WP489
REPORT
ON
MILLWOOD RESERVOIR
HEPPSm HOWARD, LITTLE RIVER,
AND SEVIER COUNTIES
ARKANSAS
EPA REGION VI
WORKING PAPER No, 489
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL AND ECOLOGY
AND THE
ARKANSAS NATIONAL GUARD
JANUARY, 1977
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword i i
List of Arkansas Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 6
IV. Nutrient Loadings 11
V. Literature Reviewed 17
VI. Appendices 18
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophicatlon Survey was Initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concen-
trations, and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for
formulating comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and
state management practices relating to point source discharge
reduction and nonpoint source pollution abatement in lake water-
sheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts
that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be
constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized
model can be transformed into an operational
representation of a lake, its drainage basin, and
related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and
watershed data collected from the study lake and its drainage
basin is documented. The report is formatted to provide state
environmental agencies with specific information for basin
planning [§303(e)], water qualltv criteria/standards review
[§303(c;], clean lakes [§314(a,b)], and water quality monitoring
[§106 and §305(b)] activities mandated by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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iii
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condition
are being made to advance the rationale and data base for refine-
ment of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's freshwater
lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the relationships
between land use, nutrient export, and trophic condition, by lake
class or use, are being developed to assist in the formulation
of planning guidelines and policies by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Arkansas Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology for professional involvement, to the Arkansas
National Guard for conducting the tributary sampling phase of the
Survey, and to those Arkansas wastewater treatment plant operators
who provided effluent samples and flow data.
The staff of the Water Division of the Arkansas Department
of Pollution Control and Ecology provided invaluable lake documentation
and counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary reports
and provided critiques most useful in the preparation of this Working
Paper series.
Major General Thomas C. Armstrong, the Adjutant General of
Arkansas, and Project Officer Colonel Lavaun M. James, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Arkansas National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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IV
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF ARKANSAS
LAKE NAME
Beaver
Blackfish
Blue Mountain
Bull Shoals
Catherine
Chi cot
DeGray
Erling
Grand
Greer's Ferry
Hanri 1 ton
Millwood
Nimrod
Norfork
Ouachita
Table Rock
COUNTY
Benton, Carroll, Washington
Crittenden, St. Francis
Logan, Yell
Baxter, Boone, Marion
(Taney, Ozark in MO)
Garland, Hot Spring
Chicot
Clark, Hot Spring
Lafayette
Chicot
Van Buren, Cleburne
Garland
Hempstead, Howard, Little River,
Sevier
Perry, Yell
Baxter, Fulton (Ozark in MO)
Garland, Montgomery
Boone, Carroll (Barry,
Taney in MO)
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REPORT ON MILLWOOD RESERVOIR, ARKANSAS
STORE! NO. 0511
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:*
Millwood Reservoir is considered eutrophic, i.e.,
nutrient rich and highly productive, on the basis of Survey
data and field observations. Whether such nutrient enrich-
ment is to be considered beneficial or deleterious is deter-
mined by its actual or potential impact upon designated
beneficial water uses of the lake.
Chlorophyll a^ levels ranged from 3.0 yg/1 in the spring
to 50.6 yg/1 in the summer with a mean of 15.0 yg/1. Mean
Secchi disc visibility was 33 cm (13 inches). Of the 16
Arkansas lakes sampled in 1974, 5 had greater median total
phosphorus levels, 13 had greater median inorganic nitrogen
values, and 5 had greater median orthophosphorus levels
than Millwood Reservoir.
Survey limnologists reported an algal bloom during
autumn sampling and many submerged and emergent aquatic mac-
rophytes along the shoreline areas.
*See Appendix E
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B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
Algal assay results indicate that Millwood Reservoir was
limited by available phosphorus during spring sampling. Mean
inorganic nitrogen to orthophosphorus ratios (N/P) in the lake
data suggest primary limitation by nitrogen in the spring and
fall (5/1 and 12/1, respectively) and phosphorus limitation
in the summer (25/1).
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sources -
Point sources were estimated to contribute 6.8% of the
total phosphorus load to Millwood Reservoir during the 1974
sampling year. The city of DeQueen contributed 2.6%, the
city of Nashville contributed 1.5%, and the city of Ashdown
was estimated to have contributed 1.1%.
o
The calculated phosphorus loading of 2.22 g P/m /yr
is nearly two times the proposed Vollenweider (1975) eu-
trophic loading. However, loading calculations yield a net
export of phosphorus from Millwood Reservoir, indicating
sampling was not adequate to depict actual loading and/or
nutrient export values for the lake. This apparent ex-
port could be due to an underestimation of phosphorus
loading from the ungaged tributaries to the reservoir, to
unknown industrial or municipal point sources, or to sam-
pling error.
-------
2. Nonpoint sources -
It is estimated that 93.2% of the total phosphorus
input to Millwood Reservoir was contributed by nonpoint
sources during the sampling year. Ungaged tributaries
were estimated to have contributed 13.8%, the Little
River contributed 61.8%, and Saline River contributed
7.6%. The remaining five gaged tributaries collectively
contributed a total of 9.3%.
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II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
Lake and drainage basin characteristics are itemized below.
Lake morphometry values were provided by the Arkansas Department
of Pollution Control and Ecology. Tributary flow data were pro-
vided by the Arkansas District Office of the U.S. Geological Sur-
vey (USGS). Outlet drainage area includes the lake surface area.
Mean hydraulic retention time was obtained by dividing the lake
volume by mean flow of the outlet. Precipitation values are es-
timated by methods as outlined in National Eutrophication Survey
(NES) Working Paper No. 175. A table of metric/English conver-
sions is included as Appendix A.
A. Lake Morphometry:
1. Surface area: 118.17 km2.
2. Mean depth: 2.2 meters.
3. Maximum depth: 11.0 meters.
4. Volume: 254.099 x 106 m3.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 18 days.
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B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix B for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area(knr) (m-Vsec)
A-2 Little River 6,925.7 107.86
B-l Flat Creek 159.5 2.33
J-l Cossatot River 1,129.2 16.85
N-l Saline River 673.4 9.88
Q-l Blue Bayou 60.6 0.91
R-l Dillard Creek 44.5 0.67
T-l Coleman Creek 43.5 0.70
Minor tributaries and
immediate drainage - 1,578.2 26.09
Totals 10,614.6 165.29
2. Outlet - A-l Little River 10,733.0 162.98
C. Precipitation:
1. Year of sampling: 166.5 cm.
2. Mean annual: 77.1 cm.
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III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Millwood Reservoir was sampled three times during the open-
water season of 1974 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey heli-
copter. Each time, samples for physical and chemical parameters
were collected from three stations on the lake and from a number
of depths at each station (see map, page i). During each visit,
depth-integrated samples were collected from each station for
chlorophyll a_ analysis and phytoplankton identification and enu-
meration. During the first and last visits, 18.9-liter depth-
integrated samples were composited for algal assays. Maximum
depths sampled were 9.1 meters at Station 01, 9.1 meters at
Station 02, and 3.0 meters at Station 03. For a more detailed
explanation of NES methods, see NES Working Paper No. 175.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix C
and are summarized in III-A for waters at the surface and at the
maximum depth for each site. Results of the phytoplankton counts
and chlorophyll a^ determinations are included in III-B. Results
of the limiting nutrient study are presented in III-C.
-------
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B. Biological Characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling
Date
03/25/74
06/03/74
10/17/74
Domi nant
Genera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chroomonas
Melosira
Carteria
Cryptomonas
Flagellates
Other genera
Total
Melosira
Anabaena
Dinobryon
Flagellates
Dactyl ococcopsi
Other genera
Total
Centric diatoms
Melosira
Chroomonas
Dactyl ococcopsi
Cryptomonas
Other genera
Total
Algal
Units
per ml
698
698
220
220
220
884
2,940
2822
541
502
464
s 425
2551
7,305
438
341
195
s 97
49
146
1,266
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2. Chlorophyll a -
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a_
Date Number (yg/1)
03/25/74 01 3.8
02 3.0
03 6.2
06/03/74 01 29.6
02 9.8
03 50.6
10/17/74 01 7.9
02 6.1
03 17.7
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Ortho P
Cone. (mg/1 )
0.010
0.060
0.060
0.010
Inorganic N
Cone. (mg/1 )
0.093
0.093
1.093
1.093
Maximum Yield
(mg/1 -dry wt.)
0.1
2.4
21 .7
0.1
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked - 03/25/74
Spike(mg/1)
Control
0.05 P
0.05 P + 1.0 N
1.00 N
2. Discussion -
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum, indicates that the potential for primary production
was low in Millwood Reservoir during spring sampling. The
increase in yield with the addition of phosphorus as well as
the lack of response to the addition of nitrogen indicates
phosphorus limitation. Maximum yield was achieved with the
simultaneous addition of both phosphorus and nitrogen.
The autumn algal assay results are not considered reli-
able because of a significant change in the nutrient levels
between the time the sample was collected and the assay was
begun.
Mean N/P ratios in the lake data were 5/1 and 12/1 in
the spring and fall, respectively, suggesting primary limi-
tation by nitrogen, and 25/1 in the summer, indicating phos-
phorus limitation in Millwood Reservoir.
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11
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix D for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Arkansas
National Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from
each of the tributary sites indicated on the map (page i), ex-
cept for the high runoff months of March and April when two sam-
ples were collected. Sampling was begun in June 1974, and was
completed in Hay 1975.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for
the year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were pro-
vided by the Arkansas District Office of the USGS for the tribu-
tary sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were
determined by using a modification of a USGS computer program for
calculating stream loadings. Nutrient loads indicated for tribu-
taries are those measured minus known point source loads, if any.
Nutrient loadings for unsampled "minor tributaries and imme-
diate drainage" ("II" of USGS) were estimated by using the mean
annual nutrient loads, in kg/km^/yr, in Blue Bayou, Dillard Creek,
and Coleman Creek at Stations Q-l, R-l, and T-l, and multiplying
the means by the II area in km2.
The operators of the Nashville, Foreman, DeQueen, and Dierks
wastewater treatment plants provided monthly effluent samples and
corresponding flow data. Nutrient loads for the Horatio, Lockes-
burg, Mineral Springs, and Ashdown wastewater treatment plants were
estimated at 1.134 kg P and 3.401 kg N/Capita/yr.
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12
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal -
Pop.*
Name Served
Nashvillet 4,400
Foreman 1,150
DeQueent 4,100
Dierks 1,500
Horatio 775
Lockesburg 621
Mineral Springs***560
Ashdown*** 2,480
2. Known industrial -
Mean Flow
Treatment* (m3/d x 103)
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
pond
Stabilization
t
3.005
0.531
4.278
0.380
0.293**
0.235**
0.212**
0.939**
Receiving
Water*
Mine Creek
East Flat Creek
Bear Creek/
Little Creek
Holly Creek/
Saline River
Little River/
Red River
Cossatot River
Mine Creek
Millwood Reservoir
*Treatment plant questionnaires.
**Estimated at 0.3785 m3/capita/day.
***U.S. EPA, 1971.
t50% of the total load to the Nashville STP, and 75% to the DeQueen
plant are contributed by poultry processing.
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13
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
2.
3.
Source kg P/yr
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Tributaries (nonpoint load) -
A-2 Little River
B-l Flat Creek
J-l Cossatot River
N-l Saline River
Q-l Blue Bayou
R-l Oil lard Creek
T-l Coleman Creek
Minor tributaries and immediate
drainage (nonpoint load) -
Known municipal STP's -
Nashville
Foreman
DeQueen
Dierks
Horatio
Lockesburg
Mineral Springs
Ashdown
Septic tanks - None
Known industrial - See t, page
Direct precipitation* -
Totals
Output - A-l Little River
Net
annual P export** -
162,010
3,690
17,515
19,860
1,175
1,305
860
36,300
3,930
680
6,955
995
880
705
635
2,810
12.
2,070
262,375
279,845
17,470
% of
total
61.7
1.4
6.7
7.6
0.4
0.5
0.3
13.8
1 .5
0.3
2.7
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
1.1
0.8
100.0
*Estimated (see NES Working Paper No. 175).
**Export probably due to unknown sources and/or sampling error.
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14
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
% of
Source kg N/yr total
a. Tributaries (nonpoint load) -
A-2 Little River 2,325,125 64.4
B-l Flat Creek 61,405 1.7
J-l Cossatot River 262,650 7.3
N-l Saline River 177,705 4.9
Q-l Blue Bayou 14,585 0.4
R-l Dillard Creek 18,135 0.5
T-l Coleman Creek 16,165 0.4
b. Minor tributaries and immediate
drainage (nonpoint load) - 536,590 14.9
c. Known municipal STP's -
Nashville 16,515 0.5
Foreman 1,045 <0.1
DeQueen 33,960 0.9
Dierks 1,815 0.1
Horatio 2,635 0.1
Lockesburg 2,110 0.1
Mineral Springs 1,905 0.1
Ashdown 8,435 0.2
d. Septic tanks - None
e. Known industrial - See t, page 12.
f. Direct precipitation* - 127,575 3.5
Totals 3,608,355 100.0
2. Output - A-l Little River 2,406,545
3. Net annual N accumulation - 1,201,810
*Estimated (see NES Working Paper No. 175).
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15
Mean Annual Nonpoint Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary kg P/km^/yr kg N/km^/yr
Little River
Flat Creek
Cossatot River
Saline River
Blue Bayou
Oil lard Creek
Coleman Creek
Mean Nutrient Concentrations in Ungaged Streams:
23
23
16
29
19
29
20
336
385
233
264
241
408
372
Mean Total P
(mg/1)
Mean Total N
(mg/1)
0.027
0.034
0.056
0.031
0.047
0.055
0.043
0.144
0.550
0.598
0.462
0.809
0.542
0.559
0.649
1.215
Tributary
C-l Cypress Creek
D-l Hurricane Creek
E-l Caney Creek
G-l Cool Creek
H-l Bridge Creek
M-l Sand Creek
P-l Rock Creek
W-2 Mine Creek
The mean nutrient concentrations for the above ungaged
streams (except Mine Creek) are generally in line with levels
in the unimpacted gaged tributaries entering Millwood Reser-
voir. Mine Creek, tributary W-l, has substantially higher
nutrient levels due to the impact of the Nashville municipal
sewage treatment plant upstream.
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16
F. Yearly Loadings:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus annual
loading is compared to the relationship proposed by Vollenweider
(1975). Essentially, his eutrophic loading is that at which
the receiving waters would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic;
his oligotrophic loading is that which would result in the
receiving water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oligotrophic
if morphometry permitted. A mesotrophic loading would be
considered one between eutrophic and oligotrophic.
Note that Vollenweider's model may not apply to lakes with
short hydraulic retention times or in which light penetration is
severely restricted by high concentrations of suspended solids
in the surface waters.
Total Yearly
Phosphorus Loading
(g/m2/yr)
Estimated loading for Millwood Reservoir 2.22
Vollenweider's eutrophic loading 1.27
Vollenweider's oligotrophic loading 0.64
-------
17
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. "Inventory on
Wastewater Treatment Facilities" EPA Publication No. OWP-1.
Office of Media Programs, Office of Hater Programs, Uashing-
ton, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. National Eutro-
phication Survey Methods 1973-1976. Working Paper No. 175.
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada,
and Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Vollenweider, R. A. 1975. Input-Output Models With Special
Reference to the Phosphorus Loading Concept in Limnology.
Schweiz. I. Hydrol. 37:53-84.
-------
18
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
CONVERSION FACTORS
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 - acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 - feet
Cubic meters x 8.107 x 10 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 - square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 ~ cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 rj inches
Ki logmiir, x 2.205 r pounds
Kilograms/square kilonrjter x 5.711 ~ Ibs/square mile
-------
APPENDIX B
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
-------
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APPENDIX E
PARAMETRIC RANKINGS OF LAKES
SAMPLED BY NES IN 1974
STATE OF ARKANSAS
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ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
DALLAS, TEXAS
LIBRARY
WP 489
489
Report on Millwood Reservoir
Hempstead, Howard, Little River.
TITLE
and Sevier Counties Arkansas.
DATE
LOANED
BORROWER S NAME
DATE
RETURNED
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