WP656
REPORT
ON
0, C, FISHER (SAN ANGELO) RESERVOIR
TOM GREN COUN1Y
EPA REGION VI
WORKING PAPER No, 656
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
TEXAS WATER QUALITY BOARD
AND THE
TEXAS NATIONAL GUARD
MARCH/ 1977
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreward ii
List of Texas Study Reservoirs iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
rl. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 3
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 4
IV. Nutrient Loadings 9
V. Literature Reviewed 13
VI. Appendices 14
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FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [§303(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [§303(c)], clean lakes [§314(a,b)]5
and water quality monitoring [§106 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
-------
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Texas Water Quality Board
for professional involvement, to the Texas National Guard for
conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to
those Texas wastewater treatment plant operators who voluntarily
provided effluent samples.
Hugh C. Yantis, Jr., Executive Director of the Texas Water
Quality Board, and John B. Latchford, Jr., Director, and the staff
of the Field Operations Division provided invaluable lake documen-
tation and counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary
reports, and provided critiques most useful in the preparation of
this Working Paper series.
Major General Thomas Bishop, the Adjutant General of Texas,
and Project Officer Colonel William L. Seals, who directed the
volunteer efforts of the Texas National Guardsmen, are also grate-
fully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
-------
IV
NATIONAL EUTROPHI CATION SURVEY
STUDY RESERVOIRS
State of Texas
NAME
Amistad
Bastrop
Bel ton
Braunig
Brownwood
Buchanan
Caddo
Calaveras
Canyon
Colorado City
Corpus Christi
Diversion
Eagle Mountain
Fort Phantom Hill
Houston
Kemp
Lake O'The Pines
Lavon
Lewisville (Garza-Little Elm)
Livingston
COUNTY
Val Verde
Bastrop
Bell, Coryell
Bexar
Brown
Burnet, Llano
Harrison, Marion, TX;
Caddo Parish, LA
Bexar
Coma!
Mitchell
Jim Wells, Live Oak, San
Patricio
Archer, Baylor
Tarrant, Wise
Jones
Harris
Baylor
Camp, Marion, Morris,
Upshur
Collin
Denton
Polk, San Jacinto, Trinity,
Walker
-------
Lyndon B. Johnson
Medina
Meredith
0. C. Fisher (San Angelo)
Palestine
Possum Kingdom
Sam Rayburn
Somervil le
E. V. Spence
Stamford
Still house Hollow
Tawakoni
Texoma
Travis
Trinidad
Twin Buttes
White River
Whitney
Wright Patman (Texarkana)
Burnet, Llano
Bandera, Medina
Hutchinson, Moore,
Potter
Tom Green
Anderson, Cherokee,
Henderson, Smith
Palo Pinto, Stephens,
Young
Angelina, Jasper
Nacogdoches, Sabine, San
Augustine
Burleson, Lee, Washington
Coke
Haskell
Bell
Hunt, Rains, Van Zandt
Cooke, Grayson TX; Bryan,
Johnston, Love, Marshall, OK
Burnet, Travis
Henderson
Tom Green
*
Crosby
Bosque, Hill
Bowie, Cass
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0. C. FISHER RESERVUIR
STORE! NO. 4826
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that 0. C. Fisher Reservoir is eutrophic;
i.e., well supplied with nutrients and quite productive. Whether
nutrient enrichment is beneficial or deleterious depends on the
actual or potential effect on the uses of the reservoir. In this
regard, no nuisance conditions are known to personnel of the Texas
Water Quality Board and there is little or no impairment of the
designated beneficial uses of this water body.
0. C. Fisher Reservoir ranked thirty-second in overall trophic
quality when the 39 Texas reservoirs sampled in 1974 were compared
using a combination of six parameters*. Thirty-three of the reser-
voirs had less median total phosphorus, 20 had less and one had the
same median dissolved orthophosphorus, 21 had less median inorganic
nitrogen, all of the other reservoirs had less chlorophyll £, and
35 had greater mean Secchi disc transparency.
Survey limnologists noted surface concentrations of algae in
August.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results indicate the reservoir was nitrogen
limited at the time the sample was taken (10/29/74). The reservoir
data indicate nitrogen limitation in March as well but phosphorus
limitation in May.
See Appendix A.
-------
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sourcesNo known municipal or industrial point
sources impacted 0. C. Fisher Reservoir during the sampling year.
There are no lakeshore septic tanks because construction of
shoreline dwellings if prohibited*.
Based on the reservoir morphometry at the conservation-pool
level, the present phosphorus loading of 0.06 g/m2/yr is about
equal to that proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider and Dillon,
1974) as an oligotrophic loading (see page 12). If Vollenweider's
oligotrophic level is applicable to Texas water bodies, non-point
phosphorus loadings to the reservoir in past years must have been
much greater than measured during the sampling year since Survey
data indicate 0. C. Fisher Reservoir is eutrophic.
2. Non-point sourcesAll of the phosphorus input to the
reservoir was contributed by non-point sources during the sampling
year. The North Concho River contributed 63.1% of the total load,
and the ungaged minor tributaries and immediate drainage added an
estimated 12.5%.
The phosphorus export rate of the North Concho River was less
than 1 kg/km2/yr) (see page 11). This rate compares favorably with
the rates of three tributaries of nearby Twin Buttes Reservoir***
(also less than 1 kg/km2/yr).
* Koederitze, 1976.
** Anonymous, 1976.
*** Working Paper No. 666.
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II. RESERVOIR AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1"
A. Morphometry (at conservation-pool level)
1. Surface area: 21.85 kilometers2.
2. Mean depth: 6.5 meters.
3. Maximum depth: >8.5 meters.
4. Volume: 142.769 x 10G m3.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 11.0 years (based on outflow)
»
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix C for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area (km2)* (m3/sec)*
North Concho River 3,234.9 0.665
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage - 599.5 0.131
Totals 3,834.4 0.796
2. Outlet -
San Angelo water supply** 0.0 0.200
North Concho River 3.853.9*** ^Llll
Total 3,853.9*** 0.410
C. Precipitation****:
1. Year of sampling: 63.8 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 44.5 centimeters.
t Table of metric conversionsAppendix B.
tt Barrows, 1977.
* For limits of accuracy, see Working Paper No. 175, "...Survey Methods,
1973-1976".
** Koederitze, 1976.
*** Includes area of reservoir.
**** See Working Paper No. 175.
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III. WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
0. C. Fisher Reservoir was sampled four times in 1974 by means of
a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples for physical
and chemical parameters were collected from a number of depths at one
station on the reservoir (see map, page vi). During each visit, a
single depth-integrated (4.6 m or near bottom to surface) sample was
collected for phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and a similar
sample was collected for chlorophyll a^ analysis. During the last visit,
a Dingle 18.9-liter depth-integrated sample was taken for algal assays.
The maximum depth sampled was 8.5 meters.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix D and are
summarized in the following table (the August nutrienl Camples were not
preserved properly and were not analyzed).
-------
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling
Date
03/04/74
05/15/74
08/05/74
10/29/74
Dominant
Genera
1.
2.
3.
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Chroomonas sp.
Dactylococcops i s sp.
Kirchneriel la sp.
Other genera
Total
Nitzschia sp.
Cyclotella sp^.
RaphidiopTis sp_.
Scenedesmus sp.
SteplianodiscLis sp_.
Other genera
Total
Oscillatoria sp.
Raphidiopsis SJD.
Dactylococcopsis sp.
Pennate diatoms
Merismopedia sp_.
Other genera
Total
Chlamydomonas sp.
Cyclotella sp.
Cryptomonas s£.
Chroomonas sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Other genera
Algal Units
per ml
9,005
4,407
2,810
2,363
2,299
9,265
30,149
3,289
2,388
1,172
902
901
15,771
25,208
10,905
8,355
5,381
3,044
19,332
72,225
3,512
1,115
725
502
502
2,005
Total
8,361
-------
c.
2. Chlorophyll -a -
Sampling Station
Date Number
03/04/74 1
05/15/74 1
08/05/74 1
10/29/74 1
Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked -
Ortho P
Cone, (mg/1)
Inorganic N
Cone, (mg/1)
Chlorophyll a
(yg/D
13.1
24.7
42.6
18.3
Maximum yield
(mg/1-dry wt.)
0.035
0.085
0.085
0.035
0.109
0.109
1.109
1.109
5.2
4.9
23.8
15.4
Spike (mg/1)
Control
0.050 P
0.050 P + 1.0 N
1.0 N
2. Discussion -
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum, indicates that the potential primary productivity
of 0. C. Fisher Reservoir was high at the time the sample was
collected (10/29/74). The increased yield with the addition
of nitrogen and the lack of response to phosphorus added alone
indicate the reservoir was nitrogen limited at that time.
The reservoir data indicate nitrogen limitation in March
also (the mean inorganic nitrogen/orthophosphorus ratio was 8/1)
but phosphorus limitation in May (the mean N/P ratio was 19/1).
-------
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix E for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Texas National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from the tributary
site indicated on the map (page vi), except for the high runoff months
of April and May when two samples were collected. Sampling was begun
in September, 1974, and was completed in August, 1975.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the
year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by
tne Texas District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the
tributary sites nearest the reservoir.
In this report, nutrient loads for the sampled tributary were
calculated using mean annual concentrations and mean annual flows.
Nutrient loads for the outlet (A-l) and the San Angelo water supply
withdrawal were estimated using the mean reservoir concentrations
at station 1 and the mean annual flows. Nutrient loads for unsampled
"minor tributaries and immediate drainage" ("ZZ" of U.S.G.S.) were
estimated using the mean concentrations in Concho River at station
A-2 and the mean annual ZZ flow.
No known wastewater treatment plants impacted 0. C. Fisher Reservoir
during the sampling year.
-------
10
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal - None
2. Known industrial - None
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg P/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
North Concho River 880 63.1
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 173 12.5
c. Known municipal STP's - None
d. Septic tanks - None*
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 340 24.4
Total 1,395 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - San Angelo water supply 565
North Concho River 595
Total 1,160
3. Net annual P accumulation - 235 kg.
* Koederitze, 1976.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
-------
11
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg N/ % of
Source y_r total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
North Concho River 40,850 58.4
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 8,050 11.5
c. Known municipal STP's - None
d. Septic tanks - None*
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 21,010 30.1
Total 69,910 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - San Angelo water
supply 6,375
North Concho River 6,69:"'
Total 13,070
3. Net annual N accumulation - 56,840 kg.
D. Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary kg P,/km2/yr kg N/km2/yjr
North Concho River <1 13
* Koederitze, 1976.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
-------
12
E. Yearly Loads:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loadings
are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider
and Dillon, 1974). Essentially, his "dangerous" loading is
one at which the receiving water would become eutrophic or
remain eutrophic; his "permissible" loading is that which
would result in the receiving water remaining oligotrophic
or becoming oligotrophic if morphometry permitted. A meso-
trophic loading would be considered one oetween "dangerous"
and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
grams/m2/yr 0.06 0.01 3.2 2.6
Vollenweider phosphorus loadings
(g/m2/yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of 0. C. Fisher Reservoir at conservation-
pool level:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic loading) 0.16
"Permissible" (oligotrophic loading) 0.08
-------
13
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Barrows, David, 1977. Personal communication (reservoir morphometry
and hydraulic retention time). Canyon Proj. Off., Fort Worth
Distr., Corps of Engrs., New Braunfels, TX.
Koederitze, Thomas (Supt.), 1976. Personal communication (municipal
water withdrawal from 0. C. Fisher Reservoir and description of
lakeshore development). Water Department, San Angelo.
Vollenweider, R. A., and P. J. Dillon, 1974. The application of the
phosphorus loading concept to eutrophication research. Natl.
Res. Council of Canada Publ. No. 13690, Canada Centre for Inland
Waters, Burlington, Ontario.
Yost, I. D., 1976. Personal communication (estimate of evaporation
from central Texas lakes). U.S. Geol. Surv., Austin.
-------
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 = feet
Cubic meters x 8.107 x 10 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
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Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = Ibs/square mile
-------
APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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APPENDIX D
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APPENDIX E
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