EPA-R1 73-004
March 1973 Environmental Health Effects Research Series
Research Study to Determine
the Range of Carboxyhemoglobin
in Various Segments
of the American Population
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
-------
EPA-R1-73-004
Research Study to Determine
the Range of Carboxyhemoglobin
in Various Segments
of the American Population
Annual Report
October 1, 1970 - September 30, 1971
by
Dr. Richard Stewart
Department of Environmental Medicine
Medical College of Wisconsin
8700 West Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
Contract No. CPA 70-71
Program Element No. 1A1007
EPA Project Officer: John H. Knelson, M.D.
Human Studies Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
March 1973
-------
page 2.
the program has been well received and the goals for the first year of sampling
adequately attained.
Samples collected from the Milwaukee area before the initiation of
the COHb Mass Screening Program have been combined with those of the regu-
lar Milwaukee study to form a detailed written report At this writing, data
from five other cities, New York, Miami, St. Louis, Chicago and Washington,
D, C. have undergone preliminary computer analysis. A manual analysis
of lab tabulated data has also provided up-to-date information on non-smokers
for all of the sampling sites and cities thus far visited.
The extent and location of sampling to be conducted over the final
year of the survey will be dictated somewhat by the results of the preliminary
analysis of segments now completed. Additional samples needed for comple-
ting certain population segments for race, sex, age, etc. will require that
some cities be re-visited while an effort will also be made to increase the
sample size of groups having special occupations (e., g. , firemen, taxi cab
drivers, housewives), or other distinguishing characteristics (e.g., hospital
inpatients, newborn infants, expectant mothers).
-------
page 3
II, SAMPLING STATISTICS
Fifteen separate sampling programs were conducted over a 12-month
period between October, 1970 and October, 1971, The totals (Table I) repre-
sent 187 days of sampling in 13 different cities. Two sampling locations,
Milwaukee and Detroit, were re-visited. All of the sampling programs were
conducted with blood banks which were affiliated with the National Red Cross
Blood Bank Program, and approximately two-thirds of the blood samples were
collected on mobile units operated by the collection centers. These mobiles
were assigned to sampling sites usually within a radius of 50 miles from the
centers, which offered an excellent opportunity to sample donors near their
natural home or work environments. Two of the blood banks, New York City
and Detroit, operated exclusively from mobile units, while the blood bank at
Anchorage was the only center where blood was drawn totally at the blood
center.
Through the efforts of contacts established in Anchorage, additional
samples have been collected from the Alaskan Eskimo and Indian segments,
neither of which are included in the regular Red Cross Blood Collection
Program.
The greatest number of samples was collected from Denver (Z091) with
an average of 87 samples per day. The best daily yield of samples was ob-
tained from New York City, 186 samples per day, and Detroit (148 samples
per day). Including an additional 3, 900 blood samples collected at the Milwaukee
-------
page 4,
County Outpatient Clinic, and at other Milwaukee hospitals prior to October,
1970, a grand total of 21, 314 samples were collected.
Table I contains a summary of the sampling statistics for the first
year of the sampling program. In addition to the blood samples reported
in Table I a breath samples was collected from every tenth blood donor and
an average of 2 ambient air samples were collected in the areas in which
the blood samples were being drawn. These samples were also returned
to the Environmental Medicine Laboratory where they were analyzed for CO.
-------
TABLE I
Sampling Statistics - COHb Survey Year I
page 5,
City-
Milwaukee # 1
Chicago
Detroit #1
New York
City
13. C.
Miami
New Orleans
St. Louis
Milwaukee #2
Denver
Hawaii
San
Francis co
Seattle
Anchorage
Detroit #2
Starting
Date
10/12/70
117 4/70
11/20/70
127 7/70
I/ 4/71
1/25/71
2/17/71
37 9/71
3/20/71
4/19/71
67 1/71
6/28/71
7/19/71
87 9/71
9/28/71
TOTALS
Sample
Days
12
12
8
10
14
12
15
10
24
18
14
11
18
9
187
Blood Bank
442
271
0
0
119
471
509
31
0
1955
899
965
587
250
0
6,499
- Mobile
687
725
1184
1865
1494
425
42
1185
720
136
301
407
582
0
1163
10, 916
Previous Milwaukee Study
Total
1129
996
1184
1865
1613
896
551
1216
720
2091
1200
1372
1169
250
1163
17,415
3, 900
21, 314
-------
page 6,
in. MECHANICS OF THE SAMPLING PROGRAM
Our blood sampling program has been well accepted by blood collec-
tion centers throughout the country. Our field representatives have reported
that, without exception, they have been welcomed warmly and enthusiasti-
cally at each blood center thus far visited.
At this writing, only one blood center has been reluctant to partici-
pate in our survey on the grounds that they have had several such requests
and that these tend to disrupt their operation. Since the center is a key
sampling site, attempts to gain their confidence and cooperation will be
continued.
We believe that the blood center sampling program is providing data
which is valid in representing daily "real life" exposures to carbon monoxide.
Sampling at the blood centers is usually prompt (less than 15 minutes), and
since the normal half-life of COHb is 4-5 hours, COHb levels in the donors
should still be quite representative of CO exposures received in their "natural1
environment. This is especially true for samples collected on mobile units
since those blood drawings are conducted at locations convenient to the
donor's residence or place of employment.
A. Contacts:
Our initial contact with each of the blood collection centers
was made by a phone call to the Blood Bank Director or Adminis-
trator followed by a detailed written explanation of our COHb Sam-
pling Program. All contacts with the Red Cross Blood Banks
-------
page 7.
were preceeded by a letter of introduction by Tibor J. Greenwalt,
M. D., Medical Director of the Blood Program of the American
Red Cross, In some instances, a complete copy of the research
protocol was requested for review by a blood center before final
approval would be granted.
All personal contacts and field sampling have been conduc-
ted by our two traveling research associates, Miss Leigh Platte
and Miss Betty Stewart. They have been the key to establishing
the efficient field sampling programs, and in gaining the superb
support and excellent reputation which we feel this program has
enjoyed over the first year.
B. Collection and Shipping:
A trial period during which samples were analyzed at the
blood collection center was initiated at the start of the Milwaukee
survey. This approach was abandoned when it became evident that
an adequate quality control program could not be achieved, and that
the efficiency of sample collection would be greatly hampered.
Therefore, all blood samples collected in the field have been re-
turned to the Environmental Medicine Laboratory for analysis.
Shipping of blood and breath samples has been exclusively
via the United States Mail (primarily Air Mail). Shipping cartons
designed to hold up to 30 Vacutainer blood collection tubes, or
-------
page 8,
12 breath tubes/carton are shipped in padded shipping envelopes.
Breakage has been negligible (less than 50 tubes to date), postage
costs are about $1. 50 per carton, and the average shipping time
is 3-4 days.
Blood samples are usually collected with assistance from
blood bank personnel. The collection device is a purple-top 5 ml
Vacutainer tube containing liquid EDTA as the anticoagulant. This
tube has been especially convenient in centers where preliminary
blood samples are already drawn with a Vacutainer system. In
many centers, however, the donors are not sampled previous to
the blood drawing, in which case the sample is drained from the
collection tubing following the blood drawing. While the subject is
donating his blood he is asked to reply to the questions appearing
in the questionnaire shown in Figure 1.
A breath sample is collected from every tenth donor to
establish the blood-breath relationship for CO under field sampling
conditions. Two ambient CO samples are taken in breath collec-
tion tubes at each of the sampling sites at intervals spaced to best
represent the ambient concentration of CO during the blood drawing
period.
-------
MASS CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIX SLRVEY
Location:
City-
Date:
Occupation:_
Com pant-
Coming From:
Name:
Age:
How Long Ago:
Sex:
RACE
1.
Z.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Caucasian
Negro
Asian
Mexican
Am. Indian
Hawaiian
Other
SMOKE
1.
Z.
3.
4.
No
Cigarettes
Cigar
Pipe
INHALE
Height:
HEALTH
1.
Z.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Good
Blood Dis ease
Lung Disease
Heart Disease
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
Other
QUANTITY/DAY
1. packs
Collection
Time:
minutes
Zip
Weight:
OCCUPATION
1.
->
3.
4.
5 .
6.
7.
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Unemployed
In
Out
In
Out
In
Out
LAST SMOKED
•< 1 hour
1 hour
Z- 3 hours
4-7 hours
8-15 hours
1 o- 24 hours
^Z4 hours
Interviewer
%Sat.
Carboxyhemoglobin
gm%
Hemoglobin
ppm
Background CO
mm Hg
Barometric Pressure
Date:
Analyst:
CO- Oximeter
-------
page 10.
IV, ANALYSIS OF CO IN BLOOD, BREATH AND AIR
A. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of CO:
The use of gas chromatography (GC) for analyzing low levels
of CO in air has lagged somewhat behind infrared techniques.
Although it is not difficult to separate CO from other atomospheric
gases by gas chromatography, it is difficult to detect CO at ambient
or normal breath levels using conventional GC detectors. The GC
principle, however, offers the advantage of low sample volume for
rapid single sample determinations. The one gas chromatographic
detector exquisitively sensitive to CO is the helium ionization sys-
tem, which was successfully used during the early stages of the
mass screening program.
A search of the literature revealed the existence of a more
simple and unique system which incorporates the use of a nickel
catalyst to convert CO to methane which can then be detected at low
concentrations by a conventional hydrogen flame ionization detector
(Figure 2). Operating conditions have been optimized to provide
an elution time of about 3 minutes. The limit of detection for CO
at the conditions described in Figure 3 is about 0. 3 ppm.
Standards against which the gas chromatograph are cali-
brated are prepared by injecting a measured quantity of CO into a
Saran bag which contains a known volume of air measured by a
-------
FIGURE 2
page 11.
c/2
c/)
§2
h-
N
^
U-
O
UJ
§<
!5i
O
<
o
-------
±L
H
CO ANALYSIS by H2 FLAME
Column - 61/2' x 1/8" stainless
Packing • molecular sieve 5A
60/80
Column temp. - IOO°C
Catalyst temp.-285° C
Injector-150° C Detector* 260°
Carrier gas- Helium
page 12.
'.ILL
1-t
FIGURE 3
Gas Chromatographic
Tracing of CO Standards
in Air
X attenuated to x 2
SAMPLE SIZE - 0. 5 ml
-------
page 13.
"Precision" Wet Test Meter. The standards are very stable, since
Saran is extremely impermeable to carbon monoxide. To insure
the removal of trace quantities of CO, air used in the preparation
of standards is passed through a Gas Mask Canister MSA Type N,
Model SW, containing a Hopcalite catalyst which oxidizes the Co
to CO2.
B. COHb by Gas Chromatography:
The gas chromatographic system used for the analysis of
breath and ambient air samples is also useful for the determina-
tion of COHb. The method involves the release of CO from its
hemoglobin bound state with a small quantity of concentrated sulfuric
acid. The reaction is carried out in a tightly closed reaction vessel
of known volume so that the gaseous contents of the vessel containing
the CO released can be analyzed for CO content and the percent
COHb then calculated.
C. The LL CO-Oximeter Model 182;
Instrumentation Laboratories', Inc. CO-Oximeter Model 18Z
provides one with a rapid and precise means of analyzing for COHb,
O2Hb, and Hb in one simple operation, with a cycle time of approxi-
mately 1 minute/sample. With the CO-Oximeter it is possible to
analyze up to about 200 field samples in one eight-hour work shift
-------
page 14.
(not including the additional samples which must be run to maintain
quality control in the operation).
One of the disadvantages in using this instrument, however, is
that it must be calibrated against a known standard of human blood.
The gas chromatographic method for determining CO in blood pro-
vides the analyst with an absolute method of analysis needed for the
standardization of blood samples which can then be used to calibrate
the CO-Oximeter 182. Quality control is maintained by: (a) daily
calibration of the instrument against "carry-over" blood, standard-
ized by the independent gas chromatographic method; (b) daily
calibration against blood standards which have been specially pre-
pared, standardized, and stored at freezer temperature; and (c)
comparison of readings for every tenth sample on two IL CO-
Oximeter instruments which are always calibrated and in operation
to insure perfect agreement.
Studies conducted to determine the reproducibility of values
on the CO-Oximeter show that values for COHb are repeatable
within a 0. 2 unit spread (_t 0. 1% COHb) when the same blood sample
is undergoing repeated analysis at one sitting. Readings taken over
a period of several days are not as precise, e. g. , ten readings
taken over a period of sixteen days using the same machine produced
a spread of 0. 6% Hb and 0.4% COHb. Actual mean and standard
deviations were:
Hgb% 15.2±0.19
COHb% 1.2±0.13
-------
page 15.
V. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
A. Variables Studied:
A total statistical analysis for the cities sampled during the
first year of the COHb Study is being prepared by A. A. Rimm, Ph.D.
and his assistants at the Department of Biostatistics of the Medical
College of Wisconsin. At this writing, a detailed statistical report
has been prepared by the Department of Biostatistics covering data
for the Milwaukee area. Preliminary computer analysis has also
been prepared from data obtained from Miami, Chicago, New York,
St. Louis and Washington, D. C. Data from other cities are in various
stages of being processed. Following is a list and a description of
the variables studied in the preliminary analysis of the data:
Variable Description
Age, height, weight, sex
Race White, Black, Asian, Mexican,
Am. Indian, Hawaiian, other
Health Healthy: diseases; blood, lung,
heart, kidney, liver, other
Occupation 23 major categories
Occupation Location Urban In, Urban Out, etc. (see
questionnaire)
Where Coming From Home, work, other
Items Smoked None, cigarettes, cigar, pipe,
combination
-------
page 16
Variable
Inhale
Packs /Day-
Hours Ago Last Smoked
Background CO Level
Barometric Pressure
Carboxyhemoglobin Level
Hemoglobin
Sample Time
Des cnption
Yes/No
0 3 packs increments
7 levels (see questionnaire)
To the nearest 1 ppm
During Sampling
To the nearest 0. 1%
To the nearest 0, i gm%
Hour of Day
Other variables, such as meteorological conditions and air
pollution levels, will be worked into the study whenever information
is available. Breath-blood data is being analyzed separately.
Some generalizations drawn irom the computation lab's analysis
of COHb data follow:
1. Data Description:
The distribution of COHb levels is clearly not "normal".
Rather, it is skewed to the right due to the great impact of
tobacco smoking on COHb levels By comparison, the hemo-
globin levels do produce a normal curve, This would suggest
at this point at least that hemoglobin levels are not associated
wit.b COHb smoking interrelationships,
?,. Factors Associated with COHb Levels;
Assuming that the study constitutes a random sampling
-------
page 17,
of the population^ some of the factors associated with COHb
levels can be studied without fear of bias,. That assumption
is made for the following remarks.
All data collected thus far shows quite clearly that cigar-
ette smokers have a significantly higher COHb level than non-
srnokers. The following data from the Milwaukee study also
shows that the standard deviation for COHb in non-smokers is
about 1/3 that for smokers. This is expected because of the
variability of smoking habits
Non-Smokers Smokers
N
X
cf
SEM
2798
1, 33
0, 85
0. 02
1620
4047
2, 52
0 06
The trend of COHb levels with increasing cigarette con-
sumption for the Milwaukee Study is shown in Figure 4, This
figure illustrates the great influence of cigarette smoking
while it also suggests that a "COHb saturation" level does
exist0 For Milwaukee smokers, this level appears to be near
1,5 packs/day.
As might be expected from each cigarette level, in-
halers had a significantly higher COHb than non- inhalers ,
Time from the last cigarette smoked to the drawing of the
sample is shown to be related in Figure 5, The precipitous
-------
page 18.
COHb
Levels
2-
1 '
N= 142
FIGURE 4
N = 30
COHb Levels for Varying Amounts
of
Cigarettes Smoked per Day
(Milwaukee Study)
N = 2798
1
1
5tol 1
1.5
~r
2
2.5
non-smokers
_, . . _.
Packs of Cigarettes Smoked per Day
-------
COHb
Levels
7-
6-
5 -
4-
3 -
page 19.
FIGURE 5
COHb Levels for Varying Amounts o£ Cigarettes
Smoked per Day and Time Since Last
Cigarette * •
1.5 packs
1 pack
5 to 1 pack
< . 5 pack
i i i I * I
<1 1 2-3 4-7 8-15 16-24
Hours Since Last Cigarette Smoked
*Groups of fewer than 15 people were not plotted.
>24
-------
page 20,
drop in the more elevated COHb levels followed by a more
gradual decline in the slope is characteristic of the half-life
decay phenomenon exhibited by COHb circulating in the blood
stream.
Mean COHb levels of cigar and pipe smokers is signifi-
cantly lower than cigarette smokers. However, some of the
highest COHb levels measured (up to 20% COHb) have been on
cigar smokers who inhale. This presumably is due to the
higher concentration of CO in cigar smoke.
B. Summary of Milwaukee Analysis:
Some of the relationships established were unmistakable and
predictable, while others at this point are merely suggestive. Fol-
lowing are some of the basic conclusions derived from the study of
the Milwaukee data:
1. Of all the variables studied, cigarette smoking has the
greatest effect on COHb level;
2. Because smoking has such an overwhelming effect on COHb
levels, most relationships can only be studied using samples
from non-smokers. Based on non-smokers:
a. COHb levels as compared to age, weight and
residence location show no significant trends;
b. Significant differences in COHb levels were found
for certain groups of sex, race and health status;
-------
page 21,
however; these differences were small and comments
will be reserved until a broader and more complete
sampling is obtained;
c. Hemoglobin levels for males were significantly higher
than for females; however, no relationship between
hemoglobin values and smoking is suggested,
3. In the non-smoking group, the strongest variables which result
from the multivariate analysis of data were time of day, weight;
and hemoglobin,. However, these only explain 1% of the varia-
bility of COHb levels,, while for cigarette smokers the number
of packs smoked per day accounts for over 30% of the variability
of COHb levels,,
4,, Repeatability of measurement of COHb on the same subject
(this resulted from repeat samplings conducted in the Milwaukee
survey) showed that even though there was a significant differ-
ence between normal non-smokers, most of the variation is
associated with differences between measurements on different
days, In other words,, the day-to-day differences on one person
are larger than the differences in measurements between people.
COHb Means from Hand Tabulated Data:
While the results of questionnaire data and analytical results are
being processed for computer analysis3 mean carboxyhemoglobin data
for non-smokers have been tabulated manually for each sampling site
-------
page 22.
within each city, and a combined weighted mean for each city is pre-
sented in Table II.
Standard "t" and F tests were used for comparing the COHb
mean and Standard Deviations for the 15 sampling locations. In Table
II the cities are listed in ascending order, with respect to their mean
COHb levels. Pairs, or groups underlined are not significantly different
from each other at the 95% Confidence Level. However, each of these
groups or individual mean values (not underlined) varies significantly
from all other values in the table for either the "t" or F test.
Mean carboxyhemoglobin values usually varied as widely
between individual sampling sites or groups within each city as they
did between cities. This was because samples from people in downtown
locations and airports had consistently higher COHb levels than house-
wives and rural inhabitants. COHb levels are also affected by occupation.
For example, the higher mean COHb level in the second Milwaukee
study is due to high values from a large sampling of Milwaukee firemen.
Taxi cab drivers and traffic policemen similarly often have COHb's
over 2%. This is an example of the interdependency of variables
which will need to be defined by expert analysis of the massive quan-
tities of data generated by this study.
D. Relationship Between COHb and Breath CO:
Breath analysis is gaining in popularity and usefulness as a method
of assessing the total body burden of a volatile substance which appears
-------
r—
LO
-t
r—
Denver
page 23.
CO
00
Chicago
c
o
0)
p
nj
T3
C
n)
=a
K)
0)
o
o
xD
oo
LO
00
O
in
O
CO
LH
O
Alaska
New Orleans
San Francisco
Detroit ?
Seattle
o
nj
11
0)
>
O
.2 ^
nj 0)
W
O
O
ao
a
nj
a
s
o
U
ra
H
•a
c
ai
-a
n)
OJ
ro
o
co
O
X
ro
vO
o
Milwaukee -2
Hawaii
New York
St. Louis
D. C.
Mian-, i
U
. ^
-g 53
c IS
nj 4:
c 2
rd "
O i
O -e
U
Detroit =--2
o
-o
Milwaukee ~
O
U p
-------
page 24,
in the bloodstream. Furthermore, if one can analyze the breath for
the volatile substance at various intervals following an exposure to a
known concentration of that substance, a breath decay curve can be
established. One then has an index against which he can make com-
parisons and estimate with reasonable accuracy the time weighted
average exposure to the substance.
The concentration of CO in the breath is truly representative of
COHb levels in the blood., and COHb levels therefore can be equated
to an exposure level for any estimated exposure time to arrive at a
"time weighted average exposure concentration".
Variations in the collection technique and in the quality of the
device used for the collection allow for broad variations in breath
analysis results. Therefore, CO in its more permanent COHb form
is still a more reliable,, though less accessible, means of determining
CO content of the blood.
The equation derived to best describe the relationship between
CO in the breath and % COHb of the blood is:
Y = 4X - 1. 9
where:
Y = CO (ppm) in the alveolar breath
X = percent COHb in the blood
This equation was derived from 341 data pairs in which COHb
was analyzed by CO-Oximeter and the corresponding breath CO
concentrations were analyzed by either gas chromatography or by
-------
page 25
infrared spectrophotometry,, These 341 data points are based on sam-
ples collected from volunteers of human exposure experiments who
were trained and considered adept at collecting samples of their own
breath. The samples were collected in glass breath tubes identical to
those used in our present survey.
Since the initiation of the Mass Carboxyhemoglobin Screening
Program, an additional I, 000 breath samples have been collected in
the field, along with corresponding blood samples. Figure 6 describes
and compares the two groups of data just discussed. The curve for
field collected samples represents all samples, i.e., no attempt was
made to screen out obvious leakers and no allowance was made for loss
of CO from the tubes in transit, (Although laboratory investigations
show this loss is almost negligible, )
As expected, breath samples corresponding to any given blood
COHb level produce lower CO levels on the average for field collected
samples. Comparison of correlation coefficients (also listed in Figure
6) indicates the much broader scatter of data obtained by field sampling,
However, regardless of this scatter, the field data curve was well
defined with less than 400 samples (as described by the curve presented
at our first Review Meeting in March, 19,71).
In summary, although it appears to be extremely risky to
attempt an assessment of CO exposure on the basis of individual sam-
ples, it seems reasonable to conclude that breath analysis on a mass
sampling basis might be a useful and reliable index of exposure to CO.
-------
page 26,
FIGURE 6
35-1
30-
25-1
Breath
CO
ppm
(GC)
20-1
15
io-t
5-1
Breath CO and Corresponding COHb Values
for
Field and Lab Collected Samples
(A) Lab Data
N = 341
(B) Field Data
N = 1025
(A) y = 4.6x - 1.9
R = 0.904
(B) y = 2.26x+ 0.69
R = 0.764
x = % COHb
y = ppm CO
To"
12
% COHb (CO-Oximeter)
-------
page 27.
VI. YEAR TWO
In Year Two the emphasis will be for continued effort in fulfilling the
following requirements:
1. Conduct the sampling programs in Los Angeles and Salt
Lake City;
2. Fill the required 'sample cells" for sex, race, age, etc.,
as described in the Mass Screening Protocol for as many
of the cities already visited as time will allow;
3. Attempt to sample as many ''special groups" as possible
(including occupational groups, newborn infants, expectant
mothers, hospital inpatients, etc.);
4. Obtain a truly rural sampling population;
5. Complete laboratory investigations as outlined in the Pro-
tocol to establish:
a. COHb levels arising solely from endogenous
production of CO; and
b. Immediate effects of smoking upon COHb level
6. Continue and finalize the computer data analysis relating
COHb and the variables studied.
•& U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1973 746769/4170
-------
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-R1-73-004
3. Recipient's Accession Xo.
4. Title and Subcitle
Research Study to Determine the Range of Carboxyhemoglobin
in Various Segments of the American Population
5. Report Date
September 30, 1971
6.
7. Author(s)
8. Performing Organization Rep'
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Medical College of Wisconsin
Department of Environmental Medicine
10. Project/Task/U'ork Unit N'o.
CPA 70-71
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Coordinating Research Council, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York
N. Y. 10020 and ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
14.
15. Supplementary Notes project yiO. QRC APRAC CAPM- 8-68
MCOW-ENVM-COHb-71-1
16. Abstracts
Approximately 17,500 blood samples and over 1,000 breath samples were collected
from blood donors at 13 major sampling locations throughout the nation. Two of
these locations were re-visited, so that a total of 15 separate sampling programs
were conducted. Eighteen variables were statistically analyzed, including race,
sex, age, occupation, smoking habits, etc.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis, 17o. Descriptors
Air pollution
Carbon monoxide
Hemoglobins
Blood gas analysis
Respiration
Statistical analysis
Ethnic groups
Males
Females
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Age
Personnel
Smoking
Environmental surveys
Health
Diurnal variations
17c. COSATI Field/Group
18. A\ ailabilicy Statement
Unlimited
19. Security Class (This
Report)
U:D
20.
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM NTIS-35 (10-70) (Bibliographic Data Sheet based on COSATI
Guidelines to Format Standards for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for the Federal Government,
PB-180 600).
1. Report Number. Each individually bound report shall carry a unique alphanumeric designation selected by the performing
organization or provided by the sponsoring organization. Use uppercase letters and Arabic numerals only. Examples
FASEB-NS-87 and FAA-RD-68-09.
2. Leave blank.
3. Recipient's Accession Number. Reserved for use by each report recipient.
4- Title and Subtitle. Title should indicate clearly and briefly the subject coverage of the report, and be displayed promi-
nently. Set subtitle, if used, in smaller type or otherwise subordinate it to mam title. When a report is prepared in more
than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume number and include subtitle for the specific volume.
5. Report Date. Fach report shall carry a date indicating at least month and year. Indicate the basis on which it was selected
(e.g., date of issue, date of approval, date of preparation.
6* Performing Organization Code. Leave blank.
7. Author(s). Give name(s) in conventional order (e.g., John R. Doe, or J.Robert Doe). List author's affiliation if it differs
from the performing organization.
8. Performing Organization Report Number. Insert if performing organization wishes to assign this number.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address. Give name, street, city, state, and zip code. List no more than two levels of
an organizational hierarchy. Display the name of the organization exactly as it should appear in Government indexes such
as USGRDR-I.
10. Project/Tosk/Work Unit Number. Use the project, task and work unit numbers under which the report was prepared.
11. Contract/Grant Number. Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address. Include zip code.
13. Type of Report and Period Covered. Indicate interim, final, etc., and, if applicable, dates covered.
14. Sponsoring Agency Code. Leave blank.
15. Supplementory Notes. Enter information not included elsewhere but useful, such as: Prepared in cooperation with . . .
Translation of ... Presented at conference of ... To be published in ... Supersedes . . . Supplements . . .
16. Abstract. Include a brief (200 words or less) factual summary of the most significant information contained in the report.
If the teport contains a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis, (a). Descriptors. Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the
proper authorized terms that identify the major concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used
as index entries for cataloging.
(b). Identifiers and Open-Ended Terms. Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use-
open-ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c). COSATI Field/Group. Field and Group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category List.
Since the majority of documents are multidisc iplinary in nature, the primary Field/Group assignments ) will be the specific
discipline, area of human endeavor, or type of physical obj'ect. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary
Field/Group assignments that will follow the primary posting(s).
18. Distribution Statement. Denote releasabihty to the public or limitation for reasons other than security for example "Re-
lease unlimited". Cite any availability to the public, with address and price.
19 & 20. Security Classification. Do not submit classified reports to the National Technical
21. Number of Pages. Insert the total number of pages, including this one and unnumbered pages, but excluding distribution
list, if any.
22. Price. Insert the price set by the National Technical Information Service or the Government Printing Office, if known.
FORM NTIS-35 (REV. 3-72) USCOMM-DC 14052-P72
-------
-------
------- |