summer surface water movement in central Lake Erie
is as illustrated in Figure 33, based on the results of drift card,
drift bottle, and drogue studies made by several other agencies.  This
pattern of surface movement has been determined from investigations
carried out primarily during the summer months.  The pattern should be
similar for winter months but with a decided shift to movement more
toward the southeast and south as a result of the more frequent oc-
currence of northwesterly winds.  It should be noted that surface cur-
rents do not exactly parallel  the wind direction but move somewhat to
the right of it because of the Coriolis effect.  It should also be
understood that the predominant pattern is essentially that of result-
ant movement over an extended period, and at any one time, surface
movement may be greatly different or even reversed, responding quickly
to wind changes.

     Bottom currents in central Lake Erie are not similar to surface
currents.  Because surface currents are generally moving water in much
greater quantity than can be removed from the basin, the balancing
movement must be subsurface and essentially a return flow over most
of the basin, responding less quickly to wind changes.  The predominant
bottom flow pattern for summer is shown in Figure 34.  In this case
bottom flow means the motion at the lake bottom in unstratlfied water,
but where the lake is thermally stratified it means the predominant
movement at the bottom of the epillmnion.  It is this bottom flow, be-
tween 30 to 60 feet below water level, that the metering program in
the central basin of Lake Erie has measured.  The stations at which it
was measured were E-l  through E-ll (Figure 23).  Table 7 lists, in
brief, examples of some of the monthly flows at these stations in terms

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69
                            FIGURE 33

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70
                            FIGURE 34

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                              TABLE  7

            CURRENT FLOWS  AT  CENTRAL BASIN METER STATIONS
                   (station locations on Figure 4-7)
Station
E 1
E 2
E 3
E 4
E 5
E 6
E 7
E 7
E 8
E 9
E 11
Depth
(ft.)
30
30
30
50
30
30
30
50
30
30
30

Net. Dir.
from
118°
—
—
—
70°
141°
225°
—
77°
82°
112°
June 1964
Net. Vel.
cm/sec
0.80
—
—
—
4.15
1.49
—
—
2.31
1.82
6.52
December 1964
Avg. Vel.
cm/sec
11.4
—
—
—
8.8
5.9
—
—
6.8
10.7
10.9
Net Dir.
from
277°
183°
315°
257°
—
87°
—
47°
—
—
—
Net Vel.
cm/sec
1.41
0.83
1.53
2.44
—
1.86
—
0.52
—
—
—
Avg. Vel.
cm/sec
5.6
10.4
10.6
7.2
—
9.8
—
6.5
—
—
—
Note:  To convert velocities to ft./sec. multiply by .033.
                                 7|

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of net direction, net velocity, and average velocity of all  measure-
ments.  Figure 35 based on both current meter and drifter data, shows
the dominant annual bottom flow in Lake Erie.  Note that this is a
slightly different pattern from that of Figure 34 showing summer flow
above the thermocline.

     The metering program did not show, except during occasional per-
iods of hypolimnetic upwelling, what was happening below the thermo-
cline.  There is no reason to believe that a predominant horizontal
circulation pattern exists in the hypolimnlon.  However, high vel-
ocity currents (up to 2 ft/sec.) have been measured, during  storms,
in the hypolimnion.  These are brought about during up and downwelling
when the hypolimnion water is forced to slide around in the  basin.
This phenomenon becomes increasingly significant in late summer and
early fall when the hypolimnion is thin and sharply divided  from the
epiIimnion.

     Bottom currents near shore are pronounced in summer and are quite
different from bottom currents offshore, Indicating a separate system
of water movement.  Seabed drifter returns from the summer of 1965
showed that (I) releases more than three miles from the south shore
produced no returns, (2) releases less than three miles from shore
gave many returns, (3) drifters moving westward averaged only about
one mile of travel, and (4) drifters moving eastward averaged nearly
12 miles of travel.  These results indicate that, especially in summer,
there is a pronounced eastward movement of nearshore water (Figure 35).
This has been substantiated by current meter measurements at stations
E-20, E-22, E-23, E-25, E-26, and E-30 (Figure 23).  Water temperature
structure also supports this conclusion with a spring and summer band
of warmer water near the south shore.

     Dye studies along the south shore of the central  basin  in the sum-
mer of 1965 showed in general that surface water within the  nearshore
zone, while moving parallel to shore, also tended to move toward shore.
This was easily noticeable when movement was toward the east.  Move-
ment toward the west at times showed a simultaneous movement away from
shore but was not so pronounced.

     Transport of sediments near the water line along the south shore
of the central basin is not necessarily indicative of prevalent flow
of water.  For example, from Avon Point westward, beach sediment
accretion patterns indicate a general drift toward the west.  This
results from wave action in the nearshore zone which Is stronger from
the northeast.  Sediments are moved toward the west during the inter-
mittent periods of northeasters.  The slower but much more prevalent
water motion toward the east is unable to transport the sediments.
From Avon Point eastward the nearshore sediment drift is toward the
east, the same as prevailing water flow, because increased westerly
fetch makes waves from that direction more effective.
                                 72

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                                      o
                                      _J
                                      u_
                                      o
                                      H
                                   o
                                   in
75
                               FIGURE 35

-------
     A different type of situation exists along the north shore of the
central basin.  The zone of separate nearshore flow is limited in sum-
mer, if it exists at all.  Temperatures indicate that the nearshore
water  is cooler throughout the summer than along the south shore.
This implies removal of warm water and replenishment by lower waters.

     Summer current metering data at stations E-7 and E-ll (Figure 23)
show net motion from the south-southwest toward the Canadian shore of
water at depths of 30 feet and below.  Seabed drifters released off
Port Stanley as far as nine miles offshore turned up on the beach far
to the east.  These also indicate a bottom water movement toward shore
and to the east.

     The Canadian shore of the central basin is more irregular than
the south shore and the irregularity has a pronounced effect on wave
action and beach drift along the shore.  On the east side of Pelee
Point the drift is toward the south-southwest, moving sediment to the
tip of Pelee Point.  Between Wheatley and Erieau, Ontario, the drift
reverses and at Erieau it is toward the east.  Along the eastern side
of Pointe Aux Pins the drift is toward the south.  Eastward the drift
reverses again and at Port Stanley and eastward the drift is strongly
toward the east.  All of these drift phenomena are functions of wind
and fetch and resulting wave force in the nearshore zone and are not
necessarily reflecting prevailing nearshore water movement.

     The most significant change in circulation in the central basin
water  in fall and winter is the disruption of the confining influences
of water temperatures.  Usually in September the surface waters of
Lake Erie become nearly isothermal  and by the first of October the
thermocline has disappeared from the central basin.  The higher tem-
peratures which previously existed along the south shore disappear and
there  is no longer a density restriction to water movement.   In effect
then, the nearshore flow is more free to move water lakeward and cooler
tributary water can under-run lake water.  The bottom flow return cir-
culation in mid-lake reaches to the lake bottom where the thermal
barrier (thermocline) previously separated it from the lake bottom.

     Seabed drifters tend to confirm a radical change in lake circu-
lation in late fall.  Many of the drifters released in the central
basin near the south shore in the early summer of 1965 reappeared in
the fall of 1966 and the spring and fall of 1967.  There were no
returns of consequence in the fall  of  1965 and the summers of 1966 and
1967.  The fall 1966 and later returns were unexpected but the con-
sistency of the returns pattern in both space and time indicates that
most of the drifters were probably carried across the lake and re-
transported during high velocity northerly and westerly winds.  The
probability of nearshore water crossing the lake along the bottom has
been shown and it is likely that this  is common in fall and winter.
                                 74

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     In spring when the shore water warms to several degrees above
the temperature of mid-lake water, the south shore nearshore flow
zone is reestablished.  A "thermal bar" (Rogers, 1965) may be
created shortly after the spring thaw and warmer tributary discharges
may be even more confined to the nearshore zone.  This condition can
exist only when a 4°C isotherm exists with colder water on one side
and warmer on the other.

     Along the northern shore in fall and winter the water movement
probably is not greatly different than in summer, but supporting data
are lacking.

     Drogue studies near shore, off western Cleveland In August 1964
showed that a dense pattern of drogues resulted in little dispersion,
indicating that dispersion of inputs may be slow.

     Conclusions which can be made regarding the poNational aspects
of currents in central Lake Erie are as follows:

     I.  Tributary and lake outfall discharges in spring and summer
         along the south  shore tend to stay near shore and move
         eastward primarily as a result of the prevailing south-
         westerly winds.

     2.  In fall and early winter the same kinds of discharges can
         under-run the lake water and be distributed over the basin.

     3.  Contaminants reaching more than three miles off shore are
         likely to be distributed over the entire basin.

     4.  A vertical  circulation in mid-lake exists year-round with
         easterly surface flow and westerly moving bottom flow.

     5.  The hypolimnion  of mid-summer does not have a net circula-
         tion flow but does have occasional high-velocity flow as
         a result of up and downwelling.  This flow is capable of
         resuspending bottom sediments.

     6.  Surface waters in summer move toward the south shore and
         away from the north shore.

     7.  Velocities at any level can be up to 2 feet per second
         during storms.

     8.  Vertical  turbulent mixing is very effective in storms.

     9.  Dispersion is slow and limited horizontally.
                                 75

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EASTERN BASIN CIRCULATION

     Water circulation in the eastern basin Is also primarily wind-
control led.  Flow-through currents become important near the head-
waters of the Niagara River but otherwise are Insignificant.

     The surface water movement in the eastern basin appears to be
similar to that of the central basin in that the dominant flow is
eastward and toward the south shore (Figure 33).  The predominant
surface flow over most of the eastern basin is probably similar
throughout the year but with a shift more toward the south in fall
and winter.

     The surface flow in the nearshore zone along the south shore is
predominantly to the east, but an essentially independent summer zone
such as in the central basin is not a persistent feature and is prob-
ably most important in spring and early summer.

     Subsurface flow  in summer, according to current meter measure-
ment,  is somewhat confused at and above the thermocline.  It appears
to be predominantly toward the west at stations E-12, E-15, and E-17,
but toward the east at E-14 and toward the northwest at E-16 (Figure
23).  The resulting area! pattern is apparently as shown in Figure
34 for the bottom of the epilimn ion in stratified water.  This pattern
is often disrupted and confused by commonly occurring internal thermo-
clinal waves.  Below the thermocline another system of circulation
exists.  Just below the thermocline the predominant motion Is appar-
ently similar to that just above the thermocline.  It appears that a
vertical circulation may be important in the hypo limn ion and that the
lake bottom currents are near the reverse of currents just below the
thermocline with a horizontal clockwise motion superimposed.  Vel-
ocities at the bottom are ordinarily very slow however, increasing
upward.  Upwelling in the eastern basin does not cause high-velocity
currents as it does in the central basin.

     The thermocline disappears in the eastern basin ordinarily in
November.  The circulation changes to one system with a predominant
southeastward moving surface flow and a westward moving current at
the lake bottom again with a clockwise bottom flow superimposed.
Velocities decrease with depth and are probably insignificant at the
bottom except within a few miles of shore In shallower waters.  The
assumed annual prevailing flow at the bottom is shown in Figure 35.

     In summary the eastern basin circulation is similar to the central
basin and in general  is as follows:

     I.  A vertical circulation exists above the thermocline in summer,
         dominant Iy eastward at the surface and westward in the lower
         part of the epilimn ion.
                                  76

-------
     2.  A vertical circulation, similar to above, exists, top to
         bottom in early winter and perhaps all winter with very
         slow movement at the bottom in deeper water.

     3.  Internal  waves on the thermocline lead to turbulent mixing
         in the epilimnion and cause currents in haphazard directions.

     4.  Discharges from tributaries are carried to deep water quickly
         at nearly all times of the year and a separate nearshore
         current is limited to spring and early summer.

     5.  Discharges not caught in the Niagara outflow can be distrib-
         uted over the entire basin.

     6.  Surface water moves toward the south shore and away from the
         north shore and vice versa at depth.

     7.  Discharges into upper waters of either the central and eastern
         basins may at one time or another be found nearly anywhere in
         either of these basins.

     8.  Water below the level reached by the summer thermocline may
         be trapped there for long periods, on the order of a year or
         more.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

     During periods of quiet weather, rotational  currents, related to
the tnertial  period and internal waves, are created in the central and
eastern basins with no net transport involved.  These are particularly
evident In summer, becoming rather rare in winter.

     It appears that,  at least in summer, the bulk of the drainage from
Lake Erie is  from  surface water, much of which has been moved to, and
is moving along the south shore of the central and eastern basins.  This
tends to create two retention systems, one of which (south shore) is
much shorter  than  the  theoretical  detention time,  and one which is much
longer (mid-lake).
                                 77

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                        CHAPTER   3


LAKE   ERIE   CHEMICAL   CHARACTERISTICS



                       SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY

     In order to gain some knowledge of  the  composition of lake bot-
tom sediments,  16 samples from the western basin, 21 from the central
basin,  and 23 from the eastern basin were analyzed  for the following
constituents:

                  a.  TotaI  i ron
                  b.  Total  phosphate
                  c.  Sulfide
                  d.  Ammonia nitrogen
                  e.  Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen
                  f.  Organic nitrogen
                  g.  Volatile sol ids
                  h.  Chemical oxygen demand

     The samples were taken between July 28  and  August 7, 1964.  Sam-
pling and analyses were not of sufficient density (Figure 36) to
provide more than generalities as to areal extent of concentration
ranges.

     The results of bottom sediment analyses are presented to show the
existence of substances and their abundance  in each basin.  The results
are listed in Table 8 for the western basin, Table  9 for the central
basin,  and Table  10 for the eastern basin.  The  results are reported
as milligrams per gram of sediment, oven dry weight.  The data cannot
be used to show rates of accumulation since  the  rates of sedimentation
are not known.

                          TOTAL IRON

     Total iron in the bottom sediments  is similar  in concentration in
the western and central basins, averaging 33 to  35  mg/g.  The concen-
tration drops  In the eastern basin to an average of 27 mg/g.  To mini-
mize the effects of erosion, total iron  averages in the central and
eastern basin were calculated from samples obtained from depths greater
than 10 fathoms.  Sources of iron  in lake sediments are glacial de-
posits, soluble and colloidal  inputs from basin  tributaries, and from
Corps of Engineers dredging of navigable channels and harbors.  As an
example of the  latter, more than 70 million  pounds  of  iron were re-
moved from the Cuyahoga River and Cleveland  Harbor  during 1967 and de-
posited in offshore areas.  Areal patterns of  iron  concentration are
shown in Figure 37.
                                78

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79
FIGURE 36

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FIGURE  37

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                          TOTAL PHOSPHATE

     The general area I  pattern of total phosphate (PO) concentrations
(divide by 3 to obtain phosphorus concentration) is shown in Figure
38.  The concentrations in the bottom sediments appear to decrease
somewhat from west to east.  The average for the western basin samples
was 2.29 mg/l while the samples from the central basin averaged 1.95
mg/l, and those from the eastern basin averaged 1.51 mg/l.  Highest
values were found in the western basin as expected because of large
inputs of phosphates to that basin.  Progressively smaller concentra-
tions were found in the central and eastern basins due to greatly re-
duced inputs.  Augmentation of tributary phosphate inputs occurs from
sedimentation of planktonic occluded phosphorus.

     Recycling of phosphates from lake sediments to overlying waters
will occur during summer stratification.  However, the solubilized
phosphates not depleted by algal metabolism will be reprecipitated
again during fall turnover.

                               SULFIDE

     Sulfide concentrations in bottom sediments averaged 0.23 mg/g
in the western basin, 0.97 mg/g in the central basin, and 0.04 mg/g
in the eastern basin.  In addition to a much higher average, the
central  basin sediments showed a wide variation from 0.01 to 3.90 mg/g.
The very high values in the central basin were found in the sediments
below the hypolimnion which was characterized by low dissolved oxygen.
The high concentrations result from low oxidation-reduction potentials
exhibited by the sediments and overlying waters due to anaerobiasis.
Under these conditions sulfate reduction to sulfide occurs.  Anaero-
biasis does not occur in the western and eastern basins.  Consequently,
low sulfide concentrations are found there.  Figure 39 shows the gen-
eral distribution of sulfides in Lake Erie sediments.

                         ORGANIC NITROGEN

     Organic nitrogen is the nitrogen present in organic compounds.
Natural  nitrogen organic compounds are the result of plant and animal
metabolism and decay.  Relatively small amounts of synthetic nitrogen
compounds may be expected to find their way to receiving waters.

     Organic nitrogen in the bottom sediments averaged 0.23 mg/g in
the western basin,  1.84 mg/g in the central basin, and 0.85 mg/g in
the eastern basin.   The general distribution is shown in Figure 40.
In the shallow western basin, with a relatively short flowthrough
period,  continual suspension of bottom sediments is likely, with or-
ganic nitrogen biochemically oxidized to forms readily available to
aquatic life.  This is substantiated by the high algal productivity
of this basin.  Published FWPCA data show prevailing bottom flow in
                                 81

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FIGURE 38

-------
FIGURE 39

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84
                          FIGURE 40

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the central basin to be extensively circulatory (Figure 35).  It is
indicated that a buildup of organic materials will occur as a result
of the reelcculation and the relatively long flowthrough period.  The
eastern basin with an intermediate flowthrough period, low tributary
waste input and consequent low algal  productivity has an average
organic nitrogen concentration intermediate with respect to the other
basins.

                           AMMONIA NITROGEN

     Ammonia nitrogen, an end product in the degradation of protein-
aceous materials, decreased somewhat from west to east in Lake Erie
(Figure 41).  The western basin sediment samples averaged 0.19 mg/g,
the central basin 0.09 mg/g, and the eastern basin samples 0.07 mg/g.
Ammonia is 45.2 percent of the total  nitrogen in the western basin,
4.7 percent in the central, and 7.6 percent in the western.  A much
higher organic matter degradation rate is indicated in the western
basin due to higher water temperatures.

                      NITRITE AND NITRATE NITROGEN

     In the nitrogen cycle, organic nitrogen is gradually converted
to ammonia nitrogen.  Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of am-
monia to nitrites and nitrates then occurs.   Lake Erie nitrate-nitrite
concentrations in bottom sediments are very low since upon oxidation
these forms are quickly solubilized in overlying waters.  The concen-
tration of nitrite-nitrate increased west to east in Lake Erie bottom
sediments during the survey.  An explanation is that sediments are
less disturbed toward the east, allowing a greater opportunity for
retention of these substances in the oxidation microzone through the
mechanisms of adsorption.  The average concentration in the samples
was .001  mg/g in the western basin, .002 mg/g in the central basin,
and .004 mg/g in the eastern basin.

                            VOLATILE SOLIDS

     Volatile solids are shown as mg/g in Tables 8, 9, and  10, and the
general area I  pattern is shown In Figure 42.  The western basin showed
the highest sample average at 234 mg/g.  The central basin sample av-
erage was 214 mg/g, while the eastern basin average was comparatively
low at 74 mg/g.  Since organic nitrogen is relatively low, and volatile
solids are high, it is indicated that a large fraction of the total
volatile solids in the western basin is nonprotein in character.  Pub-
lished FWPCA data (1968) substantiate this in work done on chlorophyll
carbon and seston.

                        CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     The chemical  oxygen demand of the bottom sediments samples averaged

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                 TABLE 8

BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - WESTERN BASIN
                   mg/g
Sample
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
Avg.
Total
Iron
20
22
28
43
37
17
25
39
26
27
45
39
34
29
68
27
33
Total
Phosphate
.88
2.29
2.29
2.86
3.29
1.42
2.36
3.29
2.12
1.87
3.25
2.50
2.43
2.02
2.79
1.06
2.29
Su 1 f i de
.01
.34
.05
.56
.36
.12
.27
.40
.21
.21
.04
.06
.32
.27
.25
.21
.23
Ammon i a
Nitrogen
.04
.33
.29
.13
.37
.07
.20
.33
.18
.15
.24
.16
.15
.08
.19
.12
.19
N02-N03
Nitrogen
.000
.001
.001
.001
.002
.000
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.000
.001
Organic
Nitrogen
.06
.22
.25
.27
.37
.08
.22
.41
.20
.19
.28
.27
.26
.17
.28
.05
.23
Volati le
Solids
56
125
252
308
543
56
137
365
297
196
451
262
298
135
253
17
234
COD
40
85
72
73
80
29
51
96
68
77
43
96
74
51
75
6
63.5
                    86

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                 TABLE 9

BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - CENTRAL BASIN
                   mg/g
Samp 1 e
Location
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Avg.
Total
1 ron
17
25
32
29
72
70
43
45
60
22
28
47
43
26
68
30
13
12
16
12
21
35
Total
Phosphate
1.37
2.30
3.30
1 .98
2.23
2.35
2.23
2.57
1.76
1.09
1.75
2.62
2.78
1.90
2.78
2.51
1.66
1.51
0.38
0.65
1.21
1.95
Sul f ide
.17
.22
.07
.15
.03
3.62
,01
3.90
2.21
.98
1.30
2.98
.13
.87
2.99
.05
.43
.01
.01
.01
.15
.97
Ammonia
Nitrogen
.03
.09
.12
.09
.13
.16
.09
—
.10
.06
.09
.10
.21
.05
.18
.22
.03
.00
.00
—
.06
.09
NO -N03
Nitrogen
.000
.000
.001
.002
.001
.005
.001
.005
.008
.005
.003
.000
.000
.003
.005
.003
.002
.00?
.000
.001
.002
.002
Organic
Nitrogen
.08
.18
.23
.17
.12
5.05
.17
9.05
2.86
1.48
2.07
3.10
3.12
2.00
3.82
2.39
.71
.37
.19
.45
1.08
1.84
Volati le
Solids
47
187
276
166
284
387
251
357
267
68
748
277
326
128
390
174
42
22
12
25
67
214
COD
33
73
84
49
50
80
50
86
71
57
82
61
91
47
65
79
19
37
3
21
31
55.7
                   87

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                TABLE 10




BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - EASTERN BASIN
Sample Total Total
Location Iron Phosphate
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Avg.
1.2
13
38
1.2
.3
6
26
18
2.8
1.4
28
45
.02
34
24
2.1
22
.23
14
28
5.6
14
6.8
14.4
1.15
1.52
1.56
1 .32
1.29
1.22
2.96
2.66
0.72
0.52
2.61
1.65
1.94
1.95
3.15
0.42
1 .05
0.35
1.86
0.57
1.21
1.74
1.38
1.51
Sulf ide
.03
.01
.05
.01
.04
.07
.30
.00
.03
.01
.03
.01
.01
.28
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.09
.00
.01
.00
.04
Ammon i a
Nitrogen
.02
.01
.07
.01
.07
.19
.14
.00
.01
—
.28
.12
.00
.00
.28
.00
.04
.01
.05
.05
.01
.03
.01
.07
NO-NO
Nitrogen
.002
.002
.002
.005
.005
.000
.000
.006
.000
.004
.010
.010
.004
.009
.010
.001
.002
.004
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.004
Organic Volati le
Nitrogen Solids COD
0.76
0.02
1.21
0.41
0.95
1 .44
2.08
0.57
0.33
—
2.41
—
—
2.07
1.40
0.50
0.50
0.13
0.00
0.82
0.57
0.01
—
0.85
39
22
63
43
58
87
301
90
30
32
176
205
39
126
201
37
24
7
24
40
23
23
6
74
26
1
54
13
22
27
59
14
9
14
58
43
13
52
79
19
34
8
15
32
23
20
5
27.8
                  88

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89
FIGURE 41

-------
90
                             FIGURE 43

-------
67.4 mg/g in the western basin, 58.3 mg/g in the central basin, and
29.7 mg/g in the eastern basin.  This demand is due to organic matter
and reduced inorganic species such as ferrous iron and sulflde sulfur.
The chemical oxygen demand will vary with the oxidation-reduction
potential of the sediment being analyzed.  In the central basin, during
summer anaerobiasis in the hypolimn I on, Increases in sediment COD can
be expected, due to reduced oxidation-reduction potentials.  Chemical
oxygen demand values follow volatile solids and total iron directions
in each basin.

                   ALPHA ACTIVITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

     The maximum value was 44 pc/gram.  The lowest values tend to be
nearer shore, and the areas with higher activity are located in the
center of the lake and toward the western end.   These high values sug-
gest accumulation following circulatory bottom flow as Illustrated In
Figure 35.

                    BETA ACTIVITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

     The mean of all samples was about 38 pc/gram, and the maximum
value was 100 pc/gram.  Most of this activity is probably due to the
long half-life, mixed-fission products of prior fallout from atmos-
pheric detonation of nuclear weapons.

                             WATER CHEMISTRY

     In the course of this Investigation, the chemical characteristics
of Lake Erie water were measured throughout the lake and at several of
its harbors.  In most cases the water at each station was sampled sev-
eral times in both 1963 and 1964; and each time samples were taken at
more than one depth, ordinarily at the surface, mid-depth, and just
above the bottom.  The locations of lake water sampling stations are
shown in Figure 43.

     For chemical study of the water, the following were measured:

     I.  Temperature
     2.  Dissolved oxygen (DO)
     3.  Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
     4.  Biochemical oxygen demand (BOO)
     5.  Conductivity (ymhos at 25°C)
     6.  Dissolved solids (DS)
     7.  Total solids (TS)
     8.  Total alkalinity (as CaCO.j)
     9.  Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH)
    10.  Chlorides
    II.  Sulfate (SO )
    12.  Calcium (CaJ
                                 91

-------
     13.  Magnesium (Mg)
     14.  Sodium (Na)
     15.  S i Ii ca (S i 0  )
     16.  Soluble phosphate (PO )
     17.  Total  Nitrogen (N)    4
     18.  Ammonia Nitrogen (NH,-N)
     19.  Organic Nitrogen (Org-N)
     20.  Nitrate Nitrogen (NO,-N)
     21.  A Iky I benzene sulfonate (ABS)
     22.  Phenols
     23.  Toxic metals (zinc, copper, cadmium,  nickel,  lead, chromium)

     Figure 44 depicts graphically  the concentrations of major constit-
uents in each  of the lake's basins  along with input concentrations from
the upper lakes.

                               TEMPERATURE

     The water temperature at all  sampling stations and at all sample
depths was measured with a laboratory thermometer.   Also bathythermo-
graph measurements were made  at nearly a I I  stations.

     Excessive water temperatures  were not encountered at any place in
Lake Erie proper during the surveys.  Temperatures  were, of course,
significant in the calculation of  percent saturation of oxygen and In
the determination of the extent of  thermal  stratification.

     Lake Erie temperatures,  as reported,  are of no direct significance
with regard to water quality.  Indirectly,  by limiting oxygen dissolu-
tion and increasing chemical  and biological reaction rates, high tem-
peratures can  be important.

                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN

     Dissolved oxygen  in Lake Erie, as in all natural waters, is of
prime importance in maintaining water quality.   It  is essential  for
reduction, purification, and  stabilization of wastes.  It is also
metabolically  essential  to all types of aquatic life.  Adverse effects
of high oxygen content are known only In some industrial uses, tending
to accelerate  corrosion of equipment.

     Dissolved oxygen  is supplied  to pure waters by natural, physical
aeration, or absorption from the atmosphere.  Oxygen is poorly soluble
in water, and  since it does not react chemically with water its sol-
ubility is directly proportional to its partial  pressure.  As a result,
Boyle's Law may be used to calculate the amounts present at saturation
at any given temperature.

-------
FIGURE 43

-------
a.
a:
ui
ao  OD  m

Z  -I
 O  UI
       I   I   I
      * O  UI
                                N '6JQ
                       I   N "6-10
                           N "B-iO  |£ON| EHN

                       i       i       i        i
                                              111 2
                                              o  .
                                                 UI
                                                 
                                                                        UJ
                                                                        UJ

                                                                        I

                                                                        UJ
                                                                        or
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                                                                               2
                                                                               UJ
                              94
                                                               FIGURE  44

-------
     Water  in the pure state can become temporarily supersaturated with
oxygen with a sharp increase in temperature.  Ordinarily, however, in
Lake Erie,  supersaturation results from the photosynthetic process of
aquatic plant life.  During the daylight hours green algae, utilizing
energy from the sun, produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and
water.  In  the process copious amounts of oxygen are released to the
surrounding water.  At night, however, aquatic plant life consumes
oxygen through normal  respiration.  During heavy algal  blooms the oxygen
may increase to 150 percent of saturation or more, while at night it may
decrease to less than 100 percent.

     Organic wastes, either natural or synthetic, will  decrease the
oxygen content of receiving waters.  Biochemical oxidation of wastes
proceeds at an increased rate with an increase in temperature.  The
biochemical need for oxygen becomes greater as the oxygen resources
become less due to decreased oxygen dissolution with increased tem-
peratures.  Most fish also have a need for more oxygen as temperatures
rise.   A compensating factor is that planktonic oxygen production Is
increased as temperatures rise, if incident light levels are constant.
This can lead to large vertical differences in oxygen content in waters
in the same area.

     The waters of Lake Erie are normally saturated or nearly saturated
with oxygen during the months of October through April  and mixing is
prevalent from top to bottom.  Exceptions may occur only in the immed-
iate vicinity of lakeshore waste outfalls and the mouths of tributaries.

     Beginning usually in late May the oxygen content begins to vary
in Lake Erie both areally and vertically.  Harbors show oxygen de-
ficiencies and a slight reduction occurs in bottom waters of the lake.
During the months of May and June oxygen depletions in the central  and
eastern basins are not serious and 80 percent or more of saturation is
common.  During these months in the western basin, temporary thermal
stratification may occur during prolonged quiescent periods (Carr,
Applegate, and Keller, 1964).  If the thermocline is near the bottom,
oxygen below it may be exhausted for short periods due to the low dis-
solved oxygen potential  of the thin hypolimnion.  ReoxygenatI on occurs
when wind turbulence is sufficient to destroy the thermocline.

     Stratification in the central basin may occur during the same
periods in May and June but the thermocline is shallow and the oxygen
content below it is high.  Only slight depletion may occur.  Saturation
values remain essentially constant in the eastern basin during this
time.

     In June stable stratification is established in the central  basin
and in the eastern basin.  The stratification, except for increasing
warmth of the epilimnlon waters, stays approximately the same until
the lake begins to cool  in August.  The epillmnion waters normally are
                                 95

-------
from fO to 100 percent of saturation.  Hypolimnion water, that part
below the thermocline, decreases !n oxygen content throughout the
summer.  It may reach zero in the central  basin where the hypolimnion
is thin.  It may decline to 60 or 70 percent of saturation in the
eastern basin below the thermocline.  Low dissolved oxygen was first
observed in the central basin in 1929 (Fish, 1955).  Since then it
has occurred more frequently and for longer periods.

     In the western basin in mid-summer, dissolved oxygen in the sur-
face waters is maintained at or above 100 percent saturation while
bottom waters are somewhat lower, generally between 50 and 75 percent.
However, intermittent stratification occurs throughout the summer with
proper weather conditions.  As previously described, oxygen may be
completely exhausted locally in bottom waters at these times.  In
addition, the bottom waters have high temperatures, oxidation of or-
ganic sediments can be rapid, and oxygen depletion is quickly accom-
plished.  Carr, Applegate, and Keller (1964) report that it now takes
only five days of meteorological and consequent hydro logical quies-
cence to result in oxygen exhaustion, whereas in 1953 it required 28
days.

     The lake begins to cool in August.   Stratification occurs less
frequently or not at all in the western basin from that time on.
However, in the central basin depletion becomes more severe since the
thermocline moves downward, the hypolimnion becomes thinner, and the
oxygen contained therein is biologically assimilated.

     Oxygen depletion of significance occurs in nearshore waters only
in harbor areas and tributary mouths which are receptacles for large
volumes of wastes.  The most severe conditions occur in Cleveland
Harbor and locally in Erie and Buffalo Harbors.  Others with less
severe but still serious problems are the mouths of the Detroit,
Raisin, and Maumee Rivers.  Conditions in these areas are more severe
upstream away from lake dilution.

                           CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     The chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been determined on several
hundred water samples taken throughout Lake Erie.  Determinations were
made employing the potassium dichromate method.  Although it gives the
order of magnitude of the ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), it
Is not a substitute for that determination.  Indications of the rate
of natural  oxidation are not provided and differentiation between bio-
logically oxidlzable, and biologically inert organic matter is not
discernible.

     The COD of Lake Erie water samples is Important in that it provides
an indication of degree of pollution and provides a basis for areal
comparison.  COD results of the lake samples do not Indicate adverse
                                 96

-------
water quality conditions.  Extreme and average COD for samples from
each of the basins are shown in Table II.

     The COD of western basin water during the summers of 1963 and
1964, averaged 10.4 mg/l with extremes of 6.5 and 28.0 mg/l.  Highest
values were in the western one-third of the basin with a general de-
crease eastward.   In the central basin the average was 7.1 mg/l  with
extremes of 3.1 and 16.0 mg/l.   The eastern basin ranged between 6.1
and 27.0 with an average of 7.4 or approximately the same as the
central basin.  The highest values were near the south shore.

     In harbor waters the highest COD of 53 mg/l was found near the
mouth of the Maumee River.  High values were also found in Sandusky
Bay and Erie Harbor.

                       BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     Determinations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD^) were not
made on mid-lake samples except for a few on one cruise (66? in August
1964.  However, numerous determinations were made in the nearshore
zone along the south shore.  Samples were taken only during the summer
months in 1964, between May and September.  BOD analyses were made on
Detroit River samples by the FWPCA Detroit River Project.

     Highest BOD  values were found in Sandusky Bay, averaging 3.8 mg/l;
Erie Harbor, averaging 3.3 mg/l; and in Ashtabula Harbor, averaging
3.2 mg/l.  Lorain and Cleveland harbors averaged about one-half these
values.  BODj. values at the mouth of the Detroit River ranged from 2
to 5 mg/l.

     BOD  values decrease rapidly with distance from shore.  The Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries reports that central basin hypolimnion water
averages about I  mg/l  BOD,-.  A maximum of 1.5 mg/l was found by the
FWPCA in the hypolimnion in August 1964.

     The BOD,- values indicate that outside the nearshore areas (widest
along the Michigan shore and the Maumee Bay area) the water of Lake
Erie is of high quality in this respect.

                  CONDUCTIVITY AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS

     A good general  indicator of the chemical water quality of Lake
Erie is the dissolved solids content which is the content of dissolved
elements and compounds.  Conductivity, or the capacity of the water to
conduct an electrical  current,  is directly related to the dissolved
solids content or the ionic concentration.  In offshore waters, several
hundred measurements have shown that conductivity In mlcromhos/cm at
25°C divided by 1.66 equals the dissolved solids content in milligrams/
liter.   This relation does not necessarily hold in nearshore and harbor
                                  97

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                                TABLE  Jl

                    C.O.D.  CONCENTRATIONS  IN  LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
                 Western Basin          Central Basin         Eastern  Basin
Cruise  Date    Max.   Min.   Avg.    Max.   Min.   Avg.    Max.   Min.    Avg.


   9     4/63   —

  40     5/63   —

  k2     6/63   —

  52    10/63   10.6   3.5     6.5     8.6   3.1    6.4     20.9   4.7     6.9

  55     4/64   —

  57     5/64   13.1   7.5    10.7

  58     5/64   —     —     --      16.0   3.6    8.4     27.0   5.7     8.8

  61     6/64   28.0   4.2    12.3

  62     6/64   —     —     --       6.0   5.0    5.5      7.0   6.0     6.1

  66     8/64   —     —     —       9.0   7.0    8.1     13.0   6.0     8.0

  67     9/64   29.0   1.1    12.0

 Avg.                         10.37                 7.10                   7.45


Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     98

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areas where the content of one or more salts may be excessive.

     Table 12 and 13 list the conductivity values and dissolved solids
concentrations for the three basins as maxiumums, minimums, and averages
for each of the mid-lake cruises Jn 1963 and 1964.  Important is the
fact that the average concentration of dissolved solids in the central
and eastern basins is virtually identical at 180 mg/l, while the av-
erage concentration In the western basin is about 18 mg/l  lower.
However, the range of values is greatest in the western basin and de-
creases eastward, indicating an increasing tendency toward uniformity
to the east.   Conductivity values show the same pattern.

     The lowest dissolved solids concentration found during the sampling
of Lake Erie was 110 mg/l at the mouth of the Detroit River in the mid-
channel flow.  This value is near that for the average concentration
in Lake Huron as reported by Beeton (1965).  In the eastern basin the
value is 179 mg/l; therefore, a net increase of 69 mg/l occurs in Lake
Erie.  However, 75 percent of that increase occurs in the western basin
indicating the comparative severity of chemical loading from sources
near the west end of the lake (Figure 44).

     Dissolved solids content has been increasing in Lake Erie at a fair-
ly rapid rate since the turn of the century (Figure 45).  Dissolved
solids content along the shore is generally higher and at some places
is now excessive.  Of particular concern are the concentrations in
Sandusky Bay with values up to 700 mg/l, and the bottom waters in
Fairport Harbor with values of more than 3,000 mg/l.  SuI fates and
chlorides account for most of these higher values.

     Dissolved solids cannot be expected to decrease in the future.
In fact the rate of increase may be expected to rise with increased
population and activity around the lake unless discharges are rigidly
control led.

                              TOTAL SOLIDS

     Total  solids are the evaporation residue from unfiltered samples.
Suspended solids, those not in solution, are equal to the total  solids
less the dissolved solids.

     In central and eastern basin mid-lake, the total  solids are nearly
equal in concentration with average values of 185 and 188 mg/l,  respec-
tively (see Table 14 and Figure 44).   Western basin water is also
approximately equal  at 181 mg/l.

     Suspended solids average less than 10 mg/l in the central and
eastern basins.  Western basin values are double this amount, and during
the survey period reached a maximum of about 50 mg/l.   This may further
                                 99

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                                TABLE  12

                        CONDUCTIVITY IN  LAKE ERIE
                                umhos/cm
                                at 25°C
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 »
5/63 300
6/63 -
10/63 304
4/64 —
5/64 334
5/64 »
6/64 364
6/64 «
8/64 —
9/64 310

Min. Avg.
—
262 286
—
216 259
—
220 268
—
222 286
—
—
196 263
272
Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
—
328 260 291 296 275 289
353 312 324 328 314 319
330 254 290 320 284 292
—
—
330 276 289
—
—
344 284 305 324 296 305
—
300 301
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                   100

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                                 TABLE 13

               DISSOLVED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
                 Western Basin          Central Basin         Eastern Basin
 Cruise   Date     Max.    Min.    Avg.     Max.    Min.    Avg.     Max.   Min.   Avg.
    9     4/63    —      ~      —      180    155    170     190    160    182

  40     5/63    136     172     177     239    190    204     233    183    205

  42     6/63    —

  52    10/63    198     135     156     209    137    175     205    161    184

  55     4/64    --

  57     5/64    200     120     152

  58     5/64    —      ~      —      180    160    177     190    160    175
61
62
66
67
Avg.
6/64 220 120 170
6/64 -
8/64 ~
9/64 190 110 153
162
—
190 140 170
180 170 171
—
178
—
160 150 158
190 160 172
—
179
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    101

-------
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          (SNOD  Nomiw «3d
                    102
                                                  FIGURE 45

-------
                                 TABLE lA

                 TOTAL SOLIDS  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                   rag/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
196 147 166
—
250 150 187
—
250 150 188
—
—
230 140 181
181
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
218 159 186
—
—
200 190 192
—
200 175 191
180 170 171
—
185
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
222 167 193
—
—
200 190 192
—
200 180 191
240 170 178
—
188
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    103

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increase during storms and periods of heavy runoff.

     The minimum total solids concentration was found at the mouth of
the Detroit River in the mid-channel  flow with a value of 140 mg/l.
This is 48 mg/l less than the average for the eastern basin, providing
a comparison of Detroit River inflow and Niagara River outflow.

                               CHLORIDES

     Chlorides are among the most stable of the dissolved substances,
unaffected by chemical, biochemical, or physical reaction.  Although
they are generally found in acceptably low concentrations, they  are
very important in tracing sources of significant municipal and indus-
trial pollution.  Chloride monitoring is useful in establishing  long-
term trends in general water quality.  Chlorides have increased  three-
fold (Beeton,  1964) in Lake Erie since 1900 (Figure 45).

     Maximum, minimum, and average values for mid-lake waters on each
cruise are shown in Table 15.  During the survey period the chlorides
in the western basin away from nearshore areas averaged 21.3 mg/l.
In the central basin the average was 24.5 mg/l and in the eastern
basin 24.4 mg/l.  The lowest value recorded was 10 mg/l at the mouth
of the Detroit River  in the mid-channel  flow.   If this is used as a
base, or inflow concentration, then 11.3 mg/l are gained in the  western
basin and 3.2  in the central and eastern basins.  Thus 77 percent of
the gain is derived from inputs to the western basin (see Figure 44).

     In nearshore waters chloride values are higher (Table 29).   Along
the west side of the Detroit River and along the Michigan shore, values
of more than 40 mg/l are common.  It is from this area of the basin
that most chlorides originate.  Maumee Bay, Sandusky Bay, and Lorain
Harbor do not show concentrations much above the average lake values.
Cleveland Harbor averages 35 mg/l and ranges up to about 90 mg/l.
Ashtabula and Erie Harbors both average more than 30 mg/l.  By far the
highest values have been found in Fairport Harbor, with concentrations
up to 350 mg/l in the upper water and up to ten times this amount in
the bottom waters.  Chloride concentrations are so high that they
create a permanent density stratification in and around Fairport Harbor.
High concentrations and subsequent stratification dissipate to back-
ground lake values within a few miles.

                                SULFATES

     SuI fates, like chlorides, are among the more persistent of  dis-
solved compounds and are generally found in acceptably low concentra-
tions.  They can be useful as tracers for pollution sources if natural
background levels are known.  They are also important in establishing
long-term trends in water quality.  They have  increased in concentra-
tion by 90 percent in Lake Erie since 1910 (Figure 45) but now appear
to be level ing off.
                                     104

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                                 TABLE 15

                   CHLORIDE  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Vfe stern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min.
4/63 ~
5/63 22 16
6/63 —
10/63 29 10
4/64 34 15
5/64 32 12
5/64 -
6/64 31 13
6/64 ~
8/64 —
9/64 32 11

Avg.
—
19
—
18
21
22
—
25
—
—
23
21.3
Central Basin
Max.
31
33
—
31
46
—
28
—
26
—
—

Min. Avg.
21 24
20 24
—
19 22
23 24
—
26 27
—
25 26
—
—
24.5
Eastern Basin
Max.
25
28
—
25
31
—
27
—
28
29
—

Min.
22
21
—
21
22
—
27
—
24
23
—

Avg.
23
24
—
22
24
—
27
—
26
25
—
24.5
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     105

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     Table 16 lists maximum, minimufi), and average concentrations in
each basin for each sampling cruise.  In the western basin for the
periods of the surveys in 1963 and 1964, sulfates ranged from 9 to
35 mg/l in open waters with an average of 17.7 mg/l.  In the central
basin the range was 15 to 43 mg/l  with an average of 22.4 mg/l.  The
range in the eastern basin water was 17 to 33 mg/l with an average
of 23.4 mg/l.  Using the value of 9 mg/l as the concentration de-
rived from upper lakes inflow, there is a gain in Lake Erie of 14.4
mg/l.  Inputs to the western basin account for 60 percent of that
gain, with 40 percent from central and eastern basin sources (Figure
44).

     In the nearshore zone significant concentrations have been found
in Sandusky Bay with an average of 127.1 mg/l.  Lorain and Erie Harbors
did not show high concentrations.  Sulfate levels at other harbors were
low, but upstream data indicate that the Cuyahoga and Grand Rivers sup-
ply significant amounts.  Obviously large quantities must be derived
from the Detroit-Monroe-Toledo area.  Concentrations at the Monroe,
Michigan water intake are normally more than twice the average in the
western basin.

                                  CALCIUM

     Hardness is caused by divalent metallic ions that are capable of
reacting with soap to form precipitates and with certain an ions in
the water to form scale.  Calcium is the principal cation associated
with this effect, and as such, knowledge of its concentration  is nec-
essary for the production of satisfactory water for domestic and in-
dustrial uses.

     Calcium, in its concentration pattern, is similar to sulfates in
Lake Erie (Table 17 and Figure 44).  Its average concentration in the
western basin water is 33.9 mg/l with a maximum of 43 mg/l and a min-
imum of 28 mg/l.  In the central basin it ranges between 32 and 49 mg/l
with an average of 39.5 mg/l, while in the eastern basin it averages
40.5 mg/l and ranges between 36 and 49 mg/l.

     If the value of 28 mg/l is near that originating in the upper lakes,
then calcium is not appreciably accumulating in Lake Erie.  Compared  to
most other constituents, the accumulation from western basin sources  is
rather low, being only 47 percent of the total accumulating in Lake Erie
exclusive of upper lakes input.  An additional 45 percent accumulates
from additions to the central basin, while the remaining 8 percent
accumulates from eastern basin additions.  Large quantities of calcium
have been found in Sandusky Bay, averaging 65 mg/l and ranging up to
114 mg/I.

     Calcium concentrations have increased only a small amount in Lake
Erie during the past 30 years (Figure 45).  Calcium will react with
                                    106

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                                TABLE  16

                    SULFATE  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
k2
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min.
4/63 --
5/63 21 11
6/63 25 18
10/63 23 14
4/64 ~
5/64 35 11
5/64 ~
6/64 30 9
6/64 —
8/64 ™
9/64 28 9

Avg.
—
17.7
21.2
17.7
—
17.1
—
16.6
—
—
16.2
17.7
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
28 22 24.2
43 21 24.8
31 18 23.5
25 15 21.0
—
—
25 20 21.3
—
—
22 18 19.8
—
22.4
Eastern Basin
Max.
29
25
26
33
—
—
23
—
—
26
—

Min.
20
22
23
18
—
—
17
—
—
18
—

Avg.
24.1
23.7
24.3
26.4
—
—
20.1
—
—
21.8
—
23.4
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     107

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                                 TABLE  17

                     CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 -
5/63 37
6/63 37
10/63 34
4/64 --
5/64 43
5/64 -
6/64 42
6/64 ~
8/64 —
9/64 37

Min.
—
28
32
29
—
31
—
29
—
—
28

Avg.
—
32.4
34.5
32.2
—
36.1
—
35.4
—
—
33.3
33.9
Central Basin
Max.
38
44
39
49
—
—
47
—
—
41
—

Min.
37
34
34
32
—
—
46
—
—
38
—

Avg.
37.3
37. 4
36.8
40.2
—
—
46.5
—
—
38.9
—
39.5
Eastern Basin
Max.
40
39
40
44
—
—
49
—
—
42
—

Min.
36
36
36
40
—
—
47
—
—
38
—

Avg.
38.5
37.9
38.0
41.4
—
—
47.6
—
—
39.9
—
40.5
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    108

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phosphates, suI fates, and carbonates at prevailing Lake Erie hydrogen
ion concentrations (above pH 8.0) to form insoluble precipitates, thus
creating a stabilizing calcium effect.

     Calcium in Lake Erie presents no known health hazard.  In addition
it may be important in moderating phosphate concentrations by precipi-
tating them from solution.

                               MAGNESIUM

     Magnesium also is considered as hardness but in Lake Erie is one
of the more insignificant constituents.  Its content averages 8.7 mg/l
in the western basin, 10.0 mg/l in the central basin, and 10.0 mg/l in
the eastern basin (Table 18 and Figure 44).

     If the minimum of 7 mg/l found at the mouth of the Detroit River
in the mid-channel flow is taken as the concentration of the upper
lakes input, then only 3 mg/l are added to Lake Erie from basin sources.
Fifty-seven percent of this amount is added from western basin sources.
Comparatively large concentrations, averaging 22 mg/l, have been found
in Sandusky Bay.

     Magnesium concentrations are not expected to increase signifi-
cantly in Lake Erie.

                                 SODIUM

     Sodium has little sanitary significance in Lake Erie.  It is an
indicator of relative quantities of salt being discharged to the lake
and thus an indicator to trends in chemical  water quality.  However,
sodium does have public health significance.  In cases of cardiovas-
cular deficiency, it is imperative that sodium intake be kept at a
minimum.  Waste sources to Lake Erie are from brine discharges.  Max-
imum, minimum,  and average concentrations for each basin are shown in
Table 19.

     Sodium concentrations in the western basin water averages 9.9 mg/l
and ranges between 4.7 and 19 mg/l.  In the central  basin the average
concentration increases to I 1.0 mg/l, ranging between 8.3 and 17 mg/l.
The eastern basin is essentially the same as the central basin with an
average of 10.9 mg/l  and a range of 9.3 to 15 mg/l.

     The low of  4.7 mg/l  Is near the average for the discharge concen-
tration from the upper lakes.  This concentration more than doubles
within Lake Erie, and 83 percent of this Increase results from dis-
charges to the western basin  (Figure 44).

                               POTASSIUM

     Potassium,  like sodium,  has no great sanitary significance in the
                                 109

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                                TABLE  18

                  MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 -
5/63 10
6/63 9
10/63 9
4/64 ~
5/64 11
5/64 -
6/64 11
6/64 -
8/64 ~
9/64 11

Min. Avg.
—
9 9.3
8 8.7
8 8.1
—
7 8.5
—
8 9.3
—
—
7 8.4
8.7
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
11 10 10.2
10 10 10.0
9 7 8.2
10 8 8.9
—
—
14 13 13.3
—
— —
11 9 9.7
—
10.0
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
11 10 10.1
11 10 10.1
9 7 8.4
10 8 9.0
—
—
14 12 12.8
—
—
11 8 9.6
—
10.0
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     110

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                               TABLE 19

                    SODIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min.
4/63 --
5/63 9.0 6.8
6/63 11.2 8.5
10/63 13.0 4.7
4/64 —
5/64 17.0 6.4
5/64 -
6/64 17.0 5.5
6/64 ~
8/64 —
9/64 19.0 5.7

Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min.
12.0 8.9 9.75 9.9 9.4
7.78 12.3 8.3 9.65 10.5 8.6
9.80 14.7 9.0 10.20 12.7 9.5
8.47 13.0 9.5 10.80 15.0 10.0
—
10.91 —
17.0 13.0 14.50 14.0 12.0
11.24 —
—
13.0 11.0 11.43 13.0 11.0
11.27 —
9.91 11.05
Avg.
9.51
9.30
10.62
11.18
—
—
12.83
—
—
11.72
—
10.86
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                      II

-------
Great Lakes.  In most natural waters It is reported as a part of
"sodIum-pIus-potassiurn" because of low concentrations and analytical
complexities.  Peculiarly, as concentrations of both these elements
increase in natural waters, the proportion of sodium to potassium in-
creases.  In Lake Erie the ratio of sodium to potassium is about 8 to
I.  Sodium plus potassium has approximately doubled in concentration
in Lake Erie since 1920 (Figure 45).

     Potassium is an essential nutrient for aquatic life and can be
limiting in natural waters.

     The potassium concentrations found in each of the basins are shown
In Table 20 and Figure 44.  The concentration of potassium in the
western basin water averages 1.47 mg/l and varies from 1.0 to 4.5 mg/l.
In the central basin it averages 1.31 mg/l and ranges from I.I to 1.6
mg/l,  while in the eastern basin the average is about the same at 1.34
mg/l and the range is I.I  to 1.9 mg/l.

     Placing the Detroit River mid-channel input concentration at 1.0
mg/l,  there is a 47 percent gain In the western basin and then an II
percent drop between the western and central basins.  The drop may rep-
resent uptake by aquatic life or dilution by lower-level potassium
waters.

     Sandusky Bay averaged 2.6 mg/l and ranged up to 4 mg/l, indicating
it as  an important source of potassium.  The Michigan shore waters,
with concentrations above 4 mg/l, indicated large sources In that area.
Cleveland Harbor concentrations were similar.  Other sources along the
United States shore do not appear to be significant.

                                 SILICA

     Dissolved silica (SiO_) In Lake Erie is one of the few constituents
which  shows lower concentrations, on the average, than the upper lakes.
Presumably, this is due to uptake and precipitation by aquatic organ-
isms,  principally diatoms.  Silica in natural waters has no known health
significance.  It has some significance In industrial us«, especially
in high pressure boiler feed water.

     In the western basin the water averages 1.20 mg/l silica and ranges
from 0.3 to 5.0 mg/l  (Table 21 and Figure 44).  In the central basin the
average decreases to 0.68 mg/l, ranging from 0.2 to 3.5 mg/l.  The
eastern basin water averages 0.47 mg/l and ranges from 0.2 to 3.5 mg/l.

     All tributaries contribute silica, since silica is a universal
mineral.  The most Important sources are soil and land runoff, and
mineral refining industries.

     Silica will  not significantly increase the dissolved solids content
of Lake Erie.
                                  12

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                                TABLE 20

                   POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   ng/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Western Basin Central Basin
Date Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
4/63 — — — 1.4 1.1 1.18
5/63 4.5 1.1 2.30 1.3 1.1 1.23
6/63 1.3 1.1 1.17 1.6 1.1 1.23
10/63 1.5 1.0 1.20 1.6 1.1 1.38
4/64 —
5/64 3.6 1.0 1.35
5/64 — — — 1.5 1.3 1.43
6/64 2.3 l.o 1.32
6/64 -
8/64 — — — 1.6 1.3 1.41
9/64 2.0 1.1 1.50
1.47 1.31
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
1.4 1.1 1.21
1.5 1.1 1.28
1.4 1.1 1.23
1.6 1.3 1.44
—
—
1.9 1.4 1.60
—
— — —
1.9 1.1 1.32
—
1.34
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     113

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                               TABLE 21

                   SILICA CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   ng/1
Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min.
4/63 — — — 1.4 0.2
5/63 1.8 0.8 1.36 1.1 0.3
6/63 5.0 0.7 1.87 3.5 0.3
10/63 1.6 0.4 0.83 1.2 0.2
4/64 —
5/64 2.0 0.4 1.13
5/64 — — — 0.6 0.3
6/64 2.6 0.3 1.04
6/64 ~
8/64 — — — 9.6 0.3
9/64 1.8 0.3 1.00
1.20
Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.52 1.2 0.4 0.61
0.60 0.8 0.2 0.35
0.75 3.4 0.3 0.71
0.41 0.6 0.2 0.29
—
—
0.42 0.4 0.2 0.30
—
—
1.37 3.5 0.2 0.57
—
0.68 0.47
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                      14

-------
                        ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE (ABS)

     This compound (ABS), up until July 1965, was a constituent of syn-
thetic detergents.  It is difficultly degradable and is a rather stabla
part of receiving waters.  In excessive quantities, more than I  mg/l,
it imparts a disagreeable taste and will  foam.  Much higher concentra-
tions have not produced any toxic effects on humans, however, this has
not been ascertained on aquatic life.  The USPHS drinking water standards
recommend a limit of 0.5 mg/l based on taste and foam production.  This
value in Lake Erie has not been exceeded.

     The average concentration of ABS in the western basin water In 1963
and 1964 was 0.067 mg/l, in the central basin 0.065 mg/l, and 0.065 mg/l
in the eastern basin (Table 22).  Sample values ranged from 0.01 n»g/l to
0.20 mg/l.  Most nearshore areas range within the same values.

                              SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS

     Soluble phosphorus Is a minor constituent, quantity-wise, in Laka
Erie.  It has no public health significance, nor is it an important
factor in regard to chemical water quality in concentrations now found
in the lake.  However, its concentration is a very important controlling
factor in Lake Erie's major water quality problem, the problem of eutro-
phication or the over-production of attached and planktonic plants.
Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient.

     The maximum, minimum, and average concentrations in each basin for
all cruises are shown in Table 23.  In the western basin of Lake Erlt,
soluble phosphorus, during the 1963-64 surveys, averaged 0.032 mg/l and
ranged from 0.003 to 0.333 mg/l.  The average was 0.010 mg/l in both tht
central and eastern basins.  The range in the central basin was from
0.000 to 0.066 mg/l and in the eastern basin from 0.000 to 0.033 mg/l.
Figure 44 shows phosphate (PO.) values.  Phosphorus is equal to one-thfrd
these values.

     The input of soluble phosphorus from the upper lakes appears to ba
approximately 0.005 mg/l.  If this is true, there is nearly a six-fold
increase in the western basin of Lake Erie.  However, this is followed
by a 60 percent decrease in the phosphate level of the central and aastarn
basins.  The decrease apparently results from both chemical  and blocham-
ical  precipitation and biological storage within the lake.  Figure 46 shows
the soluble phosphorus distribution in the western basin for one crulsa in
September 1964 in which the west to east decrease is apparent.

     Nearshore values generally are higher in the vicinity of tributaries
and harbors.  Maumee Bay averaged 0.027 mg/l of soluble phosphorus during
the time of survey but apparently at times of heavy runoff the amount Is
higher.  Concentrations of 0.066 or more are prevalent along the Michigan
shore.  Relatively high levels of phosphorus have been found in Sandusky
                                 15

-------
                                TABLE  22

                      ABS  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
53
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.07 0.03 0.038 0.07 0.03 0.040
0.06 0.05 0.053 0.18 0.03 0.072 0.15 0.04 0.087
0.14 0.05 0.090 0.17 0.02 0.058 0.17 0.04 0.077
0.14 0.07 0.097 0.20 0.04 0.083 0.15 0.03 0.076
—
0.10 0.5 0.075
0.07 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.06 0.065
0.06 0.01 0.033 --
—
0.12 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.03 0.045
0.12 0.01 0.055
0.067 0.065 0.065
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     I 16

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                                TABLE 23

             SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS  (P)  CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  rag/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
0.024
0.010
0.017
0.333
0.030
—
0.240
—
0.123

Min.
—
0.007
0.007
0.003
0.007
0.007
—
0.024
—
0.003

Central Basin
Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
—
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
—
0.
—
0.
0.
0.020 0.003 0.009
014 0.020 0.003 0.011
009 0.040 0.003 0.005
008 0.023 0.000 0.008
068 0.027 0.007 0.014
013 —
0.037 0.000 0.012
080 —
0.066 0.000 0.013
034 —
032 o.oio
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.017 0.003 0.009
0.017 0.007 0.011
0.033 0.003 0.009
0.027 0.000 0.006
0.017 0.010 0.014
—
0.037 o.ooo 0.013
—
0.024 0.000 0.006
—
0.010
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     17

-------
FIGURE 46

-------
Bay (up to 0.056 mg/l) and Lorain Harbor (up to 0.037 mg/l).  The
Cuyahoga River, in places, shows extremely high concentrations of sol-
uble phosphorus.  The outer harbor has not shown these high values,
apparently because of chemical precipitation in the channel.  The other
harbors along Lake Erie have not shown abnormally high concentrations.

                              TOTAL PHOSPHORUS

     Total phosphorus analyses were not made on mid-lake waters for
this study.  Total phosphorus includes both soluble and insoluble or-
ganic and inorganic phosphorus.  It is apparent that phosphorus can
change in biochemical processes from the soluble to insoluble form and
vice versa.  As a result, the measure of total  phosphorus is more valid
in the evaluation of nutrient potential than is soluble phosphorus
determination.

    Both total and dissolved phosphorus analyses were made in the
Michigan waters of Lake Erie by the FWPCA Detroit River Enforcement
Project.  Those analyses showed an average concentration of 0.093
mg/l of total phosphorus and an average concentration of 0.053 mg/l
of soluble phosphorus.  The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (Carr, per-
sonal  communication, 1967), in a study of central basin waters off Lorain,
Ohio in 1966, showed a total phosphorus average of 0.016 mg/l and a sol-
uble phosphorus average of 0.006 mg/l.  Data from the Ontario Water Re-
Sources Commission (Steggles, personal communication, 1965) indicate
that of the total  phosphorus discharged via the Grand River (Ontario),
56 percent was soluble at the time of survey.  It appears then, in mid-
lake,  the proportion of total to dissolved phosphates is much greater,
even though the concentrations are much less.

     Analyses for total phosphorus at the National Water Quality Network
station at the Buffalo water intake show concentrations of about O.I mg/l
(Table 24).  The values are reported to the nearest O.I  mg/l.  It is
likely that if they were reported to the nearest 0.01  mg/l, the phos-
phorus levels would be something less than O.I  mg/l.

                                  NITROGEN

     Nitrogen in Lake Erie is similar to phosphorus in that its effect
on water quality is felt in its nutritional stimulus to plant growth.
Under isothermal conditions, it is not a factor of importance in water
supplies,  however, during summer stratification, where water intakes are
located beneath the thermocline, ammonia concentrations assume proportions
where  large increases in raw water chlorine demand must be satisfied.

     Total nitrogen includes all forms, organic and inorganic found In
water.   Organic nitrogen is unavailable as a nutrient until  it is oxidized
to the inorganic forms.

     The inorganic forms of nitrogen are elemental nitrogen, ammonia
nitrogen (NH ), nitrate nitrogen (NO,), and nitrite nitrogen (NO ).  The
                                 M9

-------
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-------
nitrogen cycle includes all these forms.  The chemical and biological
condition of the water gives rise to considerable variations in levels
of each form present.

     For the periods of the 1963 and 1964 surveys the total nitrogen
content of the western basin averaged 0.71 mg/l and varied from 0.17 to
2.66 mg/l (Table 25 and Figure 44).  In the central basin and the east-
ern basin, the levels were nearly identical with averages of 0.43 and
0.42 mg/l, respectively.  The extremes were 0.10 and  1.30 mg/l.  Figure
47 shows the total nitrogen distribution in the western basin for one
cruise in September 1964.

     Nitrite nitrogen and elemental nitrogen are not significant in the
waters of Lake Erie since the oxidation-reduction potential is such to
discourage duration of these forms.  Ammonia nitrogen, for the periods
of survey, averaged 0.159 mg/l In the western basin water and ranged
from 0.01 to 9.77 mg/l (Table 26).  In the central  basin the average was
0.086 mg/l with a range of 0.00 to 0.39 mg/l.  The eastern basin average
was identical to that of the central basin and the range was nearly so,
0.00 to 0.32 mg/l.

     Nitrate nitrogen averaged 0.124 mg/l  in the western basin with a
range of 0.02 to  1.50 mg/l (Table 27).   In the central and eastern basins
the averages were identical at 0.090 mg/l.  The range in the central
basin was 0.01 to 0.50 mg/l while in the eastern basin it was 0.01 to
0.85 mg/l.

     Organic nitrogen averaged 0.36 mg/l in the western basin, 0.25 in
the central  basin, and 0.24 in the eastern basin (Table 28).

     Nearshore areas, especially harbors, show widely varying nitrogen
concentrations in all three measured forms.  In the western basin, values
approximately double the mid-lake concentrations, whereas  in the central
and eastern basins, the values are only slightly higher, on the average,
than mid-lake (Table 29).

               OTHER CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LAKE ERIE WATER

     Analyses have been made for several metals in western basin water
where concentrations exceed those in the remainder of the  lake.  Table
30 shows the acceptable limits listed in the 1962 U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards and the concentrations in western basin
water for the listed metals.

                                   TABLE 30

Substance                        U.S. PHS             Concentration
                               Limit (mg/l)        Western Basin (mg/l)
Zinc
Copper
Cadmium
Nickel
Lead
Ch rom i urn
5.0
1.0
0.01
—
0.05
0.05
.00-. 23
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
                                   121

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                                TABLE  25

               TOTAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Western Basin Central Basin
Date Max. Kin. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
4/63 — — — 0.68 0.13 0.47
5/63 0.67 0.53 0.59 0.93 0.07 0.33
6/63 0.71 0.60 0.65 1.09 0.26 0.42
10/63 0.72 0.31 0.50 0.89 0.18 0.45
/,/64 --
5/64 2.02 0.25 0.90
5/64 — -- — 1.30 0.12 0.42
6/64 2.66 0.17 0.76
6/64 —
8/64 — — -- 0.83 0.20 0.50
9/64 2.30 0.20 0.86
0.71 0.43
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
1.16 0.10 0.41
0.75 0.13 0.32
0.61 0.20 0.39
0.80 0.23 0.46
—
—
1.18 0.17 0.45
—
—
1.00 0.21 0.47
—
0.42
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                   122

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123
FIGURE 47

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                               TABLE  26

              AMMONIA NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max.
4/63 — — -- 0.10 0.02 0.055 0.32
5/63 0.09 0.04 0.055 0.11 0.00 0.031 0.2?
6/63 0.26 0.09 0.160 0.23 0.06 0.128 0.29
10/63 0.19 0.03 0.083 0.17 0.02 0.068 0.22
4/64 —
5/64 0.23 0.07 0.143
5/64 — — -- 0.23 0.01 0.089 0.27
6/64 0.60 0.04 0.256
6/64 -
8/64 — — -- 0.39 0.04 0.144 0.31
9/64 0.77 0.01 0.258 --
0.159 0.086
Min. Avg.
0.01 0.104
o.oo 0.046
0.08 0.135
0.02 0.058
—
—
0.01 0.082
—
—
0.02 0.094
—
0.086
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     124

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                                TABLE  27

              NITRATE NITROGEN  CONCENTRATIONS  IN  LAKE ERIE
                                 mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.13 0.02 0.052
0.25 0.02 0.113 0.13 0.02 0.047
0.06 0.02 0.040 0.84 0.02 0.063
0.29 0.09 0.157 0.42 0.03 0.111
—
—
0.50 0.00 0.121
1.50 0.03 0.287 --
—
0.36 0.01 0.146
0.54 0.02 0.148
0.124 0.090
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.06 0.01 0.019
0.17 0.02 0.039
0.03 0.01 0.018
0.47 0.01 0.091
—
—
0.52 0.06 0.207
—
—
0.85 0.07 0.164
—
0.090
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    125

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                                TABLE  28

               ORGANIC NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  rag/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
0.42
0.45
0.26
—
—
—
0.21
—
—
0.45
0.36
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.36
0.25
0.23
0.27
—
—
0.21
—
—
0.21
—
0.25
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.29
0.24
0.24
0.31
—
—
0.16
—
—
0.21
—
0.24
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    126

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     Lake Erie contains no known chemical  substances in quantities
toxic to aquatic life or sufficient to cause any sort of health
hazard to users of the water.  This does not apply to tributary waters
in highly industrialized areas where concentrations may, under certain
conditions, be hazardous.  Such areas exist at Detroit, Lorain,
Cleveland, Fairport, and Ashtabula.

                            RADIOCHEtUSTRY

     Radioactivity is defined as the spontaneous emission of alpha,
beta, or other radiation by the disintegration of unstable atomic
nuclei.  Naturally-occurring, radioactive isotopes usually decay (dis-
integrate) by stepwise emission of alpha or beta particles to form
stable isotopes.  An artificially produced radio!sotope, however,
generally decays in a single step by the emission of a beta particle.

     Alpha and beta particles have the ability to ionize any matter
with which they interact by the production of ion-pairs.  It is the
formation of such ion-pairs in biological  tissue that results in cell
destruction, impairment, or mutation.

     Radioactive wastes discharged to the environment are not absorbed
in harmless fashion.  Even though decay and dilution may occur, radio-
nuclides may be concentrated physically, chemically, and/or through
biological assimilation and retention.  As a result the radionuclide
concentration will increase as it passes through the environment to
the point of human contact.

     Human exposure to radioactively contaminated surface water can
result when the surface water is used as a public water supply.  In
addition, biologically concentrated radioactivity can be assimilated
through the ingestion of fish and other aquatic life.

     Prior to cessation of atmospheric nuclear testing, fallout was
the most significant source of radioactive pollution to Lake Erie.
Other possible sources are the atmospheric and drainage discharges
of reactor plants and of licensed radioisotope users in the basin.

ALPHA ACTIVITY OF LAKE WATER SAMPLES

     The annual mean concentrations of alpha radioactivity in sus-
pended and dissolved solids observed in samples from Lake Erie were
0.6 and 1.6 pc/l, respectively, for 1963.

     The highest averages and maxima in 1963 occurred near the mouth
of the Black River where the suspended solids mean and maximum were
1.5 and 4.6 pc/l, respectively; and the dissolved solids mean and
maximum were 5.2 and 12 pc/l, respectively.
                                 128

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     All 1964 averages were low in alpha activity with none exceed-
ing 5.3 pc/l.

BETA ACTIVITY OF LAKE WATER

     All suspended solids average beta activities were low for both
1963 and 1964.  The 1963 means ranged from 8.9 to 18 pc/l  with a
weighted mean of 14 pc/l; the 1964 mean, however, ranged from 3.9 to
9.5 pc/l with a weighted mean of 7.9 pc/l.

ALPHA ACTIVITY OF PLANKTON SAMPLES

     The gross alpha radioactivity in plankton samples was less than
one to 30 pc/gram of ashed weight for 1963 with a mean value of 8.3
pc/gram, and from less than one to 20 pc/gram with a mean of 8.7
pc/gram for 1964.  These ranges and means are essentially the same.
The radioactivity levels (both alpha and beta) in plankton are higher
than in water due to the concentrating effect of biological materials.
Published work (Williams, Swanson) has shown the effectiveness of
Euglena and Chlorella in decontaminating water of cesium 137.  In 6+days
Euglena reduced the degree of contamination 69 percent - 96 percent in
34 days.

     Since alpha activity is usually associated with naturally occur-
ring radioisotopes, and such isotopes, being of high atomic number,
seldom appear as components of plankton, low alpha activities for
plankton can be expected.

BETA ACTIVITY OF PLANKTON SAMPLES

     Gross beta values range from 33 to 1200 pc/gram with a mean of
160 pc/gram for 1963, and from 76 to 400 pc/gram with a mean of 190
pc/gram for 1964.  The ranges are similar except for the value of
1200 pc/gram which came from a sample collected off the tip of Long
Point toward the east end of the lake.
                                  129

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                         CHAPTER   4

LAKE   ERIE   BIOLOGICAL   CHARACTERISTICS
      Aquatic biological  life is sensitive to physical  and chemical
 changes in its environment.  Biological  effects are  often relatively
 extreme,  and for this  reason, the aquatic community  is an excellent
 indicator of water quality.  The important considerations are the
 total  population, types, and relative numbers of each  type.  Pristine
 water and its bottom sediment contain a  low total  population, many
 types, and low numbers of each type.  As water is degraded, the total
 population increases, the number of types decrease,  and the numbers
 of a few  resistant types increase greatly.

      The  total numbers increase because  of increased nutrient content
 in the water. Organisms which more readily take advantage of high
 nutrient  content and organic sediments begin to predominate.  Bottom
 organisms which can withstand extended periods with  little or no
 oxygen may replace those requiring an abundant oxygen  supply.  Plankton
 and fish  populations change to those which are less  desirable from a
 human standpoint.  Plankton may cause taste and odor problems in water
 supplies  and the clogging of intakes and filters.  "Rough" fish may
 replace those prized for their edibility.

      Lake Erie  is presently experiencing rather dramatic changes  in
 its biological productivity.  These changes are not  at the natural
 sequence  rate, and can be related directly to man's  activities.

                          LAKE BOTTOM BIOLOGY

      The  benthic fauna are minute animals which live on and within the
 lake bottom sediments.   Some have been classified, rather non-precisely,
 as "pollution-tolerant"  or "pollution-sensitive".  This classification
 rests on  the ability of  an organism to withstand periods of deficiency
 or absence of dissolved  oxygen and does  not imply that some organisms
 might prefer a  lack of oxygen.  Accordingly, these terms will be  used
 in the following narrative.

      Studies conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
 between 1929 and  1959  (Beeton, 1961 and  Wright, 1955)  and personnel at
 the Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology (Britt,  1955 a and b)
 show significant changes in population,  type, and habitat of bottom-
 dwelling  organisms in western Lake Erie.  Pollution-tolerant forms have
 increased greatly along  the west side of the basin and in the island
 area.  These include Tubificidae, Sphaeriidae, and Tendipedidae.  As
                                 130

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an example in the island area, Tubificidae have increased from 10 or-
ganisms per square meter in 1929 to 550 organisms per square meter in
1957.  During the same period Tendipedidae increased from 60 to 300
organisms per square meter.  The Sphaeriidae showed a three-fold in-
crease at two index stations near South Bass Island.

     The pollution-sensitive caddis fly larvae (Tricoptera) and the
mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) have been drastically reduced In numbers.
Beeton (1961) reported that the formerly abundant Tricoptera larvae
averaged less than one per square meter in 1957.  The burrowing mayfly
nymph, which lives in soft mud and feeds on detritus, was the most
common macroinvertebrate In the western basin prior to the early 1950's,
Wright (1955) found 285 and 510 nymphs per square meter in 1929 and
1930, respectively,  in the island area.  Chandler (1963) summarized
studies made between 1942 and 1947 and reported an average of 350
nymphs per square meter for that period.  Wood (1963) found an average
of 235 per square meter for 204 samples collected in 1951  and 1952.
In June 1953 Britt (1955) found approximately 300 nymphs per square
meter.  After sampling again in September following a five-day period
of thermal  stratification and bottom oxygen depletion Britt found only
44 nymphs per square meter.  The succeeding year showed a good re-
covery but Beeton in 1959 found only 39 per square meter.   In June 1964
the U. S. Public Health Service found only two nymphs in samples from
47 island area sites.  None were found in the Michigan waters of the
basin.

     Published quantitative data are not available on the bottom fauna
of central  and eastern Lake Erie.  Newspaper articles, dating back to
1927 describe "immense swarms" of mayflies blown into the city of
Cleveland.   A decline was first noted in 1949 but they reappeared in
1950 and were reported yearly through 1957.  They were not reported
after 1958.

     Ferguson (personal communication), on a transect between Port
Burwell  and Conneaut in the spring and summer of 1958, showed popula-
tions of Tubificidae, Tendipedidae, Sphaeriidae, Amphipoda, Trtcoptera,
and Gastropoda.   Gut contents of blue pike demonstrated that the pol-
lution-sensitive Tricoptera and Amphipoda were common food.

     The results of  bottom fauna surveys of Lake Erie by the U. S.
Public Health Service in 1963 and 1964 are summarized in Figure 48.
It shows the relative abundance of the pollution-sensitive scud to the
more tolerant sludgeworms,  bloodworms, fingernail  clams and nematodes.
Figure 49 divides the lake into four zones based on the benthic fauna
populations.   It is  evident that most of the western and central basins
were characterized by the lack of pollution-sensitive scud and prepon-
derance of pollution-tolerant species of sludgeworms, bloodworms,
fingernail  clams, and nematodes.  A few areas in the western basin, the
                                  131

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   to
FIGURE 48

-------
133
FIGURE 49

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eastern part of the central  basin,  and the eastern basin support a
good population of pollution-sensitive scud and are indicative of the
more favorable environmental  conditions in these areas.   The four
zones shown in Figure 49 are described as follows:

     Zona A - Contains only  the pollution-tolerant groups,  sludge-
worms, fingernail  clams, nematodes, and pollution-tolerant  species of
bloodworms.

     Zone B - In addition to groups in Zone A,  the following groups of
intermediate tolerance were  found:   aquatic sowbugs,  snails, leeches,
and several additional species of bloodworms.

     Zone C - May contain any organisms found  in Zones A and 8 but
the two species of scuds (Gammarus  fasciatus and/or Hyalei la azteca)
are always present.

     Zone 0 - May contain any group of organisms listed  in  Zones A,
B, and C but always contains the intolerant scud (Pontoporeia affinlsj.

     Zones C and D had the greatest variety of  bottom-dwelling organ-
isms and were characterized  by the  presence of  scuds at  each station.
Gammarus fasciatus was found regardless of bottom type and  HyaIeI I a
azteca was present at many locations associated with a sand, gravel,
or rock bottom.  Pontoporeia affinis which requires cold, deep,  clear,
and we I I-oxygenated water occurred  only in Zone D.

     The variety of bloodworms is also important.  All lakes have a
variety of bloodworm (midge) larvae as part of  the benthic  fauna, and
their habitats vary according to the quality of the overlying water.
Curry (Unpublished) classified the  larvae according to one  of four
categories depending upon their environmental  requirements.  The cate-
gories (I) Pollution-tolerant, (2)  Cosmopolitan, (3) Clean-Water, and
(4) Others, adequately covered the  38 species  identified in Lake Erie.

     The Pollution-tolerant  species include larvae existing even for
a short period of time in habitats  having sediments with a  high per-
centage of organic matter, low dissolved oxygen, rather high tempera-
tures, and possible septic conditions.  The Clean Water species in-
cluded larvae that were found in the colder, deeper waters  of oligo-
trophic lakes and streams.  In these areas the  temperatures were
lower, dissolved oxygen high, and septic conditions were never present.
Larvae classified as Cosmopolitan species were  found  in  both pollution-
tolerant and clean-water environments.  The Other species group in-
cluded larval forms found only occasionally in  any bottom samples.
Usually these larvae were restricted to isolated regions of the lake.
This could be due to one or more factors including depth, temperature,
food, carbon dioxide, or oxygen.
                                   134

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     Of the 38 identified species in the lake, 54 percent were
Pollution-Tolerant, 43 percent Cosmopolitan, I percent Clean Water,
and 2 percent Other.  The population of bloodworm larvae inhabiting
the central portion of Zone A was composed of 80 percent Pollution-
Tolerant species.  Zone A is also the area that contained the fewest
number of species of bloodworm larvae.  Curry, in unpublished data,
gives a more detailed treatment of the bloodworm distribution data.

     Dissolved oxygen data from studies conducted by the Public Health
Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Great Lakes Institute
are summarized in Figure 50.  This map shows that Zone A is approx-
imately the area in which dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than
2.0 mg/l have been found in the hypolimnion during the summer.   Not
only was the number of species much less in the area of low dissolved
oxygen, but the following table indicates that total numbers were
lower as well.  Stations chosen for this comparison were between 13
and 22 meters deep where a persistent thermocline is present from mid-
June to mid-September.  Bottom deposits were mostly mud in the low
dissolved oxygen area and mud and sand in adjacent areas.

                             BENTHIC FAUNA
                 Number of Organisms per square meter
                    West
                      DO
     of Low
     area
                    Spring  FalI
             Low DO
              Area
                 Spri ng  Fa I I
East
  DO
of Low
area
                           Spri ng  FalI
Tub!fici dae
Tendipedidae
Sphaeri i dae
Amphipoda
Other
Total
 ,850
   47
  350
    I
  121
I ,830
  407
  502
    7
  145
2,369  2,891
            438
  765
     The dissolved oxygen deficit not only limits the number of species
but limits the total  numbers as well, even though the sediments are
higher in organic matter.

     Zone B is a transition area where the polIution-intolerant scuds,
mayflies, union id clams, and caddis flies were absent.   Intermediately
tolerant forms such as the aquatic sowbug (AselI us ml Iitaris), snail
(Gastropoda),  and leech (mostly Helobdella sp.)  were found.  Zone B
approximates the area where dissolved oxygen was between 2.0 and 4.0
mg/l in the hypolimnion during the summer of  1964.
                                  135

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FIGURE 50

-------
     The distribution of the mayfly nymph (Hexagenia spp.) is diffi-
cult to plot graphically because of erratic occurrence.  This genus
can apparently survive only a short time when dissolved oxygen in the
water is less than 4.0 mg/l and water temperature relatively high.
The genus rarely occurs in water deeper than 50 feet, and since it
requires a soft bottom its absence cannot always be attributed to poor
water quality.  Data from inshore stations where bottom type and depth
were suitable for HexagenI a spp. showed the nymph was absent along the
south shore except at one station northeast of Ashtabula.  HexagenI a
was abundant at all  stations in Long Point Bay and in small  numbers
at most suitable locations near the Canadian shore of the eastern
basin.  A few Hexagenia spp. nymphs were found near the Canadian shore
at the mouth of the Detroit River in 15 feet of water and near Colchester
and Kingsville, Ontario.

     A special study was conducted in the island area of Lake Erie in
June 1964,  to determine Hexagen ia populations where they were formerly
the most abundant macro invertebrate inhabiting the bottom.  The entire
island area was sampled at 47 stations and only two nymphs were found.
The bottom dwelling animals, except in shallow rocky areas,  were pre-
dominately sludgeworms, bloodworms, and fingernail clams with only a
few unionid clams and snails.

                        LAKE WATER BIOLOGY

                              ALGAE

     Algae are indicators of water quality.  Increases in total pro-
ductivity and decreasing variety indicate degradation resulting from
increased nutrient content in the water.

     Increases in productivity of both phytoplankton and the filamen-
tous green alga, Cladophora sp., have been noted in the  literature.
Nuisance growths of Cladophora have been reported for many years in
the island area (Langlois,  1954).  However, in recent years  island
residents report the problem has become worse.  Reports  indicate that
Cladophora nuisance problems have also increased on beaches  around Erie,
Pennsylvania and on New York beaches in the last several years.  Neil
and Owen (1964) report many Canadian beaches are also experiencing
increased problems.

     Chandler (1940, 1944)  and Chandler and Weeks (1945) evaluated
extensive phytoplankton, chemical, and physical data collected between
1938 and 1942 around the Bass Islands.  It was concluded that phyto-
plankton populations were highly variable from year to year  and that
phytoplankton productivity based on only one year could be misleading.
Chandler and Weeks believed these variations to be related to physical
changes such as temperature, turbidity, and solar radiation  rather than
chemical changes.  During the study period, diatoms never comprised
                                  137

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less than 27 percent of the total, and total  numbers never exceeded
1,000,000 units per liter.  Blue-green algae  were rarely predominant
and never exceeded 52 percent of the total.   Generally, the predom-
inant spring genera were Synedra, Asterionella, Fragilaria, label I aria,
and Cyclotella.  Casper (1965) indicated that productivity had in-
creased significantly and species composition changed to a great degree
since 1942.  Samples collected around the island area in September 1964
gave total counts of up to 3,500,000 units per liter with blue-greens
comprising 70 percent of the total.  Samples  collected in April  1964
also yielded higher counts than any reported  during the 1938-1942 study.

     Davis (1964) has summarized plankton data accumulated by the
Cleveland Division Avenue Filtration Plant since 1919.  Although yearly
variations are large, a definite long-term increase in plankton  pro-
ductivity is apparent as shown in Figure 51.   The data show that plank-
ton counts have increased from a yearly average of 200-400 cells/ml
between 1920 and 1930 to a current average of 1,500-2,300 cells/ml.
This indicates an increase in algal concentration of between 500 and
700 percent in the Cleveland area.  The data  also indicate an increase
in duration of pulses.  A pulse is a profusion of algae at a certain
period of the year.  Comparing the phytoplankton abundance between
1927 and  1962, Figure 5IF, the increase in duration is very apparent.
The spring and autumn pulses in 1927 occurred from March to April  and
from late August to mid-September, respectively.  In 1962, the spring
and autumn pulses occurred from mid-February  to mid-April and from
mid-June to mid-September, respectively.  Correspondingly, the lows
are now shorter in duration and numbers of phytoplankton per mil Iiliter
have increased considerably.  There has also  been a significant  change
in dominant genera of the spring and autumn phytoplankton pulse  as
indicated in Table 31.  The dominant spring genera have changed  from
AsterionelI a to Me Ios i ra.  A corresponding shift in the fall pulse
has been from Synedra to Melosi ra to Fragilaria.  During recent  years
the autumn pulse has shown an increase in importance of green and
blue-green algae such as Fediastrum, Anabaena, and OsciIlatoria  re-
placing in part the previous dominance by diatoms.  Burkholder (I960),
in the central and eastern basin in 1928-29 showed that diatoms  were
the dominant group of phytoplankters during June and July while  in
August the ratio of diatoms to green and blue-greens decreased.   By
mid-September, however, the diatoms once again were by far the dominant
group.   The data also showed that concentrations of phytoplankton never
exceeded 2,000 per liter.

     During the spring and summer of 1964, U. S. Public Health Service
personnel made several visits to the island area of western Lake Erie
to determine the extent of Cladophora growths.  Around the islands,
the rocky shorelines and reef areas provide an ideal substrate for
Cladophora attachment.  Under these conditions the major factors in-
fluencing abundance are nutrient supply, solar radiation, turbidity,
and adequate wave action.
                                  138

-------
  2800-
  1500-
UJ
O 1000-
     20    30    40    5O   60

     A.          YEARS
     Average phytoplankton cells per
     mi Hi liter for all years with
     complete records, 1920 to 1963.
                                      JFMAMJ J ASON  D
      JFMAMJ JASONO
                                  (600-


                                  6000-
                                UJ
                                O
                                  2000-
                                      JFMAMJJASOND

                                     E.         1957
2
\
co
UJ
O
                                O
     ' j ' F ' M ' A 'M j j  A  s  o  N  D'         'J'F'M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D
     C.          1935                  F.         1962

          PHYTOPLANKTON   ABUNDANCE
            LAKE  ERIE (CLEVELAND  WATER  INTAKE RECORDS)
                          139
FIGURE 51

-------
                              TAB£E 31

          DOMINANT PHYTOPIANKTERS CORING SPRING AND AUTUMN
                   PHYTOPLANKTON PULSES, 1920-63*
            (The dash signifies that there was no pulse)
   Spring pulse
Year
Autumn pulse
Asterionella

Asterionella

Asterionella
Synedra, Asterionella
Asterionella, Melosira

Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella
Melosira, Synedra
Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella, Melosira
Melosira, Asterionella
Asterionella, Cyclotella
Asterionella
     ?
Melosira
Melosira
Fragilaria, Melosira
Melosira
Fragilaria, Tabellaria
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
1920
1921
1922
1923
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1935
1936
1937
19^1**
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
Synedra
Synedra
Synedra
Synedra
Melosira, Synedra
Synedra, Melosira, Stephenodiscus
Asterionella, Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Melosira, Synedra
Melosira, Pediastrum
Melosira, Asterionella
Synedra, Pediastrum
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Pediastrum, Fragilaria
Fragilaria, Melosira, Anabaena
Fragilaria
Melosira
Fragilaria, Melosira, Anabaena
Melosira, Anabaena, Oscillatoria
Fragilaria, Synedra, Stephanodiscus
 *  Some of the included information has been adapted from an undergraduate
    project written by Mr. John WoUc.
**  From Chandler's (19^) report of the Filtration Plant records for
                                     140

-------
     Around Kelleys Island the water is usually clear and seech I  disc
readings were 8-12 feet except during heavy phytoplankton blooms when
readings of less than two feet were recorded.  Observations by scuba
divers revealed heavy Cladophora growths extended from the surface to
a depth of II  feet and then gradually decreased until extinction at
a depth of 15 feet.  At maturity in late June and early July, strands
of algae three to six feet In length were common.  Growths were heav-
iest on the east side of Kelleys Island around Gull and Kelleys Island
shoals.  The more turbid waters around the Bass Islands did not permit
adequate light penetration for growths in water depths greater than
5 feet.  The investigation detected approximately four square miles
covered with luxurious Cladophora growth in the Island region alone.

     Throughout the island region, and along the shores of Lake Erie,
where the conditions are suitable, generally along rocky shores,  these
heavy growths exist.  Upon maturity, wave action, etc., the strands
of algae are broken from their attachment enabling wind and currents
to deposit the massive quantities of Cladophora on beaches, in harbors,
and In deeper waters of the lake.  It has also been noted that mats
of decomposing algae settle to the bottom in the central basin (Zone
A of Figure 49) and become part of the sediment after decomposition.

     During interviews, local  residents reported that growths have been
increasing rapidly in the past 20 years and that each succeeding year
was becoming worse.  Canada and other communities along the lake shore
are experiencing this increasing problem.

     It is clear from the literature that phytoplankton productivity
in Lake Erie is highly variable from year to year and evaluation of
phytoplankton data based on one or two years sampling could be mis-
leading.  Extreme care must be taken in comparing data under these
conditions.  Due to limited phytoplankton analysis from 1963 and 1964
the data will  be treated generally to show ranges and to illustrate
seasonal variations in productivity and species composition.

     The phytoplankton data were averaged from all stations and sep-
arated according to basins and seasons.  The tables below illustrate
differences between diatoms and others which consisted of green and
blue-green algae forms for each basin and season.

                          PHYTOPLANKTON 1963 - 1964
                    Diatoms vs. Total Number of Organisms
                                  (Percent)

Basin        Diatom - Spring     D i atom - Fa 11      Total Annual  Average

Western            79.2                3.0                   8.8
Central            44.4               12.9                  27.3
Eastern            49.8               35.4                  40.0
                                  141

-------
Basin

Western
Central
Eastern
                           PHYTOPLANKTON 1963 - 1964
             Greens and Blue-greens vs.  Total  Number of Organisms
                                   (Percent)
G-BG - Spring

    20.8
    55.6
    50.2
G-BG - Fa I

    97.0
    87.1
    64.6
   Total  Annual  Average

           91.2
           72.7
           60.0
     The data show a spring pulse composed primarily of diatoms In the
western basin, mainly CycIote11a-Stephanodiscus.   It is indicated that
diatom blooms occur in the western basin during the spring when the
dissolved silica content is high.  Diatoms assimilate silica fn skel-
etal formation.  The spring diatom pulse was also noted in the central
and eastern basin but not to the extent of that in the western basin.
It was followed by a low level  summer population composed mainly of
diatoms in the central and eastern basins and greens or blue-greens
in the western basin.  Due to lack of data,  a comparison was not made
with the other seasons.  In late summer and  early fall another pulse
developed in which greens and blue-greens were dominant over the entire
lake.  Greens and blue-greens comprised a much higher proportion of the
total population in all basins as indicated  by the table of percentages.
The following table shows populations and types of algae with reference
to basin and season.  As expected, the decreasing west to east trend
is very pronounced when considering the total averages.

                                 PHYTOPLANKTON
                      Average Numbers of Organisms per ml
Type of
Algae
     Season
                                   Basin
  Western
Central
Eastern
Green
Blue-green
Diatom
Total

Green
Blue-green
Diatom
Total

Total
     Spring
     Spring
     Spring
     Fall
     Fall
     Fall

     Average
     375
    ,430
    ,805
   10,475
     325
   10,800

   8,000
   650
   520
  ,170
 I ,100
  290
  285
  575
              115
               65
              180
  300
                                   142

-------
     An extensive blue-green and green phytoplankton bloom  in western
 Lake Erie was  investigated  in September  1964 (Casper,  1965).  The
 bloom, covering approximately 800 square miles, consisted primarily
 of OsciIlatoria sp., Aphanizomenon hoi saticum, Anacystls cyonea, and
 Glenodlniam sp.  Average numbers were 28,600 organisms per ml with a
 maximum of 170,000 organisms per ml.  According to residents of the
 area these massive blooms have been occurring for a number of years
 but the intensity, frequency, and duration have been increasing.

                                  FISH

     The changes in the algal productivity of Lake Erie have been ac-
 companied by changes in the fish populations.  As far as man is con-
 cerned the changes over the years have been for the worse.  Fish
 desirable for human consumption have declined in abundance (Figure 52)
 and have been replaced by less desirable species.

     Man is responsible for the accelerated eutrophication of Lake Erie
 with its consequent changes in the quality and quantity of fish present.
 He catches the desirable fish when available with great efficiency, and
 returns the less desirable;  he directly alters the fish habitat by
 introducing his wastes to the water and sediment.  The resulting tur-
 bidity, oxygen depletion, and toxicity have eliminated preferred fish
 food forcing the desirable fish to vacate and spawn elsewhere.   The
 less desirable species then proliferate since competition for available
 food has decreased.  Unfortunately most of man's activities have been
 detrimental.

     Commercial fish catch statistics, gathered by the U. 5. Bureau of
 Commercial  Fisheries, have provided a long record of the relative abun-
 dance of desirable fish species in Lake Erie (Tables 32 and 33 and
 Figure 52).  In recent years, continuing surveys have been introduced
 by federal  and state agencies on the reproductive phase of the life
 cycles of  fishes and limited predictions of future populations are now
 possible.

     The sturgeon almost disappeared from catch statistics at about the
 turn of the century.  The cisco, once the dominant species of the com-
mercial catch, experienced a sudden decline in 1926, showed a slight
 recovery,  and declined to insignificance in 1957.  Whitefish declined
 drastically in the commercial  catch in 1955.   The walleye began a drastic
 decline in  1957 and is still in great distress.   The blue pike, which
 formerly produced several million pounds per year became nearly extinct
 in 1958.

     The yellow perch has managed to hold its own, but it also shows
 signs of weakening in the commercial  catch.  It is the only plentiful
 fish remaining of the former many prized varieties.   The smelt Is now
commercially  exploitable and it, along with yellow perch, is sustaining
the fishing industry in Lake  Erie.
                                  143

-------
  20-
   li-
   16-
   14-
              HIGH YEAR

             ^35,291,000 IBS.
                  CISCO
                             U.S. LAKE ERIE

                              FISH  CATCHES

                               5-YEAR RUNNING

                                 AVERAGES
o

I  ,2-

O
a.


O
z
o
I  •-
   *-
   4-

          1920
                        BLUEPIKE

                        «^

                          HIGH YEAR
                           19,909,000 IBS.
v? vX-Xv!
i H mm
: •#*•: :•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:
? $m
% ®m
f, .;•,•.•::•: .
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                      1940


                      YEAR
                                      6,162,000 IBS.
                                    i
                                   1960
                         144
                                                            FIGURE 52

-------
    1 tyited states and Canadian
r —
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'17
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56
82
A A
i44 —
!6S
!45
'84 sso
>4° 4,345
*19 13 . 508
^"ll^ig-

>59 1960
pounds^.
burbot) .
' — *""•*
hoad
" i _
1,061
2,499
2,367
2,381
3,359
3,624
3,365
3,4£2
4,020
£,770
~~S,~5S6 "

_. 1960
"JJJ. UK
bass-'
- —
611
383
360
447
655
553
701
3,485
5,C92
4,111
~3,451

1954
—
t a-cg7 Channel Carp
__1^~ catfish^
1,350
1,120
1,030
1,462
980
623
5G6
661
413
s:-:^
2,024

1930
— • . —
604
1,110
631
70C
641
948
1,093
1,589
1,770
1,484
2,228

1317
.
2,480
7,544
3,189
2,659
2,689
2,593
2,077
3,007
4,171
4,276
137410

1314
	 	 — —
ot&7
er-
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100
2,015
1,476
1,594
1.SS4
1,744
2,226
273
733
792
~~

•
Total
_Production
53,923
63,g-50
45.742
43,263
44,013
36,716
44.510
45,134
61,355
52.014
76.313
1315
"••- •• .—
Inder walleye,
.sin,"

-------
                          TABLE

           Average combined amu
:tion for specified periods of ma;
                     (thousands
                      Wall-  Yell
                       eye   pei

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-------
     The capability of Lake Erie to support fish, considered as a
total population of all species, has apparently been maintained and
may be increasing.  This means that the habitat is changing in favor
of such fish as carp, alewife, shad, sheepshead, etc.  These are
generally considered as indicators of general water quality degra-
dation.

     Massive adult and near-adult fish kills occur in Lake Erie and
have occurred on various occasions for many years.  These kills are
not associated with the decline of desirable species.  Species which
have been susceptible to kills have commonly been perch, white bass,
alewife,  smelt, gizzard shad, and carp.  Kills seem to be more common
in the months of June and August.  Occasionally during times of large
commercial catches, the appearance of a local kill may be given by
the discarding of fish from commercial fishing operations.  Sometimes
fish kills have been called natural die-off, but this does not appear
to be a good explanation.   At any rate, it does not appear that massive
fish kills have had a measurable effect on any ppecies in Lake Erie.

     Doubtless the changing benthic fauna of Lake Erie have had an
effect on the fish population because many fish are bottom feeders and
prefer certain types for food.  It is also true, however, that most
fish will  adapt themselves, at least up to a point, to the diet at
hand.  The total effect of changing food supply is not known,  but it
can be said that the effect has been detrimental to most desirable
species and these desirable species are carnivorous types.

     Desirable fish species, according to the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, are experiencing difficulty in reproduction and this dif-
ficulty is responsible to a great degree for the decline of these
species.   The cause appears to be pollutional in silting of spawning
areas and depletion of dissolved oxygen.
                                  147

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                               CHAPTER   5
LAKE   ERIE   BACTERIOLOGICAL   CHARACTERISTICS
                             WATCR BACTERIOLOGY

           The U. S. Public Health Service conducted  microbiological inves-
       tigations of Lake Erie and  its drainage basin in  the spring, summer,
       and  fall of 1963 and 1964  in order to determine present microbiological
       quality of the waters. Further objectives were to  determine points of
       influx and extent of sewage and fecal contaminated  waters and to aid
       in the evaluation of microbiological water quality  criteria for major
       uses.  The following table  shows the groups measured and the frequency
       of measurement.
                Groups used

       I.   Total coliform, 35°C
           a.  Membrane filter (MF)
           b.  MPN (most probable  number)

       2.   Fecal coliform, 44.5°C
           a.  MF
           b.  E.G. (Escherichia coli.)
           c.  MPN - E.G.

       3.   Fecal streptococci, 35°C
           a.  MF (Kenner, etc.)

       4-   Total bacterial count
           a.  MF, 20°C
           b.  MF, 35°C

       5.   Enteric pathogens
           a.  Sal mone Ma, Sh i ge I I a
           b.  Enteroviruses
           Frequency
    a 11  routine samples
    selected samples
    a 11  routine samples
    10-20$ of a I I samples
    \Q%  of all samples
    a I I  routine samples
    all  lake and inshore samples
    all  lake and inshore samples
               determinations were made
               Standard Methods  for the
    Tributary & bathing beach samples
    Tributary & bathing beach samples

in accordance with procedures set
Examination of Water and Wastewater,
     Al I
forth in	
llth Edition,  I960, or in accordance with those established through
research at the Robert A. Taft  Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio, and  described in Recent Developments in Water Microbiology,  1964.

     The coli form group is defined as consisting of aerobic and faculta-
tive anaerobic, gram-negative,  non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria
which ferment  lactose with gas  formation within 48 hours  at 35°C.
                                      148

-------
     The members of the coliform group are found  in the feces of warm-
 blooded animals, including man; in the guts of cold-blooded animals,
 in  soils, and on many plants.  The presence of coliform bacteria de-
 rived  from warm-blooded animal feces  in a body of water is interpreted
 as  indicative of the possibility of the presence of enteric pathogens.
 Increased densities of coliform bacteria found in water are related to
 the greater possibility of their association with enteric disease-
 producing groups found in the gut of  ill persons.

     The fecal coli form group is that part of the coliform group asso-
 ciated with fecal origin in  warm-blooded animals.  The purpose of the
 test is to separate the members of the coliform group into those of
 fecal and non-fecal origin.  The test is based on the ability of coli-
 form bacteria associated with warm-blooded animals to grow at 44.5°C ±
 0.5°C and the failure of coliform bacteria from cold-blooded animals,
 plants, and soil to grow at  that temperature.

     The sanitary significance of the fecal coliform bacteria in a body
 of  water is described (Public Health Service, 1963) as follows:

          "In untreated waters, the presence of fecal  coliforms
           indicate recent and possibly dangerous pollution.   In
           the absence of fecal  coliforms, the presence of inter-
           mediate or aerogenes organisms suggests less recent
           pollution or runoff.   Present information indicates
           that non-fecal  subgroups tend to survive longer in
           water and resist chlorination more than E.  coli."

     High total  coliform densities, accompanied by high fecal  coliform
 densities, indicate the presence of human wastes and the possibility
of  human enteric pathogens capable of causing enteric infection and/or
 disease.

     The fecal streptococcus group is any species of streptococcus
commonly present in significant numbers In the fecal  excreta  of humans
or other warm-blooded animals, rarely occurring in soil  or in vegeta-
tion not contaminated with sewage.   The Public Health  Service (1963)
states that:

          "The presence of fecal  streptococci  means that the  fecal
           pollution is present  in amounts no greater than orig-
           inally present or in  reduced amounts comparable to the
           combined effects of natural purification processes, for
           they  do not multiply  in water to produce overgrowths as
           sometimes occurs with the col I form groups."

     Recent research studies (Geldreich et.al.,  1964)  indicate that
when the ratio of fecal  coliforms  to fecal  streptococci  exceeds 2:1
the fecal  bacteria have originated from domestic sewage, whereas ratios
                                 149

-------
of |:| or less are indicative of wastes from warm-blooded animals
other than man, such as stockyard and dairy animals.

     The total bacterial  count was determined after incubation at 35°C
t 0.5 for 24 hours ± 2 hours, and at 20°C ± 0.5 for 48 hours ± 3 hours.
The method was used to determine an approximation of all  viable bacter
ial populations able to produce colonies under the test procedures.
The tests were used to provide information applicable to water quality
evaluation and to give support to the significance of coliform test
resuIts.

     Enteric pathogens were detected according to methods described
by Edwards and Ewing (1962).  The resulting data were used to demon-
strate the existence of enteric pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella
and Shi gel la  in streams draining into the Lake Erie basin.   The data
were correlated with associated bacteriological data.

     The presence of enteric pathogenic bacteria in a body of water
indicates a potential health hazard.

     Enterovi rus studies were conducted by Dr. Norman Clark, of the
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.  Enteroviruses such as
infectious hepatitis, polio, coxsackle, and echo viruses and adeno-
viruses may be found in large quantities in the feces of infected
individuals, and in sewage.  Infections with these agents are wide-
spread  in the normal population especially during the summer and
early fall.  Presence of these viruses in a body of water is indica-
tive of the presence of fecal matter containing them.

                                WESTERN BASIN

     Bacterial water quality in western Lake Erie in offshore waters
was measured  in 308 samples collected in 1963 and 1964 from the fixed
depths of surface, 5, 10, and 20 meters, depth permitting.   In order
to achieve a more valid picture of bacterial distribution,  it was
necessary to separate the values according to "surface" and "lower-
most" conditions.  Samples collected from mid-depth and deep waters
revealed a substantial reduction in bacterial densities from those of
the surface, and this was true in all three lake basins.   A consistent
and significant increase in bacterial densities at all depths was
found at the  inflow areas of major tributaries.

     Median total coliform densities for surface and lowermost samples
are shown in Figure 53 and Figure 54, respectively.  Surface coliform
concentrations are expressed in six ranges:   less than I, I  to  10,  10
to 100,   100 to 500, 500 to  1,000, and 1,000 to 2,400 organisms per  100
ml of sample.  Lowermost coliform values include just the first five
ranges.
                                150

-------
FIGURE 53

-------
FIGURE 54

-------
     It is evident that extensive bacterial pollution exists at the
mouth of the Detroit River.  Off the mouth, median coliform values
of 1,000 to 2,400 organisms per ml were found in the surface samples
and 500 to 1,000 per ml in the lowermost samples.  Fecal coliform
densities ranged from  18 to 54 percent of the total coliforms.  Num-
bers of fecal streptococci were less than either fecal or total coli-
forms.   The ratio of fecal coliform to'fecal streptococcus exceeded
2:1 at all depths, indicating the presence of human wastes derived
from domestic sewage.  Total bacterial counts near the Detroit River
mouth exceeded 20,000 per ml in the maximum values, indicating the
presence of a large amount of organic matter.

     From this zone southward to east of Stony Point, Michigan, both
surface and subsurface samples showed median total coliform concen-
trations between 500 and 1,000 organisms per 100 ml, exceeding this
range in maximum values.  Fecal streptococci densities were below 20
organisms per 100 ml.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal strepto-
coccus averaged 16:1,  indicating the presence of domestic sewage.
Total bacterial  densities at 20°C and 35°C ranged from 2,700 to 59,000
organisms per ml, with slightly higher values at 20°C.

     A zone of median coliform densities of 100 to 500 per ml  with
three to six percent fecal coliform, along the west shore, was shown
only in the lowermost samples, with surface samples showing median
counts of less than 100 per 100 ml.   It appeared that the Raisin River
was supplying polluted water.  Similar total coliform densities were
found in waters north of Pelee Island with five to ten percent fecal
coliform.  Fecal streptococci showed a median of 32 organisms  per 100
ml.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus did not exceed
2:1, indicating a source from warm-blooded animals other than  man.

     A zone of median coliform densities of 10 to 100 per  100  rnl in
surface samples radiated south, southwest, and southeast from  the
Detroit River mouth area, extending into the southern island group
and to the Canadian shore in the Pigeon Bay area.  Lowermost samples
were similar in area but slightly different in zonal shape.  Other
areas showed a median total coliform  range of I  to  10 organisms per
100 ml.  Fecal streptococci median values were less than 20 organisms
per  100 ml in areas with less than 100 coliforms per 100 ml.

                                CENTRAL BASIN

     Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and total
bacterial counts at 20°C and 3b°C were made on 1,228 samples from
central Lake Erie.  Samples were taken at the surface and at 5, 10, 20,
30, 40, and 50 meters, depth permitting.  Samples taken at mid-depth
and below are referred to as "lowermost" samples.
                                   153

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     Samples collected from surface waters showed higher bacterial
densities than the lowermost samples except for an area around the
mouth of the Chagrin River (see Figures 53 and 54).

     The highest median total  coliform values in the central  basin,
100 to 500 organisms per 100 ml, were shown in deep water samples in
the offshore area near the Chagrin River.  Maximum values reached
3,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Fecal coliforms ranged from 4 to 14 per-
cent of the total coliform densities.  The ratio of fecal coliforms
to fecal streptococci  ranged from 6:1 to 15:1, indicating pollution
by domestic sewage.

     Median total coliform values of  10 to 100 organisms per 100 ml
were found in surface samples from two offshore areas.  One area was
around Cleveland, extending approximately 20 miles north and 30 miles
northeast (Figure 53).  Maximum coliform values for this area exceeded
5,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Median total coliform densities in lower-
most samples (Figure 54) ranged from  10 to 100 per ml, but did not
exceed 5,000 per 100 ml.  Median fecal coliform densities ranged from
4 to 70 percent of the total,  indicating the presence of pollution
from domestic sources.  Fecal  streptococcus densities exceeded 20 or-
ganisms per 100 ml  in the maximum values.  The ratio of fecal coliforms
to fecal streptococci  was 2:1  or greater at all  depths, indicating the
presence of human wastes derived from domestic sewage.  Total bacterial
counts in this area at 20° and 35°C at all  depths ranged from 91 to
740 per ml in median values and from 570 to 73,000 per ml in maximum
values.  The pollution effect of the Cuyahoga River was evident.  The
gross pollution from the Cleveland area was apparently kept close to
the United States shore and followed the shoreline east of Cleveland.

     The second area of median total coliform densities of 10 to 100
organisms per 100 ml was located along the Canadian shore near Port
Stanley and was shown in surface waters only (Figure 53).

     Median total coliform values of  I to 10 organisms per 100 ml  were
found in a major portion of Central Lake Erie offshore surface and
lowermost waters as shown in Figures 53 and 54.   Maximum coliform
densities were below 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.  The ratio of fecal
coliform to fecal streptococcus was 1:1  or less.  Total bacterial
counts at 20° and 35°C ranged from 5 to 110 per ml in median values
at a I I  depths.

                                EASTERN BASIN

     Bacterial values were also measured in 255 samples of eastern
basin water.  As in the other basins, the lowermost samples showed
lesser densities than surface samples.

     An area of median total coliform densities of 10 to 100 organisms
                                  154

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per  100 ml In surface samples was located around Presque Isle, Penn-
sylvania.  Maximum values were 3,400 coliforms per 100 ml, fecal
coliforms of 44 percent, and fecal streptococcus of 1,200 organisms
per  100 ml.  In general, the coliform population from the Presque
Isle area was diffused in a fan-like pattern and dissipated in a
distance of approximately five miles from the shore.   High coliform
densities in maximum values accompanied by high fecal  coliform values
were indications of domestic sewage pollution.

     Another major zone with median total coliform values in the sur-
face samples of 10 to 100 organisms per 100 ml extended over most of
the eastern half of the basin (Figure 53).  The lowermost samples had
a median range of I to 10 coliform bacteria per 100 ml decreasing to
less than I north of the international  boundary (Figure 54).  Median
fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus values ranged  from less than I
to 12 organisms per 100 ml.  Total bacterial counts ranged from 60 to
420 at 20°C and from 10 to 50 per ml at 35°C in median values.

                       LAKE EXIt; HARBORS (SOUTH SHORE)

     Evaluation of the quality of these waters was made in 1964 from
the examination of water samples collected from representative sam-
pling points at surface and mid-depth levels.  Bacterial  pollution
was measured in terms of total  coliforms, fecal  coliforms, fecal strep-
tococci, and enteric pathogens.

     Gross bacterial pollution was demonstrated at the mouths of Ottawa,
Maumee, Portage, Black, Rocky,  Cuyahoga, Chagrin,  Grand,  Ashtabula,
and Buffalo Rivers.

OTTAWA RIVER AND MAUMEE RIVER

     A median total  coliform value of 90,000 organisms per 100 ml  was
observed in the Ottawa River which empties into Maumee Bay.   The mouth
of the Maumee River contained a  median  of 190,000  coliform organisms
per 100 ml.   High median fecal  coliform (125,000/100  ml)  and fecal
streptococcus (1,000/100 ml) densities  were accompanied by enteric
pathogenic bacteria.  Six species of Salmonella were  isolated in the
Ottawa and Maumee Rivers.  The peak incidence of Salmonella occurred
from January through AprlI  1964.

     Bacterial  pollution in the  Toledo  Harbor became  well  diluted within
2 to 4 miles lakeward of the mouth where median coliform values ranged
from 100 to 1,000 organisms per  100 ml,  with 10 to 50 percent fecal
coli forms.

PORTAGE RIVER

     Results from Portage River, at its mouth, showed a median coliform
                                  155

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level of 17,500 organisms per 100 ml, with 14 percent fecal  coliform.
The median fecal streptococci count was 1,100 organisms per 100 ml.
SaImone11 a organ i sms were found during the spring survey.

SANDUSKY HARBOR

     Sandusky Harbor median total coliform densities ranged from 800
to 6,000 organisms per 100 ml with correspondingly high fecal  coliform
results.  The median total coliform value of 6,000 organisms per 100
ml with a fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus ratio of 18:1  was dem-
onstrated at a sampling point east of the Sandusky sewage treatment
plant.  From the tip of Cedar Point lakeward, median total  coliform
values were less than 1,000 per  100 ml.  In the Sandusky River highest
bacterial  densities were found near the Fremont treatment plant and
the presence of SalmoneI la was revealed.

LORAIN HARBOR-BLACK RIVER

     Results from Lorain outer harbor, lakeward of the river mouth
showed a median total coliform range of 100 to 9,000 organisms per
100 ml with 16 to 53 percent fecal coliform.  Fecal streptococci
median values ranged from 19 to 340 organisms per 100 ml.  Median
total bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C ranged from 600 to 150,000
organisms per ml.   The coliform numbers in the outer harbor corres-
pond to those in the Black River above the Lorain sewage treatment
plant.

     The median total coliform counts at the mouth of the Black River
ranged from 6,900 to 28,000, while maximum values exceeded 2,000,000
organisms per 100 ml.  Median fecal coliform densities ranged from 2
to 64 percent of the total, and median fecal streptococci showed
values of 200 to 500 organisms per 100 ml.  Sal mone I la_ organisms were
found just above the mouth of the river.

     The outflow of the Black River was traced, bacteriologically,
into Lake Erie approximately one mile to the north and east.  Stations
west of the breakwall showed median total coliform values of less than
1,000 organisms per  100 ml.

ROCKY AND CUYAHOGA RIVERS - CLEVELAND HARBOR

     Median coliform densities greater than 5,000 organisms per 100 ml
were observed at the mouths of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers.  Maximum
coliform densities ranged from 560,000 to 1,200,000 organisms per 100
ml.   Fecal coliform population ranged from 8 to 10 percent of the
total coliform, and fecal  streptococci showed values from 900 to
49,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Fourteen SalmoneI la serotypes were
isolated from the mouth of Cuyahoga River and ten from the mouth of
Rocky River.  These findings are attributed to the gross pollution of
                                  156

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human wastes entering these streams.  The water  leaving Rocky and
Cuyahoga Rivers carries bacterial pollution  into Lake Erie.  Results
obtained from sampling points north and east of the Rocky River,
approximately one-half mile from the shore,  showed median coliform
densities  in excess of 1,000 organisms per  100 ml, reaching a level
of 86,000  in the maximum values.  The total  coliform results inside
and  immediately outside of the breakwall in  Cleveland Harbor showed
median coliform values from 3,300 to 10,000  organisms per 100 ml with
9 to 30 percent fecal coliform.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal
streptococcus ranged from 5:1 to 30:1.  Maximum total coliform values
showed a level of 520,000 organisms per 100  ml north of the breakwall.
The maximum total bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C inside and outside
of the breakwall ranged from 13,000 to 660,000 organisms per ml.
These results indicate that the water inside and immediately outside
of the breakwall is polluted to the extent that it cannot safely be
used for municipal  water source, recreational, or for other uses in-
volving body contact.  A marked decrease in  total coliform and an
increase In percentage of fecal coliform organisms in the harbor was
noted during the study.

     The gross bacterial  pollution from these two tributaries is lost
within a distance of 2 to 3 miles into the lake (Figure 55).  The
pollution tends to flow northeast and east of the harbor, becoming
diffused and diluted as it moves into the lake.  It is apparently
forced close to the United States shore and  follows the shoreline east
of Cleveland.

CHAGRIN RIVER

     Median coliform density in the Chagrin River at its mouth showed
a level  of 7,300 organisms per 100 ml, reaching a maximum of 90,000,
with 23 to 50 percent fecal  coliform.  The ratio of fecal strepto-
coccus ranged from 2:1  to 3:1.   Three species of SaImonella were
isolated from river samples indicating pollution from human wastes.

GRAND RIVER - FAIRPORT HARBOR

     The highest bacterial  densities in the Grand River were observed
2.3 miles above the mouth.   The median total coliform value was 15,000
organisms per 100 ml  with 40 percent fecal  coliform.   The maximum coli-
form was 340,000 organisms per 100 ml.   The median ratio of fecal  coli-
form to fecal streptococcus was 8:1.  Two species of  SaImonelI a were
found at this sampling point and represented the presence of pollution
from domestic fecal  sources.  Median coliform densities of 1,400 or-
ganisms per 100 ml  with 1 percent fecal  coliform were observed just
above the river mouth.   The maximum total  coliform densities reached
a level  of  8,000 organisms per 100 ml.   The median ratio of fecal  coli-
form to fecal streptococcus was 1:1.
                                   157

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FIGURE 55

-------
      In the Fairport Harbor, inside the breakwalls and beyond the
river mouth, median total coliform densities ranged from 15 to 540
organisms per  100 ml with 4 to 67 percent fecal coliform.  The median
fecal streptococci count exceeded the fecal coliform count at one
station.  A count of 3,200 organisms per 100 ml was observed during
the study.  These findings indicate pollution from sources other than
man.  A maximum total coliform density encountered was 34,000 organ-
isms per  100 ml.  Median total  bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C
ranged from 280 to 6,700 organisms per ml, reaching the highest level
of 710,000 organisms per ml.

ASHTABULA RIVER

     Median values of total coliform levels in the Ashtabula River
at its mouth, and in the Ashtabula Harbor, inside the breakwall, ex-
ceeded 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.  A range of 17,000 to 64,000 coli-
form organisms per 100 ml was demonstrated in the maximum values.
Median fecal coliform densities ranged from II to 28 percent of the
total coliform at the mouth of  the Ashtabula River and from 6 to 40
percent in the Ashtabula Harbor inside the breakwall.  The ratio of
fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus was as high as 176:1  in the
harbor.  SaI moneI  I a he i deI be rg  was isolated at a sampling point 0.7
miles upstream.  The waters in  Ashtabula River, at its mouth, and  in
the Ashtabula Harbor, inside of the breakwall, were found to be in
a continual state of gross pollution in terms of microbiological
parameters.  Bacterial  quality  of these waters were unacceptable for
recreational purposes and at times for municipal  or other uses.  Water
west of the breakwall was of good bacterial quality.  Waters north and
northeast of the breakwall  showed total coliform densities of 2,700
to 3,300 organisms per 100 ml  in the maximum values.

ERIE HARBOR - PRESQUE ISLE

     Study of the microbiological  results of sampling in the Presque
Isle area reveals low coliform  densities on the west side of the
peninsula near the shore.  The  results from sampling stations located
north and northeast of the isle indicate a substantial  increase in
coliform densities in the maximum values.  A corresponding increase
in coliform values was observed in Erie Harbor.  Median total coliform
values of 2,100 to 17,000 organisms per 100 ml were demonstrated in
samples collected from Erie Harbor stations located near Mill Creek
and in the ship channel.   Maximum total coliform in this area reached
a value of 520,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Median fecal  coliform den-
sities in waters north and east of Presque Isle ranged from 3 to 12
percent of the total  coliform densities and fecal  streptococci  counts
averaged from I to 10 organisms per 100 ml.  The ratio of fecal coli-
form to fecal  streptococci  ranged from 2:1  to 5:1  in the median values.
The source of this pollution is probably Mill  Creek.  SalmoneI la or-
ganisms were isolated from 80 percent of the samples collected in  both
Mill  Creek and the harbor.   The same organisms were found in Erie's
                                  159

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sewage.  Generally, the water quality at the stations west of Presque
Isle was of satisfactory quality for swimming purposes.   The water
quality north and east of Presque Isle varied considerably.  The max-
imum total coliform values of 2,800 to 15,000 organisms  per 100 ml
indicated the pollution entered the lake intermittently, constituting
a health hazard in the immediate vicinity along the eastern shore.

BUFFALO RIVER

     The Buffalo River showed a median total coliform concentration
of 25,000 organisms per 100 ml  near its mouth with 14 percent fecal
coliform.  Salmonella was isolated from this area.  The  Buffalo River
is grossly polluted bacterially.
                                  160

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	1962.  Water pollution and the ecology of some aquatic
     invertebrates in the  lower Detroit River.  U. of Mich. GLRD Pub.
     No. 9.
                                 165

-------
Huntington, E., 1947.  Principles of human geography.   John Wiley &
     Sons, London.

International  Joint Commission, 1951.  Report of the International
     Joint Commission U. S.  and Canada on pollution of  boundary
     waters.   Washington and Ottawa, 1951, 312 pp.

Johnson, W. H., 1948.  Limnological  investigations of  central  Lake
     Erie.  Rept.  to U. of Western Ontario.

Keller, Myrl,  196?.  A survey of sport fishing intensity and success
     in Ohio waters of Lake Erie 1959-60.  Ohio Div. Wildlife, Columbus.

Kiernau, T. W., 1965.  Grand canal  concept.  Massive diversion to aid
     Great Lakes.   Electrical World, Aug. 9,  1965.

Kramer, J. R., 1961.  Chemistry of Lake Erie.  U. of Mich.  GLRD Pub. 7:
     27-56.

Krecker, F. Y. and L. Y. Lancaster,  1933.  Bottom shore fauna  of western
     Lake Erie:  A population study to a depth of sic feet.  Ecol .  14
     (2):  79-93.

Langlois, T.  H.,  1954.  The western  end of Lake Erie and its ecology.
     J. W. Edwards,  Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.  479 pp.

Leverett, F.,  1902.  Glacial formations and drainage features  of the
     Erie and  Ohio basins.  USGS Won. 41.

Leverett, F.,  and F. B. Taylor, 1915.  The Pleistocene  of Indiana and
     Michigan  and the history of the Great Lakes,  USGS Mon. 53.

Lamar,  W., 1953.   Chemical and physical examination.  Lake  Erie pollution
     survey -  final  report.   Chap.  4:  81-123.  Ohio Dept.  Nat. Res.

Munter, C. F., I960.  Chemical observations on pollution.  Limnological
     Survey of eastern and central  Lake Erie, 1928-20,  by C. J. Fish
     and associates, USFWS Spec. Sci. Rept. - Fish. No. 334:  111-122.

National Sanitation Foundation, 1965.  Report on metropolitan  environ-
     mental study, sewerage and drainage problems, administrative
     affairs.   147 pp.

Neil, J. H. and G. E. Owen, 1964.  Distribution, environmental requirements
     and significance of Cladophora in the Great Lakes.  U. of Mich. GLRO
     Pub. No.  I I:   I 13-121.

Ohio Dept. of  Health,  1953.   Report of water pollution  in Maumee River
     Basi n.
                                 166

-------
              I960.  Report of water pollution study of Cuyahoga
     River Basin.
              1966.  Report on recommended water quality criteria
     for Lake Erie including interstate waters, Ohio-Michigan and
     Ohio-Pennsylvania.  Div. of Eng., presented to Ohio Water Pollu-
     tion Control Board, Nov. 1966.  55 pp.

Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, 1953.  Lake Erie pollution survey, Div.
     of Water, Columbus, Ohio.   125 pp.

              1959.  Water inventory of the Cuyahoga and Chagrin River
     basins.  Div. of Water, Columbus.

	I960.  Water inventory of the Maumee River basin, Ohio.
     Div. of Water, Columbus.

	1961.  Water inventory of the Mahoning and Grand River
     basins and adjacent areas in Ohio.  Div. of Water, Rept. No. 16.

	1961.  Water temperatures at Put-in-Day, Ohio, 1918-1961.
     Div. of Wildlife, Publ. No.  W-189.

O'Leary, L. B., 1966.  Synoptic vector method for measuring water mass
     movements in western Lake Erie.  U. of Mich. GIRD Pub. No. 15:
     337-344.

Olson, F. C. W.,  1952.  The currents of western Lake Erie, Ohio State
     U. Ph. D. Thesis.

Osburn, R. C., 1926.  A preliminary study of the extent and distribution
     of sewage pollution in the west end of Lake Erie.  Ohio Div. Fish
     & Game (mimeo).  6 pp.

Palmer, C. M., 1959.  Algae in water supplies.  USPHS Pub. 657:  12-13.

Parmenter, R., 1929.  Hydrography of Lake Erie.  Preliminary report  on
     the cooperative survey of Lake Erie - Season of 1928.  Bull. Buff.
     Soc. Nat. Sci. 14(3) :   25-50.

Pegrum, R. H., 1929.  Topography  of the Lake Erie basin.  Preliminary
     report on the cooperative survey of Lake Erie - Season of 1928.
     Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 14(3):  17-24.

Phelps, E. B., 1944.  Stream sanitation.  John Wiley & Sons, London, Eng.

Pincus, H. J., et al., 1951.  1950 investigations of Lake Erie sediments
     in vicinity  of Sandusky, Ohio.  Ohio Dept. Nat. Res., Div. of
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Pincus, H. J., 1953.  The motion  of sediment along the south shore of
     Lake Erie.   Proc. 4th  Conf.  on Coastal Eng., Council on Wave
     Research.
                                  167

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Rodgers, G. K., 1962.  Lake Erie data report, 1961.  U. of Toronto,
     GLI, Prel. Rept. Ser. No. 3.  139 pp.

	  1963.  Lake Erie data report, I960.  Prel. Rept. No. II.
     Great Lakes Institute, Toronto, Ontario.

	1963.  Lake Erie:  Recent observations on some of its
     physical and chemical properties, Part II.  Proc. 6th Conf. on
     Great Lakes Res., Great Lakes Res. Div., U. of Michigan.

Rodgers, G. K., 1964.  Great Lakes Institute data record, 1962 surveys.
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     Ser. 16.  97 pp.

              1965.  The thermal bar in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
     U. of Mich. GLRD Pub. No. 13:  358-363.

Ross, A. R., 1950.  Pleistocene and recent sediments in western Lake
     Erie,  U. of Mich.  Ph. D.  Thesis.

Sawyer, C. N.,  1947.  Fertilization of lakes by agricultural and urban
     drainage.  Jour. New England W Wks. Assoc. 61:  109-127.

	  1965.  Problem of phosphorus in water supplies.  Jour.
     AWWA 57(11):  1431-1439.

Say I or, J. H., 1966.  Modification of nearshore currents by coastal
     structures.  U. S. Lake Survey.  Misc. Paper 66-1.

Shelford, V. E., and M. W. Boesel,  1942.  Bottom animal communities of
     the  island area of western Lake Erie in the summer of 1937.  Ohio
     Jour. Sci. 42(5):  179-190.

Streeter, H. W., 1953.  Bacterial and sanitary analyses.  Lake Erie
     pollution survey - final report.  Chap. 3:  29-80.  Ohio Dept.
     Nat. Res.

Taft, C. E., 1940.  Additions to the algae of the west end of Lake Erie.
     Ohio Jour. Sci. 42(6):  251-256.

Tiff, W. M., 1955.  The zooplankton of western Lake Erie.  Limnological
     survey of western Lake Erie, by Stillman Wright.  Spec. Sci. Rept.
     Fish.  (139).  USFWS:  200-249.

Tiffany, L. H.,  1937.  The filamentous algae of the west end of Lake
     Erie.  Amer. Midland Naturalist, 18(6):  911-951.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,  1957.  Effect on Great  Lakes and St.
     Lawrence River of an increase of 1000 cubic feet  per second  in
     the diversion at Chicago.  Division Engineer, North Central  Div.
                                  168

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U, S, Public Health Service, 1951.  Lake Erie drainage basin, a coop-
     erative state-federal report on water pollution.  Water Pollution
     Ser, (II), USPHS Pub. I 19.  42 pp.  '

U<, S. Deptc  of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1961.  National  Water
     Quality Network annual compilation of data,  October I, I960 -
     September 30, 1961,  Public Health Service,  Pub. No.  633.   545 pp.

U, S. Dept.  of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1962.  National  Water
     Quality Network annual compilation of data October I,  1961  -
     September 30, 1962.  Public Health Service,  Pub. No.  633.   909 pp.

	1963.  Water Resources Planning and procedures manual.
     USPHS, Washington.
              1964.  Recent developments in water microbiology.   Div.  of
     Water Supply and Pollution Control.   R.  A.  Taft San.  Eng.  Center.

	1965.  Report on pollution  of the  Detroit River and
     Michigan waters of Lake Erie and their tributaries.   Detroit River
     Enforcement Project, Grosse Me, Mich.

U. S. Dept. of Interior, 1966.  Report on water  pollution  in the Lake
     Erie basin, Maumee River area.   FWPCA, Great Lakes Region, Aug.
     1966.

              1966.  Water oriented  outdoor recreation, Lake Erie basin.
     Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Ann Arbor.

	1967.  Report on water pollution in the Lake Erie basin,
     northeast Ohio area.  FWPCA, Great Lakes  Region (in press).

U. S. Dept. of Interior, 1967.  Report on water pollution in the  Lake
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     Region (i n press).

Van Oosten, J., 1930.  The disappearance of the Lake Erie cisco—a
     preliminary  report.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 60:   20-42.

	          1948.  Turbidity as a factor in  the decline of Great Lakes
     fishes with special  reference to Lake Erie.   Trans.  Am.  Fish.
     Soc. 85: 281-322.

Verber, J. L.,  1955.   Surface water movement in western Lake  Erie.
     Proc. Int. Assoc.  Theor. Appl. Limn.  12:   97-104.

	1957.   Bottom deposits of western Lake Erie.  Ohio Dept.
     Nat. Res., Div. Shore Erosion, Tech.  Rept.  4.
                                169

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              1961.  Long and short-period oscillations in Lake Erie.
     Ohio Div. Shore Erosion.  98 pp.

Verduin, J., 1954.  Phytoplankton and turbidity in western Lake Erie.
     Ecol. 35(4);  550-561.

              1964.  Changes in western Lake Erie during the period
     1948 to 1962.  Verhandle. Int. Ver. Limnol.  15:  639-644.

Weibel, S. R.,  R. J. Anderson, and R. L. Woodward, 1963.  Urban land
     runoff as  a factor in stream pollution.  Trans. 36th Ann. Mtg.
     Water Pollution Cont. Fed.,  Oct. 9, 1963.  27 pp.

Welch, P. S., 1952.  Limnology, 2nd ed.  McGraw-Hill.  538 pp.

Wilson, C. B.,  1929.  The macroplankton of Lake Erie.  Preliminary
     report on  the cooperative survey of Lake Erie-season of 1928.
     Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.  Sci. 14(3):  94-135.

Wood, Kenneth G. 1963.  The bottom fauna of western Lake Erie, 1951-52.
     Great Lakes Res. Div., U. of Mich., Pub. No. 10:  258-265.

Wright, Stillman, 1932.  Pollution in western Lake Erie.  The Fisherman
     1(6):  3-4 and 10.

      	1955.  Limnological survey of western Lake Erie.  Spec.
     Sci. Rept. Fish. (139) USFWS.  341 pp.

Zullig, A. M., 1929.  Bacteriological  studies of Lake Erie.  Prelimin-
     ary report on the cooperative survey of Lake Erie-season of 1928.
     Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 14:   51-58.
                                170

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                                                              150
                           George Harlow

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Are there any questions or
  2
       comments?

  3              MR.  LIONi  Mr,  Chairman,  I think this is a  good

  4    report.  There is  one minor point that  ought  to be clari-

  5    fied for the record.

  6              In summary,  the  beaches — I  think  one through

  7    ten  -- on  Presque  Isle are shown as one beach,  and they

  8    are  actually ten separate  beaches and they are  separately

  9    sampled  and we  have separate data for all  of those beaches,

 10    and  the  fact is we  do  have ten — in fact  eleven — but

 11    you  have listed one through ten as  one  beach, and  it  is

 12    ten  beaches.

 13             MR. HARLOW:   I knew  you were  going to  ask that

 14    question, Walter,  or clarify that point.

                CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   Any further  questions or
 15
       comment s?
 16
                MR. METZLER:  I  think as far as  New York  is con-
 17
       cerned we will have some specific comments in the New
 18
      York statement.  Perhaps.it will be just as well to handle
 19
      it at that time.
20
                On this matter of one beach versus ten, I would
21
      like to know:  how did you identify what was a public
22
      beach and what wasn't?  How did you count these?
23
                MR. HARLOW:  It wasn't easy, Mr. Metzler.
24
                MR. METZLER:  Of  course it wasn't.
25

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                                                            151

                          George Harlow

  1
                MR. HARLOW:  Because you run into the problem,

  2
      when you try to evaluate satisfactory bathing beach water


      quality anywhere as to what is a beach and what isn't a

  4
      beach.  We considered, of course, whether people swim


      there and whether it was open to the public.  We also


  6    considered whether county departments of health considered


  7    whether it was a bathing beach or not, and whether they


  8    tested water quality.  A number of these factors went


  9    into it  and I recognize that there is a certain amount


10    of judgment applied here to decide what is a bathing


11    beach and what is not a bathing beach.


12              We tried to emphasize, of course, I think, in


13    the report the beaches that are used to a great extent


14    by the public.


15              MR. METZLER:  Did you then check this with some


16    of our — well, either our regional office in New York


17    or the local health departments to see what they thought


18    were public beaches for which permit might be required,


19    and what was not a public beach?


20              MR. HARLQW:  We discussed it with the various


21    offices around the lake.


                Another problem we run into is different States


      interpret them different ways, and we tried to be uniform


      in our interpretation.
24

                MR. METZLER:  Well, the problem is a very
25

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                                                              152
                           George Harlow

  1    difficult one because I recall going all down that lakefront

  2    in a helicopter on a holiday  and the whole lake  or the

  3    beach in New York State was being used.   There was hardly

  4    a mile that somebody wasn't in the water.   So you can  take

  5    that positionJ but it seems to me if you start trying  to

  6    list the beaches that are satisfactory and  unsatisfactory,.

  7    then you almost need to  take whatever the local or the

  8    State authorities have identified as a beach, subject to

  9    permit.

 10              MR.  HARLOW:   I think one  of the ones that I

 !!    know I mulled  around in my mind whether  it  was a  beach  or

 12    not  was  Times  Beach.   I don't  know whether  you are  aware

 ,3     of that  or not,  but  it is up at the  mouth of  the  Buffalo

       River.   It is  not  a  very good  spot  for a beach, but the

       county department  does sample  it  for coliform bacteria and
 15
       we might have  bathing  water  quality  standards  there.
 16
                 MR. METZLER:   Well,  it  seems to me you  determine
 17
       it on the  basis  of whether the  Erie  County  Health Depart-
 18
       ment  issues a  permit for it.   If  they  issue a  permit,
 19
       it is a  public beach;  if they  don't  it is  not.
 20
                MR. HARLOW:  By the  way, I think  you might be
 21
       interested to know that  in regard to New York  especially,
 22
       we had comments  from Mr. Seebald, I believe, and it may
 23
       have been your office  —  I don't  quite recall  —  on our
 24
       original evaluations of the New York bathing beaches
25

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                                                             153
                           Col. Amos L. Wright
  1
      and there were some  changes.
  2
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any further comments or
  3
      questions?
  4
                If not, thank you very much.
  5
                MR. POSTON:  As the next part of our presenta-
  /^
      tion, I would like to ask Col. Wright, District Engineer,
  •7
      who is from the Buffalo office, who is in charge of the

      pilot dredging program  to make his presentation at this

  9   time.

 10             COL.WRIGHT;  Thank you, Mr. Poston.

 11             MR. POSTON:  Would you proceed?

 12             COL. WRIGHT:  Tea, sir.

 13              Mr. Chairman and gentlemen.  I am Colonel

 14    Amos L. Wright, District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

 15    District, Buffalo.  Today I am representing Brigadier

 16    General Robert M. Tarbox, Division Engineer of North

      Central Division, Corps of Engineers.

18              The United States Army Corps of Engineers

19    appreciates the opportunity to present at this meeting

20    information on our program to identify the pollution prob-

      lems associated with the disposal of dredgings, and to

22    develop procedures for insuring that State water standards

      are met.  We believe it will be helpful in your consid-

      eration of the progress made since the Enforcement

      Conference of 19&5 to improve and preserve the quality

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                                                             154

                           Col. Amos L. Wright



  1    of the Lake Erie waters.  The information is in two parts:



  2              a.  A brief narrative of the Corps1  approach



  3    to identify the problem and to determine  solutions that



  4    are in the best public interest;  and



  5              b.  Our program of actions  during the transition



  6    period, prior to determination of long-term solutions.



  7              Shipping and Development:



  8              To the American economy,  transportation  of



  9    commodities on the Great Lakes is a most  important use of



 10    this  great natural resource.   There have  been tremendous



 11 I   population  growth and intensive  industrial  developments



 12    along the  shores of Lake Erie,  in part because  of  low-



 13    cost  water transportation.  Both  have contributed  to a



 14    serious pollution problem which,  in some  localities,



 ,5     impairs the  aesthetics and recreational aspects  of the



       water resource,  threatens its utility as  a source  of
 16


       water supply,  and  pollutes the materials  which we  must



       dredge  in  our  harbor maintenance.
 18


                Maintenance  Dredging;
 J.»7


                 The  need  to  dredge arises because  of the



       location of  harbors on the Great  Lakes, predominantly at
 
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  1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
                                                       155
                    Col. Amos L. Wright

lakes.  The areas were selected so as to be remote from

water intakes and swimming beaches.  During this time

there is no history of contamination of beaches or water

supply intakes attributable to lake disposal of dredgings.

Now, I should make it clear that not all of the material

to be dredged is polluted.  At the Lake Erie ports tested

by FWPCA, it appears that there are several areas where the

material to be dredged is suitable for disposal in the
 g    lake.

10              The Problem:

,., ,             Immediately after the Lake Erie Enforcement
   I
      Conference in 1965, we investigated the feasibility of
12
      alternate disposal areas for a number of the Great Lakes
JL.O
      Harbors.  First, we looked at the possibility of using
14
      upland diked disposal areas.  However, one does not have

      to look at more than a city map of any of the ports
16
      which have grown and thrived with the commerce resulting
17
      from our navigation projects to realize that unused land
18
      above water on which dredge spoil can be placed just is
19
      not available, in most cases, within a reasonable distance
20
      of the harbor and channel which must be maintained each
21
      year.  And in most ports where there is intensive land
22
      use, additional filled areas of the type that dredged
23
      material would provide, are not desired by local interests.
24
      In considering the use of more distant land disposal
25

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                                                             156
                           Col. Amos L.  Wright

       areas,  the costs of rehandling the  dredged materials and

  2    transporting them rapidly drive the costs of maintenance

  3    sky high.

  4              So,  instead  of trying to  find upland areas,  we

  5    took a  look at how we  could dispose of  large quantities

  6    of  dredge  spoil  in the water along  shore, alongside of

  7    the breakwater in or near the  harbor, or in shallow

  8    water areas of a bay.  And, let me  explain, gentlemen,

  9    that when  I refer to "large quantities  of dredge spoil,"

 10    I am talking about  quantities  like  1,205,000 cubic yards

 II    which have  to  be taken from Outer Harbor and Cuyahoga

 12    River at Cleveland  each year.  To give you an idea of the

 13    size  of the problem, that  amount would cover a city block

 14    of  Cleveland about  150 feet deep.

 15             Our investigation — back in 1966 — indicated

       that, at most ports where the bottom material is polluted,
 16
      there are possibilities for the use of diked disposal

       areas in the water.  When the areas are filled in  they
 18
      might have some use.  However, we estimated that the cost
 J. i7
       of constructing dikes to hold about ten years of dredging
 20
       spoil, plus the increased costs of handling the material,
 21
      would substantially increase the cost of harbor mainten-
 22
      ance.  The increase in cost varied considerably from
 23
      harbor to harbor, but in general the net cost per cubic
 24
      yard of maintenance dredging would be increased from two
25

-------
                                                             157
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

      to five times.

  2              This raised a question concerning the responsi-

  3    bilities of local interests to provide the diked disposal

  4    areas at local cost.  Congress authorized many of these

  5    lake harbors to be constructed with the provision that

  6    materials dredged in the annual maintenance of these

  7    harbors would be placed in lake disposal areas*  Open

  8    lake disposal was specified in almost all of the author-

  9    izing documents for the Great Lakes harbors before the

10    days of the Water Pollution Control Act and related legis-

11    lation.

                Of course, this was because of the distinct
-L
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                                                              153
                           Cv.1. Amos L. Wright


  1   maintenance  cost,  there  should be further  study  of


  2   alternatives and further consideration of  the public


  3   benefits  of  using  alternative methods of dredgings


  4   disposal.  Therefore, the Bureau requested that  we and


  5   the FWPCA jointly  conduct a pilot study of the problem.


  6   We were asked to study alternate means of  disposing of


  7   dredged material,  the pollution effects of the alternates


  3   and the costs.  The FWPCA was asked to assist us in


  9   determining  the effects and to identify the benefits


 10   that would be gained from the various alternatives.


 X1             In August 1966  we received $1 million to begin


 12   the study, and we were granted an additional $5 million


      in fiscal year 1963 to continue it.  We expect to
 J. O

      receive sufficient funds to complete the study in


      fiscal year 1969.
 15

                Early in 196?  we initiated our Pilot Program
 16

      for Disposal of Dredgings from Great Lakes Harbors.   Its
 17

      objective is to develop the most economical methods for
 18

      management of whatever pollution problems may result
 19

      from dredging operations on the Great Lakes.
 20
                The Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
 21
      tion is participating in the program by sampling, testing
 22
      and analyzing the materials to be dredged and the waters
 23
      surrounding them, as well as by participating in discus-

 24
      sions of various methods under study.  The Fish and

25

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                                                             159
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright

  1    Wildlife Service  of  the Department of the Interior and

  2    the  Public Health Service of  the  Department of Health,

  3    Education, and Welfare are also advising us.

  4              The Corps  has engaged the services of a Board

  5    of five consultants  to assist  us  in the Pilot Program.

  6    Eight localities  on  the Great  Lakes have been selected

  7    for  the Pilot Program.  These  are;  Great Sodus Bay on

  8    Lake Ontario; Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo and River Rouge

  9    at Detroit on Lake Erie; Calumet  Harbor and River, Indiana

10    Harbor and Green Bay on Lake Michigan.

,-,              They were  selected for  two basic reasons:

      One, to test the  effectiveness and compare costs of
J-«5

      different types of disposal areas, structures, methods
-LO

      of handling the dredged material, and methods of treating
14
      any  effluent from the disposal areas; and, two, to obtain
15
      this data at various representative harbors, with the
16
      degree of pollution varying from  heavy to negligible.
17
                Great Sodus Bay is a harbor with no discernible
18
      pollution problem.  The others are considered to be
19
      polluted to various degrees.   This slide shows the harbor
20
      at Great Sodus Bay
21
                ... Slide  ...
22
                To mention a few examples of methods under
23
      investigation:
24
                . •. Slide  ...
25

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                                                              160

                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright

  1              This slide shows the enclosed area we have built

  2    at Buffalo;  there we are  looking  at the suitability of

  3    slag as a material for constructing dikes for a disposal

  4    area where the dredged spoil  from the  Buffalo River is

  5    placed within the enclosure in different ways.

  6              ...  Slide ...

  7              This is a slide of  our  experimental area  at

  8    Cleveland; the dikes are  made of  crushed rock with  a

  9    filter blanket.   We are experimenting  with two different

 IQ    methods of placing spoil  from the Cuyahoga River in the

 •Q    area,  and also filtering  the  water in  the  area  to return

 12    it to  the harbor.

 , „               ...  Slide ...

                 Here we  have a  picture  of the  diked disposal

       area in Maumee Bay at Toledo.
 J.D
                 ...  Slide ...
 16
                This slide shows our area in the River Rouge
 17
       at Detroit with a  dredge  tied  up  and pumping  out through
 18
       the pipeline leading to tne discharge area.
 19
                At a number of  locations  we will test various
 20
       methods of treating the effluent  from the disposal
 21
       operation.  We are also investigating the feasibility
 22
       of disposal in pits, mines and other areas away from the
 23
       lake.
 24
                An important part of the  Pilot Program consists
25

-------
                                                             161

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


       of  sampling water and bottom sediments at the dredging

  2
       areas and in the vicinity of the alternate disposal

  3
       areas and conducting various tests on the samples.  The


  4    samples are being taken before, during and after the


  5    dredging operations.


  6             While it is too early to draw any conclusions,


  7    we  have found thus far that it is not too difficult to


  8    estimate costs of building structures, transporting and


  9    handling the spoil.  But it is very difficult to measure


 10    the benefits of ceasing to place spoil in the open lake,


 11    especially when we cannot discern any change in water


 12    quality after dumping, and it is extremely difficult


 13     to  determine the effect on living things in the vicinity.


 14              We are working to complete our investigations


 15     and to render a report by the end of December 196#.  In


       our report, we will present our recommendations on
 JL6

       alternate methods of disposing of and treating polluted


       dredged materials, including the economic implications
 18

       of any significant changes in maintenance costs.  We
 JL J

       contemplate presenting recommendations for each individual


       harbor that has been designated by the FWPCA as polluted.
 
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                                                             162

                           Col.  Amos L. wright
  1     sharing.
  o
                 Local  Cooperation;


  3               I  emphasize  local interest participation because


  4     some  people  seem to feel that the disposal  of  dredgings


  5     from  navigation  channels is solely a Corps  of  Engineers


  6     problem which the Corps can solve simply by putting the


  7     dredgings  on land rather than in the authorized lake


  8     disposal areas.  However, while the Congress has assigned


  9     to the Corps the work  of providing and maintaining


10     navigation depths at authorized river and harbor projects,


11     the current  congressional policy in connection with such


12     projects has been that, where they are needed, disposal


13     areas and retaining dikes or bulkheads will be provided


14     by local interests at  local expense as a part of the


       local cooperation required for the projects.
J.D

                Of additional concern, to local industry and
16

       commerce using Great Lakes harbors, is the necessity to


       dispose of materials dredged from private and public
18

       ships and alongside of docks,  outside of the Federal
-L \s

       channel.  It is the responsibility of the owner to get
20

       this done and to pay for it.  And I might emphasize that
21

      the owner must make every effort to find suitable areas
22

       other than in the lake to dispose of the spoil.
23

                With reference to Congressman Ashley's remarks

24
       this morning, since the agreement went into effect last

25

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                                                             163
                           Col.  Amos  L.  Wright

  1    year with  the Department  of Interior, no permit has been

  2    issued to  any private interest wishing  to dispose  of

  3    materials  in the lake in  which items of pollutants have

  4    been found.

  5               Actions by the  Corps:

  6               At this point,  it is appropriate that I  set

  7    forth the  various actions the  Corps of  Engineers is taking

  Q    in disposal of dredged material:

  9               1.  Under the Pilot  Program,  alternate methods

 ,_    and areas  for disposal of dredged material containing

      pollutants were used during the calendar year 196?

      dredging program at six localities: Buffalo, Toledo,
 JL*£
      River Rouge at Detroit, Indiana Harbor, Calument Harbor
 JLo
      and Green  Bay.  This year we added Cleveland to this
 14
      list on a  pilot scale.  Thus at four of the harbors on Lake
 15
      Erie that  contribute most of the dredge spoil, a goodly
 16
      portion is being placed in enclosed areas at this time.
 17
                 Again, here, parenthetically  I might remark
 18
      that the figures given by Congressman Ashley were mis-
 19
      leading.   He used total figures which we provided him,
 20
      but because of the lesser amount of material to be
 21
      dredged in Toledo, when you add up everything, there is
 22
      actually less dredging containing polluted material
 23
      going into the lake in 196S than there  was in 196?,
24
      contrary to the impression that he left.
25

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                                                             164
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright

                 2.  In addition to the Pilot Program localities,
  o
       arrangements are being made for the use of alternate
  2
       disposal areas at Monroe Harbor on Lake Erie.  A land

  4    disposal site has been provided by the Port Authority

  5    and hopefully the diking will be completed to permit use

  6    of the area in 1966.

  7              3.  Each district engineer or his executive

  8    assistant has visited local authorities at every port

  9    where the FWPCA has reported that the material to be

 10    removed by dredging contains pollutants.   We informed

 11    them of the extent of the problem and of the possible

 12    requirement for the use  of suitable  alternate areas  and

 13    methods of disposal of polluted dredged materials.

                 Program for the Rest of This Year - 1963:

                 While,  at this  time,  we are still developing
 JLO
       long-terra solutions for disposal  of  dredgings from
 16
       polluted harbor areas, interim solutions  have been and
 17                          '
       will  be necessary.   Our program for  the remainder of
 18
       calendar year 1963 dredging  is as follows:
 19
                 1.  At  polluted harbors, alternate  disposal
 20
       areas are being used during  1963  where arrangements can
 21
       be made for suitable areas.
 22
                 2.  Ports where the FWPGA  has determined that
 23
       the channel  and harbor contain  polluted materials and
 24
       where local  authorities are unable to  provide a suitable
25

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                                                             165

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


      alternate disposal area in 196S have been individually

  2
      considered.  Where postponement of dredging would result

  5
      in an economic hardship for the port and region, it is


  4   being accomplished as authorized by the Congress in the


  5   1968 maintenance program, with the dredged materials placed


  6   in the authorized disposal area in the lake.


  7             3.  At three Lake Erie ports and in areas where


  8   the FWPCA has determined that there are no significant


  9   pollutants in the material to be dredged, the clean dredged


10   materials will be placed in the authorized disposal areas
   11
11 ji   in the lakes.  Incidentally, that amounts to several
   i i

12 ;   thousand cubic yards.  The figures that Congressman Ashley


13 i   used this morning are somewhat frightening.  I might just

   ij
14 i   parenthetically remark here, too, that those measurements


15    are made on an in-place basis at the bottom of the lake.


      The yard contains about fifty per cent water, so what he


,„    is talking about in the moving of fifty per cent of each


      cubic yard is moving water.
18

,_              4.  A report on the Pilot Program for determin-


      ing alternate systems for disposal of polluted dredged


      materials will be completed by the end of 196$.  The


      feasibility and efficacy of each method of handling,
22

      moving, treating and containing various types of polluted
23

      dredged materials and the applicability to each local
24

      port will be known.
25

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                                                             166

                           Col. Amos L. Wright


                 5.   The Pilot Program report may recomnend use

  2
       of alternate  disposal  areas  for the  disposal of polluted

  2
       dredged material at some harbors where the material is


  4    now being placed in lake disposal areas.   The report will


       consider and  make recommendations for  legislation,  where


  6    appropriate,  to  include consideration  of  the share  that


  7    local ±rt erests  should bear  of  the costs  of alternate


  8    disposal methods in accordance  with  the current policy


  9    for new projects.   The report will also address itself


 10    to the  question  of economics of alternate maintenance


 11    methods.


 12              All  of us should recognize that after our report
    I

 13    is submitted  it  will take some time to carry out its


 14    recommendations.   If structures  are to be built they must


 15    be designed and  funded, then actually constructed.   Funds


       must be  appropriated for added costs of alternate disposal


 17     methods.   These  actions will undoubtedly  take many


       months.   Thus, we  will continue  to be faced  with the


 19     necessity  of disposing of some dredged materials in  the


2Q     open lake  for  some* time to come


21               Conclusion:


                 In summary, the Corps  of Engineers agrees that


       everything possible should be done to find ways to ensure


       water of acceptable quality  in the Great  Lakes.  The
24

       Corps is working with IWPCA  and  others to determine
25

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                                                               167
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright

      means of disposal  and management  of  dredged materials  so

  2   that  they will not degrade  the water quality  of  the

  3   lakes.   We  expect  to complete the study in December  of

  4   this  year.  We will stop  placing  dredge spoil in the lake

  5   from  any harbor just as quickly as lands and  dikes are

  6   provided; when it  can be  shown that  a worse problem  is

  7   not created; and when money to pay additional handling

  8 |  and treatment costs is provided.  On the other hand, I

  9   will  not recommend that the taxpayers'  money  be  spent

10   for costlier methods of disposal  where  it is  doubtful

11 !  that  any benefit in pollution abatement or otherwise
   I;
12 \\  can be derived.  It is essential  that everyone under-
   ti
13 ;  stands that this problem  of dredgings disposal implies

14 •  local and State responsibilities  also.  Local interests
    i
15   may have to locate  and provide suitable disposal areas

      if it is judged that pollutants in the  dredged material
16
      will degrade the lake water,  and may have to  share with

      the Federal Government the  added  costs  incurred.  We need
18
      your understanding  of the problem and your assistance
J. i/
      in reaching a solution in the best public interest.
20
                Immediate absolute  interdiction of disposal  of
21
      any dredged materials in the Great Lakes is as imprac-
22
      ticable as telling the cities discharging heavy pollutants
23
      into the waters to discontinue the practice today.  We
24
      can introduce whatever new harbor maintenance procedures
25

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                                                               166

                           Col. Amos L. Wright


       that may prove to be necessary in the same time frame that

  2
       communities are being given for adoption of improved treat-
  2
       ment plants, and our problems will be greatly reduced as


       communities and industries effect a better treatment of


  5    their wastes.  A transition period is needed.  We are in

  6    that period, and I can assure you that whatever pollution


  7    problems there are associated with the maintenance of


  8    ports can be corrected in accordance with the same time


  9    schedule developed for other aspects of the clean waters

 10    program.


 11              Thank you very much.


 12              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank you, Colonel.


 13               Are there any comments or questions?


 14               MR. LYON:  Yes,  Colonel,  you said,  "I  will not


 15     recommend that the taxpayers1 money be spent  for costlier

 16     methods  of disposal where  it  is  doubtful  that any benefit

 ,7     in  pollution abatement  or  otherwise can be  derived."

                 Could you explain how  you would decide that

 lg     there would be a pollution  abatement benefit  from change


 2Q     in  practice?

                 COL.  WRIGHT:  We  haven*t  been able  to  find as
 
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                                                            169
                          Col. Amos L. Wright

      whether the water quality is actually changed to any

 2
      great degree by the dike disposal methods.  We haven't

 2
      found any yet.

 4              MR. LYON:  I assume we are both talking about

 5    polluted spoil material.

 6              COL. WRIGHT:  This is spoil material which

 7    contains pollutants.

 8              MR. LYON:  Yes.  Well, the reason I make this

 9    point is because I am sure you are aware — you heard

10    this morning the amounts of money that are being spent

11    by the city of Detroit and the city of Cleveland and the
   i
12 I   industries — they are also not aware of the direct
   t
13    pollution abatement benefit, but this is based on a general

14    assumption that by stopping to put pollution into the lake

15    we are doing something good for the lake.

,„              I did talk about the model idea.  That might
ID

      give us some of those answers} but the fact is that all

      of what these conferees here have recommended is based
18

      on a general assumption of a general benefit, and you

      are really proposing here a much more constrained evalua-

      tion of the benefit that really at this point we all agree
& J.

      cannot be done*  We all have to agree that putting
22

      pollution into the lake is going to cause an adverse
23
      effect.  That is generally the assumption we are operating
24
      on.
25

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                                                              170

                           Col. Amos  L. Wright


                 So,  ray basic question is:   whether you would buy


  2    the assumption that all of the other polluters  have  bought,


  3    and that  is that you have  just got to stop  putting pollution


  4    in the  lake.


  5              COL. WRIGHT:   We are not opposed  to altering our


  6    methods at all;  and,  as I  say, we will start placing the


  7    spoil any place tomorrow when  we get  a place to put  it


  8    and when  we are convinced  it doesn't  cause  a worse problem


  9    and when  somebody gives us the money.


 10              Now,  as to  a  judgment as to whether this is


 11    going to  be in the  taxpayers1  general interest  or not,  I


 12    am not  going to  recommend  that something be  done  which


 13    I  am not  convinced  will be of  benefit  to the taxpayer.


 14              Now,  if the intangible benefits are such that


       we  can't  place  a  dollar price  on them and the  intangible
 JL O

       benefits  indicate that  it  would be a  good idea  to spend
 16

       this money, then  we will make  that recommendation.
 17

                MR. LTON:  But,  Colonel, you are trying to apply
 18

       a cost benefit type philosophy to pollution  abatement that
 J_ j

       the Corps has done  effectively  in flood control.  We canft
 20

       do  that in water pollution control, and because we can*t
 21

       do  it, our respective legislatures and the Congress have
 22

       decided that it is  in the  general interest to abate
 23

       pollution, and they have passed laws and made it  a matter

24
       of  public policy.

25

-------
                                                             171
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright


                 Now, the question is whether the Corps is willing


  2    to follow that type of broad evaluation of the benefit of


  3    not putting pollution into the lake,


  4              COL. WRIGHT:  We are certainly willing to put


  5    it any place that people  give us  money to put  it, and our


  6    report will try to measure the benefits which  the Bureau


  7    of the Budget has asked us to measure.


  8              We placed a program of  a $100 million


  9    before them  and they turned it down.   Apparently, they


 IQ    weren't convinced that  it was worth spending that kind of


 H    money.   They asked us to  make a study.   We  are making that


 12    study   and we will tell them the  best we can whether it is


      to  their benefit to appropriate the money to do it.
 lo

                 Now,  I am not saying we wonft  recommend for or


       against at this point.  I  am saying that it is up to them
 J.D

       to  decide.   I  am saying it is very difficult to measure
 16

       the benefits and that I am not going to  recommend some-
 17
       thing  that I am ultimately convinced will be a waste  of
 18
       the taxpayers1  money.
 19
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any further questions?
 20
                 You know something  bothers me  about  this whole
 21
       proposal and the study  and maybe it needs a little  clari-
 22
       fication.
 23
                 As I  understand  the Corps* action now,  their

 24
       policy  now is when dredged materials are  considered to be

25

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 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10
18

19

20

21

22

23

24 i
   I
   I
25 ^
                                                       172
                    Col. Amos L. Wright

polluted by FWPCA, you find an alternate disposal site

if it is available and put it there.  Right?  And you are

spending extra money to do it.

          COL. WRIGHT:  No, we are not.  If we can do it

at the same cost, we do.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  In other words, you don't spend

any extra money.

          COL. WRIGHT:  We don't have any extra to spend.

          MR. LYON:  See, this is where the problem is,

Mr. Chairman, that the Corps is using a completely differ-
      ent philosophy in making pollution-abatement policy than
   |
12(|   we are.
   11
13 j|             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I understand.  But why would

      you take a polluted material and, for example, not dump

      it on the land?  I don't know about the Lake Erie

      situation, but I assume you have some land disposal
16 j
      areas around Lake Erie now of polluted materials.
          Right?

          COL. WRIGHT:  Right.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  And you know the specifics in

Lake Erie.  Before you began putting them on land, you

used to dump them in the lake, is that correct?  You just

changed?

          COL. WRIGHT:  To some extent, yes.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Why are you doing that?

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   I!                                                         173

   [j                       Col.  Amos L.  Wright
   I i

 1 j!             COL. WRIGHT:   All right.  Some of this is in the

   1
 2 j   Pilot Program for which the Congress has provided money.


 3 !             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
   |l
   !

 4 i             COL. WRIGHT:   And some  of it — like at Maumee
   i
   j
 5 i   and Grassey Island — it is more  economical to place it


 6    on those areas.


 7              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You haven't got an arep/^here

   i
 8 i   you used to put polluted material in the lake, You
   I i
   !i
 9 jj   are now putting it on the land?   For example — because
   ij

10 ||   I have been through this, I am a  little more familiar with
   i i


11 I   it — in the past, the Corps was  taking material out of

   i!
12 Jj   Indiana Harbor and dumping it in  the lake.  Now, they have

   i

13 ji   other means of disposing of that  on land.  I understand

   lj

-.A    that they are doing it, because under the terms of the
•!••* j,


15 11   agreement that the Corps and FWPCA has entered into, if


      this material that has been dredged up from Indiana Harbor


 7 ;,   is considered to be polluted, they are putting it on the

   i
      land or in the diked area.  They  used to put it in the


19 ji   lake.  I believe, if I am not mistaken, that it is costing


^ |   them a little more to do that.
**"*  i

„, !:             COL. WRIGHT:  That is why we are using the Pilot
iiL ij

   ;i   Program money in doing it,
&& \\

   11             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, what harm  was it doing
23 ii
   |.

   !   when you dumped that polluted material in the lake?
24 i;

   i             COL. WRIGHT:  We haven't been able to detect

-------
                                                            174
                          Col. Amos L. Wright

 1    any harm.

 2              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Then why are you spending the

 3    taxpayers' money to put it on the land?
   i
 4              COL. WRIGHT:  We have been told to make a

 5    study.

 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, but you are doing more

 7 j   than the study.  The Indiana Harbor is more than a study.

 8    I think that we have to come to grips with this operation,

 g    and I guess we have a copy of the agreement here, because

10    this is the kind of thing that we may get hooked on.  If
   11
      we are committed right now to taking what is not polluted

      material and putting that in an alternate site right now

      and not putting it in the lake; if you contend that it
j_ O
   i
      isn't worthwhile doing unless you can demonstrate a harm

   |   then you have to assume that the polluted material, on
-L O j
      which we have signed the agreement with the Corps of
16
   '   Engineers, is doing the harm.  If it is not doing any
i? ;
   J   harm, why do we get all of these high public officials
le !
      together and get an agrement, sign it, and decide to go
19 I
   i   through this program, unless we adopt the notion that we
20 I
   ;   are adopting the philosophy we have asked Detroit and
21
   |   Cleveland and all the other places to do:  to keep the
22
      pollutants out of the lake.
23
   |             Because it seems to me we have gone beyond the
24 j
   i|   point of no return if this isn't doing anyone a bit of

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                                                              175

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


  1    harm to  put  that  stuff from Indiana Harbor  —  and  I  know


      these Indiana boys are here — I don't want to pick  on  them,


  3    but  I am just familiar with that — or from Calumet  Harbor  -


  4    into the lake, and it is not doing the least bit of  good.


  5    Why  did  we waste  all of the taxpayers1 money in going


  6    through  this minutiae and making alternate arrangements  to


  7    take the spoil from those places and putting it in alternate


  8    sites?


  9              COL. WRIGHT:  I think there is a  general uncon-


10    cern on  the  part  of all of us — myself included —  that


11    we may indeed be  doing some harm and it is  worth looking


12    into to  find out, and that is why we are doing the study,


13    and  that is  why we have concluded these agreements.


14              MR. LTON:  You are a lawyer and I am not,  but


15    to me the Federal Water Pollution Act — and I  understand


      it doesn't just cover the States but also the  Federal
16               u

      Government — says, in effect, that pollution  shall  be


      abated.  I don't think it says that pollution  shall  be
18

      abated if there is a direct measurable benefit.  Am  I
19

      correct  about that?  I don't think you heard me.
20

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I was looking for the agreement.
21

                COL. WRIGHT:  Were you addressing the question
22

      to me?
23

                MR. LION:  No, I was asking —
24

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Go ahead.

25

-------
   !|                                                         175-A
   i                        Col. Amos L. Wright
   i
  1  i            MR. LYON:  The question  is:  Does  the  Federal
   I
  2 I   Act say that pollution  shall be abated, period?   Or  does

  3    it say pollution  shall  only be abated  if there is a

  4    measurable benefit?

  5 \             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The Congress has  not  adopted
    !
  6    a cost benefit theory on pollution abatement.  Neither
    !
  7  |  have any State legislatures.  This has been  proposed time
    i
  8    and time again.
   j
  9 i             As you  know, you have a  definition of  pollution

10    in your legislature; all States have it.  We have  worked

11 ]i  on a Suggested State Water Pollution Control Act with  many

12 j   people at this table that recommended it.

13  !            Under the Federal Act, any pollution which
   i:

14 j   endangers health  or welfare of any person is subject
    i
15    to abatement and  this is not subjected to this cost-benefit
   ]i

16 i!  theory.

17              Now, I  would hate to think that we had a

18    pollution measure by which we had  to protect health  and
   I;
i_q I  at the same time  we would try to evaluate a  cost-benefit
   j i
2Q i;  theory and get some child sick or  cause irreparable

21    damage by putting that in.  I would hope I wouldn't be

22    given the task of figuring what the cost of  that child's

03 I   illness would be  or putting that in a cost-benefit ratio.

   j   Maybe someone else could handle that, but I would  excuse

      myself.

                MR. LYON:   Of course,  we don't do that.  Did

-------
                                                            176

                          Col.  Amos L.  Wright



      the Congress in passing the Federal Water Pollution  Act



 2    in any way exclude the  Corps from this Federal policy?



 3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well,  now,  you may have asked,



 4    as we say in the law,  one question too many.   The problem



 5    that we have in the Federal Act — and this has been



 Q I   the problem with any Federal agency — and this is the
   i


 7 j<   statutory construction  in your State unless Congress



 8 i   says so specifically the  sovereign doesn't regulate



 9 ;   itself,



10 j             In other words, as we have pointed  out many,



1;L    many times, we are a sister agency with the Corps.  We



12    have no authority to tell the Corps what to do.  We  go



      before the same authorities as the Corps.  Now, the
X O i'


      Executive Order governs this or agreements govern this.



_,  '   We may be able to deal  with a State or an industry or a
15


      municipality, but as far  as another Federal agency our
16


      law does not cover that.   The Executive Order does.
i *~*


                COL. WRIGHT:  Mr. Lyon, I think this question



      of policy is really a  fruitless debate here.   We have
1 9


      been asked to respond to  a Bureau of the Budget request
20


      that we put some kind  of  a dollar sign on benefit-s so

21 :

      that they can, in their wisdom, decide whether it is

22 j,

   I   worthwhile or not to go into this amount of work.

23 :<

   :             Now, we are  going to do our  best to provide



      them with that kind of  a  dollar sign;  and in  doing so —

-------
                                                            177

                           Col. Amos L. Wright
  1
       I think my statement is perfectly in order — that we don*t

  2
       want to provide them with information on which we think

  3
       it is useless to spend money.  That is quite aside from
  4
       the policy matter of the Federal Water Pollution Control
  5
       Act in which the Congress has expressed what we believe to
  /^
       be the will of the people.  It certainly is my will that

  7    we do everything possible to abate pollution.  But when it


  8    comes around to the next day or the next month or the next

  9    year  to provide the dollars to abate the pollution, they

 10    must have some kind of a yardstick to decide where to


 11    put the dollars.     If we can give them some light which

 12    will help them make that decision  so that they make the


 13    wisest decision, this is what we are obligated to do.

 14    I  have no intention of representing the Corps of Engineers


 15    as being against any law that the Congress has passed  or

 16    any feeling on the  part of anybody that we can abate

 17    pollution.

 lg               I merely  want to point out that we do have a

 19     problem that is not  solvable  ove might,  and that it does

20     have  dollar and cents  aspects to it which people  are going

21     to have  to  face up  to.

                 CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   I  can agree  with all that. But
22

       let me make one point  clear — and I  was  trying to get
<£o

       this  document  here  —  maybe you  have it,  Colonel,  or
24

       someone  in  the Corps — evidently we don't — over and
25

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   I                                                          178
   I                       Col.  Amos L.  Wright
   i
 l \
   \   above the  Bureau of the Budget request for a study,  and

      the $1 million and the $5 million appropriations, there

      has been an agreement entered into between the  Corps of
   i
   I   Engineers  and/or the Department of the Array and the

 5    Department of the Interior on a policy.

 6 i             As I understand this agreement,  it divides —

 7    again, I am hesitant and  I'd like the record to show

 8    this because I don't like to speak to anything  of a  real

 9    technical  nature like that without having  it before  me  —

10    but, in general, it classifies the dredged material  in

11 :   several classes.

12              On the one hand, you get the materials which

13    are classified as polluted, and,  on the  other extreme

14    are relatively benign materials if they  were discharged

15    in the water.

IQ              As I say, I have read this agreement  very, very

17    carefully.  The only reason I am hesitant  is because I

18    don't have it before me.   But as I recall  the agreement,
   i
19    if there are polluted materials such as  we have found in

20 (i   many harbors, we are, right now,  to find alternate methods
   j'
21    of disposal of those materials.

22              Is that correct?

 3 |             COL. WRIGHT:  If they can be found, that is right.
   j'

   I             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.
   i

^ '             Now, the question — and this  gets me to Mr.

-------
                                                            179

   i


 1                        Col. Amos L. Wright


 2    underlying assumption, then, is that if we find the

 ,
   !   polluted material, we are going to try to keep that out
   • i

 4 !   of the lake as we ask every city and every industry and

   |j
 5    every other Federal installation and the shore Federal


 6    installations to do.  We do that regardless of whether


 7 !   we can find a cost-benefit ratio when that polluted material


 8    hits the lake.


 9              COL. WRIGHT:  That is right.
   i

10              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I share your doubts on that.
   i
   ! i
11 I   I am not sure that if we follow a barge out — and I have


12 |   done this and I have examined the material — and we see
   I

13 jj   that the barge dumps in the lake that we can really assess


14 i   any tangible damage.  I am not sure that this can be done.
   I

   ji             As I understand the agreement, the views of the
   i

   !   State governments and the Federal Government are that
   |

   i   we donft apply that kind of test in pollution control


   i   because what we do know — particularly in something like


   ||   a lake or a river — is that if we take a lot of little


   ij   sources and put them together, we get one big mess and this

-------
                                                             180
                           Col. Amos L. Wright
       really regard for a cost-benefit.   We are not doing that
  2
       study to justify or not justify or let somebody make a
       public policy judgment on the Federal funds,  but on the
  4    present operation.   We are operating under that under-
  5    standing.

  6              COL. WRIGHT:  I don't know that I can agree

  7    completely with you, sir, but I don't think we need to
  8    take  up the time.

  9              There are two agreements that have  been executed:
 10    one is with respect to permit dredging, and in that
 11    instance,  we do submit every  application to the Department

 12    of Interior)  and,  as I say, not a  single one  has been
 13    granted.   With respect to the other agreement,  it is an

 14    agreement  that we  will undertake a study,   In connectioit
 15    with  that  study, we have agreed on a rather  informal basis
 1      that  each  harbor,  during the  period of this study and in
       the subsequent months thereafter until we  can implement
       it, we will,with the Department of Interior, consider each
 18
       harbor individually and sit down and decide what is the
       best  policy for that harbor.  We have done that for this
 *£\J
       year's dredging.  Presumably  we will do it again for next
 & J.
       year's dredging.
 22
                 When we  sat down in December with the Department
 23
       of Interior,  we told them:  we  will put every bit of
24
       dredging we can behind dikes, and  we went  over each harbor
25

-------
                          Col. Amos L. Wright


 1 ij   and the Department of Interior agreed with us as to which


 2    ones we could stop putting any dredging, which ones we
   i

 3 J   could find places to put something and which ones we could
   i

 4    go ahead and continue dumping in the lake.


 5              We will presumably do that again before the


 6    1969 season.  I think that accurately represents what has


 7    happened.

   I
 8 |             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Again, let me make one point.


 9    We sometimes have an assumption — I think the Colonel


10 j   alluded to this in his statement — where we give a city


11    or an industry a reasonable amount of time to put in


12    abatement procedures.


13              I think when we are dealing with dredged materials


14    or the Corps of Engineers — let's adopt the assumption


15    that we want a good measure of this dredging, in any event,


16    to be stopped — we have to, it seems to me, give the Corps


17    and its operations the same kind of consideration that


, p    we are going to give to any city or any industry around
JL o

j 9    this lake.


20              In other words, if we are going to give them a
   i
21    reasonable time, we must consider that we are going to


      give the Corps of Engineers the same reasonable time.


      When we are asking them to do something, we are going


      to have to ask them to do something that is feasible.
24 !

      reasonable and technically obtainable. the same way
25 ii

-------
   |l                                                        132
   !                       Col. Amos L. Wright
   ii
 1 |   we ask the city or an industry.  On the other side, these

 2    are the considerations that sometimes we begin to lose

 3    sight of.  The fact we are dealing with the Government

 4    agencies doesn't mean that suddenly you can wave a magic
    !
 5  j  wand and stop this overnight.  If that is the view, then
    i
 6    we should stop everyone overnight and we just don't do that.

 7              From our point of view — at least I am speaking

 8  j  from the Department of the Interior point of view — on the
   I
 9 !   question of a time schedule operation, we are thinking

10  !  of them in the same kind of framework that we think of

   '!
1;L j I  other people.

,„ ii            Are there any other comments or questions?
-L & |'
   ii
   i;            MR. METZLER:  I would like a comment.
lo jl
   I'
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
14 j;
   !i            MR. METZLER:  Well, it seems to me if we are not
15 i1
   I j
   !   careful that we make the Corps of Engineers or some other
16 i
   |;  public agency a whipping boy in this matter.  I don't see

   I   how we can solve this problem of dredged material and
18 |!
   I'  siltation in the lakes without going back and solving it
19 ]i
   Jj  just like you solve any other pollution abatement problem
& vj j [
   !:  and that is cutting it off at the source.
21 ||
   !            Now, this conference recognized that, at least
22 i                                                               ]
   \  to some extent, by one of the previous meetings, in asking
23 !l
   I,                                                                i
   |'|   the United States Department of Agriculture to come in       j
24 !|                                                                i
   r   with some recommendations for reducing soil erosion and
25 i                                                                i

-------
                                                           183
    |                      Col. Amos L. Wright
  1  |  the washing in of high nutrient materials  including barn-
    i
  2    yard manure.
  3  ;            I think this matter has to be pressed hard and
   1 1
  4    I think we, as professionals, are doing a  very bad service
  5  i  to the public when we indicate that we can stop the
    i
  6    eutrophication of Lake Erie and clean up Lake Erie without
  7    attacking this problem.  This is what I will recommend to
    i
  8    the conferees:  that we again remember that earlier request
  9    of the United States Department of Agriculture and the
10 j   Soil Conservation Service; and that further, then, we go
   i
11    back to our own State agencies, particularly the State
12    Soil Conservation Service or State Boards  or Departments
      of Agriculture, and whatever, the State Agency or Depart-

14    ment of Public Works, Transportation or Highways, because
15    this is where most of this silt is coming  from.  It is
      from construction or it is agriculturally  related, and
-L U  i
      until we can cut down the source substantially we are just
    I  going to have this problem of transferring the sediments
-L c
      around and maybe we will pile them out on  the land awhile
    I
      or maybe we will put them out in the water where it is
20 I
21
   i;             I think this is one of the items to which this
22
      conference should give some serious attention.
23 !
   !!             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I would agree.  I would like to
24 ||
   !;   suggest one addendum to what you say:  In many of the
25 >'

-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright
       harbors,  the Corps is dredging up wastes.   A  lot of these
       wastes don't come necessarily from the farms,  but they are
       industrial wastes.   The Corps didn't put those in the
       harbor.  If we had — and this goes for the States and
       the municipalities and the industries — if we had really
       effective waste treatment facilities, we wouldn't have
       that amount of wastes that are going in.
                 Now, here we have industrial harbor  after in-
       dustrial  harbor on  the lake.   Maintaining  the  economic
       viability  of  the harbor you have to have that  channel  of
       a  certain  depth to get a boat  of a certain  size  in there
       or else  it is not going to be  economical, and  then that
       channel  and harbor gets filled up, and where is  that waste
J.O
       coming from?  From the same industry that is getting the
14
       benefit  of that deep harbor.
15
                 And the point is:  If you expect  the Corps,
16
       again, to  be  not only a dredger but a scavenger  for this
17
       kind of  stuff,  you have to assess the responsibility.
18
                 There is one other point that I really would
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
     like to make  because when we get off on this  we begin
     losing perspective!.  Whether we deal with these peripheral
     problems like oil-well drilling} boat pollution, disposal
     of soil, as far as pollution of Lake Erie  and generally
     of pollution almost anywhere  these are really, really
     minor items and don't forget it.  They are intriguing
     items  but they are minor items.

-------
                                                             1*5
                           Col.  Amos L. Wright

  1               The big major source of pollution comes from

  2     the fixed-shore installations, the big cities  and big

  3     industries.

  4               If the Corps went to work and worked all year

       dredging those harbors and got that maximum appropriation

  6     and took all their wastes and just dumped it willy-nilly -

  7     if they did that,  which they don*t —  into the lake, they

  8     couldn't begin to  compete with one of  the real big cities

  9     and big industries pouring out their wastes 24 hours a

10     day every day in the year.   And this is the thing that

11     we have to remember:   that  when we are dealing with these

       dredgings,  we are  dealing with a refinement here,  and
jL<5
       the essential part of the pollution problem really does
Xo
       not rest with any  aspect, I don»t  think,  of the Corps1
14
       operations,
15
                Are there any other comments or questions?
16
                If not,  thank you very much,  Colonel.
17
                MR.  POSTON:   That is the end of the  Federal
18
       presentation.
19
                CHAIRMAN STEIN;   Let*s call  on  Indiana,  Mr.
20
       Poole.
21
                MR.  POOLE:  Mr. Chairman,  Perry Miller,  who  is
22
       Director of  the Bureau  of Engineering,  is with us,  and
23
       he  will  abstract the  Indiana report.   It  is in seven
24
       pages.   There  is a considerable amount  of repetition from
25

-------
                                                            136
                          Perry Miller

 1 !   the 1967 report,  and in the interest of time I hope Perry
   l|
 2    will leave most of that out.
   I
 3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  All right, but the whole report

 4 jj   without objection will appear in the record as if read.
   I
 5              (The above-mentioned report follows.)

                MR. MILLER:  All Indiana municipalities with

      recognized sewer systems have secondary type sewage treat-

      raent facilities.   Increased surveillance of plant opera-

 9 jj   tion by representatives of the Stream Pollution Control
   i
1Q I   Board has resulted in better operation, increased labora-

   j   tory analyses and more meaningful operation reports.
J- -L j
   |   Implementation of the mandatory certification program
.L & I
      (effective July 1, 1963) will provide additional control
J. O
      over operation of all wastewater treatment plants.

                The Maumee River Plant, operated by the private
15
      corporation of Diversified Utilities, is designed for a
16
      flow of 0.5 mgd.   The activated sludge-type plant with
17
      effluent chlorination is now serving approximately 3,000
18
      equivalent residential customers.  The plant is operating
19
   !   above hydraulic capacity.  Although plans for expansion
20 !
      have been approved, construction has not been undertaken.
21 !
      Diversified Utilities has filed a petition for reorgani-
22
      zation under the  Bankruptcy Act and a trustee has been
23
   |j   appointed.  The treatment facilities are being operated;
24 j;
   !   however, construction of improvements is not indicated in
25 j;
   !l   the near future.   Some consideration is being given by

-------
                           Perry Miller


  1    the city of Fort Wayne to the feasibility of taking over


  2    operation of the facilities.


  3              The city of Fort Wayne   sewer crew provides


  4    routine inspection of flow-regulating structures on com-


  5    bined sewers and inspection following runoff from rainfall


  6    to minimize overflow to receiving waters.  Inspections


  7    of all overflow structures are made at least weekly;  some


  8    inspections are daily or every other day in connection


  9    with servicing of lift stations.   In other municipalities


 10    flow-regulating structures are maintained to minimize


 11    overflows.   Representatives of this office inspect  bypass


 12    structures  during routine surveillance visits.   Combined


 13    sewer systems  are not being proposed or approved in newly


 14    developed urban areas.


 ,               Construction is underway on the facilities  to


       abate the discharge  of lime sludge from the  water treat-
 16

       ment plant  to  the Maumee River.   This project should  be


       completed in 196&.
 18

                The  superintendents  of  municipal sewage treat-
 J- £/

       ment plants advise this  office  of unusual conditions  that
 20

       cause  a material  increase  in the  waste  load  discharged
 21

       to the receiving  stream.
 22 I

                Effluent Chlorination
 23

                The  cities  of  Auburn and Garrett are chlorin-

 24

       ating plant effluents routinely.   The city of Decatur is

25

-------
                                                             188

                          Perry Miller



  1    now going over its chlorination facilities prior to



  2    placing effluent chlorination in operation.  The town of



  3    Waterloo is completing construction of new effluent



  4    chlorination facilities.



  5              The municipalities of Avilla, Butler,  and Berne



  6    expect to submit plans for  effluent chlorination facili-



  7    ties to the Stream Pollution Control Board prior to July



  8    31,  1968.  The change  of municipal  officials  as  of  January



  9    1, 1968, delayed completion of plans for these municipali-



 10    ties.   In addition, the city of Fort Wayne is completing



 11    plans  for effluent lagoons  that will also  receive flows  in



 12    excess of plant capacity.   This project will  include



 13    provisions for chlorination of plant effluent.   Plans



 14    have been approved for plant additions,  including effluent



 15     chlorination,  at New Haven.   All  of these  municipalities



       plan to file applications for P.L.  660 funds  for fiscal
 16


       year 1969.



                 I might say  here,  in connection  with the  state-
 is

       raents  that  you heard this morning from Mr.  Remus and Mayor
 .L k7


       Stokes that the financing in the  municipalities  is  con-
 20


       nected with the grants program.



                 Phosphate Removal

22

                 The  city of  Fort Wayne  has a grant  of  $283,200

23

       to help finance pilot  plant  studies on phosphate removal.

24

       The  original meeting relative to  a  phosphate  removal

25

-------
                           Perry Miller



       project was held with representatives of the Department of

  2

       Health, Education, and Welfare on August 26, 1965.  Initial

  3

       efforts were directed towards negotiating a contract for

  A

       phosphate removal studies between the City and the Federal



  5    Water Pollution Control Administration;  however, this



  6    approach was not finalized.  A formal application was filed



  7    on May 1, 1967, and the revised application which was



  8    approved on March 19,  196S, was filed on July 7, 1967.



  9    As studies proceed on  this project,  Fort Wayne and adjoin-



 10    ing municipalities will have better  guidelines on which



 11    to base the design of  plant scale  projects.



 12              As all municipalities with recognized sewer



 13    systems had secondary  treatment facilities in operation



 14    (except the town of Avilla,  which  was under construction)



 15    prior to the Lake Erie Conference, existing plants were



 16    not designed to maximize the removal of  phosphorous.



 17    However, as information is  made available  relative



       to phosphorous  removal at existing facilities,  the
 lo


 lg     municipalities  will  be required to instigate action to



       improve removals.   Plans submitted for new or improved
 £\J


       facilities will be required to provide facilities for
 fCL.


       phosphorous removal.
 &&


                 Industrial

23

                 Of the 22  industries in  the basin,  16 have

24

       adequate waste  control facilities  and six  need additional

25

-------
                                                              190


                            Perry Miller
  1
       treatment works.   Of the six that  have inadequate treat-

  2
       ment,  four have waste treatment  projects in the planning

  3
       stage  and one pollution control  project is  under con-

  4
       struction.  A hearing was held on  April 17, 196£, con-


       cerning the pollution of Cedar Creek by Kitchen-Quip,


       Inc.,  Waterloo.   An order to abate pollution will be acted


  7     on at  the June Id,  196&, Board meeting.


  8               Effluent  monitoring programs have been established


  9     and maintained at sixteen of the twenty-two industries.


10     The remainder of  the industries  were not required to


11     establish effluent  monitoring programs because  no effluent


12     is discharged to  the receiving stream.   The monitoring


13     program has been  discontinued at Parrot  Packing Company


14     because connection  is being  made to the  Fort Wayne


15     sewerage system.  The monitoring data  are maintained


       in open files.


17               Maumee  River Basin


,g               Salisbury Division,  Dana Corporation,  Fort Wayne


19               The waste treatment  facilities, reported as


20     adequate at the August 1965  Conference,  continue to provide


       a  satisfactory effluent.  An adequate  effluent  monitoring
w J.

       Program is being  maintained


                 Essex Wire Corporation,  Fort Wayne


                 The corporation has  since February 1967, dis-
24

       charged all wastewater to the  Fort Wayne sewerage system.
25

-------
                                                              191

                            Perry Miller


       The  corporation  continues  to provide adequate waste control,

   2
                 Franke Plating Works,  Inc., Fort Wayne

   ^
                 Preliminary plans for  cyanide destruction,

   4
       chromium reduction and precipitation  and acid-alkali


   5    neutralization facilities  were considered satisfactory


   6    by the Board on  September  19, 196?.  Final plans and


   7    specifications are nearing completion by the consulting


   8    engineer.  A partial effluent monitoring program is being


   9    maintained and will be expanded when treatment facilities


 10    are completed.  The industry plans to meet the December


 11    31, 1968, completion date, established by the Board.


 12              General Plating and Engineering, Inc., Fort Wayne


 13              On October 26, 1967,  the Board and the Company


 14    entered into a stipulation whereby the Company is to


 15    prepare plans and specifications for waste treatment


 16    facilities and to complete construction of approved


 17    facilities by December 1,  1968.   Preliminary plans for


       cyanide destruction,  chromium reduction and precipitation


 19    and acid-alkali neutralization  facilities were considered


       satisfactory by the Board  on  December 19,  1967.   Final
 20

       plans and specifications are  nearing completion by the


       consulting engineer.   A  partial  effluent monitoring program
 22

       is being maintained and  will  be  expanded when treatment
23

       facilities are  completed.   The  industry plans to meet  the
24

       December 1,  1968, completion  date established by the
25

-------
                                                             192
                           Perry Miller

  1    Board.

  2              Gladieux Refinery,  Inc.,  Fort Wayne

  3              The waste treatment facilities reported as

  4    adequate  at  the August  1965   Conference   continue to

  5    provide a satisfactory  effluent.  An  adequate effluent

  6    monitoring program is being maintained.

  7              I.T.T. Industrial Laboratories, Fort Wayne

  0              The waste treatment and control facilities re-
  tt
       ported as adequate at the August 1965  Conference
  %s
       continue  to  provide a satisfactory  effluent.  An  adequate

       effluent  monitoring program is being maintained.

                 International Harvester Company, Fort Wayne
JL*£
                 All contaminated wastewater from the plant has
13
       been connected to  the Fort Wayne sewerage system  with the
14
       exception of the southeast area of  the plant.  This
15
       wastewater will be  intercepted by a sewer which is under
16
       contract  for construction by  a sewer utility for  dis-
17
       charge to the  Fort  Wayne  sewerage system.  An adequate
18
       effluent  monitoring program is being maintained.
19
                 The Magnavox Company, Fort Wayne
20
                 The  waste  treatment and control facilities
21
       reported  as  adequate at the June 22, 1966, meeting of the
22
       conferees continue  to provide a satisfactory effluent.
23
       An adequate  effluent monitoring program is being  main-
24     <. ..  j
       tained.
25

-------
                                                            193
                           Perry Miller


  1              Parrot Packing Company, Fort Wayne


  2              An order to abate pollution of the Maumee River


  3    was issued by the Board on May 3, 196?.  The compliance


  4    date for completion of waste control facilities was set


  5    for December 31> 196#.  During 196?  the Company entered


  6    into an agreement with a sewer utility and the city of


  7    Fort Wayne to discharge wastewater to the Fort Wayne


  Q    sewerage system.  Construction of the sewer is nearing


  9    completion, but is being delayed because of court action


 10    initiated by a property owner concerning sewer connection


 13_    fees.   The project can be completed within 30 to 45 days


 12    after the court case is settled.


                 Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation,  Indiana
 JLo

       Rod and Wire Division,  Fort Wayne


                 The waste treatment facilities reported as
 15

       adequate at the June 22,  1966. meeting of the conferees
 16

       continue to provide a satisfactory  effluent.   An adequate
 17

       effluent monitoring program is being maintained.
 18
                 Zollner  Corporation, Fort Wayne
 19
                 All contaminated  wastewater continues to  be
 20
       discharged to the  Fort Wayne sewerage system  as reported
 21
       at  the  June 22,  1966, meeting of the conferees.
 22
                 B.  F.  Goodrich  Company, Fort Wayne

23
                 The waste  treatment facilities reported as

24
       adequate at the  August 1965   onference   continue to

25

-------
                                                             194
                          Perry Miller

  1    provide a satisfactory effluent.   An adequate effluent

  2    monitoring program is being maintained.

  3              Shaw's Dressed Poultry,  Grabill

  4              The waste treatment facilities reported as

  5    adequate at the August 1965  Conference   continue to pro-

  6    vide adequate waste treatment.

  7              St. Joseph  River  Basin

  g              Crane Edmund Corporation,  Butler

  9              The waste treatment facilities reported as

1Q    adequate at the August 1965  Conference   continue to

       provide a satisfactory effluent.   An adequate effluent

       monitoring program is being maintained.
J.J&

                 Universal Tool and Stamping Company, Inc.,  Butler
-L O

                 The conversion to a non-cyanide plating solution
14
       was  not successful and the  use of  static  rinse tanks has
15
       not  reduced drag-out  of cyanide and  zinc  to acceptable
16
       levels.  The Company  is working on plans  for  treatment
17
       facilities.   The Board expects the Company to meet the
18
       December 31,  1963,  completion deadline and will institute
19
       necessary legal proceedings to insure  compliance.
20
                 Kitchen-Quip,  Inc.,  Waterloo
21
                 On April  17,  196S,  the Board held a hearing
22
       concerning the  pollution of Cedar  Creek below the plant.
23
       The  hearing  officer has recommended  that  a pollution
24
       abatement order be  issued.   The proposed  order will be
25

-------
                                                              195

                           Perry Miller


       considered by the Board at the meeting scheduled for


       June l£, 1968.  The proposed order requires completion


  3    of facilities by December 31, 1963.



  4              T. H. Products Corporation, Waterloo


                 The waste treatment facilities listed as adequate


  6    at the August 1965  Conference  continue to provide


  7    adequate control.  No effluent is discharged to the


  8    receiving stream.


  9              Auburn Tankage Company,  Auburn


 10              The waste treatment iacilities listed as adequate


 11    at the August 1965  Conference  continue to provide


 12 I   adequate control.  No effluent  is  discharged to the


 13  I   receiving stream.



 14               County Line Cheese  Company, Auburn


 15               The Company has  submitted preliminary plans


 ._     for additional spray irrigation facilities to augment
 16


       the present  holding lagoon and  broad irrigation facili-


       ties.   Recent inspections  show  that  no effluent is  dis-
 18

       charged to the receiving stream.
 j. y

                 Warner-Motive  Division,  Borg-Warner Corporation,
 &\J

       Auburn
 21

                 During the fall  of  1967, three  oil separation
 22

       basins  and a waste  stabilization pond were completed  for

 23

       treatment of SO,000 gpd  of oily wastewater from the plant.

 24

       Adequate waste treatment is now being provided.  The

25

-------
                                                              196

                          Perry Miller

  1     effluent monitoring program is being revised to reflect

  2     the operation of the  new facilities.

  3               Ralph Sechler and Sons,  Inc.,  St.  Joe

  4               The waste treatment facilities reported as

  5     adequate at the March 22,  196? meeting  of the  conferees

  6     continue to provide a satisfactory effluent. A five hp

  7     mechanical aerator was recently installed in the waste

  8     holding pond to eliminate  odors and improve  BOD reductions.

  9     An adequate effluent  monitoring program  is being main-

10     tained.

1;L jl             St. Mary's  River Basin
   \ i
,0 i              Central Soya Company, Inc., Decatur
J_
-------
                                                              197
                           Perry Miller

       or are preparing plans to do so.

  2              3.  The city of Fort Wayne received a grant on

  3    March 19, 196S, to help finance pilot plant studies on

  4    phosphate removal which will aid in the development of

  5    guidelines for the design of plant scale projects.

  6              4.  All industries which are required to provide

  7    effluent monitoring are maintaining such monitoring pro-

  8    grams.

  9              5.  The Board initiated legal action against

 10    Parrot  Packing Company, General Plating and Engineering,

       Inc., and Kitchen-XJuip, Inc.  An order was  issued to

       Parrot  Packing Company, General Plating and Engineering
    i
    [
    i   stipulated to construct the needed treatment works,  and
 J_O
       the Board will consider issuing an order to Kitchen-Quip
 14
       at its  meeting scheduled for  June  l£,  1968.  The  Board
 15
       will initiate action to secure  construction of needed
 16
       facilities whenever it  becomes  necessary.
 17
                 6.   Sixteen of the  twenty-two industrial plants
 18
       provide adequate  waste  control  facilities;  one is con-
 19
       structing facilities; and the remaining five are  expected
20
       to complete  facilities  by December 1968.
21
                 7.   The Board has continued  its stream  monitor-
22
       ing program  of waters within  the Maumee Basin.
23
                 Thank you.
24
                 CHAIfflUN STEIN:  Thank you.
25

-------
                                                            19S
                          Perry Miller

 1              Any comments or questions?

 2              As usual, this is an excellent report, except

 3    for the phosphate situation.  As I understand it, your

 4    municipalities and industries are on schedule and those

 5    few that aren't  the Board will follow through with

 6    orders.

 ?              MR. MILLER:  We are on schedule with the

      exception of those on chlorination which I indicated
 o
      would be May of 1969.
 »7
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Is that because of the delays
10                                                          J
      in ordering equipment?

   |l             MR. MILLER:  No, this is a question of change
12 jj
   !   of administrations, and a change sometimes in engineering
13 |
   i   firms as well, and new administration preparing plans,
14
      and then also tied in with the financing.
15
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let me make this general
16
      statement:  Aside from the question of phosphates, which
17
      we will get into, I would say that Indiana represents
18
      compliance with the schedule.  There are a few slippages,
19
      but these slippages  I think  even viewed themselves are
20
      minor, but viewing the overall  program  they are rela-
21
      tively minor  and they are inevitable  I think  in getting
22
      any program underway.
23
                Is there any other judgment on that?
24
                MR. OEMING:  Very good judgment.
25

-------
                          Perry Miller

 1              MR. METZLER:  Just one comment:  Since it would

 2    hardly be fitting for the member from Indiana to raise the

 3    question that he has raised with all of the other States,

      does the accomplishment of this additional work rest pretty

 5 |   heavily upon some Federal participation in the construction

 6 |   grants?

 7              MR. MILLER:  I attempted to answer this, Mr.

 8 !   Metzler, in the presentation — that it does depend upon
   |
 9    the Federal grants because all of these cities are expected

10    to make application for Federal grants.  Here I might say

      that Indiana does have a grant program as well, and this

12    is tied in with the Federal, so they are expecting both

13    State and Federal money to complete these projects.

14              MR. METZLER:  It wasn't that I didn't hear your

      statement the first time you made it, I just wanted to

      give you the advantage of having it highlighted the same

      as the other State representatives had.
                MR. POOLE:   Thank you, Mr. Metzler.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Does that complete Indiana?

                MR. POOLE:   Yes.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   How about Michigan?

                MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, conferees.   I would
22
      like to introduce Mr.  Ralph Purdy,  Chief Engineer.  With
23
      your permission,  I would like to ask him to give the report
24
      on behalf of the  Water Resources Commission, and I also
25
      have Mr.  Nicholas V.  Olds, and he is the Legal Counsel

-------
   I j                                                         200

   ||                       Ralph Purdy
   I,


 1    for the Commission,  Assistant Attorney General,  in case

   i i

 2 !   there are any legal  questions you might want to  ask him.



 3 |             MR. PURDY:   Some place  in the stack of material



 4    before you,  you will find a gray  covered report  and two



 5    green reports, marked Appendix D  and Appendix E.



 6 |             Mr. Chairman,  we would  like to have the gray



 7 ;   report placed in its entirety in  the record.  The green
   i
   I

 8 j   reports, Appendix D  and  Appendix  E, are mentioned in the
   I

 9 j   gray report.  They are furnished  to the conferees for

   i

10 ;   their information.  It is not necessary to have  them in



II *   the conference record.



12 ';             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection, this will



-, 7 '   be included  as if read.
io


14              (The above-mentioned report follows.  Also,



,„ ;   Appendix D and E are on  file at the FWPCA Regional Office,



,  ^    Chicago, Illinois, and the FWPCA  Office, Washington, B.C.)



                MR. PURDY:   At the reconvened conferences in



      Cleveland in 1966 and in Buffalo, New York, in 196?, the



      Michigan Water Resources Commission reviewed the pollution



      control program that had been developed to abate pollution
•~j ''.j


      and enhance  the Michigan waters of Lake Erie and its



      tributaries.  The reports outlined how Michigan, in 1965,
*-- *--'

      had established water quality goals for the Detroit River
2o

      and Michigan waters  of Lake Erie  and how a voluntary
24 •

      pollution abatement  program had been formed with the
•) 5


   i   help of industries and municipalities.  The reports

-------
           FOR RECONVENED CONFERENCE

                FOURTH SESSION

                      ON

POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE AND OHIO INTRASTATE
    WATERS OF LAKE ERIE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
 (INDIANA-MICHIGAN-NEW YORK-OHIO-PENNSYLVANIA)
                   CALLED BY
       MURRAY STEIN, CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN
          DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
             STARTING JUNE 4,  1968
                CLEVELAND, OHIO
                  ON BEHALF OF
                       THE
        MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
                   MAY 1968

-------
                   MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION


GEORGE F. LIDDLE, Chairman, Muskegon, Municipal  Groups

R. G. RICE, M.D., Director of the Department of  Public Health
     John E. Vogt, Representing the Director, Vice Chairman

B. DALE BALL, Director of Agriculture

GERALD E. EDDY, for RALPH A.  MAC MULLAN, Director of Conservation

JOHN P. WOODFORD, for State Highway Commission

LYNN F. BALDWIN, Eaton Rapids, Conservation Groups

JIM GILMORE, JR., Kalamazoo,  Industrial  Management Groups
                                   LORING F. OEMING
                                  EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

-------
PURPOSE






     At the reconvened conferences  in Cleveland  in  1966 and  in Buffalo, New York




in  1967, the Michigan Water Resources Commission reviewed the pollution control




program that had been developed to abate pollution and enhance the Michigan waters




of  Lake Erie and its tributaries.  The reports outlined how Michigan,  in 1965, had




established water quality goals for the Detroit River and Michigan waters of Lake




Erie and how a voluntary pollution abatement program had been formed with the help




of  industries and municipalities.  The reports further set down the effluent




restrictions and treatment facility construction time schedules required to




achieve the desired water quality goals.   Finally, the reports described the




water quality surveillance and effluent monitoring programs that have been




established by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.






     This report will  review the compliance status of the previous y approved




abatement programs and time schedules and will  present information on recent




pollution control activities affecting water quality in Michigan's waters of




Lake Erie.

-------
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL COMPLIANCE STATUS






     Appendix A summarizes the performance status of the 25 industrial  plants and




II municipal governmental units having Stipulations with the Water Resources




Commission to control  the polluting content of their waste discharges to the




Detroit River and Lake Erie.  In 3 cases out of II, municipal  performance




schedules have been modified to accommodate expanded waste control projects, and




4 industrial schedules have been modified to allow for unforeseen construction




delays.  The 4 paper mills in the Monroe area have decided to join the metropolitan




waste treatment system and their compliance dates are now considered to be the same




as for the City of Monroe.  Even under the revised performance schedules, all




municipalities and industries are scheduled to have treatment facilities in




operation by December I, 1970.  Six industries have waste control facilities in




operation and are meeting the stipulated effluent restrictions.   One municipality




and 3 industrial  plants have not met the provisions of recent performance dates and




each will be reviewed by the Water Resources Commission at an early date.








HATER QUALITY STANDARDS






     Since the 1967 reconvened conference, Michigan has adopted  water quality




standards for all interstate waters, including Michigan's waters of Lake Erie, along




with designated use areas and a plan of implementation.  The standards, use areas



and plan of implementation have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior with




the single exception of a part of the temperature standards.  This program data is




detailed in Appendix B.  Michigan is also proceeding with a program to develop




comparable water quality standards for intrastate waters.

-------
WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL






     The Water Resources Commission was directed by Governor Romney to develop rules




and regulations for the control of sanitary waste discharges from recreational




watercraft.  The rule was developed in cooperation with the Department of Health,




the Waterways Commission and other affected state agencies; and in consultation with




neighboring states and the Province of Ontario.  The rule  is designed for application




to all  watercraft equipped with a marine toilet, with the exception of passenger or




cargo-carrying vessels subject to the Interstate Quarantine Regulations of the U. S.




Public Health Service.  The rule requires that after January I, 1970 all  watercraft




having a marine toilet must be provided with either a holding tank, a sewage




incinerator or a device which has been determined by the Commission to be capable




of rendering the sewage discharges non-polIutionaI.   (See Appendix C.)
WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE OF THE MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES






     The water quality surveillance program established by Michigan was described




in detail to the conferees at Buffalo in  1967.  The sampling and testing of the




Detroit River and Lake Erie at 63 locations is continuing and the data obtained




during 1966 and 1967 have been tabulated  in Appendix D.  Similar data for the 75




municipal and industrial  waste discharges along the Detroit, Rouge, Huron and Raisin




rivers is shown in Appendix E.

-------
                APPENDIX A



INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE STATUS

-------
































































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-------
                                          DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE  INDUSTRY  STIPULATION  DATES  FOR  COMPLIANCE
Industry
                                       Prelinn nary
                                       Engineering
                                     Study and Basis
                                        of Design
 Approval of
 Construction
  Plans and
Specification s
  Complete
Construction
                                                                                                                              Comments
AI I ted Cherni co I Corporation

   Semet Solvay Division, Dolro

   So Ivay Process Division,
     Detroit
                                          FaciIitles  in operat ion    In  compI lance.

                                          The Company will cease operations  at  this  location  as
                                          of January  I,  1969.  Action on  the Company's  request
                                          for this extension is pending.
American Cement Corporation
   Peerless Cement Division,
     Detroit
                                          f ac i I 11 les  in operat ion .   Monitor  samp Iing  shows the
                                          Company to  be near compIiance    AdditionaI  studies
                                          3re  presently being  undertaken by  the Company.
ConsgJ i dated Packaging Corporation

   North Side Plant, Monroe          January  I,
   South Side Plant, Monroe
                                          treatment of wastes  in the Monroe  municipal  metro-
                                          politan  ireatment  pi ant.  CompIiance  dates  are now
                                          dc'emed to be the same as  for  the City of  Monroe.

                                          The Company has entered  into  a  contract  for  secondary
                                          treatment of wastes  in the Monroe  municipal  metro-
                                          pohtan  treatment  plant.  Compliance  dates  are now
                                          ijt'omed to be the same as  for  the City of  Monroe.
Par I inq and Company, Me l.y_j_nd_aj
                                                                                                        ( on-j iderab le waste reduction has been accomplished
                                                                                                        •*hroucjh  i n-p I ant  changes .   A program of equ i pment
                                                                                                        conversion  is now underway which ,  when complete, will
                                                                                                        produce  an  effluent much better than required under
                                                                                                        the Stipulation.   Construction of  an interim aerated
                                                                                                        1,1 ioun  is  d I so underway whi ch will  prov i de near
                                                                                                        . i,mp I i ance  by June I %8.  A f i na I  comp I i ance date
                                                                                                        rnod i f i cdt i on was  granted by the Commi ss ion t n
                                                                                                        ' rhr ujr y I <"H,t< to  f at i I i late the p I ant convers ion
  __ \ .  duPonI  deNemour L
   and Company, i ne.
   Industria I  and BiochemicaI
      Di vision, Ecorse
                                          [ 8.
Firestone Tire and
   Firestone SteeI  Products
      Division, Rivervlew
                                          The Lompany has entered  info  a  contract  for  the
                                          hjuling away and  disposition  of all  the  spent pickle
                                          liquor and no  longer  discharges this material to the
Ford Motor Company

   Monroe PI ant
   Rouge Plant
      other than iron and suspended solids
                                                                                                        Construction  plans were submitted 11me Iy and approved
                                                                                                         rhruary  I Jj,  I 067 Ihereby ostablishina the f i rm,
                                                                                                        , on< trurt i on  completion date Shown
                                                                                                            Iriktron plans hjvp been appt SIVPI-   Additional
                                                                                                             months construction time wa, granted due to
                                                                                                            •le'i in the stopp of the construction project  for
                                                                                                            31  1reatmunt   Oil  c ontrdI  f aci I  i11PS are sub-
                                                                                                                                                    of
                                                                                                            inq  ponds that  require coordination with U S.
                                                                                                            •  of  f nnineprs,  Nouge River tmprovement project,

                                                                                                            ••ar  I ,  196^
                                                                                                             •-ston  to hydrochloric acid steel pickling lines
                                                                                                             ill  spent pickle liquor returned to supplier
                                                                                                            xpi'. 4 ed to e I it"i nate all  '>uch d i s charges f rom
      suspended so I ids
                                                                                                        PI aus received and approved time1y.

-------
 Great_Lakes_ Steel  Corporation

    80" Hot Strip Mill,  Ecorse

    Steel  Rolling Mil I,  Ecorse
       other than acid  and iron

       other than acid  and iron,
       No.  3 slabbing mill

       acid and Iron


    Blast  Furnace,  River Rouge
 April  I,  1967
November I, 1966     April I, 1968


November I, 1966     April I, 1968

October I,  1967     October I, 1968


December 1, 1967     Apri1 1, 1969


November I, 1966     ApriI I, 1968
                                                                  FaciIi 11es  in operation and  i n "compI Iance,


                                                                  FaciIities  in operation and  in compllance.

                                                                  Plans approved,  facilities under construction.
                                                                  Construction plans were submitted and approved
                                                                  11me Iy .

                                                                  Partial compllance obtained.  OiI and suspended
                                                                  solids still exceed  limits  in some outlets.
                                                                  Additional  improvements being made by Company which
                                                                  are expected to  result  in compl tance.
 MeLouth_SteeJ  Corporation^  Trentoji


 Mob j I  Oj I  Company. Trenton
                        November  I,  1966     April  i,  1966


                        November  I,  1966    November  I,  1967
                                                                                                        FaciI itles  in  operation  and  in  compIiance.
                                                                                                        Facilities  in  operation.   Company  is  slightly  in
                                                                                                        excess  of oil  concentration  limits  and  has  plans  for
                                                                                                        add11i on a I  treatment  Iagoons.
 Monsanto  Company

    Trenton  Plant
                                     November  1,  1967
                                                               August  I,  1968      November  I,  1969
                                                                                                        PIans  have  been  approved,  construction  has  been
                                                                                                        completed and  facf f11fes are  in operation.
    Trenton  Resins  Plant
                                     (November  I,  1966)
                                     September  I,  1967
                         CApri I I , 1967)    (Apn I  I ,  1968)
                        December I, 1967   September  I,  1968
                                          Compliance dates were revised  to allow for additional
                                          plant studies.   Plans have been submitted and
                                          approved timely.  Construction underway.
 Pennsa11 Chemica_l_s Corporation

    East ^lant, Wyandotte

    West Plant, Riverview
                        November I, 1966     April I, 1968

                        November I, 1966     April I, 1968
                                                                  In compliance.
                                                                                                       Not  in compliance.  Commission will  review the
                                                                                                       problem at an early date.
Reyej-e Copp^gji and_Brass,  jnc.,
   Detroit
                                                             November  I,  1966    November  I,  1967
                                                                  Fac i I 111 es have been i nsta I I ed.   Cotrp I i ance not
                                                                  fully  established.   Commission will  review the
                                                                  problem at an early date.
Scott Pap_er Company, Dgtrolt
   for SOD
                                     January  I,  1968
                                                              January  I,  1969     January  f,  1970

                                                                May  I,  1967        (May  I,  1968)
                                                                                  August  19,  1968
                                                                  Preliminary plans received and approved timely.

                                                                  Facilities under construction.
T i me__Conta_i_ner Corporal; ion

   Monroe Paper Products
      Oi vi si on
January I, 1967
                        (January I, 1968)   (January I, 1969)
                        November I, 1968    December I, 1970
                                          The  Company  has  entered  into a  contract for  secondary
                                          treatment  of  wastes  in the  Monroe  municipal
                                          metropolitan  treatment plant.   Compliance dates  are
                                          now  deemed to be the  same as for the  City of  Monroe.
Un i on Camp Corgpratl qn^ Monroe
                                     January 1,  1967
                                                              (January  I,  1968)    (January  I,  1969)
                                                              November  I,  1968     December  I,  1970
                                                                  The Company has entered into a contract for secondary
                                                                  treatment of wastes in the Monroe municipaJ
                                                                  metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance daies are
                                                                  now deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe.
Wyandotte Chemicajs Corporation,

   North Works, Wyandotte
   South Works, Wyandotte
                                                             November f, 1966     April f, 1966
                                                             November I, 1966     ApriI  I, 1968
                                                                  Additional  time is being requested to compfete
                                                                  certain construction items on three of its eight
                                                                  wast-e outfalls to insure compliance with the
                                                                  suspended solids limitation.  A conference has been
                                                                  scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
                                                                  to discuss the Company's proposal.

                                                                  Additional  time is being requested to complete
                                                                  certain construction items on three of its eight
                                                                  waste outfalls to insure compliance with the
                                                                  suspended solids limitation.  A conference has been
                                                                  scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
                                                                  to discuss the Company's proposal.
*0rlginal Stipulation dates shown in parentheses with current compliance dates shown directly below the original.

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      APPENDIX B




WATER QUALITY STANDARDS




         FOR




    MICHIGAN WATERS

-------
           MICHIGAN'S  INTERSTATE   WATERS
 CAN.APA::::::::;



       LEGEND





' V//\MICHIGAN'S GREAT LAKES WATERS




  INTERSTATE RIVER BASINS




•MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION




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COMMISSION OBJECTIVE
     WATF  't IN  UHICH  THE  EXISTING QUALITY IS BETTER THAN THE  ESTABLISHED STANDARDS ON THE DATE UHEN SUCH  STANDARDS
BECOME ErtCTIUE  WILL NOT BE LOWERED IN QUALITY BY ACTION OF  THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION UNLESS AND UNTIL  IT  HAS
BEEN AFFIRMATIVELY  DEMONSTRATED TO THE MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR  THAT
THE CHANCE IN QUALITY WILL NOT BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OR WELFARE, OR BECOME INJURIOUS  TO
DOMESTIC,  (.• MERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RECREATIONAL  OR OTHER USES UHICH ARE BEING WADE OF SUCH WATERS,  OR
BECOME INJl-'IOUS  TO THE VALUE OR UTILITY OF RIPARIAN LANDS, OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO LIVESTOCK, HILD ANIMALS, BIRDS,
FISH, AQUAT'f LIFE  OR PLANTS, OR THE GROWTH OR PROPAGATION THEREOF  BE PREVENTED OR INJURIOUSLY AFFECTED,  OR WHEREBY
THE VALUE  "'  FISH AND GAME MAY BE DESTROYED OR IMPAIRED, AND  THAT SUCH LOWERING IN QUALITY HILL NOT BE UNREASONABLE
AND AGAINST "UBLIC  INTEREST  IN VIEW OF THE EXISTING CONDITIONS IN ANY INTERSTATE WATERS OF MICHIGAN
     WATER ,1'ICH  DOES NOT MEET THE STANDARDS WILL BE IMPROVED TO MEET THE STANDARDS
WATER
>&,
XE
^
A
WATER SUPPLY
(I) DOMESTIC
process ing .


(2) INDUSTRIAL
Such as cool i ng
B
RECREATION
(1) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
diving.
(2.) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as f 1 shi ng ,
c
FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
such as


D
AGRICULTURAL
COMMERCIAL
('if- vner, • a
1
COLIFORM
GROUP
(organi sms/lOOml
or MPN)
20% of the samples examined
exceed 2000
exceed 20,000 in more than 57,
of the samples
}ohconsVe"Hv°fs™pler,haUf
10,000, The average fecal
lOconsecutive samples shall
not exceed 1000


A, Section B
The average of any series of
col i form dens i ty for the same
A, Section B
the same lOconsecutive
samples sha! 1 not exceed
1000


10 consecutive sarnpl es shal 1
10,000. The average fecal
not exceed 1000
10,000 The average fecal
10 consecutive samples shal 1
not exceed 1000.
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
(mg/l)
Present at all times in



Present at al i times in

Present at all Mmes ,n


'resent at all times m


spec ies : Not less than 6 at
any t ime ,
spec tej : Average dai 1 y DO not
single value be less than 4
spec i es . Average daily DO not
single value be less than 3



3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
des i gna ted use


No object lonable
des i gnated use
No object tonable
quant' ties sufficient

No object lonable


-I,':;,:,:- use '


NO objectionable 	

i nterfere wi th the

4
RESIDUES
(Debr F s and material
and 01 Is)
vis i ble f i 1m of oil,
materials No globules
of grease

Float ing sol ids None
of naUira 1 or i 91 n No
mater i als No globules
of grease

visible film of oil,
mater i al s No gl obules
(-" loac. i nq solids None

of grease
sEHsT


Float mq sol ids ; None
vis ible f i 1m of oil,
of natural on gin No
gasol i ne or related
materials No globules
of qrease
5
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Conforn to current US PHS

upper limit of 0 05 mg/1
Phenol Limi tat ions as
defined under A-8
Limited to concentrations

Limited to concentrations


Limited to concentrations


application factors may be
j usti fied on the bas i s of
ava i lable evi dence and
agency
Conform to current USPHS




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QUALITY   STANDARDS
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
H/i)
NECTING WATERS:
Total Di ssol ved Sol i ds
exceed 200
50 A monthl y average
of 10 is a des i rable
limit "here existing
10
FOR INLAND WATERS
Shal 1 not exceed 500 as
exceed 750 at any t ime.
125 _|

exceed 750 at any time
125

lions less than those
i n j ur i ous to the
des i gnated use



injurious to the
designated use

deleterious effects



minerals Maximum
formula (Na. x 100)
(fia-f-Ca+Mg^k)
lents per 1 i ter



trans less than those
injurious to the
des i gnated use

7
NUTRIENTS
mun'l'cipal'. or^domestic
1 mi ted to the extent
the s 1 1 mu 1 at i on of
™y bee™, ,njur,ous to


from mistrial, '
animal sources Sh,.l be
the stimulation of
"I des^LteTusr to
from industrial,
an,ma,;ources s.all^e
growths of algae, weeds
the des i gnated use
from industrial,

the s t imu (at P on of
growths of a 1 gae , weeds
and s 1 imes wh i ch are or
the deS i gnated use
from industnaV "
the stimulation of
and si imes wh ich are or

fro. industrial.

nd slimes which are or
he des i gnated use
N03 concentrations shall
Water Standards.


imi ted to the extent
Circulation of growths of
Igae, weeds and slimes
which are or may become
8
TASTE 8 ODOR
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
or i gi n stial 1 be less
may become i nj ur i ous to
0 002 mq/1 • maxmuf
sampl e


stances of unnatural



stances o! unnatural
than those which are 01


stances of unnauira,


than those wh i ch are
fish or qame .


stances of unnatural
may become injurious to





may become injurious to

* 9
TEMPERATURE5*
(OF)
"°'be •""""'* "°" '>"" !OOF









9






f^sh'-'co d 32« lo "« 100 70o
Intoleran 32° to 35° '5°
f i sh - wa m
Tolerant f<*h* 32° tc 59° ,5°
species 60° to nal 10° 87°
Not applicable





not be increased by more than.OOF


10
HYDROGEN
ION
(P«)
more than 0 <, un , t
unnatural sources




range 6 5-fl 8 w, tn a
va- ation of 0 5 uni t


ranee 6 5'8 8 with ,
var i 3t i on of 0 5 uni t



»ith,n this range

Mai nta,! ned between
6 5 and 8 8 wi th a
the pH of natural
neui-al i ty (70)

pHshallnotnayean
sources




range 6 5-8 8 with a
wi thin this range

RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS

Stront i um-gO} If this


established b> Lhe Federal
RatJ,atiOn Counc i 1

hshed *ten -nFor-nat.on
deleter i ous effects


l.shed when .nformat.on
deleter i o^^ effects


^ when information


Standards to be estab-



An upper 1 imi t of 1000
Strontium-go) If" this
1 ion t is exceeded the
speci f i c raj, onucl i des
b complet, .,na,,s,s ,„
["on TL'l'de0"""1""
the recommended limits
^ad r at i on Counc i 1
1, shed when information



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                                DESIGNATED USE AREAS


     The water quality standards for the designated use areas shall  not apply
during periods of authorized dredging for navigation purposes and during such
periods of time when the after-effects of dredging degrade water quality in areas
affected by dredging.   (Water  quality standardsfor the  designated  use area  shall
apply in areas affected by the disposal  of spoil  from dredging  operations).

     Where the waters are classified under more than one designated  water use,
it is intended that the most restrictive individual  standard of the  designated
water uses shall be adhered to.

     In areas adjacent to outfalls,  standards  for the designated water  use  or
uses shall apply after admixture of  waste effluents  with the public  waters  but  in
no instance shall the mixing zone act as a barrier to fish migration or interfere
unreasonably with the designated water use or  uses for  the area.   The Water
Resources Commission must have discretion in determining the extent  of  the  mixing
zone.  In general, the Water Resources Commission encourages the use of outfall
structures which minimize the  extent of  the mixing zone.
     Based on their existing uses and reasonable future uses the waters of the
St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River and Lake Erie will be protected
as described below.

     1.  All the above named waters will be protected for Water Supply--Domestic,
         except that portion of the Detroit River from Point Hennepin to the mouth.
         The individual parameters shall be measured at the  point of water
         wi thdrawal.

     2.  All the above named waters will be protected for Water Supply—Industrial.
         The individual parameters shall be measured at the  point of water
         wi thdrawal.

     3.  All the above named waters, except at the mouths of tributaries,  in the
         immediate vicinity of enclosed harbor areas and in  the immediate  vicinity
         of waste water treatment plant outfalls will  be protected for
         Recreation—Total Body Contact; except for conditions  relating to
         natural causes.

     k.  All the above named waters will be protected for Fish, Wi Idl i fe.. and
         Other Aquatic Life—Warm Water Sport Fish.

     5.  All the above named waters will be protected for Commercial Navigation
         in the designated navigation channels as maintained by the U.  S.  Corps
         of Engineers.

     Based on their existing uses and reasonable future uses the Michigan  waters
of the Maumee River basin will be protected as described below.

     1.  All the above named waters will be protected for Recreation—Total
         Body Contact, except for conditions relating to natural  causes.

     2.  All the above named waters will be protected for Fi sh, WiIdli fe and
         Other Aquatic Life—Warm Water Sport Fish.

     3.  All the above named waters will be protected for Agricultural  Uses.

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DETROIT  RIVER
        a
   LAKE  ERIE
DESIGNATED USE AREAS
 PARTIAL BODY CONTACT AREAS

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                  SUMMARY OF PROGRAM TO CONTROL AND ABATE POLLUTION


     The Michigan Water Resources Commission, under1 the present  water pollution
control law (Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended), has the  authority to
protect and conserve the water resources of the state and the Great Lakes, the
power to make rules and regulations governing the same, and the  power to prohibit
the pollution of any waters of the state and Great Lakes.

     Section 6 (B) of Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended,  makes the discharge
of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or indirectly into any waters of the
state, prima facie evidence of a violation of Section 6 (A) of the act unless said
discharge shall have been permitted by an order, rule or regulation of the Commission.

     It is the Commission's intent that the identified industrial waste problems be
abated no later than June I, 1970.  Opportunity has .Oeen provided for the establishment
of voluntary programs but if such programs have not been established by June 1, 1968,
statutory proceedings will be initiated.

     The  existing municipal wastewater  treatment  plants  in the basin  have been
listed  in a preceding  section.   The  surveillance  program previously described
will be implemented  to  the extent  necessary  to  identify  any  existing  inadequacies
of treatment of dry  weather flows  by March  1, 1968.   In  those areas where
noncompliance with the  standards  is  determined  to  exist  either by  direct
discharge or by discharge to  tributaries  which  in  turn flow  to Lake Huron,
a program will be established which  will  require,  no  later than June  1, 1972,
treatment  facilities adequate for  meeting established water  quality standards.
Secondary treatment  will be required as a minimum  at  all municipal wastewater
treatment  plants to  meet the  adopted water quality standards unless it can be
demonstrated that a  lesser degree  of treatment  or  control will provide for water
quality enhancement  commensurate with present and  proposed future  water uses.
Exception to the requirement  for at  least secondary treatment must be justified
to the satisfaction  of  the Michigan  Water Resources Commission and the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.   Year-round disinfection of all final
effluents  from sewage treatment  plants  is required.   Industrial waste effluents
will be required to meet the  same  effluent standards  as municipal  waste effluents.
In those  instances where in the  opinion of the  Commission it appears  that a proposed
voluntary program will  not be successful  or may not be accomplished within a reasonable
period of time, statutory procedures will be initiated.  Final Orders adopted by the
Commission contain specific dates  for approval  of  completed construction plans and
specifications, awarding of construction  contracts and commencing  of  construction,
and the completion of construction and attainment  of  abatement.  A typical time
schedule  requires the completion of construction plans within 12 months from the
date of adoption of the Order, contract awards  and construction start within 24
months, and construction completion and abatement within 36 to 42 months.  The
Commission is pursuing  a program to secure abatement  of presently  identified
discharges of raw sewage of human origin  to public waters of the state no later
than June  1, 1972 subject to conditions which are not within the control of the
Commission.

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      It  is  the Commission's  intent  that  new sewerage  systems  shall be developed on
 the  basis of  separate  sewers  for  storm water and  sanitary waste waters.  When  it  is
 feasible, separated  sanitary  waste  water systems  shall not be discharged into  existing
 combined systems.  If  such a  discharge does occur, control facilities must be  developed
 on the combined  system so as  to provide  for water quality enhancement of the receiving
 waters commensurate  with present  and proposed future  water uses and consistent with
 the  requirements of  the Water Resources  Commission statute.   The problems associated
 with  the overflows of  combined storm and sanitary waste waters from existing combined
 sewerage systems to  public waters will be assessed as a part  of the surveillance
 program  identified in  this report.  In those areas where noncompliance with the
 standards is  determined to exist  as the  result of overflows of sanitary waste  water
 in storm runoff, a program will be  established which  will require, no later than
 June  1,  1977, the best practicable  treatment or control.

      It  is the Commission's intent  to require that nutrients  in public waters,
 particularly  with respect to  phosphates, traceable to industrial or municipal waste
 sources be controlled.  Persons proposing to make a new or increased use of waters
 of the state  for waste disposal purposes will be  required to utilize such technology
 and processes which  are known. The  long-term objective is to require that phosphates
 traceable to  all industrial or municipal waste sources be controlled on or before
 June  1, 1977.

      Soil Conservation Districts  have been organized  in every county within the basin.
 One of their  primary objectives is  to reduce land erosion.  The State Soil Conservation
 Committee, the agency which provides leadership for the district programs, is a member
 of the Department of Agriculture.  The Director of the Department of Agriculture is a
 member of the Water  Resources Commission thus providing for the coordination of mutual
 objectives.

     The Water Resources Commission has  been directed by Governor Romney to develop
rules and regulations, under  the authority of Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended,
 for control of the discharge  of sanitary waste from i^ecreational watercraft.   The rules
 and regulations will be developed in cooperation and consultation with the Department
 of Public Health, the Waterways Commission, and other affected state agencies.   They
will be consistent with the Commission's statutory objectives of pollution control.
 Such rules and regulations should be adopted no later than June 1, 1968 and implemented
no later than June 1, 1970, subject to such information as may be forthcoming at public
 hearings prior to the adoption of the rules and regulations and subject to budgetary
requirements for enforcement.

     In addition to the actions concerning existing problems, it is the Commission's
 intent to prevent future problems by continued implementation of Section 8 (B)  of
Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended.  This section reads as follows:

     "Any person requiring a new or substantial increase over and above
     the present use now made of the waters of the state for sewage or
     waste disposal purposes  shall file with the commission a written
     statement setting forth the nature of the enterprise or development
     contemplated, the amount of water required to be used, its source,
     the proposed point of discharge of the wastes into the waters of the
     state,  the estimated amount so to be discharged, and a fair statement
     setting forth the expected bacterial, physical, chemical and other
     known characteristics of the wastes.  Within 60 days of receipt of

-------
     ttie statement, the commission shall make an order stating such
     minimum restrictions as in the judgment of the commission may be
     necessary to guard adequately against such unlawful uses of the
     waters of the state as are set forth in section fc.   If  the order
     is not acceptable to the user, he may request a hearing on the
     matter involved, following which the commission's final order of
     determination in this connection shall be conclusive unless reviewed
     in accordance with the provisions of the administrative procedures
     of Act No. 197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as amended,  being sections
     24.101 to 24.110 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, or any amendment  thereto,
     in the circuit court of the county of Ingham, or for the county  in which
     the user resides, or for the county in which the use is contemplated,
     upon petition therefor, filed within 15 days after service upon  said
     user of the final order of determination."

     Water treatment plant filter backwash discharges will be controlled under  either
Section 7 or Section 8 (B) of Act 245, P. A. 1929, as amended.  A typical  time  schedule
for correction of an existing problem under Section 7 would  call for  construction  plans
within 8 months from the date of the adoption of the Final Order, contract awards  and
construction start within 14 months, and construction completion and  abatement  within
24 months.   Solids removal will be required as a minimum unless it can be  demonstrated
that a lesser degree of treatment or control will provide for water quality enhancement
commensurate with proposed present and future water uses.

     The criteria and plan of implementation are consistent  with the  recommendations
of all Federal enforcement conferences to which the State has been a  party.

     The Commission has as an objective The following:

          "Waters in which the existing quality is better than the
          established standards on the date when such standards become
          effective will not be lowered in quality by action of the Water
          Resources Commission unless and until it has been  affirmatively
          demonstrated to the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the
          Department of the Interior that the change in quality will  not
          become injurious to the public health, safety, or  welfare,  or
          become injurious to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
          recreational or other uses which are being made of such waters,  or
          become injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or
          become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic
          life or plants, or the growth or propagation thereof be prevented
          or injuriously affected; or whereby the value of fish and game may
          be destroyed or impaired, and that such lowering in quality will
          not be unreasonable and against public interest in view of  the
          existing conditions in any interstate waters of Michigan.

          "Water which does not meet the standards will be improved to
          meet the standards."

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             APPENDIX C




WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

-------
                           DEPARTMENT OF  CONSERVATION

                           WATER  RESOURCES  COMMISSION

                           POLLUTION FROM   WATERCRAFT

              Filed with  Secretary of State,

 (By  authority conferred  on the water resources commission by sections 2 and
 5  of Act  No.  2^5  of  the  Public Acts of  1929, as amended, being sections
 323.2 and  323.5 of the Compiled  Laws of  19^8.)

 R  323.501.   Defini tions.

     Rule  501.   (1)   "Act" means Act No. 2^5 of the Public Acts of  1929, as
 amended,  being sections  323-1 to 323-'2a of the Compiled Laws of 19^8, and
 the act which these  rules  implement.

     (2)   "Commission" means  the Water Resources Commission of the Department
 of Conservation.

     (3)   "Litter" means bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap metal, junk,
 paper, plastic, garbage, rubbish or similar refuse discarded as no longer
 usefu1  or  usab1e.

     (4)   "Marine toilet"  means a toilet on or in a watercraft.

     (5)   "Nonpollutiona1" means incapable of causing unlawful  pollution as
 defined in section 6 of  the act, as amended.

     (6)   "Sewage" means human body wastes, treated or untreated.

     (7)   "Watercraft" means a contrivance used or capable of being used
 for navigation upon water whether or not capable of self-propu1sion, except
 a passenger or cargo-carrying vessel including those subject to the Inter-
 state Quarantine Regulations of the United States Public Health Service
 adopted pursuant to sections 2k\, 2^3,  252 and 262 to 272 of Title k2 of the
 United  States Code.

 R 323.502.  Sewage;  use of pollution control devices and disposal  facilities.

     Rule  502.  (1)   No  person shall operate a marine toilet on a  watercraft
on the  waters of this state so as to discharge sewage into such waters unless
 the sewage has been  rendered nonpollutionaI by passage through  a device
approved by the commission.

     (2)   No  person  owning or operating a watercraft having a marine toilet
 shall use or  permit  the use of such toilet on the waters of this state unless
 the toilet is equipped with 1 of the following pollution control devices:

-------
      (a)  A holding  tank which will retain all sewage produced on the
watercraft.

      (b)  An  incinerating device which will reduce to ash all sewage
produced on the watercraft.

      (c)  A device determined by the commission to be capable of rendering
the sewage discharges nonpo11utiona1 in accordance with the requirements
of the act.

      (3)  No  person  shall dispose of sewage accumulated in a holding tank
or any other  container on a watercraft in such manner that the sewage
reaches or may reach the waters of  this state except through a sewage dis-
posal facility approved by  the state Department of Public Health or its
designated representative.

R 323-503-  Watercraft registration; marine toilet information.

     Rule 503-  An applicant for  a certificate of number for a watercraft
pursuant to section 33 of Act No.  303 of  the Public Acts of 1967, being
section 281.1033 of the Compiled  Laws of  19^8, shall  disclose at such time
to the commission whether the watercraft  has in or on it a marine toilet,
and if so, whether the toilet is  equipped with a  pollution control  device
as required  by these rules.  The  commission may request the secretary of
state to provide it with the name  of an applicant whose application indicates
the absence of such pollution control  device on a marine toilet.

R 323.50^.   Litter disposal.

     Rule 5040  Disposal  of litter is subject  to  the  provisions  of  Act  No.
106 of the Public Acts of 1963, as amended, being sections 752.901  to
752.906 of  the Compiled  Laws of  19^8.

R 323.509.   Effective date.

     Rule 509-  These rules are effective January 1,  1970.

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                                                            201
                          Ralph Purdy

 1    further set down the effluent restrictions and treatment

 2    facility construction time schedules required to achieve

      the desired water quality goals.  Finally, the reports

 4    described the water quality surveillance and effluent

 5    monitoring programs that have been established by the

 6 i   Michigan Water Resources Commission.

 7 i             This report will review the compliance status

 8 j   of the previously approved abatement programs and time

 9 i   schedules and will present information on recent pollution

10 i   control activities affecting water quality in Michigan

      waters of Lake Erie.

                Industrial and Municipal Compliance Status

                Appendix A summarizes the performance status of
_LO

      the 25 industrial plants and 11 municipal governmental
i'jr
      units having stipulations with the Water Resources Commis-

      sion to control the polluting content of their waste dis-

      charges to the Detroit River and Lake Erie.   In three
v,
      cases out of eleven, municipal performance schedules have

      been modified to accommodate expanded waste  control

      projects, and four industrial schedules have been modified
V, --,'
      to allow for unforeseen construction delays.  The four
?l
      paper mills in the Monroe area have decided  to join the
22 |
   i   metropolitan waste treatment system and their compliance
23
      dates are now considered to be the same as for the city
24
      of Monroe.   Even under the revised performance schedules,
2o '\
   M   all municipalities and industries are scheduled to have

-------
                                                              202

                           Ralph Purdy


       treatment facilities in operation by December 1, 1970.  Six

  2
       industries have waste control facilities in operation and


       are meeting the stipulated effluent restrictions.  One


       municipality and three industrial plants have not met


  5    the provisions of recent performance dates and each will


  6    be reviewed by the Water Resources Commission at an early


       date.


  8              Water Quality Standards


  9              Since the 196? reconvened conference, Michigan


 10    has adopted water quality standards for all interstate


 11    waters,  including Michigan   waters of Lake Erie, along


 12    with designated use areas and a plan of implementation.


 13    The standards, use areas and plan of implementation have


 14    been approved by the Secretary of the Interior with the


 15    single exception of a part of the temperature standards.


       This program data is detailed in Appendix B.   Michigan is


       also proceeding with a program to develop comparable


       water quality standards.   I might add that this program
 18

       will be  completed on January 1,  1969.


                 Watercraft Pollution Control


                 The Water Resources Commission was  directed by


       Governor Romney to develop rules and regulations for the
22

       control  of sanitary waste  discharges from recreational
23

       watercraft.   The rule was  developed in cooperation with
24

       the Department of Health,  the Waterways Commission and
25

-------
                                                              203

                           Ralph Purdy

  1    other affected S;tate agencies; and in consultation with

  2    neighboring States and the Province of Ontario.  The rule

  3    is designed for application to all watercraft equipped with

  4    a marine toilet, with the exception of passenger or cargo-

  5    carrying vessels subject to the Interstate Quarantine

  6    Regulations of the United States Public Health Service.

  7    The rule requires that after January 1, 1970, all water-

       craft having a marine toilet must be provided with either

       a holding tank, a sewage incincerator or a device which

 10    has been determined by the Commission to be capable of

       rendering the sewage discharges non-pollutional.   (See

       Appendix C.)

                 Water Quality Surveillance of the Michigan Waters

       of Lake Erie and Its Tributaries
 14
                 The water quality surveillance program estab-
 15
       lished by Michigan was described in detail to the
 16
       conferees at Buffalo in 196?.   The sampling and testing
 17
       of the Detroit River and Lake  Erie at 63 locations is
 18
       continuing and the data obtained during 1966 and  196?
 19
       have been tabulated in Appendix D.   Similar data  for the
 20
       75 municipal and industrial waste discharges along the
 21
       Detroit,  Rouge,  Huron and Raisin livers is shown  in
 22
       Appendix E.
23

24

25

-------
                                                              204
  1


  2


  3


  4


  5


  6


  7


  8


  9


10


11

                            APPENDIX A
12

           INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE STATUS
13 "


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23


24


25

-------
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                                                                                                                                                        206
                                          DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE  INDUSTRY  STIPULATION  DATES  FOR  COMPLIANCE
Industry
Allied Chemical Corporation
Semet Solvay Division, Uelroil
Detroit
Prel imi nary
Engineering
Study and Basis
of Design



Approval of
Construction
Plans and Complete
Specifications Construction Comments

April 1, lOdfj April 1, |%7 facilities in operation. In compliance.
of January 1, 1969 Action on the Company's request
                                                                                                        for  this  extension is pending.
American Cement Corporation
   Peerless Cement Division,
     Detroit
                       at, i f i t i t-s in op era "I ion   Mon i tor samp I i ng shows  the
                       ompany to be near compIiance   AdditionaI studies
                       re presently beinj  undertaken by the  Company
Cqnsol idated Packaging Corporal_i

   North Side Plant, Monroe




   South Side Plant, Monroe
                      Ihe i omp.jny has entered  into a conlract  for  secondary
                      1 ri'dtment of wastes  in the Monroe municipal  metro-
                      poI iIan treatment pI ant.  CompIiance dates are  now
                      dt ivnnd to be the same as for the City of Monroe.

                      The Company has entered  into a contract  for  secondary
                      freatment of wastes  in the Monroe municipa I  metro-
                      p)htan treatment plant.  Compliance dates are  now
                      deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe
DarJ i ng and_.Company, Me I v i nda I c
                                                                                                        Con , i dprati I e waste reduct ion has been accomp I i shed
                                                                                                        through in-pI ant changes.  A program of equipment
                                                                                                        kDnversion  is  now underway  which, when complete, will
                                                                                                        produce an  effluent much better than required under
                                                                                                        the  Stipulation.  Construction  of an interim aerated
                                                                                                        I.Moon is  a 1 r.o underway which will provide near
                                                                                                        i ompI idnee  by  J une IQ6H.  A fina i compI iance date

                                                                                                        ' I'br u,,rv' I Q(j8  to f ac i I i tate the p I ant convers ion
E. I .  duPonl deNemouri,
   and Company, Inc.
   Industrial and Biochemical
      Division, Ecorse
                         i h 11 es in operat i on .  Part i a I comp I i ance
                         if'b I i shod   Operat ions at this  location will  cease
Firestone Tire and Rubber
   Company
   Firestone Steel Products
      Division, Riverview
                      The Lonpany has entered  into a contract  for  the
                      hauling away and disposition of all  the  spent  pickle
                      liquor and no longer discha rges this materia I  to  the
                      Detroit River
For d Motor Company

   Monroe Plant
   Rouge Plant
      other than iron and suspended solids
                                                                                   ( H / months)
                                                                                  I IIH, n \  I .  l"t
                        'ir-' riK i  i on o i ans >->:iv<> beer  ip->r nvPil    Add i t ion a I
                      nino months construction time wa^ qrin tod  due  to
                      i h,mqe'~ in the s ope of the construction  project  for

                      stan11a I I y complete except for construction  of

                      1 or p- of  [nqineers, Rouqp R i ver  improvement  pro iert,
                       j'    HI  ex 1 en ^ i on of time hac been reouosted  to
                       >, l   -,*r I , 1969.
                      v • ' \."-s ion to hydroch lor i c ac i d  stee I p i ckl i ng  I t nes
                       1 n> ill  spent pickIe  Iiquor retut ned ho  suppI t er
                      i -  pxpi\ * r>d to e I im i nat e .til  < UL h d i =. charges f r om
      suspended sol ids
 (+27 months)
June I,  I9b9
                                                                                                        Plans received and approved timely.

-------
                                                                                                                                               207
 Greal; Lakes  Steel Corporatjon

    80"  Hot Strip Mill,  Ecorse
    Steel  RolI ing  Mi I I,  Ecorse
       other  than  acid and  iron
       other  than  acid and  iron,
       No.  3  slabbi ng mill
       acid  and  iron
    Blast  Furnace, River Rouge
                                      Apri I  I,  1967
 November  I,  1966     April  1,  1968


 November  I,  1966     April  I,  1968

 October  I,  1967     October  I,  1968


 December  I,  1967     April  I,  1969


 November  I,  1966     April  I,  1968
 FaciI111es  in operat ion and  tn "compIianee.


 FaciIitles  in operation and  in compIiance.

 Plans approved,  facilities under construction.
Construction  plans were submitted and approved
11me Iy ,

Partial compliance obtained.  Oil and suspended
sol ids stiI I  exceed  Iimits  in some outlets.
Additional  improvements being made by Company which
are expected  to result  in compliance.
McLouth  Steel Corporation,.. Trenton


MobiI 01 I Company^ Trenton
November  i,  1966     ApriI  I, 1968


November  I,  1966    November I, 1967
                                                                                                       FaciI 11 les in ope ration and in  compIiance.
                                                                                                       Facilities in operation.   Company  is slightly  in
                                                                                                       excess of oil concentration limits  and  has  plans  for
                                                                                                       additionaI  treatment Iagoons.
Monsanto Company

   Trenton Plant
                                     November I, 1967
                                                              August I, 1968
                                                                                 November I, 1969
                                                                                                       Plans have been approved,  construction  has  been
                                                                                                       completed and facilities  are in  operation.
   Trenton Resins Plant
                                    (November I, 1966)
                                    September I, 1967
 (ApnI  I, 1967)    (ApriI  I, 1968)
December I,  1967   September I,  1968
Compliance dates were revised to allow for additional
plant studies.  Plans have been submitted and
approved 11mei y.  Construct ion underway.
Penrisajt Chemicals Corporation

   East Plant, Wyandotte

   West Plant, Riverview
Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.
   Detroit
Scott Paper Company. Detroit
   for BOD
Time Container Corporation
   Monroe Paper Products
      Divi sion
Union Camp Corporation, Monroe
Wyandotte Chemicals Corporat ion

   North Works, Wyandotte
   South Works, Wyandotte
                                     January I,  1968
                                     January I,  1967
                                     January I,  1967
November 1, 1966     April I, 1968

November I, 1966     Apri  t I, 1968



November I, 1966    November 1,  1967
 January I , 1969

   May I , 1967
                                                                                  January I ,  1970

                                                                                   (May  I ,  1968)
                                                                                  August  19,  1968
{January I, 1968)   (January I,  1969)
November I, 1968    December I,  1970
                                                             (January I,  1968)    (January 1,  1969)
                                                             November I,  1968    December I,  1970
                                                             November I,  1966
                                                             November 1,  1966
                                                                                  April  I,  1968
                                                                                  April  I,  1968
 In comp! i ance.

Not in compliance.  Commission will  review the
problem at an early date.


Facilities have been installed.   Compliance not
fully  established.  Commission wilt  review the
problem at an early date.



Preliminary plans received and approved timely.

FaciIities under construction.





The Company has entered   into a contract for secondary
treatment of wastes in the Monroe municipal
metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance dates are
now deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe.


The Company has entered   into a contract for secondary
treatment of wastes in the Monroe municipal
metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance dates are
now deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe.




Add!tionaI  time is being requested to compIete
certain construction items on three of its eight
waste  outfalIs to insure compI lance with the
suspended solids  limitation.  A conference has been
scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
to discuss the Company's proposal.

Additional  time is being requested to complete
certain construction items on three of its eight
waste  out fa Ms to i nsure comp I i ance wi th the
suspended solids  limitation.  A conference has been
scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
to discuss the Company's proposal.
*0riglnal Stipulation dates shown in parentheses  with  current compliance dates  shown  directly  below  the  original.

-------
                                                             20$


  I


  2


  3


  4


  5


  6


  7


  8


  9


 10


 11

                              APPENDIX B
 12 n

                         WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
 13

                                  FOR
 14 '
                            MICHIGAN WATERS
 15


 16


 17


 18

 19


 20


 21


 22


23


24


25

-------
                                                                          209
              MICHIGAN'S   INTERSTATE   WATERS
£*&.MONTREAL
     RIVER
                                                   ST MARYS
                                                     RIVER
                          MENOMINEE
                            RIVER

         LEGEND        .;.;.;.

    MICHIGAN'S GREAT LAKES WATERS vX;

    INTERSTATE RIVER BASINS      ;""""""
 MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION;.;.V

                                                                        ST CLAIRlK
                                                                         RIVER ».
      wi SCONSI N":W:W
        ••*_•_•_• • ji •_«_»^»_» _• _• •_•
      :: I'L UN SiS -xSHS
ST JOSEPH
 RIVER  ..;
DETROIT
 RIVER'CANADA^

-------
COMMISSION
     HAT''=
BECOME E,
BEEN AFF1P,
THE CHANGE
DOMESTIC,  (
BECOME INJl
FISH, AQUA'
THE VALUE  r.
AND AGAIN;-
     HATER
-JBJECTIVE
 IN UHICH THE  EXISTING QUALITY  IS BETTER THAN THE ESTABLISHED  STANDARDS  ON THE DATE HHEN SUCH STANDARDS
:TIVE  KILL NOT  BE LOWERED  IN QUALITY BY ACTION OF THE UATER  RESOURCES  COMMISSION UNLESS AND UNTIL IT HAS
'TIVELY  DEMONSTRATED TO THE MICHIGAN HATER RESOURCES COMMISSION  AND  THE  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THAT
 :  QUALITY WILL  NOT BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OR  WELFARE, OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO
  '1ERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RECREATIONAL OR OTHER USES  UHICH  ARE BEING MADE OF SUCH HATERS  OR
  OUS  TO THE VALUE OP UTILITY OF RIPARIAN LANDS,  OR BECOME  INJURIOUS TO  LIVESTOCK, WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS,
 '  LIFE  OR PLANTS, OR THE  GROUTH OR PROPAGATION THEREG"  BE PREVENTED OR  INJURIOUSLY AFFECTED  OR UHEREBY
  FISH AND GAME  MAY BE DESTROYED OR IMPAIRED, AND ThA,  SUCH  LOWERING IN  QUALITY WILL NOT BE UNREASONABLE
 "UBLIC  INTEREST IN V1EH OF THE EXISTING CONDITIONS IN  ANY  INTERSTATE  HATERS OF MICHIGAN
  ICH  DOES NOT  MEET THE STANDARDS HILL BE IMPROVED TO MEET THE STANDARDS
         210


WATER
^
^E
R\TT
^
A
WATER SUPPLY
(1) DOMESTIC
process i ng.

(2) INDUSTRIAL
Such as cool ,n,

B
RECREATION
(1) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
water ski 1 ng and ski ri
diving.
(2) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as f i sh i ng ,
hunting, trapping
FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
(growth and propagation'

Q
AGRICULTURAL
Such as 1 i vestock
watering , i rrigat ion
and spraying.
E
COMMERCIAL
' , ' >U "tr i J
&lc" ' -1C, DO'/' r.
1
COLIFORM
GROUP
(organ, sms/l 00ml
or MPH)
Uate-s The monthly average'
207, of the samples examined
exceed 2000
average shall not exceed 5000
exceed 20,000 in more than 5/
of the samples
not exceed 5000 nor shall 20/

lOconsecut i ve samples shall
not exceed 1000
;s%™£,« x'z.ii
col, form density for the same
A, Section B
not exceed 5000 nor shall 20%
10,000 The average fecal
10 consecutive samples shall
not exceed 1000 See Appendix
A, Sectron B
The average of any series of
1000


not exceed 5000 nor shall 20%
10,000 The average fecal
col i form density for the same
1 0 consecut i ve samples shall
not exceed 1000.
not exceed 5000 nor shall 20%
10,000 The average fecal
col i form dens i ty for the same
not exceed 1000
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
("9/0
sufficient quant i t les to






sutftc'lent ciuantlneVto

Fr~e~ Tt ~\ TtT^eT ~ 	



"-datura"'' exacted" to™ °'
species : Average dale,' DO not
ess than 5 , nor shal 1 any
single value be less thu-i ^
Tolerant fish - warm warer


prevent nuisance.


3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
Ho object lonabl e
^X^r11 the


1 d /P
10 .nterfere »,th the

»° object.onable
quantities sufficient

uhhatura, turb,d,ty,
quant • t ies Suf f i c ieru
des i gna ted L,se

unnatural '"urbldity.



color , or depos ' is m
co'lor^o' deposasV-n
interfere wi th the
designated use

4
RESIDUES
and oils)
Of°unnatural'o?i9ih°"e
v s i ble f i IT of oil ,
of grease

of Uhnatura, or , g^n
of ^.uraTorigln"":'
materials No globules
of q--ease
Float, nq solids None
visible film of o 1 ,
t-asol i ne or re 1 atec!
mater i al s No qlobul es
of grease

of natural or i gi n No
visible f i In of oil
materi als No globules
of grease
Float mq sol ids. None
visible film of 0.1,


Res i dues: Ho evi dence
materials No globules
of qrease

of natural on gi n No
mater i al s No globu les
of grease
5
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Conform to current US PHS
Drmking Water Standards
upper 1 im t of 0 2 mg/1
upper limit of 0 05 mg/i
Phenol Litni tat i Ons as
defined under A-8



Limited to concentrations





Not to exceed 1/10 of the
96-hour median tolerance
j ust i f i ed on the bas i s of
agency
Conform to Current USPHS
related to toxicant? Toxi c
which are or mav become




-------
                                                               \|/   For the Great Lakes and connecting waters no heat  load  in sufficient quantity to  *-. •,
                                                               ^   create conditions which are or may become injurious to  the public health, safety  2-LJL
QUALITY       STANDARDS
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mq/l)
FDR GREAT LAKES S CON-
NECTING WATERS
exceed 200
50 A monthly average
of 10 is a des i rable
d t ons are 1 th
1 0
FOR INLAND WATERS.
S hal 1 not exceed 500 as
exceed 750 at any time
125
a monthly average nor
125


*hich are or may become
deb i gnated use


t i ons less than those
des i gna ted use






Less than 700 dissolved
formula (Na x 100)
when the bases are ex-
lents per liter


injurious to the
es i gnated use


NUTRIENTS

Nutr ient.S or i ginat i ng
from i ndustr lal

the s 1 1 mul at i on of
growths of algae, weeds
may become injurious to


from industrial,
the st imulat ion of
and si imes wh i ch are or
the designated use
municipal. 01 domestic
1 imi ted to Lhe extent
the st iinulat i on of
the des i gnated use
Nutrients or t ginati ng
f rom i ndus trial ,
1 imi ted to the extent
the summation of
the des i gnated use
from mdustr i al ,
growths of algae, weeds
may become injurious to

utnents originating
imi ted to the extent
he s t imul at i on of
nd slimes which are or
he des i gnated use
onforrn to USPHS Drinking
ater Standards.

nimal sources shall be
timulation of growths of
Igae, weeds and slimes
nj UM ous to the des i g-
ated use
8
TASTE a ODOR
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES

Concentrate of sub-
than^tbos. wh.char, o,
0 002 i,g/l - maximum
o°ous /\T 6 i
sample


;"™ss°i,r:."?;:i



or i gin shol 1 be less
may become mjur.ous to


stances of unnatural
ma» become ,n,ur,ous to


stances of unnatural
fish or ,ame.


Concentrations of sub-
may become injurious to




than those which are or


* 9
TEMPERATURE7*
(°F)

The maximum natural »ater temperature shall






not be ncreasea by more than 1 O.OF







90°F maximum



Ambient increase limit
f"h'-rcold 32° " "" I0° 70°
Intolerant 32° to 35° 15°
fish - warm
Tolerant f i sh - 32° to 59° 15°
species 60° to nal 10° 87°






, .


10
HYDROGEN
ION
(PM)
ph shal 1 not have an
as a resul t of





i ange 6 5 -8 8 wi th a
_,n this ran.



ui thi n this i ange


Maintained within the
var,ai,0n of 0 5 um t


Maintained between
6 5 and S 8 wuh a
1 0 um t wi thin thi s
the pH of natural
neutral, ty (7 Q )

pH shal 1 not have an
^result Of unnatural




range 6 5-8 8 wi th a
variation of 0 5 untt
wi th i n thi s range


II
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS

An upper limit of 1 000
Strontiurr-90) If this
specific iadionuclides
by complete anal yS i S in

t ion of nucl i des wi 1 1 not
Radiationcounc,,

1 ,shed when i nformation
deleterious effects



bccc-^s ava.lable on



jshedwhen information
deleterious effects


Standards to be estab-



An upper 1 imi t of 1 000
of al pha emi tters and
Strontium-90) If this
specific radionuclides
by compl etc analysis in
fact that the concentra-
produce exposures above
the recommended limits
Radi.t, on Council
lished when Information



-------
                                                             212
                        Ralph Purdy

                 Designated Use Areas

 2               The water quality standards for the designated

 3     use areas shall not apply during periods of authorized

 4     dredging for navigation purposes and during such periods

 5     of time when the after effects of dredging degrade water

 6     quality in areas affected by dredging.   (Water quality

 7     standards for the designated use area shall apply in

 8     areas affected by the disposal of spoil from dredging

 9     operations.)

10               Where the waters are classified under more than

H     one designated water use,  it is intended that the most

12     restrictive individual standard of the  designated water

-13     uses shall be adhered to.

,.               In areas adjacent  to outfalls,  standards for

       the designated water use  or uses shall  apply after
J.O
       admixture of waste effluents with the public waters but
16
       in no instance shall the mixing zone act  as a barrier to

       fish migration or interfere  unreasonably  with the desig-

       nated water use or uses for the area.   The Water Resources
J. t7
       Commission must have discretion in determining the extent
20
       of the mixing zone.   In general,  the Water Resources
21
       Commission encourages the  use of outfall  structures which
22
       minimize  the extent  of the mixing zone.
23
                 Based on their existing uses  and reasonable
24
       future uses the waters of  the St.  Glair River,  Lake St.
25

-------
                                                             213
                           Ralph Purdy

       Glair, Detroit River and Lake Erie will be protected as

  2    described below.

  5              1.  All the above named waters will be protected

  4    for Water Supply-Domestic, except that portion of the

  5    Detroit River from Point Hennepin to the mouth.  The

  6    individual parameters shall be measured at the point of

  7    water withdrawal.

  8              2.  All the above named waters will be protected

  9    for Water Supply-Industrial.  The individual parameters

 10    shall be measured at the point of water withdrawal.

 H              3.  All the above named waters, except at

 12    the mouths of tributaries, in the immediate vicinity

 ,3    of enclosed harbor areas and in the immediate vicinity

       of wastewater treatment plant outfalls will be protected

       for Recreation-Total Body Contact;  except for conditions
 15
       relating to natural causes.
 16
                 4.  All the above  named waters will be protected
 17
       for Fish,  Wildlife and Other Aquatic  Life-Warm Water
 18
       Sport Fish.
 19
                 5.  All the above  named waters will be protected
 20
       for Commercial Navigation in the designated navigation
 21
       channels as maintained by the United  States Corps of
22
       Engineers.
23
                 Based  on their existing uses and reasonable
24
       future uses, the  Michigan waters of the Maumee River Basin
25

-------
                                                             214
                           Ralph Purdy

       will be protected as described below.


  2              1.  All the above named waters will be protected

  3    for Recreation-Total Body Contact, except for conditions

  4    relating to natural causes.


  5              2.  All the above named waters will be protected

  6    for Fish, Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life-Warm Water

  7    Sport Fish.


  8              3»  All the above named waters will be protected

  9    for Agricultural Uses,


 10              Summary of Program to Control  and Abate

 1]L    Pollution


 12              The  Michigan  Water Resources Commission, under

 13    the present water pollution control law  (Act 245» Public


       Acts of 1929,  as amended),  has the authority to protect

       and conserve the water  resources of the  State and the
 15

       Great Lakes, the power  to make rules and regulations
 16

       governing the  same,  and the  power to prohibit the pollution

       of any waters  of the State  and Great Lakes.
 18
                 Section 6 (B) of Act 245,  Public  Acts of 1929,
 19

       as amended, makes the discharge of any raw  sewage of
 20
       human origin,  directly  or indirectly into any waters of  the
 21
       State, prima facie evidence  of a violation  of Section  6  (A)
 22
       of the act unless said  discharge shall have been permitted
 23
       by an order, rule or regulation of the Commission.

24
                 It is  the  Commission's intent  that the identified

25

-------
                      215
DETROIT  RIVER
        a
   LAKE  ERIE
DESIGNATED USE AREAS
      LEGEND
 PARTIAL BODY CONTACT AREAS

-------
                                                             216

                           Ralph Purdy

  1     industrial waste problems be abated no later than June 1,


  2     1970.  Opportunity has been provided for the establishment


  3     of voluntary programs but if such programs have not been


  4     established by June 1, 1963, statutory proceedings will

  5     be initiated.


  6               The existing municipal wastewater treatment

  7     plants in the basin have been listed in a preceding


  8     section.   The surveillance program previously described

  9     will be implemented to the extent necessary to identify

10     any existing inadequacies of treatment of dry weather

1;L     flows by  March 1,  196£.  In those areas where noncompliance


12     with the  standards is determined to exist either by direct


       discharge or by discharge to tributaries which in turn


       flow to Lake Huron,  a program will be established which

       will require, no later than June 1, 1972, treatment
-Lt5

       facilities adequate  for meeting established water quality
16

       standards*
17
                 Secondary  treatment will be required as a
18
       minimum at all municipal wastewater treatment plants to
19

       meet the  adopted water quality standards unless it can be
20
       demonstrated that  a  lesser degree of treatment or control
21
       will provide for water quality enhancement commensurate
22
       with present and proposed future water uses.   Exception
23
       to the  requirement for at least secondary treatment must;
24
       be justified to the  satisfaction of the Michigan Water

25

-------
                                                             217
                           Ralph Purdy


       Resources Commission and the Federal Water Pollution Contro

  2
       Administration.  Year-round disinfection of all final

  2
       effluents from sewage treatment plants is required.  In-


  4    dustrial waste effluents will be required to meet the same


  5    effluent standards as municipal waste effluents.  In


  6    those instances where in the opinion of the Commission


  7    it appears that a proposed voluntary program will not


  8    be successful or may not be accomplished within a reason-


  9    able period of time, statutory procedures will be


10    initiated.


11              Final Orders adopted by the Commission contain


12    specific dates for approval of completed construction


13    plans and specifications, awarding of construction con-


!4    tracts and  commencing of construction, and the completion


15    of construction and attainment of abatement.   A typical


,      time schedule requires the completion of construction


       plans within twelve months from the date of adoption of


       the Order,  contract awards and construction start within
18              *

       twenty-four months, and construction completion and
^ v7

       abatement within thirty-six to forty-two months.   The
£\j

       Commission  is pursuing a program to secure abatement
& -L

       of presently identified discharges of raw sewage  of
22

       human origin to public waters  of the State no  later than
23

       June 1,  1972,  subject  to conditions which are  not within
24

       the control  of the  Commission.
25

-------
                                                             aid

                               Ralph Purdy

  1               It is the Commission's intent that new sewerage

  2     systems shall be developed on the basis of separate sewers

  3     for  storm water and sanitary  wastewaters.  When it is

  4     feasible, separated sanitary wastewater systems shall not

  5     be discharged into existing combined systems.   If such a

  6     discharge does occur,  control facilities must  be developed

  7     on the combined system so as to  provide for water quality

  8     enhancement of the receiving waters commensurate with

  g     present and proposed furutre water uses and consistent

       with the requirements  of the Water Resources Commission

       statute.  The problems associated with  the overflows of

       combined storm and sanitary  wastewaters from  existing
J. &

       combined sewerage  systems to public waters will be  assessed
13
       as a part of the surveillance program identified in this
14
       report.   In those  areas where noncompliance with the
15
       standards is determined to exist  as the result  of over-
16
       flows of sanitary  wastewater in  storm runoff,  a program
17
       will be  established which will require,  no later than
18
       June 1,  1977,  the  best  practicable  treatment or control.
19
                 It is  the Commission's  intent to require  that
20
       nutrients in public waters,  particularly with respect to
21
       phosphates,  traceable to industrial or  municipal waste
22
       sources  be  controlled.   Persons proposing  to make a

23
       new or increased use of waters of the State for waste

24
       disposal purposes  will  be  required  to utilize such  tech-

25     nology and  processes which are known*   The long-term

-------
                                                             219
                               Ralph Purdy

       objective is to require that phosphates traceable to all
  o
       industrial or municipal waste sources be controlled on

  3    or before June 1, 1977.

                 Soil Conservation Districts have been organized

  5    in every county within the basin.   One of their primary

  6    objectives is to reduce land erosion.  The State Soil

  7    Conservation Committee, the agency  which provides leader-

  8    ship for the district programs,  is a member of the

  9    Department of Agriculture.  The  Director of the Department

10    of Agriculture is a member of the  Water Resources Commis-

11    sion thus providing for the coordination of mutual

12    objectives.

13               The Water Resources Commission has been directed

14    by Governor Romney to develop rules and regulations,  under

15     the authority of Act 245,  Public Acts of 1929, as amended,

16     for control of the discharge of  sanitary waste from

       recreational watercraft.   The rules and regulations will

       be developed in cooperation and  consultation with the

       Department of Public Health, the Waterways Commission,
-L *s
       and other affected state agencies.   They will be consis-

-------
                                                             220

                           Ralph Purdy


       adoption of the rules and regulations and subject to


  2     budgetary requirements for enforcement.


  3               In addition to the actions concerning existing


  4     problems, it is the Commission's intent  to prevent future


  5     problems by continued implementation of  Section & (B)  of


  6     Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended.  This section


  7     reads as follows:


  8               "Any person requiring a new or substantial


  9     increase over and  above the present  use  now made of the


10     waters of the state for sewage or waste  disposal purposes


H     shall file with the Commission a written statement setting


12     forth the nature of the enterprise or development contem-


13     plated, the amount of water required to  be used, its


       source, the proposed point of discharge  of the  wastes


       into the waters of the state, the estimated amount so  to
15

       be discharged, and a fair statement  setting forth the
16

       expected bacterial, physical, chemical and other known


       characteristics of the wastes.   Within sixty days of
18

       receipt of the statement,  the Commission shall  make an
19

       order stating such minimum restrictions  as in the judgment
20

       of the Commission  may be necessary to guard adequately
21

       against such unlawful uses of the waters of the state
22
       as are set forth in Section 6.   If the order is not
23
       acceptable to the  user, he may request a hearing on the
24
       matter involved, following which the Commission1s final

25

-------
                                                              221
                           Ralph Purdy

  1     order of determination in this connection  shall  be

  2     conclusive unless reviewed  in accordance with the

  3     provisions of the administrative  procedures  of Act No.

  4     197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as  amended,  being sections

  5     24.101 to 24.110 of the Compiled  Laws  of 194#, or any

  6     amendment thereto, in the Circuit Court of the County

  7     of Ingham, or for the county  in which  the  user resides,

  8     or for the county in which  the use  is  contemplated, upon

  9     petition therefor, filed within fifteen days after service

       upon said user of the final order of determination."

                 Water treatment plant filter backwash  discharges

12     will be controlled under either Section 7  or Section #  (B)
13
       of Act  245,  P. A. 1929, as amended.  A typical time schedule
       for  correction of an existing problem under Section 7

       would call for construction plans within eight months
15
       from the date of the adoption of the Final Order, contract
16
       awards and construction start within fourteen months, and
17
       construction completion and abatement within twenty-four
18
       months.  Solids removal will be required as a minimum
19
       unless it can be demonstrated that a lesser degree of
20
       treatment or control will provide for water quality
21
       enhancement commensurate with proposed present and future
22
       water uses.
23
                The criteria and plan of implementation are
24
       consistent with the recommendations of all Federal
25

-------
                                                             222
                           Ralph  Purdy

       enforcement conferences to which the State has been a

 2     party.

 3               The Commission has as  an objective the

 4     following:

 5               "Waters in which the existing quality is better

 6     than the established standards on the date when such

 7     standards become effective will  not be lowered in quality

 8     by action of the Water Resources Commission unless and

 9     until it has been affirmatively  demonstrated to the

10     Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Department

11     of the  Interior that the change  in quality will not

12     become  injurious to  the public health,  safety,  or welfare,

13     or become injurious  to domestic,  commercial,  industrial,

14     agricultural, recreational or other uses which are being

15     made of such waters,  or become injurious to the value  or
       utility of riparian  lands;  or become injurious to live-
16
       stock,  wild animals,  birds,  fish,  aquatic  life  or plants,

       or the  growth or propagation thereof be prevented or
18
       injuriously affected;  or whereby  the value of fish and
J- i/
       game may be destroyed or impaired,  and that such lowering
&\J
       in quality will not  be unreasonable and against public
21
       interest in view of  the existing  conditions in  any inter-
22
       state waters of Michigan.
23
                 "Water which does  not meet the standards will
24
       be improved to meet  the standards."
25 I

-------
                                          223
           APPENDIX C



WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

-------
                                                             224

                           Ralph Purdy


  1                   DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION


  2                   WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION


  3                   POLLUTION FROM WATERCRAFT


  4                Filed with the Secretary of State.


  5               (By authority conferred on the Water Resources


  6     Commission by Sections 2 and 5 of Act No. 245 of the


  7     Public Acts of 1929, as amended,  being Sections 323.2


  8     and 323.5 of the Compiled Laws of 194S.)


  9               R 323.501.  Definitions.


10               Rule 501.  (1)  "Act? means Act No.  245 of the


11     Public Acts of 1929, as amended,  being Sections 323-1 to


12     323.12a of the Compiled Laws of 194S, and the act which


13     these rules implement.


14               (2)  "Commission" means the Water Resources


15     Commission of the Department of Conservation.


16               (3)  "Litter" means bottles, glass, crockery,


17     cans, scrap metal, junk, paper, plastic, garbage, rubbish


, o     or similar refuse discarded as no longer useful or usable.
J.O

19               (4)  "Marine toilet" means a toilet on or in


2Q     a watercraft.


                 (5)  "Nonpollutional" means incapable of causing
& J.

       unlawful pollution as  defined in  Section 6 of the act,
&&

       as amended.
23

                 (6)  "Sewage" means human body wastes, treated
24

       or untreated.
25

-------
                                                             225
                           Ralph Purdy

                  (7)   "Watercraft" means a contrivance used  or
  2
       capable of being used for navigation upon water whether

       or not capable  of self-propulsion, except a passenger or

  4    cargo-carrying  vessel including those subject to the

  5    Interstate Quarantine Regulations of the United States

  6    Public Health Service adopted pursuant to Sections 241,

  7    243, 252 and 262 to 272 of Title 42 of the United States

  8    Code.

  9              R 323.502.  Sewage; use of pollution control

 10    devices and disposal facilities.

 11              Rule 502.   (1)  No person shall operate a

 12    marine toilet on a watercraft on the waters of this state

 ]_3    so as to discharge sewage into such waters unless the

 14    sewage has been rendered nonpollutional by passage

 15    through a device approved by the Commission.

                 (2) No person owning or operating a watercraft
 16
       having a marine toilet  shall use or permit the use of

       such toilet on the waters of this state  unless the
 18
       toilet  is  equipped with one  of the following pollution
 j- y
       control devices:
 20
                 (a)  A holding tank which will retain all sewage
 21
       produced on the watercraft.
 22
                 (b)  An incinerating device which will reduce
 23
       to ash  all sewage produced on the watercraft.
24
                 (c)  A device  determined by the Commission to be
25

-------
                                                              226


                           Ralph  Purdy



       capable of rendering the sewage  discharges nonpollutional

  2
       in accordance with the requirements of the act.



                 (3) No person shall dispose of sewage accumulated



  4     in a holding tank or any other container on a watercraft



  5     in such manner that the sewage reaches or may reach the



  6     waters of this state except through a sewage disposal



  7     facility approved by the State Department of Public Health



  8     or its designated representative.



  9               R 323.503.  Watercraft registration;  marine



10     toilet information.



11               Rule 503.  An applicant  for a certificate of



12     number for a watercraft pursuant to Section 33  of Act



13     No. 303 of the Public Acts of 196?, being Section 281.1033



14     of the Compiled Laws of 194#, shall disclose at such time



, c     to the Commission whether  the watercraft has in or on it
15


       a marine toilet, and if so, whether the toilet  is equipped
16


       with a pollution control device  as required by  these



       rules.  The Commission may request, the Secretary of State



       to provide it with the name of an  applicant whose
1*7


       application indicates the  absence  of such pollution
<&u


       control device on a marine toilet.
21

                 R 323.504.  Litter disposal.
22

                 Rule  504.  Disposal of  litter is subject to

23

       the provisions of Act No.  106 of the Public Acts of 1963,

24

       as amended, being Sections 752.901 to 752.906 of the

25

-------
                                                            227
                           Ralph Purdy

  1     Compiled Laws of 194#.

  2               R 323.509.  Effective date.

  5               Rule 509.  These rules are effective January 1,

  4     1970.

  5               In addition to the information that we have shown

  6     in the way of performance statutes in Appendix A, under

  7     Berlin Township,  the first one noted, under comments, the

  8     last sentence states that the Commission will review the

  9     problem at an early date.

10               At the  May 1,  1963  Commission meeting  the

]_]_     Water  Resources Commission scheduled a hearing for this

12     matter to be called at its June 26-27, 1968 Commission

,3     meeting.

                 Under the industries section,  Ford Motor

       Company,  Rouge Plant,  it  is noted that the  company has
JLD
       requested an extension of time to October 1 of 1969  to
16
       provide additional  oil control facilities for its Gate 11
17
       sewer,  or Gate 11 discharges.
18
                 At the  May 23-29,  1963  Commission meeting  this
19
       extension of time was  granted.  The  time was necessary so
20
       that these facilities  can be constructed on land that
21
       will be made available as a part of  the  Rouge River
22
       flood  control project.
23
                 Now,  in the  interim period,  in the way of
24
       providing some additional protection,  the Ford Motor
25

-------
                                                            22$

                           Ralph Purdy



 1     Company has  on order and  it  is  scheduled  for delivery in



 2     July  an oil  recovery device  identical to  the one



 3     described by the American Oil Company at  the Lake



 4     Michigan Enforcement Conference in  Chicago,  and this



 5     unit  will be placed  in operation on the Rouge River to



 6     recover oil  that may escape  from the treatment facilities



 7     that  have now  been provided, and will provide additional



 8     protection during this interim period.



 9              Now,  under the  Monsanto Company, the Trenton



10     Plant,  we have  noted that plans have been approved, and



11     construction has been completed, and facilities are in



12     operation.



13              I  wish to  call  your attention to the scheduled



14     construction date, that was  November 1, 1969.  The



15     facilities have been placed  in operation  some  eighteen



, „     months  ahead of schedule.  This is  a phosphate removal,
16


       and if  we would look at this in terms of  equivalent



       population from the  standpoint of phosphate,  this pro-
18


       vides treatment for  the phosphate equivalent  of about
j. i?


       one million  people,  and this is in  operation today.
£\j


                Under the  Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation,



       the North Works, Wyandottej  South Works,  Wyandotte, we
JO«O


       have  noted that the  conference was  scheduled for the

23

       May 2S-29, 1963, Commission meeting, to consider a

24

       request for  an  extension  of time to meet  the  solids

25

-------
                                                              229

                          Ralph Purdy


       requirement for three of its gate  outlets.

 2
                 The Commission considered this matter at  its

 3
       meeting,  as noted,  and the  extension was granted for the

 4
       three outlets until January 1 of 1969.

 5
                 Now, under  the Interstate Standards  and the

 c
       program to control  and abate pollution,  there  is only

 7
       one  paragraph that  I  would  like  to  call  attention to,

 Q
       and  this  is with respect to phosphate removal.   In  the


 9     final implementation  on the Interstate Standards, the


10     Commission has stated it is the  Commission's intent to


11     require that nutrients in public waters,  particularly


12     with respect to phosphates  traceable to  industrial  or


13     municipal  waste sources be  controlled.   Persons  proposing


14     to make a  new or increased  use of waters over the state


15     for  waste  disposal  purposes will be required to  utilize


16     such technology and processes which are  known.   The


17     long-term  objective is to require that phosphates traceable


18     to all industrial and municipal  waste sources be controlled


19     on or before June 1,  1977.


20               Now,  in addition  to this report, I would like


21     to mention three pieces of  legislation that have been


22     passed by  the Michigan  legislature in its present session.


23     We have had a  state grait program for two years.  This


       has  operated to extend  the  same  sort of program  provided
&Q

       by the f«der«CL act; that is, when we have utilized all

-------
                                                             230

                           Ralph Purdy


  1     of our Federal funds, thirty per cent state grants would


  2     be made to municipalities.


  3               This act has now been amended so that the


  4     state will join in on a twenty-five per cent share of


  5     the cost of the project, and fifty per cent, then, would


  6     be the federal grant, and local government would make


  7     up the other twenty-five per cent.  We now have the



  8     authorizing legislation to participate in that program.


  9               The legislature also passed an act which will


10     place before the people of the State of Michigan the


11     question of a bond issue of $335,000,000 to finance


12     the state's twenty-five per cent share,  and to refinance


13     some of the fifty per cent Federal share, and hopefully


14     during the period of construction, the Federal Government


15     will authorize the appropriation or will appropriate money


, „     that has now been authorized in the Commission act.
J.6


                 The third and last piece of legislation that I


       wish to mention now:   first, the operation of facilities
18                                *

       that serve the public has been by a certified operator,
JL y


       as required by statute,  and mandatory reporting of the
i£\)

       effluent characteristics has been in effect for quite
*O-L

       some time.
22

                 New legislation has been passed which requires
23

       the operation of industrial wastewater treatment facilities
24

       by an operator certified by the Water Resources Commission

25

-------
                                                             231
                           Ralph  Purdy

 1     as to his competency.  It  also requires that the industrial

 2     waste discharger must file monthly reports with the

 3     Water Resources Commission which will show the quantity

 4     and quality of the liquid  wastes discharged into any public

 5     lake or stream.

 6               Mr.  Chairman,  that  completes my  prepared remarks.

 7               CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank you for a real excellent

 g     report.

 g               Before I throw this open for questions,  I would

,      like to have.,  if I mayt  page  five of this  gray book,  where

       we talk about  watercraft pollution control.   That  is  about

       the same requirement that  we  had in Lake Michigan.   I know
J_<£

       Indiana agreed with this on Lake Michigan.

                 Indiana, is this your  policy on  Lake Erie,
14                      '

       too.  or not?
15
                 MR.  POOLE:   Well, Mr.  Chairman,  the Indiana
16
       law now outlaws the discharge of wastes from boats  on
17
       Indiana waters except Lake Michigan,  so I  think we  could
18
       say that the Indiana policy as far as Lake  Erie watershed
19
       is   currently there can be no discharge.
20
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   No discharge.
21
                 What this rule says, then,  in all  watercraft not
22
       subject  to Federal control, that a marine  toilet has  to
23
       be provided with a holding tank,  sewage incinerator or
24
       device which has been determined by the Commission  — that

25

-------
                                                              232
                           Ralph Purdy

  1     is the Michigan Commission — to be capable of rendering

  2     sewage discharges — et cetera.  I understand you havenft

  3     certified them as yet.

  4               MR. OEMING:  We are not about to certify any-

  5     thing but a holding tank or incineration device.

  6               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.

  7               Now — and I am asking just for clarification —

  8     how do the other States on Lake Erie feel about that kind

  9     of restriction?

10               MR. LYON:   Well, I would say that philosophically

11     that is a very good requirement.  Frankly, we in Pennsyl-

,2     vania have not adopted any regulations because we are

       being pulled apart by a number of diverse interests.  We
JLO
       finally feel that this is an area under which the Federal

       Government should move because boats that are immobile
15
       are going to create  a lot of problems by having different
16
       requirements/. But from a purely technical standpoint, the
17
       recommendation of the regulation that Indiana has --
18
       Michigan has adopted, which is apparently quite similar to
19
       that of the Department of Ontario, is a good one, and
20
       we would agree with that and we hope that everyone would
21
       go along and we can  close the gap and adopt it ourselves.
22
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, you know you are using
23
       — we can't always use that technique.  Before I poll
24
       the rest of them, you say this is an area which the Federal
25

-------
                                                             233
                         Ralph Purdy
  i
1
      Government should approve.  What we are trying to do in

      Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, if we can, is get a group

 3    of States to agree to something.  If we get enough States
   I
 4 I   waiting back to close the gap, we are never going to close
   i
   i
   i
 5    it.  We have gotten uniformity in the four Lake Michigan
   !
 6 j   States.
   i
 7              Now, my reason for going through this is to

 8 |   try to see if we are even within striking distance of

 9 jj   trying to get uniformity among the five States on Lake

10 i   Erie.  If we are, I think we are going to be a lot closer

•   i!   to a national policy on the small boat control.

                Mr. Metzler, how do you feel about this?

13              MR. METZLER:  Well, New York has a law which

      requires that we have all of the boats licensed by, I

      believe it is, next April 1, and we are in the process
.L O

      of final determination by the Conservation Department,
16
      which is the agency that will enforce it.  We make the

      recommendation.

                I think your concept here is a good one.  I am

      not prepared to say, at this moment — because it is a

      two-agency operation — what we will finally come up
21 I'
   i
   i   with.
22
   i             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  It seems to me, again, the
23 j
   !   basic issue is whether we are going to get a massive
24
   i   chlorinator or a holding tank.  That doesn't say that the

-------
                                                             234
                           Ralph Purdy
       legislation, as developed by Michigan, doesn*t have a
       theoretical escape hatch —  a device  which has been
       determined by the Commission to be capable of rendering
  4     the sewage discharges nonpollutional.  I guess the notion
  5     is that someone might come up with that in the future.
  6               As I understood the four States bordering Lake
  7     Michigan, while these were very interesting devices, they
  8     hadn't found any at the present stage which was nonpollu-
  9     tional as far as the effects on Lake  Michigan were con-
10     cerned  and the effect of the operation was complete
11     unanimity on the holding tank theory.
12               MR. OEMING:   That  is correct.
13               CHAIRMAN STEIN: Now, Mr. Eagle, may we have
14     your views on that?
15               MR. EAGLE:   Well,  I am not  prepared or authorized
16     to speak for the State of Ohio on  this officially.   I
,„     think that some type  of a holding  tank,  personally, would
       be in order, particularly on new craft.   I think it would
18
19     be difficult to enforce it for existing craft.   I don't
       know whether Michigan expects to do that.
£\j
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Yes, all four States.
21
                 MR. EAGLE:   I would like to counter with a
22
       question to you,  Mr.  Stein.   What  are you going to do
23
       about large vessels?   What is the  Federal Government going
24
       to do about the large  vessels,  particularly international,
25

-------
                                                             235

                          Ralph Purdy



      and so on?



                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  This has come up before.  I



 3    just don't know.  I stated this before.   The point is



 4    this isn't a very easy problem to handle, and I saw Mr.



 5    Butrico, who worked for me for years in the Public Health



 6    Service — I remember twenty years ago we used to work on

   i


 7    vessel sanitation.  The problem here is even if you put



 8 |   controls on all U.S. vessels, what do you do with the

   i            •

 9 i   foreign flag vessels coming in?  The question that always



10    gets raised — and the validity of this, you can judge



      for yourself— is: the effect of putting a stringent



      sanitary regulation on U.S. vessels just means the flight



      of those vessels to a foreign flag and a foreign registry,



      and their being in the same place — and the question is:



      what have you  accomplished?  This is, I  think, a very,



      very difficult operation.
i ,'


                Now, the Congress and the Federal authorities



      are struggling with this.  I don't know if this can be



      arranged by any less than a treaty operation, and you know



      how long that  would take to go into effect,
*' i


                It is clear to me that, at the present time, we
fj L


      are not in a position to come up with an agreement as
.-/ o i!


      we had on Lake Michigan.

25 \

                But  one of the questions that  we might have on

24

      this is whether it would be worthwhile for the States to  get

-------
                                                              236

                           Ralph Purdy


       together with us — and they did have a little technical

  2
       committee in Lake Michigan before we developed this —

  3

       and see if the States will come up with uniform require-

  4
       raents or this would be worthwhile,



                 I just wanted to do that because you raised a



  6    very interesting point,



  7              MR. PURDY:    That time wasn't charged to my ten



  8    minutes, was it?



  9              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   No,  sir.   No, you  did well



 10    within the ten minutes.



 11              Are there any other comments or statements on



 12    the Michigan report?



 13              Well, again — and let me  try to summarize —



 14    I  think we are doing very well  for the three  States —



 15    having heard from Pennsylvania  and Indiana and Michigan



 16    so far, who have made their presentations.  I think the


 17     programs are moving apace.



 ,g               Now, of course,  there is one problem that we are



 19     obviously going to have to face up to, and that is the



 20     phosphate problem.   I think we  have  a good example with



 21     one of our major chemical  companies  showing how they



       can remove phosphates.   I  guess they are in business,
 &&


       aren't they?

-------
                                                              237
                           Ralph Purdy


  1    or the Detroit River that our time schedules include


  2    phosphate removal within the time schedules that we are


       talking about, and that includes an BO per cent removal,


  4              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think that should be noted,


  5    and I don't know that  — I think Michigan is probably in


  6    the forefront in this in the States, and I know they have


  7    been scrupulous about this in their stipulations and


  8    orders.


  9              Are there any other comments or questions?


10    If not, thank you very much.


13_              If the conferees will do this — bear with me


12    on this, because of schedules — I am beginning to see the


13    day-Light and I think we might get through today..  But


       before we recess possibly this afternoon,  I wonder if


       we could hear from Mayor Locher of Cleveland,  the  former
15

       Mayor of Cleveland.
16      J

                 Mayor Locher. would you come up?
17

                 MR.  LOCHER:   Thank you very much, Mr.  Stein,
18

       and members of this conference for an opportunity  to speak
19

       very briefly.
20

                 I have already appeared on behalf of the Izaak
21

       Walton League  in Columbus on two occasions with regard to
22
       this question of drilling in the lake, and likewise
23
       have testified with regard to the Cuyahoga River only last
24
       week at the hearings that were held here in Cleveland,  Ohio,

25

-------
                                                            236
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

       on the standards, and, therefore, I would ask your per-
  2
       mission, Mr. Chairman, to introduce those three state-
  3
       raents in the record, in the interest of saving time, if

  4     I may, and then to speak briefly —

  5               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.

  6               MR. LOCHER: — to speak briefly on the subject

  7     of drilling in the lake,  which I believe is much more

  8     serious than has been indicated.  I don't believe —

  9     if I may respectfully disagree with you, Mr. Chairman —

10     that it is only a peripheral or small problem,   But I

11     believe that a catastrophe could very likely occur  and

12     if it does, it would indeed be very serious, because I am

13     told there is no way to remove oil from the water supply

14     that has yet been developed, and for that reason it goes

15     to the very heart of the  potability of the water itself

16     for the inhabitants of those in the Lake Erie watershed.

1                Furthermore, a  few years ago, in the vicinity

       of Hinckley, Ohio, an oil well did break loose.  It was
18
lg     a gusher.  It did flow for many, many days  and it did

       a great deal of damage.,

                 From knowledge  which the Izaak Walton League

       has been able to acquire, wherever there has been
22                        ^
       drilling there has been a concomitant problem.   I refer

       to Maracaibo, Venezuela,  where a large section of a very
24
       large lake indeed was so  covered with crude oil that it
25 I

-------
                                                              239
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

  1    posed a fire problem.  I refer to Beirut, Lebanon, where

  2    a break in an oil line damaged entire beaches and caused

  3    a very severe problem there costing millions of dollars

  4    to the American oil interests to restore.

  5              I refer to Cook's Inlet in Alaska, the Gulf

  6    of Mexico, the offshore drilling in California  and

  7    indeed I don't know of any place in the entire world

  8    where there has been drilling in lakes or in rivers that

  9    we have not had the problem, including some problems

       on the northern shore of Lake Erie itself.

                 If Pennsylvania is going to experiment with

12    the safety of all of us,  it poses this interesting situa-

       tion:  If they strike it  rich, they win;  but if there
J.O

       should be a catastrophe and if there should be a well

       break loose; and if there should be a large portion of
15

       Lake Erie covered with oil,  I am afraid they would say,
16
       "Too bad, fellows, you lose."  And that is exactly the
17
       situation that could happen if we were to allow this to
18
       go forward.
19
                 We had an expert testify, Mr. Chairman,  in
20
       Columbus, Ohio,  and as a  result of those  hearings the
21
       State of Ohio did defer drilling, and Mr. Lee Birch, who
22
       was an expert in the field, stated that no matter how
23
       strongly you draw up these regulations, there are no
24
       known controls to prevent an oil well from becoming a
25

-------
                                                             240


                          Hon. Ralph Locher


       gusher and breaking loose.  If there were,  I am sure that

 2
       the Federal Government would have insisted  that those


       wells in the Gulf of Mexico, over which it  has control,


       and in Alaska,  and everywhere else,  would have been so


 5     equipped.;  But  there is no  known technique,  and for that


 6     reason, we have had those  terrible problems in every


 7     place that I have listed.


 8               Furthermore, there is no way to prevent a


 9     piece of heavy  debris or a boat itself from sinking to


10     the bottom of the lake, and you are  not going to have this


11     oil and gas come from the  well  on the  surface of the


12     water -- that is a cinch.   It will have to  come through


13     some kind of a  conveyance,  a pipeline, and  if some boat


14     — even a small yacht — were to sink  and damage such a


15     pipeline,  you would have an awfully  difficult time,


       and perhaps it  would take  weeks to discover just where


17     that break was.   In the meantime,  there goes your water


lg     supply.


                 Then,  again, after the fact, I am sure we would


       levy some  rather strong and harsh penalties upon the


       speculator who  was drilling for oil  and gas in Lake Erie*


       but the damage  will have been done.
22

                 Let's  not gamble,the water supply of millions
23

       of people  for a  few hundred thousand dollars of royalty,
24

       I  suggest,  therefore,  that  this  conference  go on record
25

-------
                                                       241
                    Hon. Ralph Locher
 and simplify this matter,  and say that "we shall not
 permit drilling in Lake Erie or  anywhere in the Great
 Lakes so that we would have  the pollution or situation
 where one State only is going forward in  a highly specu-
 lative and dangerous enterprise."
           Then,  with regard to dredged materials,  it  was
 stated that those dredged  materials,  Mr,  Chairman,  are
 not bad — they are  only half bad because half  of it is
 a matter of water that comes out.
           Let  me read from the book which I  commend to
 all of you.  I have  no interest in the  royalty  from the
 book,  but it was written by  William Donohou Ellis,  and
 he  spoke  of  the Cuyahoga River:   "The red of the  water
 is  created by  iron,  mud, sulphur,  crude oil and pickle
 liquor from  the mills, and for one hundred years, those
 who have  known which side midwest bread is buttered on
 have thanked God,  also Sam Mather, John D. Rockefeller,"
 et  cetera — and then  it goes  on:  "Sometimes the old
 river  seems  to be  a  combination  of one-third mud from the
 still  rural  headwaters,  one-third  sludge   and one-third
 pickle  liquor from the great mills, but it continues
 making  history."
          Then he points out how important this tiny but
mighty  river actually  is.
          Now, one further thought:  The Waltonian  philosph;

-------
                                                            242
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

       I believe, should be kept uppermost by this conference.

  2
       And that is best stated by a judge recently who heard a
  3
       case in Illinois, and this had to do with the spillage
  4
       of oil, and it was a relatively small spillage, as those

       things go.  B.ut the judge went on to say that, "I agree,"

  6     he says, "with Mr. Hersod, attorney for the plaintiff,

       when he quoted the unnamed judge that there is no such

  8     thing as a little pollution.   I conclude, as a matter of

  9     law, that the oil slick in question was a pollution of

10     waters, as alleged in the complaint,"  And then he said,

11     "I come to the conclusion, as a matter of law, that it

12     doesn't make  any difference.   The cases hold that in

13     instances of  this kind, the intent is not necessary."


14               And so, I urge upon this conference to take a

15     strict view with regard to this highly dangerous and

16     risky business of allowing a  few speculators to gamble

17     with our precious water supply,      I urge also that we

18     watch history,  that we  learn  from history,  which has

19     shown that  in the Gulf, off the  coast of California,  at

20     Cook's Inlet,  right here a few miles from Cleveland,  Ohio,

2i     where a well  has broken loose,  at Maracaibo,  at Beirut,

22     all  these instances would seem to argue,  I believe,  that

       in the interest of safety,  let's put the  public interest
<£d

       first and foremost.
24

                Thank you.

-------
                                                      243
                    Hon. Ralph Locher

           {Statement  by Ralph S.  Locher on  behalf of  the

 Izaak  Walton  League and his  own behalf before Wayne

 Conner,  Chief, Division of Oil and  Gas, Columbus,  Ohio,

 February 5, 1968, follows:)

          Objection to  the Hearing  on  Rules and Regula-

 tions

          Objection is  hereby made  to  the consideration of
 rules  and regulations for drilling  in  Lake  Erie.   The

 public has had absolutely no opportunity to be heard on

 the merits of oil and gas drilling  in  Lake  Erie.   There-

 fore, the rules and regulations will be drafted and the

 whole matter will be  all wrapped up in a neat little

 package  without the public ever having had  its say.

          The proposed rules and regulations have a special

 significance, in that Section 1505.99,  Revised Code,

 provides  a penalty consisting of a  fine of  "not less than

 $100 nor more than $500."  What a weak reed that isl

          Water - Our Most Vital Natural Resource

          Water is paramount as a natural resource.  The

 area in and about Cleveland, Ohio,  contains four major

water intakes serving 2,000,000 people  in all of Cuyahoga

 County and three adjacent counties:  Lake, Summit  and

Medina Counties.  The water supply  and fire protection

 afforded by the Water Division cannot be endangered.

 Indeed, we of this generation are charged with the duty

-------
                                                              244
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

       of holding this vital natural resource of fresh water in
  2
       trust for posterity.
  5
                 Water is paramount as a natural resource and is

       the backbone of Ohio wealth, available in unlimited

  5     quantity from Lake Erie and the Ohio River.  We cannot
  6     and should not jeopardize its quality.  Furthermore,

  7     national and state water quality objectives are to reduce

  8     pollution at all levels.  The United States Public Health

  9     Service is presently engaged in evaluating water standards

10     and the Great Lakes and international agencies are working

11     toward insuring the potable character of the waters of

12     Lake Erie.
13               It should be remembered that the four Cleveland

14     water intakes are located to produce the best quality

15     water possible and these raw water intakes cannot be

, _     shut down or be contaminated since they are in constant
-Lb

17     USe«
                 Gusher Could Ruin Water Supply
18
                 Should an uncontrolled oil well, such as the

       one which came in near Lodi, Ohio, several years ago,
&\j
       pollute Lake Erie, the water supply of some 2,000,000
*c.L
       people would be literally destroyed over-night.  This
22
       statement is based upon the firm opinion of City oT
23
       Cleveland engineers who advised that oil and its various
24
       components cannot be removed from the  water supply through
25

-------
                                                        245
                    Hon. Ralph Locher
the presently known filtration methods and procedures.
          Beach Areas Endangered
          Further, the  Cleveland Regional Planning Commis-
sion points out in a recent report that 119 acres of beache
are needed in this area, but that only fifteen per cent
of the shoreline is available for public recreation.  The
proposed oil and gas drilling sites would jeopardize the
shoreline of Lake Erie, including those areas not subject
to population concentration and adjacent to public land
use for recreation.
          Royalties Insignificant
          It has been estimated that the royalty reverting
to the State of Ohio by leasing land under the lake would
approximate $200,000 a year.  We should not hazard the
prime resource of the State of Ohio for any sum.  However,
the $200,000 which might accrue would never compensate
for the threatened capitalized loss to the citizens and
other beneficiaries of the waters of Lake Erie.
          Water-Borne Commerce Impeded
          The City of Cleveland has made real progress
toward becoming a world port and the future promises
greater gain when the harbor depth is increased to twenty-
seven feet, allowing even larger freighters to reach our
docks.  Furthermore, people are finding more pleasure
in small watercrafts and water recreation, taxing our

-------
                                                              246
                          Hon. Ralph Locher

  1     small craft harbor development  to the  limit.   While  pre-

  2     cautions are attempted to  be written into the  proposed

  3     leases, there still exists hazard to small crafts which

  4     come from the very nature  of drilling  operations. The

  5     drilling operations and the production methods will  serve

  6     as a hazard to the shipping vessels as well, generally.

  7     The drilling rigs and the  distribution facilities in and

       of themselves would be a navigational  hazard to large

       cargo vessels as well as smaller pleasure crafts.

                 To be sure, the  presently proposed leases

„     entail development off the shore in Ashtabula  County.

       It should be pointed out that when the lake is frozen

       and when the northeast winds prevail,  which conditions

       occur over a considerable  portion of the year,  the lake
14                                                 '

       currents are not clearly defined and our Nottingham  Road
15
       intake is in close proximity to Ashtabula County.
16
                 Conclusion
17
                 For reasons given above, it  is my firm con-
18
       viction that it would be a mistake to  permit off-shore
19
       drilling for gas and oil in Lake Erie.  In fact,  it  would
20
       be a horrendous disservice to our state and nation,  the
21
       fish and water fowl life,  and,  above all, the  people
22
       who live in the Lake Erie  Basin, tributary to  this natural
23
       resource.
24
                 At this point, I should like to read into  the
25

-------
                                                             247
                          Hon.  Ralph Locher
  1
       record a resolution adopted by the Ohio Division of the
  2
       Izaak Walton League of America at its 43rd Convention,
  5
       held in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 9, 1965.
  4
                 Projected Oil Drilling Operation in Off-Shore
  5
       Waters of Lake Erie Pose Threat to Source of Supply of

  6     Fresh Water to Millions of Users

                 Whereas, the State of Ohio has a projected

  8     program of drilling for oil in off-shore areas of Ohio's

  9     Lake Erie waters,  through lease arrangements with private

10     industry; and

11               Whereas, millions of citizens are dependent

12     upon this source for their life-sustaining supply of

13 I    fresh water;  and

14               Whereas, the occasion  of an  uncontrolled oil

15     well could jeopardize this water source for undetermined

16     lengths of time; and

                 Whereas, even with the exercise of great care

       in the conduct of  drilling operations, where can be no

19     assurance that such a catastrophic calamity could not

20     occur;  and

                 Whereas, in the event  that Lake Erie's waters

22     should become contaminated with  oil, that oil and its

       various components cannot be removed from the water supply

       through presently  known methods  and procedures;  and

                 Whereas, a report of the Cleveland Regional

-------
                                                             248

                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1    Planning Commission indicates that 119 acres of beaches

  2    are needed in the Cleveland area alone; while less than

  3    fifteen per cent of Lake Eriefs shoreline is available

  4    for public recreation.  Projected oil drilling in Lake

  5    Erie would jeopardize its shoreline, including areas not

  6    subject to population concentration and adjacent to public

  7    recreational land;  and

  8              Whereas,  drilling operations, drilling rigs, and

  9    the distribution facilities in and of themselves would

 10    constitute navigational hazards to large cargo vessels

 1:L    as well as to smaller pleasure crafts;  and

 12              Whereas,  it has been estimated that the royalty

       reverting to the State of Ohio by leasing land for drilling
 -LO

       sites under the lake would approximate  $200,000 a year;

       and
 15

                 Whereas,  we believe that we should not hazard
 16
       this prime resource of the State of Ohio for any sum;  as
 17
       any anticipated royalties from this source could never
 18
       compensate for the  threatened capitalized loss to the
 19
       beneficiaries of the bounties which Lake Erie so gener-
 20
       ously bestows:
 21
                 Now, therefore, be it resolved, by the Ohio
 22
       Division of the Izaak Walton League of  America in con-
 23
       vention assembled this ninth day of October, 1965, at
24
       Cleveland, Ohio, that it is our firm belief that it would
25

-------
                                                              249
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1    be a most  grievous mistake to permit off-shore drilling

  2    for gas  and  oil in Lake  Erie.

  3               Be it further  resolved that copies of this

  4    resolution be forwarded  to the following:

  5               Murray Stein,  Chief Enforcement Officer, of

  6    the U.S. Public Health Service of the Department of

  7    Health,  Education and Welfare, Washington, B.C.

  8               Fred Morr, Director, Ohio Department of Natural

  9    Resources, Columbus, Ohio,

 10               Dr. Emmett Arnold, Chairman, Ohio Water

 ^    Pollution  Control Board, Columbus, Ohio.

 12              Mayor Ralph S. Locher, City Hall, Cleveland,

       Ohio.
 J.O
                 Mrs. James H. Angel, Chairman, Citizens for

       Land and Water Use, 20#4 Elbur Avenue, Lakewood,  Ohio
 15
       44107.
 16
                 Mrs. Esther Smercina,  Chairman, South Shore
 17
       Subcommittee on Lake Erie Basin Study of the League of
 18
       Women Voters, 2074 Alton Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44112.
 19
                 Above resolution prepared and submitted upon
 20
       instructions from the Board of Directors of Western
 21
       Reserve Chapter,  I.W.L.A., at a meeting held on September
 22
       22,  1965.
23
                 Very respectfully submitted, Seba H.  Estill,
 24
       Committee Chairman, 3577 Cummings Road,  Cleveland,  Ohio
25

-------
                                                             250
                          Hon. Ralph Locher

  1    44118.

  2              Remarks

  3              Water, our most important natural resource, is

  4    reaching new heights of importance day by day.  Ancient

  5    civilizations and flourishing cities are known to have

  6    perished because their supply of water became exhausted.

  7    In our own generation, water is being literally fought

  8    for in individual and governmental bodies.  The great

  9    need for large supplies of water by industry makes it

 ,_    advisable for one area to grow and prcspsr, whereas

       others have already reached their maximum potential.

                 The above thoughts were forceably brought to
 -L4O
       mind only within the past summer by two events:  First,
 X O
       the Chicago Sanitary District Water Diversion Bill in
 14
       the Congress of the United States was  vigorously opposed
 15
       by most of the cities in the Great Lakes Basin, including
 16
       Cleveland.  Mayor Celebreeze, Port Director Rogers, and
 17
       I  appeared in opposition to the  proposed diversion of
 18
       1500 cubic feet per second urged upon  the Congress by
 19
       Chicago and the Illinois Congressmen.   We pointed out
 20
       many other arguments that  water  should never be diverted
 21
       from one watershed to another.   To do  so would violate
22
       one of the cardinal principles of the  common law and  of
23
       American law on the subject of water and riparian rights.
24
                 Secondly, and by way of further illustration,
25

-------
                                                             251


                           Hon. Ralph Locher



       the State of Ohio is now preparing specifications to



  2    permit off-shore drilling for oil and gas in Lake Erie.



  3    The City of Cleveland is faced with the prospect of



  4    drilling operations in its own front yard, so to speak.



  5    It is proposed to advertise for bids to allow for drilling



  6    in 13,655 acres immediately north of the Cleveland harbor



  7    and the City of Lakewood and part  of Rocky River,



  8    beginning one-half mile from shore and extending out-



  9    wardly.  This area includes two city water intakes



10    and terminals.  These facilities constitute the sole



11    present source of supply for the west side of our city.



12              I  call this matter to your attention because of



13    the various  implications it raises.   For one thing,  the



14    expected oil and gas producing strata or sand only



15     recently produced an oil gusher south of Cleveland,  near



       Lodi,  Ohio.   Should an uncontrolled  oil well pollute
16


       Lake Erie, the Cleveland water supply would be literally



       destroyed overnight.  I say this because the City of



       Cleveland water engineers advise that oil and its various
JL I/


       components cannot be removed from the water supply
20

       through the  presently known filtration methods and
21

       procedures.   A letter I just received recently from  the

22

       officials of Long Beach,  California,  carries the

23

       information  that off-shore drilling  "has caused a criti-

24

       cal subsidence condition in our harbor, one section  of

25

-------
                                                             252
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

  1     our inner harbor having settled 25 feet ,..."

  2               Consequently, when the proposed specifications

  3     are made known, public officials as well as those of you

  4     connected with the water supply industry, must make

  5     certain that all precautions are taken to avoid possible

  6     damage to intake tunnels by drilling and dynamiting;

  7     that danger of drilling and well rigs to freighters and

  8     pleasure craft be considered; that interference of gas

  9     and oil exploration and deepening of the channel for

10     deep-draft ships, which will come in greater numbers with

13_     completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, will be taken into

12     account and that destruction of fish life by dynamiting

13     must not be permitted.

                 (The following article appeared in The

       Cleveland Press, on Saturday, February 3t  1968:)
15

                 "More Danger for Lake
16

                 "Lake Erie already has the hapless reputation

       of a Mead sea,' thanks to the pollution that has ruined
18
       its waters.
19
                 "Now it is in danger of growing even more
20
       polluted through oil drilling.  Ohio, New York and
21
       Pennsylvania plan to lease submerged Lake Erie lands
22
       for oil purposes.
23
                 "George Harlow,  head of the Lake Erie office
24
       of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
25

-------
                                                             253

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


       categorically says there is a pollution threat from the

  o
       drilling which would take place two to three miles from


       the shoreline of Ashtabula County.


  4              "Pollution from drilling can come from three


  5    sources:  the oil itself, brine and the lubricating oil


  6    from the underwater machinery.


  7              "On Monday the state will hold hearings in


  8    Columbus to discuss the rules for Lake Erie drilling,


  9    particularly as it affects shipping and pollution.  The


 10    oil drillers should be made to prove their case, which


 1:L    may be difficult.


 12              "Certain questions should be asked the proponents


 13    of Lake Erie drilling:


                 "Is the oil which may be obtained absolutely


       necessary to our economy?
 15

                 "Will it mean cheaper gasoline to Ohio motor-
 16

       ists?
 17

                 "How will drilling be terminated if pollution
 18

       occurs?
 19

                 "Who will pay to clean it up?
 20

                 "Officials should be wary of such statements
21
       as this from a New York official:   'The risk of any of
22
       our operations pulluting are negligible.1
23
                 "Are the risks of a broken oil line negligible?

24
       Should such an accident occur, the mess could be as

25

-------
                                                             254

                          Hon.  Ralph  Locher


       disastrous as the tons of spilled oil that washed the

 2     Cornwall coast of England last year.


 3               "And once state officials let the drilling


 4     commence, even with tight safeguards rigidly enforced,


 5     pollution seems inevitable.  This has been part of the


 6     tragic history of industrial wastes in Lake Erie.


 7               "It is hard to conceive of any situation which


 8     would justify drilling for oil in Lake Erie."


 9               (The following article appeared in The Plain


10     Dealer on February 7, 196S:)


11               "Hold Off on Lake Oil Drilling


                 "There is no compelling reason why the oil and
J-rfd

       gas reserves which lie under Lake Erie should be tapped
-LO

       immediately.
14

                 "There is a compelling reason to preserve the
15

       lake water.   And there is some  danger that oil and gas
16

       drilling would add pollution to the lake at the very time
17
       when large-scale efforts are underway  in Ohio and, indeed,
18
       throughout the Great Lakes area to reduce pollution and
19

       save the lakes from ruin.
20
                 "Therefore, Ohio — along with Pennsylvania and
21
       New York, which also are considering leasing state-owned

22
       waters in the lake for oil and  gas explorations — should

23
       hold up until it can be proved  that science has advanced

24
       to the point that pollution will not result.

25

-------
                                                              255
                          Hon.  Ralph Locher

                 "Experts testifying on drilling regulations

  2    proposed by the oil and gas division of the Ohio Department

  3    of Natural Resources expressed grave doubts that pollution

  4    could presently be avoided,

  5              "Representative George V. Voinovich of Cleveland

  6    proposes calling a halt to proposed drilling until the

  7    Ohio House can make a thorough investigation of the

  8    pollution threat and until the public  can evaluate the

  9    risks against the benefits that may be derived from

 IQ    exploiting the oil and gas reserves.

 11              "It is a sensible proposal and has won the

 -,2    support of the resources department, whose chief concern,

       after all, is protecting the state's natural resources.
 a. O
                 "Although drilling has been authorized by the

       legislature,  the department has the power to hold it off
 15
       by delaying promulgation of regulations.  It would be
 16
       wise to do so until pollution-free operations can be
 17
       assured,"
 18
                 (Statement  of Ralph S.  Locher on behalf of
 19
       the Izaak Walton League and in his own behalf before
 20
       a Sub-committee of the Natural Resources Committee,
21
       chaired by the Honorable Morris Boyd,  Wednesday,
22
       February 21,  1963:)
23
                 I appreciate this opportunity to share  with
24
       your honorable body some of the  views  of the Izaak
25

-------
                                                             256

                           Hon.  Ralph LOGher


       Walton League and of my own concerning the proposed

  o
       drilling for gas and oil in Lake Erie.  To my knowledge,

  2
       there has been no public hearing proposed by the State


  4     of Ohio affording an opportunity to the public to be


  5     heard relative to drilling in Lake  Erie.


  6               Section 1505.08 of the Revised Code provides


  7     that "... the Chief of the Division of Geological Sur-


  8     vey, with the approval of the Director of Natural Resources


  9     the Attorney General, and the Governor, nay issue permits


10     and make leases to parties making application for permis-


11     sion to take and remove sand, gravel,  stone, gas, and


12     other minerals from and under the bed of Lake Erie...."


13               On February 5, 1968, a hearing was had before


14     Wayne Conner, Chief, Division of Oil and Gas, to "consider


15     the adoption of rules and regulations relating to the


,_     issuance of permits for the drilling of wells in strata
J-b

       beneath the waters of Lake Erie and the operation


       thereof."  The rules, according to  the Notice of Hearing,
18

       "will establish procedures that will promote the maximum
X J

       ultimate recovery of oil and gas from reservoirs beneath


       Lake Erie by application of accepted practices of
£ i.

       conservation...."  I have quoted from the Revised Code
22

       of the State of Ohio and the Notice of Hearing as a
23

       foundation for two points.
24

                 First, a hearing was had  on proposed rules and
25

-------
                                                              257

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


        regulations  for drilling  in Lake  Erie  even before the


  2     public  could be heard  on  the merits  of drilling.  In my


  3     judgment, there was a  disposition on the part of the


  4     Governor, the Attorney General, and  the Director of


  5     Natural Resources, to  proceed with the issuances of


  6     permits and  granting of leases.   According to the


  7     Cleveland Plain Dealer of last Sunday, the Director of


  8     Natural Resources has  so  indicated.  Richard G. Zimmerman


  9     of the  Plain Dealer Bureau, in his column "Credibility


 10    Gap on  the Olentangy,"  stated, "late last year, Natural


 H    Resources Director, Fred  E. Morr, joyously crowed that


 12    Ohio was leading other  Great Lakes states in opening


 13    a portion of Lake Erie  to private oil and gas interests."


 ,,               Second, the proposed rules and regulations are


       designed to promote the maximum, ultimate recovery of
 JL5

       oil and gas from Lake Erie.  Were it not for this
 16

       hearing and,  hopefully, others, the public interest could


       not have been asserted in an official manner.  Partic-
 18

       ularly is your hearing important, since the Revised
 i,y

       Code of the State of Ohio, Section 1505.99, is a weak
 20

       reed, for it  provides a penalty as follows:
 & J_

                 "1505.99 Revised Code, penalty
 22

                 "(a)  Whoever violates Section 1505.07 of the
 23
       Revised Code, shall be fined not less than one hundred
 24
       dollars nor more  than five hundred dollars."
25

-------
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1              Water  - Our Most Vital Natural Resource

  2              Water  is paramount as a natural resource.  The

  3    area in and about Cleveland, Ohio, contains four major

  4    water intakes serving 2,000,000 people in all of Cuyahoga

  5    County and three adjacent counties:  Lake, Summit and

  6    Medina Counties.  The approximate valuation of the City

  7    of Cleveland water facilities is $100,000,000.  The water

  8    supply and fire protection afforded by the Water Division

  g    cannot be endangered.  Indeed, we of this generation are

 ,Q    charged with the duty of holding this vital natural

       resource of fresh water in trust for posterity.

                 Water is paramount as a natural resource and
 12
       is the backbone of Ohio wealth, available in unlimited
 13
       quantity from Lake Erie and the Ohio River.  We cannot
 14
       and should not jeopardize its quality.  Furthermore,
 15
       national and state water quality objectives are to reduce
 16
       pollution at all levels.  The United States Public Health
 17
       Service is presently engaged in evaluating water standards
 18
       and the Great Lakes and international agencies are working
 19
       toward insuring the potable character of the waters of
20
       Lake Erie.
21
                 It should be remembered that the four Cleveland
22
       water intakes are located to produce the best quality
23
       water possible and these raw water intakes cannot be
24
       shut down or be contaminated since they are in constant
25

-------
                                                      259
                   Hon. Ralph Locher
use.
          Gusher Gould Ruin Water Supply
          Should an uncontrolled oil well, such as the
one which came in near Lodi, Ohio, several years ago,
pollute Lake Erie, the water supply of some 2,000,000
people would be literally destroyed over-night.  This
statement is based upon the firm opinion of City of
Cleveland engineers who advised that oil and its various
components cannot be removed from the water supply through
the presently known filtration methods and procedures.
          Other areas of the world which have permitted
underwater drilling and have experienced terrible loss
are Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, and more recently the
Gulf of Mexico.  Captain Charles Sebastian of Grand
Isle, Louisiana, recently was quoted in the magazine
"Industrial Research, Inc."
         "'About 2,000 oil-drilling rigs now are operating
off the coast of Louisiana,1  stated Captain Charles
Sebastian, a charter boat skipper from Grand Isle,
Lousiana, 'and every one of these rigs is releasing oil
into the Gulf of Mexico.1
          "That assertion was made at the twelfth annual
International Game Fish Conference, San Juan, Puerto
Rico, in late November. Several dozen aerial photographs
of oil-drilling platforms were shown to the conferees;
and in each picture an oil slick was evident around the

-------
                                                            260
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher


  1      platform.


  2                "According to  Sebastian, each drilling  rig


  3      uses  a mixture  of oil and mud to hold down any  gas


  4      pressure that may exist  in the hole  — and this pressure


  5      may be as  great as  3,000 psi.  'The  pumpings that come


  Q      up inside  the well  go through a shaker, or separator, and


  7      drop  into  the water.  The lubricating medium is diesel


  8      oil — approximately 1,500 gallons in each hole.1


  9                "Production platforms also discharge  oil into


1Q      the water.  Sebastian claims,  "Tanks are used to  separate


        the oil from water, because nearly all wells produce some


        water,1 he said.  'After separation, the water  goes  over-
-L4O

        board  and  carries a great deal of oil with it.  Each well
J.O

        pollutes the water to some extent, and as many  as sixty-
14

        four  oil wells may be worked  from one platforml*
15

                  "Sebastian further  charged that, in early
16
        November,  one company lost over five million gallons of
17
        oil as a result of a ruptured pipeline on the Gulf floor.
18
        'In my boat,' he said, 'I ran through 45 miles  of crude
19
        oil — just as thick as you can put crude  oil  on the
20
        surface.  For several days it got worse.  I reported the

21
       matter to  the man in charge of production at one  of the

22
        companies  and he denied that his company had a  leaking

23
        pipeline.  He was sincere.  He simply did not know about

24
       the leak.

25

-------
                                                      261
                    Hon.  Ralph Locher
           111A week later the company discovered the
 break in the pipeline.   They had lost about  $300,000
 worth of oil into the Gulf before they found out they
 had a leakIf
           "Sebastians presentation  was one  of  twelve
 papers concerning problems of game fishing,  marine
 research,  conservation,  and pollution given  at  the  meeting
 held November 17-13.  Other papers on aquatic pollution
 were given by Dr.  J.  Frances Allen,  Chief, Water Quality
 Requirements  Branch,  Federal Water Pollution Control
 Administration; by Dr. Frederick Kalber, Florida Atlantic
 University; and by Mrs.  Anne H.  Bosworty, Carmel, Calif-
 ornia,  a member of the International  Women's Fishing
 Association.
           "The role and  functions of  the marine  council
 and  marine commission were  outlined by Dr. John  Gottschalk,
 Director, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; future
 developments  in sport fisheries  were  discussed by Henry
 Lyman, Publisher,  'The Salt Water Sporsman1 magazine;
 while the spawning and migrations  of  game fishes were
 explained by  Donald S. Erdman, Fish and Wildlife Division,
 Department of Agriculture, Puerto Rico, and by Frank J.
Mather, III,  Research Associate, Woods Hole Oceanographic
 Institution.
          "Joseph W. Penfold, Conservation Director,

-------
                                                             262
                          Hon. Ralph Locher

  1     Izaak Walton League of America, dealt with the subject
  n
       of fish conservation and public responsibility; Bori

  3     Olla, Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, discussed rhythms

  4     of activity in bluefish; and William M. Stephens,

  5     Managing Editor, *0ceanology International,1 gave a

  6     presentation on research submarines.

  7               "Following the sessions, some of the delegates

  8     visited marine research facilities in the Virgin Islands

  9     and dived on some of the coral reefs.

10               "The International Game Fish Conference,

11     sponsored by the International Oceanographic Foundation

12     was held in cooperation with the Gulf and Caribbean

13     Fisheries Institute."

14               Proposed Oil Drilling Operation in Off-Shore

       Wafers of Lake Erie Pose Threat to Source of Supply of
J. O
       Fresh Water to Millions of Users
16
                 Whereas, the State of Ohio has a projected

       program of drilling for oil in off-shore areas of

       Ohio's Lake Erie waters, through lease arrangements with

       private industry; and
20
                 Whereas, millions of citizens are dependent
21                      '
       upon this source for their life-sustaining supply of
22
       fresh water;  and
23
                 Whereas, the occasion of an uncontrolled oil
24
       well, could jeopardise this water source for undetermined
25

-------
                                                             263

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


  1     lengths of time;  and


  2               Whereas,  even with the  exercise  of great  care


  5     in the conduct  of drilling operations, there can  be no


  4     assurance  that  such a  catastrophic  calamity  could not


  5     occur;  and


  6               Whereas,  in  the  event that Lake  Erie's  waters


  7     should become contaminated with oil, that  oil and its


  8     various components  cannot  be  removed from  the water


  9     supply  through  presently known methods and procedures; and


 10               Whereas,  a report of the  Cleveland Regional Plan-


 11     ning  Commission indicates  that 119  acres of  beaches are


 12     needed  in  the Cleveland  area  alone; while  less than


 13      fifteen per cent  of Lake Eriefs shoreline  is available


        for public recreation.   Projected oil drilling in Lake


        Erie would jeopardize  its  shoreline, including areas
 15

        not subject to  population  concentration and  adjacent to
 16

        public  recreational  land;  and
 17

                  Whereas,  drilling operations, drilling rigs,
 18

        and the  distribution facilities in and of themselves
 19

       would constitute navigational hazards to large cargo
 20

       vessels  as well as to  smaller pleasure crafts; and
 21

                 Whereas,  it  has been estimated that the
 22
        royalty  reverting to the State of Ohio by leasing
23

        land for drilling sites under the lake would approximate
24
       $200,000 a year; and

25

-------
                                                            264
                          Hon. Ralph Locher
                 Whereas, we believe that we should not hazard
 2
       this prime resource of the State of Ohio for any sum;
 3     as any anticipated royalties from this source could never
 4     compensate for the threatened capitalized loss to the
 5     beneficiaries of the bounties which Lake Erie so gen-
 6     erously bestows;
 7               Now, therefore, be it resolved, by the Ohio
 8     Division of the Izaak Walton League of America in
 9     convention assembled this ninth day of October, 19&5i
10     at Cleveland, Ohio, that it is our firm belief that it
11     would be a most grievous mistake to permit off-shore
12     drilling for gas and oil in Lake Erie.
13               Be it further resolved, that copies of this
14     resolution be forwarded to the following:
15               Murray Stein, Chief Enforcement Officer, of the
T-     U.S. Public Health Service of the Department of Health,
ID
       Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C.
                 Fred Morr, Director, Ohio Department of Natural
18
       Resources, Columbus, Ohio.
JL i/
                 Dr. Emmett Arnold, Chairman, Ohio Water Pollu-
*ovJ
       tion Control Board, Columbus, Ohio.
21
                 Mayor Ralph S. Locher, City Hall, Cleveland,
«o
-------
                                                             265


                           Hon.  Ralph Locher



                 Mrs. Esther Smercina,  Chairman, South  Shore


  2
       Sub-committee on Lake Erie Basin Study of the League of



  3     Women Voters, 2074 Alton Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44112.



                 Above resolution prepared and submitted upon



  5     instructions from the Board of Directors of Western



  6     Reserve Chapter, I.W.L.A., at a  meeting held on



  7     September 22, 1965.



  8               Very respectfully submitted, Seba H. Estill,



  9     Committee Chairman, 3577 Cummings Road, Cleveland, Ohio,



10     4411$.



11               (The following article appeared in The Plain



12     Dealer on February 7, 1968:)



13               "Hold Off on Lake Oil Drilling



14               "There is no compelling reason why the oil and



15     gas reserves which lie under Lake Erie should be tapped



16     immediately.



                 "There is a compelling reason to preserve the



_0     lake water.   And there is some danger that oil and gas
Xo


19     drilling would add pollution to the lake at the very



       time when large-scale efforts are underway in Ohio and,
&\J


       indeed,  throughout the Great Lakes area to reduce
fC> J,


       pollution and save the lakes from ruin.
22


                 'Therefore, Ohio — along with Pennsylvania and
£o


       New York, which also are  considering leasing state-owned

24

       waters in the lake for oil and gas explorations — should

25

-------
                                                             266


                          Hon.  Ralph Locher


       hold up until it can be  proved that science has advanced

  2
       to the point that pollution will not result.

  5
                 "Experts testifying on drilling regulations

  A
       proposed by the oil and  gas division of the Ohio Depart-


       ment of Natural Resources expressed grave doubts that


  6     pollution could presently be avoided.


                 "Representative George V. Voinovich of


  8     Cleveland proposes calling a halt to proposed drilling


  9     until the Ohio House can make a thorough investigation


10     of the pollution threat and until the public can evaluate


11     the risks against the benefits that may be derived from


12     exploiting the oil and gas reserves.


13              "It is a sensible proposal and has won the


14     support of the resources department, whose chief concern,


15     after all, is protecting the state's natural resources.


16               "Although drilling has been authorized by the


17     legislature, the department has the power to hold it off


18     by delaying promulgation of regulations.  It would be


19     wise to do so until pollution-free operations can be


20     assured."


2i               {The following article appeared in The Cleveland


gg     Press,  on Saturday, February 3t  196#:)


                 "More Danger for Lake

-------
                                                              26?
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

  1    its waters.

  2               "Now it is in  danger of growing even more

  3    polluted through oil drilling.  Ohio, New York and

  4    Pennsylvania plan to lease submerged Lake Erie lands

  5    for oil purposes.

  6               "George Harlow, head of the Lake Erie office

  7    of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,

  8    categorically says there is a  pollution threat from the

  9    drilling which would take place two to three miles from

 IQ    the shoreline of Ashtabula County.

 •Q               "Pollution from drilling can come from three

 12    sources:   the oil itself, brine and the lubricating oil

 ,3     from the underwater machinery.

                  "On Monday the state will hold hearings in

       Columbus to discuss the rules  for Lake Erie drilling,
 15
       particularly as it affects shipping and pollution.  The
 16
       oil drillers should be made to prove their case, which
 17
       may be difficult.
 18
                  "Certain questions should be asked the
 19
       proponents of Lake Erie drilling:
 20 I
                  "Is the oil which may be obtained absolutely
 21
       necessary to our economy?
 22
                  "Will it mean cheaper gasoline to Ohio
23
       motorists?
 24
                  "How will drilling be terminated if pollution
25

-------
                                                              26S

                          Hon.  Ralph  Locher

  1     occurs?


  2               "Who will pay  to clean it up?


  3               "Officials should be wary of such statements


  4     as this from a New York  official:   'The risk of any of


  5     our operations polluting are negligible.'


                 "Are the risks of a broken oil line negligible?


  7     Should such an accident  occur, the mess could be as


  8     disastrous as the tons of spilled oil that washed the


       Cornwall coast of England last year.
  i?

                 "And once state officials let the drilling


       commence, even with tight safeguards ridigly enforced,


       pollution seems inevitable.  This has been part of the
12     *

       tragic history of industrial wastes in Lake Erie.
13

                 "It is hard to conceive of any situation which
14

       would justify drilling for oil in Lake Erie."
15

                 (The following article appeared in The Cleveland
16
       Plain Dealer, on Sunday, February Id, 1966:)
17
                 "Credibility Gap on the Olentangy, by Richard

18
       6. Zimmerman, Plain-Dealer Bureau
19
                 "Columbus — Yea, though I walk through the

20
       credibility gap, I shall overcome and survive.

21
                 "First off, it is easier to keep one's sanity

22
       here because fortunately our Ohio credibility gap does not

23
       involve the lives of America's fighting men.

24
                 "Second, the gap here sometimes gets so wide

25

-------
                           Hon.  Ralph  Locher

       that  one  cannot  see the  size of the abyss and happily
       forgets he  even  is  plodding along in  a deep pit  of poppy-
  3     cock.

  4               "Take  the flap over  whether the state  was or was
  5     not planning to  permit oil  and gas drilling in Lake Erie.
  6               "Late  last year,  Natural Resources Director
  7     Fred E. Morr joyously crowed that Ohio was  leading other
  8     Great Lakes states  in opening  a portion of  Lake  Erie  to

  9     private oil and  gas interests.
10               "And earlier this month, the  state  held  public

11     hearings to discuss a set of regulations  to control

12     drilling.  A lesser Natural Resources  Department official

13     told me immediately after the  hearing  that  advertising

14     material for bids on lake leases  was ready  to  be mailed
15     out to newspapers the same  week.
16               "But apparently reports  of public criticism
YJ     generated by the hearing on regulations were quickly
lg     noted in high places, for the next day a  top Natural
19     Resources official  suggested that I had been drunk  on
2Q     the job for ever suggesting the state had made a decision
       to permit drilling in the lake.

-------
                                                              269
                          Hon. Ralph Locher

        regulations, there was no hearing  on  ...'"

  2               (Statement  of Ralph S. Locher on behalf  of the

  3     Izaak Walton League,  delivered May 22, 1966, at public

  4     hearing held by Ohio  Water Pollution  Control Board in

  5     Cleveland:)

  6               "The Mightiest Little River in the Nation,"

  7     the Cuyahoga

  8               Introduction

  9               It is a privilege to appear and present

 10     testimony  for the Izaak Walton League, whose members

 H    number dedicated men  and women devoted to the cause of

 12     conserving our nation1s natural resources as defenders

 ,3     of soil, woods, water, and wildlife.

                 As I look about this chamber, I see the familiar

       faces of those united in the same cause,  many having
 15
       appeared only two months ago at a meeting in Columbus
 16
       to oppose the proposed drilling for oil and gas in Lake
 17
       Erie.   Our efforts were,  I believe, helpful to the State
 18
       of Ohio, and I trust can be of further assistance at
 19
       this important hearing.
20
                 The Cuyahoga River has been termed the
21
       mightiest little river in the nation.   It is a man-made
22 |
       river.   Man leveled it out with the great canal,
23
       straightened it with the  cut at its mouth,  dredged it
24
       deep for ore bulkers,  dammed it at numerous points to
25

-------
                                                         270
                        Hon. Ralph LOGher

1     harness its power.  It is the principal reason for the

2     success of iron, oil, chemical, and rubber empires.  Sam

3     Mather, John D. Rockefeller, Ben Fairless, and Cyrus

4     Eaton are associated with the Cuyahoga and its giant

5     industry.  (1)

6               Currently, the value added by manufacture to

      the products produced in the Cuyahoga Valley is in excess
                                                 if
      of two billion dollars — a staggering sum.

9
 8

                 Bad Stewards
    ,             Why is it that a river which has contributed

       so importantly to the affluence of the region, should
11
       be so foul and neglected?  Americans have not been good
J. £
       stewards of nature's bounty.  Exploitation of man and
13
       resources in our frenzied search for wealth has dominated
14
       our being to the end that we are now gravely concerned
15
       with whether or not Lake Erie can be saved before
16
       catastrophe strikes.
17
                 George Harlow of the Federal Water Pollution
18
       Control Administration recently stated that Lake Erie
19
       may face an instant biological cataclysm which would
20
       make the lake's present problems seem mild by comparison.
21
                 The American society is a civilization wherein
22
       we stand knee-deep in garbage and ankle-deep in sewage,
23
       while our fantastic technology sends a man to the moon.
24
                 Pollution Abatement — a Cost of Doing Business
25

-------
                                                             271

                           Hon.  Ralph Locher


                  That  same technology must  be  directed by

  2
        industry  and government  toward control  of industrial


        wastes.   There  is hope for the Cuyahoga if  two avenues


  4     of  effort converge:


  5               First, industry must recognize that air and


  6     water  conservation  is a part  of the cost of doing


  7     business, everywhere in  the country.  (2)


  8               If a  new  automobile  must cost more by reason


  9     of  the installation of water pollution  controls, the


10     public will understand.  Undoubtedly there  will be


11     added expense,  particularly in the early years for


12     the Republic Steel  Company to  discontinue its daily


13      dumping of ISO,000  pounds of suspended  solids, 120,000


14     pounds of sulfate,  32,000 pounds of chloride, 230 pounds


15      of  phenol, 400  pounds of cyanide, 4,100 pounds of


16      ammonia,  1,100  pounds of magnesium, 12,000  pounds of


        iron and  oil and heavy metals.


                  United States  Steel  dumps into the Cuyahoga
J. C

        daily:  #4,000  pounds total solids, 30,000  pounds
JL i/

        suspended solids, 510 pounds of oil, 50,000 pounds of
*oU

        sulfate,  1,000  pounds of chlorine, 15,000 pounds of
& X

        iron.  Jones and Laughlin reports daily discharges
22

        of  10,400 pounds of suspended  solids, 1,200 pounds
23

        of oil, 12,200  pounds of sulfate, 6,600 pounds of iron,
24

        4,900 pounds of chlorides.
25

-------
                                                             272
                          Hon.  Ralph Locher

  1                Other daily discharges  into  the  Cuyahoga  and

  2      its tributaries come from:   Harshaw Chemical,  550

  3      pounds  fluoride, 160 pounds  nickel,  3,100  pounds

  4      chloride,  30 pounds manganese and sulfate.  Ford Motor

  5      Company, 62 pounds suspended solids, 62 pounds oil,

        43  pounds  zirconium dioxide,  2,600  pounds  chloride,

        410 pounds of  silica dioxide (sand).   Sunoco Products,

  8      300 pounds suspended solids,  7#2  pounds of oxygen-con-

  g      suming  material.  Rubber Industry — B. F. Goodrich,

        Firestone  Tire  and Rubber, and Goodyear Tire and Rubber

        discharge  unreported quantities of  solids, oxygen-con-

        suming  wastes,  organics and  oil into the Cuyahoga at
-L &>

        Akron.
13
                  Is it any wonder that the Cuyahoga has been
14
        described  as "one-third mud  ... one-third  sludge, and
15
        one-third  pickle liquor ..."  (3)
16
                  Second, the State  of Ohio must request full
17
        disclosure of pollution facts from all industry in the
18
        state.  It is our understanding that some  seventeen
19
        industries which pollute the Cuyahoga River do not report
20
        data on their wastes to the  State of Ohio.  This is a
21
        ridiculous situation, unfair to those industries which
22
        do  report  and an affront to  the public of Ohio.  Further,
23
        the State  of Ohio should adequately finance and staff
24
        the Ohio Water  Pollution Control Board.  It is naive to
25

-------
                                                             273

                           Hon.  Ralph Locher


  1     expect that one engineer with no laboratory facilities


  2     in Cuyahoga County can monitor the industrial and


  3     municipal discharges and singlehandedly enforce state


  4     laws.


  5               Massive Federal and State Aid


  6               Estimates to clean up Lake Erie vary from


  7     ten billion to twenty billion dollars — a prodigious


  8     sum.  Even the lower figure  represents $1,000 for every


  9     man, woman and child in  the  area tributary to Lake Erie.


 10               Obviously,  the municipalities cannot carry  the


 •L!     burden alone.   The  state and the Federal Government are


 12     100 per cent correct  in  calling for higher standards


 ,„      and multi-billion dollar programs,  but they are wrong
 JLo

        in  calling the tune without  helping defray the costs.


        So  far,  the State of  Ohio has not invested a  nickel in
 J_ iD

        the cleanup of Lake Erie.  Not  one  of  the  major cities
 16

        in  Ohio has received  a penny  of federal aid for
 17

        construction of sewage treatment facilities;  although
 18

        many millions  of  dollars have been  allocated  to others.
 19         J

                 When the  interstate highway  system  faltered
 20

        in  the  1950s,  the automobile  and gasoline  industries
 21

        had no  trouble  ramming through  Congress a  90-10 formula;

 22

        90  per  cent  federal dollars and 10  per cent state and

23

        local funds.   Surely,  the fisherman, the boatman, and the

24
        family  and  children who  would like  to  swim in Lake  Erie,

25

-------
                                                             274

                          Hon. Ralph Locher


       deserve the same attention from the Congress and the


 2     state legislature; and the economic considerations


 3     are equally significant.  The State of Ohio, to illua-


 4     trate my point, ten years ago collected 260 million


 5     dollars per annum from the sales tax; 24 million


 6     dollars was returned to local governments.  In 1967,


 7     state collections climbed to 369 million dollars, but


 8     local governments are still getting only 24 million


 9     dollars — the same as ten years ago.


lo               Citizens1 action is required here to convince


13_     the legislature to fairly and equitably distribute state


12     tax revenue, as well as to insist that the legislature


,„     provide funds to beef up the staff of the Department of


       Health and the Water Pollution Control Board.
14

                 Some Suggestions
15

                 The Izaak Walton League, after a cursory reading
16

       of the Engineering Report (our copy arrived day before
17

       yesterday) respectfully recommends the following:
18

                 1.  Improved pre-treatment of industrial
19

       wastes by industry, particularly the reduction of oils
20

       and greases before the wastes empty into the public
21

       sewers.
22

                 2.  Improved operation and expansion of the

23
       sewage treatment plants of the various municipalities

24
       to provide tertiary treatment at all plants tributary

25

-------
                                                      275
                   Hon. Ralph Locher
 to streams.
           3.   Complete treatment  at the  Easterly  sewage
 treatment  plant  of City of  Cleveland  instead  of piping
 sludge  to  the  Southerly treatment plant.
           4.   Secondary treatment for all water pollution
 control plants which discharge their  effluent into Lake
 Erie.
           5.   Compulsory periodic inspection and cleaning
 of septic  tanks to  insure operational efficiency and
 gradual elimination of  septic tanks.
           6.   Cooling towers be constructed by industry
 to prevent thermal  pollution of the Cuyahoga and its
 tributaries; further, thermal pollution should be ex-
 pressed in terms of maximums rather than in terms of
 averages.
          7.  Lake  Erie and its tributaries should not
 be  separately considered; all should be treated as parts
 of an interacting whole, since the more obvious water
 degradation has taken place in the tributaries;  in other
words, a watershed  or drainage basin concept,  is pre-
ferable.
          3.  It should be clearly understood that initial
 standards are not final; that standards on water quality
will be raised until clean water is the end result,  at
earliest possible time.

-------
                                                             276

                          Hon. Ralph Locher

                 With vigorous enforcement,  the  Cuyahoga  River
  2
        and  its  tributaries will return to  its former  condition
  3
        and  use  as  a  spawning  area for warm,  fresh water fish-


  4      life.


                 The Waltonian Philosophy


  6               Previously,  at the November 30, 1966, hearing


  7      held by  this honorable body, the philosophy and ideal of

  8      the  Izaak Walton League was expressed by  Seba  H. Estill,


  9      Chairman of the Conservation Committee, who stated the


10      following:

11               "We concur in the recommendations of the Ohio

12      Water Pollution Control Board that  the waters  of Lake


13      Erie proper be made suitable to serve all uses.  This


14      could generate hope for a resurrection of Lake Erie's


15      once great commercial fishing industry and a resurgence


16      of its sport fishing, while providing fresh incentives

17      for northern Ohio's once flourishing vacation  industry


,g      to collaborate in the rebuilding of their industry and


19      the advancement of an enviable image as the outstanding


20      vacation and watering region of our entire midwest.


21              '-'However, we believe that the water of harbors

        (within the Cleveland breakwall, for instance) and
££

        similar areas, should also be suitable for body contact
23                  '

        purposes.  Then Cleveland's bathing beaches might again
24

        be open to the public; and that other sports,  such as
25 I

-------
                                                            277
                          Hon.  Ralph  Locher

  1      water skiing,  might  again be engaged  in.

  2                "To  this end,  we request  a  water quality

  3      criteria capable  of  supporting the  propagation of a

  4      thriving and healthy population of  warm water game

  5      fish that are  indigenous to the area...."

  6                Thank you  for  this opportunity to appear on

  7      behalf of the  Izaak  Walton League.

  8                Appendix

  g                Note 1

                  The  red  of the  water is created  by iron,  mud,

        sulphur,  crude oil,  and  pickle liquor from the mills.

        And  for  100 years  those  who  have known which side  mid-
12

   !     west bread is  buttered on have thanked God ... also Sam
13 ||
   i     Mather,  John D. Rockefeller, Ben Fairless,  Cyrus Eaton,
14 i
   i     and many  other early  iron  men  who sailed out  of the Cuya-
15
        hoga Basin up  to the  Michigan,  Menominee,  and Mesabi Ranges
16
        to find the red dirt  that  feeds Cuyahoga's  iron furnaces
17
        and colors its waters.   (Taken  from "The Cuyahoga" by
18
        William Donohou ELlis, 1966)
19 !
   i              Note 2
20
                 Either we voluntarily implement effective
21
        pollution abatement programs at all levels  of business
22
   I     and industry,  or in the near future our actions in this

23
        area will be spelled  out by Congressional legislation.

24
       Today we still have the freedom to make a reasoned and

25

-------
                                                            27$


                          Hon. Ralph Locher



       resolute response to the problem.  Tomorrow our actions



       may be tightly controlled by government regulations.



 3               If our efforts are made mandatory, not only



 4     will we be forced to take more costly and less efficient



 5     action, but we will also forfeit our claim to being a



 6     responsible segment of society.  To those who say they



 7     cannot afford to take effective anti-pollution measure,



 8     I can only respond that they canft afford not to.  By:



 9     Mr. A. Wright, President of the Chamber of Commerce of



10     United States, also Board Chairman of Humble Oil and



11     Refining Co.  (Taken from "Industrial Water Engineering"



12 I    January issue, 196?)



13 !J              Note 3

   !'

, „ |j              Sometimes the old river seems to be a combina-
-'-'* i|


   I    tion of one-third mud from the still rural headwaters,
J- U
   I
   i    one-third sludge, and one-third pickle liquor from the
16 '


   j!    great mills, but it continues making history.  Mile for
17 ;|


       mile and drop for drop, it is doubtful that it can be
X o *


   J;    matched by any other river.  (Taken from "The Cuyahoga"
J- k7


   !    by William Donohou Ellis, 1966)
20 j


                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mayor Locher.



       (Applause)
22 ,

   i              I heard that comment, too, about the dredged

23 j

       material being half water, but I didn't comment, because

24

       you didnft say it was clean water but —

25

-------
                                                              279
                         Hon. Ralph Locher

 1             Again, let me make the  record  clear  — and  I

 2   would  like  to talk  to you  people  about this, because  I

 3   do  think this is a  serious matter.   I didn't say that

 4   pollution from oil  wasn't  an important problem.  Every

 5 i  time we  have a catastrophe or we have a boat  sunk  —
   1 1
 6 ,!  and we had  one that we were talking  about  just a month or

 7 i  two ago,  Mr. Oeming, in Lake Michigan — this  is very,

 8 |j  very serious.
   t
 9 !            The question that I put here —  we have to  take

10   the big  problems and the small ones, no  matter how  big

]_![;  or  how small.  We take the sources -- but  even if all
   1 1
12 j  this happens, really, sir  — relatively, I am  saying  the

13 |  big sources of pollution control  in  Lake Erie  Basin have

   i  been and will continue to  be — unless we  watch these

     and put  in  remedial measures — are  going  to be the cities
J. o
      and  the  industries.
16
17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
          Now, the difficulty that I find in this field —

and goodness knows I am with you on these campaigns, but

water pollution control for some reason or other is

subject to fantasy.  One time we were fooling with the

oil well wastes, and talk about  that well backfiring

— you should have seen those oil brine things backfire

in the old days; we used to have more gushers than wells.

          First, it was oil wells.  Then, I remember

packing houses.  Then, pulp and paper wastes.  Then,

-------
                                                            230
  ;.                      Hon. Ralph Locher


1    detergents.  Then, the pesticides.  And now, the three

2    big  issues are:   radioactive  pollution from these mills;

3 j;   thermo  pollution  and oil  pollution — and there is

4    another one, boat pollution.

5 |!            Now, all these are  very, very important.   But I

  I   am saying to the  people that  we must meet these and  meet
  i!
  j|   these head on, but let's not  lose  our perspective,

o |;   because I have seen more effort get concentrated and

     more meetings being devoted to these issues to the

     exclusion of really looking at the bread-and-butter  issue

     of the  cig cities and the  big industries.  That is not  to

     say, Mayor, that  we should exclude this oil question as a

     very serious one, and, as  Mr. Lyon knows, we have had

     numerous discussions on the oil problem,  and I have  been at

     these places and  up to Cook inlet, and I know what the

     problems are.  As far as I can see they are very  serious,

     indeed, and they  have to be handled very, very  carefully.
  I:
  11
  ! |
  !            I know  you have  these stringent regulations

     when you get on one of these  islands   in  an oil rig  and

     the  motor is gone and everything  is shaking.   Pipes

     don't always hold together twenty-four hours a  day,

     three hundred  sixty-five  days a year.   It requires  a

     real top maintenance man to  do this.

               I know this,  and with all deference  to  your

     statement and  what you have  said,  I think the  conferees
 9


10


11


12


13


14


15


16


17


18


19 j|


20


21


22


23


24


25

-------
                                                             231


                          Hon. Ralph Locher
 1 '
   !   will carefully consider this,  but again I  say to you and
 2
      everyone else:   The big problem that  we have to face in

 3 i
      cleaning up and controlling pollution in Lake Erie  is

 4
      the municipal and industrial sources.   If  we do that,  I

 5
      do believe we will be able to  handle  these other things.
 £»
                MR. LOCHER:   Yes,  and my paper does go to that.

 7
      I didn't read it because I wanted it  as part of the
 0
      record.  But that is all the more reason, I believe, why

 q
      dream up and invent sources when we have already got a


      big enough problem to keep everyone in this room going the


11    rest of  their lives?


12              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   That is right.


13              I have always said,  about the dredging, I didnrt


14    think we cleaned up one of the Great  Lakes just to  make


15    it a dump, and your point is very well taken.


16              Are there any other  comments?


17              Before we go on, we  will recess  for ten minutes.


18              (Short recess.)

19              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I will call on  Mr. Metzler from


20    New York.


21              MR. METZLER:  We have the two key people  in our


22    organization here, so far as the water pollution abatement


23    is concerned in New York,  as it relates to Lake Erie:


24    Assistant Commissioner John C. Haberer, who will make the


25    presentation;  Eugene Seebald^ who is the  Regional

-------
                                                           232



                         John C. Haberer



   i  Engineer, is also here, and in the event we get into some



 2 I  detailed questions, he has this very much at his fingertips.



 3             MR. HABERER:  Commissioner Stein, conferees,



 4   ladies and gentlemen:



 5 |            I am John C. Haberer, Assistant Commissioner



 6 [  for pure Waters of the New York State Department of Health.



 7             The following resume will  illustrate the



 8   status of the program of New York State in water



 9   pollution control as it affects Lake Erie.



10             Of the forty sources of waste discharge to



11   and-or affecting Lake Erie, twenty-two are under formal



12   orders.  Of these, twelve are complying with the schedule



13   with respect to formal dates for performance.  Thirty-six



14   of the forty are in substantial compliance with the time



15   schedules.



,              The discrepancy between twelve and thirty-six



     has been due to problems encountered in the preliminary



     evaluation of the individual problem.  These unknowns
J. G


     have required a readjustment of the original intermediate



     dates to promote a complete and sound engineering approach.



     The final dates of abatement have not nor will not be altere



     without  positive engineering evaluation, but the



     intermediate steps (originally listed in the Commissioners



     order in the absence  of complete in  stijations at the
24

     problem  level) are, and will continue fco be, flexible
25

-------
                                                             233
                          John C.  Haberer
   i
 l    consistent with the problem.

 2              Only four of the forty polluters are regarded

 3    as not having realistic terminal dates and two

 4    additional ones have been referred to the Attorney

 5    General's office for enforcement of the orders.

 6              With respect to the control of bathing areas in

 7    New York State bordering Lake Erie, only one formal bathing

 0    beach was closed in 196? (Hamburg Town Park in Erie
 o

      County).  The closing was prompted by high bacteria
 y

      counts and the unsatisfactory sanitary survey of the

      area involving particularly effects of stormwater

      overflows.  Changes in bypass and storm overflow
12
      arrangements inaugurated by the town of Hamburg have changed
13
      the sanitary survey.   These steps, coupled with a
14
      statistical analysis of the water quality indicate that,
15
      in all probability, the beach will be reopened this
16
      year under very close health department scrutiny.
17
                The jbrmal listing of other bathing areas on
18
      Lake Erie from the Federal Water Pollution Control
19
      Administration indicating unsafe bathing areas is an error
20
      in that the areas noted do not reflect formal bathing
21
      beaches under the acknowledged control of individuals or
22
      municipalities.
23
                Six hundred seventy-two samples of Lake Erie
24
      water at twenty sites from the mouth of the Niagara River
25

-------
                         John  C. Haberer



 1
2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
19
     to the New York State-Pennsylvania state line  were taken



     during 196? from May through September by the  New York



     State, Erie County,  and Chautauqua County Health



     Departments.



               The median coliform counts nearly always fell



     within the statutory coliform limits set by the New York



     State Legislature in Section 1205 of the New York



     State Public Health  Law and most generally were within the



     limits of the recommendation No. 9 of the Enforcement



     Conference dated August 12, 1965.



               In the few instances where high coliforms



     existed for a protracted period, the sampling  site was



     involved with high concentrations of decaying  aquatic



     life and-or in areas receiving high surface run-off from



     recently occurring rains, flooding storm and sanitary
     systems into watercourses.
16


               The underwater resources of New York State in



     Lake Erie (oil and gas) are about to be explored through
18
     leases to private concerns under the direction of the New
     York State Conservation Department with the New York State





21
20


     Health Department exercising surveillance to insure against
     water  pollution resulting from these activities.  It is



     felt that with proper design, construction  and  control



     effects, no adverse effects will hinder normal enjoyment of

 24


     the offshore waters.

 25

-------
                                                            235



                         John C. Haberer



 1             Any discussion of experiences as to the



 2   pollution incidental to offshore drilling operation are,



 3   at this time, premature with respect to New York State



 4   and its pure waters program.



 5             The disposal of dredged material as a result



 6   of the maintenance of navigational channels by the United



 7   States Corps of Engineers, particularly in the Buffalo



 8   area, has been the source of concern for several years



 9   past.  A totally enclosed lagoon was used last year



10   to receive dredgings from highly polluted waters.



11   Dredgings from relatively unpolluted water continued to



12   be disposed in offshore Lake Erie water.



13             A recent application to the New York State



14   Water Resources Commission by the Bethlehem Steel



     Corporation to permanently dike six hundred twenty acres
J_ O


     in Lake Erie adjacent to their plant site near Buffalo
16


     has been received.  The New York State Department of



     Health, in its program responsibilities, has conferred with
J. G


     plant management and has made it clear that the taking of
J_ v7


     underwater land for solid waste disposal must be fully
20                                      r                 J


     justified on a benefit versus sacrifice evaluation.

21


               The Corps of Engineers has been involved in the

22


     conferences and have indicated an interest in the

23


     proposal.  The area of the solid waste disposal in Lake

24

     Erie will all but completely usurp the present authorized

25

-------
                                                            2S6



                         John C. Haberer



 1    offshore dumping site presently being used.  The water



 2    intakes of the Erie County water authority at Woodlawn



 3    and the city of Buffalo may be affected by the shoreline



 4    change.  The steel company proposed to conduct hydraulic



 5    model studies to demonstrate the potential effect on the



 6    intakes and the navigation channels adjacent to the area.



 7    Any recommendation to the Water Resources Commission by



 8    the Health Department with respect to the Bethlehem



 9    proposal will be contingent upon the details developed as



10    a result of the further study.



               In conclusion, New York has and will continue



12    an aggressive program to insure the integrity of Lake



     Erie's waters and will administer such controls as are
J_ O


     available, consistent with good engineering and public



     health programming coupled with wise and equitable
J.O


     administration of the vast natural resource of the lake.
16



17



18



19




20



21




22



23



24




25

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Continuance of follow-up
with industry. See also
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-------
                                                          292


                         John C. Haberer



 1 j             New York State is sorry that we lost Miss



 2 I   Brockway.  We do not have any dancing girls.  This



 3    completes my presentation.
   i
   i

 4  I            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any comments or



 5    questions?



 6              By the way, John, can we have a list of those



 7    communities, or is that in a table?



 8              MR. HABERER:  That is in the table.



 9              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection, this will



10    appear in the record as if read.  Are there any other



11    comments or questions?



12              MR. LION:  It is obvious, Mr. Chairman, that



, 3    Miss Brockway had to move to Pennsylvania because of



     the beach conditions in New York!



               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You know, New York should have
15


     spoken earlier because evidently they are going to vie



     with you for providing oil leases, and maybe some of the



     opinions would have been directed at New York if they
18

     allied themselves with this position.  I know
.1. ^7


     Pennsylvania was the stalking horse, but I was interested



     in one sentence, and I am not quite sure what it means.
21

               MR. HABERER:  Cross it out if you  don't like

22

     it.

 23

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, you indicate  that New York

 24

     is going to have oil and gas exploration through leases.

 25

-------
                                                            293
                         Dwight Metzler

 I    Then you say, "Any discussion of experiences as to the

 2 I   pollution incidental to offshore drilling operation are,

     at this time, premature with respect to New York State and

     its pure waters program."  What do you mean by that?

 5    You mean we don't have the pollution yet?

               MR. HABERER:  Well, we haven't approved the

     rules and regulations yet, nor have we come close to that.

     So, we are talking about possibilities.
 8

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  In other words, you are really

     not going to beat Pennsylvania.  You are not about to issue
10

     a lease until you have these rules and regulations put

     out.
12
               MR. HABERER:  That is right.
13
               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments or
14 I
     questions?
15
               Well, I think we are getting the pollutants
16
     laid out.  Are there any further questions or comments?
17
               If not, thank you very much, Mr. Haberer.
18
               Mr. Metzler.
19
               MR. METZLER:  Unless there are some other
20
     questions on the New York statement, this concludes the
21
     New York presentation.

22
               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, may I make one suggestion?

 23
     I think New York State, as it does pretty generally, has

 24
     this program pretty much on schedule.

 25

-------
  l|                                                         294
  ji

   I                      Dwight Metzler


  I              Now, when you have  an  adjustment — and I am not



 2     talking about an intermediate adjustment,  but an


 3     adjustment of the terminal dates,  as you may have —



 4     you point out four out  of forty  as not having realistic



 5     terminal dates.   Would  it be  agreeable if  you could



 6     make that information available  to the conferees?



 7               MR. METZLER:   We would expect to keep up to



 8     date on any changes that would have to be  made.



 9               There  is one  thing  that I might  point out, just



10     as a matter of interest and not  to prolong the conference,



ll     but we have used a technique  in  this area  that we had not



12     used prior to the last  conference, and that is:  The New



13     York statute permits the Commission of Health actually to



14     hold a hearing and to fine a  polluter who  is not performing,



,5     and we carried out such an action at least against one


      large corporation, and  as a part of our overall  program


      of moving swiftly with  justice against flagrant violators.


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now,  I have one reservation
18

      that I want to hold later for discussion.   I am going to
j. y


      at least open the question on the numerical removal of
<£\)


      phosphates, whether we  think  we  are all working toward the

-------
   ii                                                         295
   j
   i

   j                      Dwight Metsler
 1 i
   jj  we  should  or this  should  be  a  policy  for Lake  Erie.
   !
 2
     We  have  not done that  yet.   We left that a little open

 3
     because  of the  State of New  York.
   i
 4.
                I think  that this  — and particularly in view


     of  the determinations  made in  other places,  such as
   i

 6   Lake Michigan — I am  going  to ask that  question fairly


 7   generally  later.


 8              MR. METZLER:  I don't object to your asking it


 9   now, Mr. Chairman, as  far as I am concerned.
   !
10              I think  if we are  not careful  that we will  —


11   first, let me point out that in the one  big installation


12   in  New York State  that is far  enough  along that we have


13   pretty much good cost  data,  we are talking about doubling


14 |  the cost of sewage treatment over the cost —  the
   i

15   phosphate  removal  cost is as much as  the secondary treatment


16   of  sewage.


17              Now,  this is not something  that you  undertake


12   lightly, and at least  in  the one case where we have moved


19   into preliminary design of facilities we think it is


20   justified.


21              This  is  one  of  the reasons  that I was particularly


22   responsive to the  model proposal by Pennsylvania. I  would


23   really like to  know what  benefits, if any, we  are going


     to  get from the increased phosphate removal.   The only
•CT:

     reason that we  are zeroing in  on phosphates like we are —

-------
                                                          296


                         Dwight Metzler


     for those who are laymen in the group — is because it


     happens that it is the nutrient that we do know how to take


     out.
   i

 4             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.


 5 i            MR. METZLER:  Nitrogen may be much more
   I
   i
 6 j  important as far as stopping the algal blooms that we


 7   are all worrying about, and I am quite concerned that


 8   we say to the big cities — Cleveland, Detroit, and


 9   Buffalo, and the small communities — we are going to


10   double your costs of waste treatment before you even get


11   up to the secondary treatment level.


12             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Let  me just —


13             MR. METZLER:  So, in  answer to this question I


14   would hope that we would defer  any formal recommendations


15   on this matter, refer it to a technical committee to take


16   a look at and perhaps see us in the future.


17             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  This is for clarification.


,g             I have heard the same figures, Mr. Metzler,


19   and as I understand it, when they are talking about


20   doubling the cost, they didn't  mean in capital improvements,


21   but in operations.,


               MR. METZLER:  The figure I was using was doubling


     the operating costs, that is correct.


               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr.  Poole.
24

               MR. POOLE:  I wanted  to ask New York the same
25

-------
                                                          297

                         Dwight Metzler
  1
      question Mr. Metzler asked Indiana, and that is:  Will the
  2
      availability of Federal grants have anything to do with
  2
      your keeping with your timetable and schedules?


                MR. METZLER:  That is a real tough question and


      I am going to give you a different answer than you have


      heard elsewhere.  It will hurt us financially.  It will


  7    hurt our communities, and it makes promotion much more


  8    difficult, but we are committed on a course in which we


  9    will prefinance the Federal Government thirty per cent


10    of the project cost as well as finance the State's share,


11    and we are prepared with a bond issue to finance sixty


12    per cent of the construction costs.


13              We are not willing to let New York communities


14    wait to start their construction, or to complete their


15    construction until Congress makes up its mind.  (Applause)


16              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments


17    or questions?

18              MR. LYON:  On the phosphate question or —

19              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Anything.  You can choose.


20              MR. LYON:  Well, Mr. Metzler mentioned that we


21    should have a technical committee on the phosphate


22    question, and we did have a technical committee on this,


23    but I frankly can't remember whether they recommended any


      specific phosphate removal or not.
*OTT

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Here we came up with a

-------
                                                          298

                         Dwight Metzler

 1    substantial removal of phosphates,  as I recall it,  and


 2    at Lake Michigan we came up with a  minimum of eighty per


 3    cent removal of phosphates,  but I think if you will look


 4    at the conclusions of the conferees,  based on that, we


 5    come up with substantial removal.


 6              Again, as I recall — and I think I recall this


 7    fairly well — the other conferees  check me — one  of


 8    the problems that we had with specifying a number at the


 9    earlier conference was the state of the art:   We couldn't


IQ    come up with figures, and so forth.


Il              After Lake Michigan, the  cost figures have been


12    pretty well zeroed in on.  We have  been conducting  meetings


13    for engineers and others where our  technical staff  is


,.    going over the techniques of phosphate removal and  cost


__    figures.
15

                Several of the chemical firms and other firms
16

      in the business, I understand, have techniques and  products


      to accomplish this, and certainly without being specific
18

      as to anyone, I understand these are reliable companies.
J- *7

      They have reliable technicians  and the methodology
&(}

      works.
21

                In other words, the specifics for phosphate
22

      removal are not that much of a mystery anymore, and I
23

      think we are committed, at least on the phosphate removal,
24

      and I agree with Mr. Metzler, this  is on a theory.
25

-------
                                                             299


                       Dwight Metzler

                The theory is that if you remove one of the

 2
      essential nutrients — the same as if you are fertilizing

 3
      your lawn — nitrogen, potash,  and phosphates — you

 4
      are going to inhibit the growth of algae and weeds and

 5
      plankton, and so forth, that require these elements to

 e*
      grow.  The notion is:  You don't need much potash, that

 rr
      nitrogen is ubiquitous — try and keep it out!  Even if


      you did, you would get it in from the air.  The phosphates


 9    are the one thing that we can control and experiments have


10    been made to show that there is a critical level of


11    phosphorous and when this critical level is not reached


12    the growth really drops.


13              Now,  again, I share Mr. Metzlerfs notion.  We are


14    dealing with a whole lake and a very complex situation,


15    and this is to quote Jerry Remus:  Before you get $200


16    million or half a billion dollars on something, you want to


17    be pretty darn sure it is going to work.


18              MR. LYON:  Mr. Chairman, since Michigan has


19    assumed the leadership in proposing eighty per cent


20    phosphate removal for its sources, and since Michigan is


21    the major source of phosphates, why don't we consider


22    adopting their percentage removal for the rest of the


23    States and see how that fits?


24              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Why don't you think about that?


25              The reason I just opened this

-------
                                                            300


                         Duight Metzler
 I
      up,  I  think  this  should  come up for  discussion after  Ohio
 2
      finishes  its presentation, but I do  think that this is the

 3
      key  point, and we will get to that later.   I didn't want

 4
      to cut off the discussion.  I think  it would be more

 5
      orderly to go on  — Mr.  Metzler, has New York completed

 6
      its  presentation?

 7
               MR. METZLER:   New York has completed its

 Q
      presentation. I  would point out the last time we conferred

 Q
      on this matter we did have three recommendations.     They


      were all  aimed at the fact that the  technology wasn't


      there, that  the process  is needed to be  developed, and


12    the  phosphates which were removed by treatment should not


13    be returned  to the  water system? but we  would have quite


14    a leap to make from the  position where we were a year ago


15    to a conclusion now at eighty or ninety  or  ninety-two


16    per  cent  phosphorous removal.


17             CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Well, I think, again — and


18    maybe  we  should have had these people here  — that you


19    decide this  — that our  technical people indicate that


20    the  technological gap has been closed.


21             Now, you  have  to make your own judgment on  that.


22    Those  were the statements we got from our people, and


23    according to them it is  merely a question of cost, and


24    their  prognosis is  that  the  costs are going to keep


25    growing very, very  moderately as we  go on.   This is

-------
                                                           301


                         George H. Eagle


      something you would have to  —


 2             MR. METZLER:  It is also  true  that the  costs


 3    they are  projecting are great enough to  make drinking


 4    water out of  sewage,   I just want to make  sure  that  the


 5    citizenry who are  going to pay for  this  understand the


 6    magnitude of  what  we  are talking about.


 7             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The difficulty  of the  lakes


 8    and  their cost  is:  JEven if  we make drinking water out


 9    of   sewage  discharges and leave the phosphates in,  you


10    are  still going to have the  eutrophication problem.


11             I am  not drawing any conclusion.  This  is  for


12    the  conferees  and the point is:  I do think that our


,3    technical staff believes they have  definitive answers now


14    that they didn't have last time.  You may  want  to listen


      to their  presentation for your evaluation  as to how
-L o

      definitive these answers are.
16

               Mr. Eagle,  may we  have Ohio's  report?


               MR. EAGLE:   Thank  you, Mr. Chairman,  I  thought
18

      you  were  never  going  to ask  me.
19

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  And you  are the host State!
20

               MR. EAGLE:   Mr. Chairman, conferees,  ladies and
21

      gentlemen:
22

               My  name  is  George  H. Eagle.  I am the Qhief
23

      Engineer  of the Ohio  Department of  Health.  My  Division
24
      of Engineering  serves as the technical staff of the  Ohio

25

-------
                                                            302
   j                      George H. Eagle
   [I
 1 ;  Water  Pollution  Control Board, and I  submit this report
   i
 2   for  the  conferees and the Board, and  I wish to submit  this

     report in its  entirety for the record.  However, I will

 4 11  only read parts  of  it.

 5 |             CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Without objection, this report
   !
 6   will be  included in the record as if  read.

 7              (The above-mentioned report follows.)

 8              MR.  EAGLE:  Since  the fourth meeting on pollution
   i
 9   on Lake  Erie,  held  in Buffalo on March 22, 1967, the

IQ   Ohio Water Pollution Control Board has taken the following
   i
   i
H li  actions  relative to the establishment of water quality

12   standards:

                1.   On April 11, 196?, adopted water quality

     standards for  Lake  Erie and  the interstate waters

     thereof  (See Appendix II);

                2.   On June 13, 196?, adopted water quality

     standards for  the Ashtabula  River, Conneaut Creek, and

     Turkey Creek which  are interstate tributaries of Lake
J C"
     Erie (See Appendix  II);

                .3.   On November 14, 1967, adopted water quality
<.u '
     standards for  the following  intrastate tributaries of
£ i
     Lake Erie: The  Portage River, the Sandusky River, the
22 :
     Huron  River, the Vermillion  River, the Black River, and
23
     other  tributaries of Lake Erie from Mauraee Bay on the
24 ;
   !  west to  the Black River on the east (See Appendix II); and
25 '
   I             4.   On May 22, 196S, held a public hearing on

-------
                                                              303

                          George H. Eagle


      water uses  and  water quality  criteria  for the  Rocky

 2
      River,  the  Cuyahoga River,  the  Chagrin River,  and  the

 2
      Grand River (See Appendix  II  for  Conclusions and
 4
      Recommendations  of the  Division<£  Engineering).
 5              In  addition,  I wish to  submit for the  record the


 6    water quality standards for the interstate  and intrastate


 7    waters of  the Maumee  River and its tributaries,  adopted


 8    by the Ohio Water  Pollution Control Board on January 10,


 9    1967 (See  Appendix II).
   i
10              With the adoption of water  quality standards for


11    the Rocky, Cuyahoga,  Chagrin, and Grand Rivers and their


12    tributaries,  which is expected to be  done by the Board in


13    the next few  months,  the establishment of standards for the


14    entire Ohio portion of  the Lake Erie  basin  will  have been


15    completed.


16              You will note the Lake  Erie water quality


17    standards  adopted  by  the Board on April 11,  196?, include


      two important recognitions of the 1965 Recommendations
1 o

,g    and Conclusions of these conferees:


                1.   "Lake Erie Water Quality Criteria  for
£\)

      Various Uses  are:


                 "1.  the  stream water quality criteria for
22

      various uses  adopted  by the Ohio  Water Pollution Control
23

      Board on June 14,  1966, which shall apply as a minimum
24

      to all Lake Erie waters in Ohio,  and
25

-------
                                                             304

                          George H. Eagle


 1                "2.   the existing lake water quality which


 2    shall apply where better than the  criteria for streams


 3    adopted by the Board.   The existing lake water quality


 4    shall be as reported by the Federal Water Pollution


 5    Control Administration in the chapter on Water Quality


 6    in report 'Program for Water Pollution Control - Lake


 7    Erie - 196?.'


 8              "Lake  Erie outside the established harbors at


 9    Lorain, Cleveland, and Ashtabula shall meet the Lake


IQ    Erie water quality criteria for all uses.


H              "The Lorain, Cleveland,  and Ashtabula harbor


12    waters in Lake Erie shall meet the Lake Erie water quality


13    criteria for industrial water supply and aquatic life A."


                and  the implementation and enforcement plan;


                2.  "The 'Recommendations and Conclusions, August
15

      12,  1965' agreed upon by conferees from Michigan,  Ohio,
16

      Indiana, Pennsylvania, New York, and the United States
17

      Public Health  Service following conference under Section
18

      6 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in the matter
19

      of pollution of  the interstate and Ohio intrastate waters
20

      of Lake Erie and its tributaries held in Cleveland, Ohio,
21

      August 3-6, 1965, and in Buffalo,  New York, August 10-12,
22
      1965, and 'Report of the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference
23
      Technical Committees,  March, 196?' are included as a part
24
      of this program  insofar as applicable to Lake Erie waters

25

-------
                                                             305


                          George H. Eagle
      in Ohio."
 2
                I believe  these adoptions  speak for themselves


     with regard to furtherance of  the  conferees recommendations


     and conclusions.


                Following  is Ohio's  status report on the


 6   applicable items  in  the Recommendations  and Conclusions


 7   of August,  1965:

 8
 9



10


11


12


13


14


15



16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23


24



25

-------
                                       George H.  Eagle
                                       -4-
                                                                              306
                             WASTE TREATMENT
          Treatment (Items 7 and 22)
       Following is a summary of status of schedules placed in effect by the


Board (See Appendix I for detailed listings):
                                                                        i

                                                             __ 5_/_68 __ •__..


       1) Number of adequate municipal and county


          secondary treatment facilities completed


          and placed in operation since August, 1965              18


       2) Number of Municipalities, Counties and


          other entities jiot_haymg__ad_e_guate_ secondary


          treatment facilities at this time
          a) Under construction - completion in 1968


          b) Construction to be completed not later


             than end of 1969


          c) Construction to be completed not later


             than end of 1970


          d) Construction to be completed not later


             than 1971


          e) Construction to be completed not later


             than end of 1972



                                         Total
 85
 10
 56
 15
103
               3/67
88


25





44





16
96

-------
                                                           307

                         George H.  Eagle

 1              You will note that ten new or improved

 2    secondary wastewater  treatment plants have been placed

 5    in operation since our March, 1967 > meeting.  However, a

 4    number of the plants scheduled for completion this year

 5    had to be moved up to 1969 and later, primarily because of

 6    problems of completing the plans and of litigation.

 7              All of the schedules for the 103 entities reported

 8    on have been included in Water Pollution Control Board

 9    permit conditions.  The permit conditions are regularly

     reviewed by the staff and the Board.  Many municipalities

     and counties have been brought before the Board for show

     cause hearings and many more will probably have to be

     brought in before the program is completed.

               Disinfection (Item 9)
14
               As previously reported, where feasible all
15
     sewage effluents being discharged to Lake Erie are required
16
     to be disinfected to meet the public water supply and
17
     recreation waters criteria.  Where not feasible at this time
18
     the municipalities and counties are required to incorporate
19
     the necessary facilities in their plans for secondary
20
     treatment or improvements.  Four such proposals have been
21
     approved recently.
22
               Removal of Phosphates (Items 7 and 8)
23
               Under date of March 2&, 1963, the Ohio Department
24
     of Health issued a directive to all municipal and county
25

-------
                                                           308
                         George H. Eagle

1    officials and designing engineers to the effect that

2    in the future all plans, both general and detail, of

3    treatment plant improvements submitted to the

4    Department for approval must make provisions for phosphate

5    treatment or removal  (See Appendix II).

6              All of the major municipalities and counties are

     continuing to study their phosphate problems in existing

     plants.  Several, notably Cleveland Easterly, Toledo,

     Lake County Willoughby-Mentor Sewer District, Cuyahoga
 C7

     County Rocky River Sewer District, and Painesville, either

     are or plan in the very near future to make extensive studie
11

     of phosphate removal  in their plants.
12
               Bypassing and Combined Sewers (Items 10 and 11).
13
               An increasing amount of emphasis is being given
14
     by the Division of Engineering, Ohio Department of Health
15
     and the  Ohio Water Pollution Control Board to SBwer
16
     construction, complete separation of new storm and sanitary
17
     sewers,  and solving of combined sewer overflow problems.
18
     In addition to the directive on separation of sewers reporte
19
     in June, 1966, another directive on sewer construction
20
     was issued on February 1, 196B  (See Appendix II).
21
               Wapakoneta, Lima,  Toledo, Findlay, Cleveland,
22
     and several other municipalities ana counties are having
23
     engineering studies made  of  their  combined sewer and

24
     sanitary sewer overloading problems.

25

-------
                                                           309




                         George H. Eagle




                There are two interesting proposals under




 2    consideration at Cleveland:




 3              One, a holding lagoon in Lake Erie at the




 4    Easterly water pollution control works for retention of




 5    combined sewer overflows, plant effluent,  and




 6    storrawaters,  and




 7              Two, an enclosed bathing beach  area in Lake




 8    Erie where all d ischarges to the area are  regulated




 9    and chlorinated and the lake waters within the




10    area are chlorinated  as required to meet bathing water




      criteria.





12




13




14




15




16




17




18




19




20




21




22




23




24




25

-------
                                      George H. Eagle
                                                                            310
       b) Construction to be completed not



          later than end of 1968



       c) Construction to be completed not



          later than end of 1969
Industrial Wastes  (Item 16)



       Following is a summary of the status of the required treatment or


reduction facilities. The details are given in Appendix I.



                                                                5/68



       1) Number of facilities completed and placed



          in operation since August, 1965



       2) Number of industries not  having adequate



          treatment or reduction facilities



          a)  Under or near under construction-



             completion in 1968
28
62
                                              Total
24
 32
 90
              3/6?
13
82
              26
  20
  O
  20
  O
 95

-------
                                                           311

                          George H.  Eagle

l              The total number of industry entities has

2    decreased since March 196? because of plant relocations,

3    discontinuation of certain processes, and various other

4    such reasons.

5              You will note that the schedules as previously

6    reported are being fairly well maintained.

7              All schedules shown in the tables in Appendix I

     are included in the permit conditions issued by the Ohio

     Water Pollution Control Board.   These permit conditions
 i7

     are reviewed regularly by the staff and the Board.
10

               Sampling and reporting of industrial waste

     discharges (Items 13, 17, and 1#)
12

               These programs are continuing as reported at
13
     the fourth meeting in March 196?.  Some problems in
14
     connection with data processing have arisen and a
15
     consulting firm has recently been employed to assist us*
16
     We hope by the end of this calendar year to have all our
17
     data as well as that received from other sources on a
18
     satisfactory processing system.
19
               Surveillance (Item 19)
20
               The State of Ohio is participating in three water
21
     quality monitoring programs for the surveillance of Lake Erie
22
     and its tributaries.
 23
               1.  A contract between Ohio and the Water Quality

 24
     Branch of the United States Geological Survey has

 25

-------
                                                           312


                          George H.  Eagle


     established 11 automatic monitoring stations on Lake

 2
     -Erie tributaries.  Five additional monitors will be in

 'Z
     operation before July 1, 196#.  Twelve stations are


     equipped to measure  specific conductance, temperature,


 5    pH, and dissolved oxygen.  The remaining four stations


 6    are three parameter  monitors providing measurement for


 7    specific conductance, temperature, and pH.


 8              2.  The Ohio Department of Health cooperating


 9    jointly with the Federal Water Pollution Control


10    Administration has developed a water quality program


11    involving seventeen  municipal water treatment plants which


12    use Lake Erie as a source  of public water supply.  Combined


13    efforts of the municipal, state,  and Federal laboratories


14   provide for thirty parameters to be run on Lake Erie water.


15   Sampling intervals vary somewhat and include continuous,


16   daily, bi-weekly, bi-monthly, and monthly measurements.


17             3.  Twenty-five  additional water quality stations


     are operated by the  Ohio Department of Health in the
lc

19   Lake Erie drainage basin.  Twenty-two types of analyses


2Q   are run on both surface and well sources including


     measurement of pesticides  or chlorinated hydrocarbons and

-------
                                                           313



                          George H.  Eagle



 1             4.  The staff of the Ohio Department of Health is

 o
     working with local agencies, primarily health departments



 3   on programs for adequate surveillance of all Lake Erie



 4   bathing beaches.  It is hoped that these programs will be



 5   in full operation by not later than the 1969 bathing



 6   season.



 7             Disposal of Refuse (Item 14)



 8             New Legislation.



 9             Legislation to control the disposal of solid



10   wastes was enacted by the  Ohio General Assembly and became



H   effective December 14» 196?.  The salient features of the



12   &ew law (Sections 3734.01  to 3734.11 inclusive, and Section



13   3734.99 of the Ohio Revised Code) are:



14             1*  Grant the Public Health Council (State Board



15   of Health) authority to adopt regulations having uniform



     application throughout the state.  These regulations would
16


     establish minimum standards for the location and operation
17


     of all solid waste disposal sites and facilities,
J. o

     including those installed  to dispose of wastes from domestic,
J- j


     commercial, agricultural and industrial establishments.
& \}


               2.  Provide for  approval by the Department of
& JL

     Health of plans, facilities, equipment and  supplies for
22

     all solid waste disposal sites and facilities.
23

               3.  Require annual licensing of all disposal

24

     sites and facilities.

25

-------
                                                           314


                         George H.  Eagle

 1
               4.  For all intents and practical purposes,

 2
     prohibit open dumping and open burning.

 3
               5.  Provide for inspection and policing of all

 4
     solid waste disposal sites and facilities by the local

 §
     and  state health departments*


 6              6.  Provide for penalties or injunctive action


 '    against any person, firm, or corporation, whether public


 8    or private, for  failing to comply with the provisions of


 9    the  law or the regulations adopted pursuant thereto.


10              Regulations adopted  pursuant to authority granted


11    by Section 3734.02 of the Solid Wastes Disposal Laws were


12    passed by the Public Health Council following a public


13    hearing held on  May 16, 1968.  The effective date of the


14    regulations is July 1, 1966.


15              In addition to the Solid Wastes Disposal Law


16   described above, the Ohio General Assembly also enacted


17   Section 3767.32  and 3767.33 of the Ohio Revised Code which


18   sections became  effective September 21, 1967.


19             These  new sections of Ohio law prohibit the


20   disposing of solid wastes of any kind in any manner along


     the  banks of or  into any waters of the state.


22             The basic prohibitions of Section 3767.32 are


     incorporated in  the regulations adopted by the Public


     Health Council on May 16, 1966 (effective July 1, 1966).


               Actions.
25

-------
                                                             315


                          George H. Eagle


               All  of the  eight  dumps  reported  on  at  the

 2
      fourth meeting of  the conferees,  either  have  been


      abandoned or are in the  process of  being brought up to


 4    sanitary landfill  standards.  The new legislation


 5    requires that  all  work be completed by January 1,  1969,


 6    at  which time  they will  be  placed under  license  or ordered


 7    to  be closed.


 8


 9


10


11


12


13


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23


24


25

-------
                                                                      316
                             George  H.  Eagle
                        APPENDIX I
1.  Municipal  and  County Waste Treatment Facilities
    (Exhibits  A-D, inclusive - Schedule of City of Cleveland,  Ohio)


2.  Industrial Waste Treatment Facilities

-------
                                                                       317

                              George H.  Eagle
                    KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS






Treatment Facilities - Pr.  = Primary


                       Int. = Internediate


                       Sec. = Secondary


                       D    = Disinfection "by chlorination




S_»D^_ = Sever District of County




Type Sever System


     S = Separate


     C = Combined




U.C. = Under Construction

                   P'>     ' '
I.P. = Plans being *epaire«b-

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                                                                    343
                                George H.  Eagle
                  WATER POLLUTION' CONTKOL  BOARD

             DATA RE  CURKL-NT PROGRAM OF  IMPROVE

                  DATE:       Januory 5.  I'X//


 NAME OF PERMITTEE:           City of Clevelonc-

 ADDRESS:                      601 Lakeside Ave .

                              Cleveland,  Ohio  -

        N  TRUKK SEWERS  PRO JECT
Name  o f Con F,U 1 t J na j^rnji rioer :         Consulting  Krigi. iir<;r  or Engineer.'
      will ue retained after legislation au thor ir ing  eiuployiiicnt of:
      consulting engineers  is  pnssed by the Clove !.
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                                                                           359

                                     George  H.  Eagle

1.  Water Quality Criteria For  Lake Erie and the
    Into, state Waters Thereof

2.  Water Quality Standards for Ashtsbuls. River, Conocaut
    Creek, and Turkey Creek

3.  Water Quality Strndruds for the North Centred Ohio
    Tributaries of TcJke Erie

A.  Conclusions snd R&cc;:^endr.tions for tho Roc-ky River,-,
    Cuychoga River, CSic,grin River,  Grand Hive;- ?nd
    Tributaries

5.  Water Quality Standards Adopted for the ^^^,umee,  Tiffin, St,
    Joseph, and St. Maryy Rjvc-r Basins.

6.  Rcraoval of Phosphatt,*? froj?  Waote Vlct-crs

7.  Sanitary Sor/er Joints end Manholes

-------
                                                                          360
                      WATr.'rt rOLI.u'i'IGN  Co;,i:;Gl-  RCAIIJ
                         DKPAI:TM>' nv .OF HEALTH
                            COIUMSUS,  OHIO
      WATriR QU/T/ITY CRI'l'^t-TA ADOPTED  BY THE BOARD APRIL 11,  196?,
            I OR I/.KF, EKlrJ ANT) 1H2 IiM'^S'i'ATE WATKRS  THKRSOr'
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Bc^rd hereby  adopts  the  following v;-t»':
quality criteria for Lake Erie and the  interstate vatcrs thereof vhirh riy
effect the State of Michigan, the Couanonvealth of Ptrunsyl vania,  the Ste~e of
Nev York, end the Province of Ontario of the Dominion  of Canr.ua.

               Water^Q^al.jty -^Conditions and Crijterj_a

All Waters-    All the waters; considered herein shall meet  the  follorjijg
condition     r.ll -times:

     (l)       shall be free from substances attributable  to nunicip;.!,
               ;triel, or other discharges that will settle to  forr,
          j.   escent or otherwise" objectionable  sludge dcpor.its-,

     (2)  's .-y shall be free frcn floating debris,  oil, scum,  and
          c'.her floating materials attributable  to  municipal,  industrial,
          or othti- discharges in ar.ounts sufficient to be  unsightly or
          deleterious;

     (3)  They shall be free from materials attributable to municipal,
          industrial, or other discharges producing color, odor, or
          other conditions in such degree as to  create s, nuisance; and,

     (U)  They shall be free from substances attributable  to municipal.
          industrial, or other discharges in concentrations or coriMnetions
          vhich are toyj.c or harmful to human, animal, plant,  or aquatic
          life,

Lake Erie Water Quality Criteria for Various Uses are:  (l) the Strearr.-Water
Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted by the Ohio  Water Pollution Control
Board on June lU, 19^6, copy attached,  vhich shall  apply as a  minimum to all
Lake Erie waters in Ohio, and (2) the existing lake -water  quality vhich shall
apply where better than the criteria for streams adopted, by the Board.  The
existing lake water quality shall be as reported by the Federal Water Pcll'iticr
Control Administration in the chapter on Water Quality in  report "Program for
Water Pollution Control - Lake Erie - 1967."

Lake Erie outside the established harbors at Lorain, Cleveland, and Ashtabula
shall meet the Lake Erie water quality  criteria  for all uses.

The_ Lorain, Cleveland, and Ashtabula harbor waters  In  Lake Erie shall meet the
Lake Erie water quality criteria for industrial  water  supply and aquatic life
                                   —1—

-------

     The- Ohio Water Pollution Control Board., under the provisions of
Sect- ons 6111.01 to 6111.08, 6111.31 to 6111.30, and 6111.99, Ohio
Revised Cc:Je, has authority to control, prevent, and at' ate pollution.
In the v::.t'-i'3 of this state.  In accordance with such authority, the
Board hereby adopts the follovring projron and requirements for the
prevention, control, and abatement of new or existing pollution of
the water:-; of Lake Erie:

     (l)  1:ne "Recommendations end Conclusions - August 12, 1965''
          * greed upon by conferees fro:-. Michigan, Indiana, Ohio,
          Pennsylvania, New York, and the U.S. Public Health Seivice
          following conference under Section 8 of the Federal Water
          Pollution Control Act in the natter of pollution of the
          interstate and Ohio intrastate waters of Lake Erie and its
          tributaries held in Cleveland, Ohio, August 3-6, 1965 , and
          in Buffalo, New York, August 10-12, 1965, and "Report of
          the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference Technical  Cor.nittecs -
          1 larch, 196?" ai e included as a part of this program insofar
          c.s applicable to Lake Erie waters in Ohio (j;oe attached
          copies) ;

     (2)  /ll plans and proposals for abatement or correction of
          pollution will be approved by the Ohio Department of Health
          cs required by law and such approvals shall constitute
          rpproval by the Board;

     (3)  All sewage will be given secondary treatment (biochemical
          oxidation), and the facilities to provide such treatment
          vill be constructed and placed in operation without delay,
          r-nd in no instance later than the dates specified in the
          f,ttuched lists ;

     (U)  All effluents vill be satisfactorily disinfected "to meet
          the criteria for Lake Erie water uses and the facilities
          to provide such disinfection will be installed without
          delay;

     (5)  All industrial wastes will "be adequately treated to meet
          the Lake Erie water quality conditions and criteria and
          the facilities to provide such treatment will be constructed
          end placed in operation without delay, and in no instance
          later than the dates specified in the attached lists;

     (6)  Local programs will be initiated to control and reduce
          pollution resulting from (a) bypassing, (b) spillages,
          end (c) discharges resulting from construction or
          breakdowns ;

     (7)  Necessary studies will be made and, where feasible, plans
          and construction programs will be developed as rapidly as
          possible for reducing pollution from combined sewer
          overflows ;
                                  -2-

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                                                                       362
     (8)  V.'nc' o necessary to injure-: va( er  quality . ...1 to reduce
          r,lg:l f.ro,. Lhs in I>ke Trie,  sepj !<:•.•:•; ntary  treatment of
          vartevito;s vi31 re pro\ .Ided to the  fu.13cot extent
          ton0, .is tent with it sea: en  r.r.d technological  advances;

     (9)  V';is;e n-"Ce.;s:-ry to prelect i ec; eut.i on: I  areas of Lrke  Eric,
          stuo.e:- v!33 be made by the  responsible  agencies, and plar.^
          end .comt^u? t j en pro£,ra:_G vil] be  developed a°- rapidly at
          pc'^iule f c r ii.^.i ovoi'-'-ni ? such as  (a)  el.i:aJ nation, ti'Octnoiit,
          o:  diversioa of co.Lined  arid s.torm sovt.r discharges fro"
          beeches and othei recrcj.tiona] areas,  (b) diversion of all
          cffJuent discha; c,t;. , both sewi^e  and  industrial  wastes, fro:n.
          cieas where they r.ay adversely affect  recreational waters,
          r.nd (c) eli.'ii n-'ti on of the physical  entrapment of stor.".
          Vdler, r.ai-sh drainage, debris, and other poDlutents at oeach
          areas;

    (DO)  The LaV;e Erie water quality  monitoring prograr, will be
          expanded es outlined in the  attached  report to adequately
          provide assurances of compliance with these criteria.

     Furthermore, the Board end the Ohio Department of Health will:

     (l)  Encourage and assist other agencies  such as the Ohio Water
          Coiuaission and the Soil Conservation  Service, U.S. Depart-
          Mont of Agriculture, in the  implementation  of effective
          soil erosion control programs , and prosi'^ms for the
          reduction of the run-off  of  phosphorous, nitrogen compounds,
          end pesticides;

     (?)  Encourage the enactment of state legislation prohibiting
          the discharge of untreated wastewater from  pleasure craft
          to the Lake Erie waters in Ohio,  and  requiring adequate
          vaste disposal facilities at marinas  along  Lake Erie; and,

     (3)  Seek adequate legislation prohibiting the open dur.iping
          of £ar"baSe, trash, and other deleterious refuse along
          the shores of Lake Erie.

     Enforcement of these requirements will  be  carried out by means
of the respective permits issued to municipalities, counties,
industries, and other entities discharging to  the  Lake Erie waters
Of Ohio considered herein, and failure to comply with the permit
conditions will result in legal action in accordance  with the
provisions of laws.
                                 -3-

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                                                                         363
                 WATKP FOLLUYION  CONTROL  HOARD
                    DI PAKTV.KKT OF HKALTr!
                       COLUMRU3 .  OLIO
  WATbR QUALITY STANDARDS AHOFTLID BY THE  BOAP.D JUNE  33,  196?,
     FOR APHTAEULA RIVHR, CCIi^AU'i CRKKK, AID TURKEY CHEEK
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board  hereby  adopts  vater
quality standards for the followinr  interstate waters:

     (l)  Ashtabu3a River:

     (2)  Cor.neaut Creek; and,

     (3)  Turkey Creek.

     All of these streams originate  in Pennsylvania and.  flow
northwesterly through Ohio to Lake Erie.

            Water Quality _-_ Cqn_d_iti_qns__an_Q Criteria

AJL1_Va/ters^  All waters considered herein snail meet the follcwinr
conditions at alJ times:

     (l)  Free from substances attributable  to municipal,  industrial.
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices that vill
          settle to fora putrescent  or otherwise objectionable slud~e
          deposits:

     (2)  Free from floating debris, oil, scun, and  other  floating
          materials attributable to  municipal, industrial,  or
          other discharges, or agricultural  practices in amounts
          sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious:

     (3)  Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial,
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices producing
          color, odor, or other conditions in such  decree  as to
          create a nuisance;

     (1*)  Free from substances attributable  to municipal,  industrial,
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices in concen-
          trations or combinations which are toxic  or harmful to
          human, animal, plant, or aquatic life.

Stream-Water Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted by the Ohio
Water Pollution Control Board on June lU, 1966, shall apply to all
waters under consideration herein and, in addition, the following
criteria for cold-water fisheries shall apply:
                              -1-

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                                                                      364
     (l)  Di_ss_oly'-.'ri  0_xy_rr;;j_ -  minliMin 6.0 nr-/3 .

          i\clriiera^u2".£ -  ruixiiMi'r, TO der .  F.

     (3)  pH - not leas  than  6.5 nor greater than 8.5 at  any  tir.e.
Conneaut Creek uj)S_trefim  ?J~O'\tn^ ? ?__
in_ Connc-tUJt _arid Tur|;ov_ C_r_tjj?l^ shall  meet the criteria  for  all  ur.es
including cold-water  fisheries.

Cpnnejriut _CrccV jioyniotrer.;;.  from  the  Hew_ York Centre] Hajijlroac _Bri_a
iri_ Co_nneaut and the Ashtabula River _?bov_e_ tiie sh_i Jl_   ____
mately two miles  above the mouth of_ tji_e_ r_iyer j shall meet  the criteria
for all uses except cold-water  fisheries.

Ashtabula River shir,  channel section, which extends approximately
two miles upstream from  the mouth of the river, shall meet the
criteria for industrial  water supply and aquatic life (A).

               ImnJL e_raen t at_i_o_n__and_ JFn f_o_r c_cra e n t Plan

     The Ohio  Water Pollution Control Board, under the  provisions  of
Sections 6111.01  to 6lll.03; 6111.31 to 6111.38, and  6111.99-  Ohio
Revised Code,  has authority to  control, prevent, and  abate pollution
in the waters  of  this  state.  In accordance with such authority,  the
Board hereby adopts the  following program and requirements for the
prevention, control,  and abatement  of new or existing pollution of
the waters of  the state  considered  herein:

     (l)  The  desirn  or  critical flow defined a.s the mir.ircun  annual
          seven consecutive day warin weather flow which is exceeded
          in 80/J  of the  years will  be used in aprlyiri-^  the stream-
          water quality  criteria'

     (2)  All  plans and  proposals for abatement or correction, of
          pollution will be approved by the Ohio Department of Health
          as required by law and such approvals shall constitute
          approval by the  Board •

     (3)  All  sewage  and organic industrial wastes will be given
          secondary treatment (biochemical oxidation) prior to
          discharge to the waters under consideration (none existing
          at present) :

     (M  All  sewage  effluents  will be satisfactorily disinfected,
          prior to discharge, to meet, the criteria for  downstream
          water uses  (none existing at present):

     (5)  All  other pollution constituents will be adequately treated
          and/or  controlled to meet the water quality conditions and
          criteria, and  the facilities to provide such  treatment will
          be constructed and placed in operation without  delay, and
          in no instance later than the dates specified in the
          attached schedules :

                               -2-

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                                                                        36$
     (6)  Local programs will  bo initiated to control and reduce
          pollution resulting  from (a) bypassing, (b) spillages,
          and (c) discharges resulting frorn construction or
          breakdownr:

     (7)  Necessary studies will be made and, where feasible, plans
          and construction programs will be developed as rauidly
          as possible  for reducing pollution from existing conMned
          sewer overflows and  inadequate sewage collection systens:

     (8)  Where necessary to improve water quality and to reduce
          alpal growths , supplementary treatment of wastewaters
          vill be provided to  the fullest extent consistent vith
          current research and technological advances:

     (9)  Ohio's stream-water  quality monitoring program will be
          expanded as  outlined in the attached report to adequately
          provide assurances of compliance with these standards.

     Furthermore, the  Board and the Ohio Department of Health will
encourage and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission
and the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
in the implementation  of effective soil erosion control programs,
and programs for the reduction of the run-off of phosphorous,
nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.

     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means
of the respective permits issued to municipalities, counties,
industries, and other  entities discharging to the waters considered
herein, and failure to comply  with the permit conditions will result
in legal action in accordance  with the provisions of law.
                              -3-

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                                                                          366
                 WATER POLLUTION COKTROL BOAR!)
                     DEPARTMENT OP' HEALTH
                        COLUKBUF; , OHIO

     WATER QUALITY STkliUAUK FOR THE NORTH CENTRAL OHIO
                  TRIBUTARIES OF LAKE ERIE

          ADO?TEn BY THE BOARD OK NOVEMBER lM , 196?
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts water
quality standards for the following intrastate waters:

     (l)  The Portage River;

     (2)  The Sandu&ky River;

     (3)  The Huron River;

     (U)  The Vermilion River;

     (5)  The- Black River; end

     (6)  All other tributaries of Lake Erie from Maumee Bay on  the
west to the Black River on the east.
The Aj^ndjid_J>Jy^c^p;^^^                                 the Minimum
                         All_W^ters adopted by the Board on
          _             _   _
October 10 , 1967, shall apply to all waters under consideration
herein, except for the following two variances for the Portage and
Sandusky Ri vers :

     (l)  Dissolved^ jSoli^ds, :  (For Public Water Supply)
          Not to exceed 750 mg/1 as a monthly average value,
          nor exceed 1000 mg/1 at any time ;

     (2)  pH_:  (For Industrial Water Supply and for Aquatic Life)
          Not less than 6.5 nor greater than 9.0 at any  time.

In addition, the following criteria for c old-water fisheries
shall apply:

     (l)  Dissolved Oxygen:  Minimum of 6 mg/1 at any time;

     (2)  Temperature:  Maximum 70 deg. K. at any time.

All Waters shall meet the minimum conditions and the  stream-water
criteria for all applicable uses.  The recommendations contained
in the Northwest Ohio Water Development Plan, January 1, 196?, shall
serve as a guide in determining existing and future water uses.

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                                                                          367
     (8)  The sustained strewn fJov plan proposed in the Northwest Ohio
          Water Development Plan, January 1, 196?, and adopted by the
          Ohio Water Commits ion, is hereby made a part of this pror,ra»i
          and the Board recognises th&t the implementation of this plan
          vill be necessary to fully rafiet the water quality conditions
          and criteria; end

     (9)  The strerai-v£,ter quality monitoring progro.ni vill be expanded
          as recommended in the Northwest Ohio Water Development Plan,
          January 1, 19&7, to adequately provide assurances of compliance
          with these standards.

     Furthermore, the Board and the Ohio Department of Health will
encourage and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission
and the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
in the implementation of effective soil erosion control programs,
and programs for the reduction of the run-off of phosphorous,
nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.

     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means
of the respective permits issued to municipalities, counties,
industries, end other entities discharging to the waters considered
herein, and failure to comply with the permit conditions will result
in legal action in accordance with the provisions of law.
                            —3—

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                                                                           368
        SCHEDULES OF CORRECTIVE MEASURE:] FOR NORTH CENTRAL OHIO
                        TRIBUTARIES TO MKK ERIE
          Corrective measures for the abatement of water pollution from
discharges of sewage and industrial wastes will be provided for the
following di schrrger, according, to the indicated time schedules.
          All sewage dischargee to meet downstream water uses will be
adequately disinfected and the facilities for disinfection will be
installed without delay and placed in operation no later than
December 1, 1968.

     Secondary JTr_eatm ent

     1.   New secondary treatment (biochemical oxidation) plants where
no facilities are nov provided or to replace existing facilities will
be provided by the following entities according to the indicated tine
schedules :
     Entity

     Attica
     Avon*
     Bellevue
     Bloomville
     Elraore
     Gibsonburg
     Green Springs  (replaces
      Irahoff tank plant)
     Petaberville
     Tiffin
     Woodville  (to  be trib.
      to Toledo Sew.Syst.)

     Sandusky Co. S_._D v #1
      Ballville Area
      Prairie Run Area
     Seneca County,  Clinton Twp.
       (Melmore  St. Area -  to be
        trib.to  Tiffin  Sew.Syst.)
	 	Completion Dates	
Report and   Det. Plans
 Gen_._ Plan   & Finfincing   Construction
                           12-15-69
                           12-15-69
                           9-16-69
                           12-15-69
                           12-15-69
                           6-15-70
                           12-15-68

                           12-15-69
                           12-15-68
                           12-15-69
In prepar.
Approved
Approved
Completed
Approved
3-15-68
Approved
6-15-67

8-15-67
6-15-68
6-15-68
Approved
6-15-68
12-15-67
6-15-69
7-15-67
12-15-68
Approved
8-15-68
             1-15-68
             Approved

             11-15-67
12-15-69
12-15-68

12-15-68
      *  -  Only subdivision in village  served by extended aeration plant,
                                     -1-

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                                                                           369
     2.   Nc.v secc.ic'r^'y trcati-ent  facilitiei:.  which  will  be in addition
to existing facilities will be piovidtd by  the  following corrjrumities
according to the indicated time  schedules:
Report and
Gcn.Pl_an__
Approved
Approved
6-15- 67
Approved
Det. Plans
6-15-68
6-29-68
8-15-68
12-12-67
Construction
11-15-70
12-15-70
12-15-69
12-15-69
     Huron
     Lorain
     Oak Harbor
     Port Clinton
     3.   Enlargements of existing  plants  of the following communities
having secondary treatment  facilities  will be provided according to the
indicated tius schedules:

                               	Ccrnpletion Dates	
                               Report and   Det.  Plans
     Municipality              Gen.  Plan    & Financing   Construction

     Norwalk                                Approved      12-15-68
     Upper Sandusky            3-15-68      3-15-69       7-15-70
     Vermilion                                            6-1-69 (Under constr.)
      1*.    Nev  or  improved treatment facilities completed and placed in
operation  during  1967  and now adequate :

           Fremont

           LaGrangt
                                    -2-

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                                                                           370
          Additions or improvements to the facilities  for  trca.tr.ent  of
industrial v:.stcs from the following establishments  so that  adequate
trcat!v_-ijl or contiol IK provide,! vill be nude  in  accordance  vith  the
indicated time schedules:
       nc-  f
                   ry
     Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.
       Willard

     Bechtel & Mclaughlin, Inc.
       Erie Co. -Perkins Tvrp.

     Clevite Corporation
     Harris Division
       Erie Co. -Milan Tvrp.

     General Electric Company
     Bellcrue Ivcia  Plant
     Hirsel Canning Company
       Wood Co. -Ross Tvp.

     Muskalonge View Dairy
       Saudusky Co.-Sandusky Tvp.

     Norfolk & Western Railway Co.
       Bellevuc

     Pioneer Rubber Co.
       Attica

     Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
       Richland Co.-Sandusky Twp.

     Swift & Company
       Hancock Co. -Washington Twp.

     Ternstedt Div. , G.M.C.
       Elyria

     U. S. Steel Corp . -Tubular Opns.
     Blast Furnace - Coke Plant Sewer
       Loraln

     In addition - Central Soya
       Huron Co.-Lyme Twp.
	Conpleti on_pjite_s	
Det&il Plans    Construction
  1-1-68


  Approved


  Submitted
7-1-68


12-31-6?


7-1-68
  To be trib.to Bellevue  Sev.Syst.
  5-1-68
  3-1-68
  3-1-68
8-1-68
1-1-69
1-1-69
  To be trib. to Attica  Sew.Syst
  by 12-31-69.
  5-1-68
  6-1-68
  Approved
  7-1-68
5-1-69
6-1-69
6-1-68
12-31-69
  Has completed  and  placed  adequate
  disposal facilities  in operation.
                                    -3-

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                                                                       371

                        LE'ITKR OF SUmilJTAL



                                                        May 1, 1968
To: Ohio Water Pollution Control Board
    450 East Town Street
    Columbus, Ohio  43215

    Gentlemen:

    Submitted, herewith, is the report and recommendations of the
    engineering staff of the Ohio Department of Health on water
    quality and uses for  the following intrastate waters:

           1.  The Rocky River and its tributaries.

           2.  The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries.

           3.  The Chagrin River and its tributaries.

           4.  The Grand River and its tributaries.

    This report is prepared for presentation at the public hearing
    in Cleveland on May 22,  1968,  which is being held by the Ohio
    Water Pollution Control Board under the provisions of 6111. 03 (A)
    of the Ohio Revised Code.

    You will  note detail plans and  schedules for compliance are not
    included  in this report.  Such plans and schedules will be
    submitted to the Board later after the  stream-water quality
    criteria and uses are established.  The Board will recall that
    water quality standards for Lake Erie, into which the streams
    under consideration  discharge, were adopted  on April 11, 1967.

    The engineering staff wishes to acknowledge and  thank the Federal
    Water Pollution Control Administration and the Water Quality Branch,
    Geological Survey, U.S.  Department of Interior; the Ohio Department
    of Natural Resources, Divisions of Water and Wildlife; the  Lake
    Erie Watershed Conservation Foundation; and, the Cuyahoga River
    Basin Water Quality Committee for their assistance.
    Respectfully submitted,
    George H. Eagle
    Chief Engineer

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                                                                        372



              CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS




1.  The streams of the Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin and Grand River basins




   drain a triangular shaped area in northeastern Ohio of roughly 2, ISO




   square miles.  Most of the metropolitan developments of Akron and




   Cleveland are included in the western portion of the area.  All of the




   streams under consideration drain to Lake Erie.




   The population of the four drainage basins is nearly 2,200,000 people,




   80% of which reside in the Cuyahoga  River basin.   The principal cities




   are Cleveland and suburban communities, Akron and suburban com-




   munities, Painesville, Chardon, Ravenna, Kent,  Medina and Berea.




   The areas of rapid growth in the future are expected to be in the




   corridor between Akron and  Cleveland and those portions of Medina,




   Portage and Geauga Counties nearest to these two cities.




   The major industrial developments are centered in the Cleveland-




   Akron portion of the Cuyahoga River basin and they include steel,




   rubber, chemical and metal  fabricating  industries.  Basic chemicals




   is the major industry in the Grand River basin and this is near the




   mouth of the river.  Only minor industrial developments are located




   in the Rocky and Chagrin River basins.




2.  Two cities, Medina and Berea, obtain thetr water supplies  from




   upstream branches  of the Rocky River; Akron and the area supplied




   by it obtains water supply from the upper Cuyahoga River; Willoughby




   uses the Chagrin River; and, the City of Geneva and the Village of
                                --2-

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                                                                       373




   Jefferson obtain their water supplies from the Grand River.   The





   total public water supply usage is less than 70 MGD.




   By far the greatest water usage is for  industrial and power generating




   purposes.  In the Akron area, this amounts to about 185 MGDj in the




,   Cleveland area about 120 MGDj in the Willoughby area about  2MGD;




   and, in the Painesville area about 2. 5  MGD.




   Fishing,  boating, wading, and in a few places swimming occur in each




   of the basins.  Several stretches of the Rocky,  Cuyahoga and Chagrin




   Risers and their tributaries are within the Cleveland Metropolitan




   Park district and other park jurisdictions.  The lower Cuyahoga River




   from Harvard Avenue to Lake Erie  is used primarily for navigation




   and industrial water supply.




3.  The principal pollution problems are dissolved solids,  oxygen-




   consuming materials, bacteria, nutrients, color and floating debris




   and oil.  The highly critical areas are in the Cuyahoga River below




   Akron  and below the Cleveland Southerly Sewage Treatment Plant,




   and in  the Grand River through the cities of Painesville and Fairport.




4.  While good secondary wastewater treatment plants have been con-




   structed  or are in the process of being constructed,  for many of the




   municipalities and sewered areas in the river basins under consider-




   ation,  there are many overloaded facilities, unsewered areas, and




   combined sewer problems that remain to be taken care of. Similarily,




   the  industrial wastes pollution loads have not been adequately reduced




   in all instances to meet recommended water quality  criteria  and uses.




   Much is yet to be accomplished in this area. Careful and comprehensive




                                  -3-

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                                                                         374




   management of the water resources of the four basins, and particularly




   the Cuyahogu River basin, is going to be absolutely necessary in order




   to attain the water quality goals recommended herein.




5.  The minimum conditions applicable to all waters and the criteria of




   stream-water quality for various uses adopted by the Ohio Water




   Pollution Control Board on October 10,  19G7 (see Appendix C) are




   proposed for all  the waters under consideration except as noted in




   Paragraph 6.  In addition, the following criteria for higher uses in




   certain streams  stretches are proposed:




          (a)  Cold Water Fisheries in the Chagrin River above




              Chagrin Falls, and the Aurora and the East Branches




              of the Chagrin River.




              Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration - 6. 0 mg /I




              Maximum water temperature -  70°F.




              pH - not less than 6. 5 nor greater than 8. 5 at anytime.




          (b)  Partial Body Contact (wading and boating) in the several




              stream stretches and reservoirs in the public park and




              recreational areas.  This would be applicable, at this




              time, to the Rocky River below Berea; a section of the




              Cuyahoga River  and its tributaries between Akron and




              Tinkers Creek; and,  the Chagrin River below  Gates Mills.




              Bacteria: coliform group not to exceed 5,000 per 100 ml.
                                  -4-

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                                                                          375
              as a monthly average value (either MPN or MF count) nor




              exceed this number in more than 20 percent of the samples




              examined during any month; nor exceed 20, 000 per 100 ml




              in more than five percent of such samples.   (This  is  a proposed




              tentative criteria subject to the resolution of the fecal coliform




              criteria by health authorities. )




6.  The stream-water quality for the specific sections listed below should




   meet the minimum conditions, and the criteria for uses as follows:




          (a)  The Cuyahoga River from the Akron Wastewater Treatment




              Plant to State Highway No. 17 bridge,  should meet Aquatic




              Life B criteria at all times,  and Partial Body Contact criteria




              where applicable, and, in addition, should meet Aquatic Life




              A criteria by not later than January 1, 1975, (see requirements




              in Paragraph 7);




          (b)  The Cuyahoga River from State Highway No. 17 bridge to




              the U.S.  Coast Guard Station,  should meet Industrial Water




              Supply criteria by not later than January 1, 1971, and,  in




              addition, should meet Aquatic Life B criteria by not later




              than January 1, 1975,  (see requirements in Paragraph 7);




          (c)  The Grand River from U.S. Hignway No.  20 bridge to the




              U.S. Coast Guard Station,  should meet Aquatic Life B




              criteria by not later than January 1, 1971, and, in addition,




              should meet Aquatic Life A criteria by not later than




              January 1, 1975; and







                                 -5-

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                                                                       376



       (d)  All ptlu-i  waters_in_the Rocky,  ^'y^ho^a^C^HjM'in jjjjd J^£am]




           R^ver basins,  should meet the criteria for all applicable uses,





           including those for Cold Y.'ater  .Fisheries and Partial Body




           Co .tact in the  stream stretches and reservoirs  specified




           in 5.




To meet the minimum conditions and the criteria for the recommended




uses will require: (1) efficient secondary treatment of  all organic wastes;




(2) further treatment (tertiary or advanced) in many instances where stream




characteristics and conditions arc  critical  by reason ef low flows,  seiches,




uses and other influencing factors; (3) a high degree of treatment and for




control of other pollutants; (4) continuous disinfection of effluents for




protection of public water  supply, recreation and partial body contact




uses in those reaches where such uses are desired  and the chlorination




effect is not detrimental to the maintenance of aquatic  life; and,  (5) a




comprehensive program for  further improvement of the water quality




by augmentation of low flows, instream treatment,  and/or other ap-




propriate means; and,  (6)  an additional flow of  at least 100 c. f. s. in




the Cuyahoga River below  Akron is mandatory to meet the proposed




water quality criteria even after the highest degree of  wastewater




treatment reasonably attainable under present technology has been




provided.




To reduce algal growths, extensive programs of nutrient control




(phosphorous and nitrogen) should be pursued throughout the basin.




Such programs to be  effective should be applicable to all sewage




discharges, industrial  discharges and land run-off.




                                -6-

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                                                               377




All apropriatc agencies and other entities, i. e.  the Ohio




Water Commission, the Soil Conservation Service, U.S.




Department of Agriculture, and Three Rivers Watershed




District will be encouraged to implement programs for




erosion control to reduce silt problems.
                       -7-

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                                                                          378
                      WATER POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
                          DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                             COLUMBUS, OHIO
     WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ADOPTED 3Y THE BOARD JANUARY 10,
     FOR THE MAUMSS, TIFFIN, ST. JOSEPH, AND ST.  MARYS RIVER BASINS
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts  vater quality

standards for the following interstate vaters:

     (l)  The Maunee River vhich flows from the State of Indiana through

          northwestern Ohio to Lake Erie;

     (2)  The Tiffin River which originates in  southern Michigan and flows

          through Ohio to the Maunee River;

     (3)  The St. Joseph River which originates in Michigan,  flows across

          the northwestern part of Ohio and into Indiana;  and,

     (k)  The St. Marys River which originates  in Ohio and flows into

          Indiana.

     Further, the Ohio Water Pollution Control  Board hereby adopts water

quality standards for the following intrastate  waters:

     (l)  All intrastate tributaries of the Mauraee River;  and,

     (2)  Tenmile Creek (Ottawa River in Toledo), Shantee  Creek, and

          Otter Creek which are tributary to Maumee Bay.

                 Water Quality - Conditions and Criteria

All Waters.   All the waters considered herein shall meet the following conditions

at all times:

     (ij  They shall be free fron substances attributable  to municipal,

          industrial, or other discharges that  will settle to fora putrescent

          or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;

     (2)  They shall be free fron floating debris, oil, scum, and other

          floating naterials attributable to municipal, industrial, or other

          discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;

-------
                                                                           379
           They  shall be  free  from materials  attributable  to municipal,




           industrial, or other  discharges producing  color, odor,  or




           othci  conditions  in such  degree ao  to  create  a  nuisance; and,




           They  shall be  free  from substances  attributable to municipal,




           industrial, or other  discharges in  concentrations or  combinations




           vhich  are toxic or  harmful to human, animal,  plant, or  aquatic




           life.




Stream-Water Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted  by the Ohio Water




Pollution  Control Board  on June Ik, 1966, shall  apply to  all waters under




consideration herein, with the  following two  variances:




     (!)   Di,s.5olved Solids:   (For Public Water Supply)




           Not to exceed  750 mg/1 as a monthly average value, nor  exceed




           1000 ing/l at any time;




     (2)  pjlj_  (For Industrial Water Supply and  For Aquatic Life)




           Not less than  6.5 nor greater than  9-0 at any time.




The Maumee River (l) from the Ohio-Indiana state line to the 1-75 bridge




near Rossford, shall meet the stream-water quality criteria for all uses;




(2) from the 1-75 bridge to Buoy No. 39 in Maumee Bay (the ship channel




section of the river), shall meet the vater quality criteria for  industrial




vater supply and aquatic life (B); and (3-) from Buoy No. 39 to the mouth




of Maumee Bay which is near Buoy No. 33, shall meet the water quality




criteria for all uses.




The Tiffin River from the Ohio-Michigan state line to its confluence with




the Maumee River, and its tributaries, shall meet the stream-water quality




criteria for all uses.
                                   -2-

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                                                                            380
^5i° -§$.•_ 
-------
                                                                      3S1
(3)  All sewage will be given secondary treatment (biochenical oxidation),




     end the facilities to provide suci1 t^catr^nt vill be constructed and




     placed in operation vithout delay, and in no instance later than




     January 1, 1970;




(U)  All effluents vi.11 be satisfactorily disinfected to meet the criteria




     for downstream vater uses and the facilities to provide such disin-




     fection vill be installed without delay;




(5)  All organic industrial wastes will be given secondary treatment and




     other constituents will be adequately treated to .meet the vater




     quality conditions and criteria, e.nd the facilities to provide




     such treatment will be constructed and placed in operation vithout




     delay, and in no instance later than January 1, 1970;




(6)  Local programs will be initiated to control and reduce pollution




     resulting from (a) bypassing, (b) spillages, and (e) discharges




     resulting from construction or breakdowns;




(7)  Necessary studies vill be made and, where feasible, plans and




     construction programs vill be developed as rapidly as possible




     for reducing pollution from existing combined sewer overflows;




(8)  Where necessary, supplementary treatment of wastewaters will be




     provided to the fullest extent consistent with current research




     and technological advances;




(9)  The sustained stream flow plan included in the Northwest Ohio




     Water Plan adopted by the Ohio Water Commission is hereby made a




     part of this program and the implementation of this plan will be




     necessary to fully meet the water quality conditions and criteria;




     end

-------
                                                                         382
    (10)  Ohio's stream-voter quality monitoring program will be expanded to




          (adequately provide assurances of compliance with these standards.




     Furthermore, the Board and the Ohio Department of Health will encourage




and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission and the Soil




Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in the implementation




of effective soil erosion control programs, and programs for the reduction




Of the runoff of phosphorous, nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.




     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means of the




respective permits issued to municipalities, counties, industries, and other




entities discharging to the waters of the stream basins considered herein, and




failure to comply with the permit conditions will result in legal action in




accordance with the provisions of laws.
                                   -5-

-------
TO:       Cit;-. Officials, Consulting Snginoers and Other Interer.ted Persons
FROM:     George PI. Eagle, Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Health
SWO'ECT:  Removed of Fnonph^lcs from Waste Waters
          At the August 3-12, 19-5, conference on pollution of Lake Eric, it v;ar
agreed uror by bordering States and Federal Hater Pollution Control Authorities
that municipal wastes be given secondary treatment and that "secondary treatment
plants be so designed and operated as to maximize the removal of phosphates" in
the Lake Erie Drainage Basin.  Further, the water quality stai.daro adopted by the
Ohio Water Pollution Control Board for other basins throughout the state require
supplemental treatment of wastewaters to the fullest extent consistent with
current research and technological advances where necessary to reduce algse .rro.rLh1-.

          Subsequent to these requirements and agreements, : iun.i cipalities vrere
ordered by the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board to prepare genera"' plans of
wast crater treatment facilities for compliance.  Host of the major nunicipal.it: es
complied with this order by employing consulting engineers to prepare general plans
of the necessary improvements.

          It soon becajue evident that very little was known about treatment for
phosp?i8.tes removal by either the consulting engineers or the state and federal
agencies.  As a result, general plans of waetevater treatirent facilities subnittec
for approval, and approved by this departnent practically ignored the matter of
phosphate removal other than to state phosphate treatment facilities were being
ieferrecl until more was known about the matter.

          Information furnished by the Federal Water Pollution Control AdiroLrdstration
'.nd_1 cates there is a method by which phosphates csn be removed at a low capital cost.
L'his method involves the addition of sodium alumina.te to the aeration tanks.  It is
reported the phosphate precipitates formed by the addition of sodium aluminate will
lot go back into solution or interfere with the disposal of sludge.  It is also re-
sorted that the addition of this chemical will improve suspended solids removal in
,he final settling tanks and thus also improve the BOD removal efficiency of the
)lant.  Other methods involving high capital cost,-3 have also been demonstrated to
function satisfactorily.

          It is recognized that the sodium aluninate phosphate removal process ii.-
rolves a high operation cost and it is hoped some other less expensive process will
ie developed before long.  Vie cannot, however, continue to ignore the phosphate pro-
ilen with the hops tnat some better process will develop at some future date.  Future
dans, both general and detail, of treatment plant improvements submitted to this
.epartment for approval will have to make some provision for phosphate treatment,
t the present time, we do not know of any treatment process involving less capital
 ,ost than the sodium aluminate process.
 arch 28, 1968

-------
                                                                             384


To:      City Officials, Consulting .Engineers, County Sanitary Engineers,
         and other interested persons.

From:    ("-cor.ee H. Eagle, Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Health

Subject: Sanitary Sev/er Joints and Manholes


                                                            February 1,  19^-8

      Overloading of sanitary sewers and sewage treatment plants resulting from

excessive infiltration of ground or surface water is a serious problem in Ohio.

At places where overloading is a problem and where surface and subsurface clean

water connections are prohibited by ordinance or regulation, the overloading is

caused by infiltration through leaking joints and manholes.  Leaking sewers can

be caused by unworkmanlike construction practices or by the use of unsuitable

materials.  Tight sewer systems are an absolute necessity if water quality

objectives for Ohio waters are to be attained.  In the future sanitary sewer

plans will not be approved by the Ohio Department of Health unless the specifica-

tions conform to the following:

      (l) Joints for vitrified clay bell and spigot pipe shall be

          compression joints as defined by ASTK Designation: C-425.

         Poured joints and joints of the slip seal type will not be

         approved.

      (2) For concrete sanitary sewer pipe flexible watertight joints con-

          forming to ASTM Designation:  C-443 will be required.

      (3) If satisfactory materials other than clay or concrete are used

          for sanitary sewer pipe the joints shall meet standards equal

          to the  standards set forth above for clay and concrete pipe.

      (4) Manholes shall be either poured-in-plnce concrete or precast

          concrete manhole sections.  Precast concrete manhole sections

          shall conform to ASTK Designation: C-478 and the  joints between

          sections shall conform to ASTM 'Designation: C-443.

-------
  (5) Revision:., of  the  specification?'  referred to herein v:ill be




     acccp'.ed provide! the revisions  up-grade the quality of




     sev.'cr construction.




  (6) Sanitary sower  specifications  shrJ 1  include provisions for




     testing the tightness of the sewer by  an infiltration or




     exfiltration  process or by any other appioved process.




      The testinr, as  well as the sewer construction,  nust be




     under the direction of a qualified engineer or a  competent




     inspector directed by an engineer.




(?)  Building sewers shall be constructed in  accordance v.dth




     specifications  equal to those  indicated  above.




(S)  Sanitciry ce--;or  plans submitted for approval shall either




     be accompanied  by separate contract  specifications or




     sewer specifications noted on  the plans.






O.lD.K.
                               —2--

-------
                          George H.  Eagle

  1             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Very good, Mr. Eagle.

  2             This is really a comprehensive report.  Just

  3   for some of these people sitting up here in the front row,

  4   I would like to commend this report here, and I see we

  5   have a complete list of municipal and industrial sources

  6   in this, and I am very happy with this report.

  ?             MR. EAGLE:  Thank you.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any questions?
  8

                Again, I think this is the only device by which
  y

      we can get this going.  If you followed the pollution

      control programs in the States and in the cities, I think
 11
      we, in listening to all these reports, are really moving
 12
      along.  We have a law, for better or worse, that gives us
 13
      a device for State-Federal relations.  We are trying to
 14
      make it work, and I do think it is working and working
 15
      rather well.  At least it is contemplated by the people
 16
      who wrote the law, and that is about all we can do, and
 17
      I think we have programs moving forth rather consistently
 18
      in the five Lake Erie States.
 19
                I think we have rather complete reporting
 20
      with enough specificity so that all the interested people
 21
      can see what is happening, and I think we are going ahead.

 22
      Of course, we are spotlighting these problems as we are

 23
      going along and will take them up.

 24
                I finally found that phosphate letter you had

25

-------
                     Charles Marquetta




 in the back of this.



           MR. EAGLE:   Yes.



           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   And understandably there was



 no numerical figure on your statement either on how much



phosphates had to be removed.



           MR. EAGLE:   No,  sir.



           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   It said they had to give



 consideration, as I read it here, to phosphate removal



 and they have to include some phosphate removal  and



 that they describe the processes that had been recommended.



           Are there any comments or questions on Mr.



 Eagle's report?



           I think that in conjunction with the report we



 heard from Cleveland indicates we are moving apace in



 Ohio.



           Do you have any other people you want to call?



           MR. EAGLE:   No,  sir.



           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Do we have any other requests?



           I have a request from Charles Marquetta of



 Cleveland.



           Now, sir, I see you are on a Council of Air



 and Water Pollution Control.   We are only interested in the



 jurisdiction of water here.



           MR. MARQUETTA:  Well, this here — it gets on



 your trees, roof, and in your gutters, in your sewer  and

-------
                                                            388


                         Charles Marquetta



     the rain washes it to the river and the river takes it



 2   down  into the lakes.  I would like to demonstrate what


 3   this  is.



 4             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Would you identify yourself,



 5   first?



 6             MR. MARQUETTA:  Charles Marquetta from the



 7   Southeast Council Civic Club.



 8             I  demonstrated this a few times  and it seems



 9   like  it ain't getting anywhere.  People don't understand



10   what  toxic dust and fumes is.  They call it pollution,



H   but I call it toxic dust.  It is a magnet there, and



12   that  is out  of my rain gutter.  Anybody want to come up



13   and look at  it?  It is right here.



14             MR. POSTON:  This solid material  from your



15   rain  gutter?



               MR. MARQUETTA:  That is from the rain gutter
16

     in three months, and that is in an area of about eight



     inches.  That is what I was complaining about.  It  seems
18

     like  it don't drip into people's minds what the people
x y


     are breathing — our children, our dogs and cats — our
20

     trees are shedding around August.  We got a lot of



     children up  there, and people is getting cancer and heart
22

     trouble  and all that sort of stuff, and that is the
23

     reason why our Medicare has gone up  our hospitalization.

24

               They have as high as from five to nine workmen

25

-------
                                                             3S9

                          Charles Marquetta

 1    from the steel mills down there at the Saint Alexis

 2    Hospital that are being pumped out every day.   They take

 5    them in there and they put these tubes down in their

 4    throat or in their nose and they pump that black stuff

 5    out of them.

 Q              The men don't want to quit.   They can't say

 7    anything, because they have  been there  20 or 25  years.   They

 o    want to retire.  Now,  I don't know why.  You take the

      Saint Alexis Hospital  there, the first breath  of air a
 i?

      baby gets when he is born is that toxic dust,  which goes

      down into the river, then down into the lake.

                I don't know why they don't say it don't belong
X £
      to water pollution  because that is blown into the lake
13
      right from there.  And  I was down at Saint Vincent Charity
14
      Hospital down there — they had to close the windows down
15
      there — that is  right here, the subject — this same
16
      way at Saint Alexis, this same way with Cleveland Clinic.
17
      They smell it there.
18
                Instead of getting cured, they pump  that stuff
19
      right into them.  I don't know what you guys are all talking
20
      about because they ain't done nothing to take  that air
21
      out, that dust* Because if anybody comes in here with a
22
      vacuum cleaner and there is dust here and you don't put a
23
      bag in, you are going  to spread it all over the floor here,
24
      and the same way  with  the water pollution you are talking
25

-------
                                                             390


                          Charles Marquetta


      about.   Why should we dig up all that stuff anyway?  If

 2
      you dump in a quart   of water to a hundred gallons of

 5
      water — I mean that polluted water into a hundred gallon


      of good water — you would have to fill in the whole


 5    hundred gallon, so why not clean it right where it comes


 6    from?


 7              FROM THE FLOOR:  Let them pay for it.


 8              MR. MARQUETTA:  Yes.


 9              Another thing is that we want to reduce water


10    pollution.  What do they do?  They go out and they sell


11    garbage disposal units, grind it up, and throw it down


12    into the sewer.  It goes in the river and down to the lake.


13              Now, it is easy for these mills or anybody to


14    put settling tanks in, and catch it right there before it


15    goes down into the river and goes down to the lake, but


16    they don't want to do that.  They want us to pay for it,


17    make us sick and everything.


,g              All the machinery gets that fine dust and toxic


lg    fumes and air right into them ~ like that machinery


2Q    right there — it gets in your distributor; it gets in


      your gas; it gets into everything you do*  When you open
£L

      the door, it comes into the store.  It gets into the meat.
22

      Nobody seems to be doing anything — a lot of talking.

-------
                                                     391
                   John Chasesa
someplace, you stay there maybe a week, you make out a
speech you are going to tell, you get down there and they
won't let you talk.
          FROM THE FLOOR:   That is right here in this
great city of ours.
          MR. MARQUETTA:   That is what I thought you were
going to do here, too, but finally I got here, and 1 thank
you very much.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:   You are welcome.   (Applause)
          Well, thank you.  I told you we are here to
hear this.
          MR. MARQUETTA:   I am very glad you did.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Mr. Chasesa has asked us to
put this material into the record and without objection
this will be done.
          MR. CHASCSA;  The wheel that squeaks gets the
grease, noted in the Plain Dealer on June 4, 1968.  Seven
hundred million dollars have been asked for and $400
million have been authorized.  So the Administration asks
for $225 million.  What is wrong?  isn't pollution worth
the cost and fight?
          How many Congressmen, Senators, State
Representatives, etcetera, have had their ears pinned
back for speaking out against the very thing we are trying
to eliminate?  pollution is not created by us humans.   It

-------
   [                                                         392
   j                       John Chasesa

 1    is created by Japanese beetles,  farm silt,  septic tanks,

 2    improper drainage, autos, etc.,  if you can  make yourself

 3    believe it.

 4              In England recently an oil tanker broke up

 5    creating a pollution problem; in Lake Michigan an unknown

 6 j   culprit created a 75-mile long oil slick;  in Lake Erie

 7 I   recently at Bolles Harbor  hundreds of fish were killed

 3    and were washed up on the beach — cause unknown.  Lake
   I
 9    Huron alewife problem closes beaches, etc., "tragic," but

10    isn't someone empowered to act in behalf of the people to

,,    protect their interests in these waters?  Page 5#33, Title
11 i

      33, "Navigation and Navigable Waters," Chapter 407, is
_L 
-------
   [I                                                         393

   i                       John Chasesa

   |i

 1    such as the Cuyahoga,  Detroit,  Rouge,  Maumee  and others



 2 |   into shallow,  dying Lake Erie?   Let's  resuscitate Lake Erie



      while it is still possible.



 4              In 1967  some 7,015,000 cubic  yards of this filth



 5    went into Lake Erie.   Seventy percent  was not confined to



      diked areas, only the  thirty percent.  It is estimated that



 7    over 75 percent will find its way into unprotected areas



 8    of the lake in 1968, and already a clamor is being raised



 9    for permission to dump almost 500,000  cubic  yards into the



10    lake this year from one area alone.  There are 23 such



-j,    dumps in Lake  Erie alone.



12              Will the $700 million requested from Uncle take



      care of this problem also?  No!  Only  the sin'cere and honest
1 O


      efforts of the Department of the Interior, Army Corps of



      Engineers, conservation departments, and health departments
16 ;


      and the determined efforts of our engineering sciences with
1 'o


      the cooperation of industries as well  as John Q.  Public.
•i r-


                Inland settling ponds were suggested to store



      water.   We already have lakes;  let's keep them clean and



      we won't need  to create artificial sources of water.
'^ \


                We can build 500,000  to 1,000,000  ton capacity



      oil tankers,  ("Business week* page 120,  April 6, 1968)

22 ',


      spend zillions to send a bunch of steel  and  equipment to
Q"Z


      the moon, and still haven't  the ability  to keep the very



      necessities, that are  essential to our survivial, clean



      and unadulterated.  Other areas and

-------
   !                                                         394

   1                       John Chasesa
   I

 1 '   countries close  down offenders.  Why don't  we?

 2              Every  industry should  have a method of disposing

 3 ii   of its waste before  it  is permitted to begin to  operate.
   I
 4 |   It is not the responsibility of  the public  to provide  this
   |j
 5 j|   service.   That is why we have the  Army Corps of  Engineers,

 6 ||   Coast Guard, conservation commissions, health departments
   I!
 7 i   and on and on.  But  we  also have pollution  of our air  and
   H
 8 ||   water and excuses too.   Long extensions to  comply should  be
   11

 g ,   discharged and the Army Corps of Engineers  should be the
   l
   i   last to request  an extension.
   !i
                We have the know-how —  let's use it.

   j!             (News  clipping follows.)
-L 
-------
                                                           395

                          John Chasesa


      amounts of water may be involved.'


               "'It is hoped that hundreds of millions of gallons


      of fresh water will be stored underground, and held in re-


 4 !   serve for long periods of time, perhaps for several years,'


 5 \   he said.

   i
 6 !             "Mr. Brown said that a test injection well was


 7 ]|   being drilled in Norfolk that would explore the aquifiers


 8 |   (water bearing sands) deep beneath the city.  So far, the
   !
 9 |j   well has indicated that bedrock may be as much as 2600 feet

   I
10 !   below the surface.  The well has already passed through all

   i
11 ||   the formations expected to contain useful productive water-
   11
   I
12 |   bearing materials.


13 I             "'If the information from the test well is favor-


14    able,' Mr. Brown said, 'other injection wells will be con-


15 j   structed, and we will begin to test the feasibility of re-


T,    charging these aquifiers, and thus build up a fresh water


,r?    reserve.'


                "The test well is being drilled at the Moore's

                         a                    //
1 ,    Bridge Filter Plant, reports the Times.  Treated water in


      excess of the daily needs of Norfolk will be supplied for


      injection from the plant."
2 i ,

                Letter from Mr. W. F. Carbine, United States


      Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
23

      Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 5 Research Drive, Ann
24

      Arbor, Michigan, 4&L03, dated April 25, 196S, to Mr.
i£i\j

   'I   John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie Cleanup Committee,

-------
                                                           396

                          John Chasesa
   i
 1 i
      7231 Center, Estral Beach, Newport, Michigan, 48166:

 2
                "Dear Mr. Chascsa:


                "This acknowledges receipt of your April 4 note

 A
      concerning the application of the Dunbar-Sullivan Dredging
   i
 c
      Company to dredge spoil from the Route River area and


 6    deposit it into Lake Erie west of the Detroit River Light.


 7    We in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries certainly do share


 8    your alarm with respect to the effects of the proposed work


 9    would have on Lake Erie.


10              "Details of this proposed dredging project are


11    being reviewed by this Bureau, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries


12    and Wildlife, and the Federal Water Pollution Control
   i

13    Administration.  At this writing a joint position is being


14    prepared for the above Department of Interior Agencies by


15 [   Mr. Charles Stoddard, Interiors Upper Mississippi-Great


IQ    Lakes Coordinator.  When completed this position with


17 ;   recommendations will be presented to the Corps of Engineers.


•jo ij   I am certain Mr. Stoddard would like to hear from you on


      this matter.  His address is:  Mr. Charles A. Stoddard,


      Regional Coordinator, Upper Mississippi-Western Great Lakes


21 \   Area, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, Minnesota, 55#04.


22              nl appreciate your calling this situation to our


07; j!   attention.  If we can be of further assistance on this
do ]
   ji
24 I   matter, please let us know.
   ji
   !;             "Very truly yours, W. F. Carbine, Regional Director.^


   I             Letter from the United States Jepartment of the

-------
                                                            397
                          John Chasesa


 1 !   Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
   11

 2    Washington, B.C., 20242, dated April 9,  1968,  to

   i
 3 j|   Honorable Marvin L.  Esch, House of Representatives,


 4 H   Washington, D.C., 20515.
   I [

 5 ;             "Dear Mr.  Esch:
   I i

 6 i             "This is in reply to your communication of March
   i
 7 |   25, 1968, enclosing a letter from Mr.  John Chascsa,  Presi-


 8    dent of the Lake Erie Cleanup Committee,  concerning  effects


      of dredge spoil disposal on the water quality  of Lake Erie.
 j

                "Mr.  Chascsa elaborates on many facets of  the


   I   problems encountered with the disposal of dredged materials


      from waterways  and industrial harbors that often contain
12

      high concentrations of pollutants.  We agree that open


      water disposal  of polluted spoil material should be  dis-
14

      continued.  In  advice given the Corps of  Engineers with
15

   :   respect to requests for dredging permits  in the  Great
', O

      Lakes, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration


      has consistently urged that polluted dredged spoil be
j f,-

      disposed in a controlled manner and not open casted.
A  '

                "We also agree with Mr.  Chascsa that each  polluter
-/ /~i

      is primarily responsible for his own waste control.   Strong
21 ':
      efforts are underway to control waste discharges from the
22 i
      industrial and  municipal complex tributary to  the Detroit
25
      River.  The Federal-State Enforcement Conferences for both
24
      Lake Erie and the Detroit River established January  1970 as

-------
                                                             39S
                           John Chasesa

  1   the date by which all pollution from these sources is to

  2   be controlled.

  3             "Your interest in and support of water

  4   pollution control are appreciated.

  5             "Sincerely yours, John M. Rademacher, Director,

  6   Division of Technical Services."

  7             Letter from United States Department of the

  8   Interior, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C., 20240,

      dated September 19, 196?, to Honorable Marvin L. Esch,
  C7

      House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., 20515^

                "Dear Mr. Esch:

                "Secretary Udall has asked me to reply to your
JL«C
      letter of August 25, 1967, concerning the disposal of
Xo
      material to be dredged adjacent to the Great Lakes Steel
14
      Corporation dock in the Detroit River at Ecorse, Michigan.
15
                "The Director of our Great Lakes Regional
16
      Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
17
      reviewed the application for permit submitted by Dunbar
18
      and Sullivan Dredging Company, and recommended to the
19
      District Engineer by letter of August 15, 1967, that the
20
      dredged material be placed on land or in a diked area
21
      to avoid pollution of Lake Erie.
22
                "Sampling of bottom sediments in the vicinity of
23
      the Great Lakes Steel Corporation dock was carried out by
24
      the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in
25

-------
                                                              399

                          John Chasesa

       1963.  The material  consisted mainly of  silt,  organic
  2
       ooze, and clay, mostly gray to black in  color, with a
  2
       strong odor of sewage and oil.  Examination  of benthic

       organisms showed a large population of pollution tolerant

  5     worms.  Chemical analyses indicated high concentrations of

  6     nitrogen and phosphorous compounds.

  7              "The potential sources of the  organic materials

  8     are not significantly changed since the  1963 samplings.

  9     Hence, the pollutional characteristics of the  materials to

10     be dredged would be  expected to be similar to  the 1963

11     samples and further  analyses at this time would not seem

12     necessary to support our recommendation  that the

13     dredged materials be disposed of in a manner that will

14     prevent pollution of the lake waters.

15              "Your sincere interest in water pollution

16     control is appreciated.

17              "Sincerely yours, Elino R. Morgan, Deputy

,g     Assistant, Secretary of the Interior."

19              Letter to  Michigan Water Resources Commission,

2Q     Ann Arbor, Michigan,  dated February 19» 196S.

                "Water Quality Conference.

-------
                                                             400


                          John Chasesa
 1
      ask:  do you want safe water or prosperity through

 2
      industry and large cities?

 3
                "After seventy-five years or more we pride

 4
      ourselves on our know-ho   In making water safe to consume
 5
      and air to breathe and still when we look about, we find

 c
      our papers, magazines, radio and television calling our


 7    attention to the filth in our waters and air.  Did it ever


 8    occur to any of our health officers, conservationists,


 9    public officials, engineers, scientists, industrialists and

10    developers that at times the chemicals used to safeguard


11    our waters are just as injurious to some humans as the

12    polluted water.


13              "We are aware that relaxation with water sports


14    is a growing need, clean fresh water is needed more than


15    ever for our growing population, industries are ever

16    clamoring for sites near fresh water, commercial fishermen

17    need clean water to ply their trade and on and on.  How


18    do we keep these waters in a suitable, palatable, and

19    refreshing condition?  By asking the people who


20    eventually pay the bill:  'What quality of water do you


2i    want?'  Then frighten them off by telling them they must

22    choose between prosperity and clean healthful water, or to


23    have these people pay for the cleanup.

                "How do you use a stream, pond, river, or lake

-------
                                                             401
                           John Chasesa

  1              "How can you set a standard for an area in a

  2    stream,  pond, river, or  lake today and expect it to be the

  3    same two,  five, or ten years from today?  Huron River,

  4    River Rouge, Raisin  River, Pine, Swan Creek, Clinton, Stony

  5    Creek, Detroit River, St. Clair  Lake and Lake Erie are

  6    prime examples of multiple uses  without long-range planning

  7    or  proper  supervision.   There is but one solution,

  0    enforcement of Water Resources Commission Acts of 1929>
  o

       making all State waters  safe for body contact and use

       the 'No  Further Degradation of Our Waters1 slogan and mean


11    "•

                 "We of the Lake Erie Cleanup Committee sincerely

       urge the State Water Resources Commission to -discourage
13
       any new  permits to use our waters for any
14
       indiscriminate use  or as a dump for unwanted wastes, to
15
       lessen the danger to wildlife, fish, and humans, as well.
16
       Make our waters safe for any and all uses, especially for
17
       body contact, sports and human  consumption.
18
                 "Respectfully  submitted, Lake Erie Cleanup
19
       Committee, Inc., John Chasesa, President."
20
                 Statement  by Lake Erie Cleanup Committee, Newport,
21
       Michigan,  48166.
22
                 "The Rape  of a Water Wonderland.
23
               "A gruesome title, no doubt, but true.
24
                 "In the July   1962, issue of the Reader's Digest
25

-------
                          John Chasesa                       402


 1     there appeared  an article  on Page 151,  titled  'The  Rape

 2     of our Southern Mountains.'

 3               "Every  American  should have read  it,  every
   j
 4     voting American should have  read it, and  every voting

 5     American should have  remembered it.  Every  penny  budgeting

 6     housewife and sportsman  and  every conscientious

 7     Christian should  have read it and done  something  about  it.

 8     Even if he only hung  his head in shame.

 9               "To commercialize  on the gullibility of poor

10     hill folks is not Christian.   To abuse  the  stature  of

      being a businessman by destroying the lifeblood of  those

      of our citizens through  so-called shrewd  business manipula-
-L *o
      tion is certainly un-American and un-Christian.

                "When we, as individuals,  resign  ourselves to a

      state of deplorable complacency by accepting the  do-
15
      nothing bureaucrats who  spend our money as  well as  set  the
16
      amount of tribute, we must pay to maintain  these
17
      bureaucrasies as  something we have no power or say-so about
18
      then we are lost.
19
                "We elect men  to represent us in  various  phases
20
      of government to  do our  bidding  and  to  help us determine
21
      the best course to follow.  Unfortunately,  only a Very  few
22
      take their oath seriously, and very  few attend all  sessions
 23
      that are held in  Washington  and  in our  State and  County
 24
      legislative capitals.
 25

-------
                                                            403
                          John Chasesa


 1              "We have created agencies and commissions and


 2    various study groups and frankly, I believe the committee


 3    studying the sex life of the gnat is about the most


 4    capable of submitting an acceptable report, if there is


 5    such a committee.


 6              "Since the late 1#70's we have had one after


 7    another anti-pollution committee created.  We have a


 8    geological study going on in the Great Lakes for many


 9    years; geologists, biologists, conservationists, health


10    authorities, and many, many more who have compiled tons and


1:L    tons of reports.  In the past forty? fifty, or sixty years


12    we have bragged of our intelligence and know-how, to do more


      and better than any other Nation on earth.  We have proven
J.O

      that man can fly, send rockets and missiles anyplace on eartji


      and probably to the moon and we haven't skimped on the cost
15

      of these experiments, in spite of the staggering amount.
16

      Yes, we should be proud of our so-called accomplishments.
17

      We should be very proud and very humble in dealing with our
18

      less fortunate neighbors also, no matter who they are.
19

                "The trip to the Moon Commission has never been
20

      denied their request for funds,  these are always
21

      available.
22
                "The committees on pollution study, water, health,
23
      public safety, sanitation and many environmental aspects
24
      of our well-being have been belittled and slighted and

25

-------
                                                            404
                          John Chasesa

 1    pushed  aside  after  almost a whole  decade of  studies,  until

 2    today we  suddenly realize the  importance of  safe,  clean

 3    water.  Of what  earthly  use are  all  the facts  and  figures

 4    gathered  in the  past  fifty years to  us?  We  permit

 5    lobbyists to  legally  have our  laws changed to  suit their

 6    clients'  wants.   We disregard  the  riparian rights  of  the

 7    little  guy (who  is  all-important at  election time) and

 g    forgotten after  election.

 9              "In 1961, Governor John  B. Swainson  was  asked

10    to call the United  States Public Health Service in to

      study the pollution problem in the Detroit River,  Lake

      Erie, Lake St. Glair, Huron River, River Raisin and  many

      smaller tributaries leading into our lakes.  What  was the
_L o

      real reason?   Did someone feel sorry for "the plight of
14

      the residents along the  Detroit  River, Lake  Erie  or  was
15

      there another reason? Did the  pipedream of the Detroit
16
      and Wayne County planners backfire  when they  found their
17
      plan for  another Italian Venus type  of island  chain,  in the
18
      Harsens Island area,  filtered  silt into their  water
19
      supply station at Belle  Isle?  Remember the  screaming
20
      public  demanding to know what  went wrong?  Why the bad
21
      taste?  Why the  industrial waste,  et cetera?  Was  this a
22
      way to get Federal  funds to  pipe water from Lake Huron?
23
      Perhaps it would be interesting  to note the  chain  of events
24
      prior to  and after  the SOS  for all the people  under Federal
25

-------
  ;                                                         405
  I                       John  Chasesa
  i (

1    jurisdiction to come to the  aid of the  large  metropolis  of


2    Detroit.   Oh yeah,  we all pay  Federal taxes and  only the


6    large cities and those with  pull are worthy of getting


4    any finances for the things  needed to maintain good health


     and other necessities of  which we hear  and are told.   We


     should have  to  be good citizens and healthy Americans.


               "Most small communities cannot afford  even a


     trip to Washington  to seek assistance;  however,  one of


     our more  ambitious  mayors requested fifty thousand dollars


     to maintain  an  office in  Washington to  be nearer the source


     of Federal grants,  loans   and gifts.  Thanks  to  Council-


     woman Beck,  it  was  defeated.


               "You  may  say, what has all this to  do  with


     pollution?  Well, let us  look back a bit on the  27th and


     28th of March 1962,  a conference was held at  the Veterans


     Memorial  Hall in Detroit.   The findings  of the United States


     Public Health Service substantiated that there was


     definite  cause  for  a thorough investigation into the cause


     of pollution.  This  was substantiated by written and oral


     evidence  by  many State agencies,  the Army Corps  of


     Engineers, various  sportsmen clubs, and a citizens' group


     known as  the Lake Erie Cleanup  Committee who  not only  sub-


     mitted written  evidence,  but also 29 jars of  water in


     various degrees of  pollution taken at 29 separate loca-


     tions, ranging  from the Toledo-Ohio State line to and

-------
                                                            406

                          John Chasesa

 1    including River Raisin, Lake Erie, Swan Creek, Huron

 2    River, Detroit River, and River Rouge.

 3              "A statement was made at this conference that

 4    the people in the Lake Erie and Monroe area couldn't possibl

 5    have such a problem.  One of Detroit's leading citizenry

 6    even went so far as to state that a little refuse doesn't

 7    hurt anyone and that perhaps he would be asked to

 8    put diapers on the wild ducks flying over these waters so

 9    it could stay clean.  A very intelligent remark to be made

10    by a man who is looked up to by many.  In a recent

H    statement to the press he ridiculed the United States

12    Public Health personnel for doing a thorough job.  (I

      know it was thorough because I personally followed all or
J_«J
      almost all of the study).  When others of our organization

      were able, they also followed the progress.  According to
15
      this man's statement this was all a waste of time and
16
      uncalled for, the water quality is so much more improved
17
      and has been on the upgrade since 1940."
18
                Letter from Lake Erie Cleanup Committee, Newport,
19
      Michigan, 4&L66, dated April 11, 1963, to James T. White,
20
      Jr., Colonel, Corps of Engineers, District Engineer, P. 0.
21
      Box 1027, 150 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, 4^231.
22
                "Subject:  Proposed Dredging in Detroit River,
23
      No. NCECO-0-09.
24
                "Dear Colonel White:
25

-------
                                                            407
                          John Chasesa
                 "Several weeks ago the  Lake Erie Cleanup
 2     Committee filed a protest  against the March 12,  1963,
 3     request of Dunbar and Sullivan  to "be permitted to use
 4     Lake Erie as a disposal site for  waste from the  Rouge  River
 5     amounting to 105,000  cubic yards.  On April 10 I received
 6     from Mrs.  Finck a copy of  a notice from your

 7     Department displaying a request from Dunbar and  Sullivan
 8     for permission to dispose  the waste from the Detroit River
 9     dredging,  amounting to 190,000  cubic yards,  into Lake  Erie,
10     making  a total of 295,000  cubic yards of filthy, foul-
11     smelling,  nuisance creating health hazard,  which will  (As

12     you well know)  create a nuiscance and hamper navigation

13     and create a filthy situation on  the beach at Pointe

14     Mouillee and Estral Beach  and Stony Point.   In 1962, the
15     first conference held in Detroit, it was agreed  by all
.       concerned that  this was a  bad practice and your  Department
       would find other means of  disposing of this so-called
       'gook.'   It is  now 196#, and outside of the publicity
18
       picture in the  Detroit News,  showing a pipeline  being  used
^ *s
       to  empty a dredge and  deposit the  waste on Grassy Island,

-------
                         John  Chasesa


 •L     fields of engineering,  my doubts  are becoming more and


 2     more aroused.


 „               "If industry can spend  millions to bring filth


      into an area they can also spend  it to take it out and not


      expect the public to  do it.   I  am sure you can see the
 5

      logic in this.  Look  at the situation created by the
 6

      Detroit Disposal Plant.  It cannot be denied that it is
 7  I

      responsible for the necessity to  dredge the Detroit River
 8

      in a very large degree and still, all the Federal and
 9

      State agencies feel they should be able to convince the
10

      public to assist in enlarging the system to include more

11

      industrial as well as residential users to take advantage

12

      of Detroit's offer.

13

                "I don't recall your  Department opposing a

14
      mammoth sewer system  reaching from Flint to the Huron

15
      River.  I don't recall your Department making suggestions

16
      or recommendations to prevent industrial wastes from

17
      entering the rivers or lakes by re-using their oil, acids,

18
      and other industrial  solvents and oil refinery wastes.

19
                "It is hoped by this  group that you will be able

20
      to convince Dunbar and Sullivan that it is very much past

21
      the time of free dumping grounds  and time to cooperate with

22
      health and conservation officials, also for the sake of

23    .      ...
      humanity.

24
                "Respectfully submitted, John Chascsa, President


25

-------
                                                            409


                         John  Chasesa



      Lake  Erie  Cleanup  Committee."

 2
                Letter to Honorable Marvin L.  Esch,  Congressman,



 3    1421  Longworth  Building,  Washington,  B.C.,  20515,  dated



 4    March 13,  1963, from  Lake Erie  Cleanup Committee,



 5    N ewpo rt, Mi chigan,  4^166.



 6              "Dear Congressman:



 7              "Msny thanks for the  information  on  the  Army



 8    Corps of Engineers pilot  project  for Lake Erie.  It  is very



 9    interesting  and if properly employed could  be  of great



10    benefit to all  concerned.  I have a copy of the  Army Corps



11    Trenton Channel deepening project in front  of  me as  I write.



12    The description and planning call for an expenditure of



13    $31,300,000  plus $15,000  additional &>r annual  maintenance.



14    Nowhere do I see any  guarantee  that the  proposed turning



15    basin will not  serve  the  same purpose as the Port  of Monroe



.,     turning basin.  The oil,  refuse,  and paper  pulp  in the



      Monroe Basin is not,  as is supposed,  a product of  siltation



      and I feel the  same will  be and is at present  in the
18


,g    Trenton Channel.   Another $53 million would open a channel  tc


      the shipping lane,  is it worth it?  Will steel be cheaper?
20


                "If,  as  colonel James T. White, states in his
£ J.


00    February 16, 1968} letter to you, the St.  Law^ettce


      Seaway is such a critical economic life line,  why does it
23         '

      behoove him to use any of the shallow or deep waters of Lake
24

      Erie as a duaqp for any material polluted or not?  If the



      bottom at Bolles Harbor is free of pollution it could and

-------
                                                             410
                           John  Chasesa

      should be deposited  on a  suitable shoreline site where

 2    it  could be carted away to an area where it would serve

 3    a useful purpose, instead of hampering boating and marine

      life, and otherwise  creating an  illusion of eutrophication

      in  an already overburdened Lake  "Eerie" Erie? There Is  no

      real deep area  in Lake Erie  for  any  type of dump.  As I

      have mentioned  in previous statements thert  *re twenty-

      three dumps in  Lake  Erie  at present, these have had  the
 8
      blessing of the Army Corps  of Engineers for  many years,

      and the results are  very  evident even to the  odor.
10
      Let's close them all.
11
                "Is Trenton Channel turning basin also to  become
12
      a catchall for  all downriver industrial and municipal
13
      waste, or are we going to ask each polluter to remove all
14
      his waste before spending a penny of public funds to aid
15
      in  the so-called economic lifeline development?  It  is
16
      time to quit kidding one  another or let everything and
17
      anything go and forget we have a problem until large
18
      scale epidemics are  upon  us, then raise the devil.
19
                "As has been stated so many times,  with all the
20
      studies that have been made and  are being made, our  scientifji
21
      and engineering brains can find  a much more profitable use
22
      for our waste and certainly a more satisfactory one  for
23
      all.
24
                "The  Colonel states that in forty years no history
25

-------
                                                             411


                          John Chascsa


      of polluted beaches exists.   For the past ten years almost

 2
      all of the shoreline of Lake Erie is or has been

 3
      considered polluted vis Sterling State Park.  I am


      certain the Department of Interior would concur with the


 5    sentiment as expressed herein.


 6              "Hoping this will be considered by yourself and


 7    other interested representatives and authorities as just


 8    cause to take proper action, I remain,


 9              "Sincerely, John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie


10    Cleanup Committee."


11


12


13


14


15


16


17


18


19


20


21


22


23


24


25

-------
                           DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                         DETROIT DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                          P. O. BOX 1027    150 MICHIGAN AVENUEl
                               DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48231
       IN REPLY REFER TO
NCFCO-0  09
                                     PUBLIC NOTICE
                                                            20 March 1968
              PROPOSED DREDGING IN DETROIT RIVER NEAR DETROIT, MICHIGAN

     1.  When an application is received for a Department of the Army permit
to authorize work in or over a navigable water of the United States Depart-
ment regulations state that notice regarding the matter shall be sent to all
persons deemed likely to be interested in order that any protests from the
standpoint of navigation or other pertinent factors may be presented.

     2.  Dunbar and Sullivan Dredging Company, 2312 Buhl Buildings Detroit,
Michigan^, has applied to this office for Federal permits to dredge at the
following, locations in the Detroit River as shown on the attached sheets with
ail d; edged material to be deposited on the authorized dumping ground in Lake
Erie West of Detroit River Light.

                                              Volume of Material, to be dredged
10,000
25,000
50^000
10S000
10^000
35,000
508000
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
                                                                         yards
                                                                         yards
                                                                         yards
     Location of Dredging

     a.  Detroit Processing Terminal
     b.  Great Lakes Steel Corporation
     c.  Nicholson Terminal and Dock Company
     d.  Federal Marine Terminals
     e.  Detroit Harbor Terminals
     f.  Great Lakes Steel
     g.  Nicholson Transit Company

     3.  Any interested party entertaining objections to the proposed opera-
tions should file written protests thereto with this office not later than
4s30 P. M.j, Eastern Standard Time, 19 April 1968.  The determination as  to
whether a permit will be issued will be made after due consideration of  the
effect upon navigation, fish and wildlife, pollution, conservation and other
pertinent factors of general public interest.  Objections should be specific
in describing the reasons upon which the protest is founded.
                                                                         yards
                                                                         yards
                                                                         yards
Notice to Postmasters:
                                         JAMES T. WHITE, JR.
                                         Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                         District Engineer
     It is requested that the above notice be conpsicuously and continuously
posted until 20 April 1968.                                _       „   iOA,0
*•            - x -                                 Process No. 68062

-------
Disposal
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-------
                           DEPARTM£NT OF THE ARMY
                          DETROIT DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                           P. O. BOX 1027   ISO MICHIGAN AVENUE
                                DETROIT, MICHIGAN 40231
       m m:«-Y Reran TO
NCECO-0  09                                                 12 March 1968

                                     PUBLIC NOTICE


                     PROPOSED DREDGING IN ROUGE RIVER AT DETROIT
                              AND RIVER ROUGE. MICHIGAN
     1.  When an application is received for a Department of the Army permit
to authorize work in or over a navigable water of the United States, Depart-
ment regulations state that notice regarding the matter shall be sent to all
persons deemed likely to be interested in order that any protests from the
standpoint of navigation or other pertinent factors may be presented.

     2.  Dunbar and Sullivan Dredging Company, 2312 Buhl Building, Detroit,
Michigan, has applied to this office for Federal permits to dredge at the
following locations in the Rouge River as shown on the attached sheets with
all dredged material to be deposited on the authorized dumping ground in
Lake Erie West of Detroit River Light.

             Location of Dredging          Volume of Material to be Dredged

         a.  International Salt Company    20,000 cubic yards
         b.  Marathon Oil Company          10,000 cubic yards
         c.  Sun Oil Company               10,000 cubic yards
         d.  Allied Chemical Company       10,000 cubic yards
         e,  Detroit Marine Terminals      15,000 cubic yards
         f,  Scott Paper Company           10,000 cubic yards
         g.  Detroit Lime Company          20,000 cubic yards
         h.  Marathon Oil Company          10,000 cubic yards
                                        'I'Q^OOC  cvj  'i^'
     3.  Any interested party entertaining objections to the proposed opera-
tions should file written protests thereto with this office not later than
4:30 P. M., Eastern Standard Time, 11 April 1968.  The determination as to
whether a permit will be issued will be made after due consideration of the
effect upon navigation, fish and wildlife, pollution, conservation and other
pertinent factors of general public interest.  Objections should be specific
in describing the reasons upon which the protest is founded.
                                            JAMES T. WHITE, JR.
                                            Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                            District Engineer

Notice to Postmasters:
     T.t is requested that the above notice be conspicuously and continuously
posted until 12 April 1968.                                Process No. 68069

-------

-------
                                                                   416
Proposed Predqinq and Disposal
Application by
      Dunbar fi Sullivan
      11 Jan G8
    N
                                                 ^^^
•f*

-------
                                                               4X7
                     •••-" o--^\-W'f'
                       •'••  °°°^f
Proposed Dredging and Disposal

Application by

      Dunbar S Sullivan

      11 Jan 68
U,*\ . 7. or o,

-------
                                                             us
                          John Kinny
    I
  l  I            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We now have Mr.  Jack Kinny who

  2  i  wants five minutes.  That is what it says.

  3              MR. KINNY:  Conferees,  I thought  for the last

  4    five minutes of this morning's session that the committee

  5  |  was going to settle down to determine where it was going
   i
  6 |j  and why, and then we got back into the generalizations,

  7    and then later this afternoon Mr. Metzler brought it up
    I
  g j|  once more that we had better know a little  bit more about
    i
  9  j  where we are going.

10              I want to commend Pennsylvania.  I thought that
   i
,, II  would be the last State I would ever hear to propose
   |
    '  determining what actually was going on in the river.  They
-L *^  i
   i   have been living on effluent standards for  so long.

   i             Somewhere along the line we are going to have
14 !i
   i,
    i  to find out what we are accomplishing with  the money we
15
      are spending, and from the practical viewpoint it was
]-:
   i
      touched on this morning, and this is the one point that
] 7 '
      I would emphasize:  The Administration has  proposed a
lc;
   !   cutback on Federal grants to $225 million.   The best
T s-
   \   indication is that the Congress will appropriate some-
2i>
   i   thing less than $150 million.  What this is going to do
21 .
   \   to a program that has become geared to Federal grants is
22 |
   i   nothing other than putting on three of the  four brakes.
23 |
   i             There has been a proposal for an  alternative
24 j
   |   in financing, but it is, in my opinion, something that
25 i

-------
                                                          419



                          John Kinny


      can do us more harm than good.  It could be a face-saver


 2    for the moment, but it could be a real drawback for the


 3    whole program in the longrun.


 4              I don't know whether you have heard the remark


 5    that assumption and inexperience are the mother and father


 6    of all goof-ups.  We have gone through a good deal of


 7    this kind of an approach with water pollution.  I would


 8    hate to see one more approach of juggling the financing


 9    at this stage of the game, and I offer this with the idea


IQ    that if the conferees are going to set some time schedules,


]_!    rather than come up with something that is going to have


12    to be shifted once more, that the realities of the


,3    present financial condition bear its weight in making


14    the decision.


                With respect to Mr.  Metzler's suggestion that
J.5


      says if we are going to go for the phosphate picture, we
16

      better determine in advance that that will give us the


      result.  Now, I do know that there are many scientific
18

      illiterates that argue we do whatever we can do and
JL *s

      anything we can do is in the right direction.  But sometimes
20

      that means digging a hole and then moving it.  There are
21

      many things we should do now before the public is
22

      promised that SO, #5> 90 per cent removal will eliminate

23

      algae, only to find out that it doesn't.

24

                One last caution!  In the introduction to the

25

-------
                                                              420

                           John Kinny



  I    Federal  report,  the  first  sentence was:   "Although Lake



  2    Erie  is  still  an excellent source of municipal raw



  3    water, the  effects of  pollution  are becoming  evermore



       and more discernible."  The next sentence:  "That



       dissolved solids have  decreased  by 9 per  cent since 1964."
  U


                This,  the  general public could  take as meaning
  6


       we  are going from bad  to worse,  and it bothered me until  I



       took  a look at the data, and  I would commend  to the
  8


       committee's attention  on Page 32 a comparison between  the

  9


       Detroit  and the Cleveland  offices for suspended solids;

 10

       the difference between the two offices themselves were

 11

       around sixty per cent.   Some  of  these analyses show

 12

       300 per  cent difference.

 13

                We are talking about concentrations so low

 14

       that  these  relative  concentrations cannot be  compared

 15

       with  the sanctity that this kind of suggestion would


 16

       offer, and  I would hope  that  what the conferees are doing


 17
       is  promoting a program of  progress rather than — well,


 18
       these may read well, and to some newspaper  people who  are


 19

       more  interested in the headlines than the facts, these


 20
       kinds of things read well, they  make good headlines, but


 21
       in  terms of promoting  water quality they  leave us somewhat


 22
       behind the  schedule.


23
                The  other  caution — you heard  much on the


24
       dredged  material today.  There is an effort being made to


25

-------
                                                             421

                          John Kinny
 1
      remove all polluted material from the lake.  What we call
 2
      polluted is a bit difficult to determine.  If there is
 3
      organic material in it, I presume it is polluted.
 4
      We have that in the bottom dredgings of most lakes
 5
      unless it is in an area where it is washed clean.
 6
                The question is not whether or not the discharge
 7
      of dredged material to the lake causes pollution, but
 Q
      whether or not it is polluted, per se.  It is the same
 9
      argument that Mr. Lyon raises on the oil wells.  Are

      they pollution, per se, or could they cause pollution?

11    I think there the defition is not so much:  Are we

12    dumping pollution into the lake, but:  Are we causing

13    it?

14              I sat in on the meeting of the Board of

15    Consultants on the subject up in Buffalo, and I had

16    hoped that the Colonel would report to you.  He did

17    indicate that they haven't found adverse effects so far,

18    but he could have gone further.

19              The first preliminary data — as one of the

20    technical staff said, they are having difficulty to

21    support, or interpret the data to support the conclusions

22    that are drawn — this is very real.

23              They are also finding that the material behind

24    the diked area, the water quality behind the diked

25    area is the same as the water quality outside the diked

-------
                                                            422


                          John Kinny
  1
      area.  This raises the question as to whether or not

  2
      material is by dry analysis polluted, whether it when

  3
      put into water actually causes new pollution.  This you

  4
      should determine before you make your recommendations.

  5
                We are also into another area that indicates

  6
      that the dredged material located behind diked areas can

  7
      leach the nutrients, and the nutrient concentrations

  Q
      outside the diked area are higher than they are in,

  Q
      with the resultant bloom in the shallow water.


10              I agreejwith you, Mr. Chairman — your


11    comments this morning — if you are going to blaze a


12    path you should know which way it is going.


13              I don't envy you your job, but I think you have


14    got the chance to do some really good leadership.


15              Thank you.  (Applause)


16              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Why don't you wait.  Maybe


17    there are some questions or comments.


18              You know, Mr. Kinny,  you came up and  I


19    guess if I live here long enough I am going to see


20    everything.  You praised Pennsylvania, you praised


21    New York.  If we both hang around these conferences


22    long enough, one of these days I am going to hear you have


23    a good word to say for a newspaper, and the next one is


24    going to be the Federal officials.  Then I will know the


25    millenium has arrived.

-------
                                                            423
                          John Kinny

   i

 1 i             MR. KINNY:  I am guilty here of the thing



 2    that I have accused you of in the past, and I apologize,



 3    and that is by ray commenting I would suggest that you



 4    have condemned all newspaper people.  I said those people



 5    who would prefer a headline to the detail of what is



 6    going on.  That is not all newspaper people; that is just



 7    a few.



 8              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I never even noticed it was



 q    some newspaper people!
 y


10              FROM THE FLOOR:  Could I protect my headline?



1;L              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I am sorry.



                Again, I would like to make one comment, because
-L &


      this is recurring.  When Mr. Kinny said that the funds
-L O


      were cut back to $225 million, they weren't cut back at



      all.  The last funds were $203 million.  They asked for
15


      more money.  This is the old game, again, and I hope we
1G

      are going to be as sophisticated in dealing with these
l"

      budget figures as you expect us to be in dealing with
i '->


      data.  There are two arrangements in any one of our
i r

      societies and legislatures, State or Federal:   an
2>r>


   ','   authorization and an appropriation.  They donft necessarily

2L i

      match.

22 ji

   !j             If we had all of the money appropriated or every

23 ji

   i   dime authorized by the Congress now, probably Jack Kinny

24 :;

   l!   would be leading his cohorts in fighting the kind of

25 ::

-------
                                                             424
   I                       Jack Kinny

 1    tremendous budget we have.   The point is:   until you have
   i
 2 !   that money appropriated, you don't have it.  I have

 3 !   heard this over and over again.  If someone comes in and

 4    has a program,  say, for $200 million, and  then they ask
   i
 5    for $500 million the next year and they get $300 million,
   i
   !
 6 i   you don't say they got $100 million more,  you say they

 7    are cut $200 million.
   i
 8              Now,  the point is this has not been cut back.

 9    Funds for this are going up all of the time.  Maybe they

      are not going up as much as the cities and States want,

      but in actual funds there hasn't been a cutback.

                Other comments or questions?  Any other comments

      or questions?

]4              Where is New York?  Did the whole delegation

1f_    leave?  This is Mr. Haberer of New York.   I know Mr.
15 ;
      Metzler had to leave.
J- i. •
                Let's go on to the summary.  I think we have

      several points.  One, I think it is only fair to say  that
is
      the programs outlined by the five States here seem to be --
r'U
      oh,  we have another speaker?  I am sorry,  I  didn't  have
      your name.   Come on up.   I  am sorry,  and  you told me
21
      before.
22 it
   |!            MRS.  ANGEL:  Mr.  Estill  and I signed pieces of
23 i|
   i   paper.   I hope  you  call  on  Mr.  Estill,  too.
24 :;
   ii            The pollution  problem is so great  that  the
25 ''

-------
                                                            425


                          Mrs.  James Angel


      experts  can't  solve  it, so that is why  I am  here.   I am


 2    Mrs.  James  H.  Angel,  Chairman,  Citizens for  Land


 3    and Water Use  of  the Cleveland Metropolitan  Area.


 4             The  Federal Government is  calling  for 92  percent


 5    removal  of  phosphates by  1972.   During  this  time  Citizens fo


 6    Land  and Water Use suggest that these things should be


 7    done*


 8             1.   Each municipality should  provide posted


 9    directions  to  a legal dumping  site;  away from the lake and


10    streams.


11             2.   Strict enforcement of  the litter laws.


12             3-   Installation of  sanitary  sewage receptacles


13    at  all marinas and commercial  ports.


14             4«   Keep all dredge  material  out of the lake.


15             I would like to qualify this.  I understand  that


16    there is to be a  lot more study on the  dredged material


17    and the  disposition  of it.   However, our reasons  for saying


,0    that  we  would  like to keep all dredged  material out of
lo

,9    the lake is because  we have  heard so much criticism that


2Q    our Lake Erie  is  dying.   It  is true  that it  is the


      shallowest  lake,  and it seems  reasonable to  the lay person
t£±.

      that  if  our lake  is  dying, and if it is shallow and if it
&£

      is  becoming a  marsh,  it seems  reasonable to  keep  the
<&O

      dredged  material  out.
24

                5.   Reroute all raw sewage that is now
25

-------
                                                             426
                         Mrs.  James Angel


 1    discharging to the natural storm drainage to the sewage


 2    treatment plant.


 3              6.  Accelerate the programs that will increase


 4    the efficiency of all STPs.   Clean up sewage treatment


 5    plant effluent instead of or before discharging farther into


 6    the lake.


 7              7.  Good conservation  practices by all citizens


 8    and all levels of government.


 9              Small as these efforts may seem compared to the


IQ    big programs being planned,  the  important thing is they


a    need not be studied by a committee.  Action can be taken


12    now.


13              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Angel, for a


,.    very interesting statement.   I would like to make one


      comment.
15

                You say, "Small as these efforts may seem,"
16

      yet No. 5 is, "Reroute all raw sewage that is now


      discharging to the natural storm drainage to the sewage


      treatment plant."
19

                I think we have heard some testimony this
20                                                 J

      morning from every city that isn't the small effluent.
&±.

                MRS. ANGEL:  But if you read my statement that
22

      was made to the State of Ohio, we have a little bit
23

      different opinion on that.
24

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I know, but you have to
25

-------
                                                      427



                     Seba Estill



recognize that rerouting the storm sewage generally is at



least as expensive as providing treatment for the older



cities.  This is a very expensive program and we did hear



that Cleveland — and this is what I hope you citizens



will do — the engineers have come forward with a plan.



The plan sounds very engaging at first blush.  I suggest



you look at this plan, if you haven't done so already, and



form your own judgment.



          MRS. ANGEL:  All right.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Angel.



          Mr. Estill.



          MR. ESTILL:  Mr. Stein, conferees, ladies and



gentlemen:  This is a statement of the Ohio State Division



of the Izaak Walton League of America.



          I am Seba H. Estill, a member of the Clean



Streams Committee of our State division and a member of our



national committee on clean water.



          Let's save Lake Erie nowl  Do many of you



wonder what has happened to the "now" part of this most



commendable slogan?



          The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board's



May 196,8 Report and Recommendations on Water Quality for



certain stretches of the Cuyahoga and the Grand River requestjs



compliance with recommended water standards by January 1,



1975.  This is getting much too close to ten years from the

-------
                         Seba Estill



     issuance of the Revised Conclusions and Recommendations



2    of the  conferees of the conference on pollution of Lake



3    Erie and its tributaries on August 12, 1965.



4              I quote a paragraph from my statement for the



5    Izaak Walton League at the November 30, 1966, hearing of



6    the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board relative to the



7    installation of suitable treatment works.   "We realize



8    that time will be required to develop and install such



9    facilities.  In the meantime, we propose that a use charge



10    be imposed upon all polluters — whether private, industrial



11    or municipal.  That such charge be proportionate to the



12   quantity and the type of the particular pollutants.  We



13   believe that such a charge would have a definitely dynamic



     influence in accelerating the installation  of proper and



     effective facilities for the treatment of wastes."  We



..-   are still of this same opinion.
ID


               In Minneapolis, on the twelfth of last month



     Under Secretary of the  Interior David S. Black noted
18


,_   the importance of user  charges.



               If, in 1965>  Ohio had instituted  a use charge as



     above,  we believe that  it would have so accelerated the



     installation of proper  control facilities as to render



     unnecessary the close to ten year time extension permitted



     for compliance with recommended water quality standards.



               At the time of signing the Water  Quality Act of

25

-------
                          Seba Estill                       429



      1965, President Johnson said, "No one has a right to use



      America's rivers and America's waterways, that belong to all



      the people, as a sewer."  Also, guidelines established
 O


      by the Department of the Interior state:  "No standards



      of water quality will be approved which provide for the use

 5


      of any stream or portion thereof for the sole, or

 6


      principal purpose of transporting wastes."



                It would appear that areas being assigned an

 8

      industrial or aquatic life B water quality standard are

 9

      being sentenced to that principal purpose of transporting

10

      wastes.  Acting as sluggish sewers, in other words, and


11

      this function is in direct conflict withthe purpose and the


12

      intent of the Water Quality Act.  The Izaak Walton League


13

      strongly protests this prostitution of public waters!


14
                We have consistently advocated a water quality


15
      standard that is capable of supporting the propagation of a


16
      thriving and healthy population of warm water game fish that


17
      are indigenous to the area.  This proposal is advanced in


18
      the belief that waters in which healthy game fish can survivp


19
      and thrive should also be reasonably safe in human


20
      applications.


?i
                Ecologists, biologists, conservationists and just



22    plain friends of clean water, seek future as well as



23    present benefits, for our children and for coming



24    generations of Americans.  On the other hand, some



25

-------
                                                           430

                         Seba Estill


1    municipalities, some politicians and some industries


2    are much too prone to consider initial costs of abating

5    pollution, but entirely ignore the simply staggering

4    costs they are presently postponing and for which


5    future generations must literally pay through the nose


6    with smells that are not so sweet; with sludge and algae-


7    filled waterways, which can no longer afford potable water


     for public supplies.  They will pay with the barren banks of


     their eroded landscapes and the ecological sterility of
i/

     their countrysides.  They will pay with the vanished


     esthetic enjoyment of clean waters rushing between grassy


     banks that were once edged by fertile fens of fragile
12

     ferns.  While these in turn were backed by gentle slopes
13

     of wild flowers and a profusion of fascinating flora and
14

     fauna that had once afforded pleasure to their visitors and
15
     instilled in them an active appreciation of the wonders and
16
     glories of God's handiwork.
17
                Back in 196$, we were informed that if all
18
     pollution was stopped immediately that it might be
19
     possible to  cleanse Lake Erie in fifty years.  We believe
20
     that it is necessary to see that all  streams flowing into
21
     Lake Erie are free from pollutants.   Otherwise, with the

22
     premise that all streams having low water quality standards

23
     will carry some pollution  into the lake, so that the

24
     aggregate load of corruption contributed by all tributaries

-------
                                                              431



                          Seba Estill



      combined,  when consolidated  into  one  overall  total  could


 2
      be tremendous.   How,  then,  are  we ever going  to  clean up



      Lake Erie  when authorities  establish  such  low water quality



      standards, such as  Ohio's industrial  and aquatic life B



 5    classifications?



 6               We don't think that  Mr.  Eagle or some of the



 7    other members of the Water  Pollution  Control  Board



 8    probably like these standards any better than some  of the



 9    rest of us do and we hope and we  think that they do have



10    in mind raising these standards later on,  of  course.



11               The flow of pollution  into Lake Erie  must be



12    stopped.   Stopped before any start to clean the  lake can



13    be effective!



14               The following is  taken from a front page news



15    report in  the Cleveland Press just four days  ago.   I



16    quote:



17               "On the  basis of  most  recent data, the overall



lg    quality of Lake Erie is worse than it was  in  relation to



-,0    1964 data.  I understand that Mr.  Harlow will so report



20    to this conference."



                 So,  evidently Lake Erie is not  holding her
& -L


      own against the filthy flood that continually fouls her
£&


      waters.
23


                 Mr.  Poston may be interested in this  —  of
24


      the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago versus

-------
                                                           432

                         Seba Estill

     The  United  States Steel Company, to restrain the latter

     from polluting Lake Michigan, Judge George N. Leighton, of th

     Circuit  Court of Cook County, Illinois, agreed that there
 O

     is no such  thing as a little pollution.  The judge

     continued.   "I conclude as a matter of law that
 5

     the  oil  slick in question was a  pollution of waters as
 6
     alleged  in  the complaint.  Now,  whether one characterizes
 7
     it as a  great amount or whichever way, it doesn't matter."
 8
                 "The other question in this case presents whether
 9
     on the evidence it shows that the defendant corporation
10
     discharged  an oil slick either willingly or accidentally.
11
     I come to the conclusion as  a matter  of law, that it
12
     doesn't  make any difference."
13
                 The judge then granted an  injunction  restraining
14
     the  South Works of the United States  Steel Company and the
15
     company  has appealed.
16
                 In his Cleveland  Press column of May  23> last,

17
     on Page  E-12, Theodore Andrica relates an incident in the

1 fi
     village  of  Misilmeri, Sicily, where a villager was murdered

19
     because  of  the terrible scarcity of water in the village.

20
     Mr.  Andrica also noted that  this lack of water is

21
     responsible for many  slayings in Sicily.

22               The Creator triple-blessed our area with the

23   gift of  one-third of  all of  the  sweet fresh water  in the worljd

 24   flowing  right by our  door steps. Just what would  those

 25 I

-------
                                                              433

                          Seba Estill


 1    Sicilian villagers  think of us  who live around the Great


 2    Lakes,  who have turned that tremendous flow of fresh water


 3    into a  giant sewer  to dispose of our unwanted wastes?


 4    Just what will coming generations of Americans think of us?


 5               Excerpts from remarks of the three gentlemen


 6    immediately following were gleaned from the conference


 7    in Detroit's Cobo Hall on November 6, 1965> on "United


 8    Action  for Clean Water."


 9               Dr. George B. Langford, Director of Great Lakes


10    Institute, suggested that we bear in mind that clean,


,,    unpolluted, fresh water is the primary and the foremost


      asset of the area.   None of the great resources and/or
J. &

      industries of the Great Lakes area are as important as
JL*J

      our water resources.
14

                 Water is the resource of primary importance.  None
15

      of the  others are of value without water.
16

                 Conditions of our water are presently in a
17

      serious situation.   We must spend, probably billions of
18

      dollars to correct  these conditions.
19

                 The effects of many  various chemical
20

      constituents in water, even in  trace amounts, are not
21

      known;  still we continue to drink the water.  The drastic

22

      effects suffered by mothers who had taken thalidomide

23

      during  pregnancy was cited and  the suggestion put forth

24

      that no doubt many terrible results might follow the

25

-------
                                                             434

                          Seba Estill
   i [
   | [

 1 !j   drinking of water containing so many harmful substances,


 2 |   even in trace amounts*  He mentioned the example of Can-


 3    adian and New York mink farm operators in discontinuing
   i
 4 I   the use of perch from the areas as food for their mink,
   i
   il
 5 |   because it had been found that mink fed with such perch


 6 i   became sterile, and of no further use as breeders.


 7              Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall


 8 |   remarked that our once running waters were now but stink-
   i
   11
 9. ij   ing, sluggish cesspools; and that rivers are very expen-


10 j   sive sewers.  He remarked that present polluters must

   Ij
H |i   make progress with the community, not apart from it.
   jj
12 ij             Mr. Murray Stein (Now Assistant Commissioner
   i'
   1
T-T I;   of Enforcement for the Federal Water Pollution Control
   ; i
   i
14 i   Administration; and our so efficient moderator today),
   ,

,_    noted that Lake Erie is being made into an enormous marsh
in |;
   11
.      and that when that state is consummated there is no
j '">
   i
.      return for Lake Erie.  We must save Lake Erie now.  He

      stated that industrial wastes must be treated to a degree

      equivalent to municipal sewage; that, "Every day of post-


      ponement of this problem makes for a much more difficult

      task;" that "If the Great Lakes go, industry will go with
   i
   I   them.  The United States will decline as a world power
22 !.

   I   if the Great Lakes are not saved.  The second battle of
23 .,
   ] ,
   ;   Lake Erie is a vastly greater problem than that of winning
24 \
   11
   !:   the first battle of Lake Erie."
25 '•

-------
                          Closing Statements



 1              Have we really been trying to win this second



 2    battle of Lake Erie  or have we been merely temporizing



 3    with terminating the flow of corruption, choking away



 4    its very life?  Let's really start now to save Lake Erie.

   I

 5 |             Thank you, gentlemen.  (Applause)



 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Estill.



 7              Do we have any comments or questions?



 8              If not, does anyone else want to make a state-


 9    ment or have a comment?  If not, let us try to get on and



10    see if we can come to an agreement in various areas.
   i



   11                        EXECUTIVE SESSION

12
                I think we might state, each State looking  at

13
      the other can indicate that we, I think, have a program


14
      moving forward in all five States, that the programs  are



      substantially on schedule, and I don't use that word



      "substantially" as a euphemism for meaining that the



      schedules are not being met.  The schedules are being met


l':    and the exceptions are being dealt with on a case-by-case



      basis.


'°              Moves are being made to correct them, and there



      are very few cases that I noted here as recalcitrants, and

   i

22 |   where there are recalcitrants, the States are taking    pro-



23    priate legal action under their State law to bring them



24 j   around.  By and large, the major sources of pollution and

   i
2? j   the major dischargers are going ahead with corrective



      measures.

-------
                                                             436
                          Closing Statements

 1               We have several problems  that the conferees may

 2    want to deal with.  One  of these  is  the question of whether


      we should have a policy  for the conferees,  or a recommendation


 4    for the conferees on phosphates.   We talked about


 5    substantial removal of phosphates.   Michigan is asking for

 6    80 percent  removal.   I  suspect in the other States


 7    we may be getting, they  are going for somewhat less and


 8    I think,  as a matter of  equity, we might consider  whether


 9    we should have something fairly uniform for all of the


1 r\    O


11               MR. LYON:   I  didn't hear  what you said.

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   As a  matter of  equity, I

      think we should try to at least approach the question to
J. O

      see if we can get something that  is  rather  uniform for
14:

      all the States in the basin.  I understand  — Mr.  Poston
15 I

      just showed me this — the standards for Ohio were
16

      approved with that as an exception —
17

                 MR. POSTON:  Phosphate removal.
18
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   — with  that as an exception.
19

                 Now, I do think, gentlemen, that the Secretary of
20

      Interior is going to face up to this.  I also, as  I have
21
      said  in the past, I always think it is better if  we can
22
      go up and give him a unanimous recommendation from the
23
      States rather than get this done  in  another way.  Now, I
24
      would like to hear how you feel we can best approach this
25

-------
                                                            437

                          Closing Statements

      problem.

 2               Mr.  Lyon.

 3               MR.  LYON:   Well, I will repeat my earlier

 4    recommendation.  It is primarily based on the fact that

 5    Michigan  is taking the leadership in this and has adopted

 6    its standard of BO percent  phosphate removal from

 7    sewage treatment plants.  Michigan is the major source of

 8    phosphates to the lake,  It would seem appropriate for

      the other conferees to adopt that standard.

10               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you care to comment now,

.,,    Mr. Poole?
-LJL
                 MR.  POOLE:   Well, I don't see how we could
-L <£
      do otherwise than $0 percent  because we adopted 80 per
lo
      cent for  the Lake Michigan cities, and I would have a little

      trouble explaining to them that something less than that
15
   I   was all right for the Lake Erie cities.
16
   !!              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Oeming.
17
                 MR.  OEMING:  No comments.
18
   I              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  How about Mr. Haberer?
19 j|
                 MR.  HABERER:  I think Mr. Metzler explained
20
      pretty well his feeling on it and I don't think he is
21
   I   ready to  adopt  an  60 percent  or an $5 percent  removal
22 !
      at this time.
23
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, I don't think anyone
24
      suggested $5 as a minimum.  I think, and I hope I am
25

-------
 1
 2
 3
 4
 6


 7

 8


 9

10

11
24

2?
                                                      43 d

                    Closing Statements

stating scientific testimony — if it didnft appear

in this record, correct me — that as far as I can see,

our scientists say that BO percent is the minimum and

really that they expect that 90 percent is achievable.
 5 j|             How about you, Mr.  Eagle?
          MR. EAGLE:  Well, Mr. Chairman, I would like a

point of order here now.  If we are going to depart from

the conclusions and recommendations of the 1965 conference,

then I think that there are an awful lot of people that

want to be heard on this matter, and as far as I am con-

cerned, I think we are going to be back to a public

hear ing.
.„ !|             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  By the way, I don't know if
JL O

  , j   this is a departure.  What we have talked about at the
   ! i
   \<   1965 conference was a substantial removal of the phosphates.
15 ;
                MR. OEMING:  Maximizing.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Maximizing.

                Now, the point is:   When we started back at
                                                                  i
                                                                  I
      that time, we knew we were feeling our way in the phosphate

      program.  The question here  as I look at the proposal      j
                                                                  i
      is just to refine what we have done, as we have always      j
                                                                  !
                                                                  I
   !!   tried to do, to put a number on it.  As I recall this       j
22 I!                                                               j
   jj   original conference, Mr. Oeming for one, and rightly, was   i
23 :|                                                               1
      pushing us for numbers and what we precisely meant on all   !
of the conclusions.

-------
                                                             439
                           Closing  Statements


                 MR.  EAGLE:   One of  the  conclusions  was  that we

  2
       appoint  a  technical  committee  which was  done,  and  they

  3
       spent  several months,  as you know,in considering this


       problem, and came  up with a  report  which was accepted  by


  5     these  conferees, and as far  as Ohio is concerned,  has  been


  6     made a part of  the Lake Erie standards.


  7               I think that certainly this technical committee


  8     should be  given consideration  here,  and  if  it  is the


  9     wish of  the conferees  — and I would certainly go  along


10     with that  — that  this matter  could be referred  back to


11     the technical committee for  consideration and  for  further


12     recommendations.


13               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   Well, now, you  may want the


14     technical  committee  — again,  we have several  of our

   !
15     scientific people, and in other States the  scientific


16     people have made some  significant advances, it seems to me,


17     even from the time we  had this technical committee.


                 Now, we can accept  the committee of the
J. G

lg     conferees, or we can have, if  you wish within  a  short


20     time,  if you want  to get the conferees together  — and


       I am just  putting  this out as  a feeler — a meeting on
& -L

       the phosphate question alone,  where we will get  the
£/£

       scientific people  to outline what they have to say about
«d«J

       phosphates and  have  anyone else come in, and then  we can


       get this information lined up.
25

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                                                            440
                          Closing Statements

 1               Now,  I  think this  is  a  question of the work of

 2    the committee — the scientific  work  —  being fairly

 3    straight forward and laid out.   Where we set  up this

 4    technical committee, they were looking for analyses.  I

 5    think within a relatively short  time  we  can make a —

 6    and I think all of the people who  have views  on this

      phosphate question — can make their  views known to the

      conferees.

                 MR. OEMING:  Mr.  Chairman, I  would like to clear
 i?

      up something here  about this  committee;  if my
10
      recollection is correct, the  assignment  to that committee
11
      was to determine the magnitude of  the various sources.
12
      This is one thing.
13
                 Number two, what  kind of water quality  in terms
14
      of phosphates  you wanted in  the lake.  This  committee was
15
      not the kind of committee who could then relate that
16
      to processes for the removal  of  phosphates.
17
                 Now, let's take another step.  This grew out
18
      of the conference at Cleveland and Buffalo — the initial
19
      conference — and if you will recall, nobody at that
20
      time was in the position to  say  what  degree of removal was
21
      necessary, but we did establish, after a great deal of
22
      discussion and probing — and I  know that I probed

23
      deeply — as to what quality these experts who testified

24
      wanted in t he lake that would remove  or reduce the nutrient

25

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                                                             441
                           Closing Statements

  1    problem to manageable levels.  This is what we came out

  2    with.

  3               Now, somebody along the line has to decide

  4    what loadings can come out of the various areas that are

  5    contributing these phosphates.  Now, 80 percent  is not

  Q    a magic number.  It might have to be 90.  It might have

  7    to be #5.  It so happened that in the analysis of the

  8    Detroit River contribution, it came out to $0 percent.

      At that time we didn't know in Michigan any way to get

      there, but somebody has to lay down a requirement for

      people to meet.  Otherwise, we drift along, and so this

      is the reason that the SO percent  removal was established,
-L (Zi

      because that was decided from the conference in terms of
13

      concentration in the river that would be manageable, and
14
      it came out at SO percent.
15
                 Now, I am a little puzzled as to what this
16
      committee could do beyond what has already been in the
17
      record, to a great extent, of these conferences.  This is
18
      where I am in a little fog here.
19
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I am not sure that they could
20
      do very much of anything.  I think the question that we
21
      have — and as I understood Mr. Metzler, he was talking
22
      in terms of the cost of this and the reliability and so
23
      forth and so on.  I think the issue we have to face is if
24
      we have a notion of what the water quality requirements
25

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                                                            442
                          Closing Statements

 1    are  in terms of the nutrients we can put in, I think

 2    there also has to be a judgment made as to the devices

 3    that are available and what you have to do to get this.

 4               Now, I am not sure that the committee that we

 5    have set up are the people to deal with that problem.  I

 6    am not sure — as a matter of fact, we have done this

 7    in the past with the Lake Michigan situation — we have

 8    called on the experts who can supply the answers to

 g    these questions.

10               MR. OEMING:  Well, Mr. Stein, let's clear up

      one question at a time.

                 Are we questioning, at this time, the limitations
!.*£
      or the criteria that were proposed and accepted finally

      by this conference for the water itself?

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I don't think so.
15
                 MR. OEMING:  Well, I wonder —
16
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, I think this is based
17
      on the scientific fact.  By the way, I don't see any
18
      reason for that.  The facts haven't changed. A certain
19
      phosphate concentration, I think, was agreed on by the
20
      scientists, triggering this operation.  The notion is
21
      to keep it lower than this concentration.
22
                 Now, I don't think the scientists have changed
23
      their judgment there.  In other words, I wouldn't hesitate
24
      to entertain the notion to change it if there were new
25

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                                                      443
                     Closing Statements
scientific evidence, but there isn't.  The only thing
that has come up new since that time is precise
information on effective treatment and costs which can
be made available to the conferees.
           MR. OEMING:  Well, but, Mr. Chairman, hasn't
there been two conferences within the last few weeks
to which everybody in the country has been invited —
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Tes.
           MR. OEMING:  — to explore all of the technical
information that is available?
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is correct.
           MR. LYON:  If I may say    something — I
completely share this view that there has already been a
conference.  There also has been a meeting, I understand,
of the FWPCA people on this question.  There were a
number of papers given that showed that phosphate removal
was possible to that level.
           The basic question is:  Do we move now?
After all the test quality levels that were established
by the technical committee, we don't know whether we are
going to attain those or not  with that 80 percent
removal.  We certainly are going to come closer to it than
we are now.
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.
           MR. LYON:  And it seems to me we have all agreed

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                                                           444
                         Closing Statements


 1    for a long time that this is a major problem in this lake


 2    and it seems to me the time is now.


 3               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, this is, again, up to


 4    the conferees.  Since we have three conferees — if I


 5    read this correctly — who would say that to maximize the


 Q    phosphate removal would mean a minimum of BO percent,


 „    and I understand that two conferees are not prepared to


     go along with that.  Is that correct?
 o

                MR. EAGLE:  Yes, it is correct as far as I am


     concerned.  I am not prepared to go along with that at


     this time.
11

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, what would you suggest
12

     as a course of action to try to get us together, if anything
13                                                                 1

                MR. EAGLE:  Well, I suggest that we must explore
14

     this thing further at this time, and that we set up a
15

     special conference and have the people that are going to be
16
     affected and who are going to have to pay for this — give
17
     them an opportunity to be heard.
18
                MR. HABERER:  We don't want to be negative
19
     in New York State on this subject.  We just feel that we
20
     have such a big problem ahead of us, we want to get out

21
     the sewage,' we want to get the stormwater  and the

22
     chlorination taken care of.  Phosphonis  is an important

23
     part, but after all it is kind of down on the bottom of

24
     the totem pole as far as the other work that we have to

25

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   ii                                                          445
   i I
   I                       Closing Statements

 1    accomplish here  and many of these communities have primary

 2 !   plants that have just been built.  V/e are now insisting
   j'

 3 !j   they go to secondary, and now to hit  them again to go to
   i'
 4    another degree  of treatment, which although percentage-wise

 5    as far as the initial cost is not as  large, nonetheless
   - i
 6 i|   the operation is large.

 7 !             We also remember in New York State they pay

 8 I   one-third of the cost of the operation of the sewage

 9 ,,   treatment plants,  which  I don't think any of the other

10 |   folks do, so this is kind of a hunk of money that we

T-J_ i!   have got to look forward to.

12 ;             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We are asking, as I understand

.,..    it — this was  a decision made to maximize the phosphate

.  ,    removal here.
1-*

                I think we are dealing with a very important

      resource here in two of  the major States who presumably

      are not in complete agreement with three other major

      States, i.e.. New York and Ohio.  I would suggest, if

      the conferees agree, that we set up this:  have the tech-

      nical experts indicate what the situation is — and I

      don't mean one  of these  real technical meetings at which

      they are going to explain all of the  details of the process

      — and give Ohio and New York and any other States and any
26
      other industry or municipality that wants to come in and
24
      talk about this; follow  Mr. Eagle's suggestion on this and

-------
   |j                                                         446

   !j                      Closing Statements


 1 ;  see if we can come to a resolution of the issue because I
   ^
 2 |  think this is a vital one.
   i
 3             MR. EAGLE:  I would like to point out, I presume


 4   we are talking about the entire Lake Erie Basin?


 5             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.


 6             MR. EAGLE:  Then, we are talking about some 150


 7   treatment plants and we are talking about hundreds of


 8   millions of dollars a year additional expense.  And going


 9   into something like this, I think we should have certainly


10   as a very minimum a full-fledged hearing, an opportunity


     for these people to be heard.


12             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Eagle, I don't dispute that


^ ;  at all, and I think considering what is at stake and the


     amount of money, the interest, and all that, let us —
L-i-

   1  if the conferees are agreed to that — we will try to get


     the staff together with you, get a mutual agreeable date


     and I hope we can agree on a short presentation by a few


     people who can present the phosphate problem.


               For example, the people that I would guess from


     the Federal Government — and I don't want to put the


     finger on any particular one now — but someone like Fritz


   ;  Bartsch, who could talk about the biological effects —


     that is Dr. Alfred Bartsch — and Dr. Leon Weinberger, who


     probably could talk about the technical aspects and the

-------
                                                          447

                          Closing Statements
1
     make about fifteen-minute presentations each on this.
2
                By the way, I am not speaking for them,
3
     because I haven't spoken to them, but someone like that,
4
     and the States might want to get some people out, and
5
     then we can give all of the industries and municipalities

6
     and people a full-fledged opportunity to be heard.
7
                MR.EAGLE:  I would suggest that your report
Q
     be put out in advance of the meeting so that these people

q
     who are going to be affected would have an opportunity to

     study it and come to the meeting prepared to make their

     comments, like we do on our regular conferences.

12              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.  I suggest for

13   those people who want to do a little advance work on

14   that, I think Dr. Bartsch and Dr. Leon Weinberger's

15   views are fairly well known, and they are available from

16   the group here.  You people can almost make those statements

17   and their views on this available immediately, but this

18   will be done.     I suggest that before the program goes

19   too far ahead  and we have to backtrack, while we are

20   getting the plans in, before we have really begun to let

21   the contracts, that we come to a determination on this one

22   way or the other  because this would be the way to do that.

23              Is this agreeable to all of the conferees?

24              MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, I am not sure I know

25  I what the agreement is, yet.  What do you expect the role of

-------
                          Closing  Statements
     Indiana and Pennsylvania and Michigan to be in this
2
     agreement?
3               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I would expect that you would
4    participate in the meeting, listen to the arguments on all
5    sides, if there are arguments, and the views expressed
6    by all parties, and approach this with the same kind of
7    open mind that we would expect New York or Ohio or us to
8    approach it, and see if we can come up with a mutually-
9    agreed-upon position for Lake Erie.
10               MR. OEMING:  I am sorry, but I don't have an
11    open mind anymore.  My mind is closed, and we have
12   decided what we need to do.
13               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, again, I hope you would
14   do this.  The point is, Mr. Oeming, if you had more
15   rigid requirements than we decide on for the rest of Lake
-^g   Erie, I am sure no one will mind.
17              MR. OEMING:  I don't know as I want to be put
,g   in that position of beating the other States over the head,
19   Mr. Chairman.  I want to be in the position that I am in
2Q   and Michigan is in, that it recognized its responsibility.
21              Now, if you have any criticism of it, that is
     fine.  We should get at that, but I don't know what else
     I can offer.
2o
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   It is not a question of beating
 <&TT
     anyone over the head.  We are trying to get a joint position

-------
                                                       449



                     Closing Statements



developed by the S-tptes, by all you people, that we all



can live with.



           Now, Mr. Oeming, we have a situation here —



you can see what we are headed for.



           MR. OEMING:  I am in sympathy with these



people.



           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think this is the best way to



settle this.  We have standards submitted by Ohio, which



have been accepted by the Secretary of the Interior,



except for the phosphates.  I would think that the best



way we can do this and help the Secretary and help the



States is try to get the five States together with a



unified position, instead of letting it go to any kind of



a judgment which is going to have to be made one way or



the other.  I am suggesting that this tradionally, while



it is a hard row  to hoe, in the long run is the easiest



way to do business.  I don't want to have a confrontation



between the Federal Government and any State on a



fundamental issue like this  and I don't want to have the



States divided.



           So far we have been able to come up with



unanimous suggestions.  I am suggesting we make the college



try here and take Mr. Eagle's recommendation and go ahead



and see if we can achieve this.



           MR. OEMING:  Let me ask this question.  I think

-------
                                                             450

                          Closing  Statements



      it  is  not  appropriate, but I am  going to  take  that  chance.


 Q
                 Does Mr.  Eagle or Mr. Haberer  feel  that


 2
      Michigan should be a part of this  conference?   Is there



 4    any purpose served by this in your opinion?



 5               MR. EAGLE:  As far as I am concerned, it is



 6    all right  either  way, Loring,  participation  or not.



 7    You have made your decision   and if you don't  wish  to



 8    participate, I think this is going to be  all right.



 9               MR. OEMING:   I wondered if there  was a purpose.



10               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   There  may be  some  modifications,



11    Loring.



12               You are not sure  they are going to  come  out



13    with the view you have accepted.   Wouldn't you want to  try



14    that?



15               MR. OEMING:   Well, I  don't want to  try it and



16    change the  ground  rules for the people that we  have  got



17    working now.



                 CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   No,  and I think  if you  ~
J.O


19    this is the kind  of  position that  would make a contribution



      to the meeting.
&\)


                 MR. LYON: Mr.  Chairman.
4^X


                 CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   Yes.
22


                 MR. LYON: May I  suggest that  we  might  have
&O


      another alternative?  I  am a little concerned  with the
24


      desirability for another hearing,  because in Pennsylvania

25

-------
                                                            451
                          Closing Statements


     when we  order  our municipalities to do this, they  still


     will have  an opportunity for hearing, and I suspect this


     may be true in the  other States.   In other words,  the  issues


     can still  be heard  from the technical standpoint.  We  just


     had a meeting  in Chicago with the  FWPCA and many others who


 6 !|  presented  ample information about  phosphate removal.   Might


 7   it not be  desirable  for us to consider having  at some  time


 8   in the very near future an executive session of the con-


 9   ferees where we possibly could  iron this out?


10              CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Well, this is a possibility,
   i

?1   but I — listening  to Mr. Eagle's  proposal, and I  can
-Li !
   i
   j  sympathize with his  point of view  — think what we can do
•*- & I

   !;  in the executive session is give you the technical views
   jj

   i  and the  scientific  views on how this is to be  done.
14
   i !
   !;             What Mr.  Eagle was pointing out is that, I

15 i!
     think, he  would like to get before establishing this an
1 (.•

   !  airing of  the  views  from the policy standpoint of  the
j 7 '

     people who are going to have to bear the cost  and  pay  for
It; i'

     this.  Frankly I think that there  may be something to  doing
If ',':

     that and getting those views.
£0 :

                MR.  OEMING:  I question, though, Mr. Chairman,
21 |i

   )!  if that  is not a function of the individual State  to do.
22 I!

   !;  This is  what each of the States were supposed  to do after
23 ji

   !  the conclusions of the Secretary at the original conference,
24 |j
   i  and each of the States went back and decided what  they
25 !:

-------
                                                             452

                          Closing Statements

      were going to do.  This is how Michigan arrived at its

      30 percent.  We didn't come back and ask for a conference

 •s II
   !;   of all of the other States to persuade our citizens that
 4


 5


 6


 7


 8


 9


10


11
22
23 I!
      they had to do this.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I understand that, sir, and if

      we had been able to achieve that in other places — but it

      is obvious here that  we are fairly evenly split.  We are

      trying to look for a device to get all of the five States

      operating in concert  here.   I don't think that we are going

      to do the cause of pollution control much good if we don't

      really make an effort to come up with a unanimous recom-
12 '!   mendation from the five States.  After all, look at all
   H
   !
13 |i   of the good work you have done.
   II
   ii
14 |i             Now, we have been able to do that in the past.

15 1]   Very frankly I would be dismayed to just go in with this

16 I   kind of split and let nature run its course without having
   i
   r
17 j;   the States look at this again.  Under the law, the Secre-

]b, i!   tary's duty is clear.  He is going to have to make a

19    judgment.  I would like to see if we could come up with
      something, as we have always done before, where I could
   i
   I

21
20
   l

      say all of the  States are pretty much in agreement with


      this|  xsn't this a good thing to adopt?
   l!
                MR. OEMING:   I will defer to your judgment so

      long as this does not  run the risk of changing the

-------
                                                           453


                          Closing Statements


     Michigan program, lowering it from SO percent to 70 or


 2   60.


 5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We won't drop your program.
 4
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
I don't think we ever have.  In other words, if Walter


Lyon came in here and said that you had the minimum of


#0  and he said he wanted 96, no one would suggest that


we would drop it.


           I don't think there is any danger that the


program can be dropped.     I would suspect, given the


attitude of the two States, I don't know that your program


would be dropped, but I am sure that they are not likely


to adopt one that is higher than yours, either, so I think


you are relatively safe.


           MR. HABERER:  What did we mean when we said


maximize, in the first place?


           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, the point is, you have to


put that back to the period where we were working.  The


point is, what we asked was:  What was a reasonable degree


of phosphates  and what was the amount of phosphates you


could take out?  At that stage, we didn't have the answers
21   to these from the technical people.  However, they came


     up with a notion for every pound of phosphates you took


     out you would have less of this growth, and decelerate the


     eutrophication process; so we did the best we could in the


     State of New York, knowing we would have to go with this
25

-------
 8
     achieve remarkable results.
10
                                                          454
                          Closing Statements

     again.   We put in this "maximize" so that hopefully the

     engineers would come up with plans to get the phosphates

     removed.  If you can put yourself back to those days, the

     notion then was a little different than we have now.  At

     least the main thrust of the thinking in phosphate removal

     was by a Detroit design and operation of the sewage

     treatment process and taking some of the supernatant

     off of the line at a particular point, you are going to
                They tried that.  It worked in some places,
     but they couldn't duplicate that at will in other plants,

     and it just was not the kind of thing that you could
J. <5

     recommend to be sure.
13

                So, now, the main thrust has shifted to chemical
14

     precipitation or some kind of precipitant action  or
15
     getting floe.   In other words, we are really in a
16
     different ballgame now than we were when we started this
17
     thing, and we were just groping our way and hoping that
18
     someone would come up with a solution.
19
                As a matter of fact, the program worked out
20
     sort of as we expected, because by spotlighting the problem,
21
     placing a bonus on someone coming up with maximized
 22
     developments, they have produced it.
 23
                Now, our people think that 90 per cent removals
 24
     are going to be suitable very shortly.  You know they are
 25

-------
                                                             455
                         Closing Statements
 1   always a little ahead.
 o
                Now, I think Mr. Eagle has a point, and I am
 3   saying this for the phosphate program as a whole:  The

 4   decision has been made.  It is the decision that has been
 5   made largely on the scientific evidence.  If you want to
 6   have it on the basis of the social impact and the people
 7   -who are going to pay for it, I think it might be good to

 8   look into it and get the other views.

 9              What is the result of the caucus?  Are we
10   agreed?
11              MR. OEMING:  The caucus results are that two
12   of the S'tates — maybe three — are concerned about the

13   adverse effects on what we have already done in Lake
14   Michigan.  We open this whole question again, and I am
15   concerned whether we mean it or not that that might be the

, .   result.
ID
                MR. EAGLE:  Well, Mr. Chairman, I have an
     alternative.  If the other conferees don't want to have
19   this, Ohio can have its own public hearing and following
     that, then, we will be prepared to make our decision.
t£\)
     I am not prepared today to make any decision.
4O.L
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Poole.
22
                MR. POOLE:  I appreciate everybody's concern,

-------
1
2
3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
11
                                                          456
                         Closing Statements

     is a genuine concern to us in Indiana,  I would hope

     that we don't have to embark on a program where next year

     you have got to let contracts for every plant that is

     producing phosphates in the basin, because there is

     reason to hope that maybe within a couple.of years we will

     have cheaper processes. But I can't see that that has a

     great deal to do with a decision on the percentage of

     phosphates that ought to be removed from Lake Erie.

                Now, I have been involved in both Lake Erie

     and Lake Michigan, and I am under the impression that the

     phosphate levels at the present time in Lake Erie are

     greater than they are in Lake Michigan, and if that is

     the case, and if we concluded that you need at least

     BO percent  phosphate removal in Lake Michigan, I can't for

     the life of me see how that, regardless of how many more

     conferences we have and how many more speeches we listen
16
     to, that we can conclude that Lake Erie needs less than
17
     $0 percent..
18
                I would be prepared to get into this argument —
19
     if you start talking about timetables and want to
20
     collapse this all into a very short period of time —
21
                MR. EAGLE:  Isn't that what we are talking
22
     about, Mr. Poole, putting schedules on these for
23
     construction and operation?
24
                MR. POOLE:  Well, we haven't started that yet,
25

-------
                                                            457


                          Closing Statements



 1               MR.  EAGLE:  This is what I  thought was  involved.


 2     If we  are  just  going to  say it should  get BO percent,  sure,


 3     we can prescribe to that.   We are talking about  schedules.


 4               CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I think you may be convinced


 5     without anymore talks or speeches, but I don't think we


 6     have the unanimity.  The point is: If  we are goin g to be


 7     able to get you people together, we have to have some


 8     dialogues, and  I don't know where it is, and I am  not sure


 9     that just  an Ohio meeting can do this.  We have  to have


10     some kind  of dialogue among the conferees to try to achieve


      a program  that  you all can agree to for Lake Erie.  At


      least  try  this, and I think this is the mechanism  we are


      trying to  set up, and I  think once you go your separate


 14    ways,  we are just not going to do it.  There is  some way we



      are going  to have to get together, and I would like to


      satisfy all of  the conferees on this.
 16

                MR.  POOLE:  I am willing for another  get-together


      if you will consult me and let me look at my calendar, but
 18

      I don't like these notices that you be in Cleveland on
 19

      X date. It just happens I can't be here on any  day in June


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You don't  really get notices
 21

      like that  from  us, do you?
 22

                MR.  HABERER:   Could I  speak for just  a  half
 23

      second here?  I thought  you were talking about immediately

 24

      putting in some kind of  a schedule, and this is  my belief,

 25

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                          Closing Statements


      now, as far as doing something about it.  We are doing


      something about it in New York State.  Every set of


      plans that comes in, the engineer has to show us what he


      intends to do on phosphate removal, but we don't say when,


      and he also has to indicate on the plans space-wise and


      hydraulic-wise how he can get rid of the phosphates.


      They are coming along also with a cost estimate, so we


      are instilling this in the engineers, and they, in turn,


      are taking it back to their people and the communities


      realize that this day is coming, but the day is just not


      here today, that is all I am saying.


                MR. EAGLE:  I certainly concur in that, and,
      Mr. Chairman, if we aren't talking about schedules we


14    might as well forget the whole thing.


15 i             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, we have got  two  points,
   11

^, ;!   and I think Mr. Poole pointed that out,  too.
i o

   !             One is the amount.  The question is:   How much
J •' 11

      phosphate removal?  I think the group knows that you are


   :   not going to approve it unless you get £0 percent removal,


      and they know what they have to do and the magnitude of
'/ilj i

   ;   the problem.  That is the first step of what you are


      going to require.


                Now, in Lake Michigan it came up, and I agree


      with you, we did come up with a schedule and, what was it,


      1972 for phosphate removal?  I think both of these

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                                                             459


                         Closing Statements

 1
      are tied up.  You gentlemen were right.  I sure did mean

 2
      a time schedule  and an amount of removal.

 3
                 Let me give you my view:  I sense that we have

 4
      to thinkthis out and talk this out a little more among


      us.  I would recommend that we make arrangements to get

 fi
      together on a meeting of phosphates as soon as it is


      reasonable.


 8               MR. POSTON:  Executive session, or otherwise?


 9               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, you can   have both.


10               Now, there is no problem in that kind of thing.


11    If Mr. Eagle thinks it would be helpful to have the people


12    come in and have the industry come in, you can have that.


13    You can have the scientific people and you can have the


14    executive session.  Just give us two days next time,


15    fellows, please, and we can have all that, if that is what


16    you want.  There may be a reason for an executive session,


17    but I don't see it now.


IQ               Are there any other comments on this?


19               MR. LYON:  Mr.  Chairman, I just wanted to point


20    out that in our submission to the Secretary of the


2i    Interior, we said, in connection with our abatement


22    implementation plans, that we would follow, as far as


23    phosphates were concerned, whatever the conferees would


      agree on, so it will have to be understood that if there is

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                                                           460

                         Closing Statements



 I    have to be delayed.



 2               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Again, let me say:  I think



 3    the phosphate decisions you are going to get  and the



 .    most equitable decision is if we can get the States



     together.  The other alternative is a confrontation,
 o


     and that is what I would like to avoid.
 Q


                MR. LYON:  I certainly share your feeling.



                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  And I thirkwe are so close

 8


     together that this is not the issue.

 9

                Well, let's see if we can set up that meeting.

10

                Now, are there any items we want to bring up

11

     for the summary of this conference?

12

                MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, you discussed quite

13

     at length the boating requirements.

14

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I wanted to bring that up.

15

     Do you think it would be worthwhile to do what we did —

16

     I am sure I think a committee might be in order — to do what

17

     we did in Lake Michigan, and then have the States get


18
     together to see if they can come up with a unified

19

     recommendation on boating requirements?


20
                Now, this is a very helpful operation, from


21
     just administering and living in the State, because a man


22
     will take a boat in one State, and problems we have on


23
     Lake Michigan — drive across the waters — not Michigan,


24
     we had this in two other States where we have the problem,


25

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                                                        461
                    Closing Statements

right next to each other — one State has one requirement

and another has another, and every man who drives across

the State line finds himself subject to arrest and is

often arrested.     This doesn't make for very good

relations.

           Now, would it be agreeable if the people from

the States — and I don't know if you want a Federal man —

you can have him there as a consultant, but this really

is a State matter — the people from the States establish

a committee and report back to the conferees?  It took

about sixty days, but they could report back to the

conferees in sixty days whether you want an agreement

on the boating regulations.

           MR. POOLE: Mr. Chairman, I would like to

clarify.  We have talked off and on all day about the

Lake Michigan agreement on boats, and my recommendation

of the treatment was that the four Lake Michigan States

agreed to get together to develop a uniform program which

involved legislation that was necessary for pleasure

boats, and then the State conferees recommended that the

Federal Government pick up the lead and/or the ball and

develop regulations for commercial vessels.

           MR. OEMING:  Right.

           MR. POOLE:  The Federal conferees didn't vote

on that part of the recommendation because they can't get

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                                                           462

                          Closing Statements



 i    involved in recommendations on Federal  legislation, but,



 2    Loring,  isn't  this  correct?



 3 ;            MR.  OEMING:  You are correct, absolutely.



 4             CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Well, if you want to do that,



 5    that  would  be  fine.



 6 ;,            MR.  POOLE:  Well, I certainly wanted to reiterate



 7 ;   what  I said in Chicago,  and that is that  this business  of



 g    commercial  vessels  has got to be looked at  as well as the



 9 \   pleasure boats that go out for a few  hours  or overnight
   \\
   ii

10 i   or on the weekends.



11 i:            CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Right.  Well,  I  agree, and if



,?    that  is  the consensus of the conferees, we  will do that



      and hopefully  we will have a report from  the States in
JL O 11


      two months.
14


               MR.  LYON: Mr. Chairman.
15


               CHAIEMAN  STEIN:  Yes.



               MR.  LYON: What you have said about the States



      is equally  true about Ontario, and I  know they have done



      a lot in this  field, too.  Isn't there  some way that we



      can bring Ontario into such a meeting?
O :"\


               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  You can bring  them in — off

21

   i   the record.

22 I:

                (Discussion off the record.)

23 j:

   I            CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Let's go back  on the record.

24 :'

               MR.  EAGLE:  Are you going to  notify us and ask

25

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                                                             463


                          Closing Statements


      us  to  nominate  people  to  this  committee,  then?


 2               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Yes, we will  provide the

 ^
      secretary and the  clerical  work and the advisor, but  I

 4
      would  suggest that when you get to the committee,  you


      designate one of the State  people as  chairman.


 6               MR. BIGLE:   Well, yes, we have  got  a  different


 7    group  of  people on this kind of a committee.


 8               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  That is right.


 9               MR.  EAGLE:  The  Division of Watercraft  in  our


10    Department of Natural  Resources will  be very  much  involved


11    in  this.


12               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Right.


13               MR.  EAGLE:  It is going to have  to be pretty


14    much their decision.


15               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Yes, and  the  question,  again,


16    is  if  we  can get a decision.   If we can get a decision


17    on  this,  I think —


18               MR.  EAGLE:  But  you will notify  us about the


19    committee and about  the nomination?


20               CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Yes, because  it will make life


21    a lot  easier for people who own boats on  the  lake  if  we


22    come up with uniform regulations.      As I say, if we


      are looking for a  national  policy, the more States we can


      get together and the more regional operations we can  get,


      the farther we  are up  to  beginning to meet  this problem
25

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                                                             464
                          Closing Statements

      throughout the country, but we may be going in through
 2
      the back door, but let's do what we can.
 nr
                All right, are there any other comments?
 „
 4 i             MR. POSTON:  Mr. Chairman, I would raise the
   j
 5 j   question, then, on dredged material.  We are comparing

 6    this with Lake Michigan, and in the Lake Michigan confer-

      ence it was the recommendation that we ask the Corps of

 8    Engineers at the end of six months to come back with
   jl
 9    proposals on elimination of dredged materials being

10    dumped into the lake.
   ii
11              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you want to do that?

12 |   You had something on agriculture, too.  I don't know who
   i
13    raised that question on agriculture on the run-off.

14 j             MR. EAGLE:  Mr. Metzler.

15 !             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  There were two things we have

      worked on.  We have asked the Department of Agriculture

      to come back with their report for us in six months on a

      program to protect the lakes from agricultural run-off

if
2Q    conferees to see what we can do to meet that problem.

      I would hope that if we adopt that, that the Federal

      Department of Agriculture would get together with the

      State counterparts which I am sure that they would.

      The other thing is we have asked the Corps of Engineers
24
      to come up before the conferees,  the same as any of the
f^ •—/

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                                                            465
                          Closing Statements
   ij
   i   States or anyone, with a specific program of what they

 2    are going to do on your lakes vis-a-vis dredging, and for

 3 i   consideration of the conferees.
   !

 4 ij             Do you want to adopt those as recommendations?
   \\
 5 \\             If there is no objection, I think that both
   j
 s    might be a good idea and very helpful and might save the
   i
 7    lake or improve the lake.
   i
 8 j             Any other suggestions on what we may take up?
   !j
 9 |   Are there any more suggestions?
   h
   11
10 !             If not, I think at least we have demonstrated
   i
11    that we have a program going to abate pollution in Lake

12    Erie.  I think the other thing is that we grappled with

13    some of the more esoteric problems in handling the

      lake.

                I think we are pretty much agreed on time

      schedules and treatment for industrial and municipal

      waste  treatment, even for complicated processes.

      This is well underway.  The recognition is that there

      are various other aspects of the lake pollution problem

      that we would have to consider.
o
 I
                I think to expedite the recalling of meetings,
      I would also suggest one other thing,  that the meeting
—* ' i

      when it goes through me, I check with the States first.
24 ;

      I don't put a letter out without getting in touch with you

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                                                            466
                          Closing Statements
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25 !
      on the dates first.
          I think there is evidence of substantial

progress here.  I can see, I think, the light at the end

of the tunnel, that we are going ahead.  We will have to,
 5    it seems to me,  all of us,  stay on top of all these
individual projects and see if they can come through.

          With the announcement of the proposed bond

issue in Cleveland, I think we have a major development,

and this is one of these milestones we are going to have

to pass if we are going to clean up the lakes.  Speaking

for at least the Federal Government, we and the staff

with all our resources intend to help Mayor Stokes in

any way possible, at his request, to help him do any of

the work he wants with the bond issue.  Maybe the best

help we can give is to get him to stay home, but I think
                    s,
we nry ,,je able — if that is the best we can do — we

would be glad to do that, too — but we may be able to

help.  We have been experienced in bond issues in other

towns and have been called on, for example, in St. Louis

when they put their bond issue across.

          By the way, that is a very good campaign to

look at.  That probably was one of the most successful

sewage bond issues put forward.  I think we are going

to have to watch the program very, very closely, because

we are playing for big stakes.  There is a lot of money,

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                                                            467
                           Closing Statements

 1 j    and while  we  have  an agreement and a program moving

 2     forward, there  are several contingencies that are lurking

 3     in the  program,  and those of you who have listened to

 4     Mr. Poole's repeated question know what the major one is,

 5     and it'  is  a five-letter word spelled M-0-N-E-Y.

 6               I think  if we keep our cool and proceed as we

 7     have done, we are  going to abate pollution in the lake

 8     and move forward.

 9               I would  like to thank all of you for coming

10     here, participating with us, and those who have stayed

11     with us to the  end,  and this conference or meeting stands

12     adjourned,

13               Thank  you.

14 |              (Whereupon,  the conference adjourned
   i
15 !|              at  6*30  p.m.)

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                                             ft U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19690-335-595

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