EIS791225F1
         EPA-5-MI-WAYNE-WWTP+INT-7 9


    FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACT STATEMENT

   HURON VALLEY WASTEWATER  CONTROL SYSTEM

               FACILITIES PLAN

    WAYNE AND OAKLAND COUNTIES,  MICHIGAN

                 PROPOSED BY

   WAYNE COUNTY DEPARTMENT  OF PUBLIC WORKS
               Prepared  by  the

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                  REGION V

              CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

                     AND

                WAPORA,  INC.

              CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
                               APPROVED BY:
                               John McGuire
                               Regional Administrator
                               August 1979

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume I.                                                               Page

COVER SHEET	    i

TABLE OF CONTENTS	ill

LIST OF TABLES	    v

LIST OF FIGURES	    v

SUMMARY	,	   vi

1.0.  SUMMARY OF THE APPLICANT'S PROPOSED ACTION  	  1-1

      1.1.  Summary Description	1-1
      1.2.  Summary of Impacts	1-4
      1.3.  System Implementability 	  1-9

2.0.  SUMMARY OF OTHER ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED  	  2-1

      2.1.  Alternative A-l	,	2-1
      2.2.  Alternative A-2	2-1
      2.3.  Alternative B	2-1
      2.4.  Alternative C	2-2
      2.5.  Alternative D	2-2
      2.6.  Alternative E	  2-3
      2.7.  Alternative E (Modified)  	  2-3
      2.8.  Alternative F	  2-5

3.0.  SUMMARY OF THE ACTION RECOMMENDED BY USEPA IN THE DRAFT EIS .  .   .  3-1

4.0.  SUMMARY OF COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS	4-1

      4.1.  Applicant's Comments	4-1
      4.2.  Congressional Comments	4-2
      4.3.  Federal Agencies' Comments  	  4-2
      4.4.  Michigan State Legislators'  Comments	4-3
      4.5.  Michigan State Agencies' Comments ..... 	 ...  4-4
      4.6.  Local Governments' and Public Organizations' Comments .  .   .  4-5
      4.7.  Public and Special Interest Groups'  and Individuals'
            Comments	4-7

5.0.  SUMMARY OF THE REVISED USEPA RECOMMENDED ACTION 	  5-1

      5.1.  General Description 	  5-1
      5.2.  Alternative F	5-4

            5.2.1.  Components  	  5-4
            5.2.2.  Construction and Operation Costs  	  5-8
            5.2.3.  Summary of Impacts  	  5-8
            5.2.4.  System Implementability 	  5-16
                                      iii

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                                                                        Page

6.0.  RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS	6-1

      6.1.   Environmental Concerns  	   6-1

            6.1.1.  Surface Water and Groundwater 	   6-1
            6.1.2.  Terrestrial and Aquatic Biota 	   6-12

      6.2.   Socioeconomic Concerns  	   6-14

            6.2.1.  Demographics  	   6-14
            6.2.2.  Economics and Public Finance  	   6-17
            6.2.3.  Land Use and Transportation	6-27
            6.2.4.  Cultural Resources  	   6-32

      6.3.   Engineering/Conceptual Design Concerns  	   6-33

7.0.  LITERATURE CONSULTED 	   7-1

8.0.  LIST OF PREPARERS	8-1

APPENDIX A.  Letters of Comment


VOLUME II.

DRAFT EIS
                                       iv

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                               LIST OF TABLES

                                                                          Page

1-1  Proposed level of service in 1995 for project area communities
     from Alternative A-l	1-3

2-1  Estimated system cost for Alternative E  (Modified) 	 2-5

5-1  Proposed service population, flow, and treatment capacity for
     Alternative F	5-5

5-2  Estimated system cost for Alternative F	5-9

5-3  Estimated allocation of construction and O&M costs among partici-
     pants for Alternative F	5-10

6-1  Comparison of 1995 population forecasts for communities in the
     Huron Valley project area	6-15
                               LIST OF FIGURES
1-1  The Huron Valley project area, including the conceptual route of
     the regional interceptor proposed in Alternative A-l 	 1-2

5-1  Route of the interceptor sewer and site of the regional WWTP
     proposed in Alternative F	5-7
                                     v

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                                SUMMARY
( )  Draft Environmental Impact Statement
(X)  Final Environmental Impact Statement

US Environmental Protection Agency,  Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
1.  NAME OF ACTION
    Administrative (X)
    Legislative    ( )

2.  DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICANT'S PROPOSED ACTION

     The Wayne  County,  Michigan,  Department of Public Works  (DPW)  has
proposed  to  construct  the  Huron Valley  Wastewater  Control  System
(HVWWCS)  to  provide  wastewater disposal  service  to  the western  and
southern  areas  of  Wayne County  and  to  part  of  southwestern Oakland
County.    The   Applicant's   proposed   project  includes  a   regional
interceptor sewer approximately 50 miles long and a 49.2 million gallon
per day  (mgd) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)  that would be built in
southern  Browns town  Township,  near  Lake  Erie.   The  new  treatment
facility would provide conventional secondary treatment with phosphorus
removal.  Effluent would be  discharged via a 10,000-foot outfall sewer
to  the mid-channel  confluence of  the  Detroit  River  and Lake  Erie.
Existing treatment plants  in the  project area would be abandoned.  The
Applicant's proposed action is referred to in this document as Alterna-
tive A-l,  and  is  described in detail  in  Section  5.3.1.1.  of the Draft
EIS (Volume II).

     Federal financing  has been  requested  by the  Applicant  under the
statutory  authority  of  the Federal Water Pollution  Control  Act Amend-
ments  of  1972  (PL 92-500)  and the Clean Water Act  Amendments of 1977
(PL 95-217).  The facilities planning consultant  has estimated that the
total  capital  cost of  the system would  be $147,393,000  (adjusted to
January 1978 price levels).  The total capital cost was recalculated by
WAPORA,  Inc., and  has  been estimated  to  be  $207,001,000.   The average
annual  operation  and  maintenance  cost  has  been  estimated  to  be
$4,643,000.

     Most of the major primary environmental impacts that are likely to
be  associated with Alternative A-l would be short-term and localized.
These  impacts would  result from the construction  and  operation of the
interceptor  sewer  and  the WWTP.   The  construction of  the interceptor
sewer  and the  WWTP would  generate  fugitive  dust, fumes,  and noise;
disrupt  traffic  flow and  access  to homes  and businesses;  disturb or
destroy  vegetation  and  thus  cause a loss  of wildlife  habitat; require
the disposal of significant amounts of spoil material; possibly cause a
lowering  of the  level  of  the groundwater,  and  thus  destroy wetland
vegetation  by  dessication;   increase  turbidity  and  sedimentation in
drainageways and  in  the Middle River  Rouge  and  Lower  Huron River from
numerous  stream crossings;  disturb the aesthetic  quality  of  the local
                                    vi

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environment; create  construction-oriented employment;  disturb  or pre-
clude recreational  activities in  affected  parks; possibly  disturb or
destroy archaeological sites; and consume significant amounts of public
capital, labor, materials, and energy.  The operation of the wastewater
treatment  system  (in conjunction  with  local  collection-sewer systems)
would eliminate  the widespread  dependence  on private,  on-site sewage
disposal systems.   This would reduce potential  public  health problems
from  any  malfunctioning  on-site  systems  in the  project  area.   The
replacement  of  the  six  existing  WWTPs  in  the service  area  would
eliminate  the  discharge  of  treated  and  partially  treated treatment
plant effluent  to the  Middle River Rouge, the  Lower Huron  River,  and
the Elizabeth Park  Canal  (which  flows into the  Trenton channel of the
Detroit  River).   The discharge  of treated effluent  to Lake Erie from
the  new  regional  WWTP  would  have  a  limited impact.   However,  a
mechanical  failure  at  the  WWTP  could  result   in  the  discharge  of
partially treated wastewater, which would lead to short-term violations
of water quality standards.

     The mains tern interceptor would incorporate  gravity flow, although
energy  would  be  consumed  for  pumping  wastewater  from  the  Wayne
County-Trenton WWTP  to  the Mainstream Interceptor via  the Trenton Arm
Interceptor.   The  operation  of  the WWTP  would  consume over  55,000
kwh/day  of  electrical energy, chemicals used in the treatment process,
labor, and public funds  for as long as the plant  would be in operation.
It would provide  the benefits of improved water quality and wastewater
service  to residents in the southeastern Michigan region.  The proposed
incineration of sludge would release contaminants to  the atmosphere and
consume  significant  amounts  of energy.   These impacts are discussed in
detail in Sections 6.1.  and 6.2.  of the Draft EIS (Volume II).

     The major secondary impacts that potentially would result from the
implementation  of Alternative  A-l include  increased  development  and
land  use changes.   These would  be encouraged by the  availability of
wastewater  conveyance  and  treatment  capacity in the  project  area in
excess  of  the  projected  need  during  the  design  period.   The  major
long-term  effects  that  likely would result from increased urbanization
include  conversion  of productive  agricultural lands  to non-farm uses;
modification of  soils and topography; loss of biological and economic
productivity through the  destruction of  natural vegetation, wetlands,
wildlife habitat, and agricultural lands; degradation of surface waters
because  of increased runoff  from developed  property;  increased local
employment  and  income;  a  need  for  significant  expansion  of  public
services that would require increased public revenues; expansion of the
local  tax  base;  changes  in  long-term  energy requirements  that would
result   from  commuting,  location  of  housing,   and  density  of  new
development; and  loss of  population from older surrounding urban areas
(especially Detroit)  through  migration  to the project area.   Secondary
impacts  are discussed  in  detail  in Section 6.3.   of  the  Draft  EIS
(Volume  II).

     Many  potentially adverse impacts may be  reduced or eliminated by
various  mitigation  measures.   Mitigation  of impacts  is  discussed in
Section 6.4. of the Draft EIS (Volume II).
                                   vii

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3.  OTHER ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED

     Five other alternatives were considered in detail in the Draft EIS
(Volume II; Section 5.3):

     •  Alternative A-2.   This alternative  (Section 5.3.1.2.) is
        identical in concept to Alternative A-l but would provide
        less conveyance and treatment capacity.  It is based on a
        revised 1995 design-year population  estimate (as are the
        other four alternatives)

     •  Alternative B. Interceptor  and  treatment service for the
        entire  population  of  the  project area,  including  those
        communities not serviced by Alternative A-l, is included
        in Alternative B (Section 5.3.2.)

     •  Alternative C. The  population and service area served in
        Alternative B  also is  served in Alternative  C (Section
        5.3.3.),  except  that  the  northern  communities  would
        utilize  an expanded   Walled  Lake  WWTP  instead of  the
        proposed regional Huron Valley system

     •  Alternative  D.  This  same  divided  service  concept  is
        included  in  Alternative  D  (Section   5.3.4.).  In  this
        alternative, however, the total capacity owned by commun-
        ities in  the  Wayne County-Middle Rouge Interceptor would
        continue  to  be  utilized,  with  some   redistribution  of
        capacity among the communities.  The regional interceptor
        sewer, therefore,  would be required to extend only as far
        north as central Canton Township

     •  Alternative E.  A decentralized  approach  is presented in
        Alternative  E  (Section 5.3.5.).   It  includes  the  up-
        grading and expansion of the five existing WWTPs  in the
        southeastern part  of  the project area and the continued
        operation  of  the  Walled Lake WWTP.    No  new interceptor
        sewer system would be constructed, and the existing Wayne
        County interceptors would continue to be utilized.

Two revised alternatives are presented in this document:

     •    Alternative  E   (Modified).    A  modified  version  of
          Alternative E was  developed (Section 2.7.) in response
          to comments that local conditions may be unsuitable for
          on-site  sewage  disposal.   A  decentralized alternative
          is  presented  that would  serve a  population equivalent
          to that proposed to be served by Alternatives B,C, or D

     •    Alternative F.  This alternative represents the revised
          USEPA recommended  action  (Section 5.O.).  It incorpo-
          rates  design of  a  regional   interceptor  from Sumpter
          Township  to  the  site of  the  proposed regional WWTP in
          southeastern Brownstown Township and additional facili-
          ties  planning for  the remaining section of the project
                                 viii

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          area.  Should the facilities planning justify a region-
          al  system  for   the   Plymouth  Township  to  Commerce
          Township  section,  then a  system  comparable to  that
          proposed in Alternative A-l would be approved.

4.  DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION RECOMMENDED BY USEPA IN THE DRAFT EIS

     In the Draft EIS (Volume II), the USEPA recommended  the selection
of Alternative D.  This determination was based on studies completed as
part of the preparation of the Draft EIS, which indicated that:

     •  Such   an  alternative  would   better  utilize  existing
        interceptor and treatment  system capacity and thus would
        be more  efficient  and cost-effective. It would result in
        significantly reduced  primary and  secondary impacts (as
        compared to those that would result from Alternative A-l)

     •  There  is  no immediate  need  for  expansion  of the  Walled
        Lake WWTP

     •  There  is a  need   for  an  assessment  of  the  nature and
        extent  of  the  potential  pollution and  health problems
        caused by failing on-site disposal systems in the project
        area north  of  Novi.  Documentation of  the  need  for new
        wastewater  facilities for  this  area would  be required
        prior  to the  approval  of any  conveyance  or treatment
        system capacity for these communities

     •  This alternative would decrease the potential for second-
        ary impacts from induced unplanned growth by reducing the
        amount of available interceptor capacity.

5.  COMMENTS ON  THE DRAFT EIS

     A 60-day public comment period was provided following the issuance
of  the Draft  EIS.   A  public hearing  was held  on 4 January  1979 to
facilitate  the  response.   Because  of  the historically  controversial
nature of  the  proposed  HVWWCS,  there was a large response, both in the
number  of letters  submitted (70)  and  in  the  number of  oral presen-
tations at the hearing (55).

     Participating  communities  expressed  almost  unanimous support for
Alternative A-l  and  rejection of USEPA's recommendation of Alternative
D.  Objections to Alternative D were based on the rejection of the  1995
projection of  sewered  population  that  was utilized  in  the  Draft EIS,
the  criticism  that  inadequate  system  capacity  would be  available to
accommodate growth,  opposition to expansion of the Walled Lake WWTP and
the concept  of  continued  reliance on on-site systems, and the somewhat
higher  unit  cost   for  interceptor  capacity  and  treatment   for  those
communities  served  by  Alternative  D  as  compared  to  those  served by
Alternative   A-l.     Various   individuals   and   representatives   of
environmental/conservation organizations also objected to Alternative D
and presented  comments favoring  the decentralized  concept embodied in
Alternative  E.   These  persons expressed  concern that the  availability
of  excess interceptor  capacity  would  stimulate  growth  in the project
area,  especially  the  migration of  residents   from  Detroit.   It  was
                                   ix

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expressed  that  this  growth would  result  in  the  types  of  secondary
impacts  presented   in  the  Draft  EIS.    (An  expanded  summary  of  the
comments  is  presented  in  Section  4.O.,   the  direct  response  to  the
numerous comments submitted is  presented  in Section 6.O.,  and a  copy
of  each response  submitted in  writing  is included  in  Appendix  A.)

6.  DESCRIPTION OF THE REVISED USEPA RECOMMENDED ACTION

     Based on  the  response to  the  Draft  EIS,  USEPA  has  revised  its
position  on  the   proposed  HVWWCS.    This  position  (designated  as
Alternative F herein) reflects USEPA's conclusions that:

     •  Immediate action  is needed to  remedy  wastewater  manage-
        ment  problems in the southern section of the project area

     •  Completed local  facilities plans  are  needed  to document
        the  extent   of  the need for  new  wastewater  management
        facilities  in  the  section  of  the   project  area  from
        Plymouth Township  north to Commerce Township  and  to  de-
        termine the most cost-effective solution

     •  USEPA will  not consider further  Alternatives  A-2,  B,  C,
        or E as  presented in  the Draft EIS because these are not
        considered  to  be either  cost-effective,  environmentally
        sound,   or   implementable.   If   the  Applicant  and  the
        participating communities express further interest in the
        regional component of Alternative D, USEPA would consider
        it further.

     USEPA  therefore  has  determined  that  the Wayne  County DPW  may
proceed with the design  of a regional system in the manner  that  USEPA
proposed  to  the  DPW  on  28 March 1978.   This recommended  action is
discussed in detail in Section 5.O., and proposes the immediate design
of  a system  for the  southern  section  of  the project  area  and the
initiation of  local facilities  planning  for  the  remaining area.   The
initial  design  for  the  southern  section  would  include a  regional
interceptor  sewer  from Sumpter  Township  to  the  site of  the  proposed
regional  WWTP  in southeastern  Brownstown Township, a force  main from
the  Wayne County-Trenton  WWTP  to  the  regional  interceptor,  and  a
regional  WWTP  (Section  5.2.).   The  system  for  the  southern  area
initially would be  designed to provide interceptor and treatment  plant
capacity  for each  of the  communities  in the  project area  that are
proposed  to  be  served in  Alternative  A-l.   This  would  include  the
interceptor  capacity  and  the  49.2 mgd WWTP that  have  been proposed by
the  Wayne County   DPW.   USEPA  previously  concluded  that sufficient
facilities planning was  completed for the  section  of  the project area
south  of  Joy   Road (Brownstown  Township  to  Canton  Township).   This
concept  was  the  basis  for Alternative  D, as  discussed  in  Sections
5.3.4.  and  7.0.  in  the  Draft  EIS;  however,  design of  the  regional
interceptor  to  serve  Van  Buren  Township  and  Canton  Township,  as
proposed in Alternative D, does not appear  feasible because of the lack
of intermunicipal agreements concerning the reallocation of capacity in
the  existing Middle Rouge  Interceptor.   Facilities planning  north of
Joy  Road  must  be completed concurrently  with  the  design  of the system
                                   x

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for  the  southern  section.   A  determination  will be  made  at  the
conclusion  of  the  facilities  planning process  whether to extend  the
regional interceptor north of Sumpter Township.  If facilities planning
for  the northern  section  indicates  that alternatives  to a  regional
system  are more  cost-effectLve  and  environmentally favorable,  then
USEPA will  approve  only  a subregional system  for  the southern section
of  the  project area.  The  subregional system would be redesigned  to
provide  a  reduced   amount  of   interceptor  sewer  and treatment  plant
capacity  to serve  only  the  Sumpter  Township to  Brownstown  Township
section of the project area.
                                    xi

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1.0.  SUMMARY OF THE APPLICANT'S PROPOSED ACTION

1.1.  Summary Description

     The  Wayne  County   DPW's   proposal  for  a  regional  wastewater
management  system  for  the  Huron  Valley project  area  is  designated
herein as Alternative A-l (Figure 1-1) .  This alternative would provide
new  interceptor  sewer and treatment capacity for  an estimated 373,000
persons within 17 of the 22 communities in the project area.  (Alterna-
tive A-l, as  described in detail in  Section 5.3.1.1.  of the Draft EIS
(Volume  II),  proposed service  for  374,800  persons  within 18 communi-
ties—South  Rockwood  since  has  withdrawn  from  participation  in  the
regional system.) The  proposed  additional level of  service  to  be made
available to each community is displayed in Table 1-1.

     The  communities  of Novi,  Northville,  Northville  Township,  and
Plymouth Township presently  are served by the Middle Rouge Interceptor
of  the  Rouge Valley  Sewage  Disposal District  (RVSDD;  refer to Figure
1-1,  and  to  Section  3.4.2. of  the  Draft  EIS  (Volume  II)).  Canton
Township  and  Van  Buren  Township  are  served  by  the  Lower  Rouge
Interceptor of the  RVSDD,  and Van Buren Township owns additional capa-
city in the Downriver Interceptor (refer to Figure 1-1, and to Sections
3.4.2.  and  3.4.3.   of  the  Draft  EIS  (Volume   II)).   The  capacity
allocations  displayed  in  Table  1-1  assume  that  the  six  existing
treatment plants,  including   the  Walled Lake tertiary  treatment plant
that was  put in operation as recently as 1971  (see Section 3.4.1. of
the Draft EIS (Volume II)), would be abandoned.

     The five  communities within the project area that have indicated
no  interest in participating in any new regional system are White Lake
Township,  Wolverine Lake,  Plymouth,  Belleville,  and  South Rockwood.
White Lake  Township presently  is not  sewered.   There are  no  current
plans  to  construct a  local sewage  collection  system  or  to  join  a
regional wastewater management  system  despite  the  numerous reported
problems with  on-site wastewater disposal systems  and the significant
growth  in  population  expected  in  White  Lake  Township.   (A detailed
study  into  the  nature  and  extent  of  these  problems  has not  been
conducted.)  The Village of  Wolverine  Lake  similarly  has expressed no
interest in developing a local  sewage  collection  system.   The  City of
Plymouth presently  is sewered.   Officials of Plymouth previously have
indicated  that  the  interceptor  sewer  capacity  that  is owned  in the
existing RVSDD and the contract for wastewater treatment at the Detroit
Metropolitan WWTP  provides Plymouth with  adequate service to accommo-
date existing and  future needs.  The City of Belleville has indicated
that  the  interceptor  sewer  capacity  which  it  owns  in   the  Wayne
County-Downriver Sewage Disposal District  (DD) and the agreement it has
with  the  Wayne  County  DPW   for  treatment  of  its  wastewater  at  the
Wyandotte  WWTP  is  adequate   for  its  existing  and  future  needs.   The
Village  of  South  Rockwood,  in Monroe  County,  recently  has indicated
that it will  make  future arrangements  to  join  the existing Burlington
Township wastewater management system instead of the HVWWCS.

     The tentative  route of  the  proposed 50-mile mainstem interceptor
sewer is  described on pages  96  and 100 of  the Draft  EIS (Volume II).
                                  1-1

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Table 1-1.  Proposed level of service in 1995 for project area communities
            from Alternative A-l (Wayne County DPW 1977 as modified by
            WAPORA, Inc., 1979).
   Community

White Lake Twp.
Commerce Twp.
Wolverine Lake
Walled Lake
Novi
Northville
Northville Twp.
Plymouth Twp.
Plymouth
Canton Twp.
Van Buren Twp.
Belleville
Romulus (western)
Sumpter Twp.
Huron Twp.
Brownstown Twp.
Flat Rock
South Rockwood
Rockwood
Woodhaven
Trenton
Gibraltar

   Total
  Total
  Design
Population

  28,000
  27,000
   9,000
   7,000
  44,073
   9,073
  38,975
  32,141
  14,546
  44,448
  43,029
   5,375
   2,544
  18,196
  23,635
  15,350
  14,152
   1,784
   5,747
  12,822
  36,863
   8,190
 441,943
   Year
Projected
to Utilize
  HVWWCS
   1985

   1985
   1985
   1995
   1985
   1985

   1990
   1985

   1985
   1985
   1985
   1985
   1985

   1985
   1985
   1985
   1985
 Capacity in
 HVWWCS (1995)
Popu-
lation   cfs
Reserve Capacity
Available (1995)
 Popu-       a
 lation   cfs
-0-
27,000
-0-
7,000
44,073
5,000
38,973
26,000
-0-
44,448
43,029
-0-
2,544
18,196
23,625
15,350
14,152
-0-
5,747
12,822
36,863
8,190
-0-
10.8
-0-
2.8
17.63
2.0
15.59
10.40
-0-
17.78
17.21
-0-
1.02
7.28
9.45
12. 14
11.32
-0-
2.30
12.82
36.86
8.19
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
10,000
4,927b
20,025
17,859°
-0-
35,925
21,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
4'°b
1.97
8.01
7.14°
-0-
14.37
8.40
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
            373,012 195.59   109,736   43.89
        cfs = cubic feet per second; calculation of value was derived by
        multiplying the appropriate gallons per capita per day (ranges
        from 100 gpcd for new collection sewers to 160 gpcd for old leaky
        sewers and for systems with a heavy industrial/commercial contri-
        bution) times the population, and converting it to cubic feet
        per second (including a peaking factor of 2.5).

        Northville would continue to utilize 1.63 cfs  (for 4,073 persons)
        of the 3.6 cfs that it owns in the Middle Rouge Interceptor.

        Plymouth Twp. would continue to utilize 2.46 cfs  (for 6,141 per-
        sons) of the 9.6 cfs that it owns in the Middle Rouge Interceptor.
                                      1-3

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           The  northern terminus would be east of Commerce Lake  Ln Commerce Town-
           ship,  with  the southern terminus at  the  site of the proposed regional
           wastewater  treatment plant  in southern  Brownstown  Township near Lake
           Erie.

                The  regional  interceptor system  also  would  include  a proposed
           4.8-mile  force main routed  along Jefferson Avenue/River  Road from  the
           site of  the existing Wayne  County-Trenton  WWTP  in Trenton  to the pro-
           posed  site  of the regional  WWTP.  This arm of the mainstem  interceptor
           would  divert wastewater  from both the Wayne County-Trenton and the City
           of  Trenton  WWTPs to the new regional  WWTP.  A Sumpter Arm  and  Sumpter
           Connection  also  are proposed  as components of the regional  interceptor
           system.   These interceptor sewers would  convey  flows from southern  Van
           Buren  Township and Sumpter Township  to  the  mainstem  interceptor.

                The  regional WWTP would  have a  1995-design capacity of 49.2 mgd.
           It  would be  sited north of  Lee Road and east of  River Road, near  the
           site of   the  existing  Brownstown  Township wastewater lagoons.   Treated
           effluent  would  be  discharged  via a  10,000-foot outfall  sewer  to  the
           mid-channel  confluence of  the  Detroit River and  Lake Erie.

                The  proposed wastewater  treatment  process  Is described in Vo1ume
           I of Facility Plan for  the Huron Valley Wastewater Control System  (Hub-
           bell,  Roth  &  Clark, Inc. 1976) and  is  discussed  in Section 5.2.3.  of
           the  Draft  EIS  (Volume  II).   It  includes  secondary treatment,  incor-
           porating  oxygen-activated sludge  capable of meeting a  30 mg/1 standard
           for  BOD  and suspended solids  on  a  continuous basis.   Phosphorus would
           be  reduced  to less  than  1.0  mg/1 on  a continuous basis  through chemical
           addition  to  affect precipitation.

                The  proposed treatment  facility would  utilize  sludge  drying  and
           on-site incineration.  Ash would be  disposed of  by landfilling.

                The  total  capital  cost  for the new interceptor  sewer  system  and
           regional  WWTP was estimated  by the facilities planning  consultant to be
           $147,393,000 (adjusted by WAPORA, Inc.,  to January  1978 price levels).
           WAPORA,  Inc., has independently recalculated the  total estimated capi-
           tal  cost  for the project to  be $207,001,000 (January 1978 price  levels)
           based  on  recent nationwide   cost  data   published  by  USEPA  (1978).
           Average  annual  operation  and  maintenance costs  have been estimated at
           $4,643,000   (January  1978  price levels).   Detailed cost information is
           presented in Section 5.3.1.1.2. of the  Draft EIS (Volume  II).

           1.2.  Summary of Impacts

                 Significant primary and secondary  environmental impacts are likely
           to  be associated with the implementation of Alternative A-l. The sig-
           nificant  primary effects from  construction  of the  interceptor sewer  and
           treatment systems would be short-term  and generally  limited to areas
           directly   affected   by   construction  activities   (interceptor sewer
 - ....       right-of-way, tunnel  access  sites,  treatment  plant   site,  and spoil
  .-«si       disposal  sites).  These  impacts are  presented in detail in Section 6.1.
    J-     of  the Draft EIS (Volume II).

^*T~              Primary impacts also would result  from the  operation  of the HVWWCS.


^-   -                                      >-»

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These generally would  be  associated with the operation of the WWTP and
would be confined  to  the  southeastern section of the project area, the
area adjacent  to  it,  and  the confluence of  the  Detroit River and Lake
Erie. These  impacts  are  presented  in detail in  Section 6.2.  of the
Draft EIS (Volume II).

     Significant secondary impacts which are likely to result are those
associated with  increased urban  development  and  land  use  changes en-
couraged by  the  widespread availability  of excess  public  wastewater
service capacity in the project area.  These are discussed in detail in
Section 6.3.  of the Draft EIS (Volume II).

     Many of the potentially adverse effects would be reduced or elimi-
nated  through  the  application  of  mandatory  or  voluntary  mitigation
measures.  A discussion of  these measures is presented in Section 6.4.
of the Draft EIS (Volume II).

AIR QUALITY,  NOISE, AND ODORS

     Construction activities would result in the generation of fugitive
dust and in  the emission of fumes  and  hydrocarbon combustion products
from  construction  equipment.    Noise   from  drilling,  excavating,  and
equipment  would  be discernible up  to 2,000  feet  from  construction
sites.

     Operations  at the  new WWTP would release  malodorous  gases and
vapors.  Sludge incineration would produce controlled emissions of up to
50 pounds per day of particulates.  A minimal increase in ambient noise
levels would occur at the proposed WWTP and Trenton Pump Station sites.
Odors and operational noise from  the six existing WWTPs would be elimi-
nated.

GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND TOPOGRAPHY

     Disposal  of  spoil materials from  both  open-trench excavation and
tunneling could alter  topography to a  limited extent  along  the inter-
ceptor right-of-way and at  spoil disposal sites.  Settling in trenched
areas would  alter  the existing  topography and soil regime to a limited
extent.   No major operational impacts are anticipated.

TERRESTRIAL BIOTA

     Open-cut  excavation  for  emplacement  of the  mainstem  interceptor
would disturb  plants  and  animals  on  as  many as  400 acres  along the
right-of-way. Additional  disturbance would result from construction of
the Trenton  and Van Buren-Sumpter Arms and at the WWTP site.  The most
significant impacts are likely to occur in the lake regions in Commerce
Township and along the Middle River Rouge and Huron River.   No State or
Federally  designated  endangered species  are  known to  exist  in the
project  corridor,  although  the  conceptual route  contains  the general
habitat requirements for five plant species which  are considered by the
State of Michigan to be Imperiled.
                                  1-5

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WETLANDS

     The  proposed  interceptor would  cross or  be located  adjacent  to
10.9 miles  of open  or  wooded wetlands.   During  construction,  natural
cover would be  removed,  drainage patterns may be  altered,  and  wetland
habitat  for  State-designated imperiled  plants  may be  disturbed.   De-
watering  of  trenches  and  tunnels  temporarily  would lower  adjacent
groundwater  levels,   potentially  killing vegetation  by  dessication.
Elimination of  the effluent  discharge  from  the  Walled Lake WWTP  may
result in a decline  in wetland productivity  in the  Walled Lake Branch
area, especially during  periods  of low flow.  A  mechanical failure  at
the proposed  regional WWTP  could have a  minimal  adverse  impact on the
wetlands on the western shore of Lake Erie.

SURFACE WATER

     Rivers and drainageways  crossed  by the regional interceptor would
be  affected  adversely by construction.   Increased turbidity and sedi-
mentation would occur.   Limited or interrupted flows  could result  for
short periods of time.   Temporary water quality degradation may result
as  impoundments receive  silt-laden  flows from affected  watercourses.

     Long-term beneficial effects should result from abandonment of the
six  existing wastewater treatment  facilities.   Inland  waterways  no
longer would  receive  effluent.   The elimination of discharges from the
Walled Lake  WWTP  may  result in  seasonal lowering of  downstream lake
levels.   Flow  rates  of  the  Huron  River  would  be  affected  only
minimally.   Impacts   on  Lake Erie  would  be  limited.   A mechanical
failure  at  the  proposed  WWTP could result in short-term  violations  of
water quality standards.

GROUNDWATER

     Temporary  lowering  of  groundwater  levels  in the vicinity of the
regional  interceptor sewer  may occur.    Local,  shallow wells  may  be
affected,  especially  in the northern  section  of  the  project area.
Widespread availability of public sewer service would reduce the use of
septic  systems and  lessen  the potential  for groundwater pollution.

DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS

     An  estimated   1,250 construction-related  jobs  would  be   created
during  three  construction seasons.   Expenditures for system construc-
tion  would result  in  short-term induced  and indirect  employment  in
other  sectors of  the  southeast Michigan economy and in  areas which
supply materials for the project.  Few residents would be  displaced by
construction  activities.  Employment at  existing  WWTPs in  the   project
area would  be eliminated, but additional  jobs would  be created at the
new regional WWTP.

LAND USE

     Construction of the  regional WWTP permanently would alter existing
land use at the site of the   Brownstown Township  wastewater stabiliza-
                                  1-6

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tlon lagoons.  Adjacent  land  use also would be affected.  Construction
of the interceptor sewer through parks and recreation areas temporarily
would disrupt public  use and  enjoyment of affected areas.  The site of
the  regional  WWTP  is located  within  the  estimated  100-year maximum
level of Lake Erie.

TRANSPORTATION

     Access  to   homes and  businesses  may  be  interrupted  for  short
periods of  time  (several days)  by  construction activities.   Vehicular
traffic flow  would be  affected by interceptor emplacement across  or
adjacent  to  streets and  roads.   Traffic congestion  would result from
the  movements   of  heavy  equipment   and   vehicles   associated  with
construction.   Roadway surfaces may be damaged locally.

CULTURAL,  HISTORIC. AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

     No cultural, historic, or  archaeological sites are known to exist
at the  proposed  location of the regional WWTP  in  Brownstown Township.
There is  a strong  possibility  that excavation  for the emplacement  of
the  regional  interceptor may  disturb significant archaeological sites,
especially  in the  Lower Huron, Willow,  and Oakwoods  Metroparks.   It
also is possible that construction may result in the discovery of sites
which otherwise might not be found.

RESOURCE USE

     Implementation of Alternative  A-l would commit $207 million irre-
trievably.  Engineering,  administrative, legal, construction, and other
labor  would  be  committed.   Material  resources and  energy  would  be
devoted to construction  of  the interceptor  and  to  construction  and
operation of  the new  regional WWTP.  The land  required for the inter-
ceptor alignment and WWTP site would be dedicated to wastewater manage-
ment  use  for the  useful life  of  the  facilities  (estimated  to  be  50
years).

PUBLIC FINANCE

     Federal  (75%), State (5%),  and local  (20%) funding in the amount
of $207 million would be required  for  implementation of the  proposed
action.   The  impact of  such expenditures would  vary  from community  to
community.   Some municipalities  may  have  difficulty  in  assuming  new
public  indebtedness of  the  magnitude required for participation in the
HVWWCS.   User charges must  be sufficient to pay for debt retirement  on
the  local  share  of the project construction cost and for operation and
maintenance  costs.    High  user  charges  would  reduce  the  amount  of
disposable income  and may significantly impact  those on fixed incomes.
The  expenditure  of   large  sums   for  wastewater   treatment  system
construction and operation represents a significant social cost because
of the monies which no longer would be available for other public uses.

AESTHETICS

     Construction activities  would  result in temporary adverse effects
                                  1-7

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on the aesthetic quality  of  the environment in and along the intercep-
tor route and at  the  site of the regional  WWTP,   Removal of  vegetation
along the  right-of-way  and  at  the Browns town Township  site, and  con-
struction activity  in wooded areas, wetlands, parklands, and adjacent
to and across waterways  could  reduce visual appreciation of  the  land-
scape.

PUBLIC HEALTH

     The widespread  dependence  on septic  systems in areas  presently
without  sewers  would  be reduced.   Potential  problems  resulting  from
failing septic systems would be limited.  Areas which would  continue to
rely upon on-site disposal  systems (such as White Lake Township)  would
have  the potential  for  future  localized  development of health problems
and the contamination of soil,  groundwater  and surface water.

     The water  of  the designated  mixing   zone  for effluent from  the
regional WWTP  potentially would be hazardous  for  body-contact  recrea-
tion.  A mechanical  failure of  the  regional WWTP  could result  in  a
temporary health hazard  outside the mixing zone.  Because of the large
mixing capacity of  the  Detroit River and Lake  Erie in relationship to
the  amount  of  effluent  being  discharged,  no impact  to the  City of
Monroe water supply (12-miles distant) is anticipated.

SECONDARY IMPACTS

     The major secondary impacts which are likely to be associated with
Alternative A-l  would result  from increased  development and land use
changes  encouraged  by the widespread availability of public wastewater
treatment service in the project area.  As  proposed by the Applicant in
Alternative  A-l,  Novi   and  Northville  Township  both  would  purchase
enough  additional  capacity  in the  new Huron  Valley  Interceptor to
satisfy  the total projected  1995 population for their community (Table
1-1).  The total capacity owned by these communities would be enough to
provide  service  for  the  existing population,  a  reserve for projected
population growth  until  1995,  and an additional  reserve capacity for
each community equal to the capacity that each owns in the Middle Rouge
Interceptor.   This  excess capacity could be sold  to another community
served by  the  interceptor (if a market existed), or would be available
to  accommodate  additional  growth.   Northville  and  Plymouth  Township
would  purchase  enough  additional capacity  to  provide a  relatively
significant  reserve  capacity  compared  to  the  projected 1995 needed
(nearly  100%  and 70%,  respectively), while continuing  to use  45% and
26%,  respectively,   of  the  capacity  each  owns  in  the Middle  Rouge
Interceptor.   This  excess  capacity   also   would  be   available  to
accommodate additional  growth, or could be  sold  to another community.
The  capacity  owned by  Canton Township  and Van Buren  Township in the
Lower  Rouge  Interceptor  of  the RVSDD,  and  that  owned by  Van Buren
Township  in  the Downriver  Interceptor,  would be  duplicated  by the
capacity that is proposed to be purchased by the two communities in the
HVWWCS  (equal  to  their total 1995 needs,  as shown in Table 1-1).  The
unused  capacity  created in  the  Lower  Rouge and Downriver Interceptors
would be available to sell or  to accomodate additional growth.

      The total of 43.89 cfs  of  excess interceptor sewer  capacity (Table
1-1;  service capacity  for  about 110,000  persons) made  available by
                                  1-8

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Alternative  A-l  for  Novi.,  Northville,  Northville  Township,  Plymouth
Township, Canton Township,  and  Van Buren Township in   addition  to the
very liberal 1995 population  estimates used as a basis of design would
have  the  potential   to  stimulate  significant  amounts of  additional
population growth  in these communities.   The major  long-term effects
which are  likely to  result  from increased urbanization  in  the project
area include;

     »  Modification  of  productive  soils  and  local  topography
         •
     a  Loss of biological and economic productivity from destruc-
        tion of  natural  vegetation,  wetlands,  wildlife habitat,
        and agricultural lands

     9  Degradation  of.  surface waters and a  reduction in ground-
        water recharge resulting from increased runoff

     9  Increased local employment and income

     »  Significant expansion of public services with a consequent
        need for increased public revenues

     *  Expansion of the local tax base

     9  Changes  in   long-term  energy requirements  resulting  from
        commuting patterns, housing  location, and  density  of  new
        development

     •  Loss of  population from existing urban  areas (especially
        Detroit)  through migration  to  the  project area and  the
        resulting underutLIIzation and consequent  increased  cost
        of existing urban infrastructure (i.e., schools, water and
        sewer systems).

1.3.  System Implementability

     When  the  "Notice  of  Intent  to  Prepare an  Environmental  Impact
Statement" on  the  HVWWCS was  published by USEPA on 5 July 1977 none of
the  project  area  communities  had  made  a  definite  commitment  to
participate  in the  proposed  regional system.   The aspect of Federal
involvement  in  the   local  wastewater  facilities  planning  activities
through the EIS process, the conscientious organizing of communities by
the  Wayne  County  DPW   in  support  of  a regional  system,  and  other
factors,  resulted  in  15 project  area communities  signing  agreements
with the DPW during  1978 to pay  their  share  of Step 2 design work for
Alternative  A-l.   The City of  Trenton and the  Village  of  Walled Lake
have  expressed  continued  interest   but  have  not  signed  such  an
agreement.   Both  communities  own  existing,  operating treatment  plants
and  have  not  decided whether  to  abandon  them  in  favor  of  the new
system.   The  Engineer  for  the  City  of  Plymouth  indicated in  his
statement  at  the  Public  Hearing  on  the  Draft  EIS  that  Plymouth
currently is reassessing its future needs.  It therefore is conceivable
                                  1-9

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that Plymouth also  may want to join a regional system.  Although there
are  signed  agreements  between  the  Wayne  County  DPW  and  the  15
communities on the conceptual design for interceptor sewers and for the
wastewater treatment plant described in Alternative A-l, each community
has the  freedom  to  withdraw from the system prior to  Its construction.
Therefore, there  is  no certainty that the Wayne  County DPW's proposed
Alternative A-l can be implemented.
                                1-10

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2.0.  SUMMARY OF OTHER ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED

     Six wastewater treatment alternatives for the Huron Valley project
area were evaluated  in the Draft EIS  (Volume  II).   Summaries of these
alternatives  are  presented  below.   Two  additional  alternatives  have
been  developed  in  response  to  comments  received  on  the Draft  EIS.
Alternative E (Modified) is discussed in Section 2.7.   Alternative F is
presented in Section 5.0.

2.1.  Alternative A-l

     Alternative  A-l  represents  the Applicant's  proposed action.   A
summary  of  Alternative  A-l is presented  in Section  1.0.   Additional
details are contained in Section 5.3.1.1. of the Draft EIS (Volume II).

2.2.  Alternative A-2

     Alternative  A-2  would  provide  reduced  system capacity  for  a
smaller projected population  for  the same communities served by Alter-
native  A-l.   The maximum service population  for this  alternative  is
projected at  332,650,  based  on  a revised population  estimate  for the
project  area.   A  maximum service population of  374,808  originally was
projected  for Alternative  A-l.   The  route  of  the  proposed regional
interceptor  sewer would be  the  same  as that  for  Alternative  A-l.
Existing  WWTPs  in  the  project  area  would  be abandoned.   The  new
regional WWTP would  have a design  capacity of 37.0 mgd  and  would use
the  same  treatment  processes  as  those described for Alternative A-l.
Alternative  A-2 differs  from Alternative A-l  in  the  disposition  of
contract capacities  in  existing  interceptor sewer systems  (the RVSDD
and  DD).   The  estimated   total  capital  cost of  Alternative  A-2  is
$168,764,000  (January  1978  price levels).   A detailed  discussion  of
this  alternative  is  presented in  Section  5.3.1.2.  of  the  Draft EIS
(Volume II).

     The primary  and  secondary  impacts associated with Alternative A-2
would  be  similar  to  those  associated with  Alternative  A-l.   However,
these  effects  would  be  somewhat  less  than  those  associated  with
Alternative  A-l  because of  the  slightly  reduced  size  and cost  of
Alternative A-2.

2.3.  Alternative B

     With  Alternative  B,  an estimated  364,000  persons in  the Huron
Valley  project   area  would  be  provided  with  wastewater  treatment
service.  This  would  include service to the population projected under
Alternative  A-2 and  service  to  an additional 31,850  persons in White
Lake  Township,  Wolverine  Lake,  and  Belleville.   The   route   of  the
regional interceptor sewer  would  be similar to  the route proposed for
Alternatives  A-l  and A-2,  but would extend  further north to the White
Lake  Township boundary  at  the  intersection  of  Cooley  Lake  Road and
Carroll  Lake Road.    Existing  WWTPs  in  the  project  area  would  be
abandoned and all contract capacity in the RVSDD and DD systems held by
project  area communities would  be  sold.  The new  regional  WWTP would
have  a design capacity  of  47.4  mgd  and  the  same  treatment  processes
                                  2-1

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would be  used as  those  proposed for  Alternative A-l,  The  estimated
total capital cost  for  Alternative  B  is  $205,141,000  (January  1978
price levels). A  detailed  discussion of Alternative B  is  presented in
Section 5,3.2. of the Draft CIS (Volume II),

     The primary  and secondary  impacts associated with  Alternative B
would be similar to those associated with Alternative A-l and A-2.   The
impacts  associated  with  Alternative  B  would  be  greater than  those
associated with Alternatives A-l and A-2 because of the larger size and
increased  cost  of  AJteraative  B,   This  would  apply especially to
impacts on the communities in the northern section of the project area,
such as White Lake Township.

2,4.  Alternative C

     With Alternative C,  the same sewered population would be served as
that  served   with  Alternative B,   Communities  from  northern  Novi to
White Lake Township  would be served by an expanded and upgraded Walled
Lake WWTP.   The  remainder of the project area would be served by a new
WWTP in  Brownstown Township.  Existing WWTPs in the southern section of
the project  area  would  be abandoned. A  new interceptor sewer would be
built to  convey  wastewater from the northern part of  the service area
to  the  Walled Lake WWTP.  Another new interceptor sewer would be built
to  convey flows  from the remainder  of the project  area to  the new
Brownstown Township WWTP.  Contract capacities in  the RVSDD and DD held
by  project  area  communities  would be  sold.  The expanded Walled Lake
WWTP  would  have  a design capacity  of 4.8 mgd,  and  the  new regional
facility  in  Brownstown  Township  would have a  design  capacity of 43=0
mgd,   The  Walled  Lake  WWTP  would  provide  tertiary  treatment  with
advanced  phosphorus removal  techniques.   The secondary  treatment and
phosphorus  removal  processes  discussed  for  Alternative  A-l  would be
utilized in  the Brownstown plant.  The estimated  total capital cost for
Alternative  C is  $188,306,000 (January 1978 price levels).  A detailed
presentation  of  Alternative  C  is  included  in Section 5.3.3.  of the
Draft EIS (Volume  II).

     The primary  impacts associated with Alternative C would be similar
to  those associated with  the alternatives  discussed  previously,  with
the  exception of  impacts  to  the Walled Lake Branch of  the Middle River
Rouge,   Increased discharge of  treated  wastewater to  this watercourse
could   result  in  reduced  concentrations  of   dissolved oxygen  and
increased  nutrient   loadings  in  downstream  waters.    In  addition,
effluent  from the Walled Lake WWTP would constitute a  large proportion
of  the  stream  volume   during  periods  of  reduced water flow.   The
secondary impacts  would  be similar to  those associated with Alternative
B,  although  the  higher  annual  costs  In  the  northern  section  of the
project  area  could  decrease the  attractiveness  of  the  new service
somewhat in  comparison to  that of Alternative B.

2.5.  Alternative  D

     Alternative D is the  action recommended by USEPA  in the Draft  EIS.
It  is summarized  in  Section 3.0.  A detailed discussion  is contained in
Section  5.3.4. of  the Draft EIS  (Volume  II).
                                  2-2

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2.6.  Alternative E

     Alternative E,  as presented  in Section 5.3.5=  of the  Draft  EIS
(Volume IT),  includes  provisions for upgrading and  expanding the five
existing WWTPs  in the  southeastern part of  the  project  area and the
continued operation  of the  existing Walled Lake WWTP  (see  Figure 12,
page 118 of  Volume  II).  The capacities  in  the RVSDD and the DD owned
by project area communities would continue to be utilized.   The maximum
total  population  that  potentially cculd be  served by this alternative
is 247,600  (115,500  by expanding the five existing  WWTPs  and the con-
tinued  operation  of  the Walled  Lake  WWTP,  115,400 by the  47.58 cfs
capacity  owned  by  project  area  communities and  institutions  in the
RVSDD, and 16,700 by the 8.0 cfs capacity owned in the DD).  Because no
new  regional  interceptor  or treatment capacity would be  provided with
this alternative for presently  unserviced areas,  future growth in such-
areas  would  be limited  to that  which  could be sustained by on-site,
private sewage disposal systems, or other local options-  Total capital
cost for upgrading  and expanding the existing WWTPs is estimated to be
$27,034,000  (January  1978  price levels).   Because  of the  major dif-
ference in  the total  population served between Alternative  E and the
other  alternatives, the   cost  of  Alternative  E   cannot  be compared
directly to the costs of the Alternatives A-I through D.

     A  variety  of major  primary impacts are  likely to be  associated
with Alternative E.   These include impacts from the continued operation
of  the six  existing  WWTPs,  especially  the high  costs   of  operating
small,  tertiary plants,  and the problems  from continued,  widespread
reliance  on  on-site  disposal  of  wastewater,   especially  in Sumpter
Township.   There would be no direct discharge of effluent  to Lake Erie.
However, there  would be continued discharge by the Walled Lake WWTP to
the  headwaters  of  the  Middle River  Rouge, by three  WWTPs  to the Lower
Huron  River,  and by  two  WWTPs  to  the Trenton Channel of the Detroit
River.  The constraint  on  growth  because  of  the  lack   of  available
wastewater  service  capacity would  be  most  severe  in Surapter Township
and  the communities  to  the north  in the  project   area.   This  would
preclude many  of the  secondary  impacts, both  beneficial  and adverse,
that would be associated with Alternatives A-l through D,

2.7.  Alternative E  (Modified)

     Based on  comments on the Draft EIS  (Appendix A), especially those
from  the  Wayne County  and  the  Oakland  County  Health  Departments,  it
appears that local conditions in many of the unsewered growth areas may
be unsuitable for  on-site sewage disposal.   (This will be investigated
further through the local facilities planning process.)  Alternative E,
therefore,  has  been  modified  to present a  decentralized alternative
that would serve a population equivalent to that served by the proposed
Alternatives  B,  C,  or D.   This  includes  the  consideration of  new
advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) plants to serve future flows in the
communities  of  White  Lake  Township, Commerce Township,  and Wolverine
Lake  (Area  1) ;  the  flows in excess  of  the  existing RVSDD capacity for
Novi,  Northville, Northville Township,  Plymouth,  and Plymouth Township
(Area  3); and  future flows  in  excess  of  the available capacity in the
RVSDD  and the  DD  for Canton Township, Van  Buren  Township, and Sumpter
Township  (Area  4).  Preliminary  costs for these three additional treat-
                                  2-3

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ment facilities and inter-community interceptor sewers are presented in
Table 2-1,  along with  revised  costs for  upgrading and  expanding  the
five existing  treatment  plants  in the project area.   (The  Walled  Lake
WWTP  would  not  require  additional  capital  expenditure  to  continue
operation.)

     Although  the   total  present  worth  cost  of   $136.6 million  for
Alternative  E  (Modified)  appears lower  than the  costs  of  the  other
system  alternatives  considered,  Alternative  E  (Modified)  cannot  be
implemented, for the following reasons:

    •  For  environmental  reasons,  no  new wastewater  treatment
       facilities  would  be  permitted  by  the  MDNR that  would
       discharge treated effluent to the Upper Huron River or the
       Upper Middle  River Rouge  (By letter of  20  January 1975,
       from  the  MDNR  to  the  facilities  planning  consultants).
       Therefore,  the  AWT plants  for  Area  1  and  Area 3 (which
       were  considered  for costing  purposes to have  been sited
       above Proud Lake  in Commerce  Township, and  above Newburgh
       Lake  east   of  Plymouth,  respectively)  could  not  be
       constructed

    •  A  new  wastewater  treatment  facility,  such  as  the  one
       proposed  for  Area 4 (service for flows  from Canton Town-
       ship, Van Buren  Township,  and Sumpter Township), probably
       would not be  permitted to be sited  immediately  above the
       Flat  Rock-Rockwood water supply  intake  (By  letter  of 13
       April 1976, from  the  Michigan Department of Public Health
       to  the  Washtenaw  County  and Wayne County DPWs).  Thus the
       AWT  plant  proposed for  Area  4,  which was  considered for
       costing purposes  to have been sited  near the Huron River
       southeast of New Boston,  probably could not  be constructed

    *  The  existing  Flat  Rock WWTP site area is insufficient for
       expansion and is bordered by developed residential proper-
       ty,  Huron River  Drive, and the Huron River.   The existing
       site probably would have to be abandoned for a new site so
       that  future wastewater treatment could be provided to the
       Flat Rock-Huron Township  service area.

     A decentralized treatment concept for the project area that incor-
porates disposal of  effluent  on land or in wetlands, or that relies on
widespread  utilization  of  on-site  treatment,  was  not  considered  in
detail because of  its limited potential feasibility.  Such alternative
systems may be well  suited  for small wastewater flows where soil and
groundwater  conditions are  favorable.   However,  the large project area
population  will  generate  large  flows that will require very large land
areas for land or wetland treatment.   Large capital investments already
have been  made for sewer collection systems, and soil  and groundwater
conditions  are not well  suited for the  small,  local  sewage disposal
system concept in the project area.

     Some  of those who commented on the Draft  EIS  reiterated the con-
                                  2-4

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Table  2-1.    Estimated  system cost for  Alternative E  (Modified).
                                                                  Cost in Dollars (x 1,000)
                                                                  (January 1978 price levels)
           Area 1:   White Lake Twp.,
                    Commerce Twp., and
                    Wolverine Lake

                A.   Interceptor

                B.   Treatment (4.0 mgd WWTP)

                C.   Land Cost

           Area 2:   Existing Walled Lake System

                A.   Treatment (1.5 mgd WWTP)

           Area 3:   Novi, Northville, Northville Twp.,
                    Plymouth, and Plymouth Twp.

                A.   Interceptor

                B.   Treatment (2.0 mgd WWTP)

                C.   Land Cost

           Area 4:   Canton Twp., Van Buren Twp,
                    and Sumpter Twp.

                A.   Interceptor

                B.   Treatment (6.7 mgd WWTP)

                C.   Land Cost

           Area 5:   Huron Twp. and Flat Rock

                A.   Treatment (4.6 mgd WWTP)

           Area 6:   Rockwood and South Rockwood

                A:   Treatment (".8 mgd WTP)

           Area 7:   Existing Trenton System

                A.   Treatment (5.5 mgd WWTP)

           Area 8:   Existing Wayne County-Trenton System
                    (Central Brownstown Twp,,  Woodhaven, and
                    Gibraltar)

                A.   Treatment (6.1 mgd WWTP)

           Area 9:   Southern Brownstown Township

                A.   Treatment (0.9 mgd WWTP)
                                              Total
Capital13
3,164
7,752
45
0
854
3,655
33
26,059
13,908
54
Salvage0
1,582
1,641
45
0
427
733
33
13,029
3,071
54
Average Annual
0&Md

492

200

269


439

 9,800
   Ifi3
   152
10,116
1,960
                 32
                 30
2,023
665
                             200
                             840
                             838
                             200
                           4,143
                                                2-5

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Table  2-1.   Concluded.
            Service  Factor  (27%)-Engineering                  20,910
              Administration,  Legal, and
              Contingencies

            Total Capital Cost

            Less Present Worth of  Salvage Value

            Net Capital Cost

            Present  Worth of  O&Me                             43,200
                                    Total Present Worth      136,626

            Estimated Total Average  Annual  Equivalent Costf   12,523
        January 1978 price levels have  been  utilized  to allow comparison with alter-
        natives previously developed.


        Interceptor sewer, pump station,  and outfall  sewer unit  costs are based on
        Hubbell, Roth & Clark,  Inc.  (1977);  WWTP  costs derived from USEPA (1978).


       ""Assumes 40-year life for interceptor sewer
        equipment, and straight-line depreciation.
""Assumes 40-year life for interceptor  sewer and  structures.   20-year  life on
        Based on cost information in Hubbell,  Roth  &  Clark,  Inc.  (1976) adjusted  to
        January 1978 price levels.   Projected  1985  flow  estimates were utilized to
        provide an average operational condition.

       eThe present worth of the O&M cost reflects  a  January 1978 value for  20 years
        of O&M expenditures (constant cost at  the average  operational condition)
        discounted at the USEPA specified 6.625% discount  rate  (average annual value
        multiplied by a uniform or equal payment series  factor  of 10.9099).


        Estimated total average annual equivalent cost permits  expressing  a  nonuniform
        series of expenditures as a uniform annual  amount, where money has a time value
        (total present worth multiplied by a capital  recovery factor of 0.09166).
                                            2-6

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cepc that  the  project  area north of Novi  (Commerce Township and White
Lake Township)  exhibits quite different  environmental  conditions than
those  that  exist  in  the  remainder  of  the  project  area.    It  is
conceivable  that  small,   decentralized wastewater treatment  options
could serve this northern section of the project area effectively, at a
lower cost, and  with  less  environmental impact  than could  the various
regionalized systems  proposed.  The  feasibility and cost-effectiveness
of  such  options  must   be  explored  through  local  facilities  planning
activities.

2.8.  Alternative F

     Alternative  F  was developed  as a result  of  comments  received on
the Draft  EIS.   Alternative F represents the revised USEPA recommended
action and is discussed in detail in Section 5.0.
                                 2-7

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3.0.   SUMMARY OF  THE ACTION  RECOMMENDED  BY US EPA  IN THE  DRAFT EIS

     The studies Involved  in the preparation of the Draft EIS provided
a basis for USEPA to conclude that there exists a documented, immediate
need  for  relief of  the overloaded  Flat  Rock WWTP  and for  action to
bring  the  Rockwood and  Wayne  County-Trenton WWTPs  and the Brownstown
Township  wastewater  stabilization  lagoons  into  compliance with the
conditions  specified  by their permits to discharge  under the National
Pollutant Discharge  Elimination System  (NPDES).   In  addition,  it was
determined  that   on-site   wastewater  disposal   problems  in  Sumpter
Township require  immediate  attention.  Based  on  information presented
in  the Draft EIS,  no  immediate  need  appears   to   exist  for  a new
wastewater  management  system  in the northern  section of  the  project
area  (north of Novi).   Finally, it was determined that the solution to
the wastewater treatment needs  of the Huron Valley project area should
maximize the  use of  existing  interceptor  systems  and should minimize
the  provision of   large  amounts  of excess  conveyance  and  treatment
capacity in the project area.

     Alternatives A-l, A-2,  and B provide for interceptor construction
in,  and treatment  capacity for,  the  area north  of Novi.  There is
insufficient  documentation  to   support  the  need  for such  capacity;
therefore Alternatives  A-l, A-2,  and B were  rejected.   Alternative C
was rejected because it would not maximize the use of existing systems,
especially the RVSDD.   Alternative E would not meet  the  water  quality
goals or sewer service needs of the project area and potentially could
lead  to significant  long-term  adverse impacts.  Therefore, it also was
rejected.

     The approach  that appeared to be  the  most  cost-effective,  relia-
ble,  and efficient  solution to the wastewater management  needs  of the
project area  through 1995  was  Alternative D.  USEPA recommended that
Alternative D should be implemented.

     With Alternative D, the same populations would be served as those
served  with  Alternatives B  and C.   If  it  is shown  that the existing
individual  septic  systems  in  the communities north of  Novi are not
performing properly and  are causing a serious pollution problem, those
communities would  be served by an  expanded  and  upgraded  Walled Lake
WWTP  with  a  design  capacity  of  4.8  mgd.   Tertiary treatment  with
advanced phosphorus removal would be provided.  A new interceptor sewer
would convey  flows to  the  Walled Lake facility.   If  it  is determined
that continued reliance on the individual septic systems is acceptable,
only  minor  improvements  to the  existing  Walled  Lake WWTP would  be
required.  The remainder of  the project  area would be  served by a new
regional WWTP in  Brownstown Township at which secondary  treatment and
phosphorus  removal would   be  provided.  The design  capacity   of  the
Brownstown Township plant would be 32.0 mgd.  A new interceptor sewer
would extend from the proposed Brownstown facility to  the northwest and
then to the north, where it would terminate in central Canton Township.
The five existing WWTPs In the southeastern section of the project area
would   be   abandoned.    Contract  capacities  held   by  project  area
communities  in   the Middle  Rouge  Interceptor would  continue   to  be
utilized.   In order to maximize utilization of this system, it would be
necessary for existing  capacities  to be redistributed among the commu-
                                  3-1

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nittes of Novl,  Northville,  Northville Township,  Plymouth,  and Plymouth
Township.  Under Alternative D,  Canton Township would sell  its share of
the capacity in  the  Middle  Rouge Interceptor  to  the  northern communi-
ties noted previously.   Contract capacities in the Lower  Rouge  Inter-
ceptor and the Downriver  Interceptor owned by Canton Township and Van
Buren Township and by  Belleville would be sold to eastern  (downstream)
communities in the RVSDD  and DD.  The total capital  cost  for Alterna-
tive D is  estimated  to be $153,528,000  (January  1978  price  levels). A
detailed discussion  of  Alternative  D is included in  Section  5.3.4.  of
the Draft EIS (Volume II).

     The primary  and secondary  impacts  that would be  associated with
Alternative D  potentially are  the  least of those of  all  the alterna-
tives discussed  in detail  in the Draft EIS.  With Alternative  D, the
majority  of   the project  area  would be  provided  with  public  sewer
service  and current  wastewater  treatment problems would be alleviated.
The use of the existing systems, especially the RVSDD and the DD, would
be maximized with Alternative D.  The regional  interceptor proposed for
Alternative D is the shortest in length of any  interceptor  proposed for
the  alternatives that  involve  a  regional  approach.   It  is  the most
cost-effective  regional system  examined.  Massive induced (secondary)
growth would  be  less  likely to  occur  with  Alternative  D  than with
Alternatives A-l, A-2, B, or C.

     The costs and environmental Impacts of Alternative D were based on
expansion of the Walled Lake WWTP to 4.8 mgd so as to permit comparison
with other regional  treatment alternatives.  As   noted  in  Section 7.2.
of the Draft EIS, "In view of the lack of a demonstrated immediate need
for  a  new  wastewater  control  system in  the  northern section  of the
project  area, action to expand  the Walled Lake WWTP should be deferred
until such time as  facility plans  and/or  other  studies are completed
for  the  Commerce Township-White Lake Township area."   As stated pre-
viously, a major reason for the  rejection of Alternatives A-l, A-2, and
B  was  the absence  of documentation of  the  need  for  public wastewater
treatment  on  the scale provide  for  in those plans.  It also was recom-
mended that  local  facilities planning be completed as soon as possible
for the  section of the project area  north of Sumpter Township, and that
initial  engineering design  for the  southern  section should  begin at
once.  These  and other important statements expressed  in  Section 7.2.
of the Draft EIS were part of the recommendation   for the implementation
of Alternative D.
                                  3-2

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4.0.  SUMMARY OF COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS

     The  magnitude  of  the response  to  the Draft  EIS attests  to the
success of  the  EIS  public involvement process and,  especially,  to the
highly  controversial  nature of the proposed wastewater conveyance and
treatment  alternatives  for the Huron Valley Wastewater Control  System
project  area.    The  following  subsections present  a  summary  of tha
responses  to the  Draft  EIS,  including both presentations at the Public
Hearing  (two  sessions)  and  written comments.   Copies of  all written
comments  received during  the  1 December 1978 to 31 January 1979 public
comment period, and several  subsequent  communications, are included in
Appendix  A.   A  copy of  the  Hearing  Record  for the  4  January 1979
morning and  evening  sessions  of  the Public  Hearing is  available for
inspection at  the US  Environmental Protection Agency, Region V,  230 S.
Dearborn   Street,    Chicago,    Illinois    (contact   Mr.   Doug  Ehorn,
312-353-2160) and at  the Wayne County Department of  Public Works, 900
W.   Lafayette,  Detroit,  Michigan (contact Mr. Duane  Egeland).  A copy
of  the  Hearing Record   can  be  purchased from Deposition  Reporting
Associates,  First   National  Building,  Detroit,  Michigan,  48226  (313-
961-5560).

4.1.  Applicant's Comments

     Through a  presentation  at the Public Hearing and  subsequent let-
ters to USEPA,  the Wayne County DPW has expressed its continued support
for its proposed action, Alternative A-l, and its disagreement with the
USEPA recommendation of Alternative D in the Draft EIS.  The advocation
by  the  Wayne County  DPW of  the  larger system,  as  proposed  in  Alter-
native A-l, is based on:

    •  The  perception by  the  DPW of a  need  for greater inter-
       ceptor capacity  than would  be  provided  by  Alternative D

    •  The  lower unit cost for conveyance and treatment afforded
       by a larger  system

    •  The  contention by  the DPW  that  Alternative D  cannot  b^
       implemented

    •  The  opposition to expansion  of  the Walled Lake WWTP  (or
       any of the other existing WWTPs)  by the MDNR,  communities,
       and local citizens

    •  The  willingness  of communities  to  sell their contract
       capacity in  the RVSDD and/or DD

    •  The  unfavorabllity of conditions for on-site disposal  of
       wastewater

    •  The possibility that the Detroit wastewater system will be
       incapable  of receiving  increased  flows  from  the  project
       area

    •  The ability  of the DPW to proceed with the implementation
       of  Alternative A-l  as  soon  as  it  would be  approved  by
       USEPA.
                                  4-1

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In a  letter of  23  January 1979  to USEPA, the DPW  reiterated  13 pro-
blems,  Including  many of  those  listed above,  that  the  DPW perceived
would prevent the implementation of Alternative D.  In its letter of 30
January 1979, the DPW refuted the rationale of USEPA for the selection
of Alternative  D,  as  presented by USEPA in its  letter  of  15 November
1978 and in the Draft EIS.  As of 1 June 1979,  there has been no change
in the Applicant's staunch support of Alternative A-l and its disagree-
ment with the selection of Alternative D by the USEPA.

4.2.  Congressional Comments

     Congressman William D. Ford (15th District, Michigan), in a letter
presented for him at the Public Hearing on  the Draft EIS, urged "that
the issues associated with the various alternatives be placed behind us
and that  all  efforts be concentrated on the implementation of the most
economically  feasible  and  environmentally sound  plan."   He  favors
Alternative   A-l   as   such   a   plan.    He    stressed   the   social
implementabllity of  Alternative  A-l as compared  to  what he saw as the
nonimpleraentability  of  the  other  alternatives.  He  also  expressed
concern  over  the  time   involved  to  prepare   the  EIS,   the "apparent
shallowness  of   the  final product,"  and  the consequent  escalation in
cost  of the project  due to  LnflatLon during  the time of preparation.

     Congressman Carl  D.  Pursell  (2nd Di.stri.ct, Michigan) also has ex-
pressed support  for Alternative  A-l in a  letter  to  the USEPA Regional
Administrator.   His  primary  support for this alternative, as stated in
the letter,  relates to his desire  to  see  wastewater service in south-
eastern Michigan expanded "to an  acceptable competitive level  in com-
parison  to  other regions  of  the country  where rapid  growth Is occur-
ring."  He views  Alternative  A-l as  a  permanent solution to wastewater
disposal needs, and  is of  the opinion  that Alternative D "merely offers
temporary stop  gap  improvement."   He stated that "Plan  D would result
in  an inefficient fragmented system which would  pose serious capacity
allocation  problems  for  principle  [sic]  communities in  my district,
namely Plymouth  and Northvtile."

     Congressman  William S.  Broomfield (19th  District,  Michigan)  and
Michigan Senator Donald W. Riegle, Jr., also have corresponded with the
USEPA regarding  this project, primarily to pass  on  the views of their
constituents.

4.3.  Federal Agencies' Comments

     Letters  on the  project  were received  from the following Federal
agencies:

    •  US  Department  of  Transportation,  Federal Highway Admin-
        istration and US Coast Guard

    •   US Department of  the  Interior, Off Lee  of the Secretary,
       North Central Region

    •   US  Department  of  Commerce,   National  Oceanic  and  Atmo-
        spheric Administration.
                                  4-2

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The Federal Highway Administration (FHA) offered its concerns about the
need  for  coordination with  the Michigan  Department  of State Highways
and Transportation  regarding the alternatives for routing the proposed
M-275 highway  in  the northern part of the project area, because of the
many  crossings   of  existing  roads  and  highways  by  the  proposed
interceptor  route.    The Draft  EIS  is  considered  by the  FHA  to  be
"adequate  for  financing  purposes",  but  "the  level  of  detail  is
considered  inadequate   to  properly  assess  the significance  of  the
impacts on the natural  and  cultural  features  along  the  route of the
interceptor sewer."  The FHA made several other comments concerning the
treatment  of mitigation  measures in the Draft EIS  and the need for an
indication  of   whether  the  proposed  action  is consistent  with  the
Michigan  Coastal   Zone  Management  Act.   The US  Coast  Guard  had  no
comments on the project.

     Written  comments by  the  Regional  Environmental  Officer  of  the
Office of  the  Secretary, US  Department of the Interior, indicated that
he appears  to  favor a decentralized system as presented in Alternative
E.  He indicated  that the USDI believes that such a system would allow
attainment of water quality standards with a minimal disruption of fish
and  wildlife  habitats,  and  would not  eliminate future  options.   The
Officer also presented various other substantive comments, including a
determination "that the  statement is adequate in describing the impacts
of the proposed alternatives on fish and  wildlife  resources, but that
the  statement  is  not  adequate in its description  of related issues."

     The Director of  the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
of the National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated  by let-
ter, "In general,  the project should have a minimal impact on Lake Erie
although some  localized  problems will occur  (a) near  the outfall,  and
(b) if the plant's phosphorus removal system breaks down."  At the same
time, he noted  the  importance of making use  "of the natural assimila-
tive capacity of the drainage basin" through reliance on decentralized,
small WWTPs  throughout  the  drainage  basin,  thus  reducing  the  total
contaminant load on the  lake.

4.4.   Michigan State Legislators' Comments

     Michigan  State Representative  Thomas H.  Brown  (37th  District),
whose district includes  Canton Township and part of Plymouth Township,
expressed  his  support for Alternative A-l in  a letter  to  USEPA.   He
cited a need for  sewer capacity in  these  communities,  concern  for the
cleanup of the Middle River Rouge, problems with  the requirement for
Canton Township  to  sell its  existing  capacity in  the Middle  Rouge
Interceptor,  and   the fact  that the  majority  of  the  people  in  the
service area are in favor of Alternative A-l,  as opposed to Alternative
D.

     State Senator  William  Faust  (13th  District),  whose  district in-
cludes Belleville, Wayne, Romulus, Canton Township,  Van Buren Township,
and  Sumpter Township,  submitted  a  letter  stating  his support  for
Alternative A-l and  his  opposition  to Alternative D.   This position is
stated as  being based on  what  he  feels  is  nearly  100%  opposition to
Alternative D and complete support for Alternative A-l among the commu-
nities involved,  and  on other cost  and  environmental considerations.
                                  4-3

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     Seven  other members  of  the  Michigan  House  of  Representatives
jointly submitted a letter to USEPA to express their concern about this
project, which they  feel  "could  have dramatic effects on large geogra-
phic  areas  and  large numbers  of  state  residents."   Their  principal
concern is with the provision of excess capacity:

     The environmental  damage which can result from oversewering
     is of  great concern  to  us,  since the side effects  of over-
     sewering  and  new  development in  rural  regions  include  the
     loss of  valuable  farmland,  the loss  of wetlands  and their
     accompanying flood-mitigation properties, and  the addition of
     polluting activities  which will  be damaging  to water and air
     quality.  The economic  damage resulting  from  oversewering in
     rural areas is twofold:   those rural areas are then subjected
     to  financial  pressures  to  provide  other services for  new
     occupants,  while at  the same  time  older  urban  areas  from
     which the occupants have moved out are subjected to a loss of
     population, a loss  of income earners and a loss  of accompa-
     nying  assistance to  provide  social  services,  education  and
     physical plant  improvement  for the declining  population that
     remains.

4.5.  Michigan State Agencies' Comments

     Comments on the  Draft EIS were received from the Michigan Depart-
ment  of Natural  Resources  (MDNR),  the Michigan Environmental  Review
Board  (MERE),  and  the State Historic Preservation  Officer  (SHPO).  The
MDNR  raised many  issues  and  concerns  related to  the Draft  EIS,  and
questioned  the  legality  of  the  development of a  new  alternative by
USEPA  in  the  EIS that was not studied  in  the Facility Plan.  The MDNR
emphasized  the need  for "prompt selection of an implementable alterna-
tive  to correct  existing unlawful  pollution  problems"  and  stated that
"failure  to agree  upon an alternative  will necessitate our Department
taking  further  actions  to limit discharges of pollutants from existing
inadequate  treatment  plants."    It  also  stated   concern  about  the
potential expansion  of  the Walled Lake WWTP and the growth constraints
that  would  be  imposed  in northwestern Wayne County  and  southwestern
Oakland County  should Alternative D be implemented.  Additionally, the
MDNR stated "that the EIS  failed to develop any significant new data on
which  to base a decision."  The MDNR letter concludes:

     In  summary,  the draft EIS does  not  describe  any significant
     environmental  reasons  why  alternative  A-l   should  not  be
     selected.   Because  of the technical considerations discussed
     above, the strong public desire to construct alternative A-l,
     the almost unanimous  opposition to alternative D, and  the low
     cost difference  based upon the estimated average annual cost
     per  sewered  capita,  this Department supports alternative A-l
     as the best of the six alternatives.

     The  submittal  of  a position statement  by  the  MERE  to  USEPA
reflected the  most  recent position of  the MDNR and of the  MERB on this
project.  In summary, the  MERB recommended support  of  a 12 March  1979
agreement between  USEPA  and  MDNR  "to  only  recommend approval for the
lower  portion of  the Huron  Valley Wastewater Control  System."  This
                                  4-4

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area  includes  Sumpter  Township and  communities  to  the  east   in  the
southern section of the project area.

     The  SHPO   protested  the  publication   of   archaeological  site
locations in the Draft EIS.  The SHPO also indicated that the statement
"no  historic  or  archaeological  sites  are  known  to  exist  at  the
Brownstown Township WWTP  site" in  the Draft EIS should be qualified to
reflect that no surveys have been performed at this site.

4.6.  Local Governments' and Public Organizations' Comments

     The majority of the response to the Draft EIS was generated by the
local governmental  jurisdictions  in and adjacent  to  the project area.
Spokespersons for  the  various  governmental units or agencies typically
included elected officials, agency  directors,  and/or city and township
engineers.  Comments on  the Draft  EIS were recorded from the following
local entities:

     •  Wayne County

             Board of Commissioners
             Board of Public Works
             Department of Public Works
             Department of Health
             Planning Commission

     •  Oakland County

             Board of Commissioners
             Health Divison
             Sewer, Water, and Solid Waste Division
             Division of County Planning

     •  Project Area Communities

             Township of Commerce
             City of Novi
             City of Northville
             Township of Northville
             City of Plymouth
             Township of Canton
             City of Romulus
             Van Buren Township
             City of Belleville
             Township of Sumpter
             Township of Huron
             City of Flat Rock
             City of Rockwood
             Village of South  Rockwood
             Township of Brownstown
             City of Trenton
             City of Woodhaven
                                  4-5

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     •  Adjacent Jurisdictions

             Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
             Monroe County Board of Commissioners
             Monroe  County  Planning  Department  and  Commission
             Monroe  County  Soil  and Water Conservation  District
             City of Livonia
             City of Westland
             Berlin Township
             Washtenaw  County  Metropolitan  Planning  Commission
            /
     •  Other Public Organizations

             Southeast Michigan Council  of Governments  (SEMCOG)
             Huron River Watershed Council
             Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority.

     Almost  unanimous  support  for  Alternative  A-l  and  opposition  to
Alternative D  was presented  by Wayne County, Oakland  County,  and  the
responding  representatives  of   the  project  area  communities.   These
respondants  believe that Alternative  A-l  is  the only  implementable
alternative.   The communities in the central and  northern  sections  of
the project  area, (excluding White Lake Township,  Wolverine  Lake,  and
Walled Lake, which  did  not respond to the Draft EIS)  believe that they
would be  without a  viable  means  of  disposing  wastewater  without  the
system proposed in in Alternative A-l.  These communities voiced strong
objection to the following:

     •  The population  and flow  projections  utilized in Alterna-
        tive D

     •  The concept  of  reallocation among communities of contract
        capacities in the RVSDD

     •  The  assumption  that some  amount of new development could
        depend on on-site disposal systems

     •  The  expansion  of  the  Walled  Lake WWTP  because  of  the
        effect of the increased discharge downstream in the Middle
        River Rouge and its impoundments.

     The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department expressed its opposition
to the  construction of  a regional system for the  Huron Valley project
area because it fears that:

     •  The new development made possible by the new systems would
        hasten the population drain of the Detroit  urban core, re-
        sulting  in the abandonment  of  existing  urban systems and
        raising the cost  to remaining users

     •  The financing of  the HVWWCS may place the entire County in
        a situation where "all would pay to benefit a few"
                                  4-6

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     •  The wastewater management situation of the Department will
        lose revenues because of the replacement of service to the
        Department's  present customers  in the  RVSDD by  the new
        system.

     SEMCOG, as the certified A-95 Areawide Clearinghouse for Southeast
Michigan,  solicited  comments from  communities  and  agencies  in south-
eastern Michigan and.prepared a staff report for the Regional Clearing-
house Review Committee  (RC2).   The staff recommended a negative review
because  of  the  proposed  expansion  of  the  Walled  Lake  WWTP  and
questioned  the  assumptions  used  to  propose   continued  service  for
communities  presently  utilizing  the  RVSDD.    The  RC2  approved  the
following recommendations:

     •  Issuance of  a negative  review of the Draft EIS in support
        of the staff's conclusions

     •  That  Step  2  design for  Alternative  A-l  be allowed  to
        proceed immediately  based  on a modular design, while fur-
        ther  study of  the  Detroit  system capacity  is  completed

     •  That the  Final EIS  address  the environmental  impacts  on
        the Monroe water  intake from a regional WWTP discharge to
        Lake Erie.

     The Monroe County Board and its agencies are concerned that resid-
uals from the treatment process would be disposed in Monroe County, and
that the  discharge  from a regional WWTP at the proposed location would
affect  the  City of  Monroe water intake and the Pointe  Mouillee State
Game Area.  The  Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority is concerned about
the potential effects that the construction and operation of a regional
system would have on the four Metroparks in the Lower Huron River area.
The Huron River Watershed Council expressed concern over the interbs.sin
transfer  of water  made possible  by  a  regional interceptor,  and the
potential subsequent  depletion  of  groundwater  availability and flow in
the Upper and Lower Huron River.

4.7.  Public and Special Interest Groups' and Individuals'  Comments

     A variety of organizations (12) and individuals (4) also commented
on  the  Draft EIS.   The organizations expressed interest  primarily in
the  environmental/conservation  aspects  of  the  project, and  included:

        Michigan United Conservation Clubs
        Pointe Mouillee Waterfowlers Association
        East Michigan Environmental Action Council
        Rouge Basin Coalition
        Michigan Audubon Society
        Leauge of Women Voters of the Detroit Metropolitan Area
        Wayne County Economic Development Corporation
        Meadowbrook Lake Subdivision Association
        Downriver Wayne County League of Women Voters
        Huron River Basin Association
        Lake Erie Advisory Committee
        Associated Yacht Clubs of Michigan and Ohio
                                  4-7

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In general, the environmental/conservation groups presented comments in
opposition to a regional wastewater control system because:

    •  They  question   the  need   for   additional,   centralized
       wastewater facilities in the central and northern sections
       of the project area

    •  They  perceive  that  the discharge  from a  large  regional
       WWTP  directly  to Lake  Erie  will have  adverse  effects  on
       the Lake

    •  There  exists  concern  over  the  potentially  detrimental
       effects   of   a  breakdown   of   the  regional   treatment
       facilities or of the regional interceptor

    •  They  object  to the proposed interbasin  transfer  of water
       because they fear  that  groundwater and surface water flow
       will be adversely impacted

    •  They   favor   a   decentralized   approach   to   wastewater
       treatment, including  the upgrading  of  existing  WWTPs  in
       the project  area,  continued reliance on on-site disposal
       systems,   and   utilization   of   innovative/alternative
       wastewater treatment  technologies.   This  approach,  they
       feel,    would   provide  service  as  needed,   instead  of
       providing  excess   system  capacity  and  thus  inducing
       secondary growth (outmigration from the Detroit urban area
       to the project area)

    •  They  perceive  that  secondary growth induced by a regional
       wastewater system would result in conversion of productive
       agricultural  lands to developed uses, filling of wetlands,
       destruction   of   wildlife   habitat,    greater   energy
       consumption  because of  greater commuting  distances,  and
       the creation  of a  demand  for new  urban services  in the
       project  area  that would  result  in  the  abandonment  of
       existing services in the Detroit urban area.

Several  of  the organizations  and  individuals  favored  Alternative A-l.
Residents of  the  Meadowbrook Lake  area in Novl in particular were well
represented.    They voiced  solid  opposition to the concept of expansion
of the discharge of  the Walled Lake WWTP, on the basis that Meadowbrook
Lake is fed  in part  by  the discharge from the plant via  the Walled Lake
Branch of the Middle River Rouge.

     Several   residents  of   southeastern   Brownstown  Township  have
presented statements  in opposition to the siting of a regional WWTP in
that area.   They  have indicated that the proposed plant site has been
flooded  in  the  past,  that  blasting operations at the  nearby Ottawa
Silica quarry  could  rupture the interceptor sewer, that the soils are
not suitable for construction of the facilities, and that the discharge
of wastewater  to  Lake Erie would have adverse impacts on water quality
and on the Pointe Mouillee area.
                                  4-8

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     Several  petitions  in  opposition  to  the  proposed "Super  Sewer"
concept also  have been  submitted  to USEPA.   These are summarized  in
Appendix A.
                                  4-9

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5.0.  SUMMARY OF THE REVISED USEPA RECOMMENDED ACTION

5.1.  General Discussion

     Based on the studies involved in the preparation of the Draft EIS
and on the public comments (Sections 4.0. and 6.O.), USEPA has reached
the following conclusions concerning the proposed HVWWCS:
     •  The  existence  of wastewater  management problems  in the
        southern  part  of  the project  area is well  documented.
        These  problems  include  discharges from  five wastewater
        treatment plants  that are  in violation of  NPDES permit
        discharge limitations, and the groundwater and well water
        contamination  in  Sumpter  Township  that  is  caused  by
        failing septic tanks

     •  There  is  insufficient  documentation of  existing waste-
        water management needs or problems for the section of the
        project area north  of Joy Road (Canton Township-Plymouth
        Township  boundary).   Approvable  facilities  plans  are
        needed  for  these communities before  USEPA will consider
        approval of interceptor  sewer and treatment capacity for
        this section of the project area

     •  There are several options for the provision of service to
        the  northern  area.    These  include:   the  system proposed
        by the  Wayne  County DPW (Alternative A-l); a system pro-
        viding service by connection to the Detroit system; local
        treatment   alternatives;   and   combinations   of   these
        options.  Local  alternatives include  partial service by
        on-site systems

     •  Although USEPA has considered that facilities planning is
        complete  for  the Brownstown  Township  to  Canton Township
        section   of  the   project   area,   the   reluctance  of
        participating communities to sell their capacities in the
        existing  RVSDD  and DD  systems  to  other  communities, as
        proposed  in Alternative  D,  causes this alternative to be
        unimplementable.  Furthermore,  there is  no  interest in
        Alternatives A-2, B,  or  C,  because these are not consid-
        ered  to  be  cost-effective  or  environmentally  sound.
        Alternative  E,  as  originally  proposed  and  as modified
        herein,   similarly   is   neither   cost-effective   nor
        environmentally acceptable, for the reasons stated in the
        Draft EIS and in this document.

Therefore,  USEPA has  revised its  position  on  the  proposed HVWWCS.
This position  was presented to the Applicant at a meeting on 28 March
1979 at the Detroit Metropolitan Airport.  USEPA will not give further
consideration to  Alternatives A-2,  B, C, and  E.   Should new interest
be  expressed  by  the  Wayne  County  DPW  and by the  participating
communities in  the regional interceptor system proposed in Alternative
D  (routing of  the  interceptor as  far  north as  central Canton Town-
                                  5-1

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ship), USEPA would give further consideration to that alternative.  In
an  effort  to  expedite a  solution  for  the  southern section of  the
project area,  USEPA and  the  MDNR jointly  have adopted  the  position
that the design  work  for  the regional system included  in Alternative
A-l  can be  initiated for  the  southern section  of the  project  area
(Brownstown Township to Sumpter Township) if local facilities  planning
work for the  area north of Joy Road  is  initiated concurrently and is
scheduled for simultaneous completion.

     The scope  of the facilities planning  effort  for the communities
from  Plymouth Township north to  Commerce Township  will have to  be
sufficiently  comprehensive  to develop all  information  necessary  both
for the completion and approval of the plan and  for the implementation
of  the  selected  project.    An analysis should be  conducted of  all  of
the conveyance and  treatment  alternatives  for the northern section of
the  project  area,  including the  communities   of Novi,  Northville,
Northville Township,  Commerce Township,  and Plymouth Township.   Local
facilities planning generally will focus on sewage collection systems.
The  nature   and   extent   of  existing  pollution  problems  must  be
documented  for   each  community  that    envisions  construction  or
extension   of   sewage   collection   systems   in  unsewered   areas.
Alternatives  to  conventional gravity  sewers,  such as  on-site septic
systems, cluster  systems,  pressure  sewers,  and  small-diameter gravity
sewers, must  be  considered  in  terms  of their  cost-effectiveness and
social,  economic,  and environmental  consequences.   A  sewer  system
evaluation survey must be completed in areas that already are served
by sewers and that have infiltration/inflow problems.

     The Applicant's   lead  engineering  consultant  should  conduct the
analyses of intercommunity interceptor sewer and treatment options for
this  section  of  the project  area.   Alternatives  to be considered
include  local  treatment  and  discharge;  innovative and alternative
systems,   including  land  treatment;   conveyance  to   the  Detroit,
Wyandotte,   or   Huron  Valley  plants   for  treatment;   and   various
combinations  of  these alternatives.  Information developed  for the
Rouge  Valley  and Downriver facilities  planning  efforts   will  be ex-
tremely important to  this analysis.   Therefore, these plans also must
be  initiated  immediately  and must  be completed  in a  timely manner.

     Flow  equalization,  flow reduction,  and water conservation  mea-
sures  and  recreational opportunities must be  considered in  the new
facilities  planning efforts.  Arrangements for implementation of the
project should  be  addressed, including  negotiation of intermunicipal
service agreements  where  appropriate. A full-scale public participa-
tion program  will be  required.   All planning by  the  Wayne County DPW
must be consistent with the approved Areawide Water Quality Management
Plan.

     Both  primary and  secondary  social, economic,  and environmental
impacts  of the  alternatives to  be  developed  through  the facilities
planning efforts must be discussed  thoroughly.   Measures to mitigate
adverse impacts  must  be proposed; special  attention  must be  given to
issues  of  growth.  The alternatives to  be  developed  must limit capa-
city  to that which is needed  to accommodate  a  reasonable amount of
future  growth.   This would  prevent  secondary  impacts  from induced
unplanned growth.
                                  5-2

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     Design of the system for the southern section of the project area
by  the  DPW  would include  the  design  of  the following  facilities:

    •  A  49.2 mgd  regional  wastewater  treatment  plant  of  modular
       design

    •  Outfall sewer and discharge structure

    •  Interceptor sewer (force main)  from the  Wayne  County-Trenton
       WWTP to the proposed regional WWTP

    •  Regional interceptor between  Sumpter Township and the proposed
       regional WWTP sized  to accomodate the flows proposed in Alter-
       native A-l.

     As specified  by  USEPA,  all facilities planning and  the initial
phase of  the  design work for the regional  system should be completed
by 31 July  1981.   The  Step 3 grant  for facilities construction could
be awarded  shortly  thereafter.   A more detailed  schedule  is expected
to be  developed  by the DPW  in  its Step I/Step  2 applications.   All
aspects of  the project  will  be coordinated  by the Applicant's  lead
engineering  consultant  to  ensure  that potential  problems  would  be
identified  and resolved and  that  the schedule  would be  followed.

     It will  be  necessary  for  the  MDNR  and the  Wayne County  DPW to
negotiate  changes  to  the NPDES  permits for  the  five non-complying
facilities.   These  changes would include detailed schedules for Step
1,  Step  2, and  Step  3  activities  for each  community  and  for Wayne
County.   The  schedules  will  be  developed  to  provide   service  to  the
southern area  at  the  earliest possible date.  The facilities planning
activities for the northern area must coincide with that target date.

     If the conclusions of the local facilities plans for the northern
section of  the  project  area  support  the  cost-effectiveness  of  its
being  served  by  the  regional Huron Valley system,  then  the  Step  2
design  of the  regional  system  will be extended  to this area while
construction  of   the  interceptor  in  the  southern  section  is  being
initiated.   If  it is  shown  in  the  facilities planning process  that
there  are  more  efficient,  cost-effective  alternatives   for  these
communities,  or  if the  work  is  not completed  in  accordance with  the
approved  schedule,  the  regional   system   would  be  redesigned   as
described  in  Section  5.2. (Alternative F)  and  constructed  to provide
service  only  to  the  section  of  the  project  area from  Brownstown
Township to Sumpter Township.

     Two  scenarios  therefore  are  conceivable  for  the  project.   The
wastewater control system that  incorporates the largest capacity that
conceivably  could be  approved   would  be the  system proposed  by  the
Wayne  County  DPW  (Alternative   A-l).   However, the local  facilities
planning  required of  communities by USEPA and MDNR for the section of
the  project  area from  Plymouth  Township to  Commerce   Township  (as  a
condition  to  further  consideration  of  Alternative  A-l; Section 5.1)
must utilize  as a basis of design  the  population projections adopted
                                  5-3

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by  SEMCOG.   The  population projections  provided  by  SEMCOG  for  the
Draft EIS  indicate that  by 1995 population levels would be  lower in
many  communities  in  this  section  of  the  project  area  than  the
population levels incorporated as a basis of design in Alternative A-l
(see  Section  5.2.3.  for a  comparison).   Therefore,  the  resulting
system capacity  likely  would  be somewhat less than that proposed in
Alternative  A-l.   Furthermore,  if  the facilities  planning   for  the
northern communities reveals that more cost-effective alternatives are
available  than joining  the regional system,  then a  regional system
could be  constructed just  for the  section  of the  project area from
Brownstown Township to Sumpter Township.

     The  impacts  evaluation  thus  focuses  on  two potential  project
scenarios:

    •  Alternative  A-l,   or  a system that  conceptually would  be  the
       same  as Alternative  A-l,  but  with somewhat smaller  capacity

    •  Alternative F, which includes capacity only for the section of
       the project area  from Brownstown Township to Sumpter Township.

Alternative A-l and its impacts are summarized in Section 1.0. of this
document,  and  are  presented  in detail  in Sections  5.3.1.1., 6.1.,
6.2.,  and  6.3.   of  the  Draft  EIS  (Volume  II).   Alternative F is
described further  in  subsequent  subsections, along with its potential
impacts.

5.2.  Alternative F

5.2.1.  Components

     Alternative  F  would provide new interceptor sewer and wastewater
treatment capacity for an estimated 134,945 persons in the communities
listed in Table  5-1.   Each of the communities listed, except Trenton,
has signed agreements with the Wayne County DPW to participate  in Step
2  design of  Alternative  A-l  to  provide these communities  with the
service  capacity  indicated.   The City  of Trenton  has not   decided
whether  to  abandon  its  existing WWTP  and  join the  HVWWCS  or to
upgrade/expand its plant.

     The  new  system  would  replace the  five  existing WWTPs  in this
section of the project area with a 22-mgd regional WWTP.  The  regional
WWTP would  be  constructed at  the  same  site that has been proposed for
each of the other regional alternatives considered.  This site  is east
of  River  Road  and north  of Lee  Road in southeastern Brownstown Town-
ship,  adjacent  to  the   site  of  the  existing Brownstown  wastewater
treatment  lagoons.   It  borders  the west  boundary of  the Lake Erie
Metropark.  The plant would provide standard  secondary treatment (30
mg/1  of  both BOD and suspended  solids)  with removal of phosphorus to
less  than 1.0  mg/1.   The  treated  effluent would be disinfected by the
addition  of chlorine and  discharged  to the mid-channel confluence of
the  Detroit River and  Lake  Erie  via  a 10,000-foot  outfall sewer.
                                  5-4

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Table 5-1.  Proposed service population, flow, and treatment capacity for
            Alternative F (from population and wastewater flow projections
            developed by the Wayne County DPW for Alternative A-l, 1977).
Community
Sumpter Township
Huron Township
Flat Rock
Rockwood
Browns town Township
(central and southern)
Gibraltar
Woodhaven
Trenton
Total
1995
Design
Service Population
18,196
23,635
14,152
5,747
15,350
8,190
12,822
36,863
134,945
Daily
Flow3
(gallons
per capita)
100
120 (14%)
110 (86%)
280 (60%)
130 (40%)
140 (61%)
100 (39%)
120 (14%)
110 (86%)
220
190 (58%)
130 (42%)
220

Treatment
Capacity
(mgd)
1.82
2.63
2.72
0.69
2.05
1.80
2.04
8.11
21.86
 The percentages indicate the proportion of the influent flow for each
 community/township that is contributed at a particular rate (in gallons
 per capita).
                                     5-5

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Sludge would be dewatered and incinerated; digested and disposed of by
land  filling  or  land spreading;  or  disposed  of  by an  alternative
means, depending  on identification of  the  most  cost-effective sludge
management system.

     The  route  of  the proposed  interceptor  sewer is  illustrated in
Figure 5-1.  The tentative origin of the Sumpter Arm Interceptor is at
the intersection  of  Bemis  Road  and Sumpter Road  at the Sumpter Town-
ship-Van Buren  Township  boundary.   From that point,  flow  would be by
gravity via an  18-inch diameter interceptor sewer south along Sumpter
Road.   At  Willis  Road,  the size would increase to 24 inches.  At Judd
Road,  the  interceptor diameter  would be 27 inches and would be routed
east  along Judd Road, extending  east  of the C&O  Railroad  to  a point
near  the  Huron River.   This would be  the  termination  of  the Sumpter
Arm.  Flows from the New Boston area in Huron Township would enter the
interceptor at  this  point.   This would be  the  origin of the Mainstem
Interceptor.   Construction of  the  7.1-mile  Sumpter  Arm  Interceptor
would be by open-cut methods.  More than ten minor drainageways would
be  crossed;   however, the  North  Branch  of  Swan  Creek  is  the  only
waterway with a significant amount of flow.

     The Mainstem Interceptor generally would follow the  Lower Huron
River  southeast  through  Huron Township,  Flat  Rock,  Rockwood,  and
Brownstown Township.  The tentative route of the upper segment primar-
ily would  be  within property owned  by the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan
Authority,  including  Metropolitan  Parkway,  Willow  Metropark,  and
Oakwoods  Metropark  in  Huron  Township.   As  proposed, the Mainstem
Interceptor would recross the Lower Huron River eight times and Silver
Creek two  times before reaching the site of the proposed regional WWTP
in  southeastern Brownstown  Township.   Construction  of  the 13.2-mile
long  interceptor  primarily would be by open-cut methods, with several
short tunnel  segments proposed to avoid  certain natural  or man-made
features.

     The Mainstem Interceptor  would  utilize gravity  flow.   It would
begin as a 36-inch diameter sewer in western Huron Township and would
increase in diameter to 48 inches at Flat Rock, where it would inter-
cept  flows previously conveyed  to the  Flat  Rock  WWTP (combined flows
from  Huron Township  and from  Flat  Rock).   Flows  from  Rockwood  also
would be  diverted  to the  interceptor.   The interceptor  sewer would
increase  to  78-inches  in  diameter  when  joined   by  the  Trenton  Arm
Interceptor   at  River  Road   and   Stretcher   Road  in  southeastern
Brownstown Township.  Additionally, flows from southeastern Brownstown
Township would  enter  the interceptor at this point.

     The Trenton  Arm Interceptor would convey the  flows diverted  from
the City of Trenton WWTP and the Wayne County-Trenton WWTP  (flows  from
central  Brownstown Township, Gibraltar,  and Woodhaven).   Flows  from
the  Trenton  WWTP  would  be   conveyed  to  the   site  of   the  Wayne
County-Trenton  WWTP  via an  existing  60-inch  gravity  sewer.   A new
pumping station would be constructed to pump the wastewater  from these
two plants via a 42-inch  force  main.  The  force main would be  4.8
miles in  length and would be routed along Jefferson  Avenue/River  Road
to  the Mainstem Interceptor at Streicher Road.  Construction would be
                                  5-6

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by open-cut  methods and  would involve crossing Frank and  Poet  No. 1
Drain and Brownstown Creek.

     The proposed interceptor sewer capacity is based on exceptionally
high per capita flow assumptions (Table 5-1).  Sewer system evaluation
surveys  are  underway in  several  communities and  should be completed
for  all  sewer systems  experiencing  significant  infiltration/inflow
(I/I).   New   local   collection  sewers  and  the  proposed  regional
interceptor segments  will be  relatively free of  I/I.   Additionally,
industrial wastewater  contributions must be  inventoried and assessed
according  to  USEPA pretreatment regulations.  It  is  conceivable that
once  pretreatment  regulations  are enforced and user  fees are applied
that  industrial flows  and the  strength of the wastes will be reduced.
Therefore, capacity  requirements  of the various communities should be
reassessed during Step 2 design.

5.2.2.  Construction and Operation Costs

     The initial capital  costs for the construction of the total 25.1
miles  of  new  interceptor sewer  and   the  22-mgd  regional  treatment
facilities are estimated to be $71,124,000 (January 1978 price levels;
Table  5-2).    The   construction costs  would  be   shared between  the
Federal  Government  (75%),  the  State  of  Michigan  (5%),  and  the
participating  communities (20%).   The  amount  of  construction  funds
that  each  community  served by  the system would have  to  provide would
be proportional  to  the  amount of  capacity  reserved for  each (Table
5-3). The  estimated  $2,100,000 annual  O&M cost (about $0.33 per 1,000
gallons)  for  the  treatment  facilities would be paid  entirely by the
users of  the  system in proportion  to  the  flows  each would contribute
(Table  5-3).   The estimated average annual O&M cost  for the Trenton
Arm Pump  Station  ($123,000)  would be paid by  the  system users in the
Cities of Trenton, Gibraltar, and Woodhaven, and in central Brownstown
Township  in   proportion  to  the amount  of  flow  contributed  by  each
community (Table 5-3).

     Local communities  within  the  project  service area also will be
responsible  for financing the cost  of  new local  collection sewers
where  they are  necessary  to  serve new growth.  (Federal  and  State
funding  assistance  may  be  available  for  new  collection  sewers  in
previously developed but  unsewered areas under  certain conditions.)
Cost estimates for this aspect of the wastewater management system are
not available yet.

5.2.3.   Summary of Impacts

     Primary and secondary environmental impacts would result from the
construction  and   operation  of Alternative  F.   Primary  impacts from
construction  activities would  be  short-term  and  generally  would be
limited  to  areas  directly affected by  construction  activities.   The
primary  impacts from facilities operation would be associated with the
wastewater treatment process, the discharge of treated effluent to the
receiving  waters,  and  pumping  wastewater from the  site of the Wayne
County-Trenton  WWTP via  the Trenton Arm Interceptor  to the Mainstem
Interceptor.    Secondary   impacts  potentially  could  result  because
                                   5-£

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Table  5-2.   Estimated system  cost for Alternative F.
 A.  Interceptor Sewer  (by segment)

    Mainstern
    Sumpter Arm
    Trenton Arm
    Trenton Pump Station

 B.  Treatment

    22.0 mgd WWTP
    10,000-foot Outfall Sewer
 C. Service Factor (27%—includes  engi-
       neering,  administrative,  legal,
       interest  during construction,
       and contingencies)

 D.  Total Capital Cost

 E. Less Present Worth of Salvage  Value

 F. Net Capital  Cost

 G. Present Worth of 0&Me

 H. Total Present Worth

 I. Estimated Total Average Annual
     Equivalent  Costf
                                              Cost in Thousands of Dollars
                                               (January 1978 price levels)

                                                                     Average  ,
                                                                    Annual O&M
10,629
 3,702
 1,382
 1,500
32,980
 5,810
56,003
5,315
1,851
  691
  300
             123
           2,100
                                                                      2,223
 8,294
    January 1978 price  levels have been utilized to allow comparison with
    alternatives  previously developed."

    Interceptor,  sewer,  pump station, and outfall sewer unit costs are based
    on Hubbell, Roth & Clark,  Inc.  (1977); WWTP costs derived from USEPA (1978).

    Assumes 40-year  life for interceptor sewer and structures, 20-year life on
    equipment,  and straight-line depreciation.

    Based on cost information  in Hubbell, Roth & Clark, Inc. (1976) adjusted
    to January  1178  price levels.   Projected 1985 flow estimates were utilized
    to provide  an average operational condition.

    The present worth  of the O&M cost reflects a January 1978 value for 20 years
    of O&M expenditures  (constant cost at the average operational condition)
    discounted  at the.  USEPA specified 6.625% discount rate  (average annual value
    multiplied  by a  uniform or equal payment saries factor of 10.9099).

     Estimated total average annual equivalent cost permits expressing a non-
     uniform series  of expenditures as a uniform annual amount, where money
     has i time value  (total present worth multiplied by a capital recovery
     factor of  0.09166).
                                      5-9

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of  the  availability  of  ample  wastewater  conveyance  and  treatment
capacity in this section of the project area.  Many of the potentially
adverse  impacts  could  be  minimized or avoided through the application
of mandatory or voluntary mitigation measures (see Section 6.4. of the
Draft EIS).  Specific mitigative measures must be outlined during Step
2 design work.

AIR QUALITY, NOISE, AND ODORS

     Construction  activities  would result in the  generation of fugi-
tive  dust and  in  the emission of  fumes and hydrocarbon combustion
products   from   construction   equipment   along   the   interceptor
right-of-way  and at the proposed WWTP site.  Noise  from construction
equipment  would be  discernible up  to  2,000  feet  from construction
sites.

     Operation  of  the  proposed WWTP would  result in  the occasional
release  of  malodorous gases  and  vapors.   Sludge   incineration,  if
utilized, would produce controlled emissions of particulates and other
combustion products.  A minimal increase in ambient noise levels would
occur at the proposed  WWTP and Trenton Pump Station sites.  Odors and
operational  noise  from the  five  WWTPs that would be  replaced by the
regional WWTP would be eliminated.

GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND TOPOGRAPHY

     Disposal of spoil materials from both open-cut excavation and the
minor amounts of tunneling  could  alter topography to a limited extent
along  the  interceptor  right-of-way  and  at  spoil  disposal  sites.
Settling  in   trenched  areas  would alter  the existing  topography and
soil  regime  to  a  limited extent.  No  major operational  impacts are
anticipated.

TERRESTRIAL BIOTA

     Open-cut excavation  for emplacement  of  the Mainstem Interceptor
would disturb  plants and animals along  the  right-of-way.  Additional
disturbance would  result  from construction of the Trenton and Sumpter
Arms and  at  the WWTP site.   The most  significant  impacts would occur
along the Lower Huron  River.   No State  or Federally  designated en-
dangered   species   are   known   to   exist   along   the   interceptor
right-of-way,  although  the  conceptual   route   contains  the  general
habitat  requirements for  five plants  that are considered by the State
of Michigan to be imperiled.

WETLANDS
     The proposed  interceptor  would cross, or be located adjacent to,
3.1 miles  of  vacant  open wetlands and  2.3 miles  of recreational open
wetlands.   During  construction,  natural  cover  would  be  removed,
drainage   patterns  may   be   altered,   and   wetland  habitat   for
State-designated  imperiled plants  may be disturbed.   Dewatering of
trenches and  tunnel  segments   during  construction  temporarily would
lower  adjacent  groundwater levels,  potentially killing vegetation by
dessication.  A mechanical failure at the proposed regional WWTP could
have an  adverse impact on the wetlands on the western shore of Lake
                                  5-11

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Erie,  although  the  required  back-up  systems  at  the  plant  should
prevent such a problem.

SURFACE WATER

     The repeated crossing  of  the Lower Huron River and several minor
drainageways during the construction of the regional interceptor would
cause increased  turbidity and  sedimentation to occur.   Flows would be
limited  or  interrupted  for short periods  of  time.  Temporary water
quality degradation may result in the Lower Huron River, especially in
the  Flat  Rock impoundment,   as  a result of silt-laden  flows  from af-
fected watercourses.

     Long-term beneficial effects would result from abandonment of the
five existing WWTPs.   The Lower Huron River and the Trenton Channel of
the  Detroit  River no  longer would  receive municipal  treatment plant
effluent, and total phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie would be reduced.
The  flow  of  the  Lower Huron River would be  affected  only minimally.
Impacts on  Lake  Erie  would be limited.  A mechanical  failure  at the
regional WWTP  could  result  in short-term violations of  water quality
standards.

GROUNDWATER

     Temporary lowering  of  groundwater levels in  the vicinity  of the
regional  interceptor sewer  may  occur.   Local  shallow wells  may be
affected during trench dewatering activities.   Widespread availability
of  public  sewer  service  would  reduce the use of  private  septic sys-
tems.  This would  lessen the potential for groundwater pollution, but
also would reduce groundwater recharge somewhat.

DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS

     Construction-related jobs would be created in this section of the
project   area.    Expenditures   for   construction  would   result  in
short-term  induced   and  indirect employment  in  other  sectors  of the
southeastern Michigan economy and in areas that would supply materials
for  the  project.    Few,  if  any,  residents   would be  displaced  by
construction activities.  Employment  at existing WWTPs in the project
area would  be  eliminated but additional jobs  would be  created at the
new regional WWTP.

LAND USE

     Construction of the regional WWTP would  alter permanently exis-
ting land use  at the proposed site  (see page 5-4).  Adjacent land use
also would be affected.  Construction of the interceptor sewer  through
parks  and  recreation  areas along  the  Lower   Huron  River  temporarily
would disrupt public use and enjoyment of affected areas.  The site of
the  regional  WWTP  is  located  within the estimated 100-year maximum
level of Lake Erie and near  the proposed Lake Erie Metropark.

TRANSPORTATION

     Access  to homes  and businesses along the  interceptor right-of-
                                 5-12

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way  may  be   interrupted  temporarily  by  construction  activities.
Vehicular traffic  flow would  be affected by  interceptor emplacement
across  or adjacent  to streets  and  roads.  Traffic  congestion would
result  from  the movements of heavy  equipment  and vehicles associated
with construction.  Roadway surfaces may be damaged locally.

CULTURAL, HISTORIC, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

     No cultural, historic, or archaeological sites are known to exist
at the  proposed location of the regional WWTP in Brownstown Township.
There is  a strong possibility that  excavation  for  the emplacement of
interceptor sewers may affect archaeological sites, especially in the
Lower   Huron   and  Willow  Metroparks.   It  also  is  possible  that
construction  may result  in  the discovery  of  sites  which otherwise
might  not be  found.   Archaeologic  surveys will be  incorporated in
future facilities planning and Step 2 design work.

RESOURCE USE

     Implementation  of  Alternative  F  would commit  $71  million  for
construction   irretrievably.     Engineering,   administrative,   legal,
construction,  and other labor would be committed.  Material resources
and energy would be  devoted to construction of the interceptor and to
construction  and operation of  the new  regional  WWTP.  The  land  re-
quired  for the interceptor alignment and the WWTP site would be dedi-
cated to  wastewater  management use for at least  the  20-year planning
period  and  probably  the  life of  the  facilities (estimated  to be 50
years).

PUBLIC FINANCE
     Federal  (75%),  State  (5%),  and local (20%) funding in the amount
of  $71  million would  be required for  implementation  of the proposed
action.  The  impact  of such expenditures would vary from community to
community.   Residents  of some municipalities  may have  difficulty in
assuming higher costs  for  wastewater treatment service.  The expendi-
ture of a large amount of public funds for wastewater treatment system
construction  and  operation represents  a significant  social  cost be-
cause the monies  no  longer would be available to the system users, or
to  the Government for other public uses.

AESTHETICS

     Construction activities would result in temporary adverse effects
on  the aesthetic quality of the environment in and along the intercep-
tor route and at the site of the regional WWTP.  Removal of vegetation
along the right-of-way and  at the Brownstown  Township  site,  and con-
struction activity in  wooded  areas,  wetlands,  parklands, and adjacent
to  and  across  waterways could reduce visual appreciation of the land-
scape.

PUBLIC HEALTH

     The dependence  on septic systems in areas of  this  southern sec-
tion of  the project  area presently without sewers, most notably Sump-
ter Township,  would  be  reduced.   Potential  health problems resulting
                                  5-13

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from contamination of soil, groundwater,  and surface water by effluent
from  failing  septic  systems  would be eliminated.   Areas  that  would
continue  to  rely  upon  on-site  disposal  systems  would  have  the
potential for development of future, localized health problems.

     The designated  effluent  mixing  zone  for the  discharge  from the
regional WWTP potentially  would  be hazardous for body-contact recrea-
tion. A  mechanical failure at  the WWTP  could result  in a temporary
discharge of  partially treated wastewater, possibly  causing  a  health
hazard outside the mixing zone.

Secondary Impacts

     The 1995-design  populations  for  communities in the southern sec-
tion of  the  project  area that have been incorporated in Alternative F
(the  same   projections  used  by  the  DPW  for Alternative  A-l)  are
somewhat larger  than  those projected  by  SEMCOG,  with the exception of
that projected for Browns town  Township:

                                    1995                       1995
                            Population Projected            Population
                              To Be Served by              Projected
     Community                  Alternative F           by SEMCOG (1977)

Sumpter Township                    18,196                    18,899
Huron Township                      23,635                    19,766
Flat Rock                           14,152                    11,683
Rockwood                             5,747                     3,588
Brownstown Township
 (central and southern)             15,350                    52,908
Gibraltar                            8,190                     4,029
Woodhaven                           12,822                     9,423
Trenton                             36,863                    21,368

   Total                           134,955                   141,664

The interceptor sewer  and  treatment capacity that would be provided by
Alternative  F,  however,  is not significantly  greater than that which
would be provided  if  the SEMCOG projections were utilized as the basis
of  design  (such  as  in  Alternative D).    Therefore,   the  capacity
provided by Alternative F would facilitate growth that generally would
be  consistent  with the  SEMCOG 1990  Sewer,  Water  and  Storm Drainage
Plan.

     The  most  significant  growth  related  impacts  would  occur  in
Sumpter  Township,  Huron  Township, and  the  less  developed  areas  of
Brownstown  Township.   Based on SEMCOG's 1975  Land  Use Inventory (the
most  recent,  comprehensive data),  these  communities  still have large
amounts  of undeveloped agricultural and vacant lands:
                                    5-14

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   Community

Sumpter Twp.
Huron Twp.
Flat Rock
Rockwood
Gibraltar
Woodhaven
Trenton
Brownstown Twp.
  Total
             Land Use Category

                        Agricul-
Developed  Residential   tural
 (acres)     (acres)    (acres)
              8,294
 9,911
10,288
 1,293
   283
    80
 1,058
 1,043
 3,016
26,972
         Vacant  Recreational
         (acres)	(acres)
6,633
7,910
1,626
710
1,490
1,286
2,230
3,588
25,473
118
1,854
68
48
38
26
403
168
2,723
Although the amount of agricultural and vacant land in the communities
may  be  somewhat less  in 1979  because  of additional  development and
increases in  the  amount of parkland since  1975,  the concern still is
valid.  The widespread  availability of sewer service would facilitate
the  conversion  of many  acres of undeveloped  land  to developed uses.
Based on  the  Soil Survey of Wayne  County Area, Michigan  (USDA 1977),
both  Sumpter  Township  and Huron Township contain significant acreages
of  Federally  designated prime  farmlands.   Growth  in conformance with
the  SEMCOG  1990 Land  Use Policy Plan  for Southeast  Michigan should
avoid such "agricultural reservations."  Establishment and enforcement
of  local  zoning ordinances in these communities would be required to
preserve  prime  agricultural   lands and  to  be  consistent   with the
adopted SEMCOG Policy Plan.

     The  growth in population  facilitated by  new  wastewater service
capacity  also would  create the potential  for  major long-term effects
that  would  be  associated with increased  urbanization  of  the area:

     •  Loss of biological and economic productivity from destruc-
        tion  of natural  vegetation, wetlands,  wildlife  habitat,
        and agricultural lands

     •  Degradation of  surface  waters  and reduced groundwater re-
        charge as a  result of increased runoff from the increased
        acreage of impervious surface

     •  Increased local employment and income

     •  Significant expansion of public services with a consequent
        need for increased public revenues

     •  Expansion of local tax base

     •  Changes in long-term energy requirements resulting
        from  communting patterns,  housing location,  and density
        of new development

     •  Loss  of  population from existing  urban areas (especially
        Detroit) through migration  to  the project areas resulting
        in  the  underutilization and  increase in cost of the ex-
        isting public infrastructure.
                                  5-15

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5.2.3.  System Implementability

     Communities that would  receive  wastewater service under Alterna-
tive F, with  the  exception of the City of Trenton, have signed agree-
ments  to  share in  the  cost  of  a Step 2 design  for Alternative A-l.
The system costs for construction and operation of the system proposed
in Alternative  F  would  be higher than  for  Alternative A-l because of
the  smaller  system size  and fewer number  of  communities  sharing the
costs. However, if  the  complete Alternative A-l cannot be constructed
for  the  reasons  discussed In  Section  5.1.,  these  communities  would
have  to choose  between  Alternative F and the Alternative E concept of
upgrading  and  expanding  existing  treatment  plants  and  continued
reliance on  septic tanks  In some areas.   Problems  Involved  with the
upgrade/expand concept,  as discussed In Section 2.7., are:

     •  It would not provide needed wastewater service for Sumpter
        Township

     •  There Is  Insufficient land  available  for expansion of the
        Flat Rock WWTP

     •  The cost  of replacing  the  Flat  Rock  WWTP,  upgrading the
        Rockwood WWTP,  and providing a new treatment facility for
        southeastern  Brownstown  Township  to  provide  tertiary
        treatment  prior to discharge by  these  three WWTPs to the
        Lower  Huron  River;  the  cost  of  replacing  the  Wayne
        County-Trenton WWTP with a secondary WWTP; and the cost of
        upgrading  and expanding the Trenton WWTP  to enable it to
        continue  to meet  secondary  treatment standards  would be
        more  expensive   than  joining  a regional  system  (compare
        Column 6 of Table  31 in the Draft EIS to Table 5-3 in this
        section).

     The MDNR  issued  a  "Notice of Noncompliance  and Order to Comply"
to the Wayne  County DPW in December  1978 for each of the three WWTPs
that  the  DPW operates  in the project area:  the  Flat Rock WWTP, the
Rockwood WWTP, and the Wayne County-Trenton WWTP.  The City of Trenton
also  was  issued  a "Notice"  and "Order"  In  January  1979.   The MDNR
cited numerous  violations of the NPDES permit  conditions  for each of
these plants  and  ordered compliance.  The DPW and the City of Trenton
therefore must continue to take positive action toward improving their
wastewater  management   situation.    Residents  of  Sumpter  Township
continue to  face operational  and health  related  problems because of
high groundwater and poor  soil conditions that result in septic system
failures.  The  Brownstown Township  wastewater  lagoons are overloaded
and  the  potential  exists  for violation  of  the  terms of  its  NPDES
permit.   In   summary,   a  wastewater  management   solution  must  be
developed as  soon as possible for the  entire southern section of the.
project area to improve water quality and health conditions, and to be
in compliance with State and Federal laws.
                                  5-16

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6.0.  RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS

     Because of  the magnitude  of  letters and  statements  submitted as
comments on  the  Draft  EIS,  an individual response to each one would be
extremely cumbersome.   Many of  the  comments were of  a similar nature
and are  conducive  to a singular response.   Therefore,  for purposes of
addressing the comments  on  the Draft EIS, the many responses have been
summarized and categorized  by  issue.  The major categories of comments
are:

     •  Environmental concerns
     •  Socioeconomic concerns
     •  Engineering/conceptual design concerns.

Subcategories  have  been designated where  appropriate.   Identifying
numbers  are  provided to  reference the specific  letters or session of
the public hearing from which the comments were derived (letters are in
Appendix A;  "xl"  refers  to  comments included  in  the transcript of the
first session of  the public hearing; "T2" refers  to comments included
in  the  transcript  of the second session of the public hearing).  Where
written  statements  and  oral  statements  coincide,  the written  one is
referenced.   Many of the letters and statements expressed positions for
the record and appropriately have not been responded to.

6.1.  Environmental Concerns

     Numerous comments were submitted  regarding the potential environ-
mental  effects  from  the  implementation of   the  various  wastewater
management  system  alternatives  analyzed  in  the   Draft  EIS.   These
comments have  been  aggregated into major  issues for  discussion pur-
poses.

6.1.1.  Surface Water and Groundwater

     Issue 1;  The incorporation into Alternative D of the concept of
expanding  the  Walled  Lake  WWTP  created a  great deal  of controversy
(2,4,6,7,9,13,14,15,19,23,26,30,39,40,41,42,47,53,62,70,T1,T2).   Down-
stream  residents,   especially  those  from the  Meadowbrook Lake  area,
strongly protested the concept  of increasing  the volume  of discharge
from  the WWTP.   During low  flow conditions  in  the  Walled  Lake Branch,
they  and others  noted  that  the treated  effluent  is  the primary source
of  inflow  to  Meadowbrook  Lake.   Concern was  expressed  that ongoing
efforts  to  restore the  Lake  to  an  unpolluted condition  would  be
thwarted by  the  expansion  of  the discharge  from  the plant  and that
recreational use would be curtailed.

     Response;    Although the  expansion  of  the  Walled Lake  WWTP was
considered as part of the conceptual design of Alternative D, the Draft
EIS clearly outlined the problems with such an action.  Section 7.2. of
the Draft EIS recommended:

     In view of the  lack of a demonstrated immediate need for a
     new wastewater  control system in  the northern  section of
      the project  area, action  to  expand the  Walled Lake  WWTP
                                 6-1

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     should  be  deferred  until  such  time  as  facility  plans
     and/or  other  studies  are  completed  for  the  Commerce
     Township-White Lake Township  area.   Careful consideration
     should be given  to  the possibility of land application of
     wastewater  to  treat  future flows which  exceed  the design
     capacity  of  the  existing  Walled  Lake  facility.    The
     possibility  of  connecting  these  communities to  the  pro-
     posed West  Arm of Detroit's  North  Interceptor  should be
     studied.   The  establishment  of  a  public  septic  system
     maintenance district in  White Lake and Commerce Townships
     could  help   to  ensure  that  private  septic systems  are
     maintained properly.

As presented in Section 5.0. of this document, USEPA has indicated that
it has no  intention  of considering further the expansion of the Walled
Lake  WWTP.   Therefore,  no  additional  response  to  this  comment  is
warranted.

     Issue 2;  A number of  comments  (4,24,27,31,32,50,52,T2)  expressed
concern  about the  reliability  of  a  regional  wastewater  management
system and reflected  the  opinion  that the discharge  of effluent from
the  proposed  regional  WWTP,  especially  the  discharge of  "untreated"
effluent   in  the   case   of  system   failure,  would  have   serious
consequences.  Existing WWTP  (especially the Detroit  Metropolitan WWTP)
and interceptor sewer  (especially the Macomb County Interceptor) system
failures  were cited  as  examples  of  failures   that  potentially  would
occur with a  new regional  system.   Special concern was expressed about
the  potential  impact  to Lake Erie,  to the Pointe Mouillee State Game
Area, and to the public water supply intake at Monroe, Michigan.

     Response:  These issues were addressed in detail on pages 61 to 63
of  the  interim  report  entitled  System Alternatives and Alternatives
Evaluation for the Huron Valley Wastewater Control System that  was de-
veloped for USEPA by the EIS project consultant  (WAPORA, 13 June 1978).
The  analysis  of  potential  effects in  that  document actually  was for
Alternative A-2, referred  to  at that  time as  Alternative  A.   Although
Alternative  A-l  would  produce  a  larger  discharge  to Lake  Erie than
would Alternative A-2, the basic analysis still is valid:

     Increases in service-area  populations by 1995 will generate
     increased sanitary flows.  The new Huron River WWTP proposed
     under  Alternative A   would  discharge  a  maximum of  9,260
     pounds per  day of BOD , 9,260 pounds per  day  of SS,  3,860
     pounds per  day of NH -N,  and 463  pounds  per  day of phos-
     phorus at  the  projected 1995 operating  capacity  of  37 mgd.
     The effluent would be  discharged to  the central flow of the
     Detroit  River  as  it  enters  Lake   Erie.   Effluent  would
     represent  only  0.033%  of  the  total average  flow of  the
     Detroit River.  Using  the projected 1985 effluent discharge
     of 32.4 mgd as an average for the planning period, estimated
     annual pollutant  contributions  would be  1,480  tons  of both
     BOD   and  SS,  616 tons of NH.,-N,  and 74  tons of phosphorus.
                                  6-2

-------
The effect of this discharge on the water quality of western
Lake Erie would  depend  on how the effluent stream would mix
with  the receiving  water.  The  addition of  the projected
levels  of  oxygen-demanding  substances  (such  as  BOD  and
ammonia)  and nutrients  (such as  phosphorus  and nitrates)
could  exert a  significant  impact on  receiving waters  if
sufficient  dilution did  not  take place.  Mixing  would  be
influenced  by  outfall  design and  location,  flow  in  the
Detroit River,  wind direction, and wind velocity.  Figure 15
in  Existing Environmental Conditions  indicates  "A  definite
southward  movement  of  relatively cold  midchannel  Detroit
River   water   flanked  by  warmer water  on  both  sides"
(Herdendorf  1969) .   The   illustration  depicts  a midsummer
situation  during  calm  weather  when disturbing influences
were  minimal.    Seiche   (lake  surface  water  fluctuations)
activity  and strong winds  could   alter the  patterns  signi-
ficantly.   The  10,000-foot outfall sewer from the  proposed
Huron River WWTP would discharge into the midchannel flow of
the  Detroit  River.  During  periods   of significant  wind
velocity  the direction  and velocity of river currents pro-
bably would be  dominated  by the winds  and increased  mixing
would be likely.   A detailed model capable of predicting the
outcome  of  various  mixing  situations  is  not  available.
Therefore,  only   estimates may be made  of  general  mixing
characteristics.

Analyses  of lateral  profiles of  the Detroit  River  during
1976 indicated that  the river was not  mixed  completely and
noted higher chemical concentrations  near the shore than in
midchannel.   Two  scenarios   of   potential   mixing  were
discussed  by Environmental  Control  Technology  Corporation
(ECTC 1976).  The first  assumed that the effluent discharged
from the new Huron River WWTP would be mixed with 10% of the
total flow  of  the Detroit River,  while the  second  scenario
assumed mixing  with 20%  of the total flow.

Using the  10% mixing scenario (the most conservative), ECTC
estimated  that a potential dissolved oxygen decrease in the
affected  waters  of  Lake   Erie from 0.1  to 0.3  mg/1 could
occur as a result of a 1995 projected discharge of about 107
mgd.  The  estimate  was  based on an ultimate projected total
oxygen  demand of 173,090  pounds per day.   The average flow
from the regional plant  proposed in Alternative A (32.4 mgd)
would be  about one-third  of the amount from the plant which
ECTC analyzed  (107 mgd)  and,  therefore,   potentially would
produce  less than 0.1  mg/1   decrease  in dissolved  oxygen
concentrations  outside of  the proposed 7 million square-foot
mixing  zone.  This  would  exert a  relatively small impact on
the receiving waters.

When  ammonia-nitrogen  (NH~-N) is discharged  to receiving
waters  it  is slowly oxidized  into nitrate nitrogen (NO -N).
This nitrogenous oxygen  demand was  included in the total
oxygen  demand  assumptions used in estimating the potential
                             6-3

-------
effects  on  lake dissolved oxygen  concentrations.   If it is
assumed  that  no  oxidation  of  NHL-N  is  taking   place,  a
"worst-case" concentration of  NH -N in the receiving waters
can be calculated.  Using the 1993 projected average maximum
discharge of 3,860 pounds of NH--N per day  and assuming it
mixes with  10% (19,050 cfs)  of "the Detroit  River  flow,  the
NH«-N concentration of  the  receiving  waters would increase
by 0.037 mg/1.   The mean background concentration for NH_-N
over  the  past  11  years   (June  1966  -  September  1977)
immediately upstream from the proposed discharge (Range 3.9)
was 0.29 mg/1,  with a maximum of 0.55 mg/1 and a minimum of
0.05  mg/1   (STORE!  1978).   The  "worst-case"  0.037  mg/1
increase would  amount  to about 11% of the mean value, 6% of
the  maximum,   and  74%  of  the  minimum.  Even  if  background
concentrations  were  increased  by  0.037 mg/1,   the  total
concentrations  would  remain  nearly  10 times  less  than the
level  required to  create potentially toxic  conditions  for
aquatic organisms.

Any additional  phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie can be con-
sidered  undesirable because of  the  ongoing  international
effort to reduce lake  phosphorus concentrations.   Reduction
of  phosphorus   has been identified  as  the  key   factor  in
slowing the eutrophication of Lake Erie.  The 463 pounds per
day  average  maximum contribution  from  the Huron  River WWTP
effluent projected  for the 1995 design flow would represent
the "worst-case."   This  would  be about 0.8% of the existing
estimated  total  annual   phosphorus  load  from the Detroit
River to the western  basin of Lake Erie (Table 16, Existing
Environmental Conditions).  The average annual load over the
design period  of  74  tons per  year  amounts  to 0.7%  of the
total  load.   It should  be noted, however,  that  it is pro-
jected that  at least  56.6 tons of phosphorus per year would
be eliminated  through abandonment  of  existing project area
WWTPs which  contribute  to the  current total loading.   Thus,
the  net  average  annual  contribution  of  the  regional WWTP
over  the design  life relative to  the  existing  levels  of
phosphorus discharge would be less than 18 tons per year, or
less  than  one-tenth of  one  percent of the  total  estimated
contribution to Lake Erie from  the Detroit River.

The  estimated   annual  average  concentration  of  discharged
phosphorus,  once mixed with 10% of the volume of the Detroit
River, would be 0.0039 mg/1.   This represents an increase of
6.5%  of  the 11-year mean background  concentration of 0.06
mg/1  at  a   point   immediately  upstream  from  the  proposed
discharge (Range 3.9).  The maximum background concentration
at this  point  was  0.21  mg/1 of  total phosphorus, and  the
minimum was  0.013  mg/1.   The projected 0.0039 mg/1 increase
would represent  a  1.8% increase in the maximum value and a
23% increase in the minimum value.  It therefore is evident
that while there would be a net increase in total phosphorus
loading to Lake Erie averaging  18 tons per year, this amount
probably would have relatively minor adverse impacts.
                             6-4

-------
Concern has  been expressed  that an  operational  failure at
the  proposed  regional WWTP  in  Brownstown Township  would
seriously degrade western Lake Erie and threaten the quality
of water withdrawn  from the lake for public use by the City
of Monroe.   As discussed by ECTC (1976), plant failure would
represent  a  condition  In which  influent  wastewater  would
receive  only   primary  treatment   (sedimentation)   before
discharge  during  an unspecified, short  duration  event.   As
discussed  in Section  5.2.3.1.,  this primary  process  would
remove from 25% to 40% of the BOD  and 50% to 65% of the SS.
The resulting effluent discharged to Lake Erie would contain
approximately  36,500  pounds of  BOD ,  24,400  pounds  of  SS,
and 2,000  pounds of  phosphorus  on  an  average dally basis.
The BOD  would  cause  dissolved oxygen (DO) to be reduced in
the  receiving  water  by as  much as 1.0 mg/1.   This  could
contribute to  violations of  the  Michigan DO standard of 6.0
mg/1.  (The mean background DO concentration at the sampling
station upstream  from  the  proposed  discharge point is about
8.0 mg/1,  with a minimum value of 4.9 mg/1 over the last 11
years.)  This  impact  would  be short-term and probably would
not endanger fish populations.

The additional  SS and phosphorus contributed  during such a
short-term  failure  would  be undesirable but  would  have
limited  long-term impacts.   The SS  would settle  within a
short  period  of  time.  The  phosphorous,  while contributing
to the nutrient  enrichment  of the lake, would be diluted to
near background  conditions  within  a relatively short period
of time.   Of  especial concern relative  to  the Monroe water
intake issue,  however, would  be the discharge  of bacteria
because of the failure of the chlorination system.  Assuming
discharge  concentrations  of total  coliform bacteria on the
order of 30 million  per 100 ml of wastewater,  and 4 million
fecal  coliform per 100 ml  (ECTC 1976),  and  conservatively
assuming 10%  dilution of  the  effluent when mixed with  the
receiving  waters,  final  concentrations  would be approxi-
mately 80,000  per 100  ml  total coliform  and 10,500 per  100
ml fecal  coliform.   These  organisms  would die-off quickly,
having a life span in the waters  of Lake Erie of from one to
three days (ECTC  1976).

Michigan  water   quality  standards   for  Lake  Erie  require
maintenance of  bacterial  levels  of  less  than  200/100  ml to
provide  for  total body  contact  recreation.   Plant failure
probably would  create  violations  of the bacterial standards
during the several  days the bacteria would persist.  Beach
areas  and  the  Monroe public  water  supply  intake  are  not
likely to  be affected  adversely  unless wind driven currents
were to cause  the polluted water mass to move toward shore.
Such  an  event  would  create  additional  mixing,  further
diluting bacterial  concentrations  and   the  time  of travel
would  allow   increased  die-off.    Such  a  plant  failure
potentially  could require  beach closings  within 15  to 20
miles  of  the discharge point  for several days due to ele-
                             6-5

-------
     vated bacterial  levels.   Similarly,  the Monroe water intake
     would have  to  monitor its influent water  closely  to insure
     that adequate chlorination was provided to kill the bacteria
     prior to consumption.

     The conclusions of this analysis were presented in Section 6.2. of
the  Draft  EIS  and   indicated  that  the  effects  to  Lake Erie,  to the
Pointe  Mouillee  State Game  Area,  and to  the water  intake  at Monroe,
Michigan, would  not be  significant.   The conclusion about  effects to
Lake Erie were  supported  by the comments  of  the  Director of the Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (63):

     In  general  the project  should  have  minimal  effect on Lake
     Erie although  some localized problems  will  occur  (a)  near
     the  outfall,  and  (b)  if  the  plant's phosphorus  removal
     system breaks down.

     The  unsatisfactory quality  of  the   effluent  experienced  at the
Detroit Metropolitan WWTP primarily has been the result of a variety of
management and  operational  problems  at the plant.   These problems are
being  rectified  through   implementation   of  improvements under  court
order.   The   USEPA  and  the MDNR  are responsible by  law  to  enforce
existing  effluent   discharge   standards.    Therefore,   any  potential
operational  problems  that  might  cause the  discharge of  poor quality
effluent by  the proposed  Huron Valley regional WWTP would  be brought
into compliance through legal action, if necessary.

     The  example of  the  Macomb  County  interceptor  sewer break is
presented in a letter  from the MDNR  (Exhibit  6-1).   As concluded by
MDNR,  the  interceptor  failure  that  resulted  in   the  discharge  of
untreated sewage  to  the Clinton River apparently  has had no long-term
impact.  Any such construction project produces some risk of failure.
The  trade-off  that  must be considered is  the long-term benefit of the
project versus  the  magnitude and  frequency of a  potential failure and
its effects.

     Issue 3;   Concern also has been expressed about  the discharge of
toxic  chemicals  and  heavy  metals  to  Lake Erie  from  the  proposed
regional WWTP (56,63,70).

     Response;   The  wastewater to  be  treated  by  the  regional  WWTP
primarily will be generated by domestic sources  and would be relatively
free of these substances.  Industrial flows that discharge to the sewer
system  would be required  to provide pretreatment of wastewater where
necessary  to preclude  interference  with  the proper operation  of the
WWTP.   Through  proper enforcement  of  pretreatment requirements,  no
significant  amount  of  toxic chemicals and/or  heavy metals  should be
discharged to the Lake.

     Issue 4;  Concern  has  been expressed (63)  that (a) the failure to
utilize the inland streams for discharge of wastewater precludes taking
advantage  of the  assimilative capacity   of  these streams  and  (b) by
discharging  treated  effluent  directly  to  Lake Erie,  a larger pollutant
load  would result than if  treated wastewater were discharged upstream
                                  6-6

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-------
to streams  In  the  project area.  In contrast,  another individual (43)
indicated that he felt that the discharge of wastewater would have less
impact if discharged  directly  to Lake Erie  than  to  the "fragil inland
water system."

     Response;    Both  points are  true  to some  extent.   The streams  of
the project area do have the ability to attenuate pollutants.  The WWTP
effluent discharge standards used as a basis of design for plants that
would discharge  to project  area streams were  established by  MDNR  to
ensure  the  protection of water  quality.  Because relatively stringent
standards  would be   required,  the  cost  of  providing  tertiary  level
treatment would  be excessive.   Effluent  standards for  a  discharge  to
Lake Erie can be less stringent and still protect water quality because
of the exceedingly  larger amount of mixing  water than in the streams.
Therefore,   treatment  and  discharge  to  Lake Erie can be accomplished at
a  much  smaller  cost  than  can  treatment  and  discharge  to  an inland
stream.   In neither  case would  significant  impacts  on  the receiving
water be permitted.

     Issue 5;   It  was noted  (44) that a  statement  on  page 33 of the
Draft EIS was misleading:

     The Detroit River is estimated to contribute 77  percent of
     the total  phosphorus loadings to the western basin of Lake
     Erie while  the Huron River contributes only 2 percent.

This respondent  indicated that:

     With the upgrading of the Detroit Wastewater Treatment Plant
     (WWTP)  and implementation  of  the Water  Quality  Management
     Plan  for  Southeast  Michigan,  the total  phosphorus load of
     the Detroit River  to  the  western basin of  Lake Erie  is
     expected  to drop significantly.   This  would make  the con-
     tribution  of   the Huron  River  more  than  2  percent.   In
     addition,  the  Detroit River  contributes 93 percent  of the
     tributary flow to the Western Basin, and the contribution of
     the Huron River  is  approximately 2 tenths  of  1  percent of
     the tributary  flow to the western basin.   A comparison of:

          percent total phosphorus contribution to Lake Erie
          percent tributary contribution to Lake Erie

     reveals  that  the  Huron River  contributes  approximately 10
     times  the  amount of  phosphorus on a per  volume  basis than
     does the Detroit River.

     Response:   Agreed.

     Issue  6;  Representatives from  two communities located  adjacent to
the Lower Huron  River  (29,33) stated that Alternative D would result in
a deterioration  of the River.

     Response;   There is no  basis  for  this statement.   Alternative D
proposes to  eliminate existing WWTP discharges  to the Lower  Huron River
while  providing  adequate  interceptor capacity  to divert wastewater
flows to a  regional WWTP  with discharge to Lake Erie.
                                  6-8

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     Issue 7;  Concern was  expressed  about the potential effect on the
groundwater environment  in  and  adjacent to the project  area and about
the resulting effects on the flow of the rivers within the project area
(10,44,50,55,12).  It was stated that the replacement of on-stte septic
systems by a  centralized wastewater management system would reduce the
amount  of water returned  to  the  groundwater  environment by  septic
system  soil-absorption  fields.   It was felt  that  this  would decrease
the   amount   of   groundwater  available  for  water   supply  and  for
maintaining   surface   water  flow.    It  was  emphasized   that  some
communities and  other homes in the project area that are not presently
served by a centralized water system (such as the Detroit system or the
Flat Rock-Rockwood system) depend on individual wells for water supply.
Those homes  that would  continue to utilize well  water but which would
contribute wastewater  to  a centralized wastewater  collection  system
would be  removing water from the groundwater  system  without returning
it.   With  any of  the  proposed regional systems, this  water  would be
transferred  out  of  the  watershed  from  which  it  originated.   One
individual  proposed  that   groundwater  "mining"  (the  wlthdrawl  of
groundwater at a rate in excess of the rate of recharge, resulting in a
net lowering of  the water level of aquifers) could occur as a result of
the large projected  increase in the sewered population  of  the project
area.    He requested  that  the  cost  of  serving all  of  the  sewered
population in the project  area by the expansion of  service  from the
Detroit water system be considered as  a part of the  cost  involved in
providing a new regional wastewater system.

     It was stated that the potential reduction in groundwater recharge
of  the  surface  aquifer  from the sewering  of Commerce  Township would
result  in  reduced  flow  in  the  Upper  Huron  River  and  the  lakes
downstream  from  Commerce  Township.    The  effect  of  diverting  the
existing WWTP discharge at  Flat  Rock  and Rockwood on the  flow  of the
Lower  Huron   River  also  was  mentioned  as a  concern,   because  these
communities also utilize water from the River for water supply.

     Response;  There is no question that surface water and groundwater
systems are  integrally  related  in the Huron Valley project area.  How-
ever,   the effect  of the  collection  of wastewater  in  sewers and the
diversion of  wastewater  from  a watershed  via a regional  interceptor
sewer is extremely difficult to assess because of the complexity of the
hydrologic system.

     The  groundwater  environment  and   the  use of  groundwater  in the
project area  for water  supply  were described by USEPA's EIS consultant
in  an interim report  entitled  Existing Environmental Conditions  in the
Huron Valley  Project Area (WAPORA, 10 March 1978).

     The majority  of residents  in  the  project area  depend upon
     the Detroit  Water  System for domestic,  commercial,  and in-
     dustrial  water supplies.   A significant  number  of wells,
     however,  penetrate  glacial drift  and  bedrock  aquifers.  In
     the northern  part  of  the  project  area,  the communities  of
     Commerce, Wolverine Lake,  and Walled Lake each utilize wells
     for  potable  water.    Union  Lake,  White  Lake,  and  the
     residents of the more rural parts of this area not served by
                                  6-9

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     these systems rely  on  individual  wells for supply.   In  the
     Wayne  County  section  of   the   project   area,   Belleville
     utilizes  some  groundwater  to   supplement   the  water   it
     purchases  from  Detroit.   Residents  of  Sumpter and  Huron
     Townships  rely  to  a  great extent  on individual wells  for
     domestic  supply.   Other developed  parts  of  Wayne  County
     purchase water from the Detroit System, except for Flat Rock
     and  Rockwood,  which  utilize  water  from  the Huron  River.

     Groundwaters found  in  floodplain alluvium and  in  sand  and
     gravel  outwash  deposits,   though  highly variable in  yield,
     are the most utilized  in  the project  area.... Shallow wells
     in these deposits  yield from a few gallons per minute (gpm)
     to  over 1,500  gpm.   Wells in  the  interbedded sands  and
     gravels of moraines and tillplains  are capable of producing
     from 100 to  500  gpm.   Wells in surficial  sand  deposits  can
     be expected  to fail during prolonged  dry weather conditions
     because of  their limited storage capacity.

     Bedrock  aquifers  usually   yield  highly  mineralized  water
     which impairs its  use  for  many purposes....  Coldwater shale
     is   generally   nonproductive   but   occasionally   yields
     sufficient water for small domestic supplies  (Twenter 1975).
     Berea   Sandstone   generally  yields   sufficient   water  for
     domestic   and  small   industrial   supplies.    The  Sunbury,
     Bedford,   and   Antrim  Formations   generally   consist   of
     impermeable  shales  and do  not yield   sufficient amounts of
     water  for  domestic purposes.   Limestones and dolomites of
     the  Traverse Group,  Dundee  Formation,  and Detroit  River
     Group  yield water  to  wells in  subcrop areas.   Yields  are
     generally  less  than 100 gpm,  but may be larger  in  highly
     fractured  rock.  The  Sylvania  Sandstone in subcrop areas is
     highly  permeable,  but  the  groundwater  is  often  highly
     mineralized.

Based  on additional  analysis,   it  is  clear that  many of  the private
wells  in the  project  area  produce  from   confined  aquifers   that  are
separated  from  the overlying water  table  aquifers by flow-restrictive
layers  of  clay  and  silt.   Groundwater  recharge  from septic  system
soil-absorption  fields   occurs  in  the  surficial   water  table aquifer.
Groundwater  in  the  lower,  confined aquifers may be recharged partially
by  leakage  from  overlying  formations. However,  it  is  quite possible
that more water already is being withdrawn from  deep aquifers than is
being   recharged  via   septic   system   soil-absorption  fields.   The
elimination  of  this  source  of  recharge,  therefore,  would have little
effect.   Furthermore,   the  amount of  the  total recharge  of  surficial
aquifers  that   is   contributed  by  percolation  of  wastewater  from
soil-absorption  fields  is   likely  to be insignificant relative to the
amount contributed by infiltration of precipitation.

     The  large  projected   influx of  population  to  the  project  area
during  the  wastewater  facilities  design  period  and the  accompanying
urbanization of  the  area  likely will  have  a much  more significant
affect  on  groundwater  levels   than  would  the elimination  of  septic
systems.   The greatly increased amount of  impermeable area related to
                                  6-10

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increased  development would  decrease  the  amount of  natural recharge
area significantly.  Hydrologic investigations may be necessary in some
areas  to develop  effective  groundwater  management  practices.   These
aspects  should  be  discussed  in  more  detail  in   the  environmental
assessments  that  must accompany the  local  facilities planning for the
Van Buren Township  to Commerce Township sections of  the project area.

     Issue 8:  Concern was expressed  (44) that more attention should be
given  to  the potential  that secondary growth  in  the  Lower Huron River
basin  could  result in  increased  flooding of  the lower  reaches  of the
River:

     The surface waters section [page 24 of the Draft EIS] states
     that  the  Huron River's watershed  is  rather  narrow.  Rivers
     with narrow  watersheds  have  higher flood stages compared to
     their normal flow stage than do rivers with wide or circular
     watersheds.   The phenomenon  is  due  to  the fact  that the
     runoff  from  the  watershed  reaches  the main  river  more
     quickly in a narrow watershed.  Therefore, if the secondary
     impacts   of   a   regionalized   wastewater   system   include
     accelerated  urbanization,  the runoff from the watershed may
     increase  due  to more   impervious  surfaces  being  present.
     This could have  the effect of raising the high water stages
     of  the  Huron  River  even further  than  are experienced at
     present.  The DEIS  points out, on page 24, that flooding at
     the mouth of the river already occurs; the secondary impacts
     of  a   regionalized  system,   if  they  include  accelerated
     urbanization, could  further  enhance the  flooding problem by
     raising the flood stage.  This impact should be  investigated
     further.

     Response;  This is an important factor that was not given adequate
coverage  in  the Draft  EIS.   The  observation  recognizes the potential
effect.   This issue  should be evaluated  through local  planning.   If
warranted, urban stormwater attenuation measures should be implemented.
USEPA  will have more  information available on  this subject in the near
future  through the  National  Urban  Stormwater  Runoff  Program.   This
program is developing best management practices for stormwater control.
Two such  studies, one  in Washtenaw County and one  in Oakland County,
are underway during  1979.   The data from  these  two  studies should be
utilized  in  the  facilities  planning for the  northern section of this
project  area.   Similarly,  this  issue should  be addressed  by  the US
Corps  of  Engineers and  by SEMCOG  through  its Areawide  Water Quality
Management Program.

     Issue 9;   The effect  that  construction  of  an  interceptor sewer
would  have on  recharge  areas for  the  Rouge  River was questioned (55).
The possibility that inflow to the  interceptor sewer might dewater wet-
lands  also was mentioned  (50).

     Response;    It   is   not  anticipated    that   interceptor   sewer
construction directly will affect  groundwater recharge.   As discussed
for  Issue 7,  the proliferate urbanization  that might  accompany  the
provision of a large amount of interceptor sewer capacity in the Middle
Rouge  Basin  section of  the project area would reduce significantly the
amount of natural recharge area.
                                  6-11

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     The  interceptor  sewer must meet  inspection  standards  for minimum
inflow of extraneous  water.   Modern sewer technology incorporating the
use  of  improved  materials minimizes  the  possibility  of  serious I/I
problems  for a  long  period of time. It  is  conceivable  that after many
years of  service  the  sewer would develop an infiltration problem if it
were constructed below  the water table.   Because the cost to treat the
large amount of  inflow  that would be necessary to cause the dewatering
of  a  wetland   would  be   exorbitant,  repair  of   the   sewer  would  be
necessary.   It  is  conceivable,  however,  that  lesser amounts  of inflow
that may marginally affect wetland areas  could continue undetected over
an extended  period of time.   As was recommended  in the Draft EIS, the
final  interceptor route  should  avoid wetlands  whenever  possible  to
minimize direct construction oriented impacts to wetlands.

6.1.2.   Terrestrial and Aquatic Biota

     Issue 1;   One individual  indicated that  the  endangered species
listed in Section  2.2.5.5. of the Draft EIS  do not occur in southeast
Michigan.  Another  (T2) commented  that  the fish  species  of  Lake Erie
and  the  Detroit River  were  inadequately dealt with, and insects were
not  covered  at  all.   It also was stated (T2) that  there was no indica-
tion  that  local   agencies had  been contacted  concerning the  actual
occurrence of endangered or threatened animals and plants.

     Response:   The species  lists in Section 2.2.5.5.  of the Draft EIS
indicated  those  species that  potentially may be  found  in  or near the
Huron Valley project  area.  It is agreed that  the probability is very
remote that any examples of the eastern timber wolf may be found in the
project  region.   The  possibility  of  transient  occurrences  of  the
Kirtland's warbler and  the peregrine falcon also is remote.  The status
of the Indiana bat in southeast Michigan is being studied at this time,
and  it is possible that this mammal may be found  Ln or near the project
area.  There were no potential  adverse  impacts specifically identifed
for  these species.

     Because of  the  minimal  potential for  the impact  to  the Detroit
River and Lake Erie from the various alternative actions, no beneficial
or  adverse  impact  on  fish  in  the Detroit  River and  Lake  Erie  is
anticipated.   Therefore,   there  is  no need  to encumber  the  EIS with
unessential  information.   Similarly, insects were not discussed because
of the paucity of information regarding the occurrence and/or densities
of  insect populations.   Speculation about potential impacts on insects
and  about the  significance of those impacts,  without  knowledge of the
existing  situation, is  not feasible.

     Local  agencies  and  other  knowledgeable  sources  were  consulted
regarding  the  occurrence of  endangered  or  threatened  plants  and
animals.  A more thorough discussion of this subject was presented  in  an
interim  report  entitled Existing Environmental Conditions  in  the  Huron
Valley Project Area  (WAPORA,  10 March  1978).

     Issue 2:   The  impact  of the construction  of  the  regional WWTP  in
terms  of the displacement of wildlife  from  the  construction site was
questioned (44).
                                  6-12

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     Response;   Construction impacts are  discussed  on page 127, Table
25, Environmental  Component 5 of the Draft  EIS.   Item (b) states  that
"Wildlife  would be  displaced permanently  by construction of  the re-
gional WWTP."   The statement is intended  to  indicate that the conver-
sion  of   the  site  to WWTP  use  will result  in some  loss  of wildlife
habitat  compared to  the  existing situation.   Wildlife now present on
the site  will  be displaced  by construction.  It is  true that displaced
animals may not survive if  the surrounding habitat  is at or near their
carrying capacities.  The potential  for increased mortality as a result
of this  process was noted  in Item  (a)  of this section.  The magnitude
of the loss  of wildlife cannot be  quantified without detailed studies
of  existing   animal  populations   at  the   proposed  WWTP  site  and
surrounding areas.   The most significant  impacts  would affect species
with  limited  mobility  and  those with adjacent  populations at or  near
carrying capacity.

     Issue 3;    Concern  was  expressed (44,62,T2) that there are no  maps
of wetlands provided in the  Draft EIS that include sufficient detail to
permit a  visual assessment of the potential  construction impacts or to
allow  identification of  the habitat  types  that  may  be  disturbed by
construction activities.

     Response;  The assessment of the impact  of construction activities
is based  on a  conceptual  alignment of the proposed interceptor sewer
and a  "proposed" location of a regional  WWTP.   The exact  route of the
interceptor has  not  been defined.    Estimates of affected habitat types
were compiled  by referring to the interceptor  route described on  maps
and  in other  preliminary  design information received from  the  Wayne
County DPW.   This route was overlaid on the  latest  available  SEMCOG
land use/land  cover maps,  and  the  habitat  types affected  were  tabu-
lated.   Because of  the  tentative routing  and  the  limitations  of the
computer  mapping used,  only textual presentation  was  feasible.   More
accurate analysis  should  be performed when the alignment is finalized.

     Issue 4;    It  was  expressed  (44,T2)  that Alternative E is the most
desirable alternative because it would cause  only minimal disruption of
fish and  wildlife and would not foreclose future options.

     Response;  It is true that the  very limited amount of construction
involved   in  Alternative E  relative  to the  regional system represents
little  adverse  impact  to  resident wildlife  populations.   However,
Alternative E does not meet  the service needs of the project area.  The
continued discharge  to  inland waterways by local WWTPs would represent
a potential adverse  impact  to fish  and wetland plants and animals.  In
addition, because  adequate  wastewater  treatment service would  not be
available  in  many  sections  of  the  project   area,  new  development
possibly  would be  forced  into more remote  locations  with consequent
habitat destruction and damage to resident wildlife.

     Alternative  E  would   commit  communities  that  presently  operate
WWTPs  in the  project  area to a course  of  action  for the  same  time
period as  would the  regional system alternatives.   The  upgrading and
expansion of  local WWTPs would require substantial  capital investment
and  annual  operating  and  maintenance  funds.    Commitment  to  local
treatment  would  reduce  the  possibility  of  areawlde  planning  and
treatment of  wastewater.   Local treatment  of wastewater  would require
                                  6-13

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additional WWTPs to serve the remainder of the project area population.
Construction of these additional facilities would reduce future options
even further and,  depending  on the sites selected  for  the new plants,
could  result  in  significant  adverse  impacts   to  plant  and  animal
populations.

6.2.  Socioeconotnic Concerns

6.2.1.   Demographics

     Issue 1;  A  number of  the communites in the project  area in part
objected to Alternative D because it incorporated the 1977 SEMCOG Small
Area Population  Forecast  as  the basis for determining  the 1995 system
design capacity.   Specifically,  representatives  from Novi, Northville,
Northville Township, Plymouth Township, and others (2,6,10,11,14,23,41,
T1,T2)   have   objected   to   the  use  of  what  they  consider  to  be
"unrealistically  low"  projections ' of  future  population  for  their
communities.   Because population  projections  are used as the basis for
determining  interceptor sewer  design  capacity,   these  communties have
expressed considerable concern that adequate interceptor sewer capacity
would not be  available  to sustain future  growth in their communities.
The  Wayne  County DPW  (59)  contends that because communities  now have
agreed to the  larger population and flow projections that are the basis
of  Alternative A-l,  those values should be utilized for system design.
The  DPW  (23,51) also  has stated  that because  the  design-life for an
interceptor  sewer  is  greater than  20 years anyway,  the disagreement
over the population projections "is unduly emphasized."

     Response;   Population  projections for the  project  area were dis-
cussed on pages 39  and 40  of the Draft  EIS.   The  SEMCOG Small Area
Forecast  (SAF) of  1995 population for each community  was presented in
Table 4 (page  41) of the Draft EIS.  Since the publication of the Draft
EIS, SEMCOG  has  developed a revised version of  its population forecast
that incorporates  corrections  in the baseline  data of the population
model.   For comparison, the SEMCOG projections and the projections used
by  the Wayne County DPW in Alternative A-l are  presented  in Table 6-1.
The  US  Bureau of  the Census official estimate  of  population for 1975
(page  38 of  the Draft  EIS)  for each  community also  is  presented to
indicate  the  relative  amount  of growth  indicated  by the projections.

     The  projection of  very  rapid population growth for Novi, North-
ville,  Northville  Township,  and Plymouth Township on which Alternative
A-l  is based differs considerably from  the  SEMCOG projection that was
presented  in  the  Draft EIS.  The Wayne  County  DPW (51) has  indicated
that the projection  included  in Alternative A-l is  based on a SEMCOG
SAF  that was available  in 1975.   The USEPA took  the position during the
preparation  of the Draft EIS  that  the more recent SEMCOG SAF was more
accurate  because it  incorporated updates and revisions in projection
methodology.   The  revised SAF released by  SEMCOG in 1979 continues to
indicate  that  the  1995  population levels  for these four  communities and
others will not  be as high as  projected by the DPW.

     The  DPW  indicated in a 23  January  1979  letter to  USEPA  (51)  that
the actual  population projection to be used as  the basis  of design for
the  regional  interceptor sewer should be a year-2023 projection.  This
is  based  on  the  assumption of  a 40-year design life.  New  USEPA regula-
                                  6-14

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Table 6-1.  Comparison of 1995 population forecasts for communities in the
            Huron Valley project area.

                                            1995 Projected Population


1975 Official
Census
Community Estimate
White Lake Twp.
Commerce Twp.
Wolverine Lake
Walled Lake
Novi
Northville
Northville Twp.
Plymouth Twp.
Plymouth
Canton Twp.
Van Buren Twp.
Belleville
Romulus (western)
Sumpter Twp.
Huron Twp.
Brownstown Twp.
19,008
17,317
5,376
4,282
17,050
6,342
12,033
19,898
11,930
15,243
17,916
2,904
—
10,934
9,045

(central and southern) —
Flat Rock
South Rockwood
Rockwood
Woodhaven
Trenton
Gibraltar
6,544
1,538
3,487
10,698
28,432
4,170
SEMCOG SAP
(1977)
Presented in
Draft EIS
32,197
24,402
3,874
3,406
29,218
5,878
22,390
23,002
11,848
59,785
45,537
4,404
—
18,899
19,766

52,908
11,683
2,800
3,588
9,423
21,368
—
SEMCOG SAP
(Revised
30 March
1979)
30,625
30,725
3,979
4,901
36,400
5,814
26,527
29,314
11,922
57,806
46,632
4,078
—
22,585
15,886

35,185
10,254
—
3,922
9,995
20,890
—

Forecast
Incorporated in
Alternative A-l
28,000
27,000
9,000
7,000
44,073
9,073
38,975
32,141
14,546
44,448
43,029
5,375
2,544
18,196
23,635

15,350
14,152
1,784
5,747
12,822
36,863
8,190
                                     6-15

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tions relating to  the  cost-effectiveness of interceptor sizing (40 CFR
35, Subpart E, Appendix A, Section F (2)) indicate in part:

     Interceptor  pipe   sizes  (diameters  for cylindrical  pipes)
     allowable for construction grant funding shall be based on a
     staging period of  20 years.   A large pipe size corresponding
     to  a  long  staging  period  not  to  exceed  40 years may  be
     allowed  if  the  grantee can demonstrate,  wherever  water
     quality  management  plans  or  other  plans  developed  for
     compliance  with laws  under  35.925-14  have  been approved,
     that the larger pipe would be consistent with projected land
     use patterns  in such  plans and that  the  larger pipe  would
     reduce   overall   (primary  plus  secondary)   environmental
     impacts.

These   regulations   apparently   will    apply   in   determining   the
cost-effectiveness  of  a  regional  interceptor  for  the section of  the
project area  north  of  Sumpter Township.   The local facilities planning
to  be  conducted  for those  communities  (Van  Buren Township  north to
Commerce Township,  see Section 5.0.) would  determine what  interceptor
staging  period,  if  any,  would  be  the  most  cost-effective  for  this
section of the project  area.  New facilities planning efforts also will
be  required   to   use   population  projections  developed  by  SEMCOG.
Therefore,   the   service  population  and   design   capacity   of  the
interceptor  sewer  from Sumpter  Township to Commerce  Township will be
determined through the  development and approval of the facilities plans
for this section of the project area.

     Issue 2;  Several  of those  commenting  expressed concern regarding
the  stimulation  of  population  migration  to,  and growth  within,  the
project area  as  a result of  the presence of a regionalized wastewater
system.   Some of the  individuals  commenting on  this aspect supported
the  conclusions  presented  in the Draft EIS   that  construction of  a
regional   interceptor   sized   for  growth   would   actually  stimulate
migration to  the project area from the Detroit urban area.  This effect
would  result  in the underutilization of existing  urban infrastructure
capacity (16,50,63,T2).   These  individuals  shared the observation that
the construction  of a  regional  interceptor would  ensure a population
shift  to  the  suburbs—that the  provision of sewer service would be a
self-fulfilling  prophecy.  The  observation also  was  made  that  the
existing  sewered  areas such  as  Detroit,  downtown  Pontiac,  Southfield,
Troy, Taylor,  and/or Inkster  already have underutilized public service
infrastructure and  could  accommodate significant amounts of new growth
(56).   In  contrast, the  former  Director of the Wayne  County  DPW  (Tl)
stated  that   the  issue  of  where  people migrate  from  is  irrelevant.

     Response:   Section  6.3. of  the Draft EIS  presents   a  thorough
discussion of  the  concept of  growth stimulation and  its effects.  The
comments, with the  exception  of the comments by the former Director of
the  DPW,  are consistent with  the discussion  in  the Draft  EIS.   The
latter statement in  Issue 2, however, does not consider the effect that
stimulating outmigration  from a development  area may have.
                                  6-16

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     Issue 3;   Concern  was  expressed  for  the  rising  consumption of
energy and  the  high cost of extending  mass  transit systems because of
the  increased  commuting distance  involved for  people  moving from the
city and  inner suburbs  outward to  the  project  area.   Several  (50,69)
speculated  that commuting  trends  will  revert  to  shorter  commutes as
energy costs increase and that  the population levels forecasted  for the
project area may never be reached.

     Response;   It  is conceivable that  an increased  demand,  a  limited
supply, and  a  significantly  increased price of  gasoline in the future
could  curtail  the  city to suburb migration trend in the Detroit metro-
politan area.   This could  result in decreased growth rates for  project
area  communities  from  those  presently projected.   Changes  in future
trends  based  on  energy  considerations  are  especially difficult  to
predict.  If wide-spread  mass   transit service is provided  in the pro-
ject area,  It  is  conceivable that projected population  levels could be
exceeded.   The extent  of this service,  as  noted  by  the  individuals
expressing the  concern,  will be determined by cost and public  desira-
bility.  (Also see  the response to Issue 3 in Section 6.2.3.)

6.2.2.   Economics and Public Finance

     Issue 1;  Congressman Pursell  (2nd District, Michigan; 75) raised
an  issue  concerning  the  protection  of  the  regional  economic competi-
tiveness  of  southeastern Michigan.   He  indicated  "Alternative  A-l
offers the Southeastern Michigan region an opportunity to expand waste-
water  services to  an  acceptable  competitive  level  in comparison to
other regions of the country where rapid growth is occurring."

     Response;   Public wastewater treatment facilities are an important
factor  in  the  overall attractiveness  of an  area  for  new industrial
development. There  are many other  factors, however.   Federal  funding
assistance for  public wastewater  treatment  facilities  is  designed to
meet the  needs of  existing  populations  and  to  accommodate reasonable
future growth.   USEPA programs  are  conducted according to applicable
laws,  regulations,  and  policies that are designed  to provide a  consis-
tent,  cost-effective  approach  throughout the United States.  Selection
of  a recommended  plan  is  based on consideration of a  wide variety of
factors, including  potential direct  and secondary impacts,  cost-effec-
tiveness,  technical  feasibility,  and   implementability.   Future  in-
dustrial development  is  one  of many factors reviewed  and must be bal-
anced  in light of  other concerns.   Recommendation of  an  alternative
wastewater treatment  system  is  not  designed to deter industrial growth
in  one area at  the  expense of another,  nor  can  it  guarantee future
commercial  expansion.   Alternative  F   is  formulated  to  address  the
multitude of issues arising  from the wastewater treatment needs of the
project area, including industrial growth.

     Issue 2;  Congressman Ford (15th  District,  Michigan; 23) observed
that the  cost  of delay is rapid-ly making a  regional  system unafford-
able.

     Response;   Inflation  of construction costs  continues  to signifi-
cantly increase the total  cost of a wastewater  system  for  the project
area.   The  estimated  construction  cost  for  Alternative A-l  was  $207
                                  6-17

-------
million in January  1978  dollars.   In January 1979 dollars, the cost is
estimated to be  $222.5 million (7.5% increase based on the Engineering
News Record  Construction  Cost  Index)  as  a  result  of  one  year's
inflation in the price of labor, energy, and materials.

     The  effect  of  inflation  on  the  ability  to implement  a  regional
wastewater system  will  be determined  based on  the success  of  local
referendums on  system cost sharing.   Voter approval  now must be  ob-
tained under the terms of a newly initiated  law known as the "Headlee
Amendment" (Amendment  to Article  9 of  the  Michigan State Constitution
of  1963).  The  large commitment of  public funds to  such  a project  may
appear objectionable to the average system user because of the increas-
ingly  smaller   amount  of  disposable  income  available  to  him  during
periods of high inflation.

     Sound  planning,  environmental   impact   assessment,  and  design
procedures cannot be  sacrificed in an attempt  to  rush the implementa-
tion  of  a project  to "beat"  inflation.  The risk  of irreversible  en-
vironmental  consequences  and   poor  engineering  judgement  because  of
rushed  decisions presents  too high  a  cost  to  justify  circumventing
these  components of  the  implementation process.   Alternative F  was
formulated by  USEPA so  that  the communities with existing wastewater
management problems can  proceed with the design of a new system.   The
recommendation of Alternative  F is part of an effort by USEPA to avert
further delay and higher costs.

     Issue 3;   The  economic   analysis,  especially the  fiscal  impact
analysis,  contained  in  the Draft  EIS was  criticized  as  being of  poor
quality (31,  T2).

     Response;    The  level of  detail provided for  the financial impact
analysis  in  the  Draft  EIS  exceeds  that  generally  presented  in  such
documents. The  complexity  of  the  project in  terms of  the  number of
participants,  methods  of  financing  available,  existing  contractual
arrangements  for  regional  wastewater  service,   and similar  aspects
creates  a difficult   situation to  analyze.   Contrary  to  statements
presented  at  the Public  Hearing  expressing that the USEPA  or its EIS
consultant never contacted local units of government, letters were sent
to  each  community requesting  baseline  public  finance information.   An
example  of  this letter,  the  list  of communities to whom it was sent,
and  the  two  responses   that   the  EIS  consultant  received appear  as
Exhibits  6-2,   6-3,   and 6-4,  respectively.  In  the absence  of  the
cooperation of local governments, the analysis had  to be conducted with
generalized  information  available  through  the  Michigan  State  Tax
Commission.

     Issue 4;   Two  project  area  communities   (2,14)  that presently
contract  for  treatment of wastewater  at the  Detroit Metropolitan WWTP
(conveyed  to  the plant via the Middle  Rouge  Interceptor  and the Rouge
Valley Interceptor) have expressed concern about the high cost of con-
tinued reliance  on  the Detroit plant  for  treatment.  The Wayne County
DPW  (59)  also suggests that future charges may be higher:
                                  6-18

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                                                           6-21

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     The  assumption  that  present  rates  [for  treatment at  the
     Detroit plant]  will  remain the  same is  questionable,  given
     the  current  litigation  surrounding operation  of  the Detroit
     Water  Board.   The essence of  the litigation  suggests  that
     higher charges  will  result; however that  action  is disposed
     of in court.

In  contrast,   the  former  Director  of  the  Wayne  County  DPW  (T2)
indicated:

     ...  if and  when  the Detroit  Waste  Water Treatment  Plant
     becomes  an  effectively  operated  facility,  their  service
     charges  in  the  Rouge  Valley  District  will  probably  be
     somewhat  lower than those from the Huron Valley System.

     Response;   It  is difficult to speculate about  the  future cost of
treatment  at   the   Detroit  WWTP.   It  is  agreed  that  the cost  will
continue  to increase  relative to the cost of service in 1979.  Because
of the massive size of the Detroit plant (1,050 mgd), however, the cost
of  treatment  should  be considerably  less  on a  unit basis  than for
treatment  at   a  22  mgd   or  49  mgd  Huron  Valley WWTP  (there  are
significant economies  of  scale  attained by  increasing  the size  of  a
WWTP).

     Issue 5;    Concern  has  been  expressed   (16,50,56,69)  that  the
availability of interceptor  sewer  capacity proposed in Alternative A-l
would  result  in the  discontinuation of  use  of  capacity  owned  in the
RVSDD  by project  area  communities.   The  Detroit  Water  and  Sewerage
Department  (DWSD; 16) stated its objection to any decrease in the flows
entering  the Detroit system via the Rouge Valley Interceptor.   The DWSD
contends  that  the  decrease  in flows would result in a loss in revenues
and  would  create  "financial  problems  in  implementing  its  federally
mandated  programs."   The DWSD speculated that such action may force an
increase  in user fees to the remaining customers.

     Response;   Part of  the intent behind  the  previous  selection of
Alternative D  by  USEPA  was to ensure the continued maximum utilization
of existing regional interceptor sewers  (the Middle Rouge, Lower Rouge,
and Downriver Interceptors).  This, it was felt, would provide the most
efficient  use  of  existing  systems  and  would avoid  the  spending of
public  money  to provide duplicate capacity.   The  facilities planning
required  for the central and northern sections of the project area  (see
Section  5.O.),  especially  the study of  the  RVSDD,  will consider other
potential uses  of  the capacity in the Rouge Valley interceptor system.
The  effects  to  the  Detroit  system  will  continue  to  be considered
throughout  the planning process.

     Issue  6;    A number of  those commenting  (16,27,28,56,69) believe
that  the urbanization of  the project  area  that would  be stimulated by
the  availability   of  interceptor  sewer  capacity  would  represent  a
duplication of  urban infrastructure  capacity.  The underutilization of
the  existing  urban service capacity in  the  Detroit urban area and the
subsequent  loss of revenues  could  result  in an  inability  to retire
existing debt  on  newer  investments in  these areas.   The  DWSD  (16)
requested   that  the  assumption of  debt retirement  on  newer Detroit
                                  6-22

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Interceptor  and  collection sewers  should be  considered  as a  cost of
implementing a regional  system in the project area.   Another  (56) re-
quested  that  the  amount  of money that could be saved by not developing
the outlying  project  area and instead utilizing  to  the maximum extent
the existing systems be  considered (i.e., what  is  the actual  loss to
Detroit  and  the  inner suburbs from outmigration to the project area?).
The DWSD also  objected  to the possibility of  general obligation bonds
being used  by Wayne  County  to  finance  the  Huron  Valley project.  It
fears that  if communities default  in the repayment  of their  share of
the construction  bonds  that  all Wayne County residents  would  have to
pay,  resulting  in double-jeopardy  for Detroit  residents.   Somewhat in
contrast,  the  City of Novi  has  indicated  (41)  that  its planning for
public  services  investments  depends on steady growth and that  without
regional interceptor service it cannot grow.

     Response;   The  secondary  impacts  from  the   implementation  of
Alternative  A-l,   including  the  stimulation of  outmigration   and the
duplication  of  urban infrastructure, were identified and discussed in
detail  in  Section  6.3.  of the Draft EIS.  Section 3.1.1. of the Draft
EIS also discussed the  existing trend of outmigration  from the Detroit
urban-core  to  the outlying  parts  of Wayne County.   It was assumed in
the Draft EIS that provision of ample wastewater system capacity in the
project  area would serve  to  support this trend  and  even to stimulate
the  rate of  outmigration.   The relative amount of  the outmigrating
population  that would be  attracted  to the project  area because of the
urban development associated with Alternative A-l cannot be determined.
Therefore,   a  specific   economic  analysis   of   the  costs   of  such
outmigration  is  not  feasible.   It  is  acknowledged,  however,  that  a
significant  cost  undoubtedly will  exist.   It  also  is  conceivable,
however,  that  trends such as rapidly rising  transportation costs and
the  revitalization of downtown  Detroit  could  alter  the  tendency for
outmigration  and  result   in  an  increased demand  for  existing urban
services.  These considerations are extremely difficult to project.  An
effort  by  the  communities   in  the  southeastern  Michigan region to
support  and enforce the principles contained in the adopted SEMCOG Land
Use   Policy  is   essential   to  the   management  of   this   problem.
Specifically, communities  should  enact  land  use controls in accordance
with the following SEMCOG policy statement:

     Intensive residential development should take place in areas
     presently served by  public  facilities with available excess
     capacity before  such  development  takes  place in areas where
     the  construction of  new  facilities  or  the extension  of
     existing ones would be required or would be unduly costly.

Without  adherence  to such a  policy, the  fiscal  impact resulting from
the duplication of existing services in new growth areas will be severe
to both  those  investing  in new services  and  those left to pay for the
underutilized systems.

     The concern that Wayne County residents  may someday be responsible
for the  retirement  of debt for the Huron Valley system appears  to have
little  basis.   The  "double-jeopardy" that  the  DWSD  suggested  might
occur does not appear to be legally feasible.  The concern by Novi that
it must  continue  to grow to maintain sound  public investment  planning
                                  6-23

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is not  entirely  supportable.   Novi already has  invested  in new public
facilities that  are  sized  to accommodate and even  attract  new growth.
While  this  may be  a necessary practice  in high growth  areas,  it can
work  in opposition  to  the  established regional  growth plan discussed
above.  At  the same time,  however, Novi would have no way to cope with
growth already induced by the transportation system and other amenities
if it  did  not implement a progressive capital development plan for new
public services.  In summary, it would be possible for Novi to continue
to exist  as  a viable  community without  significant  additional growth
and despite its present state of indebtedness for new services.

     Issue 7:   Concern has  been  expressed  (8,41)  that  the implemen-
tation  of  a  regional WWTP  also  will result  in  significant  induced
growth  in Monroe County.

     Response;  Secondary impacts were discussed in Section 6.3. of the
Draft  EIS.    The  potential   for  induced  growth was  considered exten-
sively.   Section  6.4.3.  dealt  with  the minimization  of  secondary
impacts.   Although  the  situation  in  Monroe  County was  not addressed
directly,  the discussion  was intended to include areas adjacent to the
Huron Valley  project area.

     Issue 8;   Several  communities,   the  Wayne  County  DPW,  and others
(12,15,18,30,33,34,42,43,48,51,75)  observed  that  they  could  obtain
cheaper service by Alternative A-l than Alternative D.

     Response;   The economies  of scale  in  operating a  large system
would  result  in  a  lower unit  operating  cost  than  for  operating  a
smaller  system (see response  to  Issue 4 in  this  section).   The total
cost-effectiveness  of  the  various  systems must be considered, however,
and  the cost  vs.  benefit to  society as  a  whole  compared.   A larger
system,  if  it  provides  surplus  capacity  and  results   in secondary
impacts, may  not be as cost-effective overall as a smaller system that
would avoid these problems.  Alternative F, if implemented only for the
southern  section of the  project,  would result  in  higher  costs to the
user  than would Alternative  A-l  but  would result  in  one-third the
capital cost  ($71  million compared to  $207 million).   A great deal of
alternative  social benefits would be affordable with the difference.

     Issue 9;   The Sumpter Township  Board  (34)  submitted a resolution
opposing Alternative D that stated in part:

     Sumpter  is  an economically poor community which desperately
     needs  sanitary sewers  for  health reasons  and for economic
     development to  provide job opportunities for its citizens.

The  Board  also  indicated  that  the  Increased   cost  of  Alternative  D
relative to Alternative A-l was too high for  them to afford.

     Response;   The economic condition of Sumpter Township was identi-
fied and discussed in various sections of the Draft EIS.  The high cost
of local collection  sewers contained  in the Sumpter Township Facilities
Plan  combined with  the  cost of joining a regional  system will have a
severe  impact on  residents  of the  service  area.  The Township Board
should  investigate  the availability of supplemental funding  through the
                                  6-24

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Farmers Home  Administration, the  Economic Development Administration,
and similar sources to assist in the financing of such facilities.  The
availability  of  wastewater service   and  publLc  water  supply  may
stimulate  economic  development  in Sumpter  Township,  expanding the tax
base,  providing  jobs,  and  otherwise  overcoming  existing  problems;
however,  the  large investments necessary  do  not necessarily guarantee
such an outcome.

     Issue 10;  The SEMCOG staff review of  the Draft EIS (41) mentioned
the  question  of the  economic value of  contracts for  capacity in the
RVSDD.

     Response;   It  was assumed  for  purposes of  analysis  in the Draft
EIS  that   communities presently  owning  capacity in  the RVSDD  would
respond in an "ideal" manner and  that capacities would be reallocated
based on  the  most  efficient use of  resources.   Under this assumption,
communities would  sell capacities  for exactly what it  would cost them
to purchase an  equivalent amount of capacity in a new system.  The un-
certainty about the future cost for new wastewater system capacity that
will  exist until   system design  is  completed, the  potential  lower
treatment costs  at  the Detroit  WWTP than  at  the proposed Huron Valley
WWTP,  and  the  possibility  that  capacities  in  a  new  system may  be
constrained   to  limit  the  potential  for  secondary  growth-related
impacts,  prevent  the establishment  of  a  valid value  for existing
interceptor capacity.   The ultimate selling price for  capacity in the
Rouge  Valley  interceptors  undoubtedly  will  be established  through
intercommunity negotations.

     Issue 11;  The City  of Trenton (41) has objected to the fact that
cost  estimates  for regional wastewater systems  contained  in the Draft
EIS have  not  included reimbursement to Trenton  for  the abondonment of
its operable  treatment works.

     Response;   The cost  of  abandonment was not included  as a system
cost because  there  is no indication that anyone other than the City of
Trenton  will   bear this   cost.   The  MDNR  was   contacted  during  the
preparation of  the  Draft  EIS regarding allocations  from the State fund
governed  by Section 3. (5) of Michigan Act 329 (Public Acts of 1966, as
amended).    The  MDNR  indicated  that  because  of  the  age  of  the
facilities, the application of the  established depreciation formula
indicated  that  no funds  could be  allocated from  the  fund  for  the
abandonment of   the  Trenton WWTP.   No plan has  been proposed  by the
Wayne  County  DPW  or by the  City  of  Trenton for  any  alternative
mechanism  to  provide  for the reimbursement of the public investment in
the WWTP.

     Issue 12;   One  of  the most  frequently  stated  criticisms  by the
participating communities was that Alternative  D is  not implementable
(1,2,4,9,11,12,15,18,22,23,29,30,33,34,40,41,43,47,48,75).  The reasons
that were stated include:

     •  The disagreement with the population projections on which
        interceptor capacity  allocations  were  based  (see Section
        6.2.1.)
                                6-25

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     •  The unwillingness of Canton Township, Van Buren Township,
        and other communities  to relinquish  their  capacities in
        the Middle  Rouge and  Downriver  Interceptors (6,9,11,14,
        18,22, 23,40,41,43,47,59,62,Tl)

     •  That Belleville is not interested in participating in any
        new system (1,23,43,51,59,62)

     •  The inability  to depend on septic systems  to  serve some
        of the needs in Wayne County and in Oakland County (7,20,
        21,26)

     •  The impracticality/undesirability of expanding the Walled
        Lake  WWTP  (especially  when  SEMCOG  policy  recommends
        against it;  see Section 6.1.1.).

     Response;  USEPA  has acknowledged these constraints and has deve-
loped Alternative F as  a  more  workable  solution to  the  needs  of the
project area (see Section 5.1.).

     Issue 13:  The  implications of the selection of an unimplementable
alternative by  USEPA  are of  significant concern.   The  MDNR has urged
adoption of a  system  so that the unlawful discharges of wastewater can
be eliminated (19,32).  Several of the WWTPs have been cited for permit
violation and  the MDNR is threatening to impose new sewer hook-up bans
(12,33).

     Response;  The imposition of sewer-bans by the MDNR because of the
absence of new  wastewater  facilities would have a significant economic
impact on communities.  USEPA has proposed Alternative F as a mechanism
to implement  design work for the southern section  of  the project area
while allowing  further study of the remaining  area.   This would allow
new  wastewater facilities  to  be  available  at  the earliest possible
time.

     Issue 14;   The appropriateness and/or  legality  of  proposing new
system  alternatives  through the EIS process  was  questioned by several
individuals and agencies (61,62,T1).   USEPA's  action  in  selecting an
"in-house"  alternative was  seen as "bypassing"  the grantee's role in
conducting facilities planning.

     Response;  The  National  Environmental  Policy Act  of 1969 (NEPA)
(P.L.  91-190)  does  not,  by itself, provide specific guidance  on how
EIS's are to be prepared but it  does clearly indicate  that EIS's are to
take  a  broad  perspective  in  examining  proposed  Federal  actions.
Section  102(2)(A)   stresses  "the   integrated  use  of  the  natural  and
social  sciences and  the  environmental design  acts  in planning and in
decislonmaking."  The  specific requirement for EIS's  in Section 102(2)
(C)  clearly  requires  the  evaluation  of  "alternatives to the proposed
action."   Additionally,  102(2)(B)   further   states  that  the "Federal
Government shall study, develop, and  describe appropriate alternatives
to recommended  courses  of action..."

     The  Council  on  Environmental  Quality  (CEQ)  published  guidelines
for  preparing EIS's  in the August  1, 1973, Federal  Register (40 CFR
1500)  which provide  additional guidance, and  serve as  the basis for
                                   6-26

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USEPA's NEPA regulations (40 CFR 6).  Section 1520.8(2) (4) requires EIS's
to discuss alternatives to the proposed action, even to the extent that
alternatives  "not  within  the  existing authority  of  the responsible
agency"  must   not   be  excluded.    Section  1500.8(a)(3)(ii)  further
requires an  analysis of secondary consequences of the proposed action,
especially  those that  "stimulate  or  induce  secondary effects  in the
form  of  associated  investments  and  changed patterns  of  social and
economic activities."

     USEPA's EIS  regulations  also  indicate that an EIS must include "a
discussion of how socioeconomic activities and land use changes related
to  the  proposed  action  conform or conflict" with other  plans for the
area.   Section  6.304(b)   requires  USEPA  to  "develop,  describe,  and
objectively weigh feasible alternatives to any proposed action."  NEPA
case  law  is replete  with  instances where agencies  have  been success-
fully challenged  for failure  to adequately consider Alternatives.  See
e.g.  Calvert Cliffs' Coordinating Committee  v.  NRG,  449  F.2d  1109
(D.C.Cir.,  1971),  NRDC v. Morton,  337  F.  Supp.  165  (D.D.C.,  1971),
Environmental Defense Fund v.  Corps of Engineers,  331  F.  Supp.   925
(D.D.C. 1971).   An excellent source for  further information regarding
judicial interpretations of NEPA  is NEPA in the Courts by Frederick R.
Anderson (Resources for the Future, Inc., 1973).

     Issue 15;    The institutional  capability of  the  proposed regional
system management agency,  the Wayne County DPW, was questioned.  There
is general concern  for the potential for mismanagement, as perceived to
be  the  case  with   the  Detroit  system  by   a   number  of  individuals
(32,27,12).  Fear  was  expressed   that  the outmigration  of  population
from  the  Detroit area  to  the  suburbs  would enhance  the Wayne County
government's   power  base—that  "super  sewer"   is   a  self-serving,
politically-motivated project (36).

     Response;   Speculation by USEPA about the political motivations of
the  DPW's  involvement  in  this  project is  not appropriate.   The DPW
continues to be a manager of existing WWTPs in the project area and has
succeeded  in gaining the  support  of  15  of  the 22  communities  in the
project area for Alternative A-l.

6.2.3.  Land Use and Transportation

     Issue 1;   Some confusion apparently exists about  the location of
the proposed regional WWTP site (8,41).

     Response;    The  conceptual  location  of  the  proposed  regional
wastewater  treatment  plant   is  adjacent  to  the existing  wastewater
stabilization  lagoons in  southern Brownstown  Township.   The  site  is
located east of River  Road  and north  of  Lee  Road.   As  noted  in the
Draft  EIS,  detailed  design  of  the  proposed HVWWCS  has  not  been
completed  and  the  analyses presented  were based  on  conceptual inter-
ceptor routes  that  terminate  at a proposed regional treatment plant in
southeastern Brownstown Township.   Utilization  of  the area adjacent to
the  Brownstown  Township   wastewater  treatment  lagoons  was  based  on
information available from the  Wayne  County Department of Public Works
and  on  the fact  that land potentially is available  at that location.
In addition, the site  currently  is used for wastewater  treatment and
                                  6-27

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would continue to  serve  that purpose if the proposed regional facility
were to be located there.

     Issue 2;   Concern   has  been  expressed   by  the  Huron-Clinton
Metropolitan Authority  (35,64)  about potential  project  impacts  to the
three existing Metroparks  adjacent  to  the Lower Huron River and to the
Lake Erie Metropark that is under development.  Another (44) urged that
planning  and  design should include maximization of  open  space and
recreational opportunities,  and  that conversion of abandoned treatment
plant sites  to parkland should be considered.

     Response;  The  Lower Huron  Metropark,  the Willow  Metropark, and
the  Oakwoods  Metropark,   as well  as   the Wayne  County Middle  Rouge
Parkway,  a  section  of  the  Lower  Rouge  Parkway,  and  the  South
Metropolitan Parkway, potentially could be affected by construction of
a regional  interceptor  sewer.   The  types of  impacts  were  discussed in
general terms in Section 6.1. of the Draft EIS.

     Parklands and recreational areas  should be  avoided  in the final
route design for  the proposed interceptor sewer.   Special  care should
be  taken  to minimize disruption of access  to  parks  and  construction
should  be  scheduled  to  take place during  "off-peak"  use periods where
recreation areas cannot  be avoided.   The Wayne  County  DPW should work
closely with the  agencies  managing  the parks  to  coordinate the  route
selection and subsequent construction scheduling to minimize  impacts to
parklands.

     The proposed  site  of  the  regional WWTP is  adjacent  to the west
boundary of  the 1,500-acre Lake Erie Metropark which presently is under
development.  Careful control of odors  at the  WWTP would  be essential
to  avoid  reducing the   use  and  appreciation of  the  park.   Similarly,
landscaping  and a  buffer area between  the WWTP site and the  park would
help to minimize any adverse effects to parkland aesthetics.

     The   Draft    EIS   recommended   that  comprehensive   planning  be
implemented  as a  means of  managing secondary  growth.  This planning
should  include measures  for the protection  and   enhancement  of open
space and parkland. It is agreed  that conversion of abandoned treatment
plant sites  to recreational use would  be  an appropriate use of public
land.

     Issue 3 :  The Regional Environmental Officer  of the US  Department
of  the  Interior (44) commented in part:

     The project  area  contains  many recreation  areas which could
     be affected by the proposal.  Acquisition and/or development
     of  several  of  these  recreation areas  has been assisted by
     the Land  and Water Conservation Fund which  Ls administered
     by the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.  If any
     of the  following list of recreation areas would be affected,
     we   suggest   you   coordinate   closely   with   the  Michigan
     Department of Natural Resources concerning the implications
     of project conflicts with Section 6(f) of  the  Land and Water
     Conservation  Fund Act:
                                  6-28

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     County            Administrator            Park

     Oakland           Commerce Township      Bicentenniai Park
     Wayne             HCMA                   Woods Creek Picnic Area
                       Wayne County           William P. Holiday
                       Wayne County           Middle Rouge Bikeway
                       Gibraltar              Gibraltar Park
                       Northville             Northville Hatchery Park

     Response;   As discussed  In the response to Issue 2, parklands and
recreational areas  should be avoided  In  the Step 2 design  of  the re-
gional  interceptor  sewer,  The Wayne County  DPW and  Its  engineering
consultant must coordinate  with MDNR concerning the final route of any
proposed  interceptor  sewer to  ensure  compliance with  Section  6(f)  of
the Land and Water Conservation Act.

     Issue 4;   It was  stated  (28)  that  transportation problems  may
result  for western  suburb  residents because  of increased  growth and
uncertain supplies of energy.

     Response;     The   extensive  highway   network  and   the   limited
availability of  public transportation  in  the  project  area  indicate a
dependence   on  private  passenger   automobiles  by   western   suburb
commuters.   Rapid growth  in  and  adjacent  to  the  project  area  will
increase   demands  on  limited  energy  supplies   such  as   gasoline.
Definitive  statements  on future problems  are  not  possible  because of
the  uncertainties  involved  in growth  projections  and estimates  of
energy supplies.  It  is  likely that motor fuel prices will continue to
Increase  and  that supplies will be unable  to  meet  the overall demand
completely.   Provision  of  public  wastewater  treatment  is only one
factor  in  this  situation.   Increased availability  and use of public
transportation and a reduction in the use of private passenger vehicles
can  help   to  reduce  the  impacts  of  fuel  shortages.   This should be
accompanied by comprehensive  land  use  planning which  includes energy
utilization as a major consideration. Alleviation of present and future
transportation  problems  will  require a  coordinated  effort  between
public agencies and private citizens.

     Issue 5:  A  Township  Supervisor (61)  who  also  is  a farmer in the
project area  commented  that   the  concern expressed  in the Draft EIS
about the  conversion  of  farmlands  to developed  uses  is not  realistic.
He stated  "the only  remaining land use you  [USEPA]  are promoting for
our  area   is  a Big  Recreational  Belt  for  the City of  Detroit."  He
indicated that Huron Township  now has 3,610 acres of recreational lands
instead of the 1,854  acres that is indicated  in  the  Draft  EIS (taken
from  SEMCOG's  1975  Land  Use  Inventory—the most  recent comprehensive
data), largely because of  the development of a new Metropark  adjacent
to the  1-275  freeway.  He indicated that such developments that support
the  expansion  of urbanization  into  undeveloped  areas such  as Huron
Township force the community "to extend their municipal services beyond
their means in anticipation of future planned growth."

     Reponse:   Many people  share   the  opinion  that the  expansion of
urbanization at  the fringe of  large metropolitan  areas is inevitable.
Much  of  the project  area constitutes an urban fringe  for  the Detroit
                                 6-29

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Metropolitan Area.   Growth  pressures are extreme because  of  the lower
cost of  land relative to areas  closer to the urban  core,  the highway
system  that  has been  constructed  through sections  of this  area,  and
because  of  the  amenities   such  as  open  space,  clean air,  and other
perceived benefits of  a  non-urban  environment.  However,  comprehensive
planning, especially  growth management planning,  can be  an  effective
means  of channeling  growth so  as  to protect  certain amenities  and
natural  resources,  such  as high quality farmlands.   The  concern over
the issue of secondary growth  in the  project  area  by USEPA and others
is  that  Federal spending should not  be  used to promote  growth in an
area if  it will cause additional problems that the Agency is chartered
by  law  to  avert.   This  incudes  consumption  of  prime  farmlands,
destruction  of  wetlands,   deterioration  of  air,   noise,  and  water
quality, and similar  concerns.   Similarly,  secondary growth can create
serious impacts for local governments related to the need for expansion
of public services,  as discussed in the Draft  EIS  and as indicated by
the Huron Township Supervisor.

     Issue 6;   The Monroe County Board of Commissioners (54)  expressed
concern  that  no  potential  sites  for  the  disposal of residuals from
sludge incineration were identified in the Draft EIS.

     Response;   Availability of  landfill  capacity in the area adjacent
to the project area was identified as a major issue during the environ-
mental review.   It  was assumed that residuals from sludge incineration
would  be disposed  of in  accordance  with  applicable State  and local
regulations  and ordinances  at  approved landfill  sites.   The  amount of
incinerator  ash resulting  from the operation  of  a  regional wastewater
treatment plant would be small  in  comparison to  the  total  amount of
solid  waste  and  refuse  generated  in  the  project  area.    Such  ash
normally  is  compatible with conventional  landfill  operations.  Accep-
tance  or refusal  of  residuals  from  the  proposed   treatment  plant by
various landfills is beyond the scope of the present study.

     It  it probable  that an alternative sludge management plan will be
developed during the Step 2 facilities design process.  The rising cost
of  the necessary  supplemental  incinerator fuel  and the  air pollution
control   requirements  indicate   that  an  alternative   WWTP  sludge
processing  program  such as   sludge   digesting,  dewatering,   and land
spreading, may be more cost-effective  than incineration.

     Issue 7;   Representatives of both Wayne County  (51,T2) and Oakland
County  (26)  have  indicated difficulty in  attempting to  control urban
development and  to delineate the areas for future growth as well as for
agriculture   and  open   space  in   the   project    area   without  "a
well-coordinated and  developed sewer system ... as  the basic framework
from which  to  implement these plans." Representatives  of the Oakland
County  Health  Division  stated  that "it must  also  be pointed out that
the  lack of public  sewer  service  has not stopped the development of
outmigration  into  this  area  [Oakland County  section of  the project
area]  when  soil  conditions   on proposed  developments  or  lots have
complied  with  the  criteria  established in the  [County] Sanitary Code."
They  added  that  they have  received  "mandamus  orders  requiring the
issuance  of  permits  to  install septic systems  on  lots  that have been
denied   [permits]  because   of  unsuitable  soil  conditions  ...   systems
which  we [The  Health Division]  believe are  doomed to early  failure."
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     Response;   USEPA  is well  aware of  the  role of  sewer service in
implementing  local  growth management planning and of  its potential to
stimulate  unplanned growth.   The  migration   to,  and  the  development
presently occurring  in,  the project area would be at a much lower rate
than  it would  occur  if sewer  service were   available.   Although the
problem of  failing  on-site  septic systems is of concern to USEPA, this
concern  must be  balanced  against  the  effects  of  proliferated local
growth  facilitated  by  the  presence of sewer service.   Sewer service
cannot be relied on as  a failsafe  means  for  channeling growth.  Local
land  use controls  must  be implemented  and   enforced  Lf  real growth
management is to occur.

     Issue 8;  The Wayne County DPW (51) has indicated that Alternative
A-l has been approved by the Regional Clearinghouse Review Committee of
SMCOG  as  being in  compliance with the  SEMCOG  programs  and policies.
Another  (3)  questioned  whether the proposed project is consistent with
Michigan's Coastal Zone Management Plan.

     Response;  The  most recent  action approved by the SEMCOG Regional
Clearinghouse Review Committee (RC2)  is contained in a 12 January 1979
letter to USEPA  from SEMCOG (41).  This  letter  indicates that the RC2
passed the following motion relative to this project:

     That planning  (Step 2-Design)  for Alternative A-l should be
     allowed  to  proceed  immediately,  on a modular  basis,  while
     studies  of  interceptor and  treatment  facilities  needed for
     the middle  and  northern segments  of the Huron Valley System
     continue  as a part  of  the  Detroit Wastewater  Treatment
     System Planning effort.

The letter further states that:

     The phrase "on a modular basis" was Intended by the Regional
     Clearinghouse Review Committee to convey their desire to see
     that the preliminary  design and  engineering work necessary
     to  implement  Alternative  A-l proceed   immediately,  e.g.,
     Trenton  Arm Interceptor,  Interceptor  right-of-ways,  site
     plan for treatment  plant,  etc.,  while  the  capacity of the
     Detroit  treatment   facility   is   finalized.   With  proper
     coordination between the Detroit Planning work and the Huron
     Valley  Planning work,  the  two  plans can  proceed  simulta-
     neously, thus  saving  time.   The  Committee  felt  that undue
     delay  in the planning  of the Huron Valley  System  would be
     extremely  costly  and   that any   "cost-effective"  analysis
     should  consider the  effects  of  inflation on  the  proposed
     wastewater treatment system caused by such delays.

Thus, Alternative A-l  has received only  conditional  approval  from the
Regional  Clearinghouse   Review  Committee.  The  RC2 has  supported  the
need  for  further study  of  the  northern section of  the  project area.

     The State  of Michigan  has  delegated responsibility  for adminis-
tration of the Coastal Zone Management Program in southeastern Michigan
to SEMCOG.   Action  by  the Regional Clearinghouse Review Committee will
                                 6-31

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reflect conformance  with all  regional  plans,  programs,  and policies,
including the Coastal Zone Management Plan.

     Issue 9;    It   was   recommended   (3)   that  there  be   further
coordination between  the Wayne County DPW and the  Michigan  Department
of  State  Highways  and  Transportation  (MDSH&T)  and  local  highway
agencies concerning the proposed crossing of Interstate and Federal-aid
highway routes by the proposed regional interceptor.  It was  noted that
the location of  possible M-275 alternatives by MDSH&T  may be affected
by  the proposed  route  of  the  regional interceptor  in  the  northern
section of the project area.   The Wayne County DPW would be required to
obtain  permits  for  the  road  crossings  before  construction  could
commence.

     Response:  The MDSH&T should  be contacted by  the  Applicant  for a
preliminary  review  of proposed Interstate and State  highway crossings
prior  to  its  filing  for authorization  permit   #2205.   Local  highway
departments similarly  should  be contacted during Step 2 system design.
The Draft EIS  (Section 6.3.)  discussed the potential secondary impacts
in  the northern section  of  the project area from  the  availability of
interceptor  sewer  capacity.    This  section  of  the  Draft  EIS  also
indicated  that the  availability of  highway  systems is  a significant
factor  for  secondary  growth.   Future  planning  of highways  for this
area,  such as  the  M-275 proposal,  should be  coordinated with planning
for other major  public services, such as the  proposed  regional inter-
ceptor.   This  would ensure that adverse effects avoided  by the  final
design of one such system are not created by another.

6.2.4.  Cultural Resources

     Issue 1;   One  respondent  (14)  referred  to   the discussion  of
potential archaeological  sites  and historic buildings  Ln the Draft EIS
as being  "truly  of  minimal consequence  in  the service  area."  He felt
that  this  information  was presented "with no attention devoted to the
relationship  of  any  such  (sites)  to  proposed interceptor  routes."
Another  respondent   (3)  similarly  indicated  that the  level  of detail
presented in  the Draft EIS is considered inadequate  to properly assess
the significance of  the impact on the  . ..  cultural features along the
route  of  the  interceptor  sewer."   In contrast,  the  State  Historic
Preservation   Officer   (65)    protested  the   publication   of   site
information,  considering  it  unnecessary  at  this  stage  of  project
development.

     Response;   The  potential for  archaeological sites  to exist in the
project area,  especially in  the interceptor  sewer  corridor, is great,
as  discussed  in  Sections  3.3.,  6.1.,  and  6.3.  of  the  Draft EIS.
Numerous  historical  structures also  exist  (Section 3.3.). Because the
exact  route  of the proposed  interceptor sewer has  not been finalized,
no specific relationships between the interceptor route and known sites
are  possible.    Possibly of   more  significance,  however,  would  be the
potential  for  disturbance of unidentified  archaeological sites and/or
of  historical  buildings by the secondary growth  and  development within
the project area.
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     It is standard  practice  to limit archaeological site descriptions
to  only  a   township  and  section  identification.   USEPA regrets  the
publication  of  the more  exact  locations.  The  specific  references to
site  locations  contained in  the  first printing of  the Draft  EIS have
been deleted in the reprinted document.

     Detailed archaeological  surveys of  the interceptor  route and the
site of proposed  WWTP  should be conducted as part of the Step 2 design
work as  suggested by  the US Department  of the  Interior  (44)  and the
State  Historic  Preservation  Officer (SHPO; 65).   This  *ould  help to
minimize  the disturbance of  potential  sites during construction.   It
also would help  to avoid possible delays during construction if a site
was encountered and had to be salvaged.

     Issue 2;  The SHPO indicated that the "undocumented" statement "no
historic or  archaeological  sites  are known to exist at the  Brownstown
Township  WWTP"  that was  contained  in Table  25, Section  6.1., of the
Draft EIS is premature.

     Response;   The final  determination  of whether an archaeological
site  may  exist  can only be made  once  a  detailed on-foot  survey is
conducted.   The  statement  nevertheless  is correct based on existing
information.

6.3.  Engineering/Conceptual Design Concerns

     Issue 1;   The Wayne County and  Oakland  County Health Departments
and  many  communities  and  individuals  (2,6,7,11,13,14,20,21,26,40,53,
T2) objected to the concept of continued utilization of on-site systems
in  certain  areas that was  incorporated  in  Alternative D.   Information
was   presented,   especially  by  the  Health   Department,   about  the
unsuitability of  soils  in the project  area for  sustaining operating
septic systems.

     Response;  The  facilities  planning that will be initiated for the
Van  Buren Township to  Commerce Township section of the  project area
must  assess  the  need  for new  collection sewers.   This  analysis will
provide the type of analysis necessary to make a final determination on
the  most  cost-effective  and technically feasible  type  of  wastewater
management system for  the area.  Such an analysis  is beyond the scope
of  an  EIS.   The  information  presented by the  Wayne  County Health
Department about  septic  system  problems  in northwestern  Wayne County
was  requested by the USEPA's EIS consultant more than a year earlier.
Timely provision of such  information would have improved the quality of
the alternatives analysis presented in the Draft EIS.

     Issue 2;   Money  should  be  spent  only  for  wastewater  sludge
composting and  land application in compliance with  the SEMCOG Areawide
Plan instead of for sludge incineration (4).

     Response;   USEPA  will require  that the Wayne County DPW further
analyze  the WWTP sludge  management  system.   Because of rapidly in-
creasing  cost and reduced availability of  the supplemental fuel needed
for   sludge  incineration,  such   an   option  may   no   longer   be
cost-effective.   USEPA  and MDNR  recommend that the design of the system
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proceed as outlined in Alternative F (Section 5.0.) without an approved
sludge management  plan.   Such  a plan would be required to be developed
as  part  of the  concurrent  facilities planning  activities.   A  Step  3
grant for  system construction  could not be awarded until an approvable
sludge management system was developed.

     Issue 3;   The proposed regional treatment plant should be designed
to  facilitate  an active  environmental  education  program with  area
schools (44).

     Response;  While  it  is  beyond the scope of  this  EIS to determine
educational  issues,   it  is  recognized  that  public understanding  of
wastewater  treatment   is  an  important concern.   It is  suggested  that
consideration be given in plant design to maximization of public access
consistent  with  safety.   Coordination  of  this  issue  between  the
treatment  plant  management authority  and local educational agencies is
recommended.   SEMCOG  has taken leadership in  environmental  education
programs  in  recent   years  and  should  consider  coordinating   such  a
program in southeast Michigan.

     Issue 4;   Significant issues were raised (2,6,51,55,59,75,12) con-
cerning the adequacy  of  total  capacity and the  reallocation  of commu-
nity-owned  capacity  in the  RVSDD that was proposed  in Alternative D.
It  was  stated  that   the  existing discharges  by  communities   to  the
interceptors in excess of contract capacities only are possible because
eastern district  communities are not  utilizing their maximum capacity.
Individual  community  contributions presented in  Section 3.4.2.  of the
Draft  EIS  were  questioned.   The  idea that  I/I  removal  in  the RVSDD
interceptor system would  provide additional capacity was considered to
be highly  questionable.   Communities  indicated  that they would require
significantly more capacity than proposed.

     Response;   The  assumptions on which  interceptors  capacity deter-
minations  for Alternative D were based include:
     •  "Ideal" reallocation  of  contract capacities in the RVSDD
        among  communities  to   afford  optimum  utilization  of
        available capacity

     •  Sewered  population estimates  for communities  that were
        based on SEMCOG's population forecasts and projections of
        the number of sewered vs. unsewered households

     •  Per  capita flow  values  as  presented in  the Facilities
        Plan for the HVWWCS

     •  That  3.0 cfs  of  the total  5.0 cfs  capacity  owned  by
        public institutions with facilities located in Northville
        Township would be available to Northville Township

     •  That  the  flow equalization  basins  at Novi  would double
        its  effective capacity  in  the  Middle  Rouge Interceptor
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     •  That the physical  capacity of the Middle Rouge Intercep-
        tor east of Plymouth could convey more than the 37.48 cfs
        combined contract capacity.

Assumptions  about  the cost-effective  removal of  I/I  were not entered
into  the  analysis   (i.e.,  flow values used were  those provided in the
Facilities Plan).

     Local   facilities   planning   for  the  project   area  communities
presently  served by  the  RVSDD,  and  for  the Rouge Valley System as a
whole  is  essential to  provide a  basis  for  properly  assessing future
capacity needs  (see  Section 5.0).   The alternatives analysis presented
in  the  Draft  EIS  is  based  on  a  much  less   exhaustive  study  of
engineering  factors than is achievable through the facilities planning
process.

     Issue 5;   Concern  was expressed  (10,41) about  the differneces in
the estimation  of  project  costs for Alternative A-l between the HVWWCS
Facility Plan and the Draft EIS.

     Response:    As indicated  in  the  Draft  EIS,  the unit costs  for
interceptor  construction and the  operational costs  for treatment were
based  on  information  provided in  the  HVWWCS  Facilities Plan (Hubbell,
Roth  &  Clark,  Inc.   1976).   These  values  were  updated  based  on
appropriate  USEPA  and  Engineering News Record   inflation   indexes.
Because USEPA  and  the  EIS  consultant believed that the  costs  of pro-
posed treatment facilities may have been somewhat underestimated in the
Facility Plan  relative  to  present  day experience, newly published cost
curves  (USEPA  1978) were  utilized to develop new costs  for treatment
systems.

     Issue 6;   Several  residents  of  southeast  Brownstown Township and
others  (24,32,50,52)   expressed  concern  that  soil  problems,  frost
heaving  in areas  of  high water  table,  the  high  water  level  of Lake
Erie,  and  the   blasting  operations at the  Ottawa Silica  quarry  would
cause breaks in the regional interceptor sewer and  interfere  with the
operation of the WWTP if constructed in that area.

     Response;   These potentially problematic aspects will be addressed
during  Step  2  facilities design.   Engineering design  should compensate
for  these  conditions.   These constraints are not  expected to preclude
construction;  however,   their  potential  effect   must be taken  into
consideration in system design.

     Issue 7;   One  respondent  (16) requested that the annual operation
costs that were presented  on an average year basis in the Draft EIS be
revised to reflect  the effect of inflation.

     Response;   Estimation  of  O&M  costs  was based on USEPA regulations
governing the estimation of costs for treatment facilities (FR Vol. 39,
No. 29, Appendix A)  and USEPA's Guidance for Preparing a Facility Plan
(1975).  This  method assumes  that O&M costs inflate at  close to the
rate  that  prices  in general  would  inflate, so  that the effects  of
inflation  could be  ignored  in  the  overall  analysis.  New USEPA re-
gulations  (FR   Vol.  43,  No.  188)  now  require  that  energy  costs  be
considered independently from  the  remainder of O&M costs as a means of
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better  reflecting  possible future  increases  in O&M  costs  relative to
that of other goods.

     Issue 8;  The fact that  the  implementation of  a regional system
would  preclude  the  impetus  to explore  the feasibility  and  implemen-
tation  of  innovative/alternative  treatment options  for communities in
the project area was  criticized (27,50,T2).  These respondents proposed
that  the  decentralized service concept  offers flexibility  for future
innovation.   They  criticized  that  land treatment  was not given  more
consideration  and   several   (27,55,57,Tl)   proposed  that  innovative
alternatives  would be available for  the section  of  the project  area
that was proposed  in Alternative  D to be  served  by an enlarged Walled
Lake WWTP.

     Response;  A discussion of why land treatment was not considered a
viable option for a regional system was discussed in Section 5.2.3.2.4.
of  the Draft EIS.   Consideration  must  be  given  to  innovative  and
alternative wastewater management  technologies  in the local facilities
planning that is to be conducted for the Van Buren Township to Commerce
Township  section  of  the  project area.   Any further  consideration of
expansion  of  the Walled Lake WWTP would require that  alternatives  to a
surface water discharge  be explored  under the  terms of  USEPA's  new
construction  grants   regulations   (40  CFR  35.900).   As discussed in
Section 2.7.  of  this document, however, there are numerous constraints
to  the implementation of  such alternatives; they  are best suited for
small  flows.

     Issue 9;   The  abandonment  of  the  Walled Lake  WWTP  and  of  the
Trenton WWTP, as proposed  in several of the regional  alternatives, was
questioned  (27,50)   in  light  of  the  position that   these plants  are
capable  of  meeting   discharge standards  with  only  minor  upgrading.

     Response;  Decisions  about the  potential  for  abandonment of the
Walled  Lake  WWTP and  the  Trenton  WWTP must be based on a cost-effec-
tiveness decision by the participating community.  As  of June 1979, the
communities   served  by  these  two  facilities  have  not  signed  the
cost-sharing  agreement for regional system design with the Wayne County
DPW.   This  indicates that  they have not reached  such a determination.
The future cost for  service by the regional system potentially could be
lower  than  provided by  their own  WWTP because  of  the  economies of
scale.  The  uncertainty about  the final size and costs of the regional
system have made difficult this decision for these communities.

     Issue 10;  One  respondent (27) disagreed  with the idea presented
in  the Draft EIS  that  Alternative E is not readily comparable to the
regional alternatives.

     Response;   The  Draft  EIS indicated  that  a direct  comparison of
Alternative  E with  the regional alternatives was  not feasible because
of   the  significantly  lower  population  served  by Alternative E.
Alternative  E (Modified)  has  been developed  (Section 2.7.)  to better
display this  comparison.

     Issue 11;   One  respondent (41) requested  that the amount of  flow
that  was   assumed  to  be  contributed  to  the  regional  system  by  each
community  be  shown.
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     Response;   Table  5-1  (page 5-5)  of  this  document  displays the
capacity  assumed  for  each  community  in Alternative  A-l.    The  1995
average  design  flow  for  each  community  served  by Alternative  D is:
Community

Whitelake Twp.
Commerce Twp.
Walled Lake
Wolverine Lake
Novi
Northville
Northville Twp.*
Plymouth
Pymouth Twp.
Canton Twp.
Van Buren Twp.
2.46
0.96
4.48
Community

Belleville          0.94
Sumpter Twp.        1.74
Romulus             0.26
Huron Twp.          2.07
Flat Rock           2.52
Rockwood            2.07
South Rockwood      0.28
Browns town Twp.     4.29
Woodhaven           1.63
Gibraltar           0.92
Trenton             5.61
*Includes   flow   for  an   equivalent  of   5,000   persons  at  public
institutions within Northville Township.

Flows  from  White  Lake  Township,  Commerce  Township,  Walled  Lake,
Wolverine Lake, and  northern Novi (0.42 mgd) were proposed for costing
purposes  to be treated  by  expanding the Walled Lake  WWTP to 4.8 mgd.
Flows  from  the  remainder  of Novi,  Northville,  Northville  Township,
Plymouth, and  Plymouth  Township,  totaling 10.9 mgd,  were proposed to
continue  to be  conveyed  to  the  Detroit  WWTP via  the  Middle  Rouge
Interceptor.  Flows  from the remaining communities were proposed to be
conveyed via new  regional  interceptors to a new,  32-mgd regional WWTP.

     Issue  12;   Concern  was expressed (44) that planning  for new sewer
facilities should address the proper abandonment of septic systems that
would  be  replaced   by  hook-ups  to  new  collection  sewers.   Problem
aspects  related   to   septic systems  which presently  exist  should  be
ameliorated to ensure  the success of project goals and to  enhance water
quality.

     Response;   USEPA  agrees with this observation.  This  aspect of the
wastewater  management program  should  be  addressed through  the  local
facilities planning for  collection sewers.

     Issue  13;    Several  of  those  (55,63,70)  opposing  the  regional
concept  of  wastewater  management  expressed  the  opinion that  it  is
better done  on a  river basin basis.  At that level, hydrologic balance
could be maintained and  the natural assimilative capacity  of  the rivers
could be utilized.

     Response;   This comment  is  addressed by  the  various related re-
sponses in  Section 6.1.1.

     Issue  14;   One  respondent (56)  suggested that the  solution to the
lack of  land availability  for expansion of the Flat Rock WWTP would be
to  construct  a new  primary  treatment  system for  Huron Township flows
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west of Flat Rock, use the existing plant site for final treatment, and
require the Ford Motor plant to pretreat its wastes.

     Response;  Alternative treatment plant sites were considered early
in  the  conceptual alternatives  development stage  of  the  project.  It
would  not be  cost-effective,   relative  to  the  cost of providing new
service with  a regional system, to provide split  treatment facilities
at  Flat Rock.   If the City of  Flat  Rock were left with no alternative
but  to  expand and upgrade its existing  facilities,  at whatever cost,
then  this proposal might  warrant  further consideration,  Pretreatment
of industrial flows would be required if the wastewater would interfere
with treatment plant operations.

     Issue 15:   The  basis  of  design and the estimation  of operation
costs for  the  expansion and upgrading of the Walled Lake WWTP that was
considered  in  Alternative D  were  questioned  (51,62).   It  also was
questioned whether an  expanded/upgraded  facility would be able to meet
the  more  stringent  effluent  limitations  that  would apply if  the
existing  plant  is not  in compliance with  the conditions  of its NPDES
discharge permit.

     Response;   Generalized  cost curves  (USEPA  1978)  were utilized to
obtain  costs  for construction  and treatment  of the expanded/upgraded
Walled Lake WWTP considered  in Alternatives C and D.  No formal design
specifications  were  prepared.   Because  of  the  limited  experience
nationally with state of the art phosphorus removal facilities, limited
data  is  available  on  its  costs.   It is conceivable  that  cost  esti-
mations for this  facility are low.

     The  Oakland County DPW,  the operators  of  the Walled  Lake WWTP,
were  issued  a Notice  of  Noncompliance  and Order  to  Comply  by MDNR in
January   1979.    Cited  violations  included  failure   to  monitor  the
effluent as required in the permit and violations of effluent DO, fecal
coliform, and phosphorus limitations.  An upgraded/expanded plant would
be  designed  to  meet  the  more  stringent  effluent   standards.   The
engineering design would be thoroughly reviewed  by MDNR and USEPA prior
to  approval  of  construction;  however,  although  the plant may  be
designed  properly,  the  potential  still would  exist  for  occasional
operational problems  to develop that might degrade effluent quality at
times.

     Issue 16;   The  method  that  was  used  to  estimate  the  cost  of
interest  during  construction  for  the  costing  of  alternatives  was
questioned  (60).  Similarly,   the  interest  rates,  cost  indexes,  and
other  assumptions related  to  cost  calculations  was  requested  to be
shown (T2).

     Response;    The   method   used  to   calculate   interest  during
construction was  based  on  the method suggested in USEPA regulations (40
CFR  35.900).   As a result of  the  Wayne  County DPW's objection to this
methodology,  an  alternative means to incorporate  this  factor was used
in  the  costing  of  Alternative  E  (Modified)  and of  Alternative  F.
Instead of using a 25% service  factor and  calculating interest during
construction independently, as  was done  in  the Draft EIS, a 27% service
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factor  that  includes interest  during construction has  been utilized.
This represents  standard engineering practice  for facilities planning
during 1979.

     The  interest  rate  for wastewater  facilities projects  is  estab-
lished by  law.   The  US  Water Resources Council publishes a value on an
annual  basis.   Because  January  1978 price  levels were  established as
the  base  price  for  standardizing  costs  for  all  alternatives,  the
applicable  Federal  interest rate  was 6.625%.   Published  USEPA  waste-
water facilities  and O&M cost  indexes and  the Engineering News  Record
Construction Cost Index  were utilized to adjust  prices  to the January
1978 level.

     Issue 17;    A question was  posed  about  what alternatives  would
remain for  the northern  communities if service was not provided  by the
HVWWCS (T2).

     Response;    As  discussed  in  the Conclusions  and Recommendations
section  of  the Draft EIS   (Section  7.0.)  and in  Section  5.0. of this
document,  a variety of  options  potentially could  be  considered  as
alternatives to  service  for the northern area.  These include indepen-
dent solutions for communities that involve dependence on decentralized
systems,  especially  innovative  technologies  such as  upgrading  septic
systems,  clustering  on-site  systems, septic  tank effluent  pumps  and
low-pressure sewers; land  treatment;  wetlands treatment; conveyance to
the Detroit system;  and various combinations of these.
                                  6-39

-------
7.0.  LITERATURE CONSULTED
Applegate, V., and H. Van Meter.  1970.  A brief history of commercial
     fishing in Lake Erie.  Fishery Leaflet 630.  US Department of the
     Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC.

Binkley, C., and others.  1975.  Interceptor sewers and urban sprawl-
     Lexington Books, Lexington MA.

Burt, W.H.  1957.  Mammals of the Great Lakes region.  The University of
     Michigan Press, Ann Arbor MI, 246 pp.

Commonwealth Associates Inc.  1974.  1-275 archaeological and historical
     survey.  Prepared for the Michigan Department of State Highways and
     Transportation and the Michigan History Division, Lansing MI.

Conant, R.  1975.  A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and
     central North America, 2nd ed.  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA,
     429 pp.

Elliott, A.M.  1968.  Zoology.  Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of
     Meredith Corporation, New York NY, 799 pp.

Enviro Control, Inc.  1976.  Environmental impact assessment of alternative
     concepts for water quality management of the Huron River Basin.  Volume
     10 of the Facility Plan for the Huron Valley wastewater control system,
     Rockville MD, variously paged, 428 pp. and appendices.

Environmental Consultants, Inc.  1977.  Technical feasibility of land
     application of domestic wastewater treatment plant residues in
     southeast Michigan.  Southeast Michigan Council of Governments,
     Detroit MI, 130 pp.

Federal Highway Administration.  1973.  Noise standards and procedures.
     Policy and procedure memorandum 90-2.  US Department of Transportation,
     Washington DC.

Fitting, J.E.  1970.  The archaeology of Michigan.  The Natural History Press,
     Garden City NY.

Fitzpatrick, M., J. Willson, D. Ericson, G. Fox, and D. Wood.  1978.
     Manual for evaluating secondary impacts of wastewater treatment
     facilities.  US Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA-600/5-78-003),
     Office of Air, Land, and Water Use, Washington DC, 175 pp.

Giffels/Black & Veatch.  1977a.  Land.  Interim report  (DOA-101).   Overview
     plan with environmental assessment.  Prepared for the Detroit Water and
     Sewerage Department.  Giffels/Black & Veatch.  Detroit MI, 13 pp.

Giffels/Black & Veatch.  1977b.  Living organisms.  Interim report (DOA-104).
     Overview plan with environmental assessment.  Prepared for the Detroit
     Water and Sewerage Department.  Giffels/Black & Veatch, Detroit MI,
     33 pp. and appendices.

                                     7-1

-------
Giffels/Black & Veatch.  1977c.  Segmented facilities plan.  Volume 1.  Over-
     view plan with environmental assessment.  Prepared for the Detroit Water
     and Sewerage Department.  Giffels/Black & Veatch, Detroit MI, 195 pp.

Giffels/Black & Veatch.  1977d.  Summary report.  Overview plan with environ-
     mental assessment.  Book 1 - Part 2 of 2.  Prepared for the Detroit
     Water and Sewerage Department.  Giffels/Black & Veatch, Detroit MI,
     variously paged.

Giffels/Black & Veatch.  1977e.  Sludge disposal.  Interim report  (WCT-119).
     Overview plan with environmental assessment.  Prepared for the Detroit
     Water and Sewerage Department.  Giffels/Black & Veatch, Detroit MI,
     162 pp.

GLBC.  1975a.  Great Lakes Basin framework study.  Appendix 17 - wildlife.
     Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor MI, 140 pp.

GLBC.  1975b.  Great Lakes Basin framework study.  Appendix 14 - floodplains.
     Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor MI, 288 pp.

GLBC.  1975c.  Great Lakes Basin framework study.  Appendix 11 - levels and
     flows.  Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor MI, 206 pp.

GLBC.  1975d.  Great Lakes Basin framework study.  Appendix 4 - limnology of
     lakes and embayments.  Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor MI,
     441 pp.

Herdendorf, C.E.  1969.  Water masses and their movements in western Lake
     Erie.  State of Ohio, Department of Natural Resources, Division of
     Geologic Survey Report of Investigations No. 74, Columbus OH.

Hubbell, Roth & Clark, Inc.  1976.  Facility Plan for the Huron Valley
     Wastewater Control System.  Volume 1.  Prepared for the Board of Wayne
     County Road Commissioners.  Hubbell, Roth & Clark, Inc., Detroit MI,
     variously paged and appendices.

Knutilla, R.L.  1971.  Water resources of the River Rouge Basin, southeastern
     Michigan.  US Geological Survey, Hydrologic Investigations Atlas
     HA-356, Washington DC.

Knutilla, R.L.  1972a.  Gazetteer of hydrologic data for the Huron River
     Basin, southeastern Michigan.  Technical paper No. 7, southeastern
     Michigan water resources study, US Army Engineer District, Detroit
     Corps of Engineers, Detroit MI.

Knutilla, R.L.  1972b.  Gazetteer of hydrologic data for the River Rouge
     Basin, southeastern Michigan.  Technical paper No. ]., southeastern
     Michigan water resources study, US Army Engineer District, Detroit
     Corps of Engineers, Detroit MI.

Larson, R.W., W.B. Allen, and S.D. Hanson.   1975.  Water resources of the
     Huron River Basin, southeastern Michigan.  US Geological Survey,
     Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-514, Washington DC.
                                     7-2

-------
McNamee, Porter, and Seeley.  1975.  Drought flows of the Huron River in the
     Ann Arbor-Ypsilanti area.  Preliminary draft of 15 May 1975.  McNamee,
     Porter, and Seeley, Ann Arbor MI.

May, G.S.  1967.  Pictorial atlas of Michigan.  W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.,
     Grand Rapids MI.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.  1972.  Wastewater engineering: collection, treatment,
     disposal.  McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York NY, 782 pp.

MDNR.  1974.  General water quality survey and storm water survey, June-
     September 1973.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan
     Water Resources Commission, Bureau of Water Management, Lansing MI.

MDNR.  1977a.  Michigan's natural rivers report - Huron River, May 1977.
     Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing MI.

MDNR.  1977b.  The Detroit River 1966-1976 — A progress report.  Publication
     No. 4833-9438.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Environmental
     Protection Bureau, Comprehensive Studies Section, Lansing MI, 59 pp.

Michigan Department of Commerce.  1975.  Growing with Michigan, Volume 3,
     Number 6.  State of Michigan, Department of Commerce, Lansing MI.

Michigan Department of State Highways.  1976.  Corridor/alignment environ-
     mental section 4(f) statement for the proposed location of the M-275
     freeway, from 1-96 north to M-59, Oakland County, Michigan.  Michigan
     Department of State Highways and Transportation, Lansing MI,
     variously paged, 162 pp. & appendices.

Moak, L.L., and A.M. Hillhouse.  1975.  Concepts and practices in local
     government finance.  Municipal Finance Officers Association of the
     US and Canada, Chicago IL, 454 pp.

Mozola, A.J.  1969.  Geology for land and groundwater development in Wayne
     County, Michigan.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological
     Survey Report of Investigation 3, Lansing MI.

MWRC.  1975.  A biological investigation of the Rouge River, Wayne and Oak-
     land Counties, May 17 to October 19, 1973.  Michigan Water Resources
     Commission, Bureau of Water Management, Department of Natural Resources,
     Environmental Protection Branch, Lansing MI.

Noyce, R.W.  1974.  Environmental geologic study.  In Corridor/alignment
     environmental section 4(f) statement for the proposed location of the
     M-275 freeway, from 1-96 north to M-59, Oakland County, Michigan.
     Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Lansing MI.
     1976.

Oakland County DPW.  1975.  Infiltration/inflow analysis-Walled Lake-Novi
     sewage disposal system, Oakland County, Michigan.  Facility plan for
     the Huron Valley wastewater control system, Volume 5.  Oakland County
     Department of Public Works, Pontiac MI, 6 pp.
                                    7-3

-------
Parkhurst, B.  1972.  Thermal discharge.  Part V: the distribution and growth
     of the fish populations along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe,
     Michigan, during 1970.  Technical report No. 17, Thermal Discharge Series.
     Institute of Water Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

Parkins, A.E.  1918.  The historical geography of Detroit.  Kennikat Press,
     Port Washington NY.

Say, E.W., and O. Jansson.  1976.  The Huron River and its watershed.  Huron
     River Watershed Council, Ann Arbor MI., 34 pp.

Secretary of the State of Michigan.  1893.  Michigan and its resources.
     Robert Smith and Co., Lansing MI.

SEMCOG.  No date.  Soil management groups - Wayne County  (map).   Prepared
     by Resource Management Associates, West Chester PA. Southeast Michigan
     Council of Governments, Detroit MI.

SEMCOG.  1968.  A profile of southeastern Michigan,  TALUS data.  Southeast
     Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI, not paged.

SEMCOG.  1976a.  Precipitation in southeast Michigan.  Southeast Michigan
     Council of Governments, Detroit MI, 31 pp. and index.

SEMCOG.  1976b.  Surface geology  (map).  Southeast Michigan Council of
     Governments, Detroit MI.

SEMCOG.  1976c.  Land use patterns in southeast Michigan.  Southeast Michigan
     Council of Governments, Detroit MI.

SEMCOG.  1976d.  Population and occupied dwelling units in southeast Michigan,
     1975.  Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI, not paged.

SEMCOG.  1976e.  Interim sewer service areas map.  (Part of the amendments to
     the sewer, water, storm drainage plan adopted by the SEMCOG General
     Assembly.)  Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI,
     1 sheet.

SEMCOG.  1977a.  Inland lake management concerns for southeast Michigan.
     Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI, 78 pp.

SEMCOG.  1978a.  Water quality in southeast Michigan: the Huron River Basin.
     Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI, 156 pp.

SEMCOG.  1978b.  Water quality in southeast Michigan: the River Rouge Basin.
     Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit MI, 121 pp.

Twenter, F.R.  1975.  Southeastern Michigan water  resources study - ground-
     water and geology.  US Geological  Survey and  US Army Corps of Engineers,
     Washington DC.

US Bureau of the Census.   1961.   US census of population:  1960,  general popula-
     tion characteristics, Michigan.  US Department of Commerce, Bureau of
     the Census, Washington DC.

                                     7-4

-------
US Bureau of the Census.  1971.  US census of population:  1970, general
     population characteristics, Michigan.  US Department of Commerce,
     Bureau of the Census, Washington DC.

US Bureau of the Census.  1977a.  Current population reports, Series P-25,
     Number 670.  US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington DC.

US Bureau of the Census.  1977b.  County business patterns.  US Department of
     Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington DC.

US Corps of Engineers.  1974.  Final environmental statement, confined disposal
     facility for Toledo Harbor, Ohio.  Department of the Army, Detroit District,
     Corps of Engineers, Detroit MI.

US Corps of Engineers.  1975.  Lake Erie wastewater management-plan.  Department
     of the Army, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo NY.

US Corps of Engineers.  1977.  Great Lakes open coast flood level report.
     Department of the Army, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo NY.

US Department of Agriculture.  1977.  Soil survey of Wayne County area,
     Michigan.  Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Michigan
     Agricultural Experiment Station, Lansing MI, variously paged.

US Department of Labor.  1977a.  Employment and earnings, states and areas,
     1939-1975.  US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
     Washington DC.

US Department of Labor.  1977b.  Employment and earnings, September 1977,
     Volume 24, Number 9.  US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
     Washington DC.

USDI.  1970.  Design, operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment
     facilities:  Federal guidelines.  US Department of the Interior,
     Federal Water Quality Administration, Washington DC, 29 pp.

USEPA.  1973.  Pretreatment of pollutants introduced into publicly owned
     treatment works:  Federal guidelines.  US Environmental Protection
     Agency, Office of Water Program Operations, Washington DC, variously
     paged.

USEPA.  1974.  Flow equalization.  EPA technology transfer seminar publication.
     US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 21 pp.

USEPA.  1975.  Secondary impacts of transportation and wastewater investments:
     review and bibliography.  EPA-600/5-75-002, US Environmental Protection
     Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 276 pp.

USEPA.  1976a.  Process design manual for phosphorus removal.  EPA 625/1-76-
     0012.  US Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer, Washington
     DC, variously paged.

USEPA.  1976b.  Disinfection of wastewater.  MCD-21, EPA-430/9-75-012.  US
     Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations,
     Washington DC, 59 pp.
                                    7-5

-------
USEPA.  1977.   State and local pretreatment programs:  Federal guidelines.
     Volumes 1, 2, and appendices 1-7.  MCD-43.  US Environmental Protection
     Agency, Office of Water Program Operations, Washington DC, variously paged.

USEPA.  1978.   Construction costs for municipal wastewater treatment plants:
     1973-1977.  MCD-37,  EPA 430/9-77-013.  US Environmental Protection
     Agency, Office of Water Program Operations, Washington DC, variously
     paged.

USGS.  1976.  Water resources data for Michigan, water year 1975.   Water data
     report MI-75-1,  US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey,
     Okemos MI.

Veal, D.,  and D. Osmond.   1968,  Bottom fauna of the western basin and near-
     shore Canadian waters of Lake Erie.  Proc. llth Conference on Great
     Lakes Research.

Verway, D.I., and W.  Grier (Editors).  1977.  Michigan statistical abstract.
     Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration,
     Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, 1,159 pp.

Wade, Trim & Associates,  Inc.  1977.  Facility planning study, Sumpter
     Township.  Wade, Trim & Associates, Inc., Taylor MI, 125 pp.  plus
     appendices and maps.

Wagner, W.H., E.G. Voss,  J.H. Beaman, E.A. Bourdo, F.W. Case, J.A. Churchill,
     and P.W. Thompson.  1977.  Endangered, threatened, and rare vascular
     plants in Michigan.   Michigan Botanist 16: 99-122.

Water Pollution Control Federation.  1970.  Design and construction of
     sanitary and storm sewers.  Manual of practice No. 9, Water Pollution
     Control Federation,  Washington DC, 332 pp.

Wayne County Board of Road Commissioners.  1976.  Infiltration/inflow
     analysis for Huron Valley Wastewater Control System.  Water Control
     Division, Wayne County Board of Road Commissioners, Detroit MI, unpaged.

Wayne County Department of Health.  1974.  Partial inventory of environmental
     health conditions in Sumpter Township.  Wayne County Department of
     Health, Detroit MI.

Wayne County DPW.  1977a.   Rouge Valley System - utilization of interceptor
     capacity  (misc.  table).  Wayne County Department of Public Works,
     Detroit MI, 1 page.

Wayne County DPW.  1977b.   Sanitary sewer maps.  Wayne County Department of
     Public Works, Detroit MI, various sheets.
                                     7-6

-------
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    APPENDIX A




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                                                                              20
Bojrd Memhrrs
MAX L GARUNtR, MD
REV CHARLES E MORTON, PH
EDWARD K MirHMSKI
THOV \SPR! SM-I L
RO>Ct £ SMITH
PERRY STtARNS MO
Director
JOHNS STOCK
Deputy Director







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3.
                                  LIMITATIONS  FOR SOIL ABSORPTION  FIELDS
ZONE
NUMBER
818 *
819
820
821
822

*
TOWNSHIP NAME
""Commerce Twp.
it H
„
„
„
Commerce Twp.
TOTALS
*1,320 'acres have n
<*W1xom. Walled Lake
SEVERE
ACRES' %
240 12
320 16
2,250 22
130 13.6
390 15
3,330 18.7
> soil data aval
and Wolverine L
MODERATE
ACRE'S %
50 2.6
100 5
2,000 19
260 27
130 5
2,540 14.2
able.
ike are not 1nc
SLIGHT
ACRES %
1,170 60
590 29.5
3,830 37
490 51.5
530 20.4
5,610 37
luded 1n Cornier
WATER
240 12
280 14
910 8.8
10 1
20 .8
1,460 8.2
e Twp.
OTHER
ACRES %
260 13
710 35.5
1,310 12.7
60 6.3
'*1,520 59
3,860 21.6

                                  LIMITATIONS FOR SOIL ABSORPTION FIELDS
ZO.\E
.UM3ER
617
618
619
620
621
622
623

I

TOWNSHIP NAME
*Plysiouth Twp.
ii n
n ii
n n
„
ii n
Plymouth Twp.
(Cont'd.)
Plymouth Twp.
TOTALS
*Excludes City of P
SEVERE
ACRES i
1,100 72
240 25
310 52
730 46
1,190 70
2,060 90
1,270 84
6,900 68
lymouth
MODERATE
ACRES *
60 4
20 2
10 1.6
0
40 2.3
40 1.7
20 1.3
190 2

SLIGHT
ACRES %
150 10
280 31
no is
770 48
250 24.4
130 5.6
150 10.6
1,850 18.2
A-39
WATER
ACRES %
0 -
20 2
0 -
o -
0 -
10 .4
0 0-
30 .3

OTHER
ACRES Z
220 14
350 38
160 27
90 5.5
230 13.3
50 2
60 4
1,160 H.4


-------
LIMITATIONS FOR SOIL ABSORPTION FIELDS
ZONE
NUMBER
582
583
584
5S5
536
537
588
589

I
TOWNSHIP NAME
Surcpter Twp.
„
ii it
Sumpter Twp.
TOTALS
Huron Twp.
ii n
„
II 11
,,
Huron Twp.
TOTALS
4.
G:IE 1
iSER (TOWNSHIP NAME
03
04
05
J6

1
\
*Van Buren Twp.
	
	
n n n
Van Buren Twp.
TOTALS
•Excludes Bellevill
SEVERE
ACRES %
6,350 79
5,990 76
7,140 90
19,480 82
4,710 75
4,440 80
3,030 72
3,740 97
2,360 80
18,280 80
I
SEVERE
ACRES %
-S.OIO 54
3,540 63
7,900 90
2,700 83
17,150 74

MODERATE
ACRES *
0
0
0
0
320 5
50 .7
100 2.4
0
10 .3
480 2.1
IMITATIONS FOR
MODERATE
ACRES %
30 .5
100 1.7
10 .1
0
140 .6

SLIGHT
ACRE'S %
600 7
450 6
690 8.7
1,740 7.3
. 200 3
400 7.1
410 9.8
40 1
160 5.4
1,210 5.3
SOIL ABSORPTION
SLIGHT
ACRES *
1,570 28
1,180 21
430 4.9
450 14
3,630 15.6
A-40
WATER
ACRES %
0
0
0
0
260 4
0
0
0
0
260 1.1
FIELDS
WATER
ACRES %
770 14
410 7.3
40 .5
0
1,220 5
i
OTHER
ACRES %
1,120 14
1,430 18
120 1.5
2,670 11
820 13
680 12.2
650 15.5
70 1.8
410 14
2,630 11.5

OTHER
ACRES %
190 3.4
400 7
400 4.5
110 3
1,100 4.6


-------
                                                                                                        22





VAN BUREN TOWNSH IP


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SUPERV,SOR~C,U,.,-,N CLERK-CRAVEN TREASURER-YORK
• PUBLIC HEARING ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMEN'
OF THE HURON VALLEY WASTEWATER CONTROL SYSTEM
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JANUARY 4, 1979

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PAT CULLIN, SUPERVISOR OF VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP

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ren Township at what the United States Environmental
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;ion Agency has done to our community.
u
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: twelve (12) years now we have, along with the other
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Lties, been anticipating the completion of the program,
Lly demanded by our State and Federal Government. Van
ip has always been aware that not only would we be part
construction of what is commonly called the "Hannan Re
uld also be responsible for a large portion of the so c
ren Arm originally proposed for the connection with Yps
n Arbor Treatment Facilities. We have accepted that ox
be among some of the highest. We were willing to assur
share of cost because we could see the tremendous ben*
system, not only to the Western Wayne County area, bul
ularly to Van Buren Township. The Huron River again we
clean; Belleville Lake would become one of the really
beautiful recreational areas in Wayne County; Van Bur(
iss-crossed and caught in a network of high speed tran:
1S including Willow Run Airport, Metro Airport, 1-94 Ex;
Expressway, Penn Central Railroad, and Norfolk & Weste
>ad, would be able to meet this pressure for expansion •
issurance it would follow logical and well thought out

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                                LIMITATIONS  FOR SOIL A3SORPTION FIELDS
2C.','E
'U*'BER
507
503
>'09
ilO
.11
12
43



TOWNSHIP NAME
Canton Twp.
„
„ „
„
„
„
„
Canton Twp.
TOTALS

SEVERE
ACRES %
640 100
2,640 91
3,180 83
3,170 83
3,540 90
3,600 94
3,330 86
20,100 88

MODERATE
ACRES %
0
20 .7
30 .8
90 2
10 .3
ID .3
0
160 .7

SLIGHT
'ACRES X
0
130 4
110 3
270 7
80 2
30 .8
20 .5
640 3
A-43.
WATER
ACRES %
ti
0
0
10 .3
0
0
0
10 .01

OTHER
ACRES %
0
120 4
500 13
260 7
290 7
200 5
' 510 13
1,880 8


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r. Gene Wo jcik, Chief * -— __~
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nvlronmental Engineering Branch p: ,~Tj
.S. Hnvironmental Protection Agency - CD . — „
30 S. Dearborn Street *~ "^ '*— ^
i ic ago , Illinois 60604
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  But   opposition' strong
  •'."'•   ''".'   '  -\ «  -  >.?"  •<    ,  -j> •    T"-
 Cut    super  se^er    in    half.    EPA    says
            i  *                 -         .  '  .  ,    '/  :     ,k     >   '      '•'''•      }•                 •     i   '  '        *
           ByLYNNORR .,      '
                               1
    Conservation versus growth, and the-
  suburbs versus Detroit defined the bat-
  tlellnes last week, as the federal Envi-
  ronmental Protection  Agency (EPA);
  officially unveiled its radical new al-1
;  ternatlv&to the decade-old super sewer
i  proposal               t   • ,  •' i

i    The  majority  of western  Wayne
1  County  and southern Oakland County,
(I .communities originally included In the
',' super1 sewer' project proposed  by the .
i .Wayne County, Department of  Public
I  • Works condemned the EPA plan. They-.
!' particularly took  issue  with  EPA
j statistics which Indicate a decline In,.
i growth  and cited contrary data supv
  porting  their contentiion that  hWe'J
  sewage capacity Is needed.   ••''•"/  x'
    The EPA's proposal slices In half the'
  long-proposed  Huron  Valley 50-mile ,
[ '.'super sewer that  would extend from'
\ • Commerce Township south  to ^the *
I  downriver communities, ending with  A
  large new treatment plant for waste
  disposal on Lake Erie.
                                                                 other communities eliminated from the
                                                                 Huron Valley super sewer system:-
                                                                   Culbert' maintained  the  township
                                                                 would not commit to any proposal un-1
                                                                ': less the township were assured some.
                                                                 control over future rate structures of
                                                                 the system. However, r,e admitted that
                                                                 Wayne County's original proposal was
                                                                 "the lesser of two evils" and "badly
                                                                 needed."
                                                                 ,  But he drew applause when he la-
                                                                 beled the EPA's plan as another stall
                                                                 •tactic and  a Detroit-manufactured po-
                                                                 litical move to end migration from the
                                                                 city. ;
                                                                   "The EPA knows that Alternative D
                                                                 Is  unacceptable,"  Culbert  declared.
                                                                 "They are Intentionally  pushing It so
                                                                 we will put it down and end up looking
                                                                 like the bad guys."  '      -
                                                               ' ' •  Others at the hearing objected to the.
                                                                 EPA't claim that federal national poll-
                                       '.  NOELCVLBERT  '„.,<••    <# "">"7-< Y;  .';" ( :
i elimination of  the expansion of the    He  particularly opposed the EPA
' Walled Lake treatment plant for sew-  plan calling for Canton to sell Its sew-
 age disposal in Oakland County        age capacity in the Rouge system to
                                                                 said, was intended to alleviate current
                                                                 sewage and pollution problems rather
                                                                 than provide  sewer capacity to  en-
                                                                 hance growth
   The EPA's recommendation to use
 septic fields for other growth in the
 area' unaccommodated by the smallep
 scale sewer plan also drew fire from
 environmentalists, as well as nearby
 Oakland County communities.

   A Livonia spokesman, as well, went
 on record in opposition *b> the Walled
 Lake expansion,  citing possible pollu-
 tion in the Rouge that would affect
- Livonia, otherwise unaffected by either
 sewer proposal.

   THE LEAGUE of Women's Voters'
 committee studying the Rouge Basin
 for the last 20 years favor the environ-
 mental protections offered by the EPA
I plan, while Verna Morse, a member of
 the  Rouge Basin Coalition In South-
 field, praised the EPA for looking at
 the overall affect of the super sewer
 system, ,
   She added that municipalities were
 often "myopic" iin seeking growth of
 tax  base without  viewing the overall
 impact.               /
   The majority of city and township
 officials, however, condemned the EPA
 proposal out of band, stronglysupport-
 Ing Royce Smith and the Wayne County
 proposal.
   Plymouth  Township  Supervisor.
 Thomas  Notebaert called the  EPA
 study a "terrible waste of money and
 waste of time."       '
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-------
                       HURON VALLEY DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ISSUES


                                     PER EPA LETIKR 11-15-78
                                                                           Attachment "A"
 PAGE 2,  ITEM 1:
SCHEDULES, COMPLETION AND STATUS OF FACILITY PLANNING AND INFILTRATION/INFLOW ANALYSES
           FOR THE ROUGE VALLEY SYSTEM INTERCEPTOR AND COLLECTOR SYSTEMS
HURON VALLEY GRANT C-26-2391 SERVICE AREA
COMMUNITY
Collector Systems:
Walled Lake, Oakland
Commerce Twp. "
Novl "
White Lake Twp."
Wolverine Lake "
N'ville Twp., Wayne
N'ville City "
Plymouth Twp. "
Plymouth City "
Canton Twp. "
VanBuren Twp. "
Wayne County
R.V. Interceptor

I&I
ANALYSIS
COMF.
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76
5/5/76

Dearborn Heights
Garden City
Inkster City
Livonia City
Plymouth Twp.
(Comb. Sewers)
Redford Twp.
Wayne City
(Jestland
Wayne County
R.V. Interceptor
I&I
ANALYSIS
LOCAL & REGIONAL FACILITY PLANNING

SUBMITTED FOR
EPA/ STATE GRANT
Amend. 04 10/5/7!
Amend. /M 9/8/78
Amend. #4 3/3U//S
Amend. 16 1/27/79
Am.//5A 12/28/78
To be sent 6/79
Amend. #3 3/2/78
Amend. 113 3/2/78
Huron valley Keg
Facility Plannin
GRANT OFFER
ACCEPTED
No Offer*
No Offer*
No Otter*
No Offer*
No Offer*
6/13/78
6/13/78
g
COMP,

10%
10%

ANTICIPATED
COMP. DATE
6-80
6-80
6-80
10-79
6-80
10-79
10-79
10-79
3-1-79
(Upon comp.
of EIS)
ROUGE VALLEY GRANT C-26-2762
LOCAL & REGIONAL FACILITY PLANNING
These communities & Wayne County have selected a
Consulting Engineer to conduct an I&I Analysis and
Local & Regional Facility Planning as a part of the
"Rouge Valley Management Study" which will address
sanitary and combined flows:
Anticipated Starting Date 3/79
Anticipated Completion Date 6/80
SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION SURVEY
REQ'D

No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SUBMITTED FOR
EPA/ STATE GRANT
Not Required
Not Required
Amend. #3 3/2/78
Not Required
Not Required
Amend. « 5/30/78
Amend. #6 1/27/79
Am.#5A 12/28/78
Amend J/3 3/2/78
Amend. « 3/2/78
Amend. #3 3/2/78
To be sent
3/1/79
GRANT OFFER
ACCEPTED
N/R
N/R
6/13/78
N/R
N/R
No Offer*
No Offer*
No Offer*
6/13/78
6/13/78
6/13/78

COMP.
10%
10%
10%
10%

ANTICIPATED
COMP. DATE
N/R
N/R
9-79
N/R
N/R
6-80
6-80
6-80
9-79
9-79
9-79
6-80
SERVICE AREA

SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION SURVEY

Upon completion of the I&I Analysis, Local and
Regional Planning on 6-80, all required SSES
studies will bepin.
Anticipated Starting Date 6/80
Anticipated Completion Date 6/81
KB 1/22/79 *No Offer: State has not acted on submittal by WCBPW for Local Facility Planning and/or SSES.
Completion date assumes grant offer by 3/79.
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-------
                                          HURON VALLEY WASTEWATER CONTROL SYSTEM

                                                    INTERCEPTOR COSTS
Attachment  "B"

COMMUNITY


White Uke Township
Commerce Township

Wolverine Ukc

Willed Lake
Novl, II.
Novl, S.
Northvllle

Northville Township

Plymouth
Plymouth Township
Csnton, N.
Canton, S.
Van Buren.
Van Buren,
Belleville
ROmulUS
Smapter Township
Huron Township
Flat Rock
So. Kockwood
Kockwood
Brownstown Twp. , S.
Brownstown, Central
Uoodhaven
Trenton
Olbr.lt. r
PURCHASED CAPAC1TT 1H
ROUGE VALLEY AND/OR
DOWNRIVER SYSTEMS
•







MR

HR

HR
HR
IK
LR
LR
DR
DR











TOTAL INTERCEPTORS
TOP.

0

0

0
0
10,000
9,000

20,025

12,000
24,000
18.675
17,250
9,000
13,000
7.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
138,950
NOTE! Construction Cost Data is
Debt Retirement Costs hav
CPS

0

0

0
0
4.0
3.60

8.01

4.80
9.60
7.47
6.90
3.20
5.20
2.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.58
PROPOSED HURON VALLEY SYSTEM
ALTERHATI

POP.
0
27,000

0

7,000
144.073
5,000

38,975

0
26,000
(44,448
1*3,029
0
2,544
18,196
23,635
14,152
1,784
5,747
7,266
8,084
12.B22
36,863
8,190
374,808

crs
0
10.80

0

2.80
17.63
2.0

15.59

0
10.40
17.78
17.21
0
1.02
7.28
9.45
11.32
0.71
2.30
2.91
8.08
12. «2
36.86
8.19
195.15
LOCAL
SHAKE
0
2,522,391

0

654,581
4.117.519
262,918

2,047,713

0
1,365,607
2,335.147
2.384,766
0
133,881
878,891
476,072
570,538
35,819
115,898
146,506
96,888
153,773
442,161
98,282
18,819,357
A-l

s/crs
0
233, 55«

0

233,778
233,551
131,459

131,347

0
131,308
131,335
138,568
0
131,255
120,726
50.377
50,400
50,449
50,390
50,345
11,991
11,994
11,995
12,000

ANNUAL PAYMENTS
1980
0
143,400

0

37,200
234,100
14,900

116,400

0
77,600
132,800
135,600
0
7.60C
50,000
27,101
32,400
2.000
6.60C
8,300
5.50(
8.70(
25,10
5,600
1,071 400
1993
0
74,000

0

19,200
120,800
7,700

60,100

0
40,000
68,50J
69,900
0
3,900
25,800
14,000
16,700
1,100
3,400
4,300
2,800
4,5OO
13,000
2,900
552,500
ALTERNATE D

POP.














[^60,400
44,000
4,750
2,550
17,400
18,600
12,600
2,800
3,600
16,165
17,985
9,650
22,150
4,050
236,700

crs




AH




UTILIZE
7.47 CPS
CEPTOR T


24.16
17.60
1.90
1.02
6.96
7.44
10.08
1.12
1.44
6.47
17.99
9.65
22.15
4.05
132.53
LOCAL
SHARE


WALLED LAI
EXPAN
INTERCEI"




IISTIHC C
CAPACITY
OH CANTON


4,238,483
3,018,721
333,162
178,729
962,274
479,962
649,883
72,078
92,776
416,985
265,708
142,542
327,217
59,821
11,238,34

s/crs


R PLANT
ION
OR SYSTE




PACITY A
N MIDDLE
TOWNSHIP


175,433
171,518
175,348
175.224
138.257
64,511
64,472
64,355
64,429
64.448
14,769
14,771
14,772
14,771
84,798
ANNUAL PAYMENTS
1980









ID PURCHA!
ROUGE INI



240.700
171,400
18,900
10,100
54,600
27,300
36,900
4.100
5,300
23,700
15,100
8,100
18,600
3,400
638,100
1995









;
ER-



- I
124,20(L
88.400
9,800
5.200
28.200
14.100
19,000
2,100
2,700
12,200
7.800
4,200
9,600
1,800
329,200
taken from the Draft Environmental Impact Statement dated November 1978. and reflecta January 1978 price levels.
e been adjusted to take into account a 62 Inflation factor ao that all figures represent 1978 dollars.
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59
HI n co oo rt HI
to to o rt cr P>
o si M o n n
P. 3 < C a.
M O ro rt 3
p- rt cr o cr
rt rr rt •<
X O* re P- rt H
rt n 3 cr rt 3"
13 to ro cr ro
P» to C rt rt ft
to CL CO 3" 3 0>
3 rt ft to HI ft
.fl rt to to 4
je treatment needs J
.lity plan, are unde
:tor, however, is ba
irea. This and othe
: a lack of informat
stely addressed unti
id the SSES studies
to p> P* rt co 3 0
rt o ro P- rt
3* » cr rt
O 3 n 3 rt ft
3 P- 0
•O O rt rt Q. CO
p* n cr co p. o
ft to ft HI O C
ft O. 3 rt rt 3*
a. HI rt rt ro
to to a n p. rt
p- pi oo cr oo o
< H- W ft M ft rt
to re • ro P- ro P-
M m 3 rt 3 O
fu 13 X 3 co 3
rt P- to rt rt 0
D. 3 *< to cr c
• U) rt O H- C
» o rt c rt P
rt """ 0. " *3
3* O P- rt <•< rt
rt c HI cr o
rt HI ro c O
5d P> o
o a, n a, o c
c P. c P- < 3
fD to rt rt rt ^
oo n "
«3 rt rt rt -O to
to ro o p- M w
(-• B rt 3 3 H-
n ro rt CA ex.
*4 3 t O ft
rt HI rti 3
co o rt
rt p-
The poin
Mr. Sutfin; a c
to these, let m
sively settled
Alternative D.
ts below are keyed <
apy of his November
2 comment in general
.ssues and incomplet
rt 01 in
3 to n
O \D M
rt 2 *-J "•<
grt oo
rt
rt pi o
O C rt rt
P rt rt D"
Hi ft ft,
CO 3 n
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P- CO to (0
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ft 3 3
O rt o to
3 rt o to
rt co 3
ro T3 a
to o • .0
rt p- c
P- 3 ft
§rt O) co
P- C rt
3 3 rt H.
•^00 O
O1 3
HI rt ro co
O O Hi
p- rt rt
a. 3 ro rt
P- rt CO
co o rt re
p. n rt ft
to M 3 rt
CO C P- O.
P- 1 3
3 00 O-
00 ^
However ,
review this mat
elaboration of
issues raised b]
basis on which \
since you were goix
.er personally, I am
5ur reasons for reje
f Mr. Sutfin. I thi
fe believe EPA's ini
P- X rt rt ro
M4cS £°
a. 3 oo
ft rt > 00 3"
rt ft p-
p- 3 rt rt rt
CO to rt 3" O
0 X 3 0» 00
3 CO » p.
rt O <
cr P. < -o
o M ro o c
C P- rt to
o! B £ *•<
O to 3 O
CT rt 3 P- C
rt n o rt
o rt rt o 3
o to rt
3 rt n en
CO P- O rt M
p> •-< B 3 to
a. B P. to
rt O rt rt
rt o 3 a
ft 3 rt H- O
a. < co rt o
• rt ft rt
3 rt rr
rt ft
O rt rt rt
3* 0
O ^ P*
c cr o
rt C rt
rt O O
cr to to
ft a> 3
P1 PS O cr 3" rt co
to Ere H- to 3" m
-*j 3 n co a re rt
vo to rt rt
• 00 B a rt co p.
p- cr rt o ro 3
3 rt & P>OO
oo rt HI rr re f
HI re rt HI co
a M • n o t»
p. en rt H* rt rt
rt - X O rt
re >ri w 3 3* s:
n M n 3 o
rt \o n> p- o to <
smber Charles H. Sut
number of reasons J
" Alternative D, and
led. He requested t
Ling that time was o
?8; Duane Egeland, VI
>r and Director of E
3 to Hi 3* O Hi
oo *<; to P- rt p.
3 ro 3* to rt -
rt O P- rt fO
rt O rt rt 3 ft
p- c co rt oo n oo
3 3 » CO Op.
n 3 3 H*
CO O ft P. C C <
ro ro - 3 co
rt to M 3 ro O tn
rt rt 3 rt
to rt CO rt CO ft
B. ro 3 ro HI p.
P- 3 rt to 3 O
rt rt ft P- p-
3 HI pi C ft CO
H> Tl 3 rt to d* o
C P- ft rt 3
o rr rt rt rt to
0 M P. CO 3- Hi O
g p. to to rt p.
3 O M rt rt i-|
ft O M ft
3 C rt 3d M n
rt o ro 3 ft W rt
co rt co rt o
PT13 • CO «J i-(
3 3 W P- P-
o co cr a. o £
t-. rt rt O 3* rt
to "a rt tn o
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to *< O M Q-
rt HI P* B
"*$ rt ro
0
                                                                                u  en o
                                                                                00  O 3
                                                                                o  e
i^
it
>r
Ls
gional
Protec
                                                                                   S O 33


                                                                                   S E 5?
                                                                                                                    H>rt
                                                                                                                    n  m CA  i  ft
                                                                                                                   )    rt   Q rt
                                                                                                                    n to a 3s
                                                                                                                               I
                                                                                                             K
                                                                                                             P.^
                                                                                                             oo n
? t? x PI oo
3 N to 00
•  3 3 ft O
O O i-h > rt CO rt
§O rt P C rt
to < ft M a.**:
M rt C P-
to M ft 3 to ft rt
3 ^ to rt CA Cu
Oi rt C rt rt -OH
o. ft H> < to o ro
O CO p. ft O < P-
ft re N cr ft rt co
co » a o ^ ft
"O rt P- 3 O
OP-OftrtrtOS
d reason set forth
uld be increased bj
been completed; cc
on the basis of it
sends on such stud
n are not only pos
nts. The question
t support the choit
ro o P- ft HI 3 HI
H» cr co o co rt o
o v- rt ro 3- rt
3 p* u c HI
[n-ncyortftrtto
p-rtc«!p'3o<
rtrertp-OrtBO
re to 33 t-"3 rt
Sco n oo x P> p.
p- n 3 » ft 3
W 3 O rt o rt oo
rt 00 3 y rt 13 P-
P. o to rt o >
 r> H rt p. O rt
O W to (f> rt H, rt
tative D is that existing sani-
I&I and SSES evaluations. Thes
iting Alternative D as the best
ivailable is insupportable.
L correction, flow reduction an<
L, without reliable information
ing sanitary capacity remains
rt to rt
to cr
to < C
co ft rt
H- W P-
CO rt O H
SCO
3- M. cr
ft Q rt ft
n rt B S
p- rt P-
ddle Rouge Interceptor remains at ful
Wayne County's communities, economic i
oit will be limited, despite all effoi
ty in its recovery-
capacity because of the con-
evitalization of southwestern
-ts of state and federal agenci
tn
accessfx
o
u
S
to
p-
§

3 to 3 Co to
O rt to r- to
rt n rt HI
O rt c P* rt
rt 00
ft « ft ^ ro
rt cr p. rt
P- C {0
rt co H 3"a
^ p- cr rt
to n o co
co ro ro
rt co n p- 3
rt O 3 rt
ft to 3 O
to 3 o rt p-
gap.£ 3
Si rt " M
B ro p- to
W ft < rt <
"*S rt p- to o
rt p. B O o-
ft to M e co
N n
to H- to P- o
3 3 rt p. 3
O* rt H- tO CO
ft O rt H-
rt rt 3 cr a
o ft to ft
ro co rt rt
rt • rt to H-
ft cr o
ro 3* o
rt in H- 3-
3" ro rt Dl rt
ie possibility that Detroit it-
. interceptor sometime in the
r will depend on its ability to
interests must be able to con-
_ capacity they will need for
(X
HI
HI
ro
n
rthermo
commun
ro
to rt
sr
p- ro
3
CO J3
a ro
re to
rt
g 0
E switch
County
a,00
3 13
c n
rt to
3
rt rt
contracted capacities among
lat flows to the Detroit system
<
M
n
H
0
D"
•a
f,
c
p>
a.
rt
s
re
o
o
c
H-
rt
3*
re
CO
rt
00
Hi
o
> p. rt to
rt rt rt
ro rt o ro
rt cr s to
to 3" **<
< to p* 3
ft rt rt
re
a en s HI
- C H- H,
n- a ro
t. For example
le Rouge because
re, Livonia wil
uch arrangments
to
rt rt P- 3
3 rt (0 <
o cr p-
rt to cr M
to to O H
3 T3 *! O
a to rt §
3 P- CO
0 rt *- cr
13 O*O
rt rr
o
rt
cr
n H
B rt
£§•
X 0
question of swj
ontractual obli;
to rt
3 3
CO 00
to re
3 X
rt p-
2,3
00 rt
ro to
re to
3 n
.ties ignores the real issu
:s between local communitie
.an only send its present f
.fs from Livonia. At some i
ick from Northville. Under
>vision is made for what Noi
rt o O
T 3" m

n
o
CO
n

S
CO
ro
n
to
u
rt
H-
Q.
O
ro
3
ro
X
p-
CO
3
rt
n
to
terms.

ft « fi H
n M cr ro
o o rt
co rt rt ro
P- ~O
rt to ft rt
rj* »
to (-• CO
D ft » rt
O O
>ortion o
Canton1
ischarge
.her meth
cr n >
O ft to H*
rt to ro
CO O rt
w o *•< rt
oo «; H.
ft W rt <
O ft
rt rt
rt CT P-
a rt rt 3
re 3*00
3 £ rt rt
rt p- ft CO
o- re
>n an unsubstantiated hypothes
communities, those communitie
ile Rouge Interceptor and will
ind disposal if Alternative D
to 3" 0>
to

en
n
ro
o
to
°,
i cannot
ft
HI
rt
rt
O
CO
P1
p-
rt
CO
rt
rt
3
rt
CO
to
ro
3
rt
3*
ft
P-
P-
ft
§
00
torodP-rtrtcCrtp-
P-WrtOrtcrertcr
oortotortp>3
-ai3<: -Crowe H,
rto 3rtro <3*rt
to rtM rt»HiWi-(
O.3333rop-OrtQ)
OT rt SI in
OniJSrtn^iorto
'ocrp-rocro 3-3
rt p-co Ixrtrtto
to S S C P- O rt
rtp>3 rth'-s cnBrtju
OOP1 WMH- OrtO,
rocorororoortro
OpOp-P-Pd P*3"P-3
tn 3* oo p. HI to R
rtrttOtoftrTHiMC'
3* p. rt e ft ht>
WHiS H^Jrt- HiW
3Onrt3 3- P- C
3- n n 13 d 3 3
ncoftp-ftop-ort
rtwro^rtrt Sn
rtrt • O p- O jj W M
ftrtp- HOO13ft
3 B) -33 to rt
Cer for choosing Alternative D
:ity in the Rouge River Inter-
and Novi to the Detroit plant.
pliance with the draft EIS, which
s of Canton Township's 7.47 cfs
Not even considered in the draft
)ur analysis of the situation lead
no advantage to it in trading
jf the new Huron Valley System at
:ly bears.
                                                               A-112

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