EPA
 w
          United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
              OHice of Ground-Water
              Protector (WH-550G)
              Washington DC 20460
                                March 1985
                              WH550G
  Overview of
  State Ground-Water
  Program Summaries

  Volume 1

H  State Ground-Water
   Program Summaries
                       (EPA REGION 6 STATES)
                                        •v>

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              OVERVIEW OF STATE GROUND-WATER

                    PROGRAM SUMMARIES


                        VOLUME I

                  £ STATE GROUND-WATER

                    PROGRAM SUMMARIES



                        VOLUME II
           U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                     Office of Water
             Office of Ground-Water Protection
                 Washington, D.C.  20460
                       March  1985
Additional copies  of these reports  can be obtained  from

             The Superintendent of Documents
             U.S. Government Printing  Office
             Washington,  D.C. 20401.

When ordering please include stock  numbers:

     Volume I  -   #055-000-00246-1    Price:  $2.75
     Volume II -   #055-000-00247-1    Price: $22.00.

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                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    This  report was  compiled  by  the  Environmental Protection  Agency
(EPA), Office  of Ground-Water Protection, in Washington,  D.C.,  and the
Ground-Water Offices of  the  ten EPA Regions.   Steve Page  of the Office
of Ground-Water Protection coordinated this project.  It was reviewed by
state officials.  EPA appreciates  the  assistance  provided  by the states
in  this  effort.   Technical  support was  provided by Policy Planning &
Evaluation, Inc.,  located  at 8301  Greensboro Drive,  Suite H60,  McLean,
Virginia  22102.

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                            Vo/ume I  "                     _
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                Page No.

INTRODUCTION  	     i

 I.  GROUND-WATER USES AND CONTAMINATION 	     1

     Primary Uses of Ground Water  	     1

         Domestic Use 	     2
         Agricultural Use  	     2
         Industrial Use 	     3

     Nature of Ground-Water Contamination 	     3

         Movement of Ground Water  	     3
         Discharge to Surface Water  	     4
         Ground-Water Withdrawals  	     1
         Characteristics of Recharge Areas and
           Unsaturated Zones 	     5

     Sources of Ground-Water Contamination 	     5

         Waste Disposal Methods and Facilities 	     6
             Landfills 	     6
             Surface Impoundments  	     7
             Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites 	     7
             Septic Systems 	     7
             Brine Pits 	     7
             Injection Wells 	     8
             Land Treatment 	     8

         Nond isposal Activities 	     8
             Agricultural Practices  	     8
             Industrial and Manufacturing Operations 	     9
             Underground Storage 	     9
             Other Sources	     9

II.  STATE ACTIVITIES AIMED AT PROTECTING GROUND WATER 	    11

     Developing Ground-Water Policies and Strategies 	    11

         Nondegradation	    12
         Limited Degradation	    12
         Differential Protection 	    13
         Quality Standards	    14

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)


                                                            _   Page No.
 II.   STATE ACTIVITIES  AIMED  AT  PROTECTING
      GROUND  WATER (CONTINUED)

      Administering Ground-Water Programs
         Establishing  Responsibility  for Ground-Water
           Protection  Programs  ................................     15

         Assessing  and Monitoring Ground-Water Resources  ......     15
             Ground-Water Resource Assessment  .................     16
             Ground-Water Contamination Assessment
               and  Monitoring .................................     16
             Nonhazardous Waste Sites  .........................     17
             Hazardous Waste Sites ............................     17
             Salt-Water Intrusion ........................... . .     17
             Pesticides .......................................     17
             Drinking  Water  ...................................     18
             Other  Areas of Monitoring ......... . ......... .....     18

         Developing State-Originated Control Programs  .........     18
             Land Use  .........................................     18
             Septic Tank Regulations  ..........................     19
             Agricultural Contamination Control  ...............     19
             Leaking Underground Storage Tanks ................     20
             Contamination Response ...........................     20
             Brine  Disposal  ...................................     20
             Radioactive Materials ............................     20

         Formulating Interagency Agreements ...................     21
             Policy and Strategy Development ..................     21
             Protection of Specific Aquifers ..................     21
             Discharges to Ground Water .................. .....     22
             Underground Injection Control ...... . .............     22
             Response  to Contamination ........................     23
             Hydrogeologic Studies ............................     23

         Managing and  Funding Federally Delegated Programs ....     23
             UIC Program ......................................     24
             RCRA Subtitle C Program ..........................     25
             FIFRA  Program ....................................     25
             CWA Program ........ . .............................     26
             PWS Program ......................................     27

         Involving  the Public in Protecting Ground Water ......     27

Appendix. A:  Summary Tables on Ground-Water Use and Quality ...   A-1

Appendix B:  EPA Regional Ground-Water Representatives ........   B-1

Appendix C:  State  Contacts  ...................................   C-1

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                               INTRODUCTION
     In the  last decade,  ground-water  contamination  has  emerged  as  a
 major problem throughout the country.   State and local agencies,  which
 have the  primary responsibility  for protecting  ground water,  are  in
 various  stages  of  developing and  implementing  policies,   statutes,  and
 strategies  to meet  their particular needs.

     In August 198U,  the  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency released
 the  EPA  Ground-Water Protection  Strategy.   Among  other  things,  the
 strategy  commits EPA to assisting  states  in building the  institutional
 capability  they  need  to protect  their ground water.  This report is part
 of  that effort.   It presents  information EPA  compiled from available
 sources on  the basic  elements of ground-water programs and  activities  in
 the  fifty  states and selected  territories.  It is not a  comprehensive
 summary of all state  ground-water programs.

     EPA  will  use this  report   for program  development purposes.    In
 addition, EPA will make it available to  the states to help  them exchange
 information  and  ideas on approaches for addressing common ground-water
 problems.

    State  officials  have reviewed  this  report  for accuracy.   However,
 some  of  its information may  differ from information  in other sources.
 In certain cases, this is because  information was not readily available
 and  thus  could  not  be  provided in time for  this report.   Also, this
report was  prepared  before  EPA awarded $7 million  to the  states and
 territories for identifying ground-water problems in their  jurisdictions
and  for developing  and  implementing ground-water  protection strategies
 and programs.  EPA intends to update this information periodically using
 information from the state ground-water grants and other sources.

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    This report  is  divided  into two volumes.   Volume I first discusses
the uses and contamination of ground water and then provides an overview
of state policies and strategies for protecting ground water.  Volume II
presents the  background information compiled by EPA.   This information
was used  in preparing  Volume I.    Each  volume contains  the  same three
appendices.  Appendix A provides  summary tables on ground-water use and
quality,      Appendix   B   lists   the   EPA   Regional   Ground-Water
Representatives, and  Appendix C lists the state officials who verified
the information.   Any  questions  about  Volume  I should  be  directed to
Marian Mlay, Director,  Office  of  Ground-Water Protection, 401 M Street,
S.W.,  Washington, D.C.  20460.  Any questions about Volume II should be
directed  to  the  EPA  Regional  Ground-Water  Representatives  or  the
appropriate state officials.
                                   ii

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                 I.  GROUND-WATER USES AND CONTAMINATION
     Ground  water is  a  vast resource  beneath  the surface of  the  earth.
 It  appears  in  aquifers,   which  are  geologic  formations  that  contain
 enough  water  to  yield usable amounts  to  wells  and springs.

     Usable  ground  water  is present  nearly  everywhere in  the  United
 States.   The volume  of  known ground  water is about fifty times  greater
 than  annual  surface flow in  the  entire  nation.    Another  way  to
 conceptualize the  immense  size of this resource  is to consider that the
 volume  of ground water  to  be found  within one-half mile of the  earth's
 surface  is estimated  to  be  more than  four  times  that of  the Great  Lakes.

    Because  of  its  dimension and  because of geologic  and geochemical
 factors  that  influence its  movement and  characteristics, ground water is
 a very  complex resource  to understand.  Once contaminated, ground water
 is difficult  to  monitor  and expensive to clean.   Sometimes it cannot be
 cleaned  using proven  technology.  Following is a  brief discussion  of the
 primary  uses  of  ground  water  and   the   nature  and   sources   of   its
 contamination.

 PRIMARY  USES OF  GROUND WATER

    In general,  the degree  to which people use ground water depends  on a
 number  of  factors.    One  is  whether  good-quality surface  water  is
available, and  another   is  the relative cost  of delivering  the  ground
water to individual users.

    Ground water makes  up  about one-fourth of all  the  fresh water  used
in  the   United   States.    Between  1950 and   1980,  total  ground-water
withdrawals increased from 3^ to 89  billion gallons per  day  (BCD), an
increase of 162  percent.  The 1980 figure  represents  2*» percent of  all
the fresh water  used (372  BCD) that  year.  In  part,  this increase  has
                                   -1-

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been the result of changes in irrigation and population migration during
the 1970s to rural and suburban areas, where ground water is-more easily
accessible  than  surface water.   The 1985  ground-water  withdrawals are
projected to reach 100 BCD.

    The principal uses  of ground water in  1980  were  for irrigation (60
BCD) and  public drinking  water (12  BCD).   While  smaller  amounts were
used in  industries  and rural households,  the degree  of dependence was
often more acute.

Domestic Use

    About 117 million  people in the  United States  rely  on  ground water
for their  domestic  needs  (Table A-1).  Of the 100  largest  cities,  31*
derive their water either  completely or partly  from  ground water.  And
in  the  seven most populated states  —  New York,  California,  Florida,
Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Texas, and  New Jersey  —  more  than 52 million
people receive their  drinking water at least partly  from ground water.
Of the 622 public water supply systems in New Jersey,  558 obtain most of
their supplies from ground water.

    In the less populated, rural areas of the country, 95 percent of the
residents depend entirely on this resource  for domestic uses.

Agricultural Use

    The agricultural states  in  the Midwest and  the West depend heavily
on  ground   water  for  irrigation.     Arkansas,  Nebraska, Colorado,  and
Kansas  use  over  90  percent of their  ground  water for  agricultural
activities (Table A-2).
*"Ground Water:  Issues and Answers," American Institute of Professional
Geologists, 1983.
                                   -2-

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 Industrial  Use

    Although  small  when compared  with the quantities  of ground  water
 used  for  agriculture,  some  states'  withdrawals for  industrial  uses
 constitute  a  large  portion  of their  total  withdrawals.    Because  a
 significant number of industries are located in the  eastern  half of the
 country, many states there  use over 30  percent  of  their  ground  water for
 industrial  purposes.  Kentucky  uses  58 percent of its  ground  water for
 industry (Table.A-3).

 NATURE OF GROUND-WATER  CONTAMINATION

    Ground-water  contamination and its impact on  the  environment depend
 in  part  on  geologic and hydrologic characteristics that vary from state
 to  state.    These  characteristics determine  how quickly  ground  water
 moves,  how and   whether  it  is  discharged  to  surface  water,   how
 withdrawing  it  affects surface  water,  how effectively soils filter  out
 pollutants, and how  easily  pollutants can  enter aquifers.

 Movement of Ground Water

    In general,  ground water  moves very  slowly.   Formations containing
 layers of  consolidated clays  with  little  fracturing allow ground  water
 to  move  as slowly  as a  few  inches  a  year.   But in strata containing
 unconsolidated sand  and gravel,  ground  water moves as  fast as 800 feet  a
year or more.   Ground  water may also move comparatively rapidly  through
 cavernous limestone  formations.

    These  slow  rates  do  not  allow  contaminants   to  spread  or  mix
quickly.    The  contaminants  thus  remain  concentrated in  slow-moving
plumes, which can remain undetected until  water wells or surface  waters
are contaminated.
                                   -3-

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    Moreover,  contaminants in ground  water — unlike  those  in surface
water  — generally  move  in  a plume  with relatively  little  mixing or
dispersion,  so concentrations  remain high.   These plumes  move slowly
through  the  aquifer  and  are  typically  present  for many  years  —
sometimes  for  decades  or  longer  —  making the  resource  virtually
unusable over periods of time.  Although opportunity exists for chemical
or   biological  transformation,   changes  in  the   concentrations  of
contaminants occur  slowly, so that they  may  not  be readily discernible
in the short term.  Because an individual plume may underlie only a very
small part of the land surface, it is difficult to detect by aquiferwide
or regional monitoring.

Discharge to Surface Water

    Even though ground water moves slowly through the ground, it usually
discharges to surface waters.  In some areas of the country, springs and
aquifers contribute  large  quantitites of water to  the  flow of streams.
In the coastal states, aquifers discharge into the seas and wetlands and
supplement fresh-water  flows.  In other areas,  ground waters discharge
into lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands.

    If  ground  water  becomes  contaminated,  the   contamination  may
eventally  appear  in surface  water.    Depending  on  the  geologic  and
hydrological  characteristics  of  the aquifers  involved,  contaminated
ground water  may  discharge  to surface  areas  as quickly as  within one
year or as slowly as within one thousand years or more.

Ground-Water Withdrawals

    In almost  all  parts  of  the  country,  ground  water  is  present in
alluvium along streams and rivers.   In these  settings, the ground water
often interconnects  with the surface  water.   This  means  that at times
excessive  ground-water  withdrawals  can  reduce  stream  flows.   If the
stream waters are   polluted,  the  withdrawals  can  thus  increase  the
concentration of pollutants in ground waters.

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 Characteristics of Recharge Areas and Unsaturated Zones

    The  potential for contamination also depends on the characteristics
 of  recharge  areas.   These  are areas  where water  enters the  aquifers
 through  geologic  formations.   In many parts  of  the country, the  recharge
 areas  are close to the land surface  and may  be  affected significantly  by
 land use and  industrial practices.

    The  depth and types of soils above  the  aquifer, the depth  from the
 earth's  surface  to ground water,  and  many  other  facts  also affect the
 potential for contamination.   In some areas,  the  water table is within
 twenty feet of the land  surface,  and the unsaturated zone consists  of
 highly permeable  sand and  gravel  beds.   Ground water in these areas can
 become  contaminated  relatively quickly  by  industrial,   domestic,  and
 agricultural  activities.

    In other  areas,  the  unsaturated  zones  are deep,  and  their  beds
 consist  of layers  of highly impermeable materials.  Contaminants in such
 areas  may not reach ground waters,  or  will do so only after a very long
 time.    Finally,   certain aquifers  are  buried  deep  beneath  other
 aquifers.   They  become  contaminated either through  leakage  from other
 aquifers, through poorly  cased  wells,  or through  pollutants'  entering
 their  recharge zones.

    Because the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of aquifers vary
within  and  among states,  they are too  numerous  to  discuss  in  this
 summary  report.    Thus,  they  are  described briefly  for  each  state  in
Volume II.

SOURCES OF GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION

    Ground-water contamination can result from a wide variety of sources
and substances.    The  substances include  inorganic  compounds,  such  as
nitrates   and   chlorides;   complex   organic   compounds,   including
                                   -5-

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trichloroethylene,   benzene,   and   dioxin;   metals;   pesticides;   and
radioactive materials   (Tables A-H and A-5).                ~

    Some  of  these  substances  occur  naturally.    They  include  salts,
nitrates,  radium,  and barium.   Nitrates can also  be man-made, such as
fertilizers and  human and  animal waste  disposal.    However,  the focus
here  is on man-made sources  of ground-water  contamination.  This is
because of the feasibility of using preventive measures to control them.

    There  are two categories of  sources  of ground-water contamination:
waste disposal methods and facilities, and nondisposal activities.  As a
result  of  differences  in hydrogeologic conditions and ground-water use,
the threats posed by these sources vary greatly with each specific site.

Waste Disposal Methods and Facilities

    Improper waste disposal accounts for a substantial amount of ground-
water   contamination.     Many   types  of  waste  disposal  methods  and
facilities have  contaminated  ground water substantially.   They include
landfills, abandoned hazardous waste sites, surface impoundments, septic
systems, brine disposal, injection wells, and land application.

    Landfills

    There  are  an estimated 93,000  landfills  in the  United States.   Of
these,  75,000 are  classified  as  on-site/industrial  landfills,  and we
know  little  about  them.    Another  18,500 are  classified  as municipal
landfills.

    Landfills have  been  located  on such sites as  marshlands, old strip
mines,  and limestone sinkholes.   Many  of these sites are susceptible to
ground-water contamination.  As  a result, over half  of the states have
experienced  contamination  problems from on-site  industrial   landfills
(excluding  surface  pits,   lagoons,  and  surface  impoundments)  and
municipal landfills.
                                   -6-

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     Surface  Impoundments

     A  situation similar to  that at landfills  is  found at pits, ponds,
 and  lagoons.  Usually grouped  and  referred to as surface  impoundments,
 these  sites receive  both  hazardous and  nonhazardous wastes.   Most of
 them  are  unlined,  and  about  40  percent are  located  over  thin or
 permeable soils, over aquifers  currently used for drinking  or  that could
 be used  for drinking.   As a result, thirty-six states  have ground-water
 contamination at these sites.

     Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites

     It is estimated  that  there  are more than 20,000 abandoned hazardous
 waste  sites  across  the  United  States.   It  is expected  that ground-water
 contamination is occuring at a  majority of  these sites.

     Septic Systems

     Approximately  20 million  American households  use  septic systems.
 These  systems  discharge  high   volumes  of  waste  to  ground water.   The
 primary  health  hazard  is  from  the release  of pathogens and nitrates to
 ground   water.      Thirty-six   states  have   experienced  ground-water
 contamination due  to septic  tanks.   The  presence of  organic cleaning
 solvents from efforts to clean  the tanks is a growing concern  as well.

    Brine Pits

    The  disposal  of  brine-containing  fluids  into  unlined  pits  has
 contaminated the ground water  in many  oil-producing states.   Twenty-one
 states have  known  ground-water contamination due  to oil  and  gas brine
pits.
                                   -7-

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     Injection Wells

     The  practice  of  disposing  of  wastes  into  the  ground  through
injection  wells  has  contaminated  ground  water in  at  least eighteen
states.   Currently, underground  injection is regulated  under the Safe
Drinking Water  Act.   Wastes legally disposed  of  into  injection wells
include hazardous  and  toxic industrial  wastes,  municipal sewage wastes,
radioactive  wastes,  and  oil-field  brines.   The  abandoned and  improperly
plugged  wells  also   cause  ground-water  pollution  and  can be  more
problematic  than operating wells.

     Land Treatment

     The disposal of  wastes  through  land  treatment is intended to return
nutrients and waters to  the soil.  This  method, when done incorrectly,
can  introduce toxic  materials  into  the  ground water.  Seven states have
experienced  such contamination.

Nondisposal  Activities

    Nondisposal practices account for a large number of the incidents of
ground-water  contamination  across  the  country.   These  include  using
pesticides,  animal  feedlot  wastes, fertilizers,  and  chemigation (where
chemicals are mixed with irrigation waters) for agricultural activities;
applying  chemicals in  industrial  and   manufacturing  operations;  and
storing liquids in underground tanks.

    Agricultural Practices

    Pesticides  have  been  found  in ground water in about  half of the
states.   Besides  being  detected  in the  primary  agricultural  states,
pesticides  have been  discovered  in ground  water  in  such  states  as
Arizona, Rhode Island,  and Connecticut.
                                   -8-

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     Industrial and Manufacturing Operations

r     Information  has  been gathered  on  synthetic  organic  chemicals  in
 general, and  volatile organic chemicals in particular.  Both result,  in
 part,  from  industrial and manufacturing activities.  Often contaminants
 enter  ground  water  by percolating as  leachate  from unllned industrial
 waste pits.  Accidental leaks and spills of these chemicals from storage
 and transportation  facilities also contaminate  ground  water.   At least
 thirty  states  have   documented  ground-water  contamination because  of
 synthetic organic chemicals, and thirty-three have experienced localized
 contamination by volatile organic compounds.

     Underground Storage

     Underground  storage  tanks containing  gasoline, oil,  and  hazardous
 chemicals have received increasing  attention  recently.   Many bare steel
 tanks  are  over twenty years  old  and are  not  protected from corrosion.
 Detecting cracks, corrosion,  and  leakages in them  is  difficult.   In  at
 least  forty-one  states,   these  facilities  have  contaminated  ground
 waters.

     Other Sources

     High concentrations of sodium  chloride  can seep into  ground  water
 from  road  de-icing  and   the  improper  storage  of  road salts.   Eleven
 states, including  all the  New England  states,  attribute  some  ground-
 water  contamination to de-icing practices.

     Because of excessive ground-water withdrawal, salt water in nineteen
 states has  intruded  into  fresh-water supplies.   This intrusion can occur
 from a saline aquifer located  beneath the fresh-water  supplies  or from
 the ocean.   This problem  exists principally in the coastal states.

     Contamination from other  inorganic  chemicals has been  found  in the
ground water of about a dozen states.   For example,  sulfate and chloride
                                   -9-

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contamination  have  resulted  from  improperly  constructed  wells  and
damaged well casings.  Abandoned mines have discharged acidic_waters and
caused contamination in some states.

    About half  the  states  have documented contamination due to metallic
residues.  Much of the problem can  be  attributed  to mineral processing
and  heavy  industrial  activites.    Contamination  due   to  metals  has
occurred in mining as well as nonmining states.

    Radioactive substances occur  as  waste products from uranium mining,
nuclear-reactor operations, and hospital  activities.  As a result, they
have been found in the ground-water supplies of about a dozen states.
                                  -10-

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          II.  STATE ACTIVITIES AIMED AT PROTECTING GROUND WATER
     In structuring  a comprehensive ground-water  protection program,  a
 state has a number of possibilities:  to develop  a  protection  strategy,
 to adopt a  ground-water  classification  system, to  establish protection
 standards,  to enact  specific  statutes,  and  to create an  organizational
 structure.   In addition,  a state may assess  its resources and  develop
 monitoring  programs.  Individual  states develop  interagency agreements
 to coordinate  the  activities of state agencies  and direct  federal grants
 to ground-water protection.   The order in  which these activities  are
 conducted depends  on the  particular  needs of a  state.

     In  general,   state   activities   can  be  divided   into  two broad
 categories:   development  of policies and strategies, and  administration
 of programs.

 DEVELOPING GROUND-WATER POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

     Before  developing their policies,  several states prepared  extensive
 background  information.   For  example,  Delaware prepared a "Ground-Water
 Quality Management"  report  in  1983;  Michigan, a "Ground-Water Protection
 Initiatives" report;  Oklahoma, a background  report called the  "Task  832
 Report"; and Kansas,  a "Ground-Water Quality Management  Plan."

     To  date,  twenty-seven  states  have  already developed  policies   for
protecting  ground-water  quality,  and   twenty-eight  states are  either
 formulating  or  revising  such  policies  (Table   A-6).    Many  factors
influence how  a  state  develops  its ground-water  protection   policies.
These  factors include the state's geography and hydrogeology, the nature
and  extent  of  its  water  resources,  its  economic  interests,  and   how
heavily  it  depends  on  ground  water.    States  with  a   high demand   for
ground water generally  establish policies very different  from  those in
states where surface water  is abundant.
                                  -11-

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    While  some  states rely on statutes  to  carry out their policies for
protecting  ground water,  many others  rely on  existing administrative
authorities.     Twelve   states   have   enacted   specific  ground-water
protection  statutes.    States use  these  statutes  for a  variety  of
purposes, including to establish discharge limits in permits, to prevent
further  degradation  of  ground-water  quality,  to  bring  enforcement
actions, to clean contaminated ground waters, and to control land uses.

    Many   states   have  adopted  or  proposed   one   of  three  general
policies:     nondegradation,   limited   degradation,   or  differential
protection.   Although these categories  are different,  some  states have
combined more than  one  policy  (Table  A-7).   For example, while some
states have differential protection policies, they may also have limited
degradation policies to protect their drinking-water supplies.

    Ground-water  quality  standards  are  also used  by  some  states  to
determine  the  permissible   level   of   contaminants  in  ground  water
sometimes in combination with differential protection policies.

Nond eg rad a t i on

    A  nondegradation policy  protects  the  quality  of  ground   water  at
existing levels.   This policy  is  generally accompanied  by  waivers for
specific activities for which nondegradation is not achievable.  Sixteen
states have policies incorporating nondegradation goals.

Limited Degradation

    A  limited  degradation policy  is designed to  preserve  ground-water
quality  above a  specified  standard.   Seventeen  states have adopted
limited  degradation  policies.   Most  of  them  use a   combination  of
prescriptive and narrative standards.
                                  -12-

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Differential Protection


    A  differential  protection   policy   focuses   on   the  present  and
potential uses of ground water.  Among the states and territories, those
uses  and  the  accepted  levels of purity  for  them will  vary.   Twelve
states have  policies incorporating differential protection.   To reduce
the complexity of their task,  states  have classified  their ground water
and established criteria  for  the  different classifications.  Twenty-two
states have  adopted  or  proposed some  type  of classification  system
(Table A-8).   Following  are some  examples  of  the  diversity  of  the
criteria  for classifications.
    •   Types  of  uses  —  While   some  states  protect  drinking-water
        supplies only, others protect waters suitable for domestic uses,
        agricultural  uses,  fish  and  aquatic  life  (ground  water  may
        discharge to surface waters), and livestock.

    •   Degree of  treatment. — In  certain states,  the  classifications
        are based  on degree of  treatment.   Sources of  drinking  water
        that are usable without any treatment and those that may have to
        be treated  to be potable receive different levels of protection.

    •   Salinity-quality levels —  In  some states,  waters with chloride
        concentrations of less  than 250 mg/1,  between 250 mg/1 and 1,000
        mg/1,   and   over  1,000  mg/1,  and   with  total  dissolved  solid
        concentrations  of   less  than  500  mg/1,  between  500 mg/1  and
        10,000 mg/1,  and  over  10,000  mg/1,  are divided  into  separate
        classes and receive different degrees of protection.

    •   Vulnerability to contamination —  Only a handful  of states have
        classified  ground  water  based on  depth  to the  saturated  zone.
        However,  they  have  not specified any criteria for permeability
        of the aquifers.

    •   Environmental importance of aquifers —  A  few states  have taken
        steps   to  protect   the ground  water  of  unique  and  fragile
        ecosystems.  These  areas have usually  received the highest level
        of protection.

    •   Availability of other water  supplies  —  Some states  apply as a
        classification standard whether drinking  water is available from
        surface supplies or whether  ground water is  the  only source of
        supply.
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Quality Standards

    In general,  states have  specified  two types  of  quality standards:
prescriptive   and   narrative.    Prescriptive   standards  specify  the
contaminants  and  their  respective  levels  that must not  be  exceeded.
Narrative  standards,  on the  other hand, are  general and  contain such
statements as:  "discharges shall not cause a public health hazard," or,
"discharges  shall  not  impair future uses."   Narrative  standards are,
thus,  general guidelines  that  must  be  implemented  on  a  case-by-case
basis.

    In specifying prescriptive standards, states have generally begun by
listing  chemicals  for  which  maximum  contaminant  levels  have  been
specified or  for which health advisories under  the Safe  Drinking Water
Act  have  been issued.    Then,  after  further  examination, they have
expanded  the  list.    For  example, New  York regulates more  than eighty
chemicals,  New  Jersey  has  specified   between  thirty-five and  forty
organic and inorganic chemicals, and North Carolina has regulated twenty
to  thirty chemicals.   In  addition  to specifying  regulated chemicals,
many  classifications  also  contain  standards  for  taste,  odor,  color,
biochemical oxygen demand,  and coliform bacteria (Table A-9).

ADMINISTERING GROUND-WATER PROGRAMS

    States have undertaken a  variety  of actions  to manage their ground-
water resources.  These include

    •   establishing responsibility for ground-water protection
        programs,
    •   assessing and monitoring ground-water resources,
    •   developing state-originated control programs,
    •   formulating interagency agreements,
    •   managing and funding federally delegated programs, and
    •   involving the public in protecting ground water.
                                  -11-

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Establishing Responsibility  for  Ground-Water Protection  Programs

    Across   the  states,   different  agencies   are  handling   similar
responsibilities for protecting  ground water (Table  A-10).  For example,
almost  all  states  have programs  for  collecting data related to  ground-
water  and aquifer  mapping  programs.   In  many  states,  agencies share
these  responsibilities.   Depending on the state,  the state geological
survey  and  the  departments  of  natural  resources,  water  resources,
environmental  management,  health,  or mining may  be  responsible   for
collecting data.

Assessing and Monitoring Ground-Water Resources

    Ground-water resource  assessments,  which are often complex,  require
extensive  time  and money.    For  this  reason  they are  not conducted
frequently by the states.   In addition,  the lack of testing methods  for
some chemicals  and  a growing  list of potential  contaminants make this
task more  difficult.    Nevertheless,  all  states  have  at least assessed
their ground-water  resources or  the extent of ground-water contamination
(Table A-11).

    Increased monitoring  and assessment  of ground-water resources have
created the  need in many  states to develop and  maintain many types of
databases.   In  addition  to  water-quality  data,  some states  are also
gathering data  on pollution sources.  For example,  Vermont and  Florida
have developed an inventory of ground-water pollution sources.

    Ground-Water Resource Assessment

    Several  states  have  undertaken studies to  map their  aquifers,  to
assess the vulnerability  of  aquifers for  contamination,  and to evaluate
the quality  of  ground  water.   For example, Maryland  and Illinois have
completed  atlases   that classify  aquifers  and  their vulnerability  to
                                  -15-

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contamination.   Wyoming and  New Mexico  have  performed reconnaissance-
level  mapping based  on existing data,  and Missouri  has  conducted  a
hydrological  study  of shallow  aquifers  in the  western "part of  the
state.  Similarly,  West Virginia is  mapping aquifer recharge areas,  and
New York is mapping valley aquifers.

    Several states,  including Rhode  Island and Vermont, are identifying
recharge  areas of  aquifers  from which  public water  systems  withdraw
their  water.     Furthermore,  many   states,  including  Louisiana  and
Arkansas, have prepared an inventory of public water supply wells.

    Finally,  some  states  have  prepared  maps  containing  geographical
information.   Florida,  for  example,  has  developed  maps  showing  the
locations of  cities  and  communities  in relation to  its aquifers,  while
Nebraska  has  developed maps  indicating  sensitivity  to  ground-water
pollution.

    Ground-Water Contamination Assessment and Monitoring

    Thirty  states have recently conducted  major  assessments  of  waste
sites  to evaluate  the extent  of contamination.    Under  the  Resource
Conservation  and  Recovery  Act's hazardous waste  and  the  Superfund
programs, most states are  conducting water-quality assessments.   Some
are developing databases to  facilitate  data retrieval.   With respect to
nonhazardous  waste  facilities,  such  as the  RCRA Subtitle D facilities,
states   usually   undertake   major   studies  of   specific  types   of
facilities.   For example,  Florida  is assessing how industrial surface
impoundments   and   septic   tanks  affect   ground   water.    Similarly,
California is studying ground-water contamination by pesticides.

    Generally, monitoring  programs  focus on nonhazardous  waste sites,
hazardous waste  sites, salt-water  intrusion,  pesticides,  and  drinking
water (.Table A-12).

    Nonhazardous  Waste  Sites.    Nonhazardous  waste  facilities  are
generally  regulated   under   the RCRA   Subtitle   D  or  similar  state
                                  -16-

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 programs.   In most cases,  monitoring requirements  are  developed on  a
 site-specific basis as part of the permitting process.  The operators of
 these  facilities  also  are  required  to  report  the results  of  their
 periodic testing.

     Many states have  established  the programs  either as part of their
 enforcement efforts  or as  an  ongoing  effort  to  identify  sources  of
 contamination.  In  the latter  case,  states  monitor specific types  of
 facilities,   such   as  municipal   landfills,   lagoons,   and   surface
 impoundments.   Note  that contaminants  for  which  drinking-water standards
 have been set  are  usually  monitored  at these sites.   Recently  thirty-two
 states  conducted monitoring  at nonhazardous  sites.

     Hazardous  Waste  Sites.   Monitoring hazardous waste sites ranges from
 operating  joint   federal-state  programs   following  BCRA  and   CERCLA
 guidelines  in  several states,  to  monitoring spills and  leaks.   Most
 states  have established programs under which  either  they or responsible
 private  parties  monitor  the  quality of  water.    A few  states have
 conducted  special  studies  to  detect   the   presence   of  specific
 contaminants in drinking-water supplies that are threatened by hazardous
 waste  sites.   These states include  Connecticut,  Kansas, Missouri,  and
 New  York.

     Salt-Water Intrusion.    Salt-water  intrusion,  the  replacement   of
 fresh ground  water by  salt water,  has caused  concern  in  several  coastal
 states.   Since most of the affected  states  are aware of this problem,
 they are  periodically  conducting salt-water-intrusion  studies.

     Pesticides.     At   least  twenty-two  states  have  conducted  some
 monitoring  for levels of  specific  pesticides  in  sources  of drinking
water  and  other  areas.   States  developing  more  extensive  monitoring
programs   include   Iowa,   Florida,  Wisconsin,   Texas,   Nebraska,   and
Washington.     The  pesticides  that  are   monitored  include  EDB   and
Aldicarb.   In Texas,  state  efforts  are under way  to expand  laboratory
 services  and  the environmental monitoring  plan to include monitoring  of
ground water in"areas  susceptible to pesticide contamination.

                                  -17-

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    Drinking Water.  Monitoring public drinking-water supplies under the
Safe  Drinking  Water Act is  a joint federal-state  program._ The actual
monitoring,  however,   is   conducted  by   each   public  water  supply.
Monitoring is  conducted  at  the  point where the drinking water is used—
at the "tap"—not at the well for ground-water supplies.

    Other Areas of Monitoring.  Forty-six states have a variety of other
types  of  ground-water  monitoring programs.   Permit holders  for ground-
water discharge are  required  to conduct  periodic tests and file reports
in several states.   Water-quantity levels are monitored  in  a number of
states, particularly those  located  in  the  West where water supplies are
limited.

    Specific-site monitoring programs are under way in some states.  New
Jersey  tests   ground   water   for   contaminating  substances  at  road
construction sites,  while  Arkansas monitors selected  irrigation wells
for contaminants associated with agricultural practices.  In New Mexico,
studies   are   currently   investigating    the  potential  for  nitrate
contamination  from  dairy waste ponds.   Arizona  is  monitoring areas in
close proximity to Phoenix's water supply for acidity, heavy metals, and
sulfate.

Developing State-Originated Control Programs

    To carry out  their ground-water policies, states  are developing or
have already developed various control programs.  Many of these programs
focus on land use, septic tanks, agricultural contamination,  underground
storage tanks, response  to  contamination incidents, brine disposal, and
radionuclides.

    Land Use
                                                                        ^
    In-many states  protection of the recharge areas is a major ground-
water  issue,  and  some states  are developing  land-use policies.   For
example,  Massachusetts  has  instituted   an  Aquifer  Land  Acquisition
                                  -18-

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 program,  and  Florida  has  banned   the  location  of  certain  types  of
 facilities  (including landfills) in the  recharge  areas.   New Hampshire
 state  statutes  prohibit  earth  excavations  that  would  substantially
r damage a known aquifer.  Virginia has designated ground-water management
 areas.

     Septic Tank Regulations

     Septic  tanks  have  been  regulated  in  the  past  mostly by  local
 governments.   New cleaning  treatments  and  other contamination problems
 associated with  septic tanks  have  caused  recent public concern.   Many
 states are also undertaking regulatory actions.  For example, the states
 of  Maine,  Mississippi,  and  New Jersey  are developing  regulations  for
 septic  tanks.    South  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Pennsylvania  are  either
 developing  regulations  for  septic tanks,  individual  waste-treatment
 systems, and  land waste-treatment  disposal systems  or  assessing  soil-
 dependent sewage systems.

     Agricultural Contamination Control

     Pesticides  and  animal  feedlot wastes have  also  contributed  to
 ground-water  pollution.     Iowa,   Florida,   and   North   Dakota   are,
 respectively,  monitoring ground  water,  drinking-water wells, and  public
 water systems for  specific pesticides.   Nebraska  is  conducting a  study
 in the southeast part of the state to assess the extent of contamination
 from all agricultural practices.  Montana has  conducted  a  survey  of the
 potential for  ground-water contamination,  specifically from agricultural
 production practices.   Indiana has  an  Animal  Waste  Control  Program  to
 prevent ground-water  contamination  from nitrates.   And  several states,
 including Texas,  are developing plans  for  monitoring ground  water  for
 the presence  of pesticides.

     Other states are taking action to prevent ground-water  contamination
 from pesticides.   Oklahoma  has  taken  a  variety of  actions  to prevent
 ground-water   contamination   from   pesticides  including  measures   to
                                   -19-

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coordinate  generation,  storage,  treatment,  and  disposal  of pesticide
waste.   Maine  has a Returnable Container Program  including deposits,
labeling, identifying distributors, and a state collection program.

    Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

    The  potential for  contamination  from  gasoline,  diesel,  and  other
petroleum  and  nonpetroleum products  stored  in  underground  tanks  has
emerged  as  a  major   environmental   issue.     Some  states,  such  as
Massachussetts,  are developing  inventories  and  assessments of  their
leaking underground  storage tanks.  About  a  dozen states  have  already
developed regulations,  and  others  are  developing regulations to control
leaks from such tanks.

    Contamination Response

    The complexities  of issues  involved  in  any  contamination incident
have  required  that states undertake coordinated  actions.   Many  states,
including  Maine  and  North  Carolina,  have  developed  and  implemented
emergency response programs as precautionary measures.

    Brine Disposal

    Several states  have developed  programs to  regulate  the disposal of
oil and  gas wastes in  open pits and  ponds.  Both New  Mexico and North
Dakota have  banned brine disposal pits.   Other states  are regulating
brine disposal pits and underground injection wells.

    Radioactive Materials

    Some  states  have  created  programs  to  protect  ground  water from
contamination by  radionuclides,  byproducts  of uranium mining.  Texas is,
regulating  in  situ  uranium  mining  and  New  Jersey  has  imposed  a
moratorium on uranium mining.
                                  -20-

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 Formulating Interagency  Agreements

     By  entering   into   comprehensive  interagency  agreements,   state
 agencies,  regional authorities, and local governments have been pooling
 their  resources   and  defining  their  responsibilities  for  protecting
 ground water.   The interagency agreements  that have  evolved  over  the
 last few years  cover  such  topics  as policy  and  strategy development,
 protection  of specific  aquifers,  ground-water  discharges, underground
 injection  control, contamination  incidents,  and  hydrogeologic studies
 (Table A-13).

     Policy  and Strategy  Development

     Most states have formed  task forces, ad  hoc commissions, or councils
 to   develop  policies   and  strategies  for  protecting  ground  water.
 Usually, these groups  are composed  of various high-level officials from
 environmental,  health,  natural  resources,   geology,  agriculture,   and
 transportation  departments;  water   planning  boards;  and  oil  and  gas
 commissions.   After developing  the overall policy  and  strategy,   these
 groups sometimes work out  implementation issues as well.

     Protection of  Specific Aquifers

     Federal,  state, and local  agencies  have  been working  to develop
 protection  programs for specific aquifers and to  conduct comprehensive
 studies.  In many  states,  there are agreements for cooperation among  the
 agencies responsible  for public water systems,  geological surveys,  and
 natural resources;  those responsible  for  regulating sources that may be
 threatening aquifers;  the USGS; the  EPA;  and local governments.   Such
 agreements are usually of  limited duration.

    Some interagency  agreements have  been developed  to  protect inter-
 state  aquifers.    For  example,  the  High  Plains Technical Coordinating
 Committee was  involved  in a six-state study  of the  Ogallala  aquifer.
Also the states  of Washington and Idaho are cooperating  to protect  the
Spokane/Rathdrum aquifer.

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    Discharges to Ground Water

    Interagency groups  that  comprehensively assess and  control ground-
water discharges  can be  found  in only a  handful of states.   However,
they represent useful examples of arrangements that can be made.

    In Virginia,  the  State  Water Board, the Health Department,  and the
Division  of Mine and  Land Reclamation coordinate periodic  reviews  of
various  projects,  such  as  injection  wells,   sanitary  landfills,  and
mining projects.  In Hawaii,  an existing state commission has started to
investigate ground-water  contamination due  to  pesticides.   In Iowa, the
Department  of  Water,  Air and Waste  Management, the Department  of Soil
Conservation,  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  and  county  conservation
districts  are  working  together  to  control  contamination  in twenty-two
counties.  Also, in Wyoming,  the Department of Environmental Quality and
the state engineer provide comments to the oil and gas commission before
the latter approves permits for salt-water-disposal impoundments.

    Underground Injection Control

    The UIC program covers deep injection  of hazardous wastes, secondary
recovery  of oil  and  gas, solution  mining, and  municipal wells.   The
major oil and  gas  states have  interagency agreements  to  regulate  or
provide proper oversight.  Agreements covering other classes of wells or
abandoned wells, however, exist only in a  few states.

    In Florida,  for example,  a  technical  advisory committee consisting
of  representatives  of  USGS,  EPA,  regional  water  management districts,
and local agencies provides broad guidance.  In Missouri, a council made
up of members of the divisions of geology  and land survey, a university,
and  the   clean-water  commission  periodically   reviews  the  program for
illegal,   malfunctioning,  or   unplugged   wells.   And   in  Nebraska,  a
                                                                        *•
memorandum  of  agreement between  the  Department of Environmental Control
and  the   Nuclear  Regulatory  Commission  governs  the  in-situ  mining of
uranium ores.
                                  -22-

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    Response to Contamination


    Memoranda  of agreement  or other  interagency agreements  have been

developed  more  and  more  to  address  contamination  incidents.    The

frequency  and  nature  of  the  incidents  —  that   is,   the  types  of

contaminants,  the urgency  of the  response, and  the  types  of natural

resources  threatened  —  have  affected  the types of agreements that have

evolved.  Following are examples of three types of agreements.
        Definition of agency  role  — Often the department of police and
        other  law  enforcement,  health, and environmental management and
        planning boards  for emergency  preparedness  and water resources
        become  involved  in  contamination incidents.    The  agreements
        specify the duties of each agency.

        Sharing of data  — The  state geological surveys and departments
        authorizing private  and public drinking-water  wells  have often
        gathered geological  and hydrological  data in  the  past.   These
        data are useful for taking  effective  emergency actions  as well
        as  for  planning  long-range  studies.    Hence,  agreements  are
        necessary.

        Resolution of  issues — Most  agreements  specify the procedures
        for resolving issues in contamination cases.
    Hydrogeologic Studies


    Most  states,  through  their  geological survey  or natural resources

departments,  have  working  agreements  with  USGS  to  conduct  specific

water-quantity and  -quality studies.  In  general,  states contribute 50

percent of the funds required to conduct the studies.


Managing and Funding Federally Delegated Programs


    Various federal programs can be used to protect ground water.  While

many of them  fall under the aegis  of the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, other federal agencies also play  a role through their authority

over such activities as soil conservation and mining.
                                  -23-

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    Most of the states have accepted full administrative responsibility,
or primacy, for many EPA programs.  However, some states prefer that the
federal  government  assume full  responsibility for  these  programs,  and
some states share the  administrative  burden with  federal agencies.  For
the  remaining   programs,   the  federal  agencies   retain  their  full
authority.

    The  states  that  are  managing either   fully  or partially  federal
water-protection programs  have chosen different  agencies  to administer
them (Table A-14).  Which agencies they select very often depends on the
organization of existing state agencies.

    The following EPA programs offer some financial resources to protect
ground  water:    the Underground  Injection  Control  (UIC)  program;  the
programs under  the  Resource  Conservation  and Recovery  Act (RCRA),  the
Federal  Insecticide,  Fungicide, and  Rodenticide Act  (FIRFA),  and  the
Clean Water Act (CWA);  and the Public Water Supply (PWS) program.

    UIC Program

    Established as part of the  Safe Drinking Water  Act, the UIC program
protects ground-water  drinking  sources from contamination by regulating
the we11-injection  of  liquids and liquid  wastes  into  the ground.  For
fiscal  1985,  EPA is distributing  among thirty-five delegated  states a
total of $5.3 million under the UIC program.  They are using these funds
for such activities as  ground-water  mapping,  assessment  of potential
discharges to aquifers, and  assessment of  Class  V  wells.   In over half
the states,  the departments  of natural resources  and/or environmental
conservation administer these programs.  Twelve states  have oil and gas
commissions operating  at  least part  of their  UIC program, and in seven
states, delegation for the program is pending.

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     RCRA Subtitle  C  Program

     Proper  planning  and management practices for treating,  storing,  and
disposing  of hazardous waste is  the  goal of RCRA.  During  fiscal  1985,
$^7  million is available for such RCRA-related activities as  monitoring
ground  water,  testing  laboratory  samples,  reviewing  results,   and
preparing  technical  information for permit writers.

     Twenty-five  states  are fully authorized  to run  this program,  and
most other  states  have  received partial authorization.   In about sixteen
states,  the  departments   of  natural  resources  and/or  environmental
conservation administer the  program, and  in about twelve,  the health
department  administers  it.

     FIFRA Program

     FIFRA  establishes  procedures  for  classifying,  registering, selling,
using,  researching,  monitoring,  and  disposing  of  pesticides.    No
pesticide may be bought, sold, or distributed unless registered, and  all
registered  pesticides  are  classified for either  general  or  restricted
use, depending on  their potential environmental hazards.

     In  fiscal  1985,  two   grants  are  available  to  the  states  under
FIFRA.   One,  for  $1.3  million,  is  for  certification  and  training of
pesticide applicators;  it is going to forty-nine states.  The  other,  for
$9.7 million,  is  for  enforcement and compliance;  it  will  go to fifty
states.  Two states  are using  a  portion  of their funds  for ground-water
activities.    North  Dakota is  allocating  funds   toward  developing a
strategy  for  protecting ground  water.    South  Dakota  is  conducting
pesticide contamination sampling,  a  study of a disposal  site for farm
chemicals,  and a chemigation educational program.  In forty-one of these
states, the  agriculture department is  responsible  for  these programs.
In the .other states, the managing  agencies include the departments of
environmental protection and natural resources.
                                  -25-

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    CWA Program

    Various sections of the CWA authorize states to use federal funds to
protect ground water.

    Section  106.   Section 106  of the CWA authorizes  states to receive
federal funds  designed for preventing,  reducing,  and  eliminating water
pollution.  This authority includes enforcement activities.

    In fiscal 1985, $61 million is available to the states under the 106
program.   Of this amount, $7  million has been earmarked  for states to
support development  and  implementation  of their  ground-water programs.
States  were  encouraged  to  give  highest priority  to  development  of  a
state  ground-water strategy.   The  states  will also  use the  funds to
undertake  a  variety  of  program  development  activities,  including
developing   data   management   systems,  establishing  programs   for
investigating ground-water pollution on site,  and  designing monitoring
networks and aquifer-mapping programs.

    Section 205(j).  Section 205(J)  of the  CWA allows  states to receive
federal funds for  managing water-quality programs.   In fiscal 1985, the
states have  received over $2H million.  Several  states are using these
funds  for  such  ground-water  protection  activities   as  developing  a
ground-water protection strategy; designing programs for managing septic
systems; initiating  an inventory of  leaking  underground-storage tanks;
assessing the impacts of pesticides, surface impoundments, and abandoned
or other landfills on ground water; studying the control of on-lot waste
treatment; identifying the  best agricultural  management  practices; and
assessing dairy waste disposal.

    Section 205(g).  In  fiscal  1985,  $9^ million  is available to forty-
nine  states  and  Puerto   Rico  for  carrying  out  activities  related to -
construction grants.  South Carolina  will use  2 percent of its grant to
review  how proposed  land treatment  and disposal  systems  will affect
ground  water.    Wyoming  will  apply  38 percent  of  its grant  toward
developing small waste-water facilities.

                                  -26-

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     PWS  Program

     The  Safe  Drinking Water  Act  established  drinking-water  standards
 specifying  the  maximum   allowable  contamination   levels   for  certain
 substances and  how to  ensure  compliance  with  these standards.   The
 levels and procedures  apply to every public water supply system  in  each
 state.

     In  fiscal  1985,  approximately $27  million is  available to  forty-
 seven  states and two  territories to administer  this  program.   Usually
 administered  by  the health department, the  program is handled  by the
 department of  natural  resources  in  ten  states.

 Involving  the  Public in Protecting  Ground Water

     All  states  are  actively including the public in  their development of
 ground-water  programs.  Although  the types of activities  may not  vary
 considerably,  the extent of public  involvement may.

     States are  required to  hold  public hearings before approving  permits
 under  RCRA,  UIC,  and  the  National  Pollutant  Discharge  Elimination
 System.  And  public officials often hold public hearings before  issuing
 well-drilling  permits.  The  public generally  participates  in decisions
 concerning siting  landfills  and hazardous  waste facilities.    Several
 states have encouraged public participation while  revising those parts
 of   the  Clean  Water  Act's  Section  208 plans  that  deal   with  ground
water.  A  few states have published handbooks to inform the public about
 issues   concerning   underground   storage  tanks.     Finally,  there  is
extensive  public participation  when  states are  formulating  plans  for
long-range  water use or development.

    As a first step in developing ground-water policy and strategy, most
 states .have  formed ground-water  task  forces  or  commissions.   These
groups usually obtain the  public's  views  by  holding  public hearings,
meeting  with  local  public  officials,  and  publishing  handbooks  and
                                  -27-

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brochures  explaining  ground-water  issues.    In  addition,  they  have
provided the public with knowledgeable speakers to explain the issues in
more detail.

    Some  states have  also  provided  for  public  participation  in  the
implementation  stages  of their ground-water policy.   Specific elements
that require  public  participation are aquifer  acquisition,  approval of
ground-water  discharge permits,  aquifer  delineation,  and  ground-water
cleanup.  Hence,  it  appears that the public  is involved  to some extent
in all phases of state policy development and implementation.
                                  -28-

-------
                  APPENDIX A
SUMMARY TABLES ON GROUND-WATER USE AND QUALITY

-------
                             TABLE A-1

  PERCENTAGES OF PEOPLE RELYING ON GROUND WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE
                   States
Percent of
  State
Population
 Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi,
   Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico  	     Over 90

 South Dakota  	     80-89

 Delaware, Iowa, Maine  	     70-79

 Alaska, Indiana, Kansas, South Carolina,
   Washington, Wisconsin, Utah 	     60-69

 Arkansas, California, Illinois, Louisiana,
   Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire,
   North Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont,
   West Virginia, Wyoming 	     50-59

 Georgia, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio,
   Pennsylvania, Virginia 	     UO-Hg

 Alabama, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Missouri,
   North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon  	     30-39

 Colorado, Kentucky, Rhode Island 	     20-29

 Maryland, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands 	    Under 20
Note:  For the purposes of this report, Puerto Rico and the Virgin
       Islands are treated as states in this table and all
       following tables.  The information for these tables has
       been developed from Volume II of this report.
                             A-1

-------
                              TABLE A-2

           USE OF GROUND WATER FOR AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITES
                   States
 Percent of
Ground.Water
  Used for
Agricultural
 Activities
 Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska 	     Over 90

 Arizona, California, New Mexico,  Texas,
   Wyoming 	      80-89

 Hawaii, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada,
   Oklahoma,  South Dakota, Utah 	      50-79

 Florida, Montana, North Dakota 	      40-49

 Georgia, Indiana, Minnesota, Puerto Rico 	      30-39

 Illinois, Missouri 	      20-29

 Delaware, Maine, Vermont, Wisconsin 	      10-19

 Alabama, Alaska, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky,
   Massachusetts, New Hampshire,  New Jersey,
   North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island,
   South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia,
   West Virginia  	     Under 10
Note:  Information available on forty-five states,
                             A-2

-------
                              TABLE A-3

            USE OF GROUND WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
                      States
 Percent of
Ground Water
  Used for
 Industrial
 Activities
 Kentucky, West Virginia 	    Over 50

 Maine, Tennessee 	     40-49

 Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Mississippi,
   North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island 	     30-39

 Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana,
   Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire,
   New Jersey, Puerto Rico, South Carolina,
   Virginia 	     20-29

 Alabama, Delaware,  Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota,
   Montana, Vermont, Wisconsin 	     10-19

 Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,  Colorado,
   Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,
   North Dakota, Oklahoma,  South Dakota, Texas,
   Utah, Wyoming 	    Under 10
Note:  Information available on forty-five states,
                             A-3

-------
TABLE *-*  — MAJOR TYPES OF GROUND-HATER CONTAMINATION
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Organic
Volatile
X
Chemicals
Synthetic
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

33
30
Inorganic Chemicals
Nitrates
X
Fluorides Arsenic Brine/Salt
X« X
Other

x«
X« X*
X
x»
X
XXX
XXX
X



X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
xc,d

yb T*
X
X

X
X« X

x«
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X

X

X

X
xb
X X
X
x"=

X* X* X* X*

X
X
X
XXX
X= X

X

X
X
X
X X

X
X
X
X
X X



X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X



X
X
X
X X
X X




X
XXX
T*

X
X
31
16 15 28
10
(Continued)
                            A-4

-------
                                  TABLE A-« (Continued)
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Metals
X
Radioactive
Materials Pesticides
X X
Other

1
X
X
X
X*
X
3

X
X

X
X
2
X
X
X

1
x«
X
X« X

X
X

3
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X

2

X

X
X
X
X
x"
X
14
2


X
X

X
X X

X
X
1
1
2

1
X

1
X
1


X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X


2

X
X
X

X X
1

X

X
X X
1,2


X X
1

26
13 25
16
•Natural mineral deposits.                           C5ulfates.
bAgricultural activities.                            ^Chlorides  (other than salt water).
KEY:  1 = bacteria;  2  = petroleum products; 3 - sodium;  and  4  =  acids.
                                               A-5

-------
                                   TABLE A-5 — MAJOR SOURCES OF CROUHD-WATEB CONTAMINATION
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
Vest Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Septic
Tanks

X



X


X
X
Municipal
Landfills
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

On-Site*
Industrial
Landfills
X



X
X
X
X
X

Other
Landfills
X

X
X

X

X
X

Surface*1
Impoundments
X
	
X

X
X
X

X
X
Oil and Gas
Brine Pits
X


X

X




X
X
X



X


X



X
X
X


X

X


X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X




X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X


X



X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X

X
X


X
X


X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X


X
X


X


X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X
X


X



X



X
X
X

'
X
X
X
36

31

30

20

36
X
21
(Continued)
'Excluding surface pita, lagoons,  surface Impoundments.
^Excluding oil and gas brine pits.
                                                                A-6

-------
States
Alaba>a
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
. Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Main*
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vernont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Underground
Storage Tanks
X
Injection
Wells
X
Abandoned Regulated Land
Hazardous Hazardous Salt-Water Application/
Waste Sites Waste Sites Intrusion Treatment
XXX
X
X

X X
X
X
X


XXX
X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X





X
X
X X
X
X X
X X X X
X
X
XX X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X



X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X X
X
X
X
X



XXX
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X X

X

X
X
111
18
25 15 19 7
                                                (Continued)
A-7

-------
                          TABLE  A-5 (Continued)
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Highway
Agricultural De-icing
X
X
Other*
e
e

7
X
X
X X
7
1,8
7,8
X
X
8
X
X
X
X
2.7,8
e
x
1,5,7
i)
X
1,2,8
X X
X X
X X
X X
7,8
X X

X
2,3.1,7
1.7
X
8
X
X
X X
X
X
1.2,1,8
1,5
7
7
5
X
8
3,6
X
1.8
X
6,8
X X
X
X
X
X
3,6
2.1
2,8
1.5
X X
8

X
8
1.1
X
1,7
*,5
33 11
35
"Excluding surface  pits,  lagoons,  surface  impoundments.
KEY:  1  =  abandoned  wells;  2  =  Inadequately constructed wells; 3 *
      improperly plugged  wells;  1  =  mining activities; 5  = oil and gas
      activities; 6  •  petroleum product  storage; 7  * accidental spills
      and  leaks; and 6 =  miscellaneous.
                                     A-8

-------
                           TABLE A-6
STATE GROUND-WATER  POLICY — CURRENT STATUS  OF  POLICY DEVELOPMENT
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hauall
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Existing Policy
Specific State for Protecting
Statutes for Ground-Water
Ground Water Quality
Policy under
Development
X

X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X

X X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
12 27
26
                            A-9

-------
                           TABLE A-7
STATE GROUND-WATER POLICY:   CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICIES DEVELOPED
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Limited
Nondegradation Degradation
Differential
Protection


X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X X
X
X

X



X
X
X
X
X
X X

X
X

X X
X
X X
X
X
X



X
X

X
X X




X
X
X

X X
X

X
X
16 17
X
12
                           A-10

-------
                                TABLE A-8

        EXISTING AND PROPOSED GROUND-WATER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
     States
Number
  of
Classes
          Criteria  for  Classification
  California2

  Connecticut


  Florida


  Hawaii

  Idaho
 Illinois


 Iowa


 Kansas

 Maine


 Maryland3

 Massachusetts


 Montana


 New Jersey
   2

   2
   3

   2


   3

   3
Based on use quality, land use, and flow
system.

Highest protection for "single source" and
potable aquifers.

Fresh water and saline water.

Special-resource water — protection against
degradation, unless social or economic factors
override; potable-water supplies — protection
as drinking water without treatment.

Domestic use, limited use, or general non-
domestic use or limited use.

Based on vulnerability to contamination by
considering hydrogeologic characteristics.

Fresh; usable; and brine water.

Suitable for drinking-water supplies; suitable
for everything else.
Drinking-water quality; saline; below
drinking-water quality.

Based on present and potential beneficial
uses.

Total dissolved solids.
                                                          (Continued),
alnfonnation regarding number of classes and/or criteria for
 classification not available.
                              A-ll

-------
                          TABLE A-8 (Continued)
     States
Number
  of
Classes
Criteria for Classification
 New Mexico
 New York
 North Carolina
 Oklahoma3




 Texasa

 Vermont


 Virgin Islands

 West Virginia3

 Wyoming
         Full protection of ground water with less than
         10,000 mg/1 TDS; ground water with more than
         10,000 mg/1 TDS not covered by standards.

         Fresh ground water; saline ground water;
         saline ground water with chloride concentra-
         tions in excess of 1,000 mg/1 or TDS greater
         than 2,000 mg/1.

         Fresh ground water used as the primary source
         of drinking water (GA); brackish waters at
         depths greater than 20 feet below the land
         surface that recharge surface and ground water
         (GSA); fresh water at depths less than 20 feet
         that recharge surface and ground water (GB);
         brackish waters at less than 20 feet (GSB);
         contaminated water technically or economically
         infeasible for upgrading to a higher class
         (GC).

         Beneficial uses have been designated for 21
         ground-water basins and formations, but
         standards being developed for each beneficial
         use.
         Ground waters that supply or could supply
         community water.

         Ranked categories of use.
         Domestic; agricultural; livestock; aquatic
         life; industry; hydrocarbon and mineral
         deposits; unsuitable for any use.
Information regarding number of classes and criteria for
 classification not available.
                              A-12

-------
                                TABLE A-9
              SAMPLE  OF STATE  GROUND-WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
     States
                  Range  of  Contaminants
                  Covered by Standards
  Alaska
  Arizona

  Connecticut

  California
  Florida

  Idaho
  Kansas
  Maryland
  Minnesota

  Montana

  Nebraska

  New Jersey
  New Mexico

  New York
  North Carolina
  Oklahoma

  Utah
  Vermont
 Wyoming
 13  contaminants.
 Any contaminant that would interfere with current or
 future uses  of ground water.
 EPA drinking-water standards; includes taste, odor, and
 color.
 Inorganic salts.
 Primary and  secondary drinking-water constituents, MCLs
 for 8 other  organics, and natural background levels for
 other constituents.
 Primary and  secondary drinking-water standards.3
 Federal drinking-water standards, inorganic chemicals.
 Federal drinking-water standards.
 National primary and secondary drinking-water
 standards.
 All  drinking-water parameters and all substances
 deleterious  to beneficial uses.
 Federal primary drinking-water standards and most of
 the  secondary drinking-water standards.
 Nutrients, metals, and organics.
 35  numerical standards, plus a generic "toxic
 pollutant" standard defining acceptable levels of
 protection for human and animal health.
 83  contaminants.
 19 contaminants.
 Primary standards, including 10 inorganic chemicals and
 5 radiological contaminants and secondary standards.
 Regulations from Safe Drinking Water Act.
Less stringent than federal drinking-water standards.
Maximum 26 contaminants, depending on class, pH, and
IDS.
aTo be adopted in FY 1985.
                              A-13

-------
                             TABLE A-10

STATE AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GROUND-WATER PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
                     Activities
Number of
  State
Agencies
Involved
 Aquifer Mapping
    Department of Natural Resources
    State Geological Survey
    Water Resources/Supply
    Department of Health
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Geology/Hydrology
    Minerals/Mining
    Department of Conservation
    Miscellaneous
 Ground-Water Quality Monitoring
    Department of Health
    Department of Natural Resources
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Water Resources/Supply
    Department of Conservation
    Minerals/Mining
    Miscellaneous
 Ground-Water Policies/Rules/Standards
    Department of Natural Resources
    Department of Health
    Water Resources/Supply
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Pollution Control Commission
    Miscellaneous
 De-icing
    Department of Transportation
    Environmental Protection
    Department of Natural Resources
    Department of Health
    State Geological Survey
   20
   15
   13
   10
    8
    2
    2
    2
   _J_

   73
   18
   13
   10
    9
    5
    3
   _7
   65
   12
   12
    9
   10
    3
   IP.
   56
    7
    3
    3
    1
   _1
   15
                               A-14

-------
     TABU  *-H — STATUS OF GROUND-WATER  RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Ground -Wa ter
Resource
Assessment
Assessment
at Waste Sites Other
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
xa
X
X
X X
X
X
X
51
X
X
31 16
•USGS has plans  to conduct aquifer mappings  In  the Virgin Islands
                                    A-15

-------
                                    TABLE *-1j — STATE GROUND-WATER MONITORING PROGRAMS
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado :
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Haopshlre
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vernont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Nonhazardoua
Waste Sites
X
Hazardous
Waste Sites
X«
Salt-Water
Intrusion Pesticides
X
Ambient
Monitoring
X
Other
X
X
X



X
X
X
X

X



X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X
X*
x«

X
X



X
X
X X
X X
X



X
X X
X —
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X"
X
Xs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X
x«
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

xa
X
X

X

X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
xa
X

X

X


X


X X
X X
X X
X X
X

X



X
X X
X

X Xb

X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
32
X
X
X
X

38
X
X X

X

12 25
X
X

X
X
DO
X
X
X
^
X
146
•Follow BCBA guidelines.
         under development.
                                                               A-16

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                                           TABU «-13 _ DCTERAOENCT AGREEMENTS
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Protection Policy and
of Specific Strategy
Aoulfers Development
Ground -Water
Discharges
Underground Ground-Water
Injection Contamination Geological
Control Incidents Survey
Other
X X

X X
X

X X

X
X
X



X


X X
XXX
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X« X
X

X X
X X



X

X X
X
X
X
X X
*

X

X
X
X


X
X



X
X

X
X

X
X
X





X


X




X





X
X X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X


X



X X
X X
X
X

X


X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X* XX
X X


8 21

X
9
X X
X
19 16 25
X

30
Interstate  agreement between Idaho and  Washington.
                                                               A-17

-------
                           TABLE A-1H

      STATE AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES FOR FEDERAL PROGRAMS3
           Responsible Agency
Number of
 States
 CWA
    Department of Environmental Management

 RCRA
    Department of Health
    Department of Natural Resources
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Water Resources/Permits
    Pollution Control
    Hazardous Waste Management
 UIC
    Department of Natural Resources
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Oil & Gas Conservation Commission
    Department of Health
    Water Resources/Supply/Permits
 PWS
    Department of Health
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Department of Natural Resources
    Water Supply/Potable Water
 FIFRA
    Department of Agriculture
    State Department of Environmental Protection
    Department of Natural Resources
   52
   16
   15
   13
    3
    2
    1
   50
   16
   12
   11
    6
   _i
   50
   30
    8
    8
    2
    6
   _1
   50
                                                 (Continued)

aln some cases, responsibility is shared by more than one
 agency.
                            A-18

-------
                    TABLE A-14 (Continued)
                                                   Number of
          Responsible Agency                         States


Soil Conservation
   Department of Agriculture                           7
   Soil/Water Conservation Commission                  7
   Department of Natural Resources                     5
   State Lands/Land Resources                          3
   State Department of Environmental Protection        2
   Minerals/Mining                                     2
   State Geological Survey                             1

                                                      27

Mining
   Department of Natural Resources                    13
   State Department of Environmental Protection        8
   Minerals/Mining                                     8
   State Geological Survey/Geologist                   4
   Land Resources/Soil Conservation                    3
   Water Allocation/Permits                            3
   Miscellaneous                                      _.t
                           A-19

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        APPENDIX B

EPA Regional Ground-Water
     Representatives

-------
                             EPA Regional Ground-Water
                                  Representatives
Region I

Carol Wood
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
JFK Federal Building, Room 2113
Boston, MA  02203
(8)223-6486; (617) 223-6486
Region VI

Eloy Lozano
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
1201 Elm Street, (60 CL)
Dallas, TX  75270
(8)729-9984; (214) 767-2605
Region II

William Pedicino
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
26 Federal Plaza, Room 805
New York, NY  10278
(8)264-5635; (212) 264-1148
Region VII

Timothy Amsden
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
324 E. 11th St.
Kansas City, MO  64106
(8)757-2815; (214) 236-2815
Region III

Thomas Merski
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
Curtis Building
6th & Walnut Sts.
Philadelphia, PA  19106
(8)597-2786; (215) 597-2786
Region VIII

Richard Long
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
1860 Lincoln St., 8W
Denver, CO  80295
(8)564-1445; (303) 293-1445
Region IV

Stallings Howell
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Atlanta, GA  30365
(8)257-3781; (404) 881-3781
Region IX

James Thompson
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA  94105
(8)454-8095;  (415) 974-8093
Region V

Robert Hilton
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL  61604
(8)886-1490; (312) 886-1490
Region X

William Mullen
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
1200 6th Avenue, M/S 437
Seattle, WA  98101
(8)399-1216; (206) 442-1216
                                        B-1

-------
  APPENDIX C
State Contacts

-------
                  State Contacts  in Region  I
 Connecticut

Robert Smith
 Assistant  Director
 Water Compliance Unit
 Department of  Environmental
   Protection
 122 Washington Street
 Hartford,  CT   06115
 (203)566-2588
Maine

Gary S. Westerman
Management Planning
  Division
Department of Environ-
  mental Protection
State House, Station 17
Augusta, ME  04333
(207)289-2811
Massachusetts

David Terry
Director
Water Supply Planning and
  Development
Department of Environmental
  Quality Engineering
One Winter Street
Boston, MA  02108
(617)292-5529
New Hampshire

David Scott
Acting Director
Office of State Planning
2 1/2 Beacon Street
Concord, NH  03301
(603)271-2155
Rhode Island

Michael Annarummo
Supervisor
Permits and Planning Section
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental
  Management
75 Davis Street, Health Bldg.
Providence, RI  02908
(401)277-2234
Vermont

David Butterfield
Chief
Ground-Water Management
  Section
Water Quality Division
Department of Water
  Resources and Environ-
  mental Engineering
State Office Building
Montpelier, VT  05602
(802)828-2761
                                     C-l

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                  State Contacts in Region II
New Jersey

John Gaston
Director
Division of Water
  Resources
Department of Environ-
  mental Protection
CN029
Trenton, NJ  08625
(609)292-1638
New York

Dan Barolo
Director
Ground-Water Division
Department of Environ-
  mental Conservation
50 Wolfe Road
Albany, NY  12233
(518)457-6674
Puerto Rico

Carl-Ixel P. Soderberg
Environmental Water Quality
  Board
P.O. Box 11488
San Turce, Puerto Rico  00910
(809)725-0717
Virgin Islands

Angel Lebron
Commissioner
Department of Conservation
  & Cultural Affairs
P.O. Box 4399
Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
Virgin Islands  V100801
(809)774-3320
                                    C-2

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                 State Contacts in Region III
West Virginia

Marc Nelson
Hazardous Waste Branch
Division of Water Resources
1201 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, WV  25311
(304)348-5935
Virginia

P.J. Smith
Divison of Enforcement
  & Environmental Research
Water Control Board
2111 Hamilton Street
Richmond, VA  23230
(804)257-0072
Maryland

Rick Collins
Program Development Division
Office of Environmental Programs
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD  21201
(301)383-5740
Delaware

Michael Apgar
Chief
Water Supply Branch
Division of Environmental
  Control
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE  19903
(302)736-5743
Pennsylvania

John 0. Osgood
Bureau of Water Quality
  Management
Department of Environmental
  Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA  17120
(717)783-3638
                                    C-3

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                 State Contacts in Region IV
Alabama

John Poole
Chief
Ground-Water Section
Department of Environmental
  Management
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL   36130
(205)271-7832
Florida

Dr. Rodney DeHan
Administrator
Ground-Water Section
Department of Environmental
  Regulation
Twin Towers Office Bldg.
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL  32301
(904)488-3601
Georgia

Harold Reheis
Assistant Director
Environmental Protection
  Division
Department of Natural
  Resources
270 Washington St., S.W.
Room 825
Atlanta, GA  30334
(404)656-4713
Kentucky

Karen Armstrong-Cummings
Assistant to the Commissioner
Department for Environmental
  Protection
Fort Boone Plaza
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY  40601
(502)564-3035
Mississippi

William A. Barnett
Coordinator
Ground-Water Protection
  Program
Department of Natural
  Resources
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS  39209
(601)961-5171
  North Carolina

  Perry Nelson
  Chief
  Ground-Water Section
  Department of Natural
    Resources Community
    Development
  P.O. Box 27687
  Raleigh, NC  27611
  (919)733-5083
                                     C-4

-------
             State Contacts in Region IV (cont'd)
South Carolina

Don Duncan
Director
Ground-Water Protection
  Division
Environmental Quality Control
Department of Health and
  Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC  29201
(317)758-5213
Tennessee

Don Rima
Coordinator
Ground-Water Program
Division of Water
  Management
Department of Health
  & Environment
T.E.R.R.A. Bldg., 7th Floor
150 Nineth Avenue, North
Nashville, TN  37219-5404
(615)741-0690
                                    C-5

-------
                  State Contacts In Region V
 Indiana

Robert Carter
 Coordinator
 Environmental Programs
 Indiana State Board of
  Health
 1330 West Michigan Street
 Indianapolis, IN  42606
 (317)633-8467
Illinois

Robert Clarke
Manager
Ground-Water Section
Division of Public Water
  Supplies
Illinois Environmental
  Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL  62706
(217)782-9470
Michigan

Richard Johns
Director
Ground-Water Quality
  Division
Michigan Department of
  Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI  48989
(517)373-1947
Minnesota

John Hoick
Chief
Ground-Water Unit Program
  Development Section
Division of Solid &
  Hazardous Waste
Minnesota Pollution Control
  Agency
1935 W. County Road B-2
Roseville, MN  55113
(612)296-7787
Ohio

Russ Stein
Chief
Ground-Water Section
Water Quality Monitoring
  & Assessment Division
Ohio Environmental Protection
  Agency
361 E. Broad Street
Columbus, OH  43216
(614)466-9092
Wisconsin

Kevin Kessler
Chief
Ground-Water Management
  Section
Bureau of Water Resources
  Management
Wisconsin Department of
  Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI  53707
(608)267-9350
                                    C-6

-------
                 State Contacts in Region VI
Arkansas

Ralph H. Oesmarais
Planning Specialist
Arkansas Department of
  Pollution Control &
  Ecology
P.O. Box 9583
Little Rock, J«  72209
(501)562-7444
 Louisiana

 Patricia L. Norton
 Secretary
 Louisiana Department of
   Environmental Quality
 P.O. Box 44066
 Baton Rouge, LA  70804
 (504)342-1265
New Mexico

Maxine Goad
Program Manager
Ground-Water Section
Groundwater & Hazardous
  Waste Bureau
New Mexico Environmental
  Improvement Division
P.O. Box 968
Santa Fe, NM  87504-0968
(505)984-0020
Oklahoma

David Harkness
Assistant Director
Oklahoma Department of
  Pollution Control
P.O. Box 53504
Oklahoma City, OK  73152
(405)271-4677
Texas

Henry Alvarez
Chief
Data Collection &
  Evaluation Section
Texas Dept. of Water
  Resources
P.O. Box 13087, Capitol
  Station
Austin, TX  78711
(512)475-3681
                                    C-7

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                 State Contacts in Region VII
 Iowa

Richard Kelley
Environmental Specialist
 Iowa Department of Water,
  Air, and Waste Management
Henry A. Wallace State Office
  Building
900 E. Grand
Des Moines, 10  50319
(515)281-3783
Kansas

James A. Power, Jr.
Environmental Engineer
Bureau of Water Protection
Kansas Department of
  Health & Environment
Bldg. 740, Forbes Field
Topeka, KS  66620
(913)862-9360, ext. 235
Missouri

Jerry Vineyard
Assistant State Geologist
Division of Geology and
  Land Survey
Missouri Department of
  Natural Resources
P.O. Box 250
Rolla, MO  65401
(314)364-1752
Nebraska

U. Gale Button
Acting Chief
Program Plans Section
Water & Waste Management
  Division
Nebraska Department of
  Environmental Control
P.O. Box 94877, State
  House Station
Lincoln, NB  68509
(402)471-2186
                                     C-8

-------
                State Contacts in Region VIII
 Colorado

 Mary Gearhart
 Public Health Engineer
 Colorado Department of
  Health
 4210 East llth Avenue
 Denver, CO  80220
 (303)320-8333
Montana

Fred Schewman
Supervisor
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health &
  Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT  59601
(406)444-2406
North Dakota

Rick Nelson
Environmental Engineer
Water Supply & Pollution
  Control
State Department of Health
Bismarck, ND  58501
(701)224-2372
South Dakota

Steve Pirner
Director
Office of Water Quality
Department of Water &
  Natural Resources
Pierre, SD  57501
(605)773-4523
Utah

Jay Pitkin
Deputy Director
Bureau of Water Pollution
  Control
Department of Health
P.O. Box 45500
Salt Lake City, UT  84145-0500
(801)533-6146
 Wyoming

 Anthony J. Mancini
 Ground-Water Control
   Supervisor
 Department of Environmental
   Quality
 122 W. 25th
 Cheyenne, WY  82002
 (307)777-7938
                                    C-9

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                 State Contacts In Region IX
Arizona

Phil Briggs
Deputy Director
Engineering
Department of Water Resources
99 E. Virginia Avenue
Phoenix, AZ  85004
(602)255-1554

Jack Bale
Arizona Division of
  Environmental Health
  Services
2005 N. Central
Phoenix, AZ  85004
(602)257-2291
California

Fran Anderson
State Water Resources
  Control Board
P.O. Box 100
Sacramento, CA  95801
(916)322-4562
Hawaii

Brian Choy
Environmental Planner
State Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HW  96801
(808)548-6767
Nevada

Wendell McCurry
Water Quality Officer
Division of Environmental
  Protection
201 South Fall St.
Carson City, NV
(702)885-4670
                                    C-10

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                      State Contacts  la Region X
    Alaska

    Dan Easton
    Environmental Engineer
    Alaska Department of
      Environmental Conservation
    Pouch 0
    Juneau, AK  99811
    (907)465-2653
    Oregon

    Neil Mullane
    Contract Administrator
    Oregon Department of Environ-
      mental Quality
    P.O. Box 1760
    Portland, OR  97207
    (503)229-6065
Idaho

Gary Shook
Senior Water Quality
  Analyst
Idaho Department  of Health
  & Welfare
Division of the Environment
450 West State Street
Boise, ID  83720
(208)334-4251
Washington

Tony Barret
Program Manager
Ground-Water Protection
  Program
Washington Department of
  Ecology
Mail Stop PV-11
Olympia, WA  98504
(206)459-6072
QCVEFWCMT PRDffDC OFFICE 1995 527-134/30431
                                        C-ll

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         STATE GROUND-WATER

          PROGRAM SUMMARIES



              VOLUME  II
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Office  of Water
 Office  of Ground-Water Protection
      Washington, D.C.  20460
             March 1985

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                                     ITAT1 QtOOID-WATtB HOOIAM SOTOU!!?

                                               BTATIl  ARKANSAS


1.  IATUXI OF TIE OROOND-VATIR lESOOBd

1.1*  Geologic and lydrologio Chareoteriatioa.  Deaoribe general geological and hydrologioel  characteristics
      (i.a. formationa, rook typea, areal extent and thiokneaa, tranamiaaivity, aquifer interconnection, extent
      of contamination),
       Cbaraoteriatloa
Phyalocrapfaio
Region/Province At
Interior Highland Province
Phyaiacraphio
Betioo/ProTlaoo Bi
Qulf Coaatal Plain
                                                                                     Ptyaiacrtphio
                                                                                     B«floB/Pro?iao*  Ci
 Pwomt  of §Ut« oorcrcd
 fey this  PPOTIOO* (M
     ApproxlBAttly
          50J
     Apprexiutaly
          90S
 OboeoflMd Aquifv(a)
Tha northwtatarn half of
Arkanaaa, tha Zntarier
Highland, it a hilly to
•ountainoua region.  Tha
badrook consist* of
Intarbadded ahala, aand-
atona, and liaaatona.
Tha rooks ara ralativaly
old gaologloally, and
they have baan ooopaoted
and oamentad.  There ara
2 aain types of aquifers:
the Interior Highland
consolidated bedrook
aquifer, and tha Arkanaaa
Valley aquifer.  In tha
first type, water occurs
in fractures, joints, and
solution channels in
carbonated sandstones and
ahales which ara generally
lass than 100 feat deep.
In the second type, the
alluvium la of Quaternary
age and consists of
unconsolidated sands,
silts, olays, and gravela
about 65 feet thick.
Tha Quaternary
(unoonfinad) deposits,
especially thoae of
tha Miaaiaaippian
alluviun ara tha coat
productive aquifara in
tha state, used aoatly
for irrigation purpoaaa.
Confined Aquifer (a)
There are two fairly
extensive aquifers in
the Interior Highlands,
the Roubidoux and the
Ounter, which are found
at depths of 600-2000
feet.
Tha Oulf Coastal Plain
consists of low hills
and relatively flat
land.  The underlying
deposits generally
consist of unoonsol-
idated aanda, ailta,
clays, and gravels
which are uaually
separated by con-
fining layers of olay.
The deposits range in
thickness from alnost
nothing by the Interior
Highland boundary to
4,50G feet at the
southern oorner of the
atata.

Tha aaoond swat important
aquifer la the Sparta
Sand, which ia a major
source of drinking water
for ooMBunltlea in both
Arkanaaa and Louisiana.

-------
                                               STATE:
1.2.
of
Water M Peroent of ToUl
to.
Public Mater Systeaa
(including •unloipal)
Industrial
(except •unielpal)
Agricultural
Doaestic/Burel
Other (specify):
Wildlife l»poundBents
ToUl
% ot Total f QrouDd Ihtor
Orouod Httor of ToUl fetor
S
2
93
2
0.1
100.1
 1.3.  Population •olianeo OB Ground HaUr for DrlaldDi Hrtar for lomr 1980

Percent of population relying on
ground wattr for drinking w»t«r
iuaber of pooplt relying on
ground water for drinking water
Public Jtater OoMatle
Syatea* Valla Total
569
1,220,000
                Rote:  Counties in the eastern and southern  part are totally dependent on ground
                water for drinking water; 76$ of ooonunitiea in the state are totally dependent on
                ground water for drinking water.

-------
                                             STATE:
Sources (Cbeok Major sources of
2 * BSXt BQat aeriOUS, «tO.)
tamlmtion and ruk top four — 1
                                                                             t merlons,
Seuroa Gteok teak
Septic tanks
Municipal land fill*
On-aite industrial
landfills (excluding
pita, lagoons, surface
Impoundments)
Other landfills X*
Surface Impoundments
(excluding oil and
gas brine pits)
Oil and gas brim pits X°
Dnderground storage
tanks
Other ( specify)!
Spills X
Souroe Cbeok lank
Injection veils
Abandoned hazardous
Haste sites
Regulated hazardous
waste sites
Salt water intrusion Xb
Land application/
treatment
Agricultural
Road salting

3U monitoring reports indicate serious contamination in wells surrounding eight sites in the state.   Some
•e located  in recharge areas of major aquifers.  (See draft, USOS Report *84, Ground-Water Problems in Arkansas,
trtially  funded by ADPC4E  and delivered to the EPA, Dallas, Mater Programs Section.)

lit water Intrusion in eastern Arkansas continues to increase.  The worst area is in Monroe County near
•inkley.  Other areas are  in Cnicot, Desna, Independence, and White counties.

•ine pits in south Arkansas and salt water intrusion into the El Dorado and Magnolia public supplies  are  a
«rce of  concern.
   Contaminating Substances
   (check)
Organic chemicals:
Volatile
Synthetic
Inorganic chemicals:
Nitrates
Fluorides
Arsenic
Brine salinity
Other


X

X*
_ X
X
X
_
Metals I
Radioactive material
xp
Pesticides _____
Other (specify)
x°
i northwest Arkansas, nitrates are a major problem to rural domestic wells.   Partly because  of  this nitrate
•oblem, most of the larger oomaunities have switched to surface water.

turally occurring.

vela of Increasingly higher sodium have been detected in municipal water supplies  in southern  and eastern
kansas.

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                                                STATE:  AUAISAS


3.  STATE GXODHD-VATEI MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

3.1.  State Statute* Pertaining to Ground-Water Quality and Pollution Control
 Subject Monitored by Statute
            Statute
   Description of Authority Pertaining
       to Ground-Hater Protection
 General inter pollution
 control
Arkansas Hater and Air Pollution
Control Act, Act 472, as amended
This act gives the Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology the
authority to protect the quality of the
state's Maters, including ground water.
 Ground-water quality
 (including public health
 standards)
Sam as above.
Saae as above.
 Solid waste
Arkansas Solid Haste Management Act,
Act 237 of 1971; Arkansas Solid Haste
Management Code, Act 236 of 1973
General sanitation regulations
                               Act 402 of 1977
General sanitation regulations prohibit
the contamination of the ground water.

Act 402 of 1977 gives the Health
Department the authority to develop
regulations for septic tanks and review
use of septic tanks, and sets up rules and
regulations for sewage disposal systems
and installers.
 Hazardous waste
The Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act of 1977, Act 421 of 1977
(Arkansas Transportation Commission)

Rules and Regulations Governing
Transport of Hazardous Haste
(Arkansas Transportation Commission)

Railroad Transportation Procedures of
Hazardous Materials, Act 651 of 1979
 Mining
Arkansas Surface Coal Mining and
Reclamation Act of 1979, Act 13" of
1979
Arkansas Open Cut Land Reclamation Act,
Act 336 of 1977
 Oil and  gas
Act 105 of 1939 Oil and Gas Regulations
Permits injection wells.
 Other (specify):
   Agency enabling
   legislation


   Salt water/field
   waste control
   Hater quality standards
   Pesticides, herbicides
   control
Act 96 of 1913 gives the Health
Department Board the power to develop
regulations to control pollution.

Regulation No. 1 for the Prevention of
Pollution by Salt Hater and Other Field
Hastes Produced by Hells in New Fields
or Pools.
Regulation No. 2, as amended, Arkansas
Hater Quality Standards Interim
Revisions
Pest Control Law, Act 488 of 1975
Pesticide Control Act and Regulations,
Act 410 of 1975
Pesticide Use and Application Act and
Regulations Act 389 of 1975

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                                         STATE:  ABUI313
.  State Ground-Water Policy
.1.  Status

Ground water covered under
general state statutes
Specific state statutes for
ground water
Policy in existence for
protecting ground-water quality
Policy under developnent
Check
X


X

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                                                STATS:  *•«••».«*.«


3.2.2.  Development of Oround-fetw rolloy

3.2.2.1.  It there • ground-wtar policy or strategy development prooeaa?
Tea
3.2.2.2.  LMd agency/ateering committee:  Department of Pollution Control and (oology for quality; Sou and
                                           Hater Conservation Commission for quantity

3.2.2.3.  Describe development prooeaa (inter-agency agreementa, progress to data,  target ooaplation date, ate.}:

          A ground-water strategy la being put together with 206 fuoda under the atate Miter Quality Manageaent
Plan.  Draft* of this strategy along with ooapleted report* froa thia project have  been sent to EPA, Dallas, Hater
Prograaa and Ground-Vater Protection Sections.
3.2.3.  CteraoUrlstios of Policy Developed
Type of Proteotioa
General language
Non-degradation
Llalted degradation
Differential protection
Check
X



Notes:
3.2.4.  Policy QLaaaifloation

3-2.4.1.  Does state have a ground-water classification system or other system for distinguishing
          among types of ground water (e.g. use, quality, or other contamination potential)?      Yes

3.2.4.2.  If yes, give brief description of classes:
          No  X
3.2.5.  Quality Standards

3.2.5.1.  Has the state adopted ground-water quality standards?

3.2.5.2.  Bow are the standards used?
Yes
No  X
3.2.5.3.  Describe briefly the range of contaminants covered.

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                                               STATIl  AUABSAS
   toU Acanay BMpcnalbllittM far
-Hater Protection
isponaible
State
Agency
*ent of
.Ion Control
sology
jtent of Health
Plant Board
itry CooBisaion
and Water
srvation
.ssion
oglcal
.sslon
and Gas
i sslon
Oround-
Weter
•» • 4 *m I
rouoyr
Bole/
Standard







Fan
BCBA
X






arally-^alatW^

arc*
X





X
V&

X





1 ProgJ
n-


X




na>
Otter
*






Data
Colleo-
Uon,
Aquifer
Napping,





X

QrooDd-
Hater
Quality
X






Boll




X



X





•
Protec-
tion
Boad







Otter

*

Xf
*•


c Underground Injection Control.
« Public Water Systea.
 Pesticides Enforcement.
Departaent also iapleaents aost Clean Water  Act programs such as the Section 208,  106, and construction grants
,rama that have an indirect l*paet.
Department also regulates construction and use of septic tanks.
Commission oversees use of BMP pesticides in state forests.
Coeaisslon is charged with composing and  updating State Water Plan.

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                                                mtii  aiuma
3*4.
             Toploa
       if
Applloabla
                                                                                of
•ad
 Promotion of apaoifio aqulfara
 Policy and atratagy developaent
            Tha State Xntaraganoy Oround-Vatar Bteeri&g CooBittaa «aa put
            together aa part of tba 206 Ground-Water atratagy Task.  Tha
            Steering Coeaittaa providaa guidance and review ppcjtoti
            oonn«oUd with th* d*v«2epa«at of that atrttagyt
 Oround-wtar diaeh«r(«a
 UBdwfreuad injaotioo control
            Th* Oil and Oti Conmitiion and tba Dapartaant  of Pollution
            Control and Koolofy hava a Mmorandun of undaratandini to
            eooparata In tha adminlatration of th« atata'a DIG prograa.
            Tba foraar la raaponalbla for Claaa XI walla wblla tha
            Dapartaant of Pollution Control and Boology la raaponaibla
            for all othar olaaaaa, axoapt for Claai V bromina-ralatad
            walla whioh ar* adainlatarad jointly by tha two aganoiaa.
 Oround-watar oontaoination Inoldtnta
            Tha Dapartaant of Pollution Control and  Ecology  and  tha Haalth
            fiapartaant hava an agrcaaant for aaarganoy  raaponaa  undar whioh
            tha Dapartaant of Pollution Control and  Ecology  will handIt
            whatavar olaanup ia naoaaaary,  and tha Haalth  Dapartaant will
            handla thraata to public haalth.
 Oaologioal aurvay
            Tha Arkansaa Oaologioal Conaiaaion haa aavaral  oooparativa
            agi^eaenta with tha U.S. Oaologioal Survay>Vatar  Raaouroaa
            Dlvlalon, including a ground-watar aurvay,  a atraaa gauging
            progran, and a watar quality program.   Tha  fiiractor of  tha
            Oaologioal Comnlaalon aarvaa on tha Dapartaant  of Pollution
            Control and Ecology Coaaiaaion and tba atata'a  Natural  Xaaouroa
            Consnlttaa.
 Othar (apaolfy)t
   Lacking atoraga tank oontrol
   (nota RCKA 11 changes)
            Through tha office of tha State Pira Harahall,  intaragenoy
            ooordinatlon aaatinga hava been bald on tha problaa of leaking
            atoraga tanka.

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                                                8TATI:   A1KAISA3
3.5.  Status of OrouDd-Vater leoouros Assessment Activities
              Activity
 Check if
Applicable
Description of AotivlU.es
 Ground-water resources assessment
 (aquifer mapping,  etc.)
            Ongoing cooperative project* between the Geological Commission
            and USGS include a ground-water survey, a stream gauging
            program and a water quality program.  Other DSCS activities
            include:  trying to determine the salt water sources in aqulfen
            at El Dorado, Brinkley, and Eudora; mapping deep aquifers in
            north Arkansas; maintaining a file of drillers' logs of all
            water wells drilled in Arkansas; maintaining a file of
            geophysical logs of selected water wells used in various
            projects; and maintaining a repository of selected well samples
            for study.
 Ambient ground-water quality
 Assessment at waste sites
 Other (specify):
   UIC
            Under the UIC program, the Soil and Water Conservation
            Commission and USGS undertook to conduct aquifer identification
            and characteristics projects for the Department of Pollution
            Control and Ecology.  The State Soil and Water Conservation
            Commission completed the following projects:  1) an inventory of
            public water supply wells; 2) an inventory of locations of
            irrigation wells; 3) state maps with county boundaries, one map
            for each aquifer showing squifer boundaries and location of
            public water wells; and 4) state maps showing total population
            served by ground water in each county.  USGS completed the
            following projects:  1) approximately 20 maps for each aquifer
            in the Coastal Plain showing overlying and underlying aquifers,
            thickness, potentiometric surface, and IDS concentration; 2)
            four cross-sections showing aquifers and dissolved-sollds
            concentration; and 3) a hydrogeologic narrative describing
            llthology, hydrologic characteristics, and water quality in
            aquifers of the Coastal Plain.

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                                               STATE:   ABKalSAS
3.6.  State
-Vater MonlfcorlBC
Typee of Mooltcrias
•on-aaxardous
WASte Cite*
Hazardous waste mites
Salt water
Pesticides
Ambient monitoring
Other:
Hater Quantity
monitoring
Irrigation well
monitoring
Project-spec if io
monitoring
Cheek

Z


X
X
X
X
•rief Deeorlption of Monitoring Program

Some 1? eltM are monitored on a elte-apeoiflo basis
under the Federal ItCRA program. Bewly permitted land-
filla are now required to install ground-water monltor-
la( wella and report results on a quarterly basis.


OSCS Booitors 26 water quality wells on a five-a-year
basis. The oheilcal data froa these aaaples are
published every two years. (The Health Department
monitors tri-annually about 435 communities using
(round-water for those parameters identified la the
Sefe Drinking water Aot. Bacteriological samples
are analyzed on a monthly basis.)
OM8 and the State Geological Commission Jointly
monitor water levels for over 200 wells, and publish a
yearly water-level report.
The Soil Conservation Service has begun a special 11-
oounty irrigation well monitoring survey, mostly for
water levels; some testing for nitrates has also been
done.
Many wells are sampled and some monitoring wells are
established for particular ground -water projects in
the state (e.g., the salt water contamination in the
Sparta Sand, 11 Dorado area, and in Quaternary
aquifers in the Brinkley end Budora areas).
Mooitoriag
DaU
Computerised
(Check)

X




Bam* of
Database
(Specify)

STQRET




3*7.  State Programs for Public Participation
""- 	 ^^^ Context
Approaches ~"~— -^^^
Public hearings, meetings, workshops
Meetings with local officials
Citizens' advisory groups
Public notloes
Handbook, other written materials
Other (specify)
General Specific
Ground- Begulatlon Ground* {
maur Permit Adoption, Hater
Issues Issuance Changes Strategy Other •
X X X X


X*


              •The Health Department informs the public through public notloes of Safe Drinking
               Water Act violations.
                                                         10

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                                               STATE:  AMTAMAS
4.  arm HTLKMBITATIOI or FEDERAL PROGRAMS TO PROTECT  OROOID WATER

4*1*
  Federal
                 Status of Program Delegation
                                    State Xapl
ing Agoioy
                                     ttauBual/lotevorthy
                                   Prccru
 rac
ficlegatad
Clasa Z, HI, XT:
Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology

Class II:  Oil and Oaa
Coanlssion

Class V:  Oil and Qas
Commission, and
Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology
              The Department of Pollution
              Control  and Ecology is the lead
              agency;  it works jointly on
              Class V  responsibilities with
              the Oil  and Oaa Conlsslon.
 RCM
Delegated
Phase I, A, B, C
Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology
              State  regulations are more
              stringent than the Federal
              regulations; health monitoring
              is required at new commercial
              facilities.
 PWS
Delegated
Department of Health
             Exceeds EPA's 1965 compliance
             goals.
 Pesticides
 Enforcement
Delegated
State Plant Board
                                                          11

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                                               STATE:
«.2.  Grant Status
              Grant
FX 1965 Allocation
                 Specific around-Utter
               Projecta/Taska and Btatg*t
        Clean Water Act
        Section 106
      $800,000         These  funds will be applied to the coordination and
                       administration of the ground-water atratagy task and
                       policies.
        Clean Hater lot
        Section 205(J)
      $160,030
None
        Clean Water act
        Section 205(g)
      4640,120         The facility planning portion of the grant process
                       Includes  planning for protection of ground water.
        RCJU
        Section 3011
      $350,700         Ground-water aonitorlng will be required of 17
                       treatment,  storage,  or disposal sites.
        QIC
      $148,200
        PIFHA
        Section 23(a)(1)
      $165,000
Hone

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                                              STATE:
   TATB-OBIOXIATBD OBOUID-VATBB F10TBCTXMI PBOGBAN3

    Ground-Hater Strategy
    (including ground-water quality standards and classification)

  ription:  A ground-water strategy la being put together with 208 funds under the state Hater Quality
  genent Plan.  Drafts of this strategy, along with oonpleted reports, have been submitted  to  the EPA In Dallas,
  ir Programs and Ground-Water Protection Sections.



  964 Funding:

  ing Source:


  .  Ground-Hater Monitoring

  jription:  About 435 communities using ground water are monitored trl-annually by the Health  Department for
  >e parameters called for under the Safe Drinking Nater Act.  Bacteriological samples are analyzed  on a monthly
  .a.

   Newly permitted landfills are required to Install ground-water monitoring wells and report  results quarterly.

   Monitoring for salt water contamination is conducted in the Sparta Sand (El Dorado area) and  the Quaternary
  ifera (Brinkley and Eudora area).

  1981 Funding:

  ding Source:


  .  Ground-Hater Resource Assessment/Aquifer Study/Mapping

  crlption:  The USGS has developed approximately 20 aquifer maps revealing contours,  thickness,  and
  entiometric surfaces.  A hydrogeologlc narrative describing lithology, hydrologic characteristics  and water
  llty in aquifers of the Coastal Plain has also been completed.



  1981 Funding:

 id ing Source:


  .  Agricultural Contamination Control

 icription:  The State Plant Board is in charge of pesticides enforcement.
 1984 Funding:  $160,000

nding Source:
                                                       13

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                                                STATES  A1K1ISAS

5.5.  Feralta/Control of Dlaobargss to Qrooad Hater
Description:  The Water Veil Committee register* and licenses mter well drillers and contractor*.
FT 198* Fvndlnf.:
Funding Source:
5.6.  Septic
Description:  The Health Department has a statewide penalt and inspection program for septic tank systems.  It  is
conducted by the County Sanitarian who approves applications for installation and conducts on-slte inspections
prior to operation.
PX 19M Funding:
Funding Source:
5.7.  Bulk Storage/Underground Storage Tank Programs
Description:  Through the office of the State Fire Marshall, interagency coordination meetings have been held  on
the problem of leaking storage tanks.  No funds have yet been appropriated.
FT 1981 Funding:
Funding Source:

5.8.  Contamination Response Program
      (other than RCRA/Superfund)
Description:  The Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Is responsible for contamination Incident clean-up,
Mhlle the Department of Health handles threats to public health.
FX  1981 Funding:
Funding Source:

5.9.  Other
                                                          14

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                                          Ti gBODBTMtATBi noo****
                                                BTATlj   LOOXSXABA
     BATOU Of TU OROUnMIATtB U30O1CB

    .  Ox)1n»1n mad lytfrolQglo Cbaraetariatiea.  Describe general geological and hydrologloal characteristics
      (i.e. formations, rock types, areal extant and thickness, transmisslvlty, aquifer interconnection,  extent
      of contamination).
             teristioa
                            Fbyalcejrapbio
                            Begion/FroTlae* At

                            Southwestern
                                                           Ftiyalograpbio
                                                                           B:
                                           Ct
Baton Rout* ar«a
Baton Doug*/
law Orlaana Araa
roaot of state
' this
                  (a*Uaat«dl)
            aquifar(a)
                            Thla araa la uadarlaln
                            by a tnlok aaquanoa of
                            aoutbarly and aouth-
                            aastarly dipplnt Intar-
                            baddad »r»rel«t aanda,
                            ailta, and clays that
                            hava baan dividad into
                            the Oiloot, EvangeUna,
                            and Jasper Aquifers.
                            The Chicot Reservoir
                            underlies Boat of south-
                            western Louisiana and
                            extends an unknown dis-
                            tance beneath the Gulf
                            of Hexleo.  The beds of
                            clay, sand, ailt, and
                            gravel varies in thick-
                            ness froa 100-800 feet.
                            It ia recharged primarily
                            by precipitation.  The
                            Evangeline and Jasper
                            Reservoirs consist of
                            unconsolidsted fine to
                            B*diun-grained sand
                            ranging between 200-
                            3,400 feet thick.
Tbia araa ia underlain
by a ooaplex sequence
of continental and
ajarine sediments.  The
allurlua and older
artesian aquifers
range between 100-
2,800 feet deep.
Alluvial deposits of
recent and Pleistocene
agea are limited to
the floodplain of the
Mississippi River near
Baton Rouge.  These
deposits are approx-
imately 80$ Mater-
bearing sands and
gravel, and 20J silt
and clay.
Tbia araa is part of
the upper deltaic plain
of the Miaaiaaippl
River.  Fresh water
aquifers are limited  to
the upper 600 faat of
aadlment by aalt water
encroachment.
 Confined Aquifer (a)
Motes:  All of the above physiographic region aquifers are unconfined in the outcrop areas.   However, the^ complex
fades changes results in these aquifers being artesian in nature down dip from the outcrop  area.  For the most
part it is the artesian portion of the above aquifers that are utilized, especially for municipal, irrigation, or
industrial uae.
                                                        15

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                                              •TATI:  L00UZAM
IATBM
               TH1 OftOOID-VATBR U300ICK
1.1.  Oeologlo and Hydrologlo Oaraoteriatlos.  Describe general geological and hydrologlcal characteristics
      (i.e.  formations, rook types, areal extent and thickness, tranaoiasivity, aquifer interconnection, extent
      of contamination).


Qiaraotoriatioa
Percent of state oorered
by ttoia province (estimated)
Oboooflnad Aquifar(a)





































Confined Aquifer (a)



i
Bagion/Provlaoe D: laglon/Proviaoe I: •aslOB/Proriao* P:
northern and Central
Southeastern Louisiana


This area is underlain
by a aeries of deposits
yielding amall to large
Mounts of ground-water.
Three of the lore
Important aquifera are
the Sparta Sand of the .
Clalborne Croup, the
Vilcox Croup, and the
Quaternary Alluvium of
the Red River.
The Sparta Aquifer
varies between 400-
1,200 feet thick and la
composed of several
quasi-connected, thick
beds of aand.
The aquifers of the
Vilcox Croup yield water
in northwestern
Louisiana, and are
composed of a aequence
of thin beds of lignltle
sands, allty aand, sandy
and allty clay, and clay.
The Quaternary alluvial
deposits located in
northwestern and central
Louisiana consist of an
upper level of clay and
silt with sand and
gravel in the lower
half. The thickness
varies from less than
50 feet in central and
northern Louisiana to
3,500 feet near the
coast.
Knoraous quantities of Artesian conditions occur
aoft, drinkable water in portions of the above
are available fro* aqulfera, including the
Miocene sands to depths Quaternary deposits where
exceeding 3,500 feet in artesian and water table
aoae places. conditions exist.
I
.
                                                      16

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                                                    LOQXSttli
   Primary QMS of Orouad Water w Paroeat of Total DBS**
«.,
Public Mater Systems
(including municipal)
Industrial
(except municipal)
Agricultural
Domestic/Rural
Other (specify)
Total
$ of Total % Orouad Natar*
Ground Watar of Total Watar
13 M
26° 15°
56d SO*
3 93

100
                        'Total withdrawals:  7,770 MOD.
                        Includes:  industrial—23J;  power—3>.
                        °Includes:  industrial—m$;  power—1}.
                        ^Includes:  agriculture--53fi tquaeulturt—31.
                        'includes:  agriculture— M7f; aquaculture—331.
                       Notes:  Figures on "c* and "e" above appear misleading due
                       to  combining of aquaculture categories.
3.  Population Reliance on Ground Hater for Drinking Vater for Tear 1979

Percent of population relying on
ground water for drinking water
Number of people relying on
ground water for drinking water
Public Vater
System*
381
1,520,000
DomMtio
Wells
171
660,000
Total
55S
2,200,000
                                                     17

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                                                STATBx   tOOXSXABA
                                   Of
      2 • aest Boat marietta, efte.)
to* four — 1 •
*HR» 0»0k Bemk
Septic tanka
Huniclpal landfills
On-*ite industrial
land fill* (excluding
pita, lagoons, surface
impoundments)
Other landfills X
Surface Impoundments X*
(excluding oil and
fas brim pita)
Oil and gas brine pita X*
Underground storage X
tanks
Other (specify):
Saltwater injection X
veils
Hazardous waste X
underground
Injection
tarn* 0~* ta*
Injection walla
abandoned hazardoua
waste aites
Bagulated hatardous
waste aites
X
Salt water Intruaion
Land application/
treatment
Agricultural
X
Road salting
Petro-ehemioal and wood
preserving Industries
Poorly constructed and
abandoned wells
Contaminated water
piping
xb
X
xc
*The greatest potential risk to ground-water contamination Bay be the result of loproperly constructed and/or
 maintained surface Impoundments and from salt water injection wells.

^Sources of ground-water contamination have been identified fro* the petro-chemical and wood preserving
 industries, and primarily Involve creosote and chlorinated organic compounds with specific gravities greater than
 water.  There does not appear to be a aajor problem involving other hazardous constituents or heavy sjetals.
 Sources related to the petro-chemlcal industry are not necessarily related to waste Banageaent facilities, but
 often involve manufacturing and process areas,  with contamination originating from product aplllage and/or
 leaking pipelines, storage, tanks, raw material transfer lines, or chemical sumps and drains designed for the
 collection of accidental spills or routine maintenance runoff.

°There la a widespread occurrence of moderately corroaive ground-water which is often not corrected by treatment
 before use.  This is a cause for concern due to the introduction of corrosion products into the water from the
 corrosion of pipe and pipe joint materials.  A common corrosion product appears to be lead which arises primarily
 from the corrosion of pipe Joint material la house and service lines.
                                                          18

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2.
              «
    (check)
               f» MbsUooe*
                                             STATE:  LOOXSIAIA
                                         Organic chemicals:
                                           Volatile
                                           Synthetic
                                         Inorganic chemicals:
                                           Nitrates
                                           Fluorides
                                           Arsenic
                                           Brine salinity
                                           Other
                                         Metals
                                         Radioactive material
                                         Pesticides
                                         Other (specify)
tere is the natural occurrence of flourlde  in 13  eonnnunity public water supplies at levels that exceed the state
od Federal standard of 1.6 mg/1 and which are as  high as 4 ig/1.
D sooe areas of tne state, depleted aquifers  are  resulting in  increasing salinities.
odlun is naturally occurring in Many smaller  supplies at levels of health significance of up to 100 mg/1.  There
» also the widespread natural occurrence  of contaminants with  significant, but non-health, effects, such as iron
nd canganese.
                                                       19

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                                                STATE:  LOOX3ZAIA
3.  STATE GRODH>-HATER MAIAGEMEIT STIDCTOHB

3.1.  State Statutes Pertaining to Ground-Water
                             Pollution, Control
 Subject Monitored by SUtute
            Statute
/to.
description of Authority Pertaining
    to Ground-Hater Protection
 General utter pollution
 control
Louisiana Water Control Law,
L.B.S. 30:1091-1096
           Tbla law provides for regulation of activities
           which result in the discharge of substances  into
           toe waters of the state including ground
           waters.  Section 1095 prohibits any such
           activity without the appropriate permit or
           license required under regulations adopted
           pursuant to the law.
 Ground-water quality
 (including public health
 standards)
L.B.S. 40:1148
           Regulates treatment and distillation systems
           and monitors drinking water quality.
 Solid waste
The Louisiana Solid Waste
Management and Resource Recovery
Law, L.R.S. 30:1121-1125.
 Hazardous waste
The Louisiana Solid Waste
Management and Resource Recovery
Law, L.R.S. 30:1121-1125.
           The law provides for the monitoring of drinking
           water wells which provide public water supplies
           located near commercial hazardous waste
           facilities; requires that the regulations
           regarding the treatment, storage, and disposal
           of hazardous waste insure that the water
           supplies of the state are protected; provides
           for a Hazardous Waste Protection Fund from which
           monies can be used to maintain closed hazardous
           waste facilities to protect ground waters;
           provides for the cleanup of abandoned or
           inactive hazardous waste sites in the state—it
           Includes provisions which would allow the
           secretary to order the responsible person to
           test, monitor, and analyze to ascertain the
           extent of the hazard; provides for a Hazardous
           Waste Site Cleanup Fund from which monies are
           available to pay for the cleanup of hazardous
           waste sites; provides for the identification and
           response to inactive and abandoned hazardous
           waste site; provides that no person shall
           discharge into any underground waters of the
           state any hazardous waste except In accordance
           with the underground injection program, or in
           accordance with a permit Issued under the Water
           Pollution Control Law.
 Mining
L.R.S.  30:902(B), 30:803,
30:23(B)(2),  30:1150.2(A)(2>
           Surface mining, geothermal development activity
           use of salt domes, and resource recovery
           activity are also mandated to use all reasonable
           precautions to protect the environment and to
           prevent pollution of state waters.
 Oil and gas
L.R.S.
           Requires that the drilling, casing, and plugging
           of wells be done in a manner to prevent the
           pollution of fresh water supplies by oil, gas,
           or salt water.
  Other (specify):
    UIC
 L.R.S.  30:4(C)(16)
 Water Control Law, Act 190,
 Section 1096F
           Subsurface Injection wells and all surface and
           storage facilities incidental to oil and gas
           exploration and production are to be regulated
           in such a manner as to prevent the escape of a
           waste product into fresh ground-water aquifers.
                                                           20

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                                          STAT1:  LOOXSXAJU
.  State Orouad-lfeUr Polio?
.1.  Status

Ground water covered under
general state statute!
Specific state statutes for
ground water
Policy In existence for
protecting ground-water quality
Policy under derelopment
Cbeok
X



                                                   21

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                                                ftTATB:  LOOX3XAJU
3.2.2.  tevelopaeet of
-ItoUr Policy
3.2*2.1.  Is there • tround-«Bter policy or strategy developaent prooeaa?

3.2.2.2.  L«ad agency/steering ooaalttee:  Departaent of Invironaental Quality
                                                                    TM  X    Ro	
3.2.2.3.  Describe developaent process (inter-agency agreeaents, progreas to date,  target ooapletlon datt, etc.):

          State agencies have Jointly produced a ground-water prograa description.   The Departaent of
Knvlronaental Quality aod the Departaent of Batumi Resoureea (Offloe of Conaenratioo,  Injection and Mining
Plvlaion), the Departvent of Tranaportatlon and Oevelopcent (Offioe of Public Works}, Louisiana Geological Survey,
and the Regional Ground-Water Coanlsslon «bich is closely associated with the nSQS, routinely exchange Information
or engage in Joint Inspections and reporting as necessary in regard to problea areas.   Also, the Oepartaent of
Environmental Quality now has a Ground-Water Protection Advisory Group.  The Department of Bnvironaental Quality
using a ground-water program grant (under CHA Section 106) will, through the PAC and formation of a Technical and
• Policy Advisory Coavlttee, develop • state (round-Mater •anageaent plan.

3.2.3.  Characteristics of Policy Developed
Type of Protection
General language
Hon-degradatlon
Llalted degradation
Differential protection
Check




Kotes:
3.2.*.  Policy Classification

3.2.4.1.  Does state have a ground-water classification system or other system for  distinguishing
          among types of ground water (e.g. use, quality, or other contamination potential)?      Yes

3.2.4.2.  If yes, give brief description of classes:
                                                                              No
3.2.5.  Quality Standards

3.2.5.1.  Has the state adopted ground-water quality standards?

3.2.5.2.  Bow are the standards used?
                                                                    Tes	   Ho  X
3.2.5.3.  Describe briefly the range of contaminants covered.
                                                          22

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                                               STATS:  LOOI3XA1A
  SUU Aceaoy BwpaulblUtiM for
tter Protection
Mpoulbl*
State
Acwtoy
A! ATM Ground-
• CooaenratioB
.••tea
•taent of Natural
ircea, Off lot of
srvation
•t»ent of Natural
ircea, Louisiana
igloal Survey*
•taent of Health
uman Resources,
i* of Preventive
'ubllc HMlth
oea
se of Conaerva-
, Injection and
ig Diviaion
rtaent of
Mlturc, Office
rl culture and
ronaental
icea
rtsent of
ronaental
ity, Office
kzardoua and
1 Waste*
rtaent of
ronnental
ity, Office of
r Resources
rtaent of
sportatlon and
lopaent, Office
ublic Vorka"
Vfeter
PoUoj/
Sul*/
Staotard







X

r«
KU






X


«*Mll*-D*1anta

01(5

X


X




MS*



X





d Pl^QflWB
n°





X



OUMT








X
s*u
OoUeo-
Uoa,
aquifer
Ikppias,
•to.
X

X
X
X




Oround-
Mat«r
QtaUity
X





X
X

Soil
ration









Wnloc

X


X




Proteo-
UOB
fro*
toad
De-loii«









Other









* Underground Injection  Control.
* Public Water System.
 Pesticides Enforceaent.
latea injection/disposal operations related to oil and gas, hazardous Mate, and lignite aurface  mining, geothermal
a, and aalt doae atorage.
idea technical assistance to other atate agencies upon request.  Such assistance la often alaed at aquifer research
aubaurface geologic napping.  Pisposal zone studies are aimed at deep well injection of hazardous wastes.
eaents aeuage disposal regulationa; conducts Mater quality nonitoring and  apecial atudles of drinking water quality.
ews ground-water aanpllng and laboratory analyses on a atatewide basis with attention to analytical trends and
istical results.  Appropriate enforcement action ia initiated as necessary, and  la the primary mechanism used to
ire that an adequate ground-water protection ayatem ia maintained.
bliahea water veil standards and abandonment procedures, and licenses water well drillers; works  cooperatively with
USCS in collecting water data and sponsoring apecial investigations.

-------
                                                      LocxauBA
3.4.  XBter-Ageaey
Toploa
Protection of apeclflc aquifera
Policy and strategy development
Ground-water dlaehargea
Underground injection control
Ground-water contamination incidents
Geological survey
Other (specify):
Information exchange
Data coordination
Cbeok if
applicable

X


X
X
X
X
Peaeription of AgreeaHBta
aad Ageaciea

Capital Area Ground-Hater Conservation Coaaiiaalon
Department of Environmental Quality Adviaory Group
Hater Resources Study Commission


Information exchange among various agencies.
Louisiana Geological Survey has agreements or working
arrangements with the Office of Conservation, Injection and
Mining Division, the Departaent of Environmental Quality, Office
of Hazardous and Solid Haste, the Louisiana Hater Resources
Study Commission, and the Office of Hater Resources, Hater
Pollution Control Division.
The Department of Environmental Quality and the Department of
Natural Resources, Office of Conservation, Injection and Mining
Division, the Department of Transportation and Development,
Office of Public Works, Louisiana Geological Survey, and the
Regional Ground-Hater Commission which is closely associated
with the OSGS, routinely exchange Information or engage in Joint
inspections and reporting aa necessary in regard to problem
areas. Also, the Department of Environmental Quality now baa a
Ground-Hater Protection Adviaory Group.
The Hater Data Coordinating Committee.
3.5.  Status of Ground-Hater Raaouroe Assessment Activities
Activity
Ground-water resources assessment
(aquifer mapping, etc.)
Ambient ground-water quality
Assessment at waste aites
Other (specify) i
Hell inventory
Cneck if
Applicable
X
X
X
X
Description of Activities
Louisiana Geological Survey has conducted an aquifer
Identification and characterization study, an aquifer exemption
study, a critical aquifer mapping study, a sole-source aquifer
study, a shallow ground-water study, and a recharge study. In
addition, the Capital Area Ground-Water Conservation Commission
has a cooperative agreement with the USGS to model the principal
aquifers of the Baton Rouge area. Ground-water flow models for
2,000 ft. sand, 1,500-1,700 ft. sand, and 400-600 ft. sand are
underway or completed.
Louisiana Geological Survey has conducted a baseline water
quality study.
Louisiana Geological Survey has conducted a disposal tone study,
a radioactive tracer/cement bond log study of injection well
integrity, and a best management practices study for waste
disposal in areas of shallow ground-water interaction.
Louisiana Geological Survey has conducted a water well and
an injection well Inventory.
                                                        24

-------
                                             BTATBi  LOOZSZABA
     •teU OrouaJ-toUr Monitorial
?aa of Monitorial
i-hatardoua
at* aitaa
sardoua watt aitea
It NtUr
atloidea
bttnt monitoring
Public Mttr aupply
Bonltoring
•her:
Oil and Oaa
_

X


X
X
•rlef Boa«ri»tioB of Monitorial »O*TU

Monitoriaf rtqulrad under tba KOU progru.


The Offioe of Prcvtntirt and Public Haalth Strviota
haa a ground-watar quality Bonltorinc program, which
la ppi»»rily eca^riaad of tba routin* •onitoring for
tha inorcanlo ohavioala on a fiva yaar oyola at all
OMB unity public watar auppliaa uaing ground-watar
aouroaa. In addition, tha undatory (primary)
Inorganic oontanlnanta aa Mtll aa th« inorganic
ehaaioala ara conitorad in tha diatribution ayataaa
of aach aupply en a thra* yaar eycla. Thaaa two
aonitoring activitiaa ara ooordinatad to allainata
redundancy. In addition, undar tha Offioa of Public
Vorka/USGS Cooparatlva Prograa, thara ara 761 ground-
water Bonltoring walla, 115 for quality Monitoring
and 6<)9 for watar lavtl Bonitoring.
Tha Offioa of Conservation raquiraa monitoring aa
naadad on a aita apacifio baaia.
Mo&itoriag
DaU
OoapuUrUad
(Cbaok) J






••aa of
DaUbaaa
(•p*olfy)






    Sut« Prograaa for Public Participation
" 	 ^^.^ Coataxt
Approaehaa ^*^^^»^-^^
Public haaringa, Baatinga, workahopa
Meatinga with local offioiala
Citizens' advisory groupa
Public notloaa
Handbook, other written aatariala
Other (apecify)
Oaaara.1
Ground -
MkUr Parmit
laauaa Zaauanoa
X X
X
Specific
•agulfttioo Ground -
Adoption, Matar
Ghaagaa Strategy Other
X X«
X

X
X
X
x«

or the Capital Area Ground-Water  Conservation Coooisaion tha principal Beana of public participation is by  board
eetings and by tha  dissemination  of information on an irregular baaia  using a newsletter.
                                                        25

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                                               STATB:  LOOISXaJU


4.  STATI IKPLSHEITATXOI OT FBDtRAL PROGRAMS TO PROTECT GROOVD WAT1R

4.1.  Procraa Status
  Federal
  Progi-aa
  SUtua of Procraa Delegation
  State
       Otauaual/Kotevortliy
     Frograa Characteristics
 QIC
Delegated - all five classes
Office of Coaserrstion,
Injection and Mining
Division
 RCRA
Delegated — Phase 1 and
Phase 2 interia authorization
Departaent of Environaental
Quality
 PUS
Delegated
Departaent of Health and
Hunan Resources, Office
of Health Services and
Envlronaental Quality
 Pesticides
 Enforcement
Delegated
Department of Agriculture
One noteworthy program
characteristic of the Louisiana
Pesticide Law is that commercial
applicators are not permitted to
generate waste materials.  This is
accomplished through requiring the
use of the rinsate from the
pesticide containers and
application equipment to be
recycled and used on compatible
crops.  The Louisiana Pesticide
Law exceeds the requirements of
both the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,
and the Resource, Conservation,
and Recovery Act.
                                                          26

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                                         STATS x   LOCISXABA
Ormat Statue
        Grant
FT 1965 Allocation
                 Specific Orouad-lhtw
               ProjeoU/Taak* aad
  OMB Hater iot
  Section 106
     •1,980,760
 (Federal aad SUto)
  dean Vattr Act
  Section 205(J)
      lot y«t
   •lloc«t«d for
   FT 1984/1985
MOM Identified
  Clean Water Aet
  Section 205(«)
     $1,076,000
Hone
  MCM
  Section 3011
     $1,900,393
(federal and SUte)
Host related to ground water  are monitoring and
compliance, enforcement,  compliance and monitoring.
Part B applications,  total Federal/state funds:
$724,212.
 UIC
     $524,260
(Federal and State)
Entire program for ground-water protection.
 PIFRA
 Section 23(a)(1)
 $197,700 Federal
   56.276 State
                        $255,976
Ground-water efforts not yet identified.
                                                  27

-------
                                                ST1TI:   LOOI3IAJU
5.  STiTB-OlIOnUTfD OROOHD-lfATll PIOTICTIM PROGRAMS

5.1.  Oround-taUr Strategy
      (including ground-water quality standards and olaaalfloatlon)

Description:
n 19«« Funding:

Funding Souroe:


5.2.  OrouDd-llaUr Monitoring

Description:  The Department of Envlronaental Quality (round-water monitoring coordinator,  the  aenior  engineering
geologist in the Hazardous Waste Division and the project engineer in the Solid Haste Division  review  ground-water
sampling and laboratory analyses on a statewide basis with attention to analytical trends and statistical
results.  Static water elevations fron the monitoring grid are of prime importance in determining  the
effectiveness of installed systems.  These elevations may reveal a need for modificationa,  based on seasonal
variations in ground-water directional flow or regional geology.  Appropriate enforcement action is initiated aa
necessary, and dependent upon the circumstances, is the primary mechanism used to insure that an adequate ground-
water protection system is maintained at all times.  Of the approximate 75 facilities in Louisiana now requiring
ground-water monitoring, 41 have had enforcement action taken, and of this number, 29 have  been issued an Order
with the possibility of a penalty assessment.  The Department of Health and Human Services  requires monitoring of
all public water supplies including those on ground water.  USGS monitors selected wells (cooperative  program with
Capitol Area Ground-Water Conservation Commission).  The Office of Conservation requires ground-water  monitoring
on an as needed basis.  The Office of Public Works/USGS cooperative program monitors  764 wells, 115 for quality
and 649 for water levels.

FY 1964 Funding:

Funding Source:  Through various programs


5.3.  Ground-Water Resource Assessment/Aquifer Study/Mapping

Description:  Most of the following aquifer studies originated aa ideas and work proposals  at the  atate level with
input at the Federal level:  1) Injection Well Inventory; 2) Aquifer Identification and Characterization Study; 3)
Water Well Inventory; 4) Ground-Water Heat Pump Inventory; 5) Base-Line Water Quality Study; 6) Aquifer Exemption
Studies; 7) Disposal Zone Studies; 8) Technical Assistance Program to OC; 9) Radioactive Tracer/Cement Bond Long
Study; and 10) Critical Aquifer Mapping Study.  The studies are the result of the UIC program through  the Office
of Conservation.

FY 1984 Funding:

Funding Source:  75> Federal, 25? state, where funded under UIC program, as described above.


5.4.  Agricultural Contamination Control

Description:
FY 1964 Funding:

Funding Source:
                                                         28

-------
                                             8TATI:  L00Z3Z1XA


.  Permits/Control of Discharges to Oround MaUr

eriptlon:  The state tea a eomprehenalve program for prevention of discharges to ground-water from solid and
ardoua wast* altaa.  Cround-watar pollelaa of tba Hazardous Waste and Solid Waste Divisions,  the Department of
ironmantal Quality addraaa all known land management faeilltlaa involving aaeh diriaioo.  Operatora are
tlnaly required to report on tba atatua of ground-water quality aaaoclatad to these operation*,  and are
lodlcally Inspected by tba Department of Environmental Quality for compliance with ground-water  monitoring
ulatlooa.  Qpon discovery or notloa that ground-water contamination baa baan Identified by an operator, the
irtment of Environmental Quality routinely orders  tba operator under threat of penalty assessment, to delineate
 full extent of the problea, identify the aouroe,  initiate remedial measures and elimination  of  the source.
1th and broad environmental risk assessments relative to the ground-water problem are a routine  requirement of
 Department of Environmental Quality Order (enforcement meohaniaism).

  In addition,  the statewide DIG program (in the Office of Conservation, Department of Natural Resources)
jlates disposal/Injection from oil and gas activities,  hazardous waste facilities, and from lignite aurface
Jig activities, in order to control discharges to ground water.

 981 Funding:

 ing Source:


>   Septic Management Program

:rlptlon:
961 Funding:

Ing Source:


  Bulk Storage/Underground Storage Tank Programs

rlptlon:




981 Funding:

Ing Source:


  Contamination Response Program
  (other than RCRA/Superfund)

rlptlon:  The Department of Environmental Quality emergency response program In cooperation with the Louisiana
e Police, Hazardous Materials Division, routinely addresses problems of leaking underground*gasoline or
rdous materials which may be a threat to surface of shallow ground water.

981 Funding:

ing Source:


  Other:  Hell Construction Controls

ription:  The Department of Environmental Quality - Division of Hazardous and Solid Waste routinely advises
• tors engaged in ground-water monitoring, subsurface exploratlonal drilling or locating contamination,  of
siana'a requirements for water wells and water well drillers, La. R.S. 38:3098, which is under the
sdiction of the DOTD (Office of Public Works) aa a precaution to insure against downhole or cross
aoination of water bearing strata.

 Other ground-water protection programs originated at the state level Include the water well registration and
donoent procedures and the water well driller's licensing program.  The Office of Public Works is the
eaenting agency for both programs.  State appropriations fund the well registration and abandonment program at
sproximate level of $85,000 per year.  The well drillers' licensing program is funded with self-generated fees
n approximate level of $25,000 per year.



                                                     29

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-------
                                     ftATK OTOCTP-IATM HO01AM SOMMAKT

                                              STATE:  BV NBUCO
 .  BATUXI or nt  nomoMUTU usoncs

 .1.  asmmlo sad lytfrolaglc Cteraeteri*tiaa.   Describe general geological and hydrologioal  characteristics
     (i.e. foTBations, rook types,  areal extent and  thickness, transsissivlty, aquifer interconnection, extent
     •f o«mt*«1 nation).
      Gnmreeterietlea
•agion/Pr
AUurlu*
•agion/ProriBae It
Basin Fill
•etion/Prorinee Ct
Qgallala ForMtion
      tt of state oorered
   talc proviaoe (eatimted)
           aguifer(.)
Quaternary Age, valley-
fill and terrace
deposit*, unoonsolidated
sands, gravels, silts,
and clays; saturated
thickness 0-350 feet
(typically 50 feet).
Quaternary and Late
Tertiary Age, lithology
siBllar to alluviua
but finer grained;
interbedded plateau
basalts and pyroclastlcs;
saturated thickness
0-5,000 feet
(typically 500 feet).
Tertiary Age, unconaoll-
dated or seal-consolidated
sand, silt, and clay,
saturated thickness 0-300
feet (typically 100 feet).
 ioBfiMd Aquifer(a)
ote:  Hew Mtxlco contains aany potential fresh water aquifers which, for planning purposes, have been categorized
nto the six basic types  listed above.  The vulnerability of the various aquifers  to contamination can be assessed
1 combining the aquifer  characteristics of the aquifer types with characteristics of  the vsdose tone.  Because
w Mexico is generslly arid,  the depth to the water table is 200-500 feet over such of the western part of the
tate.  Confining beds or caliche layers also offer protection in BOM areas.*  More vulnerable areas have shallow
»ter tables or highly permeable recharge cones such as fractured lisestones (e.g.,  portions of the San Andres
ormation).

Therefore, portions of all the aquifer types (Regions A through F) are confined.
                                                      30

-------
                                            •tint  wn NUXOO
i.  urni or ni otoon-virii IBOOICS
1.1. Owleiie and Vydroloflo OarMtarlatloa.  Daaoriba ganaral (aolofioal tad  bydrolofieal oharaoUriatiea
     (i.a. ferutlon*. rook typaa, araal aatant and  taloknaaa, trwuisiivity,  »quir*r iaUroonntotloo, wt«nt
     of eaeualaatioe).
                                            Bi
               It
                                                       CkTbOMtM
                         Other
               ft
        of ctaU
 fej tbi« provlao*
                                       to M
                             T«rtitry Af«
                             Mnditonti with Mturattd
                             thiokMM  of 0-1,000 ft«t
                             (typiMlly 200 fMt).
                             Kxaaplti ineludt Dtkot*,
                             3anU ROM, Qilnl«,
                             Olorittt,  Merriaen, and
                             othtr ferutlena.
Lata Palaoioio or
Ntiosoio A
-------
                                        STATE:   BH MEXICO
Prlsuu-y D*M of Orouad Hater m» Percent of Total
fe.
Public Water Systems
(iBoluding •unieipal)
Industrial
(except Bunioipal)
Agricultural
Domestic /Rural
Other (specify):
Minerals
Power
Military, recreation,
coomercial
ToUl
f of Total f Ground HaUr
Oround UaUr of Total Itator
8.2
0.1
en .6*
1.2
3.7
0.9
3.3
100.0
                     •includes 0.9J livestock  and  83.11 irrigation.
 Population Eellaoce on Ground Vater for Driakii* Hater for Tear 1984

Percent
ground
of population relying on
water for drinking water
Number of people relying on
ground water for drinking water
Public Hater Domestic
SysteBS Veils
90S 100$
1,091,750 206,250
ToUl
95S
1,300,000
                                                    32

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                                              STATE:  BW MZXOO
2.1.  tamea (Cbeek major aoureea of
      2 • mart moat aerioua, «to.)
ttlon mad nuk tea fanr — 1 « aoat aarioua.
Sfluroa 0»ok ftaak
Septic tanka X
Municipal land f ilia
On-alte industrial
land f ilia (excluding
pita, lagoons, aurface
iapoundmenta)
Other land f ilia
Surface lapoundaenta X*
(excluding oil and
gas brine pita)
Oil and gas brine pita Xb
Underground atorage X°
tanks
Other (specify):
Mining and Billing X
activities
ftooroe Check ftaak
Injection wells
Abandoned hazardous
waste aites
X
Regulated hazardous
waste sites
Salt water Intrusion
Land application/
treatment
Agricultural
X
Road salting

                   "includes on-aite liquid  waste disposal systems.

                   ^Abandoned pits.   Some problems  froa past disposal.  Brine disposal pita  are
                    now outlawed.

                   °Includes petroleum products.
2.2.  Contaminating Substancea
      (check)
Organic chemicals:
Volatile X*
Synthetic Xb
Inorganic chemicals:
Nitrates
Fluorides
Arsenic
Brine salinity
Other
X
Metals X_
Radioactive material __
Peatlcides 	
Other (specify)
X*
                                          "Benzenes and chlorinated solvents.

                                          ^Hydrocarbon fuels.
                                          "Naturally occurring.
                                          dBacteria.
                                                           33

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                                               STATE:
                           rv MEXICO
3.  STATE OflOVED-MTER KAEICEKEVT STIOCTOKE

3.1.  State Statute* Pertaining to Ground-Vater Quality and Pollution Control
 Subject Monitored by Statute
            Statute laae/Bo.
    Description of Authority Pertaining
        to OPound  Mater Protection
 Central water pollution
 control
 Water  Quality Act
                               Envlronaental  Improvement Act
                               Public Nuiaance Statute
 Established  Mater Quality Control
 Commission and authorized It to set
 •tandarda  to prevent and abate pollution
 from all aources except oil and gaa
 activities which are controlled under the
 Oil and Gaa  Act.

 Creates and  enumerates the power of the
 Environmental Improvement Division, which
 is  responsible for environmental
 management and consumer protection
 programs.

 Includes a section on "Polluting Water,"
 which Bakes  it a public nuisance to
 pollute water.  Pollution is defined as
 •knowingly and unlawfully introducing any
 object or  substance into any body of
 public water causing It to be offensive or
 dangerous  for human or animal consumption
 or  use.*
Ground-water quality
(including public health
standards)
Water Ouslity Act
Set discussion above.  Act included
authority to establish ground-water
standards.
Solid waste
Environments 1 Improvement Act
The Environmental Improvement Division is
authorised to adopt solid waste
regulations.
Hazardous waste
Hatarooua Waste Aot
Authorizes the Environmental Improvement
Division to adopt regulations equivalent
to EPA RCRA regulationsi provide!
authority for the regulation of the
transportationi treatment, storage, and
dlspossl of petroleum products.
Mining
Surface Mining Act
Authorises the Coal Surface Mining Bureau
of the Energy and Minerals Department to
promulgate pollution control regulation*
for coal mining.
Oil and gas
Oil snd Gas Act
Gives Oil Conservation Division
certain powers to control water pollution
from oil, natural gas, and carbon
dioxide.  Also provides administrative
regulations pertaining to ground water at
facilities for the production,
transmission, and refinement of crude oil.
carbon dioxide facilities, and natural gas
transmission lines.
Other (specify):
Ceothermal Resource Act
                              Radiation Protection Act
Gives Oil Conservation Commission and  Oil
Conservation Division authority over water
pollution from geothermal activities.
Authorizes Environmental Improvement
Division to adopt radiation control
regulations.
otes:
                                                        34

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                                             STATE:  BEN IBXICO
3.2.  State Otouod-Mater Policy



3.2.1. Statua

Ground water covered under
general atate atatutea
Specific atate atatutea for
ground water
Policy in existence for
protecting ground-water quality
Policy under development
Oteek
X
X
X

                                                        35

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                                            STATE:  REV  MEXICO


 .2.  Dwelopawnt of Grand-Hater Policy

 ,2.1.  Xa there a ground-water policy or strategy development process?                         Tes _X    Mo

       Such a policy la already In place.

 .2.2.  Lead agency/ateerlng committee:  Legislature and Utter Quality Control Commission

 2.3.  Describe developnent process (Inter-agency agreements, progress to date, target completion date, etc.):

       The Hew Mexico State Legislature has adopted a aeries of statutes addressing ground-water, including the
 ind-Hater Quantity Statutes of 192? and 1931. and the Hater Quality Act of 1967.  In  1977, the Hater Quality
 .rol Commission, established under the Act, adopted a comprehensive regulatory program to protect ground-wmter
 .ity.


 .3.  Characteristics of Policy Developed
Type of Protection
General language
Non-degradation
Limited degradation
Differential protection
Check


X

 a:
 4.  Policy Classification

 4.1.  Does state  have  a ground-water classification system or other system for distinguishing
       among types of ground water (e.g.  use,  quality,  or other contamination  potential)?      Tes   X

 1.2.  If yes,  give brief description of  classes:
          No
       Full  protection  of ground  water  with  less  than  10,000  mg/1 total  dissolved  solids.   Ground  water with
  than  10,000  mg/1  total  dissolved  solids  is not  covered  by standards.
 5.  Quality Standards

 5.1.  Has  the state adopted ground-water  quality  standards?

 5.2.  How  are the  standards used?
Yes  X
No
      The standards are  used  to  protect all ground water  in  the  state  with  a  concentration  of 10,000 mg/1  or
i of total dissolved solids  for present and potential uses.


5.3-  Describe briefly the  range of contaminants  covered.

      The standards are  numbers  which represent the pH  range and  the maximum  concentration  of contaminants
:h will allow for present and  potential use.  There are  presently  35 numerical standards  plus  a generic  "texlc
utant" standard which defines levels as those available in current scientific literature to protect human
th or commonly cultivated or  protected plants and animals.
                                                       36

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                                                   STATE:  BH MZZOO
3.3.  State Agency ReapaBsloiUtie* for Orounrt MiUr Protection



Responsible
State
Ageacy
Environmental
Improvement Division
of the Health and
Environmental
Department
Oil Conservation
Division of the
Energy and Minerals
Department
Coal Surface Mining
Bureau of the
Energy and Minerals
Department
State Engineer Office
Department of
Agriculture



Ground -
Hater
Policy/
Rule/
Standard
X




X







X





Federally-Delegated Pro«ram



RCRA
X


















me*
xd




x«













HBb
X


















ft0














X




Other

















Bate
Collec-
tion,
Aquifer
Napplag.
•to.
X












X






Grouad-
Hater
Quality
X




xh







X






•oil
Cooaer-
vation






















Nialag
X«








X



"'




Protec-
tion
from
Road
Da-iclag






















Oth
X




X







X



*UIC • Underground Injection Control.
bPWS * Public Water System.
CPE • Pesticides Enforcement.
dClass I, III, IV, and V programs.
*The Environmental Improvement Division handles all mining except coal.
fVaste water treatment regulations, radiation protection program, ground-water discharge programs, and emergency
 response programs.
'Class II DIC program.
"The Oil Conservation Commission rules protect fresh water from oil and  natural gas related discharges during drilling
 and production, and delegated the Water Quality Control Commission the  regulatory authority for discharges at oil
 refineries and natural gas plants.
^Regulations applying to oil refineries, natural gas processing plants,  geothermal installations, carbon dioxide
 facilities, and natural gas transmission lines.
^Requires plugging of mine discovery or drill holes that encounter ground  water.
^Limits quantity and rates of pumpage frca wells to prevent salt water encroachment.
                                                         37

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                                              STATEI
                        in oo
 .*.  Inter-Agency
            Topioa
 Cheek if
Applicable
Description of
      and Agenci
Protection of specific aquifer*
 'ollcy and atrstegy development
j round-water discharges
 odereround injection control
            The Oil Conservation Division is the lead agency and regulatea
            Class XX and  geotnermal walla,  tost other Class X, XX,  XV, and
            V wslls are regulated by the Environmental Improvement Division.
jround-water contamination incidents
Geological survey
Hher (specify):
  Water Quality Conniasion
  Cosl Surface Mining Commission
  Oil Conservation Commission
            This commission promulgates Mter pollution control regulations
            and assigns administrative responsibility for its regulations to
            its constituent agencies.  The constituent agencies are:  (1)
            the Environmental Improvement Division; (2) the State Engineer
            and the Interstate Stream Commission; (3) the Department of Came
            and Fish; (4) the Oil Conservation Division; (5) the State Park
            and Recreation Commission; (6) the Department of Agriculture;
            (7) the Natural Resource Conservation Commission; and (6) the
            New Mexico Bureau of Nines.

            This commission adopts regulations pertaining to coal mining,
            and consists of the following officials (or delegated staff
            members):  (1) the Director, Buresu of Mines and Mineral
            Resources; (2) the Director, Department of Came and Fish;
            (3) the Director, Environmental Improvement Division; CO the
            Chairman, Soil and Water Conservation Commission; (5) the
            Director, Agricultural Experiment Station; (6) the State
            Engineer; and (7) the Commissioner of Public Lands.

            This commission promulgates regulations and hears cases referred
            de novo for appeals of Oil Conservation Division decisions, or
            for cases referred by the Oil Conservation Division, and
            consists of:  (1) the Commissioner of Public Lands; (2) the
            State Geologist; and (3) the Director of the Oil Conservation
            Division.
.5.   Status of Ground-Water Resource Assessment Activities
Activity
Ground -water resources assessment
aquifer mapping, etc.)
mblent ground-water quality
ssessaent at waste sites
Jther (specify):
Industrial sites
Check if
Applicable
X
X
X
X
Description of Activities
Assessment of aquifers is part of contract work for the
Environmental Improvement Division and the State Engineer
Office. DSCS has prepared numerous maps and maintains data
showing changes in ground-water levels and hydrographs of
selected wells, and estimated saturated thickness of fresh water
and slightly, moderately, and very saline ground water.
See discussion at 3.6.
See discussion at 3.6.
Discharge plans (permits) are required for a wide variety of
actlvites where effluent or leachate may impact ground water.
Sites are assessed before such plans are approved.
                                                         38

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                                              STATE:  IBV MKXICO
3.6.  State
-Hater Monitoring Program
types of Monitoring
HoO-hasardOUa
waata SitS*
Hazardous waste sites
Salt water
Pesticides
Ambient monitoring
Other:
Site specific
investigations
Speciel studies
Check
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brief Description of Monitoring Program
Extensive self •monitoring is required by holders of
the Environmentel Improvement Division discharge
plans. Spot-checking is done by the Environmental
Improvement Division. The Oil Conservation Division
monitors Mater near approved disposal aites under its
authority.
Site-specific sampling occurs at the four Superfund
aites: AUSF, Homesttke Mining, United Nuolear
Corporation, and Albuquerque South Valley. Also,
self -monitoring and apot-oheoking of active RCRA
facilities.
The State Engineer maintains a ground-water quality
(conductivity) monitoring program in the Roawell
Artesian Basin and in Lea County.
The Department of Agriculture monitors in areas of
known or suspected problems.
The Environmental Improvement Division developed a
statewide monitoring program which included a
survey of all existing data sources.
Monitoring is also performed to support the ground-water
quality program.
The Environmental Improvement Division Investigates
imoedlate contamination problems involving health
and aesthetic parameters.
Studies are currently investigating potential for
nitrate contamination from dairy waste ponds, and
evaluating impacts of septic tanks on ground water
under various geologic and engineering conditions.
Mooltoriag
Btta
Computerised
(Cheek)






•ame of
Database
(Specify)






3.7.  State Programs for Public Participation
Context
Approaches
Public hearings, meetings, workshops
Meetings with local officials
Citizens' advisory groups
Public notices
Handbook, other written materials
Other (specify)
General Specific
Ground- KegulatioD Ground -
*Ur Permit Adoption, Hater
Issues Issuance Changes Strategy
Other
X X

*•
X X
Xb

X6
'industry, citizens, and government atudy groups for  the Oil Conservation Commission rule changes.
bAll commission meetings.
eWhen invited the state attends meetings with  local officials or citizen groups.
                                                         39

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                                             ST1T1:  BH MtXXOO
.  STATE XMUXMnTATIOM OF FIDKJUL HOOKAHS TO FBOTKCT  0100ID WiTKR

.1.  frogrtm Status
 Federal
                Status of Procru Delegation
                                   StaU
                                     OfauMBl/VoUworthy
                                          Ctenetwiatiea
 1C
                                 Oil Conaenratlon Division
                                 (delegated 2/5/82)

                                 Environmental laprovement
                                 Division
                                 (delegated 7/11/83)
                              Class XX wells and geotberaal.
                                                                            Classes I, XII, IV, and V;  New
                                                                            Mexico requires aquifer
                                                                            restoration after in  altu
                                                                            extraction (Class III wells).
ROM
Final authorization
effective 1/25/85
Hazardous Waate Section of
Environmental  Improvement
Division
PUS
Delegated
(1/1/78)
Water Supply Section of
Environmental Improvement
Division
Pesticides
Enforoeoent
Delegated
(11/76)
Department of Agriculture
                                                        40

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                                               8TATI:   BV WZZOO
•.2.
Status
              Oraat
                    1985
  Specific Oroui»d-ltot«r
Projects/Tasks ead Budget
        dean Hater Act
        Section 106
                       $320(000         Work plan does not presently include ground-water
                                        tasks.  (Does not Include $100,000 supplemental
                                        allocation for (round-water progress.)
        Clean Hater Act
        Section 205(J)
                       $119,160         Work plan does not presently include ground-water
                                        tasks.
        Clean Water Act
        Section 205(g)
                       $417,000         Vork plan does not presently include ground-water
                                        tasks.
        RCRA
        Section 3011
                       $395,767         Does not presently include specific items for
                                        ground-water program development.
        UIC
                       $226,700         Does not presently include specific ground-water
                                        program development but UIC prog rani is essentially
                                        a ground-water protection program.
        FIFM
        Section 23(a)(1)
                       $100,900         Work plan does not presently include ground-water
                                        tasks, but will in the future.
                                                         41

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                                             CTATB:  BV  ttZXCO
  RATB-OBZQTJUTBB QIOOB1MIATH MOnCTIM FBO01AJB
     	  Jatar Strategy
     (including (round-water quality atandarda and classification)

 icription:  The state has adopted a classification system and 35 numerical ground-water quality standards.
  itional standards are proposed for adoption aa the need arises.  Resources devoted to the enforcement of the
 tndards are included in Sections 5.2. and 5.5. below.
 198* Finding:

 riing Source:  State funds


 :.  Qround-feter Hooitoriat

 icriptioo:  A statewide monitoring program developed by the Environmental Improvement Division includes  a  survey
 all existing data sources.  Monitoring is conducted to support ground-water quality programs.  The state  does
 sited apot check sampling of approved discharge sites.  The State Engineer maintains a ground-water quality
 xxJuctlvity) monitoring program in the Jtoawell Artesian Basin and in Lea County.


 19B1 Funding:  Environmental Improvement Division — $200,000; State Engineer funding included in Section 5.3.


 ading Source:  Environmental Improvement Division:  State


 3.  Ground-Hater Beaouroe AaaeaamflOt/Aquifer Study/Mapping

 scriptlon:  Assessments of aquifers have been conducted as part of contract work for the State Engineer
 'ice.  The USGS has prepared numerous maps and maintains data showing changes in ground-water levels and
 Irographs of selected wells, and estimated saturated thickness of fresh water and slightly,  moderately,  and very
 line water.


 1961 Funding:  $1,200,000

 ndlng Source:  State funds:  $600,000; USGS:  $600,000


 I.  Agricultural Contamination Control

 scription:
 1984 Funding:

nding Source:
                                                       42

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                                               STATE:  DV IffXI00


5.5.  FtTBlta/Cootrol of Dl*onarg*a to OrooBd Mat«r

Description:  Ground-water discharge plana (permits) are required under the Utter Quality Control Commission
regulations and are administered by the Environmental Improvement Division of the Health and Environmental
Department to »a In tain ground-water quality standards.  Discharge plana for petroleum refineries and natural gas
plants arc administered by the Oil Coosenratloo Division

PT 1984 funding:  $542,000 (Environmental Improvement Division:  $450,000 and Oil Conservation Division:   $92,000)

Funding Source:  State funds


5.6.  Septic IfcnmgeacBt Program

Description:  Permits are required under Liquid Waste Disposal Regulations for all domestic sewage, septic tank
leach field systems with flows under 2,000 gpd.  Larger systems are controlled under the Water Quality Control
Commission regulations referred to in Section 5.5. above.



FT 1984 Funding:  $450,000

Funding Source:  State funds


5.7.  Bulk Storage/Underground Storage Tank Programs

Description:  A study of ground-water pollution problems from refined hydrocarbon fuels was completed in  December
1984.  Program for 1985 will concentrate on recommendations coming out of the study.
FT 1964 Funding:  $50,000

Funding Source:  State funds:  $30,000; Federal (from the last extensions of grants under
                 CWA section 208):  $20,000


5.8.  Contamination Response Program
      (other than RCRA/Superfund)

Description:  The Environmental Improvement Division of the Health and Environmental Department handles emergency
contamination response programs.
FT 1981 Funding:  $30,000  (rough estimate)

Funding Source:  State funds


5.9.  Other:  The State Engineer's Office regulates water withdrawals in declared underground basins, licenses
drillers, and imposes plugging and abandonment  requirements in certain instances.
                                                         43

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                                     gTATI  OBOOaTP-WATBl PtOCKAM 8CMUHT

                                               8TATB:   OKLAHOMA


.  BATOXE OF THE GBODKMUTBI BB3001CB

.1.  Oeologle and Rjdrolagie Oarmateriatloa.  Describe central geological and hydrological characteristics
     (I.e. formations, rook types, areal extent and  thickness,  tranamiaaivity, aquifer interconnection, extent
     of contamination).
      Qaraoteriatloa
Fbjalocrapblo
Begion/ProTiBee A:
High Plains Araa
Phyaiographlo
BagioB/ProTlace B:
Western Oklahoma Araa
RijalQcrmpbie
Beglon/Provlaoe C:
Baataro Oklahoma Araa
 >aro«Bt of staU oorarad
 if thla provlooa (wtiaatcd)
  Approxiaately
       10*
  Approximately
   Approziaataly
        »OJ
 ooooflaad Aqulfar(a)
Thla region oovera almost
all of the 3 panhandle
counties and extends a
abort distance into
adjacent counties of
northwestern Oklahoma.
The area la underlain
by deposits of aand,
gravel, and minor
amounts of clay, and in
Borne areas la capped by
a limey rock called
caliche.

The deposits are com-
posed primarily of the
Ogallala Formation,
which la the best
aquifer In the state
due to its area, thick-
ness, and high permea-
bility.  This formation
is only partially
saturated with water
and is several hundred
feet thick.
This region includes
the western half of
Oklahoma, excluding
the High Plains area.
Zt Includes the following
•ajor aquifers:  Rush
Springs Sandstone, Dog
Creek Shale, and Elaine
Gypsum (fractured), Rush
Springs Sandstone, Elk
City Sandstone, Arbuckle
Group (aandatone and
carbonates), Oscar Group
(sandstone and shale),
Garber-Vellington Aquifer
(sandstone and shale),
and several important
alluvial aquifers and
associated terrace
deposits.  Aquifer thick-
nesses range from about
50-600 feet.
Eastern Oklahoma has
aeveral main formations.
Their characteristics
are roughly the same
and include a depth of
between 250-700 feet of
Interbedded aand stone,
shale, and conglomerate.
Major aquifers Include
the Antlers Sandstone,
Vamoosa Aquifer, Slap3on
and Arbuckle Groups, the
Roubidoux Formation
(confined), and aeveral
alluvial aquifers.
Confined Aqulfar(a)
                                                        44

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                                               STATIt
1.2.  Primary OMB of Ground Water •* Peroeat of Total
CM
Public Water Systems
(including Municipal)
Induetrial*
(except Bunlcipal)
Agricultural*
Domestic/Rural
Other (specify):
Recreation, fish,
wildlife
Mining
Total
% of Total $ Ground Mater
Ground Utter of Total Hater
15.6 7.0
4.2 1.3
76.9 35.0

0.2 0.1
0.9 0.0
100.0 43.6
                           'includes:  industrial—3-2>; power—0.6J; coHnercial—0.1J.

                           Irrigation.
 1.3.  Population Reliance on Ground  Water for Drinking Water for Tear I960


Percent of population relying on
ground water for drinking water
Number of people relying on
ground water for drinking water
Public Water
ft/stew
21 .9J
662,000
DoMStlO
Hells
11. 4»
313,615

Total
33. 3*
1,005,615
Notes:  Of in estimated  550,365 acre feet of ground water used per year, 62J is used by domestic users and k% is
used for private  supplies.
                                                         45

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                                               8TATK:  OKUBOMA
 1.  5ouroe* (CbMk aajor aoui'oea of
     2 • ant Mat aerioua, ate.)
itlOB
rank top four — 1 • anat aer:
flooroe Cfaeok Kaidc
Septic tanks
Municipal landfill*
On-ait* industrial
land f Ilia (excluding
pita, lagoons, aurfaoe
lapoundaenta)
Other land fill*
Surface iapoundaenta
(excluding oil and
gas brine pita)
Oil and gaa brine pita
Ond erg round atorage Xb
tanks
Other (apecify)
Soon* Cheek Bank
Injection wella
Abandoned hazardoua
waste aitea
Regulated hazardoua
waste aitea
Salt water intrusion X*
Land application/
treatment
Agricultural
Road salting

 alt water intrusion (upconlng)  fron unplugged  wella (oil  and gaa  related activities):  aerious in less than 50
 solated  incidences.

 nderground gasoline atorage  tanks  (poor sealing  or  outdated atorage tank types):  serious in leaa than 25
 ncidences.
 2.   Contaad.nating Substances
     (check)
Organic chemicals:
Volatile
Synthetic
Inorganic chemicals:
Nitrates
Fluorides
Arsenic
Brine salinity
Other
Metals

X*
_^_

xb


x°
___
X*
Radioactive material ___
Pesticides 	
Other (specify) 	
'race levels of volatile organics have been found in the Garber-Vellington Aquifer at Tinker Air Force  Base.
hallow wells in Woodward County.

one portions of the Roubidoux  (Craig County) and Dog Creek Shale and Blaine Gysua (Harmon County)  ground-water
>aaina  have high sodium chloride levels.  The Vamoosa Formation (central Oklahoma) has had problems with brine
Afiltration.

.round  water at the Tar Creek NFL Site has excessive levels of iron, lead, zinc, cadmium, and manganese.
                                                        46

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                                               STATB:  OKLAHOMA
3.  ftXATB C100TO-WAT11 MA1AOBMUT 8T1DCTOU

3.1.  StaU Statutes Pertaining to Ot-orod fcter Quality and Pollution Oootrol
 Subject Monitored by Statute
            Statute IIM/IO.
   Description of Authority Psrtalnli«
       to Omnnrt  Mater Protection
 General water pollution
 control
 Ground-water quality
 (including public health
 standards)
Pollution Remedies Aot
(Titlt 62, QtapUr 9)
Powara and dutiea of tba Vater Resources
Board, the Department of Health, and the
Pollution Control Coordination Board
(includes Statute 932. below).
 Solid waste
Title 63, Public Health and Safety
Code
Chapter 47, Oklahooa Solid Waste
Management Aot

Title 63. Article 9
                                                                       Provides authority for the regulation of
                                                                       solid waste.
                                                                       Waste and sewage provisions.
 Hazardous waste
Title 63, Chapter 57
Provides authority to the Department of
Health, Industrial Waste Management
Division to regulate  industrial waste
disposal.
 Mining
Coal Reclamation Act, 1979
 Oil and gas
Title 82, Oklahoma Statute 1020
Provides authority  to the Corporation
Commission.
 Other (specify):
   Agency organization


   Pesticides
   Feedyard discharge
Title 82, Oklahoma Statute 932


Oklahoma Pesticides Law,
Sections 3.61-3.70

Oklahoma Pesticide Applicator Laws
and Rules and Regulations

Oklahoma Feed Xard Act
Provides authority to  the Pollution
Control Board.

Addresses, among other subjects, disposal
of pesticide containers to reduce the
potential for ground-water contamination.

Requires applicators to follow label
instructions.

Owners and operators are required to
take necessary action  to avoid pollution
of any state waters.
Motes:


3.2.  State Orouad-*ater Policy

3.2.1.  Status

Ground water oovered under
general state statutes
Specific state statutes for
ground water
Policy in existence for
protecting ground-water quality
Policy under development
Check
X
I
X

                                                          47

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                                               mnti
  .2.  •ev*lope«Bt of Omnrt Hater PoUoy

  .2.1.  Is there a ground -water policy or strategy development process?

  :.2.2.  Lead agency/steering committee:  Pollution Control Coordinating Board and Department
                                          of Pollution Control
Taa
•o
  .2.3.  Describe development prooaaa (inter-agency agreements, progress to data, target completion datt, ate.):

         A program development strategy was Jointly completed by tha Vatar Raaouroaa Board,  tba Department of
 iltn, toe Corporation Coanlaaloo, and tha Dapartaant of agriculture in December, 1983.
  .3.  Omrmoteristlea of Poliey Developed
Tjpe of Protection
General language
Ron -degradation
Llaitad dagradation
Differential protection
Cbaok
X



 taa:  Currant practice ia baaed on reasonable uae policy.
 2.4.  Poliey Classification

 2.1.1.  Does atate have a ground-water classification system or other aysteta for distinguishing
         among types of ground water (e.g. use, quality,  or other contamination  potential)?      las  X    No

 2.4.2.  If yes, give brief description of classes:

         State Department of Health recommended initiating aqulfer-apecific  drinking  water quality standards;
 ineflcial uses have been designated for 21 ground-water basins and formations by the  Water Resources Board.
.2.5.  Qtality Standards

.2.5.1.  Has the atate adopted ground-water quality standards?

.2.5.2.  Bow are the atandarda uaad?
Tea  X    Mo	
         State has both primary and secondary numerical standards for drinking water supplies.  Violations of
•iaary standards may preclude particular raw water sources for use as a  public water aupply.  If treated water is
wnd in violation of primary standards,  the public is notified and a compliance  schedule ia arranged.  The
loondary standards are not mandatory rejection levels; secondary standards  are used as guidelines for selecting
iw Mater sources.  When applying for permits for new systems  or for revisions, applicants Bust show compliance
,th primary standards and feasibility of meeting secondary standards.  The  state's Water Quality Standards
action 6) establishes existing beneficial uses of major ground-water basins.  The Water Resources Board is
;tempting to establish criteria to protect these uses in the  1985 standards review.

.2.5.3.  Describe briefly the range of contaminants covered.

         Primary standards include ten inorganic chemicals and five radiological contaminants.  Secondary
-andards include chloride, color, copper, eorroaivity, foaming agents, hydrogen  sulflde, iron, manganese, odor,
1, aulfate, IDS, and zinc.
                                                         48

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                                                    STATS:  OKLAHOMA
3.3.  State Agency Reaponalbllitles for Ground-Hater Protection
Beaponalble
State
Agency
Department of
Health4
Water Resources
Board*
Corporation
Commission^
Department of
Agriculture
Department of
Pollution Control
Department of
Kims
Conservation
C omission
Department of
Wildlife
Conservation
Ground -
mater
Policy/
«ule/
Standard
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Federally-AelegBted Program
KRA
X

Xh





OIC*
X

X





MB*
X







n*



X




Other



X1

xJ


tat*
Collec-
tion,
Aquifer
Mapping,
•te.
X
X




X

Ground-
Miter
Quality
X
X



X
X

Soil
Conser-
vation





X
X

Mining





X


Protec-
tion
fro.
load
De-icing








Other

Xf






*U1C = Underground Injection Control.
bPKS = Public Water System.
°PE = Pesticides Enforcement.
^Responsibilities include:  administration of drinking water standards, approval of public  water  supply  sources,
 regulation of public water supplies, permitting of municipal waste water discharge, administration of Individual drinking
 water well construction, regulation of solid and hazardous waste facilities,  approval of septic  tank  systems,
 Involvement in emergency spill response, and regulation of Class I, III, IV,  and V injection wells.
'Responsibilities Include:  administration and revision of water quality standards, approval  of ground-water usage,
 Industrial waste water discharge permitting, and administration of well construction standards;  Board also conducts
 hydraulic surveys.
 Industry standards. '
^Responsibilities include:  permitting of oil and gas waste water discharge, regulation of  oil and  gas well drilling pits,
 regulation of Class II injection, regulation of oil and gas, plugging of seismic holes, and  regulation  of off-site
 disposal of oil and gas, salt water, and sludge.
"The governor has designated the Corporation Commission as the lead agency for the RCRA LOST  program.
^eedlota, NPDES.
     issues mining permits.  .

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                                               KATEs  OKLAHOMA
Topics
oteotion of specific aquifers
iliogr «Bd strategy development
•ound-water discharges
jderground injection control
•ound-water contamination Incidents
eologioal «urrey
ther (specify)
Cbeok If
Applicable

X





DMoriptioo of Acrwaanta
sad Agencies

The Pollution Control Coordinating Board includes seven state
agencies. The Department of Health, Water Resources Board, the
Corporation Conmlaaion, and the Department of Agriculture
jointly developed a "Framework for Ground -Water Protection."


See "Policy and strategy development."


 ,5.  Status of Ground-Hater Besourcc Assesaaent Activities
             Activity
 Check if  :
Applicable !
Description of Activities
5round-water resources assessment
(aquifer mapping, etc.)
            The Department of Health has prepared maps depicting recharge
            areas for major aquifers and alluvial and terrace deposits of
            the state.
Ambient ground-water quality
            The Water Resources Board conducts an ongoing ground-water
            sampling program to define the chemical characteristics of water
            in 21 major basins, in order to generate water quality
            criteria.  In 1963, the Board sampled 506 wells statewide.
Assessment at waste sites
Other (specify)
                                                         50

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                                               8TATB:   OKLAHOMA
3.6.  State Oround-«ater Monitorial Program
Typee of Monitoring
Non-hazardous
mate site*
Hazardous waste sites
Salt water
Pesticides
Ambient monitoring
Other:
Cteck



X
X
X
Brief Description of Monitoring Program



The Department of Agriculture will conduct an
exploratory study in 1985 to examine the likelihood
and extent of ground-water contamination from
agricultural pesticide usage.
The Department of Health program calls for monitor-
ing every three years each public water supply that
uses ground water. The Department of Health also
monitors major aquifers.
The Department of Agriculture continues monitoring
on a quarterly basis of selected wells and springs.
Sampled under Section 206 Task 1101 — Animal Waste
Study — Delaware County.
Monitoring
Data
Computerized
(Check)



X
X
X
•ame of
Database
(Specify)



STORET
Aquarius
(automated
data
processing
analysis
system)
STORET
3.7.  State Programs for Public Participation
^~"~~~"----^^_^ Context
Approaches " ^_^_^
Public hearings, meetings, workshops
Meetings with local officials
Citizens' advisory groups
Public notices
Handbook, other written materials
i Other (specify)
General Specific
Qround- legulatlon Ground -
B*t«r Permit Adoption, Mater
Issues Issuance Changes Strategy Other
X*



I

^Ground-water applications.
                                                        51

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                                              STATS:  OKLAHOMA
   STATE XHPLSHKCTATXOI Of FIWtlAL PIOOIAKS TO FJIOTICT OtOOID BATBB

 1.  rrocru Status
 Federal
 Frocraa
  Status of Frogru Delefatioa
  StaU
                tauaual/Ioteworthy
Ageaoy         Progw Omcterlstios
 1C
Dclsgatcd
Class I, XII,  IV, and V
delegated to Department
of Health
Class II delegated  to
Corporation Coonlssion
                                                                             Class II application process
                                                                             requires base-line water quality
                                                                             data.
              Authorization effective
              1/10/85
                                 Department of Health
PUS
Delegated
Department of Health
Pesticides
Enforcement
Delegated
              NPDES —  not delegated
Department of Agriculture
                                                                Feed lots  (technical evaluations
                                                                for EPA NPDES permits).
                                                         52

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                                               STATEt  OKLAHOMA
».2.  Qraat 8tetoa>
                                1985 Allocation
                                    Specific
                                  FroJecU/Task* sad Budget
        dean Mater Act
        Section 106
  •610,000         The work plan has DO specific ground-utter protection
                   tasks.  (Does not include $100,000 aupplaaenUl
                   appropriation for fround-mtar prograaa.)
        Claan Hater Aot
                205(j)
  1197,610         The work plan presently baa no specific fround-water
                   protection taaka.
        Clean Water Act
        Section 205(g)
  $791,000         The work plan has no specific ground-water protection
                   tasks.
        RCRA
        Section 3011
$359,300 plus
potential for
 additional
   $56,100
The work plan has no specific ground-water protection
tasks.
        QIC
  $313,800         The work plan has no specific ground-water protection
                   tasks.
        FIFRA
        Section 23(a}(1)
  $153,500         The work plan has no specific ground-water protection
                   tasks.
                                                         53

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                                              STATB:  OKLAHOMA


  STATl-ORlOnUTID QROOBlMfATBI P10TICTIOI PROGRAMS

 1.  Qround-*ater Strategy
    (including ground-water quality standard a and classification)

 icrlptlon:  The Water Resources Board la authorized to develop ooajirehensive programs for tha prarantlon,
 itrol, and abatement of new or existing pollution of state waters.  The board alao promulgates atandards of
 illty and olaaaifloatloo for state water*.

   Oklahoma developed a ground-Mater management atratagy baaed on the •Task 832" Report:  Ground-Water
 aageaent Authorities and Recommendations.  The atratagy essentially calls for oontinued review, evaluation and
 atiag of hydrologic data for each ground-water basin, the review and evaluation of existing regulations for
 talble revisions, and public awareness.  Protection combined with prevention la the goal of the ground-water
 >teotlon prograa.

 196* Funding:

 idlng Source:


 '.  Ground-Hater Monitoring

 icriptlon:  The Department of Health conducts aonitoring programs every three yeara at each public water supply
 * with ground-water aources.  Major aquifers are alao aonltored.  The Department of Agriculture will conduct an
 Moratory study.



 1984 Funding:  $30,000

 xJlng Source:  EPA — proposed Section 205CJ)


 J.  Oround-Water Resource Aaaesaaent/Aqulfer Study/Mapping

 icriptlon:  The Water Resources Board conducts hydrologic surveys and investigations of fresh ground-water
 sins.  The chemical characteristics of water in 21 major basins are assessed in order to establish water quality
 .teria.  All data has been entered in the Board's computer system.



 1984 Funding:

 nding Source:


 I*  Agricultural Cootaadnation Control

 script!on:  (1) The Department of Agriculture has jurisdiction over pesticide applicators and feedlots.
 ofessional pesticide applicators Bust take a written examination In order to ascertain if they can aafely use
stlcides before receiving a permit.  (2) Pesticide levels are monitored for compliance to EPA standards  in
odatuffs destined for animal or human consumption.  (3) In addition, with the Department of Health, they
ordlnate activities in the area of generation, storage, treatment, and disposal of pesticide waste by the
sticide applicator.  (4) Such laws help limit the amount of contamination reaching ground water.

   Animal feedlot operators, also under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture, are required  to
ovide reasonable methods for the disposal of animal excrement, and take actions necessary to avoid pollution of
e state waters.

 1984 Funding:

nding Source:
                                                        54

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                                                •TlTEi  QJUIOIU


5.5.  •endtm/Centrol of Mmonargem to Oroand Mater

Description:  The Corporation Commission has jurisdiction to regulate the drilling of or oooveraion to • aalt
tatter disposal or Injection Mil, mad any related activity.

     The Department of Health promulgates rules and regulation* for the proper operation of Claaa 1, XIX, XV. aad
f Injection well*.
               peradta are issued for the disposal of industrial, suniolpal, and oil and «ea wste Haters.
Industrial and Municipal Total Retention Lacoons profraaa are under the Vater Xesouroes Board, and the Department
of Health.

     the Department of Mines requires a permit for any mining operations, and a plan which assures the protection
of the surface and (round-Mater systems in the region; each plan must be backed up by a bond.

FT 1984 Funding:

Funding Source;


5.6.  aeptio Management Program

Description:  Septic tank approval Is the responsibility of the Department of Health.
FT 1964 Funding:

Funding Source:


5.7.  Bulk Storage/Underground Storage Tank Program*

Description:  The Corporation Ccanlasion is the designated agency for underground storage tanks,  with the
exception of hazardous waste storage tanks, which are the responsibility of the Department of Health. The  Water
Resources Board has conducted a search and eliminate program for leaking underground storage tanks since  1977.
This program is In response to citizen complaints of contaminated water wells.


FT 1981 Funding:

Funding Source:


5.8.  Contamination Response Program
      (other than RCRA/Superfund)

Description:  The Department of Health, Department of Pollution Control, Corporation Commission,  Mater Resources
Board, Department of Wildlife Conservation, and the Department of Agriculture are all involved in an Emergency
Spill Response program.



FT 19814 Funding:

Funding Source:


5.9.  Other
                                                         55

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                                     8TATI OKOUro-WATKR HOOKAH SPMMAKT

                                                 STATE:  TEXAS


.  aUTOTE W IBS OBC-OID-VATI! U300BC*

.1.  Geologic and Bydroloclo OwraeUrlstio*.  Deaorlbe general geological and  hydrologioal characteristics
     (i.e. formations, rook typea, areal extent and thlokneaa, tranamiaalvlty,  aquifer iatarooanaotion, axtent
     of contamination).
      Gteraeteristlea
                              Pbyalocrapnie
                              Beglon/yroTlnoe At
                                   Plain*
                            •aftioa/FroTlapa B:v
                            Iio Orand* and Nortb-
                            Mcsteri) Plataaua and
                            Bolaona	
                           tfaysiocraphlo
                           •afioa/ProTlBoa
                           Edwards Plataau
                Ct
 '•rout of atata ooverad
 y tola proYlnoe (aatiwtad)
 •confined Aquifar(a)
Saa Mota A balow.
Saa Mota B balov.
Saa Kota C balov.
 Sonflaad Iqulfar(a)
ate A:  The Ogallala Formation of Pliocane aga occurs at or naar tha  aurfaca ovar Buch of the High Plains area of
arthvest Texas.  The formation consists of alternating bads of silt,  clay,  sand, gravel, and caliche, reaching a
ixinum known thickness of more than 900 feat in southwestern Ochiltraa  County.  Tha High Plains Aquifer consists
rlnarily of the Ogallala Fornation, and includes all water-bearing units, nainly Cretaceous and Triasslc
edlaents, with which it is in hydraulic continuity.   However, the Canadian  River has cut through the formation,
Ivlding it into two parts, tha North Plains and tha  South Plains.  The  thickest saturated aections occur in the
ortheastern part of the South Plains.

>te B;  Deposits of alluvium occur in aany parts of  Texas, and generally oonaiat of alternating and discontinuous
eds of silt, clay, sand, and gravel of recent geologic age.  In BOB*  areas, these deposits contain comparatively
arge volumes of water, and tha five largest and Boat productive of these local aquifers collectively make up a
ijor aquifer.  These aquifers are located: (1) in El Paso and local valley  area a; (2) in tha region extending
rom northwestern Hudspeth County to northern Presidio County; (3) along tha upper part of the Pecoa River
rainage system; (4) in isolated areas of alluvium in north and west central Taxaa; and (5) along the Brazos
ivar.

ote C;  Tha Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) Aquifer underlies the Edwards Plateau and extends westward into the Trans-
ecoa region of Texas.  The aquifer consists of watar-aaturatad sand and aandstone of the Trinity Group and
ineatone of the overlying Frederlcksburg and Vashlta Croups of Cretaceoua age.  These water-bearing units range
o more than 800 feet in thickness.  Large capacity wells completed in fractured and cavernous limestone locally
an yield large quantities.  Portions of the aquifer  are confined.
                                                         56

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                                                  STATE:  TEXAS
1.  BAT0KE W THE GBODnMUTEl 1KSOOBCE
1.1.  Geologic and Bydrolocle Cnaraeteriatica.  Describe general geological and hydrologlcal characteristics
      (i.e. forutiona, rock types, areal extent and thickness, trensmissivity, aquifer interconnection, extent
      of contamination).
             tariatioa
                               Physiographic
                               Eeclon/ProYiaoe D:
                               Baloones Escarpment
                            Physiographic
                            •agion/Prcrlnoe I:
                            Central Lowlands
                           Physiographic
                           Baglon/?roTlB0e F:
                           Lower  Central Lowlands
 Percent of atate wrered
 by this province (estimated)
 ObeoofiaBd aquifer(a)
 Confined iquifer(a)
See Note D below.
See Mote E below.
See Note F below.
Note D;  The Edwards  (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer extends from central Kinney County east and northeast into
southern Bell County.   It  Includes  the Edwards Limestone and stratlgraphlcally associated limestone beds of
Cretaceous age.  Conditions  favorable for the development of extensive solution channels and cavities and the
consequent accumulation of large volumes of water in these formations have resulted from faulting along the
Balcones Fault Zone.  Much of the aquifer is confined except in outcrop areas.

Note E!  The Trinity  Croup Aquifer  (of Cretaceous age) extends over a large area of north and central Texas.  The
thickness of the aquifer ranges from a few feet along its western edge to more than 1,200 feet in the eastern
part.  Yields of large-capacity wells range up to several thousand gpm.  Most of the aquifer is confined except in
the outcrop areas.

Hote F;  The Carrizo-Vilcox  Aquifer, one of the most extensive in Texas geographically, furnishes water to wells
in a wide belt extending from the Rio Grand northeastward into Arkansas and Louisiana.  The aquifer consists of
hydrologically connected sand, sandstone, and gravel of the Wllcox Group and overlying Carrizo Formation.  In the
East Texas structural basin  the formations form a trough and are exposed at the surface on both sides of the
trough's axis.  The net thickness of the aquifer ranges from a few feet in the outcrop to more than a 3,000 feet
downdlp.  Much of  the aquifer Is confined except in the outcrop areas.

Note:  All three aquifers, (see notes D, E, and F) are recharged by precipitation and storm runoff on the outcrop
areas  and by streams  which cross the outcrop area.  The water-bearing beds dip beneath the land surface towards
the Gulf.
                                                         57

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                                                 8TATI:  WHS
1.  IsTOBE Off IHI OIOOH>-IUTIB IBSOOlOt
1.1.  Oeologle sad Rydrologlo CtersotwlBties.  Describe general geological and hydrological characteristics
      (i.e. formations, rock typaa, araal extant and  thickness, transmlssivlty, aquifer interconnection,  extent
      of contamination).
       Characteristics
nqrslogrspale
Uclon/ProriBoe 0:
Qulf Coaatal Plains
RqralQgrepbio
•eglon/ProTiiioe I:
Oulf Coast Aquifer
                                                                                     Pbyslograpolc
                                                                                                     X:
 Peroeot of state covered
 by this proriaoe (estlMted)
 OboonflMd sgoifer(s)
 CcofiBSd squlfsr(s)
Bee Note 0 below.
Mote C;  The Gulf Coast Aquifer underlies  »oet  of the  Coaatal Plain from the Lower Rio Grande Valley northeastward
into Louisiana, extending about 100 Biles  inland  from  the Gulf.  The aquifer consists of alternating clay,  silt,
sand, and gravel beds belonging to the Catahoula, Oakville, Lagarto, Goliad, Willis, Lissle, and Beaumont
Formations, which collectively fora a regional, hydrologically connected unit.  There are, however,  extensive
aquitards within the various formations.   Much  of the  aquifer la confined.  Fresh water occurs in the aquifer to
depths of more than 3,000 feet.  The aquifer la recharged by precipitation on the surface and seepage from  streams
crossing outcrop areas of the permeable units.
                                                       58

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                                                 ST1TZ:  nZAS
1.2.  Primary Oaea of Ground Hater mm Pcroent of Total ttaage
0-
Public Hater Syateas
(Including •unloipal)
Industrial*
(except Municipal)
Agricultural
Domestic/Rural0
Other (apeeify):
Mlolns
ToUl
% of Total f Ground Hater
Oround Hater of ToUl Hater
11.9 7.2
2.8 1.7
82.6 50.2
1.1 0.7
1.6 1.0
100 69.8
                           •including:
                              Manufacturing
                              Steam-electric
                           b
Ground water   Total
                1.H
2.3
0.5
                0.3
                            Irrigation.

                           °Livestock and domestic/rural.
 1.3.  Population Reliance on Ground Hater for Drinking Hater for Tear,

Percent of population relying on
ground water for drinking water
Number of people relying on
ground water for drinking water
Public Hater Domestic
Syateaa Hella Total
59*
9,300,000
                                                          59

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                                               STATE:  TEXAS
   Source* (Owok major aouraas of oootuimtioB and rank top four
   2 * next Boat Mrlflua, «to.)
— 1
Souroe
Septic tanks
Municipal landfills
On-aite industrial
landfills (excluding
pits, lagoons, surface
Impoundments)
Check Bank
X
X*
x°
Other landfills
Surface impoundments X°
(excluding oil and
gas brine pits)
Oil and gas brine pits
Underground storage
tanks
Other (specify):
Natural mineralization
Heavy pumpage
Improper construction
of water wells
X
X
X
X*
Bouro* Cbeok Bank
Injection wells
Abandoned hazardous Xb
waste sites
Regulated hazardous
waste sites
Salt water intrusion X^
Land application/
treatment
Agricultural Xf
Road salting

ere are 950 active Bunicipal solid waste sanitary landfills and several hundred closed or abandoned municipal
lid waste sites which constitute potential sources of ground-water contamination.  The Texas Department of
alth has evaluated 163 municipal landfills against RCRA open dump inventory criteria, and four of these were
asslfled as open dumps on the basis of ground-water criteria.  Of the 71 sanitary landfills that have ground-
ter monitoring facilities, three sites have evidenced contaminent levels in excess of background
ncentraticns.

andoned hazardous waste disposal sites constitute local problems.  Thus far, 20 sites have been identified for
e Superfund program, and 11 sites are currently on the National Priority List.  Ground-water contamination has
curred at several of these sites; however, such problems are generally confined to the immediate areas of the
tea.

rrently, there are approximately 1,000 active industrial waste management facilities in operation in the state,
 which about half involve the use of landfills and/or surface impoundments.  Ground-water contamination
oblems have been documented at a number of these sites, and corrective actions are underway or are being
anned at almost all sites where problems have been identified.  To date, these localized problems have not
riously Impacted drinking water supplies.

is type of contamination is caused by completing a fresh water pumping well near a saline water zone.  The
oblem is serious and has historically caused the abandonment of several well fields completed in the Gulf Coast
uifer near the coast.  Saline water encroachment has been detected in Ogallala aquifer wells located near
line playa lakes.  Also, saline water encroachment baa been detected in Vest Texas in alluvial wells located
ar the Pecos River, which contains undesirable saline waters in the upper reaches.  Slow deterioration of
ound-water quality has been detected in the Hueco Bolson aquifer in El Paso County due to the mining of fresh
ound water adjacent to saline ground water.

roughout the state, there are water wells that were Improperly constructed and completed when drilled or that
ve developed problems since being drilled, causing the mixing of fresh ground water with undesirable saline
ound water or fresh ground water with undesirable surface water runoff.  These problems are not acute,  but have
en documented in the Gulf Coast, Trinity Group, Carrizo-Vilcox, and Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifers.

e state of Texas is third in the nation In agricultural production and la first in use  of agricultural
emicals.  Rural water supplies are not being monitored for pesticide or heavy metal contamination.   Isolated
cldents of ground-water contamination by pesticides have been documented.  The Texas Department of Agriculture
 working with the Department of Water Resources to identify areas of potential contamination and to  initiate
sting to assess the seriousness of the problem.
                                                       60

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                                                  8TATB:   WHS
2.2.
          ABlaatlac aub_ta\MM
      (check)
                                           Organic obamicala:

                                             folatile

                                             Synthetic
                                           Inorganic obemieala:

                                             Mitrates

                                             Fluorides

                                             Arsenic

                                             Brine salinity

                                             Other
                                           HeUls
                                           Radioactive material
                                           Pesticides
                                           Other (specify)
•tooalized problems at some active waste disposal sites and abandoned (Superfund)  sites.

*Jf a pumping well completed in a fresh rater tone la eoopleted near a saline water cone,  it «ay be contaminated
 by the adjacent saline waters.  The migration of the saline rater to the pumping  well oan be both  horizontal and
 vertical.  This type of ground-water contamination is serious and hat historically caused the abandonment  of
 several well fields completed in the Oulf Coast aquifer near the coast.  Saline rater encroachment has  been
 detected in Ogallala aquifer wells located near saline playa lakes.  Also, saline water  encroachment  has been
 detected in West Texas in alluvial wells located near the Peoos River, which contains undesirable  saline raters
 In the upper reaches.  Slow deterioration of ground-water quality has been detected in the Hueoo Bolaon aquifer
 in El Paso County due to the mining ef fresh ground water adjacent to saline ground water.

°The state ef Texas is third in the nation In agricultural production and is first in use ef agricultural
 chemicals.  Rural rater supplies are not being monitored for pesticide or heavy metal contamination.  Isolated
 incidents of ground-water contamination by pesticides have been documented.  The  Texas Department  ef  Agriculture
 is working with the Department of Water Resources to identify areas of potential  contamination and to initiate
 testing to assess the seriousness ef the problem.
                                                          61

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                                                 STATS:   TEXAS


 .   STATI GBOUMD-WATB1 HABAGEMBVT 5THUCTUM

 .1.  State Statute* Pertaining to Ground-Water Quality and Pollution Control
 ubjeot Honltored by Statute
            Statute  Baa*/Vo.
   Description of Authority Pertaining
        to Ground Mater Protection
 Jeneral water pollution
 iontrol
Ttxaa Water  Coda,  Chapter  26
 Ragulates tha discharge of wastes into or
 adjacent to the waters of the state,
 including prohibition of unauthorized
 discharges; the development and use of
 regional and areawlde collection,
 treataent, and disposal systems; the
 development of state water quality plans;
 and the promulgation of water quality
 standards for water in the state.
Ground-water quality
[including public health
itandards)
 olid waste
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Article
H477-7, V.I.C.S.
Divides responsibility for solid waste
management between the Departnent of
Health and the Department of Water
Resources.
 azardous waste
Texas Water Code, Ch. 26 and Ch. 27
Relates to injection wells used for
disposal of hazardous waste.
 inlng
Texas Natural Resources Code, Ch. 131

Texas Natural Resources Code, Ch. Ill

Texas Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann., Art.
5920-11

Texas Water Coda, Ch. 26 and Ch. 27
Relates to the aurface mining of uranium
and uranium ore.
Relates to the development of geothermal
energy and associated resources.
Relates to the surface mining of coal
and iron ore.
Relates to the in situ mining of uranium,
brine, and sulfur.
 11  and  gas
Texas Water Code, Ch. 27
Texas Water Code, Ch. 29
Texas Natural Resoures Code, Ch. 81
and 85
                              Texas Natural  Resources Code.,  Ch.  66,
                              87,  and  88

                              Texas Natural  Resources Code, Ch. 89
                              Texas Natural  Resources Code.,  Ch.  91
                             Texas Natural  Resources Code.,  Ch.  Ill
Relates to injection wells.

Relates to salt water haulers.

Relates to various aspects of regulation
of oil and gas exploration and production
including procedures for taking certain
enforcement action regarding the
Commission's pollution control rules and
permits.

Relates to various aspects of regulation
of oil and gas exploration and production

Relates to well plugging.

Relates to pollution control rulemaklng
authority and the regulation of certain
pits.

Relates to the development of geothermal
energy and associated resources.
ther  (specify):
 Herbicide/pesticide
>tes:
Texas Agriculture Code, Ch. 75
(Herbicide Laws), Ch. 76 (Pesticide
Laws)
                                                        62

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                                          RaTB:  TtXiS
3.2.  auu
3.2.1.
-Vater Pellc?

Ground wtar oovarad tadcr
(•naral state lUtuU*
Sptoific state statutM for
ground wt*r
Folioy in •xiatano* for
protaotiag (round-watar quality
Policy uodar davalopaant
CbKdc




                                                  63

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                                                       nus
.1 .  BaralopBaot of Grand -Vater Polio?

.1.1*  !• tbtrt a (round -Mttr policy or strategy developoent process?

.fit*  Laad agency/steering
                                                                                              Tas
Me
,2.3.  Dasoribe development process (latar-ajeney agreeBenti, progress to data,  target  completion date, tte.)i
.3.  Ctaraeteriaties of PaUey Developed
Typ« of Protection
Oeneral language
Men-degradation
Limited degradation
Differential protection
Cbaok
Z



es:  It Is the policy of the state to maintain the quality of water in the state,  Including drinkmblc water,
sletent with the public health and enjoyment, the propagation and protection of terrestrial and aquatic life,
 operation of existing industries and the economic development of the state, and to  require all reasonable
hods to implement this policy.


.*..  Policy Classification
.4.1.  Does state have a ground-water classification  system or  other system for distinguishing
       among types of ground water (e.g.  use,  quality,  or other contamination potential)?      Yes  X

.4.2.  If yes,  give brief description of classes:
                                                                                                        No
.5.  Quality Standards

.5.1*  Has the state adopted ground-water quality standards?

.5.2.  Bow are the standards used?
                                                                                              Yes  X
No
       A key element of the monitoring and response program for hazardous waste  land disposal facilities is the
ablishaent of a ground-water protection standard for the waste Banagenent unit.   The principal purpose of this
ndard la to indicate the level of ground-water contamination that triggers the need for corrective action
surea.  The ground-water protection standard also defines the constituents that  oust be addressed in the
pliance monitoring program.  Where possible, the ground-water protection standard is based  on environmental
ndards that establish numerical concentration limits for individual contaminants; for  example, the National
erim Primary Drinking Water Regulations establish maximum contaminant limits for a particular aet of toxic
als and pesticides.  Where such standards are not available for chemical constituents  that  are known to be
ardoua, the triggering mechanism for corrective action will be any statistically significant increase over the
kgrouad level of the constituent in the ground water below the waste management  units. Restoration of ground-
er quality in host aquifers of in situ uranium Bines is required to preliminary  parameter levels (non-
radatlon), although tradeoffs of certain parameters are allowed provided the baseline  and post-restoration
els are below recognized standards.

.5.3.  Describe briefly the range of contaminants covered.

       Site specific determination (see above discussion).
                                                       64

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                                                      STATE:  TEXAS
3.3. State Agency  Responsibilities for Ground-Utter Protection



Responsible
SUte
Agency
Department of
Water Resources
Department of
Health6
Railroad Commission
of Texas
Departaent of
Agriculture
Department of
Health, Division
of Water Hygiene



Ground-
Hater
Policy/
Rule/
Standard














Federally-Delegated Program


RCRA
X

X










me*
X


X









fWSb







X





n°





X







Other












Data
Collec-
tion,
Aquifer
Mapping ,
etc.
X














Ground-
Water
Quality















Soil
Cooseir—
vatlon
















Mining



X









Protec-
tion
fro*
load
De-icing
















Other












 UIC s Underground Injection Control.

bPWS < Public Water System.

ePE i Pesticides Enforcement.
^Responsible for industrial solid waste regulations, Implementation of water quality chapter of the Texas Water Code, and
 Implementation of the Injection Well Act.

•Consults with the Department of Water Resources on water quality aspects of solid waste management and public health
 aspects of industrial solid waste management, and implements ground-water protection programs through its control of
 municipal solid waste.  The Department also establishes standards for public drinking water, monitors the quality of
 drinking water, and maintains records on the chemical and bacteriological analyses of public water supplies.
 Solely responsible for the .control and disposition of waste and the abatement and prevention of pollution of surface and
 subsurface water resulting from activities associated with the exploration, development, and production of oil or gas or
 geothermal resources, or from uranium exploration activities.
                                                         65

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                                              arm:
Topics
roteotion of specific aquifers
olioy «nd strategy development
round-water dischargee
nderground injection control
round-rater contamination incident*
eologlcal survey
ther (specify):
Regulation of oil and gas-related
activities
Industrial solid waste transport
n^f>^ \f
Applicable



Z


X
X
Description of Agreeavnta
and Agencies



Memorandum of Understanding between the Department of Water
Resources and the Health Department to coordinate regulation of
in situ uraniuB lining.


Memorandum, of Understanding between the Railroad Commission,
the Departaent of Water Resources , and the Department of
Health relative to regulations of waste materials resulting
from activities associated with the exploration for and the
development, production, and refining of oil or gas.
Memorandum of Understanding between the Departaent of Water
Resources and the Departaent of Public Safety to coordinate
enforcement and investigations.
5.  Status of Ground-Water Bascuroe ISM
it Activities
Activity
round-water resources assessment
aquifer mapping, etc.)
jnbient ground-water quality
issessment at waste sites
Hher (specify):
Well-drilling data
Arsenic contamination
Cbeck if
Applicable
X
X
X
X
X
Description of Activities
The state conducts an active ground-water resource assessment
program. To date the boundaries and various characteristics
for all of the state's seven major and 16 minor aquifers,
including water availability, recharge, structural contours, and
other geological information, have been identified. For a
limited number of the aquifers, the estimated recoverable
storage has slso been estimated. In addition, the major user of
ground water in each aquifer has been identified. The
categories of use are municipal, manufacturing, steam-electric
generating, irrigation, mining, and livestock.
See Section 3.6. — Ambient monitoring.
See Section 3.6.
State assessment activities are enhanced by a collection of
270,000 logs furnished by water well drillers in compliance with
the Texas Water Well Drillers Act; and the more than 97,000
geophysical logs obtained from the petroleum industry are
located in the files of the Department of Water Resources.
The Departaent of Agriculture is currently assessing the
source and extent of arsenic contamination in ground water in
West Texas.
                                                       66

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                                                 STATB:  ttXAS
3.6.  State Ground-Hater Monitorial Program
Tjptf of Monitoring
Non-hazard oua
Mate altea
Hazardous waste sites
Salt water
Pesticides
Ambient monitoring
Other:
Class III ground-
water quality
monitoring
Cheek
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brief Description of Monitoring Program
The Department of Health rules for municipal aolid
waste management require ground-water monitoring
at Type I landfills (those serving a population
equivalent of 5,000 or Bore).
Intensive but localized monitoring is also carried
out by the Department of Water Resources as a part
of permitting and enforcement activities associated
with holding or treatment of surface impoundments,
solid waste disposal sites, and Class I CIC injection
well operations. The Department of Hater Resources
also co-samples RCRA ground-water monitoring wells
once a year with each facility which has monitoring
requirements.
Included in ambient monitoring.
The Department of Agriculture is currently assessing
the source and extent of arsenic contamination in
ground water in Vest Texaa. It is also attempting to
expand its laboratory services and environmental
monitoring plan to include monitoring of ground water
in areas susceptible to contamination by pesticides.
The Department of Water Resources collects 750 ground-
water samples per year from 5,800 routine monitoring
wells. The samples are analyzed for standard inorganic
parameters and the results are compared to the 45,000
sample analyses contained in the Department's
computerized database to Identify trends in water
quality in the various major and minor aquifers.
Uranium, brine and sulfur solution mines monitor
ground-water quality to assure containment of mining
fluids.
Monitoring
Data
Computerized
(Check)






lame of
Database
(Specify)






3.7.  State Programs for Public Participation
^^~~~~^^^^ Context
Approaches "* -^^_^
Public hearings, meetings, workshops
Meetings with local officials
Citizens' advisory groups
Public notices
Handbook, other written materials
Other (specify)
General Specific
Ground- Regulation Ground -
v*t*r Permit Adoption, Mater
Zmsues Issuance Changes Strategy Other
XXX
X
X
X X
X

Note:  The state has comprehensive public education and  public participation programs.
                                                          67

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                                                  STATE:  TEXAS


j.  STATS  nVLEMECTATIM Of FEDERAL PROGRAMS TO PROTECT G100ID WATER

J.I. Fro«ra» Status
                Status of Program Delegation
                                    State Impleawotiog Agency
                                      Obuaual/lotcMorthy
                                    Program Characteristics
QIC
Delegated
Department of Water
Reaourcea, Classes I,
III, IV, V"
                                                 Railroad  Commission,
                                                 Classes II,  Vb
One program characteristic which
is unusual la a mandatory area of
review requirement of a 2.5 Bile
radius from the well for Class I
systems.  In addition, Class I
injection well permits normally
contain both construction and
operating requirements.

There are approximately 48,000
Class II injection wells regulated
under the program that contains
technical elements more
restrictive than Federal
requirements.
 RCRA
Delegated, Phase  1 and
2 interim program
Department of Water
Resources, Department of
Health jointly
Noteworthy aspects of the program
Include a review of all industrial
•olid waste management activities,
Including hazardous waste
management, and a required
manifesting of all industrial
hazardous waste regardless of the
amount generated.
PWS
Delegated
Department of Health,
Division of Water Hygiene
Pesticides
Enforcement
Delegated
Department of Agriculture
Primary aspects of this
cooperative EPA enforcement
agreement include equipment
inspections, dealer Inspection
record checks, complaint
investigations, and manufacturer
inspections.  The TDA has twelve
regional offices to implement the
enforcement agreement statewide.
Class V Injection wells not associated with  the exploration, development or production of oil and gas resources.
'Class V Injection wells not regulated by the Department of Water Resources.
                                                          68

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4.2.  frut Statue
                                                STATEt  TBZA8
                            fl 1965 AllOOatlOB
                                  specific oround-
                                •rojeota/Tufcs and
                                                                                   itar
        Own Utter Act
        Section 106
$2,200,100       $49,200 — Ground-t*ter Mse»*Mnt for total
                 retention pooda.

                 $200,100 — Oround-wtt«r profrai funds fro*
                 •uppl*Bental funds.
        Clean Hater Aot
        Section 205 (J)
 $929,430
        Clean Hater Aot
        Section 205(f)
$3,717,710
        RC1U
        Section 3011
$4,387,757
$40,000*
        DIG
 $339,650
        FIFRA
        Section 23(a)(1)
 $476,000
Enforceaent
       'Amount of FX 1984 grant which viU be unobligated at end of fiscal year.
                                                       69

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                                                 STATE:  TtliS


   STITI-OlIGDIiTED CBOOiD-WATM PIOTBCTIOM PROGRAMS

 1.  Oround-Vater Strategy
     (Including ground-water quality standards and classification)

 scription:  The Texas Departaent of Vater Resources has primary responsibility for protecting and planning the
 e of the state's ground water.  Mine other state agencies (primarily the Texas Departaent of Health and  the
 ilroad Commission of Texas) and nine underground water conservation districts also have soae responsibility to
 nage, control, and protect the ground water.  The Departaent helps Insure maintenance of the state's ground-
 ter quality by (1) conducting in-depth investigations of alleged ground-water contamination or conditions which
 reaten to oause deterioration of ground-water quality, (2) Baking recommendations to the Railroad Coomisslon of
 xas for protection of usable-quality ground water during exploration, production, and operation of oil,  gas, or
 her mineral and surface mining activities, as well as disposal of applicable wastes, and (3) providing
 mlnlstrative and investigative support to the Texas Water Well Drillers Board, which has responsibility  for
 veloping and enforcing standards for the state'a water well drillers, Including licensing.

  1984 Funding:

 nding Source:


 2.  Ground-Water Monitoring

 scription:  See Ground-Water Resource Assessment.



  I960 Funding:

 nding Source:


 3.  Ground-Water Resource Assessment/Aquifer Study/Mapping

 scription:  The Departaent of Water Resources collects basic data on the occurrence, quantity,  and quality of
 e state's water.


  1984 Funding:  About $1,432,500 of state funds were expended in FT 1962 (ended August 3D and $1,550,400 in ft
 83 for basic data collection activities.  In FY 1982 and FY 1983, an estimated $415,500 and $462,400,
 spectlvely, was expended for data collection, mapping, and monitoring activities.

 inding Source:


 4.  Agricultural Contamination Control

 Ascription:



  1984 Funding:

 inding Source:

 .5.  Permits/Control of Discharges to Ground Hater

 iscrlption:  The Department of Health regulates municipal solid waste management facilities in compliance with
 le Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act.  The TDH has rules governing the design and operation of these  facilities that
 •ovide for the protection of ground water.  The management  of VWTA sludges, grease trap waste, grit trap waste,
 td septage are regulated by the Department of Health and it has rules that incorporated ground-water protection.

   Other programs for the protection of ground water that  were originated by the Railroad Commission of Texas
xJ which are not regulated at the Federal level include Statewide Rules on Casing,  Cementing,  Drilling, and
mpletlon Requirements (Rule 13), Plugging (Rule 14), and Water Protection (Rule 8).   While Rules  13 and  14, also
inction to prevent the- waste of oil and gas resources, their primary purpose is to protect water resources from
>llution.  Rule 8 encompasses the regulation of pits and other impoundments associated with oil and  gas waste and
»e surface discharges of oil and gas waste.

  1984 Funding:

jncling Source:



                                                         70

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                                                  •mi*   mis


9.6.  Mptio

Descriptions


fl 1964 Fund ing i

Pundiai Souro*!


9.T.  Butt fteraf«/OBd*rsrauad Staraf* Taak Pi

Description:



FT 1984 Funding!

Funding Source:


5.8.  Contamination Response Procru
      (other than RCRA/Superfund)

Description:



FY 1964 Funding:

Funding Sourot:


5.9.  Other:

DIG:

Description:  The state began regulation of deep well waste injection under the Texas Disposal Well Act in 1962.
In the early 1970s, the Department of Water Resources also began regulating in-aitu uranium  leach mining under the
Water Quality Act.  Both of these activities are now included in the Department's  Underground Injection Control
programs as well as the regulation of the solution mining of brine, sodium sulfate, and sulfur.  The Department of
Water Resources' annual budget for enforcement of DIG activities is approximately  $50,000 to $100,000, FJf 1985
1113,218, although auch of the enforcement activities are carried out as a part of the UIC permitting function.

Solid Waste:

Description:  Since the 1960s, the State Department of Water Resources has regulated by permit the majority of all
operations which used surface Impoundments for storage, treatment, or disposal of  aqueous wastes.  Zn the early
1970s, regulation of industrial solid wastes was added.  Much of the regulation under these  programs was
specifically aimed at ground-water protection.  With the passage of RCRA, most of  the regulation of these
activities came together under the Department's industrial solid waste and hazardous waste programs.  The
Department of Water Resources' annual budget for enforcement of these programs is  approximately $870,000.

Protection of Specific Aquifers:

Description:  The Department of Water Resources has Imposed special rules on certain activities in the area of the
Edwards Aquifer recharge zone.  These rules require review and approval of certain projects  by the Department.  An
example of a project which would receive Department approval la the construction and operation of an underground
hydrocarbon storage tank auch as those associated with gasoline service stations.  State funding information for
this particular activity is not readily available.  The Edwards Aquifer has been designated  as a sole source
aquifer by toe  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
                                                         71

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   EPA/CN-68-C9-0019
A
__  Analytical methods for the national
Tl  sewage sludge survey
DATE
LOANED




BORROWER'S NAME




DATE
RETURNED




     EPA/CN-68-C9-0019

     Analytical methods for the national
     sewage sludge survey

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