- STATE AGENCIES
REGULATING CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS
A Division of Technical Operations
Open-File Report (TO 01.0.543/1)
written by
JOHN M. SWEETEN, Engineer
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1971
-------
PREFACE
This report was compiled in response to a request received in
March 1971 from a nationally distributed farm journal for a list of
all State agencies that regulate the establishment and operation of
confined livestock and poultry operations. In addition to identifying
these agencies, the report contains a brief description of the type
of regulatory control each exerts.
The author is grateful to the Regional Solid Waste Management
Representatives of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for their
help and to the State officials who contributed the information that
made this report possible. The author also acknowledges the contri-
bution made by Dr. William F. Schwiesow, Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, whose publication "Summary
of State Regulations pertaining to Livestock Feedlot Design and
Management" was referred to repeatedly.
-------
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
Previ ous Study , 1
Purpose 2
Procedure 2
ALABAMA 3
ALASKA ". , 4
ARIZONA 4
ARKANSAS 4
CALIFORNIA 5
COLORADO 5
CONNECTICUT 6
DELAWARE 7
FLORIDA „ 7
GEORGIA 8
HAWAII 8
IDAHO 9
ILLINOIS 9
INDIANA 10
IOWA 10
KANSAS 11
KENTUCKY 12
LOUISIANA 13
MAINE 13
MARYLAND ., 14
MASSACHUSETTS 14
MICHIGAN 15
v
-------
CONTENTS cont'd Page
MINNESOTA 15
MISSISSIPPI 16
MISSOURI 16
MONTANA 17
NEBRASKA 18
NEVADA " 18
NEW HAMPSHIRE 18
NEW JERSEY 19
NEW MEXICO 20
NEW YORK 20
NORTH CAROLINA 20
NORTH DAKOTA 21
OHIO 21
OKLAHOMA 22
OREGON 23
PENNSYLVANIA 23
RHODE ISLAND 24
SOUTH CAROLINA 24
SOUTH DAKOTA 25
TENNESSEE 26
TEXAS 26
UTAH 27
VERMONT 28
VIRGINIA 28
WASHINGTON 29
WEST VIRGINIA 29
vi
-------
CONTENTS cont'd
Page
WISCONSIN 30
WYOMING 30
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 31
REFERENCES 34
APPENDIX 35
vii
-------
INTRODUCTION
The livestock and poultry industry constitutes a direct source of
water, air, and land pollution. Domestic animals in the U.S. produce
an estimated 1.7 billion tons of wet manure (excrement, urine, and
bedding) per year. On the basis of BOD^ and total dry manure solids,
the animal population exceeds the human population by factors of
2
roughly 5 and 10, respectively.
Over one-half the total animal manure tonnage is produced by
beef cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, swine, and sheep produced and fed
in confinement. The trend toward increased confined rearing and fat-
tening can be expected to continue, because it is more efficient in
terms of labor, land, water and feed utilization.
Confined feeding is less efficient,however, than open-range hus-
bandry in one vital area—animal waste management. The ancient practice
of recycling manure by using it as a field fertilizer has lost some
of its economic advantage, because many manure sources are long distances
from the fields and cheaper fertilizer sources are available. Feedlot
operators should use environmentally acceptable ways to store, treat,
and dispose of the manure, but many of them have not done so because
of the costs involved. To overcome this resistance, regulatory control
of confined animal feeding operations has been exercised to assure that
pollution hazards are minimized.
Previous Study
As of May 1971, the types and degrees of regulatory control exercised
over confined animal feeding operations varied widely among^the States.
3
Schwiesow reviewed the regulations pertain'
and management in 46 States and found that:
3
Schwiesow reviewed the regulations pertaining to livestock feedlot design
-------
- 2 -
1. Specific feedlot regulations were in effect in seven States.
2. Eighteen States had no specified regulations.
3. Regulations were being developed in five States.
4. Feedlots were adequately controlled under other regulations,
such as water pollution and/or public nuisance statutes, in sixteen States.
He discussed the pertinent statutes and regulations in Category 1
o
in some detail, but he did not name the State-level agencies involved .
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the State agencies that
regulate livestock feeding operations and to delineate their responsibilities
with respect to the environmental problems that are created. The reader
will thus know which agencies should be contacted about establishing a
confined feeding operation, improving or expanding existing feeding
facilities, and reporting nuisances arising from feedlots.
Procedure
In general, the information was collected by sending a letter to
each State solid waste planning agency requesting: (1) the name and
address of all State agencies that should be contacted prior to establishing
a confined feeding operation; (2) the types and limits of control exercised
by these agencies. Most of the answers were incomplete, and telephonic
followup was necessary. Several States were queried only by telephone.
Considering the purpose of the census of State agencies, the results
are probably satisfactory, but some errors may exist if:
1. State officials did not fully understand what their agencies did
regarding confined feeding operations.
2. State officials failed to recognize the role played by other
State agencies.
-------
- 3 -
3. The author failed to grasp the exact role of and interaction
between other State agencies.
This census reflects the interpretation and application o : State
statutes and regulations by the State agencies involved, whereas
o
Schwiesow had examined the published statutes and regulations themselves.
The types of agencies exerting regulatory control over animal
feeding operations in each State are summarized in the table at the
end of the report. The availability of technical assistance in designing
feedlot and waste treatment systems was not noted unless it was specifi-
cally mentioned by the respondent agencies. General observations
regarding nationwide control over animal feeding operations are made
after the individual States have been discussed.
ALABAMA
The Water Resources Division of the Alabama Geological Survey,
acting as consultant for the State Department of Public Health (State
Office Building, Montgomery 36104), determines whether a
proposed feedlot site is feasible from a geologic and hydro!ogic
standpoint. The Department of Public Health can approve or disapprove
the site and can regulate operations under public nuisance statutes. It
notifies the Water Improvement Commission (also in the State Office
Building) if runoff from feeding operations is likely to be involved. The
Commission can approve or disapprove the site and can also regulate feed-
lot operations if water pollution occurs.
Control over animal health aspects of feedlots is vested in the
Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (State Office Building).
The Cooperative Extension Service of Auburn University, (Auburn
36830) renders technical assistance to prospective feedlot operators.
-------
- 4 -
ALASKA
Because the State contains no feedlots as they are known in the
rest of the United States, regulatory powers are limited to the
general water pollution control activities of the State Department of
Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Health (Pouch H, Juneau,
99801). The State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Agri-
culture, has authority in matters involving animal health.
ARIZONA
The Livestock Sanitary Board (Capitol Annex-Room 322, Phoenix
85007) has broad statutory powers to regulate cattle feedlots. The
Board has adopted specific feedlot regulations including a licensing
program for operations intending to feed more than 500 head. Revokable
licenses are issued annually, and fines are applied when regulations
are not met. Feedlots are categorized according to their proximity to
population centers, and waste management practices are prescribed for
each category. Feedlots are inspected periodically by the Board.
The Sanitation Division of the State Health Department (4019 N. 33rd
Avenue, Phoenix 85029) has broad regulatory powers over public nuisances,
vectors, and solid waste disposal practices. The Water Pollution Control
Division can regulate any discharges of waste and runoff from feedlots
into streams, but apparently this situation has never arisen in the arid
State. This Division also provides technical assistance in the design of
waste treatment facilities. The State Health Department should, nevertheless,
be contacted before a feeding facility is established.
ARKANSAS
Just as any other industry in the State, confined feeding operations are
subject to water pollution regulations of the Arkansas Pollution Control
-------
- 5 -
Commission (1100 Harrington Avenue, Little Rock 72202). The Commission
issues permits to build and to operate feeding operations at a given
location. No discharge into streams is allowed, and animal wastes
must be applied in liquid or solid state to land in such a manner that
runoff does not occur.
The Livestock and Poultry Commission has no direct control over
environmental problems relating to feedlots but does regulate the
animal health and commercial aspects of feeding operations.
CALIFORNIA
The California Resources Agency, State Water Resources Control Board
(1416 9th Street, Sacramento 95814) issues permits or "discharge require-
ments" to all industries, including confined feeding operations, if_
waste discharge into streams or groundwater is involved. Discharge
quality is regulated according to effluent standards established by
regions within the State. Any prospective feeder should contact one
of the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards or the Division of Water
Quality, State Water Resources Control Board, to ascertain whether a
permit is required in a particular situation. The Planning and Research
Division provides technical assistance to feedlot operators.
An Agricultural Pollution Advisory Cormrittee was recently established
to help the State Water Resources Control Board formulate water quality
objectives and standards.
The State Department of Public Health (2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley
94704) serves as a technical consultant to other State agencies in
matters regarding air and water pollution and solid waste disposal.
COLORADO
The Water Pollution Control Division, State Department of Health
-------
- 6 -
(4210 East nth Avenue, Denver 80220) has developed water pollution
control regulations and guidelines specifically for feedlots. These
specify mandatory measures for preventing feedlot runoff or waste
discharge into watercourses and include design criteria for retention,
land application, and biological treatment systems. The Division
advises feedlot operators on the design of pollution control systems.
o
Violators can be punished if pollution occurs. There is however,
no mandatory feedlot registration or licensing system.
The State Department of Agriculture has also issued certain
guidelines for the disposal of animal manure.
CONNECTICUT
Dairy cattle housing regulations specify only that animals must
be kept clean and manure storage locations must be inaccessible to
the cows. Before starting a feedlot operation for dairy cattle, the
prospective owner must obtain the approval of the Dairy Division,
State Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (165 Capitel
Avenue, Hartford 06115). The Livestock Division, Department of Agri-
culture and Natural Resources, has no specific regulations regarding
the environmental aspects of other livestock and poultry feeding operations.
There are, in fact, no feedlots for beef cattle or sheep in the State.
The Water Resources Commission, Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, regulates discharges of wastes, wastewaters, and runoff
from feedlot operations through a permit system.
Ordinarily, feedlot nuisances arising from vectors, odors, and stream
pollution are handled by local departments of health, although the State
Department of Health (79 Elm Street, Hartford 06115) also has responsibility
in such matters.
-------
- 7 -
Some technical assistance on feedlot installation and waste
management practices is available from the Cooperative Extension
Service, University of Connecticut (Storrs).
DELAWARE
Waste treatment facilities are required of all pollution sources,
including feedlots. A permit regulating construction of such treatment
facilities is issued from the Water Resources Section, Division of
Environmental Control, Department of Natural Resources (Natural
Resources Building, Dover 19901). Operation of feedlots is subject
to the water pollution control regulations of the State. Technical
assistance on feedlot planning and operation is available from both
the Department of Natural Resources and the State Department of Agri-
culture (Agricultural Building, Dover 19901). The latter agency also
regulates animal health and livestock sanitation functions.
FLORIDA
The Department of Air and Water Pollution Control (315 S. Calhoun
Street, Tallahassee 32301) must issue a permit before a feedlot can be
established. Animal waste must be treated prior to being discharged
into streams, but this is not necessary if the wastes are effectively
collected, stored, and disposed of on the property of origin. The
Department renders technical assistance in designing waste treatment
systems.
The Division of Health, Department of Health and Rehabilitative
Services (Box 210, Jacksonville 32201) regulates the manner in which
solid wastes, including animal wastes, must be disposed of.
-------
- 8 -
GEORGIA
The Industrial Waste Section, Water Quality Board, (47 Trinity
Avenue, S.W., Atlanta 30334) must issue a permit before an animal
feeding operation of appreciable size, e.g., about 500 head of beef
cattle,can start. The proposed design of the wastewater treatment
facility must be approved by the Water Quality Board which then issues
a permit. The Board offers some design suggestions in the development
of plans for waste treatment systems. The Department, of Public Health
(47 Trinity Avenue, S.W., Atlanta 30334) exercises control over feedlots
in connection with the prevention and elimination of all public health
nuisances.
HAWAII
Building plans and specifications for new confined feeding
operations in Hawaii first have to be approved at the local level by
Planning Departments of the city and county involved. These agencies
forward the plans to the State Department of Health (P.O. Box 3378,
Honolulu 96813) wherein the suitability of the proposed pollution
abatement and general sanitation measures is determined by the Environmental
Health Division. Certification by the State Department of Health is
necessary prior to final approval at the local level.
Water pollution from confined feeding operations is regulated by
the Water Pollution Branch, Environmental Health Division, State Department
of Health. Discharge of wastewater or runoff from feedlots into water
courses is not allowed. Limited technical assistance is available from the
Environmental Health Division.
-------
_ 9 .
The State Department of Agriculture apparently regulates only the
animal health aspects of confined feeding operations.
IDAHO
Although no feedlot registration program is in effect, waste
handling methods are subject to regulation under the water pollution
statutes administered by the Water Pollution Control Section, Environ-
mental Improvement Division, Department of Health (Statehouse, Boise,
83701). Under its air pollution control authorities, the Environmental
Improvement Division can also move against feedlots that create odor
problems. This Division is considering the development of specific
regulations to control feedlot locations.
ILLINOIS
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (215 S. First Streeti
Champaign 61820) has regulatory control over waste discharges and runoff
from confined feeding.operations, but feedlot permits are not yet
required. The agency actively pursues complaints arising from feeding
operations and provides engineering assistance upon request.
Under proposed regulations now being written, new and existing
feedlots would have to receive a permit from the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency and to provide waste treatment and handling systems
that meet proposed state standards. Pollution surveillance activities
would be performed by its Air and Water Pollution Control Division.
The Pollution Control Board (189 W. Madison Street, Chicago) reviews
and conducts public hearings on proposed regulations and standards
developed by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.
The Cooperative Extension Service of the University of Illinois
at Urbana provides technical assistance concerning the design of feedlots
and pollution control measures.
-------
- 10 -
INDIANA
The recently adopted Confined Feeding Control Law requires that
proposed and existing confined feeding operations be approved by the
Stream Pollution Control Board. Under a previous law, the Board was
given the jurisdiction to control water pollution in the State. The
Indiana Board of Health functions as the technical staff for the
Stream Pollution Control Board. Applications for feedlot approval
along with plans and specifications for waste treatment facilities should,
therefore, be submitted to the Industrial Waste Disposal Section, State
Board of Health (1330 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis 46206,).
This Section 1s .c.Mrici with Purdue University at Layfayette to
establish guidelines for feedlot construction.
The Indiana Natural Resources Commission must Issue a permit if
levees to collect or divert runoff from animal feeding operations are
to be constructed in a stream flood plain. Applications should be sent
to the Department of Natural Resources, (State Office Building, 100 N.
Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204).
The Air Pollution Control Division, State Board of Health (1330 W.
Michigan Street, Indianapolis 46205) has jurisdiction over feedlots
creating an odor nuisance.
IOWA
The Water Pollution Control Commission, Department of Health (Lucas
State Office Building, Des Moines 50319) has established rules relating
to beef cattle feedlot construction and pollution control systems. Since
July 1, 1969 all new feedlot operations must be registered with the Commission
ifr (1) the number of confinement-fed cattle exceeds 1,000 head; (2) the
-------
- 11 -
feedlot will contribute to a watercourse draining more than 3200 acres
above it and the feedlot is less than two feet per head of cattle from
a water course; (3) runoff from the feedlot or overflow from w ste
treatment or storage facilities will enter a well, pipeline, or drainage
line. The owners of feeding operations that existed prior to July 1,
1969 must register if so notified by the Commission. A permit is
issued whenever the feedlot meets pollution control standards. The
beef cattle feedlot registration system will be extended through proposed
regulations to include other types of confined feeding operations as w«ll,
The Commission can close down an operation if pollution is persistent and
the owner does not try to meet its standards.
A permit must be secured from the Iowa Natural Resources Council
(Grimes State Office Building, Des Moines 50319) if water consumption
will exceed 5,000 gallons per day. A permit must also be obtained if
waste treatment facilities or diversion levees are to be constructed in
flood plains of streams.
The Environmental Engineering Service, Department of Health .(Lucas
State Office Building, Des Moines 30319) provides technical assistance
relating to the design of animal waste management systems.
KANSAS
The Division of Environmental Health, State Department of Health
(State Office Building, Topeka 66612) issues permits for the installation
of confined feeding operations. It evaluates the site to determine what
type of waste and runoff retention structures are needed, approves
the waste treatment facility design, and inspects the completed system.
No discharge of effluent or runoff into streams is allowed. Liquid
effluent and runoff collected,in retention structures must be applied
-------
- 12 -
to the land by irrigation. Since July 1, 1967 a proposed feedlot
must be registered before construction starts if: (1) more than
300 large animals will be confined, (2) a waste treatment lagoon is
to be provided; and (3) the operation will pose a water pollution
potential. Other feedlot operators may elect to register voluntarily.
The regulations list construction and operation requirements for the
facilities. Penalties are established for noncompliance with the
registration and water pollution regulations of the State.
The Livestock Sanitary Commission, Animal Health Department
(State Office Building, Topeka 66612) issues licenses for operating
a confined feeding operation involving more than 1,000 head. The
Commission requires that certain water supply, vector control, general
sanitation, and waste disposal conditions be met.
KENTUCKY
The Water Pollution Control Commission (275 E. Main Street, Frankfort,
40601} controls animal feedlots through the State water pollution laws and
regulations. Discharges of any wastewater must be authorized by permit.
The Commission also approves plans and specifications for the installation
of waste treatment systems at confined feeding sites. The plans and
specifications should be submitted to the appropriate county health
department, which then secures approval and recommendations from the
Commission. Cases of water pollution are handled by the Water Pollution
Division, State Department of Health (275 E. Main Street, Frankfort)
which serves the Water Pollution Control Commission in an administrative
capacity.
The Division of Livestock Sanitation, Kentucky Department of Agri-
culture (Capital Annex Building, Frankfort 40601) issues permits under
-------
- 13 -
certain conditions that authorize the feeding and grazing of cattle without
a prior disease inspection.
Disposal of manure in landfills requires a permit from the Solid
Waste Division, State Department of Health. Public health nuisances
are generally handled by county health units.
Technical assistance involving environmental problems at feedlots
is available from the State Department of Health and from the Agricultural
Engineering Extension Service of the University of Kentucky at Lexington.
LOUISIANA
Several agencies regulate confined feeding operations in Louisiana.
The Louisiana Stream Control Commission (P.O. Drawer FC, University
Station, Baton Rouge 70803) requires a permit before a feedlot operation,
which would result in a discharge of waste into surface waters, can be
constructed. The Livestock Sanitary Board (P.O. Box 44003, Capitol Station,
Baton Rouge 70800) has set rigid animal disease inspection standards and
requires that a permit be obtained before a feedlot operation commences.
The State Department of Health, State Office Building, (P.O. Box
60630,, New Orleans 70160) requires that no one keep certain animals
within a municipality without first obtaining a permit from the Depart-
ment. The Department also conducts general sanitation inspections at
confined feeding sites.
MAINE
Any new development, including feedlots, that exceeds 20 acres in
size must receive a permit from the Site Selection Program, Maine Environ-
mental Improvement Commission (State House, Augusta 04330). The
Commission will not issue a permit for a confined feeding site if
discharges can be expected to exceed the water pollutant limits established
-------
- 14 -
for the receptor stream. The Commission can prosecute violators for
stream pollution.
The State Department of Agriculture provides technical assistance
regarding waste disposal. The Cooperative Extension Service of the
University of Maine at Orono, provides technical assistance relating to
feedlot and waste treatment facility design.
MARYLAND
The Maryland Department of Water Resources (State Office Building,
Annapolis) regulates water pollution arising from feeding operations
and issues certificates that allow runoff and effluents to be discharged
into streams. Regulations pertaining to the control of pollution from
animal feeding operations are being developed.
Plans for new confined feeding operations should be submitted to
County Agricultural Extension Agents (University of Maryland) who
forward them for review to a task force comprised of representatives
from the appropriate county health department, Federal Soil Conservation
Service, the Agricultural Research Service, and State Department of Water
Resources. This task force then recommends waste management measures to
control pollution problems.
MASSACHUSETTS
New discharges of wastewater into water courses require a permit
from the Water Pollution Control Division, Department of Natural Resources
(100 Cambridge Street, Boston 02202). The Division also regulates
feedlot waste through enforcement of the State water quality standards.
Regulations relative to confined feeding operations are being
developed jointly by the Departments of Public Health and Agriculture for
inclusion in the State Sanitary Code. These regulations will assist
-------
- 15 -
local boards of health, which administer the code,in controlling
nuisance conditions arising from animal feeding operations; permits
will probably have to be obtained from the local health boardf prior to
feedlot construction.
MICHIGAN
The Water Resources Commission, Department of Natural Resources
(Steven T. Mason Building, Lansing) regulates water pollution from
feedlot operations, just as for any other industry. Prospective
operators must file a "new-use statement" which if approved, results
in the issuance of an order to utilize water for a new use. The order
also specifies the quantity of wastewater which can be discharged and
the method of treatment and disposal. The Commission monitors surface
and groundwater quality around feedlots and can revoke the permit if
pollution occurs.
The Air Pollution Control Section, Division of Engineering, State
Department of Public Health (35 N. Logan, Lansing 48914) issues permits
for large feedlots involving about 1,000 head when odors would be a
problem, and it has certain other regulatory powers regarding odor control.
Thermal reduction of animal waste is also subject to its regulatory
control.
The Solid Waste Management Section, Division of Engineering, Depart-
ment of Public Health has regulatory power regarding the disposal of
solid waste including manure in landfills.
MINNESOTA
Effective April 16, 1971, the Pollution Control Agency (717 Delaware
Street, S.E. .Minneapolis 55440) adopted "State Regulations for the Control
of Wastes from Livestock Feedlots, Poultry Lots and other Animal Lots".
-------
- 16 -
The Agency had previously adopted standards and regulations relating to
runoff and wastewater discharges into streams. The new regulations
specify what requirements must be met in the storage, transportation,
and disposal of animal wastes. Restrictions were placed on where animal
feedlots may be located. The regulations established a permit system
for new feedlots and for those that constitute a pollution hazard or are,
in fact, polluting the environment.
A prospective operator should first contact local agencies to
ascertain what zoning requirements are in effect. The Soil Conservation
System of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) assists in the
development of plans and permit applications required by the Pollution
Control Agency. The application should then be submitted to the latter.
MISSISSIPPI
The discharge of wastewater and runoff from confined feeding operations
is practically certain to happen because of heavy rainfall. The Air and
Water Pollution Control Commission (P.O. Box 827, Jackson 39205) will
therefore likely be involved through its statutes and regulations
when a feedlot is to be established. Plans for waste handling and treat-
ment facilities should be submitted to local Soil Conservation Service
Officer, which then forward them to the Commission for review. If
approved, a permit is issued that authorizes the discharge of runoff
and treatment system effluents.
The State Board of Health (Jackson 39205) regulates the disposal of
dairy manure. A permit is required from the Board to establish and
operate a dairy.
MISSOURI
Approval by a State agency is not required before starting a feedlot
operation. The Water Pollution Board, Department of Public Health and
-------
- 17 -
Welfare (112 West High, P.O. Box 154, Jefferson City 65101) regulates
confined feeding operations directly through water pollution statutes.
Feedlots are expected to retain all runoff, waste and wastewat^r on the
premises of origin, otherwise a permit must be secured from the Board.
A law is being developed that would allow the Board to write specific
feedlot regulations.
The Extension Service of the University of Missouri at Columbia has
had considerable experience in helping farmers solve .-feedlot runoff and
waste management problems. It works closely with the Water Pollution
Board to obtain properly designed systems and should be contacted by
prospective feedlot operators.
The Division of Health, Department of Public Health and Welfare
(Jefferson City 65101) becomes involved with confined feeding operations
only if the operation has created a public nuisance, caused a health
hazard, or affected a public water supply source.
MONTANA
The only control over feedlots is that exercised under the water
and air pollution authority of the Department of Health (Helena 59601).
The Water Pollution Control Section, Division of Environmental Sanitation,
Department of Health, controls effluent discharges and drainage from
establishments, such as feedlots, under the State water pollution
standards. The Department is writing new regulations that will require
formal approval of feedlot location and of animal waste and runoff manage-
ment plans. The Department gives technical assistance on pollution control
systems for confined feeding operations.
-------
- 18 -
NEBRASKA
The Water Pollution Control Council, State Department of Health
(State House Station, Lincoln 68509) has enacted rules and regulations
for the registering confined feedlots. All those that existed prior
to July 1, 1968 have been required to register. Since that date,
prospective operators must register at least 60 days prior to the start
of construction. The Council requires that all runoff from the feeding
area must be contained and approves the design of all livestock waste
control facilities. The Soil Conservation Service provides technical
assistance with regard to feedlot runoff control systems that will
meet State requirements.
NEVADA
Control of environmental problems associated with animal feeding
operations consists of enforcement by the Bureau of Environmental
Health, Division of Health, State Department of Health and Welfare
(201 S. Fall Street, Carson City 89701) of the State air and water
pollution control statutes. The Bureau also provides technical assistance
in relation to waste treatment facility designs.
The Commission of Environmental Protection (201 S. Fall Street,
Carson City), established July 1, 1971, administers the air and water
pollution statutes and formulates environmental control regulations.
This agency will likely set up a feedlot registration system for which
the Health Department would provide engineering support.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Few confined animal feeding operations exist. The Department of
Water Supply and Pollution Control (Prescott Park, 105 Loudon Road,
Concord 03301) issues permits for the discharge of wastewaters or
-------
- 19 -
effluents into streams but has no control over feeding operations that
do not pollute streams. This agency provides some technical assistance
in designing waste treatment systems.
A law has been proposed that would allow the Division of Public Health,
Department of Health and Welfare (61 S. Spring Street, Concord 03301)
to control the disposal of manure and other solid wastes.
NEW JERSEY
The Department of Environmental Protection (P.O. Box 1390, John
Fitch Plaza, Trenton 08625) regulates air and water pollution from
confined feedigg operations under the State's clean air and water
statutes. Permits must be acquired in order to emit gaseous or liquid
effluents that could cause pollution, to dispose of manure in landfills,
and to construct manure treatment lagoons. Runoff and liquid wastes
from feedlots must be collected and treated before being released into
water courses. Proposed plans and specifications for waste handling
and treatment systems should be submitted to the Bureau of Water
Pollution Control, Division of Water Resources, Department of Environ-
mental Protection, for approval.
The Bureau has proposed certain regulations which would control
the proximity of manure storage, treatment, and disposal sites with
respect to watercourses, greundwater, wells, and dwelling units. These
would also forbid discharge of manure into streams or overflow from manure
storage and treatment structures.
Technical assistance in designing waste treatment facilities for
animal feeding operations can be obtained from the Cooperative Extension
Service at Rutgers University in New Brunswick.
-------
- 20 -
NEW MEXICO
At the present time there are no State laws or regulations which
deal specifically with feedlots; however, such regulations are being
developed. On July 1, 1971, all State environmental control activities
were transferred to the new Environmental Improvement Agency (P.O. Box
2348, Santa Fe 87501). It has adopted effluent standards for dis-
charges into streams, but recommends that all runoff and wastewater
discharges be contained and disposed of on land. The Agency provides
technical assistance in regard to waste treatment system design and
should be contacted if feedlot construction is contemplated.
NEW YORK
Under certain conditions, the recently formed Department of
Environmental Conservation might require a permit regarding liquid
waste discharge or runoff from feedlots. Control of odors can be
effected in a similar manner. Prospective feeders should contact the
Bureau of Industrial Waste, Division of Pure Waters, Department of
Environmental Conservation (Albany 12201) to determine the applicability
of environmental protection regulations to their particular operations.
According to Schwiesow, the Public Health Law administered by the
Department of Health (845 Central Avenue, Albany 12206) is also
3
applicable to confined feeding operations.
NORTH CAROLINA
No State agency has direct responsibility for confined animal
feeding operations. The Water Quality Division, Department of Water and
Air Resources (P.O. Box 27048, Raleigh 27611) requires a permit only for
discharging waste or wastewater from feedlots into watercourses. Legis-
lation being prepared would establish direct State authority over feedlot
operations. Existing and prospective feedlot operators would be required
-------
- 21 -
to submit plans for controlling waste discharges, runoff, vectors, and
odors. The location of the feedlots would also be controlled, and the
quality of streams and air near each feedlot would be monitore'.
Administration of the new statute and resulting regulations would rest
with the Department of Air and Water Resources.
NORTH DAKOTA
Under present regulations, the Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control, Environmental Health and Engineering Services, Department of
Health (Bismarck 58501) can, on the basis of evidence available to it, force
violators of water pollution standards to install waste treatment facilities.
Waste disposal systems are reviewed by and require the joint approval of
the Department of Health and the Water Commission; both are represented
on the Water Pollution Control Board.
Under proposed feedlot regulations, the Department of Health would
approve waste handling operations and waste discharges for all proposed
and existing confined feeding operations. All feedlot operators would
have to apply for approval within six months after the effective date
of the regulations. If the Department determined that an operation
would contribute to water pollution problems, it could require that
adequate waste handling and treatment measures be adopted. The Depart-
ment could close down any operation for noncompliance.
OHIO
The Department of Health (450 E. Town Street, P.O. Box 118, Columbus,
Ohio 43216) and the Soil Conservation Service, USDA, have established a
joint procedure for approving animal waste treatment and disposal systems and
giving technical assistance. Feedlot operators should contact the local
SCS office, which then works with the District Engineer, Department of
Health, in securing State approval of the proposed waste treatment
-------
- 22 -
system. If SCS assistance is not desired, the District Engineer can
be contacted directly.
The Solid Waste Disposal Law and Regulations apply to the processing
and disposal of animal waste by incineration, composting, sanitary
landfill ing, or other solid waste handling methods. Any animal waste
disposal activity, including the on-site field spreading of manure, must
be approved by the Department of Health. It also has jurisdiction over
public nuisances created by animal feeding operations.
If a confined feeding operation is likely to result in the discharge
of waste, treatment system effluent, or rainfall runoff into a water
course, a permit must be obtained from the Water Pollution Control Board
(P.O. Box 118, Columbus 43216).
OKLAHOMA
Under the Feedyards Act of 1969, the Board of Agriculture has
statutory responsibility for regulating livestock feedlots. Feeding
operations involving more than 250 head of livestock must be licensed
by the Board. Operations not specifically covered may also come under
the provisions of the Act. It requires that licensed feedlot operators
provide acceptable manure disposal and vector control measures and take
necessary action to avert water pollution. Regulations developed under
this Act in 1970 included requirements regarding retention reservoir
capacities, manure disposal, drainage structures, and pest control
3
measures. Violators are subject to fine and license revocation.
Prospective feedlot operators should contact the Regulatory Services
Division, Department of Agriculture (122 Capitol Building, Oklahoma City
-------
- 23 -
73105)
Confined feeding operations that are not covered by the Feedyards
Act are subject to the pollution abatement activities of the Sanitation
Division, Environmental Health Services, State Department of Health
(3400 North Eastern, Oklahoma City 73105) in regard to public health
nuisances. The Department also enforces the air pollution statutes
and provides technical assistance regarding design of feedlot waste
treatment systems.
The Department of Pollution Control (424 N.W. 40th Street, Oklahoma
City) coordinates environmental policy for those five State agencies,
including the Departments of Health and Agriculture, having statutory
responsibility for water pollution control.
OREGON
The Department of Environmental Quality (State Office Building,
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue, Portland 97201) reviews plans for waste treatment
systems for feedlots. This agency also administers a permit system to
control the handling of animal wastes if a water pollution potential
exists. Some feedlots do not need a permit. Specific feedlot regulations
are being prepared, however, and these would be administered by the
Department of Environmental Quality.
Technical assistance regarding feedlot location and waste handling
procedures can be obtained from the State Department of Agriculture in
Salem and from the Extension Service, Oregon State University in Corvallis.
PENNSYLVANIA
The State Department of Environmental Resources (P.O. Box 2351, Harris-
burg 17120) exercises regulatory control over the handling of solid and
-------
- 24 -
liquid wastes emanating from confined animal feeding operations. That
Department's Groundwater Management Division, Bureau of Sanitary Engineer-
ing reviews geologic characteristics of land proposed for use as a
waste lagoon. The Division of Industrial Waste, Bureau of Sanitary
Engineering, reviews plans for waste treatment facilities and lagoons
and issues permits--as required by the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Act--
for those of which it approves. This Division has authority over all
operations from which effluents are discharged to surface or groundwater.
The Department of Environmental Resources is developing standards
regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes, which includes
animal wastes in the State's definition.
The Solid Waste Section, Division of Community Environmental Services,
State Department of Natural Resources, issues permits for disposal of
solid wastes (such as manure and lagoon sludges) on the premises of
origin or at feedlot owner-operated sites. A solid waste recycling
process would also need to be licensed. The Sewage Facilities Section,
Division of Community Environmental Services, regulates the installation
of feedlot septic tank systems.
RHODE ISLAND
The State apparently has no confined feeding operations, so specific
regulations are unnecessary. Its water pollution laws are,however,
applicable. If waste effluent is discharged from the premises of origin,
a permit must be obtained from the Environmental Health Services,
Department of Health (State Office Building, Providence 02903).
SOUTH CAROLINA
Actual control over the installation and operation of animal feeding
operations is not exercised unless a land, air, or water pollution
-------
- 25 -
problem materializes. When it does, the State's water and air quality
standards are enforced. The South Ca»olina Pollution Control Authority
(Owen Building, 1321 Lady Street, P.O. Box 11628, Columbia 29211) has
developed, in conjunction with Clemson University, design standards for
anaerobic disposal lagoons that receive wastes from livestock and
poultry feeding operations. The Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson
University (Clemson. 29631) renders technical assistance in regard to
feedlot location and the design of waste handling systems.
SOUTH DAKOTA
The South Dakota Committee on Water Pollution, (State Office
Building No. 2, Pierre 57501) has adopted specific regulations for
controlling water pollution from livestock feeding operations. By
March 20, 1972, an operator of a proposed or existing feedlot must apply
through the Department of Health (State Capital, Pierre 57501) for a
waste discharge permit if: (1) the livestock enterprise is a water
pollution source; (2) the number of confinement-fed livestock exceeds
500 animal units as defined in the regulations; (3) the feedlot contri-
butes to a water body or watercourse draining more than 3200 acres above
the enterprise and/or the distance to the nearest watercourse is less
than 2 feet per animal unit; or (4) runoff, waste, or wastewater enters
a buried conduit, well, or sinkhole. The permit application and any
recommendations of the Department of Health will be reviewed by the Com-
mittee on Water Pollution. Operations that are judged to be contributing
to water pollution will be required to construct waste treatment facilities
conforming to guidelines of the Department of Health. Permits will be
issued when feedlots, along with any necessary waste treatment facilities,
-------
- 26 -
are no longer pollution sources. Permits will be reviewed annually
and can be revoked at any time.
Technical assistance in designing waste handling and treatment
systems can be obtained through the State Department of Health and the
Cooperative Extension Service of South Dakota State University at
Brookings.
TENNESSEE
Animal feeding operations are regulated under the general stream
pollution control law, and there are no specific regulations regarding
feedlots. Regulation of the construction and operation of animal waste
treatment lagoons is a responsibility of the Division of Stream Pollution
Control, Department of Public Health (Cordell Hull Building, Nashville
37219). A permit must be received from this agency before waste or
treatment system effluents can be discharged into streams. This
permit may be issued after plans for the proposed waste treatment system
have been reviewed. The Division also provides technical assistance in
the design of waste treatment facilities.
TEXAS
Responsibility for the construction and operation of animal feedlots
is divided among the Water Quality Board, the State Health Department,
the Air Control Board, and the Animal Health Commission. The Water
Quality Board (1108 Lavaca Street, Austin 78711) has jurisdiction over
all industrial wastes and issues permits or "waste control orders" for
the operation of cattle feedlots. The Water Quality Act provides for
fines and injunctive relief against operators of polluting feedlots.
All proposed designs for waste,wastewater, and runoff management systems
are reviewed by the Water Quality Board before an order is approved.
-------
- 27 -
Runoff from higher elevations must be diverted around the feedlot site.
Requirements for dairies and poultry feeding operations are similar to
tiose for cattle. Engineering guidelines for swine waste treatr ant
facilities have been established. Proposed systems can be approved by
the Water Quality Board through the waste control order procedure or
after a thorough on-site inspection of completed facilities has been
made. Wastes and runoff from any confined feeding operation must be
retained in a storage lagoon, and the effluent must eventually be dis-
posed of on land by sprinkler irrigation. The Board renders technical
assistance regarding the design of waste treatment facilities.
The State Department of Health (1100 W. 49th Street, Austin 78756)
inspects feedlots for such health hazards as rodents and insects at the
request of the Water Quality Board and upon citizen complaint. The
Department has authority over public health nuisance arising from feedlots.
The Air Control Board (820 E. 53rd Street, Austin) has certain
interests in regard to malodors created by feedlots.
The Animal Health Commission (Sam Houston Building, Austin) inspects
feedlots before they are opened and requires a signed "feedlot agreement"
between the operator and the state veterinarian.
UTAH
No State license or-permit for confined feeding operations is required.
The Water Pollution Committee, Division of Health, State Department of
Social Services (44 Medical Drive, Salt Lake City 84113) has jurisdiction
over water pollution under the Utah Water Control Act. A permit must be
obtained to discharge liquid wastes from feedlots; unauthorized discharges
that reach public waters of the State are in violation of the Act. The
Division of Health also has regulatory powers over feedlots through
-------
- 28 -
public nuisance statutes.
The Department of Agriculture (State Capital Building, Salt Lake
City 84114) is currently considering the development of a licensing
program for feedlots.
VERMONT
Feedlot operators should submit plans for confined feeding operations
to one of the State's District Environmental Commission offices. The
District Commission reviews the plans and forwards them to the State
Department of Agriculture and to the Agency of Environmental Conservation
(Montpelier 05602). These two agencies evaluate health hazards and
pollution potentials associated with the feedlot design and report back
to the District Commission, which then conducts a public hearing and
may issue a construction permit.
The Water Resources Division, Agency of Environmental Conservation,
regulates the discharge of liquid wastes into watercourses through a
permit system. The Environmental Protection Division, Agency of Envir-
onmental Conservation, regulates the disposal of manure in sanitary land-
fills.
Shipment of livestock into and out of feeding operations is regulated
by the State Department of Agriculture.
VIRGINIA
The Pollution Abatement Division, Virginia Water Control Board
(P.O. Box 11143, Richmond 23230) issues permits for discharge into
watercourses of wastewater and runoff from confined feeding operations.
Before doing so, an application for approval of the waste and runoff
handling system must be filed with the local Soil Conservation Service
Office. If the latter approves the design, it forwards the plans to the
-------
- 29 -
Water Control Board for certification.
WASHINGTON
The State Legislature is considering a bill which would a.thorize
the State Department of Agriculture (General Administration Building,
P.O. Box 218, Olympia 98501) to license feedlots. Confined feeding
operations smaller than a specified capacity will not be affected by
the legislation. The Department of Agriculture now has primary concern
over feedlot sanitation, animal health, and brands inspection, and
currently requires health inspection and proof of ownership.
The Water Resources Division, State Department of Ecology (General
Administration Building, Olympia) is responsible for the utilization and
management of the State's water resources. The Water Resources Division
may require permits for surface or groundwater usage exceeding 5,000
gal/day, construction within a stream flood plain, or discharge of indus-
trial wastes (including animal waste) into surface watercourses ; or ground-
water. Technical assistance on animal waste management problems is
provided by Washington State University, Agricultural Extension Services,
(Pullman, Washington 99163).
WEST VIRGINIA
The Sanitary Engineering Division, Department of Health (Charleston
25305) issues permits for the construction and operation of waste treat-
ment facilities, including those for animal wastes. Although the Division
of Water Resources, Department of Natural Resources in Charleston administers
a permit system to regulate industrial waste discharges into streams,
feedlots have not yet been affected. The Division does have authority
through the State Water quality standards if streams are polluted by
confined feeding operations.
-------
- 30 -
WISCONSIN
Confined feeding operations are regulated only by the Department
of Natural Resources (Box 450, Madison 53701), which is primarily
concerned with water pollution potentials and with nuisances associated
with malodors caused by agricultural enterprises. Animal wastes are
classified as industrial wastes. Any discharge or runoff of wastewater
that enters watercourses violates the State's water quality standards,
and the person responsible Is subject to prosecution.
An Ad Hoc Committee on Farm Wastes Management, comprised of farmers
and representatives from the Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural
Conservation and Stabilization Service, State Department of Agriculture,
and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has been formed to develop
regulations regarding the installation and operation of confined feeding
facilities.
The University of Wisconsin has established certain guidelines for
animal waste handling and its Cooperative Extension Service at Madison
provides technical assistance in designing agricultural waste treatment
facilities.
WYOMING
There is very little control at the State level regarding the
installation and operation of animal feedlots. The Division of Health
and Medical Services, Department of Health and Social Services (State
Office Building, Cheyenne 82201) can regulate feedlots through the State's
water pollution laws. That Department, in conjunction with the Department
of Agriculture and the University of Wyoming's Extension Service, is
developing animal waste management guidelines. Basically, they outline
-------
- 31 -
measures whereby water pollution problems are avoided through the
complete retention of waste, wastewater, and runoff from the premises
of confined feeding sites. Both the Department of Health and Social
Services and the Extension Service at Laramie provide technical assis-
tance to feedlot operators in connection with waste management problems.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
1. Ten states have passed specific feedlot statutes and/or regulations;
nine of these states require confined feeding operations to be registered.
In general, the regulations define: (1) terms used in confined feeding
operations; (2) conditions which require registration; (3) information
required for registration; (4) minimum requirements for runoff retention
structures and waste management measures;, (5) penalties for violations.
In addition, several more States are actively working to have specific
statutes and regulations adopted.
2. All States now have adopted water quality standards which specify
acceptable limits for various parameters based on stream use classifi-
cation. Waste discharges or runoff from confined animal feeding
operations are subject to monitoring, restriction, and legal recourse
by State water pollution control agencies, even though feedlots may not
be specifically mentioned in the State's statutes and/or regulations.
There is, therefore, at least one agency in each State that regulates
the operation of feedlots.
-------
- 32 -
3. In 25 states, confined feeding operations can be legally established
without prior consent of a State agency, provided that wastes, treated
effluent, and/or runoff will not leave the premises'of origin under
other than catastrophic rainfall conditions. In many of these States,
approval is mandatory of plans for waste treatment facilities from
which a discharge will occur. In the remaining 25 states, some form of
State approval of feedlot operating plans must be obtained before operations
begin.
4. Even though feedlot construction permits may not be required, it would
be unwise to construct a facility or to Initiate operations at an existing
site without first contacting at east the State's water pollution
control agency, health department, and department of agriculture. The
trend toward more stringent State control over animal feeding operations
is expected to continue.
5. In many States local health departments and zoning agencies exert
considerable control over animal feeding operations through public
nuisance, sanitation, and zoning ordinances. Prospective feedlot
operators should secure the approval of such agencies during the
site selection and construction planning phases.
6. In all 50 States, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, through its county.area, and state offices,
provides direct technical assistance to farmers in designing waste
control facilities for feedlot operations. In most cases, the engineering
-------
- 33 -
standards used to design and to judge the acceptability of waste
treatment systems have been developed in cooperation with State water
oollution control agencies and the Cooperative Extension Servi< es of
the State land grant universities. Cost-sharing assistance for the
construction of pollution control measures designed by SCS is available
from the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, USDA,
through its recently initiated Rural Environmental"Assistance Program.
In general, waste management measures recommended by SCS consist of
diversion terraces, waterways, and lagoons to contain and anaerobically
treat all waste, wastewater, and runoff from animal confinement areas.
Lagoon supernatant and sludge are subsequently deposited on land in a
manner that avoids contamination of downstream watercourses and water
supplies.
7. Technical assistance on designing feedlot and waste treatment systems
is also available from the Cooperative Extension Service of the land
grant university in most States. (This fact was noted in the Appendix
Only if specifically mentioned by the State agencies that responded to
the census). '
8. In practically all States, an animal health agency, typically a component
of the Department of Agriculture, regulates the purchase, sale, branding,
vaccination, disease testing and quarantining of feedlot animals. In most
instances, however, the agency does not regulate the environmental aspects
of animal feeding operations.
-------
- 34 -
REFERENCES
1. Miner, J.R. ed. Animal Waste Management. (ASAE North Central
Region ResearcF Publication No. 206), Iowa Agricultural Experiment
Station, Special Report No. 67, 1971. 44 p.
2. Loehr, R.C. Pollution implications of animal wastes—a forward
oriented view. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
U.S. Department of the Interior, July, 1968. 175 p.
3. Schwiesow, W.F. Summary of State regulations pertaining to livestock
feedlot design and management—December, 1970. Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md., April,
1971. 8 p.
4. State/Interstate Solid Waste Planning Grants and Agencies—January,
1969. Public Health Publication NO. 1912, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare. Rockville, Maryland, 1969.
-------
- 35 -
APPENDIX
REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT OPERATIONS
Status of Regulations
and Types of State Reg-
ulatory Agencies In-
volved
Status of Feedlot Legis-
lation & Regulations
Specific regs. exist
Legis. pending
Regs, being developed
Agencies Regulating
Installation
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Other
None*
Agencies Regulating
Operations
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
QtfieF™
Agencies Giving
Technical Assistance
Water Pollution
ATr PolYutTon
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Univ. Extension serv.
Other
Alabama
X
X
0)
X
X
X
X
(0
_i*
t/>
o
c
1— 1
X
X
3)
X
U)
0}
c
ia
-5
c
K-H
X
X
X
'w
4)
X
X
>
s
0
H— 1
X
X
X
5}
X
X
03
to
C
ID
NX
X
X
X
X
X
Kentucky 1
X
X
X
X
NX
X
>
* No formal clearance required unless runoff, wastes, or wastewater will di«
charge into a watercourse. (1) State Geological Survey (2) Department o1
Agriculture and Natural Resoures; dairies only (3) Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency (4) Natural Resources Commission (5) Natural Resource;
Council
-------
- 36 -
APPENDIX cont'd
Status of Regulations
and Types of State Reg-
ulatory Agencies In-
volved
Status of Feedlot Legis-
lation & Regulations
Specific regs. exist
Legis. pending
Regs, being developed
Agencies Regulating
Installation
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Other
None*
Agencies Regulating
Operations
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Other
Agencies Giving
Technical Assistance
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Univ. Extension serv.
Other
t
to
to
•r-
O
X'
X
X
X
0)
X
(&'t
X
X
X
Maryland ||
X
X
X
X
X
Massachusetts 1 1
X
X
X
Michigan | |
X
X
X
X
Minnesota ||
X
(0
n
Mississippi 1 1
X
X
X
'
I
X
X
X
X
X
Montana | j
X
X
X
X
Nebraska I j
X
X
X
to
-o
to
01
z
X
X
X
a)
X
New Hampshire 1 1
X
X
X
X
CO
(U
z
(9j
9)
X
o
u
•r-
1
2£_
X
'
X
X
-
i.
o
i
X
10,
(Q
•r*
t—
O
to
o
•*->
i.
o
S'
X
X
X
to
•M
O
i
-C
0
X
X
X
X
X
• i
Environmental Improvement Commission(7)Minnesota Pollution uontroi
Agency (8) Commission of Environmental Protection (9) Department of Envir-
onmental Protection (10) Department of Environmental Conservation
-------
- 37 -
APPENDIX cont'd
Status of Regulations
and Types of State Reg-
ulatory Agencies In-
volved
Status of Feedlot Legis-
lation & Regulations
Specific regs. exist
legis. pending
Kegs, being developed
Agencies Regulating
Installation
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Other
None*
Agencies Regulating
Operations
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Other
Agencies Giving
Technical Assistance
Water Pollution
ATr Pollution
Animal Health
Other Agricultural
Public Health
Univ. Extension serv.
Other
o
•p-
o
X
X
X-
&
Oklahoma
X
X
X
X
X
c
0
a
3
O
oo
X
X
X
to
-t->
o
-^
to
Q
-C
-M
3
O
00
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tennessee ]
X
y
X
(SI
to
X
|2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.£=
re
-t->
3
X
X
X
Vermont |
X
t
( IJ
X
(M
re
E
cr
X-
>
)
' X
X
)
c
o
-IJ
cr>
c
•r~
-C
(/)
re
3
X
114
X
(14!
X
re
•r—
C
0>.
5-
•r-
>
4->
(/)
CD
)
X
X
Kiij
X
Wisconsin |
X
X
Xi
X
CT'
C
^
X
X
X
))
X
X
1
r • , , f . ,
(ll)Department of Environmental Quality "(12) Department of tnvironmentai
Resources (13) Agency of Environmental Conservation (14) Department of
Ecology (15) Department of Natural Resources (16) Department of Natural
Resources
yo 72-2-OOlOs
-------
State agencies regulatir
cnnfined animal feeding
regulating confine
animal feeding operations
AUTHOR
DATE
LOANED
3--0W
BORROWER S NAME
-J',j_£-3'H-j,ftf,^
~~ ^u-tftffX, Jefc^
DATE
RETURNED
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECT,1 OW
DALLAS, TE;;/,,>
------- |