WP658
REPORT
ON
E, V, SPENCE ESERVOIR
COKE COUNTY
TEXAS
EPA REGION VI
WORKING PAPER No, 658
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
TEXAS WATER QUALITY BOARD
AND THE
TEXAS NATIONAL GUARD
MARCH, 1977
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreward ii
List of Texas Study Reservoirs iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 5
IV. Nutrient Loadings 10
V. Literature Reviewed 14
VI. Appendices 15
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [§303(e)j, water
quality criteria/standards review [§303(c)], clean lakes [§314(a,b)J,
and water quality monitoring [§106 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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in
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Texas Water Quality Board
for professional involvement, to the Texas National Guard for
conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to
those Texas wastewater treatment plant operators who voluntarily
provided effluent samples.
Hugh C. Yantis, Jr., Executive Director of the Texas Water
Quality Board, and John B. Latchford, Jr., Director, and the staff
of the Field Operations Division provided invaluable lake documen-
tation and counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary
reports, and provided critiques most useful in the preparation of
this Working Paper series.
Major General Thomas Bishop, the Adjutant General of Texas,
and Project Officer Colonel William L. Seals, who directed the
volunteer efforts of the Texas National Guardsmen, are also grate-
fully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY RESERVOIRS
State of Texas
NAME
Amistad
Bastrop
Bel ton
Braunig
Brownwood
Buchanan
Caddo
Calaveras
Canyon
Colorado City
Corpus Christi
Diversion
Eagle Mountain
Fort Phantom Hill
Houston
Kemp
Lake O'The Pines
Lavon
Lewisville (Garza-Little Elm)
Livingston
COUNTY
Val Verde
Bastrop
Bell, Coryell
Bexar
Brown
Burnet, Llano
Harrison, Marion, TX;
Caddo Parish, LA
Bexar
Comal
Mitchell
Jim Wells, Live Oak, San
Patricio
Archer, Baylor
Tarrant, Wise
Jones
Harris
Baylor
Camp, Marion, Morris,
Upshur
Coll in
Denton
Polk, San Jacinto, Trinity,
Walker
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Medina
Meredith
0. C. Fisher (San Angelo)
Palestine
Possum Kingdom
Sam Rayburn
Somervi1le
E. V. Spence
Stamford
Still house Hollow
Tawakoni
Texoma
Travis
Trinidad
Twin Buttes
White River
Whitney
Wright Patman (Texarkana)
Burnet, Llano
Bandera, Medina
Hutchinson, Moore,
Potter
Tom Green
Anderson, Cherokee,
Henderson, Smith
Palo Pinto, Stephens,
Young
Angelina, Jasper
Nacogdoches, Sabine, San
Augustine
Burleson, Lee, Washington
Coke
Haskell
Bell
Hunt, Rains, Van Zandt
Cooke, Grayson TX; Bryan,
Johnston, Love, Marshall, OK
Burnet, Travis
Henderson
Tom Green
Crosby
Bosque, Hill
Bowie, Cass
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E. V. SPENCE RESERVOIR
STORE! NO. 4828
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that E. V. Spence Reservoir is eutrophic;
i.e., well supplied with nutrients and quite productive. Whether
nutrient enrichment is beneficial or deleterious depends on the
actual or potential effect on the uses of the reservoir. In this
regard, no nuisance conditions are known to personnel of the Texas
Water Quality Board and there is little or no impairment of the
designated beneficial uses of this water body.
E. V. Spence Reservoir ranked eighteenth in overall trophic
quality when the 39 Texas reservoirs sampled in 1974 were compared
using a combination of six parameters*. Eighteen of the reservoirs
had less and one had the same median total phosphorus, eight had
less and two had the same median dissolved phosphorus, six had less
and one had the same median inorganic nitrogen, 19 had less mean
chlorophyll a_, and 21 had greater mean Secchi disc transparency.
Marked depression or depletion of dissolved oxygen with depth
occurred at stations 1 and 2 in August.
Survey limnologists observed an algal bloom and rooted aquatic
plants along the shoreline in August. Blue-green algae were dom-
inant in the August and October phytoplankton samples.
See Appendix A.
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B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
Because of significant losses of phosphorus in both algal
assay samples between times of collection and the beginning of
the assays, the results are not representative of conditions in
the reservoir at the times the samples were taken (03/04/74 and
10/29/74).
The reservoir data indicate that phosphorus was the limiting
nutrient at all stations in May and at station 3 in October, and
nitrogen was limiting at all stations in March and at stations 1
and 2 in October.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sourcesNo known point sources impacted E. V. Spence
Reservoir during the sampling year.
The present phosphorus loading of 0.55 g/m2/yr is more than
twice that proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider and Dillon, 1974)
as a eutrophic loading (see page 13). If Vollenweider's eutrophic
level is applicable to Texas reservoirs, it is likely that the
trophic quality of the reservoir will deteriorate unless the present
phosphorus loading is reduced. However, Survey data indicate that
all the phosphorus inputs are from non-point sources, and it is
questionable whether such inputs can be controlled.
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2. Non-point sourcesNon-point sources contributed 100%
of the phosphorus load to E. V. Spence Reservoir during the
sampling year. The Colorado River added 94.0% of the total
load, Paint Creek, 0.4%; and the ungaged tributaries were
estimated to have contributed 2.4%.
The phosphorus export rates of the Colorado River and Paint
Creek were 0.3 and 0.8 kg/km2/yr, respectively. These rates are
quite low compared to the rates of unimpacted tributaries of
other reservoirs in the general area.
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II. RESERVOIR AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1"
1"f~
A. Morphometry :
1. Surface area: 25.62 kilometers2.
2. Mean depth: 6.7 meters.
3. Maximum depth: >15.8 meters.
4. Volume: 171.654 x 106 m3.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 7.1 years (based on outflow).
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix C for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area (km2)* (mVsec)*
Colorado River 40,124.3 1.830
Paint Creek 67.6 0.033
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage - 549.1 0.196
Totals 40,741.0 2.059
2. Outlet -
Municipal and irrigation diversion 0.0 0.710
Colorado RiVer 40,766.6 0.052
Totals 40,766.6** 0.762**
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 63.4 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 48.3 centimeters.
t Table of metric conversionsAppendix B.
tt Ivie, 1976.
* For limits of accuracy, see Working Paper No. 175, "...Survey Methods,
1973-1976".
** Includes area of reservoir; lesser outflow due to evaporation (Ivie, op. cit)
*** See working Paper No. 175.
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III. WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
E. V. Spence Reservoir was sampled four times in 1974 by means of
a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples for physical
and chemical parameters were collected from a number of depths at three
stations on the reservoir (see map, page vi). During each visit, a
single depth-integrated (4.6 m to surface) sample was composited from
the stations for phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and during
the first and last visits, a single 18.9-liter depth-integrated sample
KJS composited for algal assays. Also each time, a depth-integrated
sample was collected from each of the stations for chlorophyll a_ analysis.
The maximum depths sampled were 15.8 meters at station 1, 9.4 meters at
station 2, and 6.7 meters at station 3.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix D and are
summarized in the following table (the August nutrient samples were not
preserved properly and were not analyzed).
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton* -
Sampling
Date
03/04/74
08/05/74
10/29/74
Dominant
Genera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tetraedron sp.
Scenedesmus sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Chrootnonas sp.
Synedra sp.
Other genera
Total
Oscillatoria sp.
Raphidiopsis sp.
Lyngbya sp.
Dactyl ococcopsis sp.
Tetraedron sp.
Other genera
Total
Oscillatoria sp.
Dactyl ococcopsis sp.
Tetraedron SJD.
Raphidiopsis sp.
Oocystis sp.
Other genera
Algal Units
per ml
Total
5,793
13,345
5,537
3,691
2,343
2,130
2,626
29,672
13,268
6,761
1,732
887
507
2,958
26,113
The May phytoplankton sample was lost in shipment.
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2. Chlorophyll a_ -
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a_
Date Number (yg/1)
03/04/74 1 4.7
2 5.4
3 5.9
05/15/74 1 3.4
2 4.5
3 6.2
08/05/74 1 12.4
2 13.4
3 16.9
10/29/74 1 19.7
2 24.0
3 24.8
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
There was a significant loss of phosphorus in both algal
assay samples between time of collection and the beginning of
the assays. Therefore, the algal assay results are not repre-
sentative of conditions in the reservoir at the times the sam-
ples were taken (03/04/74 and 10/29/74).
The reservoir data indicate nitrogen limitation at all sta-
tions in March and at stations 1 and 2 in October; i.e., the mean
inorganic nitrogen/orthophosphorus ratios were 9/1 or less.
All stations were limited by phosphorus in May, as was station
3 in October; i.e., the mean N/P ratios were 17 to 1 or greater,
and phosphorus limitation would be expected.
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10
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix E for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Texas National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the
tributary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the months
of April and May when two samples were collected. Sampling was begun
in September, 1974, and was completed in August, 1975.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the
year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by
the Texas District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the
tributary sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were
calculated using mean annual concentrations and mean annual flows.
The outlet and diversion loads were calculated using mean reservoir
concentrations at station 1 and the mean annual outlet and diversion
flows.
Nutrient loads for unsampled "minor tributaries and immediate
drainage" ("ZZ" of U.S.G.S.) were estimated using the mean concen-
trations in Paint Creek at station B-l and the mean annual ZZ flow.
No known point sources impacted E. V. Spence Reservoir during
the sampling year.
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11
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal - None
2. Known industrial - None
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg P/ % of
Source ^r total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Colorado River 13,275 94.0
Paint Creek 55 0.4
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 340 2.4
c. Known municipal STP's - None
d. Septic tanks - None*
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 450 3.2
Total 14,120 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Diversions 670
Colorado River 50
Total 720
3. Net annual P accumulation - 13,400 kg.
* Ivie, 1976.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
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12
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg N/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Colorado River 83,565 70.4
Paint Creek 1,070 0.9
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 6,365 5.4
c. Known municipal STP's - None
d. Septic tanks - None*
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 27,660 23.3
Total 118,660 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Diversions 13,925
Colorado River 1,020
Total 14,945
3. Net annual N accumulation - 103,715 kg.
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary kg P/km2/yr kg N/km2/yr
Colorado River 0.3 2.1
Paint Creek 0.8 15.8
* Ivie, 1976.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
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E. Yearly Loads:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loadings
are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider
and Dillon, 1974). Essentially, his "dangerous" loading is
one at which the receiving water would become eutrophic or
remain eutrophic; his "permissible" loading is that which
would result in the receiving water remaining oligotrophic
or becoming oligotrophic if morphometry permitted. A meso-
trophic loading would be considered one between "dangerous"
and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
grams/m2/yr 0.55 0.52 4.6 4.0
Vollenweider phosphorus loadings
(g/m2/yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of E. V. Spence Reservoir:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic loading) 0.20
"Permissible" (oligotrophic loading) 0.10
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V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Ivie, 0. H., 1976. Personal communication (lake morphometry, diver-
sions, and evaporation loss). Colorado River Municipal Water
Dist., Big Springs.
Vollenweider, R. A., and P. J. Dillon, 1974. The application of
the phosphorus loading concept to eutrophication research.
Natl. Res. Council of Canada Publ. No. 13690, Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario.
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15
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 = feet
Cubic meters x 8.107 x 10"4 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
*
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Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = Ibs/square mile
-------
APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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APPENDIX E
TRIBUTARY DATA
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