PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME 2
Conference
In the matter of Pollution off
the Interstate Waters off the
Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River,Calumet
Wolff Lake, Lake Michigan
and theirTributaries
MARCH 2-9,1965
U. S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
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IQN AGENCT
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, and WELFARE
*ซ**
Conference in the matter of pollution of
the interstate waters of the Grand Calumet
River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River,
Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake and their tribu-
taries (Indiana-Illinois).
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MR. MURRAY STEIN, Chairman
****
Mccormick Place
Banquet Room
9:30 o'clock a.m.
March 3, 1965
Chicago, Illinois
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CONFEREES:
2 MR. H. W. POSTON,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
U.S. Public Health Service, Division of
Water Supply & Pollution Control,
Regional Program Director, Illinois
MR. BLUCHER A. PC-OLE, Technical Secretary, and
6 MR. PERRY MILLER,
Stream Pollution Control Board,
State Board of Health, Indiana.
8 MR. CLARENCE W. KLASSEN, Technical Secretary, and
MR. RICHARD NELLE,
State Sanitary Water Board, Department of
Public Health, Illinois.
11 MR. FRANK W. CHESROW, President, and
MR. GEORGE A. LANE,
The Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago, Illinois.
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least from the Federal enforcement Program standpoint is
2 that we can't get lost; we move on inexorably.
3 With that, I hope as many of you who can will
4 be back tomorrow, because tomorrow is going to be Hoosier
5 Day and I've never been in Indiana or in contact with an
6 Indianan where I haven't thoroughly been enchanted and I am
sure you all will be if you come back tomorrow.
g We stand recessed until 9:30 tomorrow.
(Whereupon the proceedings in the above
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entitled matter were continued to March 4, 1965, at 9:30
o'clock A.M.)
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f\f\
Environmental Protection Agency
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PVf --. . /: '....oi.j
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U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1966 0799-412
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ones that have been pointed out as contributing to pollution:
You are obligated to find a solution to it. You can't look
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to anybody elsฎ. This is your responsibility.
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You know, or you should know, what you are
putting into the streams without being told.
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However, you have been told and in this parti-
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the industry and the municipalities, regardless of where they
are, as representing the objectives and the target objectives
so far as the State of Illinois is concerned, that you are the
cular conference and there can be no, as I see it, no further
excuses for saying that you don't know.
There are two questions and I am directing
this particularly at the people we will hear from tomorrow.
There are two questions that we would like
answered, what are you going to do and when are you going to
do it?
Now, when we talk about a schedule and time-
wise I can only say this, that if you are now discharging,
whether you are a municipality or an industry, if you are now
discharging pollution into these waters, as far as the
Illinois Sanitary Water Board is concerned, you are already
behind schedule.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, thank you, Mr. Klassen.
I might indicate that part of our reputation at
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j MR. KLASSEN: This is this pattern has been, and I
2 assume will be followed.
Well, one or two summary remarks on behalf of
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the State of Illinois.
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The Sanitary Water Board area particularly
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today and it's been planned this way, you have heard primarily
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from the water users and those that have or represent prime
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interest in clean water and water pollution abatement.
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We have also up to this point in the conference
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heard a review of the problems that are existing; some of
these are new, but most of them have been known.
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Some have been brought out at this hearing.
I think this is strictly a personal comment,
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the thought given so far to this whole pollution problem
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and the south end of Lake Michigan reminds me of the same
thought that was given to the disposal of solid wastes in the
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feudal castle days and I only get this from reading, it is
my understanding that the garbage was thrown on the floor
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among the rushes that were spread around on the castle floor
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and the garbage was kicked around until it got lost.
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I have a feeling from hearing the presentations
today that there are some that were hoping that this thing
Mซ
would be kicked around again. It's been kicked around again
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and the problem would be lost.
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I want to say this and I am addressing, too,
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The reason that obviously when you see the
map of the Sanitary Water Board, my responsibility did not
include industry because the industrial complex and the
industry included in this report are not within the jurisdic-
tion of the State Sanitary Water Board area.
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I Just want to summarize that does that
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answer your question, Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: Well, I think it is important that we hear
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from all concerned and I Just wanted to bring this out.
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I guess you answered my question.
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MR. KLASSEN: Yes, I assume that if the Sanitary District
at the time of their presentation desires to have industry
heard from, that is their prerogative.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Poston, I thought I pointed out the
Federal law: this is a state responsibility. The conferees
are both Federal and state agency participants. The conferees
in addition, may call upon participants whom they have invited
to the conference to make statements. Invitees are limited to
those who the states invite.
Now, I think as far as the Federal participa-
tion is concerned, we are not getting geared to the refine-
ments of state Jurisdictional problems and the state either
invites someone or doesn't invite them. It is not our preroga-
tive to invite anyone other than the other Federal agencies and
the state agencies concerned.
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598
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Stein, this concludes the presentation
of people to appear on behalf of the State Sanitary Water
Board.
I am going to wind up here with about a two
minute or a minute and half
MR. POSTON: I would like to break in, Mr. Klassen.
There has been a lot of discussion concerning
industrial pollution in the Calumet area and we have been
given information on this.
I wondered whether you plan to have any
industry be heard concerning their thoughts and their wastes,
that they may or may not empty into the Calumet River branch.
MR. KLASSEN: Possibly my remarks yesterday or this
morning were overlooked.
The legislation or, as I indicated, has
exempted the Chicago Sanitary District from the Jurisdiction
of the State Sanitary Water Board. This is the reason that we
have two conferees or co-conferees representing the state of
Illinois and the Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
The co-conferees representing the Sanitary
District was advised and I am sure that they understand this.
It is their responsibility and their prerogative to call any
industry or any municipality coming within the Sanitary Distric
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All data is reported periodically to the
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, which agency regulates water
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pollution control in Illinois outside the limits of the
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Metropolitan Sanitary District of greater Chicago.
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We believe the Illinois Sanitary Water Board
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has done an outstanding Job of controlling water pollution.
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The record shows that the responsibility for water pollution
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control has been accepted locally and by the state.
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Increased industrial activity, soaring popula-
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tion, new housing and commercial development, and greater
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utilization of our natural resources, challenge the District
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to keep abreast of its responsibility to provide water pol-
lution control for the Lake Michigan area of Lake County,
Illinois.
Additional collection and treatment facilities
will have to be provided in the near future in order to meet
the needs within the District. Furthermore, adjacent areas
linked to the North Shore by reasons of commerce, culture,
business, or recreation are looking to the District for a
solution to their sewage problems and for protection of their
Lake Michigan water supply and recreation waters from contami-
nation as a basis for a healthful, orderly growth and develop-
ment. The basic need for the District is as real today as it
as when the enabling legislation was approved by the General
ssembly in 1911.
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Beach
Winthrop
Harbor
Zion
25th Street
Illinois
Beach State
Park
Lake Shore
along
Pershing Road
Waukegan
FOBS Park
U. S. N.
Lake Bluff
Lake Forest
Highwood
Park Avenue
Ravine Drive
Rosewood
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Humber
of
Samples
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55
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55
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53
53
27
56
51*
a
9 6
Per
Coli.
629
370
29k
395
266
820
537
390
290
283
328
299
2=
100 ML
Strep.
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9
9
6
3
13
12
7
5
6
9
9
1
Rtunber
of
Samples
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57
57
53
57
57
63
57
16
57
57
57
9 6
Per
Coli
155
OJฃ
111
2ltf
87
278
181
192
152
182
137
2lli
3__
100 ML.
. Strep*
5
5
5
k
3
7
U
5
5
1;
It
7
1
Number
of
Samples
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62
63
63
63
63
20
63
61
32
62
63
63
9 6
Per
Co'l'i
139
155
107
88
5k
192
76
201
182
2U2
183
25k
302
U
100 ML
._ Strep,
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U*
10
9
5
20
9
13
15
17
U*
18
22
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testing, the District has established a laboratory to perform
extensive physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses.
This laboratory has been issued a Certificate of Approval from
the Illinois Department of Public Health under the Bureau of
Sanitary Bacteriology and Laboratory Approval Program.
In 1964 the District completed its seventeenth
consecutive summer season of routine sampling and bacterial
analyses of Lake Michigan waters along the North shore between
the Wisconsin State Line and Cook County. This comprehensive
program includes determinations of the water quality at the
public beaches in Lake Michigan, and of the discharges from
the District's disposal plants, and from industries.
Since 1947 when the special sampling program at
bathing beaches within the District was initiated by the Board
of Trustees at the request of the Illinois State Department of
Health, thousands of samples have been analyzed and a great
deal of information has been accumulated concerning the
quality of waters of Lake Michigan along the North Shore. It
is known that this quality varies with the weather, ravine
flow, conditions of the lake, and the characteristics of dis-
charges into it.
Following is a summary of water quality data,
showing the geometric mean for coliforms and streptococcus,
based on results obtained using the membrane filter technique.
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120 per 100 ML.
2. Outboard Marine Corporation. Small amounts
of oil separator effluent. No other contaminants.
3. U. S. Steel Waukegan Works. An estimated
10 M.G.D., approximately two-thirds of which is neutralized
and treated pickle liquors, the balance from rinses, galvaniz-
ing, general mill operations, etc. No organic or conform
contaminants.
4. Abbott Laboratories. Activated sludge type,
with year-round chlorinatlon. Coliform geometric mean of ^7
per 100 ML.
5. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 0.35
M.G.D. of neutralized acid. A small amount of suspended
solids from the unused lime. No other contaminants.
The District's "Ordinance Relating to Sewers and
Sewer Systems" sets forth conditions under which sewers may be
constructed and used within the District. This Ordinance is
particularly valuable in protecting both the District and the
municipalities within it from unsatisfactory sewer construction
and from various abuses of the sewers and interceptors already
involved, have cooperated excellently to make the Ordinance
effective.
As a means of continuously determining the
effectiveness of its own treatment processes, and of performing
special industrial, Lake Michigan or stream sampling and
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593
plant at Its rifle range north of Zion, with intermittent
effluent discharges to Lake Michigan during the summer
months.
During the last decade, the muncipalities and
industries within the District have also spent millions of
dollars to control and prevent water pollution. Many miles
of new sewer have been laid to collect sewage formerly
treated inadequately by individual septic tanks, and to pro-
vide for new residential and industrial development.
Untreated or partially treated sewage dis-
charged to creeks, to ravines, and to the east fork of the
north branch of the Chicago River, has been intercepted and
conveyed to sanitary district treatment facilities.
All of the industries have complied with the
District's requirements for treatment of wastes before dis-
charge to the receiving waters or for pre-treatment before
discharge to the sewage disposal facilities of the District
by installing a variety of controls, pre-treatment facilities,
complete treatment works, or by revising manufacturing
processes.
Industrial effluents, other than cooling
water, are discharged to Lake Michigan from the following:
1. Johns-Manvilie Corporation. A lagoon
effluent of approximately 12 M.G.D., with negligible five-day
B.O.D. and suspended solids. 1964 conform geometric mean
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North Chicago, Lake Bluff, Lake Forest, and Highland Park,
with the effluent being discharged to the River.
The flow to the Clavey Road plant is primarily
of domestic origin, although industrial areas west of Waukegan
are rapidly being developed. With the exception of a small
flow from the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant in Lake
Bluff which receives secondary treatment, no industrial wastes
are discharged to the River, but are treated at the Clavey
Road plant of the District.
The 1961-1964 average flow to the Clavey Road
plant was 2.40 M.G.D., with a final effluent containing 315
pounds of five-day B.O.D. No deterioration of the River in
Cook County, south of the plant, has been noted, as evidenced
by the sampling program begun before the plant was built and
continued regularly since it was put into operation.
Two Federal installations located on Lake
Michigan, in Lake County, Illinois, who do not come under the
Jurisdiction of the North Shore Sanitary District, are the
Great Lakes Naval Training Center and the U.S. Army, Fort
Sheridan. Both have sewage treatment plants, with effluent
discharge to the lake.
The Naval Training Center also has a sewage
treatment plant located on the east fork of the north branch
of the Chicago River which serves a portion of its facilities.
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A. Waukegan activated sludge type, with
year-around chlorlnation.
B. North Chicago highprate trickling
filter type, with year-around chlorination.
C. Lake Bluff, Lake Forest and Park Avenue,
Ravine Drive, and Gary Avenue, Highland Park Imhoff tanks,
with four months of summer chlorination. Outfalls, with
diffusers, ranging from 800 to 1,800 feet into Lake Michigan.
A summary of averages of pertinent effluent
data for the period 1961 through 1964 follows:
Effluent Quality and Characteristics
1964 Conforms
Location Flow, 5-Day per 100 ML
M.G.D. B.O.D.,lbs. Geometric Mean
9.79 1,679
3.39 1,405
.327 240
221
29
80
66
191
48
82
Waukegan
North Chicago
Lake Bluff
Lake Forest 1,429 762
Park Avenue,Highland Park .843 6l3
Ravine Drive,Highland Park .424 263
Gary Avenue,Highland Park .889 459
The east fork of the north branch of the Chi-
cago River has its headwaters west of Waukegan, within the
<*
boundaries of the North Shore Sanitary District, its
eighteen-mile length is paralleled by a Sanitary District
intercepting sewer terminating at an activated sludge plant on
Clavey Road in Highland Park. This plant serves the cities of
Park City and Highwood and the western portions of Waukegan,
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facilities were constructed to serve the sewered areas in
Zion, North Chicago, Lake Bluff, Lake Forest, Highwood, and
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portions of Waukegan and Highland Park. This construction was
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financed out of the general tax levy. In the 1930's a bond
issue, coupled with a PWA grant, provided for the construc-
tion of a new plant and interceptor for Waukegan; new treat-
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ment works in Winthrop Harbor and at Cary Avenue and Racine
Drive in Highland Park; and major additions to the plants in
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North Chicago, Lake Forest, and Highwood.
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Following a program of education and wise
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publicity, the voters, by a margin of more than two to one,
approved a bond issue in 1953 for a comprehensive construction
program.
This included major additions to the existing
treatment works at Waukegan and North Chicago; a new treat-
ment plant in Highland Park and an intercepting sewer from
Waukegan to Highland Park to serve the Skokle Valley; an
intercepting sewer from Winthrop Harbor to Waukegan, with
pumping stations at Winthrop Harbor and Zlon; extended out-
falls into Lake Michigan at five lakefront plants; and other
plant improvements. This program was completed in 1961, at
a cost of over eight million dollars.
Sewage treatment plants with effluents dis-
charging to Lake Michigan are operating by the North Shore
Sanitary District at the following locations:
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Lake Michigan Water Commission was organized to study pol-
lution of the lake and its effect upon water supplies.
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A second group, organized under the auspices
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of the Chicago Association of Commerce and known as the Lake
Michigan Sanitary Association, urged in December 1908, that a
sanitary survey be made along the north shore as far north
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as Waukegan.
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As a result, early in 1909, a rather informal
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organization to study the problem locally was formed. It was
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known as the North Shore Sanitary Association, with its
stated purpose "to investigate sanitary problems along the
North Shore, and endeavor to work out a solution of the same."
On June 5* 1911* approval was given by the
Illinois Legislature to "An Act to create sanitary districts
and to provide for sewage," which Act applied specifically
to the area along the North Shore.
In 191^, a part of this area was organized
under this Act as the North Shore Sanitary District, its
boundaries have since been extended to include the entire
shoreline of Lake County, Illinois. The Act states that "The
Board of Trustees of any sanitary district organized under
this Act shall have power to provide for the disposal of the
sewage thereof and to save and preserve the water supplied to
the inhabitants of such district from contamination...."
Between 1922 and 1928, sewage treatment
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Parks and Recreation Committee
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Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conference"
MR. KLASSEN: Also, now, there is a statement of Mr.
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but the lake recognizes no boundary lines; the waste pours
into our beaches and into our drinking water.
Only Federal action can stop the gradual ruin
of Lake Michigan. We urge full use of the Water Pollution
Act and recommendations by the Department of Health, Education,
and welfare, and of more stringent statutory controls of
industrial waste.
Respectfully,
George Overton, Chairman
Raymond E. Anderson, General Manager, North Shore Sanitary
District, Waukegan (Lake County) Illinois.
15 MR. ANDERSON: Mr. Chairman:
The development of the area along the North
Shore of Lake Michigan proceeded slowly until about the turn
of the Century, by which time the problem of water supply and
pollution control arose. The larger towns in Lake County,
Illinois, which draw their water supplies from Lake Michigan,
found that untreated sewage from these same towns was pol-
luting their source of drinking water.
Although some protective measures were taken
early in 1900, the problem became increasingly more serious
for all the shore towns of Lake Michigan. In April 1908, the
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MR. CHESROW: Thank you.
2
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CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Stein, I have a statement from the
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Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conference that I would like in thซ
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record.
c CHAIRMAN STEIN: It may go in.
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STATEMENT PROM THE HYDE PARK-KENWOOD COMMUNITY
CONFERENCE
The Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conference is
a neighborhood organization serving Hyde Park-Kenwood areas
in the southeastern portion of Chicago. The region fronts on
Lake Michigan from 47th to 69th Streets. The Conference
serves as the center for local planning actions and as the
spokesman for the community before government agencies.
The residents of the Hyde Park and Kenwood
communities use Lake Michigan not only for their drinking water
but also as their recreation area. A row of parks fronting
on the lake provide the residents with much of their leisure
time facilities.
We are deeply concerned with mounting pollution
in Lake Michigan. We have examined the United States Public
Health Service report on Lake Michigan and we are appalled to
learn that tons of sulfuric acid, cyanide, and oil waste are
poured into the lake daily by steel mills in the South Chicago-
Gary region. Most of this waste is poured into Indiana waters,
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! end that this resource of great value will be protected and
2 enhanced.
3 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Are there any comments or questions?
4 MR. CHESROW: Mr. Stein.
c CHAIRMAN STEIN: Yes?
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ซ MR. CHESROW: First, let me compliment Mr. Ackermann
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and the
0 CHAIRMAN STEIN: This isn't Mr. Ackermann.
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MR. CHESROW: Mr. Ackermann wrote it.
y
Compliment him on that last paragraph and his
n conclusions.
They are very well put and most desirable.
By the same token, I haven't been able to
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follow his talk because I have a copy of a previous statement
and I understand this is a condensed version.
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,D MR. LARSON: That is correct. This is the official one.
lb
17 MR. CHESROW: Until I have had an opportunity to go over
18 this condensed version with our attorneys and, incidentally,
as you know, did you know our lake diversion case I would
Is)
like to reserve the right to make any comments on the condense(
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version.
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CHAIRMAN STEIN: Will you be here for the rest of the
2.6
conference?
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DR. LARSON: Yes.
ป4
25 CHAIRMAN STEIN: If you have any questions tomorrow or
thereafter, we may be able to resolve them.
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l that he include individual mineral constituents in one of the
2 parameters for monitoring the water quality.
3 The Illinois River basin also is affected by
4 waste discharges in the Calumet River as It enters the state
e and as it flows by way of the Calumet Sag Channel to the
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e Sanitary and Ship Canal to the Des Plaines River and the
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Illinois River.
However, it is assumed that this is not a
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matter of direct concern in the present conference.
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Conclusions
In the concern of the Illinois Technical
Advisory Committee on Water Resources, "unnecessary pollution
can be associated with toxic or otherwise harmful discharges
to lakes and streams, and the Committee, therefore, urges
its elimination.
We do not consider any water problems
whether they be local, state, interstate, or international
as unsolvable, although we must be continually searching for
new solutions, which, above all, require coordinated efforts.
We consider Lake Michigan and its related
waters a Joint asset of great present and future value. It is
our firm intention to contribute in every way possible to the
present conference and any subsequent activities by making
information available, by contributing to its analysis, by
reasoning together, and by evaluating our alternatives to the
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584
Obviously, a considerable degree of control was exercised at
this time or some changes in industrial development were
taking place.
If the lower average chloride values over the
early period are extrapolated, the natural rate of increase of
chloride without excessive pollution would be about 2.5 mg/1
in 100 years. In 1963 a value indicating three times this rat
has been recorded. During the past fifteen years the rate of
increase has been approximately 1.8 mg/1 per 15 years, or, by
comparison an unnatural 12 mg/1 per 100 years (almost five
times the normal rate).
The data on sulfate increase is even more
notable. The early data are not sufficiently defined to
suggest a normal rate of increase, but since 1948, the general
rate of increase is about 3.5 mg/1 per 10 years with a sudden
rise Just prior to 1948 and again in 1963.
Now, I want to add something not in the text
here.
The actual levels of concentration on the
chart are tight. They are not too serious in themselves.
They do represent an appreciable amount of
dilution from the concentration of the center of pollution.
The thing that is of real interest and concern
is the accelerated rate of increase in the most recent years
and I would like, at this time, to recommend to Mr. Poston
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582
i shows the available records on these increases over the past
2 hundred years. The data were obtained on request from the
3 Bureau of Water of the Chicago Department of Water and Sewers.
4 Of particular interest are three features of
5 this chart. First is the general increase over this period,
6 which is presently at a significantly greater rate. Second is
7 the variability of the data which is particularly significant
8 during the most recent fifteen year period. This variability
9 is considered to be due to the directional changes in flow of
10 water at the southern end of the lake and a center of increas-
n ing exceptional pollution.
12 Therefore, the general increase and the greater
13 variability of the data during the past fifteen years is
14 attributed to increasing waste discharges from the south of
15 the sampling point at Dunne Crib.
16 The third feature of the data is the inconsis-
17 tent ratio of sulfate to chloride. This inconsistency, which
18 ranges from 2.2 to 4.3, range of variability indicates more
19 than one type of waste discharge.
20 To a lesser degree there was some variability
2l of quality in 1862, but most of these samples were collected
22 closer to the mouth of the Chicago River and before the flow
23 was reversed.
24 Another feature is the relatively constant and
2S low rate of increase during the period between 1938 and 1948.
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18
19
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21
22
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581
Lake Michigan has represented a bountiful water
resource for many purposes. Its quality is of great importance
to the communities on and beyond its border. Creeping destruc-
tion of this natural excellent quality is of great concern to
the State of Illinois from an economic standpoint as well as
from the standpoint of the health and well being of its
citizens.
The health and well being of the citizens of
Illinois now depending on this principal adequate source of
supply is paramount and to a great degree so is the economy
of this important commercial and industrial center of the
State and the Nation.
One parameter that may seem to be innocuous is
the chloride ion, normally from salt. This ingredient,
chloride, is present in human waste discharges and therefore,
in waste treatment effluents. When present in increasing
concentrations with time, it can, therefore, be an indication
of the increase of other components from such discharges, many
of which are unidentified. Increasing concentrations also
promote increasing corrosion of metals in contact with the
water. An increase in sulfate likewise can indicate the
presence of an industrial waste discharge with other accompany
ing unidentified components.
This is taking place at an accelerated rate
in the southern end of Lake Michigan. The accompanying figure
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580
l fertilizers.
2 The public becomes aware of water pollution
3 only when it is in a noticeable form usually visible sus-
4 pended matter, floating debris, green scum (algae growth), or
an unpleasant odor. In such cases, the public shuns the
O
recreational area, and its value is diminished. A much
D
greater concern, however, is the unseen pollution which may
0 be hazardous to health.
O
The State of Illinois, Department of Conserva-
8
tion advises that it is developing more detailed and specific
data on recreation which is relevant to this conference and
wishes an opportunity to submit this at an early date.
Health and Economy
13 -JL. -__. T-- j.r--j.-: T-
In Illinois statewide planning for the develop-
14
ment and use of its water resources, quality is recognized as
15
being as important as quantity. Quality is important to the
16
industrial as well as domestic user. When water of inferior
17
quality is provided to industries by self development or by
18
public water utilities, supplementary treatment to correct
*y
inferior quality is an economic loss to the industry, and if
20
industry should choose a more favorable site on this basis,
tป\.
it then becomes an economic loss to the community and to the
22
state. Similarly, if recreational facilities are degraded,
23
the degraded environment for adequate living conditions result!
24
in a loss to the industry as well as to the community and the
25
State.
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579
pected to increase threefold during the 40-year period from
I960 to 2000, and most of this increase will be concentrated
in and near metropolitan areas such as northeastern Illinois.
This means that either more intense use will need to be made
of present water recreation facilities or more facilities will
need to be made available. An effect of this projected in-
crease in participation has been an increase in the relative
importance of recreation in water resources development
projects.
Since recreational use is a flow or on-site
n use of water, it can be measured in terms of available
12 facilities. Current Water-oriented recreational use in north-
13 eastern Illinois amounts to 651 swimming pools, 187 miles of
14 publicly-owned streams, 25*873 surface areas of inland lakes
1S and the recreational opportunities afforded by Lake Michigan.
16 When compared with other metropolitan areas, Northeastern
17 Illinois ranks low in existing public facilities for outdoor
18 recreation, but high in the degree of intensity of use of thesซ
19 facilities.
20 Pollution has been recognized as one of the
21 major limitations of water recreation activities in metropoli-
22 tan areas. The pollution results from the discharge of
23 industrial and municipal wastes, storm water overflows, seepage
24 from septic systems, discharge from pleasure boats, and runoff
25 from lawns and agricultural areas that leaches chemicals and
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578
MCHENRY
i
N
\
SCALE OF MILES
0 5 10
LAKE
MICHIGAN
KANE
GR
V////A AREA REQUIRING LAKE WATER
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577-A
people will be in the Chicago metropolitan area. Studies
conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey show conclusively
that the State's interior water resources, even when fully
utilized, will be inadequate, and increasing dependence must
be made on Lake Michigan waters for water supply.
6 The accompanying map shows by shading the esti-
7 mated geographical area which will need to be supplied from
8 the lake in the year 2000. (See Map - next page)
Q Recreation
y ... .. i .._... -
10 Outdoor recreation is a major leisure time
activity and generates an estimated $20 billion a year
12
13
14
is
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
national market for goods and services. Water is a focal
point of outdoor recreation "people want water to swim and
fish in, to run their boats across, to dive under and to ski
over." In addition to all the water activities which actually
use water, many other activities are directly enhanced by the
presence of bodies of water. Such activities include
picnicking, walking and driving for pleasure, as well as all
forms of waterfowl hunting. Thus, the presence of appropriate
water bodies exerts almost as much influence as access in
determining the adequacy of recreation resources of metropoli-
tan residents.
The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Committ-
ee (ORRRC) has speculated that increasing income, leisure time,
mobility and population will result in more participation in
outdoor recreation in the future. This participation is ex-
-------
577
The interests of this Illinois Committee
extends to programs aimed at developing and exploiting one of
mankind's greatest assets - the waters of our Great Lakes.
The lakes provide us, not only with a source of
water for human and industrial use, but also with a highway of
commerce, a source of fisheries and magnificent area of
recreation. However, there are problems including the
control of pollution through human, industrial and shipping
9 wastes.
10 We must seek to manage these pollution sources
in such a way as not to destroy any of the major actual and
12 potential values of the lakes.
13 Difficulties are ever present and finding
14 solutions to the complex matters that limit our realization
15 of full opportunity from the Great Lakes is our primary task.
16 Present problems can be resolved by the prepara--
17 tion of short and long-range management plans for future
18 protection and development of the Great Lakes. These plans,
however, are going to take an even greater effort than we have
2Q been making in the past, a high order of cooperation and all
21 of the collective information and intelligence we can bring
22 to bear on the subject.
23 Water Supply
24 Of primary importance to the State of Illinois
25 is the availability of Lake Michigan as a source of water
supply. By the year 2000 it is predicted that some ten million
-------
576
l Chief, State Geological Survey Division,
2 Department of Registration and Education.
3 Chief Waterway Engineer, Division of Waterways,
4 Department of Public Works and Buildings.
5 The Committee performs four major tasks to
6 supplement the functions assigned to the respective agencies.
7 First, the Committee is charged with advising
9 the Governor on technical issues affecting maximum beneficial
9 use of Illinois' water resources.
10 Second, the Committee determines ways to co-
11 ordlnate water uses and agency activities in the state to
12 achieve maximum beneficial use.
13 Third, the Governor receives advice on proposed
14 legislation from the Technical Advisory Committee. Besides
15 reviewing proposals, the Committee may recommend legislation
16 to further conservation and development of the State's water
17 resources. The Committee gives particular attention to the
18 problems of multiple use and reuse of water, and to the
19 resolution of conflicts.
20 Finally, the Committee is assisting the Board
21 of Economic Development, the State's planning agency, in the
22 formulation of a statewide water development plan. The neces-
23 sary studies are under way now. Each agency is responsible
24 for certain appropriate phases of the work, and the Committee
25 will recommend policies and programs for assuring the State's
water uses of adequate future supplies.
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575
A statement has been prepared by this Technical
Advisory Committee on Water Resources and it will be presented
by Dr. T. E. Larson.
DR. LARSON: Mr. Chairman, conferees:
My name is T. E. Larson, Assistant Chief of the
Illinois State Water Survey.
I am reading this for Mr. Ackermann, who is a
member of the Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water
Resources.
I am pleased to be here today as the designated
representative of the Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on
Water Resources. This Committee Is a body created by State
statute in 1963 to coordinate the several and interrelated
water resources responsibilities of state agencies. The
Committee is composed of the following individuals who direct
the principal water resources agencies of state government:
Executive Director, Board of Economic Develop-
ment, Chairman of Committee.
Chief, State Water Survey Division, Department
of Registration and Education.
Superintendent, Division of Soil and Water
Conservation, Department of Agriculture.
Director, Department of Conservation.
Chief, Division of Sanitary Engineering,
Department of Public Health.
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574
tion between the discharge of a pollutant and an effect, do
we have anything with which to get at it.
Sometimes getting at these causal connections
is very, very difficult.
Mr. Beecher pointed out that he suspected
certain types of materials or parts of materials being re-
sponsible for these deaths. But I think that we should not
delude ourselves that until we are pretty sure that we
ascertain the cause of the destruction.
Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: We have one more presentation for the State
of Illinois.
We have a Governor in the State of Illinois who
has a real interest in water, water pollution.
When he took office some four about four
years ago while the many state agencies that were Involved
in water questioned an informal working arrangement, it was
through Governor Kerner's efforts that a bill was passed
creating a Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources.
This legalized the working relationship that
formerly existed and still does between all of the state
agencies involved in the questions of water.
The administrative home of this agency is in
the Board of Economic Development, but membership consists of
the various state agencies that have this interest in water.
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573
! CHAIRMAN STEIN: Are there any comments or questions?
2 For those of you who are still here, I would
3 like you to turn your attention to the last two speakers. I
4 think it may be wise to take a minute and give you at least
5 what I believe might conceivably be a limitation of what we caii
6 do as a result of a conference of this type in enforcement
7 procedures.
g Now, whatever you may think about the dismal
9 effect of killing loons or protecting the loons under our law,
10 we are still bound by a nasty little item that we have to
u show a causal connection between a discharge of wastes and
12 damage.
13 It very well may be that the proposals we
14 heard from Mr. Gerstein this morning will protect the water
15 supply. It very well may be that we may come up with something;
16 which will protect the beaches, or maybe these proposals of
17 Mr. Gerstein will be broad enough to do that.
18 Unless we can ascertain with reasonable cer-
19 tainty, or have a fairly good notion of what causes alewives
20 to die, or loons to die, or geese or ducks to die, we are
21 going to have a pretty hard time controlling that.
22 The alternative to that is to prevent dls-
23 charges of any wastes, and as good as we think we are, I am
24 not sure we can quite do that. I do think that we have to
25 recognize when, and only when, we can find the causal connec-
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572
Michigan, Wolf Lake and their tributaries - Illinois and
Indiana. We think the recommended criteria in the above re-
port to be a good set of standards and, therefore, recommend
to the conference that such water quality criteria be accepted
as standards for the water quality at the lower end of Lake
Michigan.
The basic economics of the possible future
pollution of the lakefront as far north as Edgewater would
certainly affect the property values of the area. If this
pollution continues, the City of Chicago would certainly lower
tax revenue in the area of Edgewater.
To be realistic, we in the Edgewater Community
Council are, therefore, committed to the idea that this con-
ference will hopefully come forth with a solution to this
pollution before it becomes more troublesome than it is at
present.
We wish to thank the United States Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control, Region V, Chicago, Illinois, for the
advice given to our Conservation Committee in giving us the
data to read. It is refreshing to see again the cooperation
from governmental bodies with civic organizations in the
attempt to make this world of ours a better place to live and
work.
Respectfully submitted.
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3
wood Avenue, on the north side, Devon Avenue and on the east
side the Lakefront.
. At the direction of the Executive Board of the
6
Edgewater Community Council, I was appointed to come to this
0 meeting and observe, as well as state the position of the
8
Edgewater Community with regards to the pollution at the lower
a
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571
John Kilcullen, Conservation Officer for the Edgewater
Community Council. Our boundaries in the City of Chicago are
on the south side, Poster Avenue, on the west side, Ravens-
end of Lake Michigan. This community is concerned, as all
people are, in a quality of water good enough to drink and
swim in.
The Council is aware of the problem of metro-
politan planning because it is proposed in the Comprehensive
Policies of the Chicago Plan, to extend the landfill in the
lake north from Hollywood to the city limits.
Our first question, therefore, is: "if this
pollution is not corrected at the southern end of Lake Michi-
gan now, what will the quality of the water be at the beaches
in five or ten years?" The next question we have to ask:
"What authority will establish water quality standards?"
Using Chapter VIII: "Effects of Wastes in
Water Quality and Water Uses" - Water Quality Criteria is
described in the report on pollution of the water of the
Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Lake
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21
22
23
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25
570
Loren Woods.
He doesn't seem to know either. This is one
2
of the mysteries.
3
I would say this, that, certainly, the Great
Lakes study of the waters of Lake Michigan should be studied
O
by a complete study. I think money should be provided on a
6
grant basis for universities who wish to make studies like tha'
out of the United States Public Health Service funds, perhaps.
8
MR. POSTON: You also talked about insoluble poisons in
9
the bottom of the lake. Would you care to expand?
10
DR. BEECHER: This is actually drawn from Grover Cook's
findings and I would prefer that you discuss this with him.
12
MR. POSTON: Thank you.
13
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Klassen?
14
MR. KLASSEN: The Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs
merely wanted to indicate their interest in the subject.
Is Mrs. Roman Ford here? Would she stand up
Just to be recognized?
Apparently, she is not here.
The Edgewater Community Council, which is the
north part of the City of Chicago, desires to place in the
record a statement which will be given by Mr. Kilcullen, their
Conservation Officer.
MR. KILCULLEN: Conferees from Illinois, Indiana and the
United States Government, ladies and gentlemen: My name is
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569
whirlpool first described by Dr. Edmund Andrews, once Director
of the Academy, I think that this is the time to call a halt
to this sort of thing.
I don't think we can be very soft about it,
either. I think when the levels of pollution that are
allowable are set, that they will have to be very stringently
enforced and to stick with it. Because the thing that many
people don't seem to realize today is that we live in a
biological world. We are part of this world.
There are some things you can't do. People
keep thinking science can bail us out.
We do this wrong and that wrong and science
will save us.
This is something that science can't do. When
you start fooling around with the drinking water, you are
taking some awful risks.
So, I think that will be it.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you Doctor. Just one moment,
there may be a question.
MR. POSTON: I would like to ask Dr. Beecher what causes
the alewives to die each year?
I have noticed, being a smelt fisherman, that
we seem to get more and more alewives each year and we get
large numbers and they die. I am unable
DR. BEECHER: I am an ornithologist. I say, when we come
to a question like this, I have asked the same question of
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568
Much of the Industrial waste lies on the bottom
of Lake Michigan, essentially an insoluble, poisonous mass.
It may be significant that the bird deaths occurred in the
fall at a time when Lake Michigan begins its overturn - when
cooling surface waters sink to mix with lower strata. Possibl;
the mingling of wastes from the lower strata into the biologic-
al food chain of microorganisms, at this time caused the
deaths of fish and birds.
As of this date, we do not know what killed
them but it is clear that Lake Michigan must be cleaned up.
We have made a barbarous use of one of the world's outstand-
ing natural resources, poisoned wildlife and threatened
the lives of millions of people.
15 pollution.
My additional statement is about the amount of
Actually, I agree very firmly with Mr. Meserow
and seemed shocked that industry has never made any attempt to
clean up by itself. Apparently, they have stringent laws to
keep this pollution down. In fact, the one steel company down
there in Indiana has dumped every day 990 pounds of ammonia
nitrogen into Lake Michigan, 60 pounds of total nitrogen, 250
phenol, 60 pounds of cyanide, 7700 pounds of oil into the lake
every day. It is rather frightening and shocking.
Certainly, one of the reasons why we have this
large blob of poison out in the middle of the lake and the
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567
The introduction of smelt and sea lamprey have
wiped out the lake trout and most of the burbot, almost wiping
out the fishing industry as well. The alewife has displaced
3
the lake herring and the bloater has increased greatly in
numbers. Thus, the so-called "rough-fish", ones having no
5
market value, have displaced those which formerly supported
6
the Lake Michigan fishing industry. Alewlves are cast up in
huge windrows every summer from Wilmette over to the Michigan
O
side. The beach becomes impossible for swimming; the stench
9
is that of a huge garbage heap.
10
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25
But these are not the Only changes. It has
been reported by the United States Public Health Service that
the equivalent of raw sewage of approximately 4,500,000 people
is dumped into the Great Lakes. Increased nutrients in the
lake over past decades have increased the abundance of algae,
feeding on bacteria. The increase in green algae has been
reported along beaches of the Indiana and Michigan shore, so
that it is impossible to use the beach for recreation. Skin
divers have encountered clouds of algae miles from shore.
The Increased use of the lake by aea-going
vessels and by pleasure boats may be an element in this pol-
lution, but the industrial waste from steel mills and other
industries in the Calumet area of northern Indiana has been
well documented in the United States Public Health Service
report of February 1965.
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566
There the toxicological examinations under Dr.
Carlton Herman of Fish and Wildlife Service were delayed by
immunization of the staff against Type E botulism before a
study could be undertaken. However, eight months later, it was
clear that botulism could not be accepted as the answer.
Some of the dead birds showed no sign of it in their organs.
Some 80 birds injected with the bacterium showed no signs of
being affected at all.
Now, more than a year later, we still do not
know what killed these birds. Insecticides, industrial pol-
lution and poisons of unknown origin are suspect.
In the fall of 1964 some 5,000 further deaths
were reported at the north end of Lake Michigan between St.
Ignace and the Wisconsin border. Of these, 3500 were loons,
bringing the total of loon deaths for 1963 and 1964 to about
6500. Since loons lay only two eggs a season, such a loss
is difficult to make up; in fact, it is estimated that this
wipes out most of the loon population lying north of the Great
Lakes Region.
These deaths of very hardy species of birds,
living mainly on fish, are alarming in themselves but are
symptomatic of something seriously wrong in Lake Michigan.
Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, Chicago Natural History
Museum, has reported the extensive biological changes that have
taken place in Lake Michigan in the past 35 years.
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565
l 1857, it was known then as the first museum in the west.
One of the early directors, in i860, was the
tป
first person to write scientifically about the occurrence of
3
life in Lake Michigan. The paper he wrote for the Academy
4
is scarce because the whole supply was burned up in the Chlcag
O
Well, the Academy has grown on from those days
and has been interested in education of the public as regards
8
biology and things of that nature and we very frequently have
9
groups of school children and teachers out to study the life
and stream life of local areas.
So, we are interested in pollution.
I am going to read the statement, that is the
13
quickest way to get it out of the way, then I want to make one
14
additional comment.
15
During the second week of November 1963, thou-
16
sands of gulls, loons and fish-eating ducks were found dead
and dying on beaches of Lake Michigan from Gary eastward and
18
up the Michigan shore. The total estimate was in excess of
10,000 birds.
20
I alerted the United States Fish and Wildlife
21
Service and the United States Public Health Service, Great
22
Lakes -Illinois River Basins Project. Mr. Grover Cook, biolo-
23
gist of the project, sent some birds, I had picked up and
refrigerated, on to Laurel, Maryland, for study.
2o
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564
The future of boating in this area is dependent upon it. For
this compelling reason, the boating sport and industry by and
large have been, are, and will continue to be self-policing in
3
the anti-pollution measures they follow. It is a minor contri-
bution to the campaign against water pollution, we grant you,
0
because pollution from recreational boats is a relatively
6
minor problem.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity
O
of taking part in this conference to express our views.
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CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response)
If not, then, Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: The Chicago Academy of Sciences has a con-
tribution to make, particularly in some of the scientific
aspects of wildlife.
Dr. Beecher.
DR. W. J. BEECHER: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
I am Dr. W. J. Beecher, Director of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences.
I am also Chairman of the Conservation Council
of Chicago and so, I am also a member of the Open Lands
Project of the Welfare Council of Greater Chicago, and I speak
for the Conservation aspects.
The Chicago Academy of Sciences was founded in
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563
If there Is a problem Involving pleasure boats,
it is more likely on small congested lakes that are purely
state waters, and the problem is of a local or state nature,
not of Federal magnitude.
As the Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution,
5
the principal antipollution enforcement agency in Senator
Nelson's own state, has stated:
"Laws and regulations pertaining to sewage
8
disposal facilities by commercial vessels operating
y
interstate should be developed and enforced by the
Federal Government. In the case of pleasure boats
12
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or boats operating within the waters of a single
state, the enactment of laws and regulations should
be a state responsibility as should the enforcement
of such laws and regulations."
If Federal legislation affecting recreational
boating in this area is to come nevertheless, we strongly urge
that every effort be made to assure that it is as uniform as
practicable with state pollution controls so that boatment
traveling from one body of water to another within the bound-
aries of the same state or across state lines are not beset
by dual standards.
In closing, let me emphasize once more that
recreational boatmen are acutely aware of the necessity and
desirability of keeping prime boating water like that of the
south end of Lake Michigan and its tributaries pure and clean.
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I 562
1 Although Senator Nelson is primarily concerned
2 about pollution on the Great Lakes and its harbors in his home
3 territory, when he talks about legislation affecting navigable
4 waters in general, he infers such legislation would apply to
5 navigable waters throughout the United States. Senator Nelson
8 proposes to have the responsibility for the enforcement of
7 anti-pollution laws on all navigable waters centralized and to
8 streamline the enforcement procedure.
9 We do not believe that pollution from pleasure
!0 boats is the serious problem which Senator Nelson insinuates
n by Joining pleasure craft with commercial ships and barges and
12 government vessels on the Great Lakes.
13 The findings of the Pollution Committee of the
14 National Association of State Boating Law Administrators
15 confirm our belief. They found pollution from pleasure boats
16 to be insignificant when compared with several thousand
17 communities which still have inadequate municipal sewage
18 treatment plants or no facilities at all, and with the thou-
19 sands of industries still dumping untreated wastes into rivers
20 and lakes.
21 Furthermore, we find it hard to believe that
22 sewage and garbage disposal from pleasure boats on waters as
23 vast and deep as the Great Lakes really poses a problem Justi-
24 fying pollution control regulation of pleasure boats on the
25 Great Lakes.
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561
tional watercraft contribute substantially to the over-all
pollution problem, it is most anxious that a uniform system be
ft
made available to those states which now or in the future feel
3
the necessity of such laws.
4
As a special member of the Committee, the
Outboard Boating Club of America has prepared a model law
6
dealing with the general subject of pollution from recreation-
7
al watercraft. This model law has been extensively reviewed
8
by the Committee and the United States Public Health Service,
9
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somewhat modified, approved, and now awaits the acceptance of
the national body which will meet in November of this year, (a
copy Is appended hereto.)
In view of these effective and far-sighted
efforts being made to stop pollution from recreational water-
craft before it begins to become a problem, we are indeed
interested to learn from the February 9th "Congressional Recorcj"
of the intent of Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin to draft
Federal legislation to attack what he calls one phase of the
pollution problem on the Great Lakes - the dumping or
spillage of human, galley, and wash-water waste and garbage
from vessels.
The proposed legislation would require all ships
and pleasure craft which use the Great Lakes and other
navigable waters to be equipped with Federally approved faci-
lities for the proper treatment or retention of sewage and
other wastes.
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560
manufacturers interested In producing marine chlorinators.
They, too, are conscious of the need for standards so that
2
their products will be universally acceptable to the various
3
state agencies responsible for approving treatment devices.
4
Recently these manufacturers have taken steps
O
to meet and cooperate with recognized testing authorities to
6
develop acceptable standards and criteria. The United States
Public Health Service is also involved in this standard-
8
setting process.
9
We would like to emphasize that boating law
10
administrators, too, have jumped into the fight against water
pollution. At the 1963 annual meeting of the National
12
Association of State Boating Law Administrators, the admini-
13
strators pledged their support to antI-pollution efforts by
14
Federal and state government. They will seek to do all within
ID
their power to curtail any pollution by recreational water-
is
craft, but at the same time, they intend to see that boaters
17
are not made the scapegoats in particular pollution situations
18
when the real culprits and real causes are elsewhere.
19
The National Association of State Boating Law
20
Administrators has a Water Pollution Control Committee to
21
implement its aims and to serve as a liaison with other
22
agencies and groups likewise concerned with the abatement of
23
pollution.
24
While the Committee does not feel that recrea-
25
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its model act without charge to people in and out of governmen
3
Recognizing the trend in boat pollution regula-
tions, the Outboard Boating Club of America four years ago
took positive steps to prepare boat manufacturers for the
6
installation of required treatment devices.
We published a standard in our "Engineering
8
Manual of Recommended Practices" for minimum space require-
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regulate in this area. Over the past six years the Outboard
Boating Club of America has distributed thousands of copies of
ments for marine toilets fitted with chlorinator units. (See
copy appended) Boatbuilders are advised to leave a recommend-
ed minimum space on craft of size and design reasonably
expected to have toilets so that any owner hereafter required
or wishing to install a sewage treatment device can do so
without encountering structural difficulties.
At the time we first published our recommended
standard on this subject, a Joint letter was sent by the
Outboard Boating Club of America and the National Association
of Engine and Boat Manufacturers to all known boat-builders
asking that they agree to leave the desired space. There was
no dissent.
Consequently, we believe you will find that
virtually all boat manufacturers now provide adequate space
for sewage treatment devices.
Today there are an increasing number of
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State registration of watercraft equipped with
toilets is conditioned upon proof that the toilets are fitted
with an approved treatment device. All boats having toilet
facilities are subject to inspection at any time to see that
they comply with the law, and those that do not will have the
O
registration suspended if the equipment violation is not cor-
rected as soon as practicable.
The New Hampshire Act was endorsed by the New
England Water Pollution Control Commission not long after its
9
adoption, and started a wave of action in the same direction.
Subsequently, the Council of State Governments
issued, as part of its program of suggested state legislation,
a model act very similar to the New Hampshire law. About the
same time the Outboard Boating Club of America published its
"Model Act on Sewage Disposal from Boats." (A copy is appended
to this statement)
Both acts recommend the use of marine toilets
be permitted only with affixation of a treatment facility
or method authorized by regulation of the state pollution
control agency. They also authorize the state boat registering
agency to refuse to number boats with toilets unless they meet
the requirements for treatment devices.
At the same time, it is suggested that this
problem remain exclusively under state Jurisdiction, and that
local units of government be expresslydenied the right to
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but is unlikely to prevent the deposit of waste materials
when the occasion demands.
A number of devices are now on the market which
treat human wastes before they are committed to the water.
For the most part these are chlorinating units of one kind or
another. Usually some maceration process is also involved
prior to chemical treatment.
Also recently developed are special devices to
hold waste materials until they can be disposed of in waters
far offshore not susceptible to pollution or at a special
shoreside facility.
The availability of these marine toilet
appurtenances has given rise to a second form of state legis-
lation, which we consider to be a more reasonable solution to
the boat pollution problem.
In 1957 the state of New Hampshire, after con-
siderable testing of the effectiveness of marine chlorinators,
passed an act requiring that every toilet on any boat operated
on state waters be equipped with a state-approved treatment
device, and prohibiting the discharge of any untreated sewage
into the water.
The Act authorizes the state's Water Pollution
Commission to determine the adequacy of treatment devices, and
any device used in a boat on New Hampshire waters must be con-
structed and installed in accordance with regulations of the
Commission.
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River Project Lake - then lug your litter home!"
On the back side of the bag there is a con-
densed version of the Arizona Boating and Water Sports Laws,
including a provision which prohibits dumping refuse or debris
on the shoreline or waterways of the state. Cooperation by th<
public is reported to be excellent. We submit such campaigns
can easily be conducted in other areas to prevent littering
from recreational users.
If we may Judge by recent state legislation,
the greatest attention in the area of boat pollution today is
being devoted to regulating the operation of toilet facilities
aboard boats. There are basically two legislative approaches
to this:
1. Require the sealing of all marine heads to
prevent the discharge of any excrement or other human waste
Into the water on the theory that this will eliminate the
possibility of any pollution.
2. Require all marine toilets to be equipped
with some device which will either effectively treat waste
material before discharge into the water or provide for its
retention and subsequent disposal some place other than in the
water.
The first method - sealing - is highy un-
realistic since it defies basic laws of nature. This approach
is also highly unfair since reasonable alternatives do exist.
A sealed toilet may create problems of convenience and etlquett
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3 states.
4 As a practical matter, however, effective
c enforcement of such laws is difficult. But the problem
0
c is not insurmountable. On our public highways where littering
6
was formerly a serious problem, it now seems substantially
remedied by the twin approach of education and enforcement.
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Fines for an offender are often very high, and more important,
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riparian property owners. This kind of heedless behavior is
usually prohibited under general legislation found in most
the public has been persuaded to cooperate. We are encouraged
by anti-litter campaigns for our waterways already initiated
by boating groups alone and in cooperation with organizations
such as Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
An example of such anti-litter campaigns is
that of the Salt River Project, an irrigation and water supply
district in Arizona whose reservoirs provide a great deal of
outdoor recreation and boating for the public.
The Salt River Project furnishes plastic con-
tainers for use by boaters in stowing their trash. In a year
and a half more than 150,000 of these bags have been distribut-
ed free of charge in gasoline stations, marine dealerships,
and marinas.
On the front of the bag is printed, "Don't be
a Litter Bug. Use this Litter-Lugger. Put your empty cans,
bottles and trash in this bag while having fun at the Salt
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waters along the southern shore and In Calumet region streams
indicates that pollution from pleasure craft is infinitesimal
3 compared with pollution from industrial and municipal sewage
sources and that contributed by 11,000 trips of large cargo
vessels In these waters annually.
O
If pollution from recreational watercraft were
6
completely controlled, we do not think it would make any
significant difference in the pollution problem in general.
8
Nevertheless, we are eager to do everything possible to
y
eliminate recreational boating as a possible source of water
pollution however insignificant.
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Potentially problems of pollution from recrea-
tional watercraft are likely to be most acute within areas of
large concentrations of boats, such as marina, where there is
perhaps less dilution effect due to limited current flow and
other factors.
Obviously, an important and effective deterrent
to pollution in shoreside areas of heavy boat concentration Is
the provision for adequate sanitary and trash disposal faci-
lities. Thus, marina operators, both public and private, shou
be encouraged to place rest rooms and trash disposals convenien
to docks and launching area.
Another aspect of the situation is the deposit
of rubbish and garbage overboard, particularly In areas where,
when washed ashore, it will prove a nuisance to littoral and
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Ironically, we have heard it said that the
tremendous interest in the use of inland waterways for boating,
2
fishing, and other recreational pursuits is responsible for
part of the water pollution problem. If recreational water-
craft do contribute to pollution, we submit it is very
negligible compared to municipalities who Inadequately treat
6
or fall to treat their sewage at all before discharging it
7
Into the water, and industries which likewise fail to properly
8
treat their waste products before dumping them. Let's not
9
overlook the detergent and pesticide problems either.
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At the annual meeting of the National Associa-
tion of State Boating Law Administrators, held November 18-20,
1963 in Oklahoma City, a Committee was appointed to report on
the nature and extent of pollution of the waters of the United
States by recreational watercraft and to make recommendations
relative thereto.
The Pollution Study Committee with Mr. Keith
Wilson, Director, Michigan State Waterways Commission, as
Chairman completed its study and reported at the 1964 NASBLA
meeting in November at Portland, Oregon. The study Committee
concluded that "Pollution of waters attributable to recreation-
al watercraft is of a most insignificant nature." A copy of
the Study Committee Report is attached to this statement.
More recently, the United States Public Health
Service Report of February 1965, on pollution of Lake Michigan
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Calumet Kiver are used for recreational boating, but are
hardly ideal with floating debris, oil, and sewage conditions
prevailing generally. But what else is there for boaters to
use in the area except polluted waters?
That these waters are a health hazard, that
fishing is bad to non-existent, that swimming and other boat-
oriented recreation are less than pleasant in many areas is we]
known. The water may be "gritty", oily, or variously hued,
depending upon the type of pollution where the boater is try-
Ing to enjoy himself along the south shore of Lake Michigan.
In recent years the growth of pleasure boating
has been at a phenomenal rate. Pleasure boating is called
"the Nation's fastest growing family sport". Marinas, mooring
facilities, launching ramps and docking areas are unable to
keep up with the booming popularity of pleasure boating and
related sports.
The State of Illinois alone expects to spend
over $5 million in the next ten years on boating facilities,
much of it in the Lake-Cook County area. Many cities along
the south shore of Lake Michigan are building and planning
public marinas and launching facilities, not to mention private
developments.
Clearly there will be many more people looking
to the waters of the area for recreation in the future. Clearly
too, the waters will not provide this recreation if current
pollution practices are allowed to continue.
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1 from, coast to coast. Fifty-eight of our clubs are in Indiana
2 and Illinois, and twelve in the immediate area under consldera
3 tion.
4 Naturally we are more than interested in the
5 subject of water pollution and abatement along the south
6 shore of Lake Michigan. There is a tremendous investment in
7 dollars and pleasure at stake here. The Chicago-Gary metro-
8 politan area is the second largest market in the country for
g outboard motors. We estimate there are at least 21^,000
10 outboard motors in use in this area alone.
n When we speak of recreational boating, we are
12 talking not only of cruising, but of fishing, swimming, water
13 skiing, skin diving and other related recreations involving
14 the use of boats. We are talking about the leisure activities
15 of hundreds of thousands of persons on and about the waters at
16 the southern end of Lake Michigan.
17 How do all these people find the waters at the
18 south end of Lake Michigan? In many cases, not very good...
ig and getting worse.
20 It does not take a scientist to ascertain that
21 streams in the Calumet area are polluted with raw sewage...
22 only a deep breath. Waters of the Grand Calumet River and
23 Indiana Harbor area are so unfit for recreational boating that
24 they are not used.
25 The Calumet River and parts of the Little
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Any comments or questions?
(No response)
Mr. Klassen?
MR. KLASSEN: One of the organizations that is vastly
getting many new members and certainly equipment is the
Outdoor Boating Club of America, which has its headquarters
in Chicago, and a statement from that organization will be
made by Mr. Ron Stone.
MR. STONE: Mr. Chairman, Fellow Conference Participants,
Ladies and Gentlemen, my name is Ron stone. I am the Director
of the Government Relations Department of the Outboard Boating
Club of America, headquartered in Chicago.
We are a National trade association represent-
ing 208 manufacturers in the recreational boating industry,
28 of them in the two states that are the participants in this
conference.
Our Illinois and Indiana-based member manu-
facturers enjoy a multi-million dollar share of the boating
market. Their products are top brands in outboard motors,
outboard and inboard boats, sailboats, houseboats, boat
trailers and marine accessories.
The Outboard Boating Club of America speaks for
the people who buy pleasure boating equipment as well as the
people who manufacture and sell it. Over 350 boating clubs,
boasting 40,000 individual members are affiliated with us
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549-A
MR. FANNING: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I am Art Panning, President of the Illinois
Division of the Izaak Walton League of America.
We, the members of the Illinois Division of the
Izaak Walton League of America, state to the conference the
policies of the Izaak Walton League of America and the result
of over 43 years of thinking and work on the part of members,
chapters, divisions and international organizations of the
League.
The Izaak Walton League was founded right here
in Chicago, Illinois, on January 14, 1922.
We welcome this conference on water pollution,
called by Mr. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
16 We know that the states Involved, Illinois and
Indiana, have been unable or unwilling to stop this pollution.
We are interested in clean waters.
We have present at this conference, the Chair-
man of our Clean Waters Committee, Walt Sherry, also Joe
Chantlgney. These Chairmen, along with the Committee members,
will be glad to inform the members of all the problems of
pollution in the Grand Calumet and Little Calumet and their
tributaries.
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4 the ability, ingenuity, energy and wealth to abate pollution
e ,, by all means possible. Certainly it is fully as important to
5 I
g ซ devise new types of sewage treatment plants which have an
7 || efficiency rating approaching the 100 percent level as it is
I
0 to land a man on the moon!!
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g n Also, much more practical application should be
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549
in his opinion it was much more desirable to abate pollution
rather than to flush the polluted waters one place or another.
The League believes the American people possess
made of knowledge presently available in order to achieve a
higher degree of pollution abatement.
The Izaak Walton League of America is honored
be able to appear before you and it calls upon you to take
Immediate steps to rectify the various sources of water pollution
141
mentioned above as well as a multitude of others much too
151
lengthy to be included herein.
16 |
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Riaski.
17 I
Are there any comments or questions?
18 I
(No response)
Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: One of the affiliated groups of the Izaak
Walton League is the Illinois Division of the League and its
President, Art Fanning, wants to present a statement. I
wouldn't say wants to, we invited him to, as to the position
of the Illinois Division.
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disagreeable taste and perhaps is even a bit discolored. This
also applies to the water in the pipes in their homes if the
water comes from Lake Michigan.
There is little doubt the most important sub-
ject in connection with this conference is the health of the
vast number of people who daily drink and wash in such waters,
as those under consideration.
_ The Izaak Walton League of America feels it is
O
extremely important that these waters be given far more pro-
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tection for this purpose alone. However, there are many
additional benefits to be gained from clear water for indus-
trial, recreational and other uses.
It is definitely time all concerned exert a
major effort to restore these waters to a high degree of
purity for the benefits which it will return in the health,
welfare and economic well-being of every one.
Colonel Mattina in answering a question yester-
day following his presentation for the United States Corps of
Engineers, made a statement of considerable importance, and th
full significance of which may be overlooked.
There had been some discussion about the pos-
sible location of a proposed dam to be built on the Grand
Calumet River designed to control its direction of flow. When
questioned about his thoughts as to exactly where the dam
should be built, Colonel Mattina responded to the effect that,
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The Inland Steel Company and the Youngstown
Sheet and Tube Company of East Chicago; and the United States
Steel Corporation of Gary are polluting the Indiana harbor
Canal - Grand Calumet River system and Lake Michigan as are
the Cities Service Petroleum Company, Sinclair Refinery
Company and Mobil Oil Company in East Chicago.
Wastes are being discharged directly into Lake
Michigan by the American Oil Company and Union Carbide
Chemicals Company, both of Whiting; the American Maize Pro-
ducts Company of Hammond and the United States Steel Corporati n
of Chicago. Other important industries in the area also
contribute to the water pollution problem in various degrees.
Currents in Lake Michigan are of considerable
importance for their presence at some periods and their
absence at others, the direction of the currents and their
speed all enter into the picture.
It is worthy to note to those present today who
live in the areas under discussion that this conference is
being held in the Banquet Room of this building.
One is tempted to speculate on the number of
folks who have gathered here who have drunk water taken from
Lake Michigan. In spite of the fact some health authorities
claim no real danger exists after such water is properly treat-
ed with chlorine and other chemicals in a modern water supply
system, one cannot help but wonder why it often has a rather
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East Chicago, Gary, Hammond and Whiting (all in
Indiana) have combined sewer systems which sometime overflow
into the Indiana Harbor Canal - Grand Calumet River system and
thence into Lake Michigan.
Chesterton, East Gary, Griffith, Hobart, Porter
and Valparaiso have combined sewer systems which sometimes
overflow into the Little Calumet River - Burns Ditch system
and into Lake Michigan.
Whiting, Indiana, also has a combined sewer
overflow which discharges directly into Lake Michigan.
Pleasure boats and commercial vessels contri-
bute to the pollution of Lake Michigan. In fact, these can
be particularly dangerous sources of health hazardous pollu-
tion because of their unique ability to discharge such wastes
in close proximity to the water intakes of the cities of
Chicago, East Chicago,,Gary and Hammond.
The list of industries which are polluting the
waters under consideration is resplendent with the names of
some of America's most prosperous businesses. Of late, the
executive officers of most of these businesses have been
furnishing their stockholders and the public with glowing
accounts of their prosperity during the past year. It is
usually not the lack of sufficient capital which prevents them
from installing adequate sewage traatment systems but rather
their general disregard for the problems raised by water
pollution.
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2 presents health hazards.
3 The entire problem of water pollution in the
4 area is" greatly affected by the fact that much of the water
5 involved is only slightly higher than the levels of water in
6 Lake Michigan.
7 Several of the streams concerned have a very
8 low rate of flow for this reason and, at times, appear to be
9 almost stationary. The presence of many combined sewerage
10 systems which carry both human and industrial wastes as well
n as that from storm sewers adds to the complexity of the
12 problem.
13 In times of rapid runoff during and following
14 heavy rainstorms, it is not unusual for such sewers to bypass
15 into the streams because the sewage ticatment plants simply
16 cannot accommodate the huge flows of water involved.
17 Griffith, Hammond, Highland, Munster and
lg Scherervllle (all in Indiana) have combined sewer systems and
J9 sewage treatment plants which empty into the Calumet River and
2Q some times produce such overflows into it that these go into
21 Lake Michigan during periods of reversal of flow.
22 The same holds true for Burnham, Calumet City,
23 Chicago (Calumet Treatment Plant), Dolton, Lansing, Phoenix,
24 Posen, Riverdale, and South Holland (all in Illinois) which
25 also have combined sewers which sometimes overflow into the
Calumet River and into Lake Michigan.
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4 interest in clean waters and a statement from the League will
5
c MR. RIASKI: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentle-
D
7 men:
I am William A. Rlaski, Executive Director of
8
the Izaak Walton League of America, the National Headquarters
y
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544
The National Izaak Walton League has their
headquarters here in Chicago.
They have been long noted for their active
be presented by the Executive Director, Mr. Rlaski.
of which is located in Glenview, Illinois. The League is a
Nationwide organization of citizens dedicated to the wise and
proper use of America's natural resources.
It may be of some interest to you to know that
the League, at the behest of President Hoover, in 1927, con-
ducted the first nationwide survey of water pollution in the
United states. Mr. Hoover at the time was Secretary of
Commerce and the Honorary President of the League. The League
was then but five years old but throughout its life, it has
had an active and intensive interest in water pollution
abatement.
The increasing pollution of the waters of the
Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River,
Wolf Lake and the southern end of Lake Michigan constitutes
a very ^-ave problem. There is little doubt that in some of
the areas involved it is not only disagreeable to the eye and
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We urge you not to consider
CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we have your first name, please,
2
Mrs. Anderson? I guess you are not the only Mrs. Anderson
3
in Chicago.
MRS. ANDERSON: Mrs. Daniel C. Anderson
O
(Laughter)
6
Joan.
7
We urge you not to consider this brief
O
statement a measure of the deep interest the League of Women
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Voters has maintained for many years in the conservation of
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our water resources.
Of our 76 local Leagues in Illinois, in urban,
suburban and rural communities, about 45 are in the Chicago
Metropolitan area.
Although the League of Women Voters of Illinois
has a long-standing interest in water pollution control and
abatement, we are attending this conference as most interested
observers and will not be presenting a detailed statement.
We feel our best contribution to the success of
this conference will be to create in our communities public
understanding and awareness of the problems discussed here.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mrs. Anderson. Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: I might say off the record.
(Discussion off the record)
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effort to recess again at 4:30.
6
(A ten minute recess was taken.)
5
We stand recessed for ten minutes.
7
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g Mr. Klassen?
MR. KLASSEN: Sometimes the men think that they are
Y1OOY%/
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542
(No response)
If not, we will stand recessed for ten minutes
and I ask everyone, including the conferees, to come back
promptly because if you do, we are going to make a valiant
CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we reconvene.
10
responsible and run things, but I think most of the time'
we are Just kidding ourselves because in Illinois, for example,
our water pollution law the first one was introduced by a
woman and she said there is no reason why a housewife shouldn't
be interested in water pollution because, after all, it is
merely a question of municipal or industrial housekeeping.
This is why we always welcome the participation
of a ladies1 organization In this fight for clean streams.
We are going to depart very slightly from the
agenda today and have a very brief statement from the League
of Women Voters of Illinois, by Mrs. Anderson, who is the
State Water Resources Chairman.
Mrs. Anderson.
MRS. ANDERSON: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
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541
Too frequently they fail to provide competent
waste works operation, fall to adequately compensate a good
operator for his services, fall to give financial support to
waste and disposal facilities.
Many industries which have contributed so much
to our economy research, product and employment react slowly
in meeting their water pollution abatement obligations to the
general public.
Keeping pollution, natural wastes out of our
waters may mean increased cost of product ultimately borne by
the consumer. Only when industry as a group observes its
margin of competition will the individual enterprise devote
its energies to clean waters.
Mr. Chairman, the Illinois Federation of
Sportsmen's Clubs is pleased to have the opportunity to express
its views and anxieties.
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The cooperation between our organization, the
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, the Clean Streams Committees anc
other agencies has been most productive.
We sincerely hope that this conference will
result in constructive actions aimed to restore and preserve
our streams and lakes for the beneficial use of people and I
thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Extrom.
Are there any questions or comments?
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2 cannot be maintained in a condition suitable for every con-
3 ceivable use and, therefore, alternate recreational areas must
4 be built.
Surely, there is a grain of truth in these
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seek some other less acceptable form of relaxation closer to
y
home.
We are concerned with the long term degrading
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They argue in substance that the surface waters
assertations, but the family, the men, the women or the child
who has to travel extreme distances to avoid a polluted
stream and reach a suitable place of recreation will often
effect of many wastes on our waters, wastes solids blanket
the bottom of the streams, chemicals of many varieties inhibit
or snuff out the organisms upon which higher forms of aquatic
plant life and animal life depend.
Even when chronic discharges of wastes to
streams are eliminated, accidental losses of materials are
frequent enough to label them careless losses. Waste dis-
charges, even though accidental, have the same effect on the
stream as purposeful discharges.
Recovery of streams from fish kills and
desecration of aquatic life may require years of reestablish-
ment and acceptable balance of aquatic environment. Many
municipal officials who so honestly desire to develop their
community often fall short in planning for waste treatment.
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539
big business in which millions of people participate and on
which billions of dollars are spent annually. Proportionately,
ft
the sportsmen of Illinois participate and spend in an effort
3
to gain a beneficial effect of the great outdoors.
Although we realize that our expanding economy
_ makes it possible for the sportsman to earn a living and the
D
time to enjoy his avocation, it does not seem necessary to
0 sacrifice our natural water resources on the altar of progress,
8
Streams and lakes are regarded as public
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property and they should be kept fit for human uses and
enjoyment.
Yet, some waters are barely acceptable to the
aesthetic senses and some may be labeled as disgusting
spectacles.
Proper waste disposal by municipalities and
industries has an economic value in supporting aquatic life
and in making available land for forest preserves, picnic
areas and other outdoor uses.
Heavily polluted streams not only are offensive
to the senses, they also impose a hazard to the health of
those coming in contact with these waters.
There are those who contend that the public
must be satisfied with minimum acceptable water qualities in
streams and lakes if our industrial and urban way of life is to
progress.
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538
l accelerated clean streams program.
They are doing a wonderful Job.
MR. CHANTIGNEY: Mr. Chesrow, I would like to compliment
3
you and Mr. Bacon. In our last meeting, I asked that one
4
portion of Calumet be cleaned. This was on a Tuesday evening
5
and your people were over there Thursday morning and I don't
6
know how fast is fast, but this is fast.
7
Thank you.
8
(Laughter)
9
MR. CHANTIGNEY: I will leave all this stuff.
10
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you very much.
MR. KLASSEN: Thank you, Joe.
12
I don't know how many members there are in the
13
Illinois Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs. The last count I
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had was some 16,000. The Executive Secretary of the Illinois
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Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs wants to put a statement into
16
the record here. Mr. Ace Extrom.
17
MR. EXTROM: Mr. Chairman, conferees:
18
I am Ace Extrom, Executive Secretary of the
19
Illinois Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs, which organization
20
has as its objective the encouragement of intelligent manage-
21
ment of the life sustaining forests and plant life and wild-
22
life in order that these resources may be wisely used and
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preserved for future generations.
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Hunting, fishing and outdoor recreation is a
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537
the average American citizen drinks, because the chemical
treatment often required to kill the bacteria is sufficiently
toxic to kill any fish that might be put into it. Pishing at
the south end of Lake Michigan has been poor for years.
, "Mr. Chairman, our membership asks that you
0
carefully review this and all other statements made at this
hearing by persons who are not financially interested in the
outcome of this hearing and let Justice decide the verdict.
The elimination of pollution is a social cost of doing business
in this country and those industries, which through one method
or another avoid this expenditure, certainly have a decided
advantage over their competitors that do obey the law.
"Thank you for permitting me to present this
statement for the record.
"Signed John T. Kelly, Newsletter Editor and
Director."
MR. CHANTIGNEY: I believe this Hearing will be recorded
in history as being responsible for a modern miracle, turning
the dirty water of the present into clean water of the future.
I thank you for the opportunity granted to
testify here today.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: All right, Colonel Chesrow.
MR. CHESROW: I would like to take this opportunity to
thank Mr. Chantigney and his committee for the outstanding
cooperation they have given to us, the Sanitary District in our
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"Exhibit #11: Editorial which appeared in the
Chicago Daily Calumet, dated August 15, 1963. Titled OIL,
GREASE PREVENT USE OF AREA BEACH. Article stated swimmers and
waders could not use Calumet Park because of heavy oil or tar
in the water.
o
"Exhibit #12: Editorial which appeared in the
Chicago Daily Calumet, dated August 17, 1963 titled CLOSE
8
CALUMET PARK BEACH. In this article editor pointed out water
y
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536
Harvester Company, the Interlake Iron Company.
was too dirty to swim in. Demanded Investigation by United
States Public Health Service.
"Exhibit #13: Editorial from the Chicago
Daily Calumet, titled WATER POLLUTION dated August 24, 1964.
The writer states that 'The water in Lake Michigan at Calumet
Park contains oil, grease, slag, and other debris. Dead
fish line the shore each morning. The writer points out that
there is a Federal injunction against dumping waste into the
lake but it is not being enforced. A second news article on
this exhibit, titled CANCEL BEACH CHECK, appeared in the
Chicago Dally Calumet on August 27, 1963, in which the writer
reports that under Public Law 660 the United States Public
Health Service will not make an investigation unless requested
to do so by the Governors of each state.
"As a sportsman I must point out that fish of
desirable game species frequently will not live in water which
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"Exhibit #7: A letter to John T. Kelly from
Mr. Albert H. Stevenson, Sanitary Engineer, United States
Public Health Service, dated October 28, 19^8. Excerpt:
'Swimming is not recommended in Lake Michigan at Calumet Park,
etc.1
"Exhibit #8: A letter to John T. Kelly from
Mr. D. W. Evans, Regional Engineer, United States Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, dated December 28, 1955.
Excerpt: 'The Public Health Service will take such practical
measures within its available resources to ascertain the
source of the November 22 oil pollution and to prevent similar
occurrences In the future.'
"Exhibit #9: A letter to Mr. Lewis L. Birdsall,
Cook County Clean Streams Committee from Mr. L. A. Beaudin,
Chief, United States Army Engineers in Chicago, dated August
30, 1961. Excerpt: 'Popcorn slag on the water, at Calumet
Park is believed to come from the United States Steel plant in
South Chicago.'
18
"Exhibit #10: News article taken from the
Chicago Dally Calumet, dated July 2, 1963, titled SETTLE IN
RIVER DUMPING, reporting the Federal law suit against three
local steel mills in South Chicago was settled and that they
paid $600,000.00 damages for pollution of the Calumet River
which leads into Lake Michigan. These companies were: The
Republic Steel Mill, the Wisconsin Steel Mill, the Internationa
II
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534
into Wolf Lake but state it is "treated" and not harmful.
"Exhibit #5: A letter to John T. Kelly from
Mr. Peter Witham, Deputy Attorney General, State of Indiana,
dated June 4, 1962. Excerpt: 'the hearing officer, Mr. Anson
S. Thomas, Chairman of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board, has entered a "finding of fact against Lever Brothers"
and that Lever Brothers were exercising their rights under
the statute and taking an appeal to be heard by the membership
g of the entire Board.1 We have been unable to learn the
results of this second hearing although we have made many
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time.
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requests for this information which we were promised at that
12
"Exhibits 6 through 13 pertain to pollution
of Lake Michigan.
"Exhibit #6: A news article which appeared in
the Chicago Daily News on July 30, 1948, written by Austin
Boyle, in which he stated that Attorney General Barrett of
Illinois, reported that Indiana authorities would be in com-
pliance with an order of the United States Supreme Court,
within a year, which would halt pollution of the southern end
of take Michigan.
"The story also stated that three beaches,
Calumet Park in Chicago, the City Beach in Whiting, Indiana,
and the City Beach in Hammond, Indiana, were closed because
of pollution in Lake Michigan.
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533
"Exhibit #1. A letter to John T. Kelly from
Mr. B. A. Poole, Technical Secretary, Stream Pollution Control
Board of Indiana, dated September 19, 19^7. Excerpt: 'It is
O
acknowledged that the waste from Lever Brothers going into the
lake is large in volume and contains sludge deposits, etc.'
. "Exhibit #2. Another letter to John T. Kelly
6
7 from Mr. B. A. Poole, dated November 14, 1951. Excerpt: 'Leve]
Brothers has done some construction work in their plant which
8
is expected to reduce the pollution load going into Wolf Lake1
y
"Exhibit #3. A letter to John T. Kelly from
u Mr. Oyler, Plant Manager of Lever Brothers in Hammond, Indiana
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Excerpt: 'Lever Brothers places 10,000,000 gallons of water a
day, Monday through Friday, and 2,000,000 gallons of water on
Saturday and Sunday into Wolf Lake.1 He reports this water
is 'treated'.
"Exhibit #4. Two newspaper articles on a
single sheet of paper. Article #1, titled WOLF LAKE HEARING
UNDER WAY, was taken from the Hammond Times, dated January 31,
1962, and reports residents of that state were in attendance
at a public hearing being held by the Indiana stream Pollution
Control Board in Indianapolis, where they were protesting odors
and unsightly wastes in Wolf Lake.
"Article #2, titled LEVER BROTHERS DENY LAKE
POLLUTION was published in the Southeast Economist, February 8,
1962, in which the company officials admit discharging water
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3 users of these waters.
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8 "it is our belief that these waters are still
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532
resources, to work for improvement in the lakes and rivers of
Illinois, and to provide better fishing and hunting for the
"The membership of the Southeast Sportsmen's
Club has been active for the past 18 years in reporting
pollution of Lake Michigan and Wolf Lake to various govern-
mental agencies.
polluted. To support this belief we offer a number of exhibits;
indicating pollution over a period of the last 18 years. Thest
exhibits, briefly summarized are: replies received to letters
seeking information and making complaints about apparent
pollution conditions in these bodies of water, some being
news stories, the others editorials by the editors.
"it is our belief that, due to the interstate
movement of the pollution in these bodies of water, that the
laws of Illinois and Indiana have proven Ineffective, or this
condition would not exist, therefore, we ask immediate positive
action by the Federal Government.
"Exhibits summarized below, numbers 1 through
5, pertain to Wolf Lake in Illinois and Indiana. This pol-
lution enters the Wolf Lake from the Lever Brothers plant in
Hammond, Indiana, and flows into Wolf Lake in Indiana and then
into Wolf Lake in Illinois, the bodies of water being divided
by an imaginary line through the center of this lake.
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531
This concludes the report on the film. Thank
2
3 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
4 Are there any comments or questions?
MR. CHANTIGNEY: Thank you, Mr. Magon.
6 Mr. Stein, I would like to also present one
7 more statement from a member of my Committee who won't be able
0 to read it, but we would like to present this as a statement
o
for the record.
y
1Q CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without an objection, that will be
included.
2 MR. CHANTIGNEY: A statement from Mr. John Kelly, thank
you very much.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Pass that among the conferees.
.. MR. CHANTIGNEY: Yes.
Id
1C "My name is John T. Kelly. My address is
lb
9037 Kingston Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. I represent the
10 Southeast Chapter of the Illinois Federation of Sportsmen's
io
Clubs. We are a not-for-profit corporation operating under
the laws of the State of Illinois.
Zu
21 "The Southeast Sportsmen's Club was organized
22 over 25 years ago, and now has a membership of 370 persons
residing in Cook County, Illinois, and Lake County, Indiana.
The purpose of our organization is: to work for the conserva-
tA
tion and the restoration of our wildlife and natural
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530
charge ran out into the river.
Now, here is something taken at Swift Ferti-
lizer.
This is an ammonia caldron in my estimation.
The discharge is approximately 100 yards to the
south, right here into the Grand Calumet River.
To the left is a dike which is supposed to hold
all of this pollution back, which was wide open.
Two months previous to this film, we looked at
the dike there and there was a red colored water in there and
it is all drained out now.
There is another discharge close to this
ammonia, which when mixed with it, turned a milky white as you
see right here.
And the next shot will show you where the other
discharge was coming from.
It is kind of hidden by weeds, a milky white
color it turned to.
That flows into the Grand Calumet River.
This is another picture of the dike which is
empty, the settling basin.
It was kind of gloomy and drizzling. We took
this picture here in the afternoon.
Here is a picture of the hidden discharge which
mixed with the ammonia turned white, hidden in the middle of
their weeds.
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529
that you see in the background, appearing between Calumet
Beach and Mutchins Beach.
3 The Coast Guard lookout tower and here we are
approaching the Coast Guard Harbor.
Here is a mallard duck which you have seen in
the Calumet Harbor, which you don't see in any Indiana
7 Harbor at all.
Here we are taking off all of our equipment
which we brought with us.
There is the gangplank being thrown over to
the Coast Guard Cutter.
Here is a shot of the Coast Guard Commander,
Mr. Caffey.
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Mr. Chantigney is on the left and thanking him
for the cooperation his Coast Guard rendered us.
Here is a shot of the Republic Steel in South
17 Chicago.
There is a dark liquid you see coming out of
the outfalls. An hour and a half before this picture was taken
we stood on top of the outfall and we could see the visible
discharge of rainbow colors of oil coming into the river.
It formed a pocket on the west side of the river
nd this is what developed from it a heavy oil slick. The
jurrent was moving to the right real slow.
There was a northeast wind and the outflow dis-
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528
The gentleman in the background was Mr. A,
Brantizsky, from the Cook County Department of Public Health.
This is a picture of myself. It was kind of
. cold out there that day, so I took my hunting Jacket along.
4
This is the mast of the Coast Guard cutter.
5
That is Mr. Tullis, again.
b
This is a shot of Lever Brothers, taken from
Lake Michigan.
O
Here we made a chemical analysis of the water
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and also one for bacteria.
This is Mr. Brantizsky from the Cook County
Department of Health, taking an analysis of the water.
(Laughter)
Well, he made it.
Here is Mr. Traficano checking for a bacteria
test. He got his dip stick in there, bringing up the plastic
bottle.
Here we are under way again for Calumet Harbor
Coast Guard Station.
That is the back of the Jacket of Mr. Tullis
of the Coast Guard.
(Laughter)
This is another shot of the Coast Guard Engi-
neer aboard.
Here again we are back at the Calumet Beach,
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The next shot you will see is an oil slick
&
which is approximately 25 to 30 feet wide and extends the full
length of the ship.
There is another oil slick and that extends
c the full length of the ship.
6
Here is a view looking back at the canal harbor,
and we are under way to take a test grab, a little bit west of
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the mouth of the river or the harbor channel.
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527
is also present in the Harbor.
This is Just outside of the harbor breakwater
and a little bit to the west of it.
Here the water is a little bit cleaner.
That is Mr. Traficano. He is taking another
test sample.
That is our Chairman, Mr. Chantigney, capping
the bottle.
Here we are leaving Indiana Harbor and in the
background you see the steam water of the oil industry which
are in East Chicago.
Prom here we are under way to take a test
sample of the Lever Brothers Company In the northern part of
Indiana in Lake Michigan.
That is Mr. Norman Patch, photographer, on the
left.
This is Mr. Dick Phenol. He is the State
Director of the Izaak Walton League.
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analysis.
526
Here we are taking another test grab for
2
That is Mr. Traflcano, co-chairman.
3
Here you see another shot of oil on the surface.
4
That was one of the photographers from a
0
newspaper.
6
This is the west side of the channel looking
7
toward the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and here is
8
another one toward Inland Steel.
9
If you will notice that the water line of this
10
ship, all of these ships, the saturation of oil which is
collected on the hull of the boat, this is a view looking at
Inland steel.
13
You can also see the oil on the docks.
14
Now, here is the outfall which you have seen
15
yesterday from the air. You will see the oil here in the
16
foreground.
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These are twin discharges of Youngstown Sheet
18
and Tube.
19
Here is one looking at inland Steel.
20
If you notice the heavy saturation of oil at
the stern of the ship.
22
Here you see the pilings of the river are Just
23
saturated with oil.
24
This is a close-up of one of the outfalls.
25
Now, here is a heavy concentration of oil which
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Here you can distinguish the color of Lake
2 Michigan upper topside and the lower one which is the effluent
3 flowing or polluted water flowing out of Indiana Harbor.
4 Here we are coming into the breakwater.
In the back you see the smoke pollution of
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Youngtown Sheet and Tube.
7 Here is the first sample we are taking right at
0 the mouth of the Harbor.
o
Our cochairman, Ben Traflcano, is doing the
y
sampling and our Chairman, Mr. Chantigney, is capping the
bottle.
This is Mr. Slitzer. He is the President of
the Izaak Walton League.
Mr. Traficano was on the right side of the
screen here.
We are coming into the Indiana Harbor of
Indiana Harbor.
If you will notice this breakwater, you will see
the heavy saturation of oil on the breakwater.
The next shots are something you will see,
which we took in Indiana Harbor Inter-channel itself.
Here you see the formations of oil inside the
Harbor.
I might state that the entire Harbor this day
as full of this oil.
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CHAIRMAN STEIN: Go right ahead,
tป
MR. MAGON: This is the title of our film.
3
Here we are at the Coast Guard Station in
4
Calumet Harbor. We are bringing our sample bottles aboard.
The gentleman coming down the ladder now is Mr,
6
Slitzer with some of the sample bottles.
7
This is the deck hand who was throwing off the
8
forward anchor line or mooring line.
9
This is the shot of the Coast Guard Station and
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here's the harbor leading out from the Coast Guard Station and
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IS
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524
this time, please.
in the background you see Calumet Beach Coast Guard Station
taken from a distance.
Here's a shot of the State Line Generating
Plant.
This is a view looking toward Indiana Harbor.
I might say it was a little bit choppy that day,
This is a view looking back at United States
Steel in South Chicago.
Here is another shot of the Coast Guard station,
Here we are passing the Hammond Water intake
Crib.
This is a view looking at Indiana Harbor.
This is Standard Oil in East Chicago.
Now, here is the mouth of the Indiana Harbor
breakwater.
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523
These cities are supplied from Lake Michigan.
I might point out that not all of them, but most of them, and
I will Just read the cities that gave me a resolution in order
to save time: Calumet City, Chicago Heights, Harvey, Rlverdalt
South Chicago Heights, Park Forest, Phoenix, Homewood, Crete
Dolton, East Hazel Crest, Worth, Hazel Crest.
Also is attached a resolution adopted by the
Tents 'N Trailers, Chapter of the National Campers and Hikers
Association in which they protest the pollution of the bodies
of water under consideration today. Their letter of protest
which they have asked me to present to you is marked as our
Exhibit #26.
As our Exhibit #29, we have attached petitions
containing over 5,000 signatures of persons who desire to be
recorded as protesting the pollution of Lake Michigan and the
other bodies of water, the subject of this hearing.
We thank Mr. Klassen, Chief Sanitary Engineer,
for the Illinois Department of Public Health, for permission
previously granted, to show a film taken on Lake Michigan on
February 11, 1965, which not only shows the taking of samples
of water referred to in our exhibits, numbers 5 through 13, but
also shows the oil slick and other pollution floating on the
lake and the smoke pollution from the industries which contri-
bute pollution to the water also. This film will follow the
presentation of this report, but I would like to show it at
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3
4 Exhibit #12, sample taken from Lake Michigan,
February 11, 1965, at location indicated. Pollution found.
O
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16189.
6
Exhibit #13, sample taken from Lake Michigan,
on February 11, 1965, at location indicated. Pollution found
O
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16190.
y
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522
Exhibit #11, sample taken from Lake Michigan
February 11, 1965, at location indicated. Pollution found.
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16188.
I will submit a picture to you for Just the
Committee to look at, I wouldn't want the ladies to see-this.
Also, I will not elaborate on the samples of
the lake, as I said earlier, I will let you Just read these
over.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: We show these at our hearings all the
time.
(laughter)
MR. CHANTIGNEY: This is my first one I ever attended.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: This is Just a conference.
MR. CHANTIGNEY: The following exhibits are resolutions
adopted by legislative bodies of cities and villages in
southern Cook County, Illinois, which they have asked me to
present to you, for the purpose of recording their protest
to the pollution of Lake Michigan because of ''its interference
with its use as drinking water".
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Q Exhibit #4, sample taken February 5, 1965, from
II
,. the Grand Calumet River at the Illinois-Indiana State Line.
4 I
Pollution found. Illinois Department of Public Health Labora-
5 II
. . tory File #15861.
II
, Exhibit #5, sample taken February 11, 1965,
7 I
from Lake Michigan at location indicated on report. Pollution
8 II
found. Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File
,o ;; #l6182-
Exhibit #6, sample taken February 11, 1965, in
Lake Michigan, at location indicated. Pollution found.
II
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16183.
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521
Pollution found. Illinois Department of Public Health
Laboratory File #15860.
Exhibit #7, sample taken February 11, 1965, in
Lake Michigan, at location indicated. Pollution found.
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16184.
Exhibit #8, sample taken February 11, 1965, in
Lake Michigan, at location indicated. Pollution found.
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16185.
Exhibit #9, sample taken February 11, 1965, in
Lake Michigan, at location indicated. Pollution found.
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16186.
Exhibit #10, sample taken in Lake Michigan,
February 11, 1965, at located indicated. Pollution found.
Illinois Department of Public Health Laboratory File #16187.
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520
officials have asked me to present to youj water samples
taken from these bodies of water and analysis made by the
Illinois Department of Public Health; and a motion picture
film taken by my cochairman, Chester Magon, aboard a Coast
Guard boat in Lake Michigan, and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
on February 11, 1965, which I will present to you today.
Our first thirteen exhibits are reports on
water samples taken in my presence, by Mr. A. Brantizky,
Engineer, Cook County Department of Public Health. I will not
elaborate on all of these as I am not an engineer or a chemist
I will merely touch on the first two samples
but I will submit the rest for the record, so you gentlemen
can look them over at your leisure.
Sample Exhibit #1, a sample taken from the
Grand Calumet River at the Illinois-Indiana State Line, Jan-
uary 22, 1965. Pollution found. Illinois Department of Public
Health Laboratory Fileฃl5l76.
This sample showed that approximately one-third
of the Grand Calumet was raw sewage.
Exhibit #2, a sample taken from the Little
Calumet River at the Illinois-Indiana State Line, January 22,
1965. Pollution found. Illinois Department of Public Health
Laboratory File #15177.
Exhfcit #3, sample taken February 5, 1965, from
the Little Calumet River at the Illinois-Indiana State Line.
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519
in the streams and rivers of Cook County. The Thorn Creek-
1
Calumet Committee serves the area south of ?6th Street in
2
Chicago, south, east and west to the Cook County line. Over
3
three million persons reside in this area. All members who
4
serve on this Committee are volunteer workers. Meetings are
5
held monthly. They are open to the public.
B
For several years I have been interested in the
7
problem of water pollution. It is my opinion, which is shared
8
by other members of this Committee, that Federal assistance
9
is necessary, at this time, to correct the existing conditions
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of pollution in Lake Calumet, Lake Michigan, the waters of the
Grand Calumet River, the Little Calumet River, Wolf Lake, and
their tributaries. Existing state laws in Illinois and
Indiana have not corrected this condition.
We believe that municipal sewage and industrial
wastes, treated to varying degrees, are the principal pol-
lutional materials discharged into these waters. Other wastes
discharged intermittently may have serious local effects or
may cause temporary excessive pollution. Among these wastes
are accidental spills from storage tanks and barges, combined
sewer overflows, wastes from lake vessels, barge tows, and
pleasure craft, and material from dredging operations.
Our belief is supported by exhibits listed
below: resolutions adopted by numerous municipalities in
southern Cook County, copies of which are attached, which their
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e CHAIRMAN STEIN: You might explain that these are purely
O
6 volunteers.
? MR. CHANTIGNEY: Yes, it is in my statement.
Q CHAIRMAN STEIN: All right.
O
0 MR. CHANTIGNEY: Did Mr. Donald Maskey stand? Please
y
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23
24
25
518
our committee whom I would like to introduce before I commence.
It will only take a minute.
Our retiring General Chairman, Mr. Duke E, Read,
and our newly appointed General Chairman, Mr. Don Maskey.
stand.
And, our Executive Secretary, Mr. Lee Bradlsh,
in the back.
I might also say that we are Just one of seven
committees on the Cook County Clean Streams and we are here
because this happens to be our area of responsibility. I
would like to point this out on the map to you, ladles and
gentlemen.
Our map is very small. We will use the large
one then. We extend from 76th Street on the south side all
the way over to Blue Island, west all the way south to Cook
County line and over to the Indiana State Lines. This is our
boundary. Thank you.
The Cook County Clean streams Committee was
formed in 1953 by the Cook County Board of Forest Preserve
ommlssioners for the express purpose of eliminating pollution
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
517
authority and the power and authority of the United States
1 II
Public Health hold the point until the appropriate state or
local agency does something about it and sometimes I will admit
3
they are pointing at us.
(Laughter)
The first and the most active of these groups
of unique organizations is the Cook County Clean Streams
Committee, and they are so organized that they are in basins.
The Chairman of the Thorn Creek watershed, which is in the
southern part of Cook County, is going to present their thought }g
here, and the interests of the Cook County Clean Streams
Committee on the particular problem that is before us.
I present to you the Chairman of the Thorn Creek
Watershed, Mr. Joseph Chantigney. Mr. Chantigney.
MR. JOSEPH CHANTIGNEY: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies
and gentlemen:
I want to assure you all this stuff I brought up
I won't be reading it all. It would take all day.
Ny name is Joseph T. Chantigney. My home address
is 14823 Evers Avenue, Dolton, Illinois. I am the Chairman of
he Thorn Creek-Calumet Committee of the Cook County Clean
Streams Committee.
With me today are two cochalrmen on this committee
r. Chester Magon and Mr. Ben Traficano,
Mr. Klassen, you invited three more members of
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516
standpoint of water resources needed to support a growing
urban area such as Joliet. The Lower Des Plaines Valley
Water Resources Committee, a group made up of representatives
from the various governmental Jurisdictions and industry in
this region, had conducted by Stanley Engineering Studies, a
study of water resources in the Lower Des Plaines Valley.
This study shows that the Jollet-Lockport-
Lemont area will face a severe water shortage unless a major
new water supply is developed, the projected water deflcien-
10 cles in the Lower Des Plaines Valley to be ten million gallons
per day in ten years. They forecast the fact that our
12 existing source of water supply, ground water, will be inade-
13 quate for public and industrial needs.
14 Therefore, we are especially concerned with
the pollution of the Des Plaines River and the Illinois Deep
16 Waterway because this represents to us the resource from
17 which this area can best obtain an adequate supply of water
18 to continue the growth and prosperity of this region.
19 We submit to you and the United States Public
20 Health Service an urgent plea to act within the full extent
21 of your power and authority to eliminate pollution in the
22 Des Plaines River, in Illinois Deep Waterway, so that Joliet
23 and their region can utilize this water resource to meet the
24 growing needs of this area.
25 We express the hope that your power and
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515
is slightly outside the area of this conference, but flowing
past and through the City of Joliet is the waterway which
ฃt
does take some of the wastes that come from Indiana and we
3
know the Mayor is a person that is vitally interested in the
4
water supply needs of his community and hopes that someday
5
he may utilize the water course that flows through Joliet as
6
a source of water supply and, in this context, we have a
brief statement from Mayor Berlinsky of Joliet.
8
MR. MORRICE BERLINSKY: Mr. Chairman, the Honorable
9
Murray Stein, and distinguished co-conferees:
I would like to preface my remarks by saying
that the citizens of Joliet are most grateful for the
opportunity for our opinion to be read into the record and
13
made a permanent part of the record of this conference.
14
Our statement is addressed to Mr. Klassen.
15
As Mayor of the City of Joliet, I wish to
16
express the fact that our City is gratified with the atten-
tion being directed by your Department and by the United
18
States Public Health Service to the problem of water pollu-
iy
tion.
20
We share with you, the state and the region
&i
and the Nation, the concern relative to pollution of our
22
waters.
23
The problem of pollution concerns us not only
&4
from the standpoint of public health, but also from the
AW
-------
514
like to make that suggestion.
I want to close by saying: Our sincere
2
appreciation for the privilege of speaking for the City of
\j
Calumet and the Calumet City Flood and Pollution Control
4
Committee. Also, our thanks to the Metropolitan Sanitary
3
District, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the Department of
Public Health for their continued interest and aid in keeping
7
our streams as clean as possible in spite of pollution pro-
8
blems.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
I want to commend the United States Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, on their comprehensive
report, the pollution report. I have had a lot of very fine
information out of that. It has come in handy, really, to
our local people.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mrs. MaysM-A-Y-S?
Are there any comments?
MRS. MASE: It is Mase.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: M-A-S-E, that Is my fault.
To follow up, we will show you how American
this is and what a wonderful conference we have I would
like to Just go off-the-record for a minute to read a post
card.
](Discussion off the record)
MR. KLASSEN: We have Invited the Mayor of Joliet. It
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513
banks Is a narrow, crooked polluted stream.
Pollution problems can only be solved through
the fullest cooperation of and between industries, municipali-
ties, county, state and Federal Government. Because sludge
has been building up over a long period of time, perhaps,
we should look to widening, straightening, and dredging our
smaller polluted streams
8 I want to interject here that the one time
g we tried to have a committee, an interstate committee, and
10 we called it the Illlana Waterwaste Drainage and Flood
n Control Committee, and I was Chairman, and Mr. Giannini of
12 Indiana, who is here today, was the Secretary but because
13 of Jurisdictional problems, every time we went to the Indiana
14 side, we were told they had no Jurisdiction in Illinois, and
15 every time we went to the Illinois side, we were told they
16 had no Jurisdiction in Indiana.
17 So, before I close this brief message, I
18 would like to make a suggestion, if I may take the liberty,
19 that a committee, an interstate committee, along with the
20 Federal Government, form a commission or committee I know
21 we are overloaded with commissions and committees today, but
22 they do get things donethat they be formed to combat this
23 flood pollution and to Just at least keep the populace aware
24 of what is going on, and informed people generally are better
25 residents and better citizens. I find it that way and I would
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512
heavily by industrial wastes and raw sewage. The Little
Calumet River runs through a residential section of our City
2
and is subject to pollution from Indiana towns without treat-
3
ment facilities.
4
Our residents along the River suffer from
O
obnoxious odors during warm weather, Pollution has been so
6
bad that the paint on houses and garages has been peeling and
7
changing color. Both rivers flow in a westerly direction
8
from Indiana.
9
Our people, through popular subscription,
10
built dikes along the river to protect from flooding. To
11
date the dikes have stopped overflow during heavy rainfall,
12
but the pollution is another problem that has grown much
13
worse each year.
14
In dry weather, little water flows, and such
15
flow is very sluggish, even stagnant. The hot sun causes
16
river bottom sludge to be exposed.
17
If you ever watched it may I interject
18
here when the waters are way down, the sludge is drawn up
19
by the hot sun. It is a strange phenomenon but the smell
20
is very strange, too, I assure you.
21
No recreational areas are located near the
22
River because of such conditions. Children are forbidden to
23
play near the streams because of health hazards. What could
24
be a nice clean river with parks and playgrounds along its
25
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1
2
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
511
make a couple of additional remarks.
This is a statement on the subject of pol-
3 lution of the Grand and Little Calumet Rivers and their
4 tributaries with relation to my community and my City.
II
I am a much smaller municipality; I have only
27,500. But we are directly concerned because we are
bordered by the Grand Calumet on the north and the Little
8 | Calumet on the south. And if you will look on the map, I
am concerned with the area where the dotted line crosses
10 I! the pink map or the Little Calumet River, Just on the inner
H side of the River across from Lansing - this white area here.
12 Calumet City lies in that area long the State line. We have
13 I been plagued with flooding and pollution for the fifteen
years that I have lived there In that suburban community.
I want to read from this.
It says, Calumet City is located in the south-
east corner of Cook County, bounded on the north by the
Grand Calumet River, on the east by the State of Indiana, on
the south by the Little Calumet River, and west by the
Calumet Expressway. We are plagued by two interstate pollute^
rivers along our borders.
The Grand Calumet River pollution is caused
primarily by industries, but the Little Calumet River is
polluted both by industry and municipalities. The Grand
Calumet runs through industrial sections and is polluted
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510
pollution at the sources.
2 We need help also from the Secretary in a
3 continuing research program; in continuing help to muncipali-
4 ties and industries; and especially in a continuing program
5 of imaginative education designed to build public awareness
6 of water pollution, public participation to end it, and
7 public enthusiasm for an improved environment.
a We ask urgently for help, and we promise full
O
9
13
support.
10 Thank you.
u CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Despres.
12 Any comments or questions?
(No response)
14 Thank you very much for your statement, sir.
15 MR. KLASSEN: Next, we have an Alderman of the Sixth
6 Ward, but not from the City of Chicago from Calumet City.
17 And, very interestingly enough, this Alderman
10 is also a member of the Clean Streams Committee and active in
lo
that area, and, of particular interest, she is a lady.
20 I want to present now, Mrs. Sarah Mase, the
Alderman of the Sixth Ward, from Calumet City.
22 MRS. SARAH MASE: Conferees, Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen:
23
I do have a short statement that has been
25 released and I am going to read that. Then I would like to
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509
power to act.
We need help to stop the dumping of sewage
3 from 325,000 people.
We need help to stop dumping of industrial
wastes. Industry stands to gain enormously if it ends water
0
. pollution. We know that some of the pollutants can be
b
7 turned into valuable by-products, as industries in the Pacific
0 Northwest and German Ruhr learned after they worked with
8
government to stop pollution.
y
10 Some dumping of pollutants is Just a bad habit
u which can be stopped by storage or reprocessing. All pol-
lution will eventually destroy Industry, as pollution goes
on to destroy the environment and means of life which industry
needs to survive. Since industry, although it stands to
1C lose heavily from general water pollution, cannot legislate
10
1C rules against it, the Federal Government has the responsi-
lb
1? billty to do so.
10 The measures we need are measures to end pol-
io
lutlon of Lake Michigan. There is a danger that the Secretary
*y
may be tempted to define "standards" and tolerate all
20
pollution down to a fixed point. Such a procedure would
21
encourage pollution; allow irreversible damage; and permit
the continued entrance into the lake of sewage, chemicals,
23
metals and solid wastes whose cumulative effect on our
24
population could be devastating. Our need is to stop
-------
508
the personal observation of our portion of the Lake bottom
made by a constituent who does amateur skin-diving and has kept
a careful four-year Journal of underwater observations. He
reports one overriding observation the startling growth in
length and size of algae.
The Public Health Service report tells us what
our own observations hinted at that the Lake and Its water
are being fatally degraded; that bloodworms, sludgeworms,
and fingernail clams have all but taken over the Lake bottom
10 near us; that the Lake's growing nitrogen content has almost
reached the point where algae finally take over the lake-
12 front and bathing and impede filtration; that sewage and
13 industrial wastes tax Chicago's great filtration plant beyond
14 its power to purify completely; and that our water Is receiv-
15 Ing massive chemicals, metals, and poisons whose cumulative
ig biological effect may be massively disastrous. What we are
17 suffering from is inadequate control of the effects of
19 population increase and industrial advance. Nobody knows
19 how long our filtration will be effective if contamination
20 increases.
21 Since years of conscientious preventive efforts
22 by the City of Chicago, both alone and in cooperation with
23 industry and with local governments in Indiana and Illinois,
24 have ended in Increased Lake pollution, I urge strong measures
25 now by the Federal Government, which alone has effective
-------
507
i along Lake Michigan between 51st and 6?th Streets. The
2 75,000 persons in my ward share the general concern of all
3 Chicagoans in our Lake and hold a special concern because we
4 live directly next to Lake Michigan.
$ I have come here to urge the Secretary to take
6 the strongest and most effective measures possible to end
7 pollution of lake water. The report on Lake Michigan made by
8 the Public Health Service for this conference has horrified
9 all of us who have studied it.
10 It shows that the danger to lake water is not
11 ten years off, not five years off, but immediate and present.
12 It shows that sewage and industrial wastes are doing
13 irreversible damage to the lake; that municipalities and boats
14 are pouring in sewage wastes daily; and that the steel, oil,
15 and chemical plants are daily pouring vast, deadly industrial
ie wastes into our end of the lake.
17 The report confirms the disturbing personal
19 observations we have made as laymen. In December 1964, for
19 instance, we found millions of mysterious polyethylene pellets
20 washed up on our two miles of breakwater. Later we learned
21 that they represented Just one flushing from a chemical plant,
22 and we learned that on the Michigan shore part of the same
23 flushing made up 30 or 40 miles of windrows, plus an incalcu-
24 lable area of lake bottom.
25 Another disturbing instance to us has been
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c
D
506
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Despres.
MR. LEON M. DESPRES: Mr. Chairman, before I start, I
would like to ask if I could be permitted to file for the
record the statement I was requested to give you from the
Chicago Heritage Committee, Thomas Stauffer, Chairman. It is
a brief statement, if I may file it?
7 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without objection, that will be included
_ in the record. The conferees can look at that.
o
STATEMENT OF CHICAGO HERITAGE COMMITTEE
y
0 We urge TOTAL control of pollution for the
metropolitan area. Such control is technologically possible;
that it is both desirable and necessary is beyond debate.
Lft
We believe that this should be achieved by
I O
legal control of the sources of pollution with costs to be
borne, in the case of Industrial pollution, by private
enterprise and the market, in accordance with American tradl-
16
tion, rather than by public administration with costs
covered by taxes.
18
We believe that there is considerable exper-
ience showing that such control is often even profitable;
20
however, if it is not, the cost will be passed to consumers
equally by all competitors.
VM
MR. DESPRES: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
*u
I appear here as an Alderman of the City of
25 Chicago elected from Chicago's Fifth Ward, which extends
-------
505
j are by people, by organizations that are, you might say,
the users and on the receiving end of pollution and interested
fป
3 in this particular problem.
4 Some have been invited to participate, some
5 requested the appearance and the first one of these that we
6 are presenting is the Alderman from the Fifth Ward in Chicago,
7 Leon Despres.
g CHAIRMAN STEIN: While Mr. Despres is coming up, I don't
g know how it is in Springfield, but in Washington the people
don't have to wait for public meetings, they seem to criticize
u us all the time.
12 And, I think the beauty of our Government is
13 not just that ordinary people can criticize you, but some of
14 the biggest corporations can criticize you, too,
15 MR. KLASSEN: I will say maybe there is more to criticize
16 in Washington than in Springfield.
17 (Laughter) (Applause)
18 CHAIRMAN STEIN: That might be, but in my visits, I
19 missed It.
20 MR. BOSTON: I would like to comment, Mr. Chairman, to
21 the effect that I thought the Public Health Service had re-
22 ceived a lot of accolades today and yesterday and it makes me
23 feel real good.
24 I think probably our Chairman Is a little more
25 critical of us than some of the local people.
-------
504
i numerous wells became polluted as a result of a disturbance
2 in the bed of the Calumet-Sag Channel. A survey in 1962 of 55
3 homes in this area showed that 24 of the 55 wells tested
4 contained varying amounts of pollutional bacteria.
5 There can be no compromise between public
6 health and stream pollution. We in Cook County have demanded
7 that our residents do not pollute the streams, we can ask no
8 less from others,
0 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Hall.
y
10 Are there any questions or comments?
n (No response)
12 If not, thank you very much for your state-
13 ment.
14 MR. KLASSEN: Several years ago we had a visitor to our
15 office for most of the summer from behind the Iron Curtain
16 and after he had been with us several months attending
17 meetings and hearings, when he left I said, "What are some
ia of the things that have been high points in your visit?"
19 "Well," he said, "l was impressed by the fact
20 that at your public meetings ordinary people can get up and
21 criticize Government, criticize Industry and criticize other
22 people and this is a right, privilege that apparently you
23 people have."
24 Following here are a series of several pre-
25 sentatlons, some of them a very short statement. But they
-------
503
! Aesthetically these streams become eyesores.
2 Because of the heavy pollution, there is little interest on
3 the part of the resident public to improve them, and in time
4 they become clogged, overgrown with vegetation and reposi-
$ tories for Junk.
6 Through the Cook County and the Metroplitan
7 Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's program of stream
cleaning, efforts are being made to reclaim these streams.
However, stream cleaning, although an excellent thing in
y
10 itself, does not eliminate the potential health hazard of
n pollution.
12 Public interest and pride in the stream
13 cannot be generated as long as the pollution remains. In
14 addition, the mere mechanics of stream cleaning involves
15 individual hand work and, in a polluted stream, this is a
16 health hazard to the worker.
17 The health of the public in the vicinity of
ig these streams can be affected by other means. Insects and
ig rodents that breed in and along these polluted waters become
2Q carriers of disease. Dysentery of various types can possibly
21 be transmitted to man. Livestock damage is not beyond being
22 caused by polluted waters.
23 We have cases on record where individual wells
become polluted from these streams where the water-bearing
*A
25 aquifer was at or near the surface. In the Alsip area,
-------
502
Any problems that the City of Chicago Water
Purification Division has producing a safe water supply for
z
the citizens of the City of Chicago is reflected in the hazard|s
3
possible to the other users of this water.
4
The reduction of the pollution in this area of
5
Lake Michigan is of prime importance in protecting the health
6
of the citizens of this metropolitan area. Waste disposal
7
in waterways must be rigidly controlled. Performance stand-
8
ards must be established and met. Cost factors should be
9
subordinate to the health and welfare of the citizens dependent
10
on this water supply.
Part of the problem is pollution of the Little
12
Calumet River. Reference is made to this because it directly
13
affects the health and welfare of the citizens of suburban
14
Cook County under the Jurisdiction of this Department. This
15
pollution has been of such extent as to render these streams
16
almost totally unfit for recreation.
17
Recreation and public health are inexorably
18
wedded together. Fishing, boating, water skiing and even
19
walking along the banks of these streams are denied to the
20
public since contact with these polluted waters Is a public
t*\.
health hazard. Adults can become educated and prevailed upon
t*ฃ
to leave the streams alone, but children are drawn to them
23
and, through no fault of their own, can suffer the effect
24
of industrial neglect.
25
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501
i Population
44. River Forest 13,000
2 45. River Grove 8,600
46. Riverside 9,500
3 47. Robbins 8,200
48. Rosemont 1,700
4 49. Schiller Park 6,200
50. South Holland 12,700
si 51. Stone Park 5,000
52. Summit (Argo) 11,700
6 53. WestChester 18,700
54. Canfield Community Service
7 (Norwood) 1,000
55. Leyden Township (Leyden) 8,000
8 56. Monterey Manor Subdivision
(Norwood) 850
9
ADDITIONAL PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES FROM LAKE
10 MICHIGAN, OTHER THAN CHICAGO
11 Glenview 22,400 From Winnetka
Lansing 19,500 From Hammond, Indiana
12 Northbrook 12,300 Directly from Lake Michigan
Skokie 66,800 From Evanston
13 Wilmette 29,900 Directly from Lake Michigajn
14
The constant reduction in the water table in
15
this metropolitan area has driven more and more communities
16
to seek the waters of Lake Michigan. There hase been many
17
plans under consideration and it can be said that this
18
movement will spread so that in the foreseeable future the
19
total population of this metropolitan area will be deriving
20
its water supply from Lake Michigan.
21
At the present time, we are talking about the
22
water supply of 4.5 million people in the State of Illinois,
23
then we will be talking about a population of more than 7
24
million persons.
25
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500
! PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES UNDER THE JURISDICTION
OF THE COOK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
2 OBTAINING LAKE MICHIGAN WATER THRU CHICAGO
3 Population
4 1. Alsip 4,300
2. Berkeley 7,600
5 3. Berwyn 54,224
4. Blue Island 20,500
6 5. Broadview 9,000
6. Brookfleld 20,429
7 7. Burnham 2,478
8. Calumet City 26,000
8 9. Calumet Park 9,200
10. Cicero 70,600
9 11. Dixmoor 3.400
12. Dolton 19,800
10 13. East Hazelcrest 1,500
14. Elmwood Park 24,200
n 15. Evergreen Park 25,300
16. Forest Park 14,900
17. Franklin Park 18,700
18. Golf 430
13 19. Harvey 30,800
20. Harwood Heights 6,300
21. Hazel Crest 8,200
22. Hillside 8,500
15 23. Hodgkins 1,200
24. Hometown 7,500
16 25. LaGrange Park 14,700
26. Lincolnwood 12,200
17 27. Lyons 11,100
28. Markham 12,300
18 29. Maywood 27,700
30. McCook 470
19 31. Melrose Park 23,800
32. Merrionette Park 2,400
20 33. Midlothian 9,000
34. Morton Grove 22,100
21 35. Niles 26,000
36. Norridge 14,700
22 37. Northlake 12,900
38. North Riverside 8,400
23 39. Oak Lawn 33,100
40. Park Ridge 36,700
24 4l. Phoenix 4,700
42. Posen 4,800
25 43. Riverdale 13,000
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499
i many such substances and the evaluation of their potential
2 health hazards at present is either lacking or incomplete,
3 therefore, be it
4 RESOLVED, that the Illinois State Medical
5 Society go on record as being opposed to any unnecessary dis-
6 charge of wastes that will result in the degradation of
7 drinking water supply resources, or the impairment of water
8 used for bathing and swimming.
9 Passed by the Illinois State Medical Society,
10 Board of Trustees, on January 17, 1965.
u MR. KLASSEN: Next, the Cook County Department of Public
12 Health has a real jurisdictional interest in this particular
13 area, particularly that area in Cook County outside of the
14 City of Chicago and at this time a statement will be presented
15 by the Health Officer for the Cook County Department of Public
16 Health, Dr. John B. Hall.
17 DR. JOHN B. HALL: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
1Q gentlemen:
10
ig Any pollution of Lake Michigan which affects
2Q the potability of the water supply of the City of Chicago alsc
21 affects the water supply of 56 communities in suburban Cook
22 County (with a total population of approximately 750,000
23 persons) who procure their water from the City of Chicago, and)
24 five other communities which use Lake Michigan water from
25 other directions with a population of approximately 150,000.
-------
498
i (No response)
2 If not, thank you very much for your statement
3 MR. KLASSEN: The Illinois State Medical Society has
4 prepared a statement for the record which will not be pre-
5 sented at this time, but will go into the record. It is a
6 general statement concerning its interests in clean waters
7 in this area.
8 CHAIRMAN STEIN: You have a copy of that statement?
9 MR. KLASSEN: No.
10 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Well, would that be made available?
11 MR. KLASSEN: It will be mailed.
12 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without any objection, that will be
13 inserted at this point.
14 ILLINOIS STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY
15 RESOLUTION ON WATER POLLUTION
16
WHEREAS, any unnecessary discharge of sewage
17
and industrial wastes, either treated or untreated, into
18
underground or surface sources of domestic drinking water
19
supplies is contrary to the basic concepts of disease pre-
20
vention, and
21
WHEREAS, prevention of such pollution is
22
becoming increasingly important because of the multiplicity
23
of potential pollutants especially those involving organic
24
and inorganic chemicals and viruses, and
25
WHEREAS, methods for the identification of
-------
497
j The Department of Public Works and Buildings of
2 the State of Illinois Joins with the Metropolitan Sanitary
3 District of Greater Chicago in urging that the wastes from
4 the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant not be permitted to flow
5 into the State of Illinois.
6 It is our opinion that the construction of
7 this dam by the Corps of Engineers as part of the Cal-Sag
8 navigation improvement has not properly involved the Depart-
9 ment of Health, Education, and Welfare at this time. The dam
10 does not exist at the present time and while reports show that
n pollution does originate from the Hammond sewage treatment
12 plant, data are not available to show that this undesirable
13 material would be more acceptable in the inland waterway
system of Illinois than it would be in Lake Michigan.
15 It is our understanding that under the Public
Law 660, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, has a corrective
10 Jurisdiction relative to matters such as the Barrier Dam only
lo
after a hearing to establish pollution has been held.
jy
20 We further believe that the law clearly indi-
21 cates such a hearing would be necessary subsequent to this
conference.
AA
23 Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Lorenz.
ซ4
25 Are there any comments or questions?
-------
496
Michigan. It is also true that the same volume of effluent
applied to the Little Calumet River, the Cal-Sag Canal and the
ft
Illinois River will constitute a much greater source of pol-
&
lution because of the comparatively minuscule volume of
4
dilution water available.
5
A further consideration in this regard is the
B
burden placed upon the Sanitary Water Board in endorsing
pollution requirements in Illinois, on the one hand, while
8
accepting polluted waters from Indiana, on the other hand.
y
It is the position of the Department of Public
Works and Buildings that this is a completely untenable
proposition.
\t*
The question of pollution to Lake Michigan by
13
effluent from the Hammond sewage treatment plant is one of
14
academic interest, it is a fact that the pollution moving to
15
Lake Michigan through the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal originates
16
primarily in the Grand Calumet River easterly of the Canal.
This flow which is of Industrial origin moves westerly in the
18
Grand Calumet River to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, at
19
which point it turns in a northerly direction and moves to
20
Lake Michigan.
fป I
22 It is because of the large volume of this
grossly polluted flow that effluent from the Hammond Sewage
23
Treatment plant is sometimes noted to move in a westerly
direction towards Illinois.
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495
cation, and Welfare, covering the pollution of the Waters of
the Grand Calumet River, the Little Calumet River, the Calumet
River and the Lake Michigan, makes reference to the construc-
tion of a temporary dam on the Grand Calumet River at
Columbia Avenue in Hammond, Indiana. The Department of Public
Works and Buildings of the State of Illinois and, I believe,
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, will
both be on record as proposing the construction of this dam ir
9 I such a way that the treated effluent of the Hammond, Indiana,
10 ]| sewage treatment plant would be excluded from the State of
I
Illinois and would flow to Lake Michigan through the Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal.
The recommendation of the Department of Public
Works and Buildings is based on the foregoing precepts of
Illinois law.
Observations by competent individuals have
clearly shown that during the preponderance of time flow in
the Grand Calumet River is from the Hammond sewage treatment
plant to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and then into Lake
Michigan. Topographic data provided by the Chicago District
Office of the Corps of Engineers clearly shows a slight rise
in the Grand Calumet River to substantiate the preceding
23 statements.
It is true that the effluent from the Hammond
treatment plant will constitute a slight pollutant to Lake
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494
We do feel very strongly, however, that each
2 stream of the state does have an appropriate standard of
3 quality which should be maintained in the vicinity of the
4 industrial centers of Illinois. Many of the streams have
already deteriorated to the point where desirable standards
5
6 of quality are no longer satisfied.
7 In these areas, state government, principally
through the Sanitary Water Board and the Department of Public
o
Works and Buildings, is moving toward the re-establishment of
9
the quality criteria which is believed to be desirable.
An excellent example of this procedure is the
Pox River which flows through Lake County, as well as McHenry,
Kane, Kendall and LaSalle Counties in Illinois.
13
In those areas of the State where streams are
14
not yet polluted to the point that the acceptable standards of
15
quality have been violated, the Sanitary Water Board is
16
making every effort to insure that the quality does not
deteriorate to a value less than a desirable standard for that
18
particular stream.
13
I do not infer that stream quality standards
20
have been vigorously applied to all of the streams of this
State, but I do strongly assert that the forces of the State
tut*
government are presently moving to maintain and to Improve
23
the quality of our service waters.
24
25 The report of the Department of Health, Edu-
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493
both flood flows and low flows of the streams of the watershed
Our responsibility relative to flood flows Is
clear and is not particularly germane to the issue today.
The responsibilities of the Department relative
to low flows has been interpreted to include augmentation of
flows which are inadequate so as to maintain reasonable
stream water quality. For each watershed of the state, there
is a fine topography and a limited capability for the storage
of dilution waters.
10 The Department of Public Works and Buildings
11 is automatically concerned with the amount of pollution being
12 directed to streams of this State because of the volume of
13 low flow augmentation storage varies directly with the pol-
14 lutlon delivered to the stream by industry, drainage districts
15 or individuals.
16 Our efforts to develop optimum water resource
17 plans for the basins of the State are substantially hindered
18 by excessive requirements for dilution flow signs. These
19 waters arrive in the stream from storage volumes within
20 reservoirs which Michigan allocated to a different, more re-
21 imbursable purpose.
22 Tne Department does not propose that every
23 stream in the state of Illinois shall be of sufficient quality
24 to permit bathing or domestic consumption of the water without
25 prior treatment.
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492
bathing, recreation, agriculture, industry or any other
purpose. But, the same rule which applies in his favor also
ฃt
limits his rights in respect to other riparian owners with
3
regard to water quality.
4
He cannot make such use of the water as to un-
5
reasonably diminish its quality or create a nuisance; neither
6
can be discharge poisonous or noxious matter into the stream
or use the stream to float away refuse if the refuse is in-
8
Jurious to the rights of the public or other riparian owners.
y
When questions arise between riparian owners,
regarding the right of one to make a particular use of the
water in which he may have a right common to others, the
iซ
solution will generally depend upon the reasonableness of the
lo
use and the extent of the detriment to the common owner.
14
The evaluation of Illinois law indicates that
15
municipal corporations or private corporations have no greater
16
right to pollute waters than do individuals. This being the
case, it should be clear that any pollution of Illinois
18
waters, regardless of a party acting as the polluter, would
19
automatically infringe upon the property rights of individual
20
riparians to the body of water and therefore should not be
21
condoned.
22
Illinois statutes provide that the Department
23
of Public Works and Buildings is responsible for the develop-
24
ment of watershed plans or resource development which include
25
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491
Illinois Is usually considered to follow the
doctrine of riparian rights which broadly stated are the
rights of the owner of land situated on a water course rela-
tive to the water, its use and the ownership of soil under the
stream. The doctrine also implies the intended responsibility
of the owner to refrain from interfering with or depriving
other land owners, similarly situated, of the same rights.
In addition to the general police power of the
state to regulate within limitations the use of water and
other related activitiesand the state of Illinois has
several rather specific types of Jurisdiction over natural
water courses that are of interest hereit has the power to
regulate and control fishing in all waters of the State. It
has the power to control and protect all navigable waters of
the state for the purpose of navigation; to control and
regulate the exercise of all rights incident to the ownership
of beds of all water courses in which the state holds title
and to control and regulate the general use of all public
waters of the state. These Jurisdictions are in addition to
the powers and the rights which the state enjoys as a
riparian proprietor on a particular water course and such
regulatory actions as the Commission of Pollution Control
laws and other similar regulatory functions.
The individual riparian owner may make such
reasonable use of the water as he can while it passes his
land. He may use it for water supply, for navigation, for
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I 490
Water Resources.
Perhaps, it would be best to first acquaint you
ft
in a general way with the scope of the authority of the De-
3
partment relative to waters and water courses in Illinois.
The Department of Public Works and Buildings
0
is a co-department of the Executive Branch of State Govern-
6
ment and has Jurisdiction and supervision over the rivers,
lakes and streams of the State of Illinois and is charged wit*
8
the specific responsibility of making careful investigation
a
of such waters and water courses to prevent or remove en-
croachments; In this connection, title to the bed of meandered
lakes in Illinois.
Lake Michigan, for example, is held in trust fcjr
the benefit of all of the people of the State, and Jurisdiction
14
in this instance is assigned to the Department of Public Works
15
and Buildings. As a general rule, considering other than
16
meandered bodies, title to the bed of rivers and other streams
whether navigable or non-navigable, rests with the owner of tbje
18
abutting properties, regardless of whether publicly or
X 3
privately owned. supervision Of the waters remains with the
Department, particularly, as to the collection of data rela-
tive to navigation and natural resources, the development of
22
public reserves, the exercise of permit for the erection of
23
structures, the development of flood control and low flow
Improvements, drainage and, to a specific degree, water supply
2o
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489
also a member of the State Sanitary Water Board one of our
real active members.
MR. FRANCIS LORENZ: Mr. Chairman, official conferees,
ladles and gentlemen:
I am most pleased to appear before you today
to present the views of the Department of Public Works and
Buildings as it relates to the subject of this conference.
We are deeply concerned with the problem of
9 pollution in Lake Michigan because the lake is our most 1m-
10 portant single water resource.
11 It is essential that sound management practices
12 based upon thorough engineering analyses be applied so this
13 resource, for the benefit of the people of the City of
14 Chicago, the states of Illinois and Indiana and of the Nation
is as a whole be preserved.
16 The Department of Public Works and Buildings,
17 through its director, is a voting member of the State Pollu-
18 tion Control Agency, the Sanitary Water Board, through the
19 office of Chief Waterway Engineer, the Department is an
20 official member of the Technical Advisory Committee for Water
21 Resources*
22 I am pleased to reaffirm that this Department
23 subscribes completely to the comments presented to this con-
24 ference by Mr. Clarence Klassen for the Sanitary Water Board
25 and by Mr. Ackermann for the Technical Advisory Committee for
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488
AFTERNOON SESSION
2 CHAIRMAN STEIN: May we reconvene.
First. I would like to read a telegram I Just
3
received addressed to me, dated today:
4
"Our Union welcomes your conferenece on
lake pollution. However, on behalf of the employees
6
we represent and the situation in Whiting, it is
felt that unions such as ours should have been
8
invited to participate and an answer shall be
y
appreciated."
Signed "Joseph J. Sotack, President, Inde-
pendent Petroleum Workers Union, Whiting, Indiana."
Mr. Klassen?
13
MR. KLASSEN: To continue with the State of Illinois
14
Agencypresentations, we have within our State government, the
10
Department of Public Works of which the Illinois Division of
16
Waterways is a part.
This department through this division has some
18
Jurisdictions and some real interests in the waterways in-
1 w
volved in this conference.
20
It is because of this and the interest of that
21
department and its Director in this whole problem that we are
22
scheduling at this time a presentation by our Department of
23
Public Works and it will be given by the Director of the De-
partment, the Honorable Francis Lorenz, who incidentally is
25
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487
i abatement of the pollution which they are doing.
2 It is my recommendation that, If the Secretary,
3 after this conference and if they so find that these Industrie*
4 are polluting, that they should recommend that they abate this
5 pollution within the time allotted under the Act and if they
6 don't, that action, legal action, should be filed by the
7 Attorney General of the United States, and I strongly urge
8 that there can be no compromise with the health of the people
9 of the City of Chicago.
10 Thank you.
n (Applause)
12 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Any comments or questions?
13 (No response)
14 If not, we will stand recessed until 2:00
15 o'clock.
16 (Whereupon the proceedings in the above
17 entitled matter were continued to 2:00 o'clock P.M. the
is same date).
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486
Moelmann; they examined the plans and when they approved the
plans, these efforts were carried into effect by the Industrie^.
A
When they were completed, the engineers in-
3
spected the treatment works and, if they were satisfactory,
4
each of these industries were dismissed from the case in the
O
United States Supreme Court.
6
This was done over a period of four or five
7
years. The industries spent about twenty million dollars in
8
doing it. It was done under the supervision of the United
9
States Supreme Court Master and every three months these
10
industries had to report their progress.
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Now, I found in my investigation that these
conferences, such as these were held as far back as 1890,
whenever there was an outbreak of any epidemic or disease or
communicable disease. A furor would take place and they
would hold these conferences and the industries said, "Yes,
we will do something about it", but they never did anything
until they were forced to do it by Court action.
Now, it is my recommendation to these conferees
that now we have the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
which has all of the teeth in it which we didn't have back in
19^3, which gives the Attorney General of the United States,
upon recommendation of the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare, authority to commence a legal action in the District
Courts of the United States for the purpose of securing the
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485
I was instructed by the Attorney General to
make an investigation which I did for over a period of a year.
I found that the pollution at that time was
much greater than it is at the present time. At the Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal we had pollution to the extent of samples
of over one million per hundred millimeters, sometimes as high
as ten million.
We found that raw sewage went on cakes of ice
9 as far north from the Whiting area up to Wilson Avenue intake.
10 There was a real pollution problem and fortunately, for the
11 expert efforts of the City of Chicago and their filtration,
12 the handling of their water, there were no epidemics but they
13 commenced a suit in the United States Supreme Court on behalf
It
14 of the State of Illinois against the State of Indiana and the
four cities and seventeen national industries that were
polluting the lake.
We had a meeting of the respective governors
and the representatives of the Indiana industries and they
came in and they admitted that they were polluting the lake.
They said they wanted to do something about it,
they were willing to do something about it.
We worked out a unique method whereby each of
these industries proposed the necessary abatement plans.
These plans were submitted to the engineers of
the Sanitary District, Lange Donpers, Horace Rayne and Dr.
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484
Its mutual water problems with the other Great Lakes states
and desires to solve these varied water resource problems
which exist today and which can be anticipated.
It hopes to accomplish this in full cooperation
with the various federal and local agencies as well as with
the agencies of its sister Great Lakes states.
It is believed that through public recognition
and through proper engineering, research, regulation, develop-
ment, legal and sound administrative arrangements that mutual
water needs can be met so far ahead as man can see.
I again wish to emphasize that I personally
believe that within the framework of this Great Lakes Commis-
sion lies the ultimate amicable solution to many of the present
Great Lakes water use problems and the future problems with
which all states will be confronted as industry and population
expand.
To this end, the Illinois Delegation of the
conference pledges its active cooperation and support.
I would like, at this time, to refer the con-
ferees to a case in a pollution situation in the same area,
the lower end of Lake Michigan, which took place prior to 1943.
While I was an Assistant Attorney General of
Illinois, there was a great furor about the pollution of Lake
Michigan at the lower end, principally because of the in-
dustries and the four cities at the lower end of Lake Michigan.
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483
l This applies especially to the assimilation and
2 dilution of domestic and industrial wastes in lieu of their
3 proper treatment. It is believed that all of these uses can
4 be compatible.
5 It is my further belief that within the frame-
6 work of such interstate compacts as the Great Lakes Compact
7 Commission that many problems involving the multluse and reuse
8 of the Great Lakes waters can and should be resolved.
9 I believe that in this area we can occupy an
10 extremely important role in resolving these Great Lakes water
n problems and at the same time protecting and promoting the
12 water interests of this state.
13 It is my belief that a uniform understanding
14 and policies can be developed and agreed upon whereby waters
15 from the Great Lakes can be utilized by the bordering states
16 without involving economic, health or similar losses or pro-
17 blems to the various states involved.
18 While litigation may be necessary in resolving
19 some of these questions, it is believed that mutually satis-
20 factory solutions to the problems of water uses of the Great
21 Lakes can be resolved through sound and practical statesman-
22 ship.
23 Illinois regards its available water resources
24 as one of the most important factors in the economic growth
25 for its municipalities and industries. Illinois also recognizes
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482
Article VII of the Compact has been ratified by each of the
eight Great Lakes state legislatures. It provides for the
states to consider the action of the Commission with respect
to recommendations on the stabilization of lake levels,
measures for combating pollution, beach erosion, floods, and
shore inundation; problems of navigation, fishing, power,
diversions of waters and other Great Lakes problems.
So far as Illinois is concerned, several of
these considerations do and can vitally effect the economic
10 and Industrial growth of our state and particularly the Chi-
li cago area as well as the potential population increase which
12 that area can support, particularly in reference to water
13 usage.
14 Illinois is dedicated to the principal of full
15 multipurpose use of its water resources and this should apply
16 to the waters of the Great Lakes.
17 We must make maximum economic use of these
18 waters for municipal water supplies, the industrial water
19 supplies, water for agricultural purposes, for fishing and
20 aquatic recreational uses, for water power, navigation, and
21 by those municipalities and industries whose adequately treat -
22 ed wastes are discharged to these waters.
23 The Delegation recognizes the importance of all
24 of these uses, and further, that this resource is far too
25 valuable to be dedicated primarily for one particular use.
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481
Lake Michigan and also the industries in that area have
2 treatment works. There are numerous water intakes in that
3
4
5
6 I want to mention this because Mr. Anderson is
present. Will you stand up a minute, Ray?
8
7
Mr. Chesrow made a good suggestion here. I am
talking about Lake County, Illinois.
There is a Lake County, Indiana. Thank you,
Colonel.
We promised to get you out of here at 12:30
and we have one short presentation we want to work in this
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area that have a satisfactory raw water source and also, all
of the bathing beaches that operate in that area are open and
meeting up to bacterial standards.
morning.
Mr. Albert Meserow, who is the immediate past
Chairman of the Great Lakes Compact Commission and the
Chairman of the Illinois Delegation. Mr. Meserow, would you
make a statement on behalf of the Illinois Delegation? This
will then conclude the discussion for this morning.
MR. ALBERT E. MESEROW: Mr. Chairman, fellow conferees:
The Great Lakes Commission is an eight-state statutory agency
composed of membership of the eight Great Lake states, Illlnol
being one and Indiana being one.
The Commission serves as a medium of discussion
and makes recommendations on all Great Lakes problems.
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480
will continue to cooperate with the District in our industrial
waste program and the treatment plant expansion completed in
accordance with the consulting engineer's recommendations, the
present and future needs of the Sanitary District of Bloom
Township will be adequate for the next ten to fifteen years,
provided the population trend, industrial development, and
area expansion remain within predicted forecasts.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Meers, for a very In-
formative statement.
Are there any comments or questions?
MR. POSTON: I would like to ask Mr. Meers whether they
anticipate chlorination as part of their expansion program?
MR. MEERS: It is very possible. It will be on the
recommendation of the consulting engineers.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, sir.
MR. KLASSEN: One other area that has been pointed out
that is within the Jurisdiction of the State Board, but which
is not an official part of this conference is the area in Lake
County.
We are not going to ask the North Shore Sani-
tary District to make a formal presentation. I wanted to
state that Mr. Ray Anderson is here and will be available to
be called on if and when any problems or questions may arise.
I merely want to state that that District has
complete treatment and chlorination of the sewage going into
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479
Engineering, University of Illinois, to supervise and conduct
i
the abovementloned survey and study. The final report of this
0 study is entitled, "Future Planning - Plant Evaluation and
O
4 Industrial Waste Survey, Sanitary District of Bloom Township,
\
,. Park Forest, Chicago Heights, South Chicago Heights, Illinois,
0
. April 1963, Swing, Engelbrecht and Associates, Champaign,
b
7 Illinois."
operative agreement with the United States Department of the
3
The Sanitary District has entered into a co-
Interior, Geological Survey, to construct, install, equip and
operate a stream gaging station located above our wastewater
treatment plant at Halsted street in Chicago Heights. The
stream gaging station was constructed and put into operation
in June 1964. Our District is now measuring the flow of the
stream, sampling and conducting stream evaluation studies.
The wastewater treatment plant of the Sanitary
District of Bloom Township is achieving consistently 85
percent or higher biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and sus-
pended solids (SS) removal efficiency.
The Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District
have retained the services of a competent sanitary engineering
firm to prepare plans and specifications for construction and
installation of additional treatment facilities at our waste-
water treatment plant.
It is my considered opinion that, if industry
-------
storage capacity has been provided and arrangements made to
adequately dispose of these oil wastes.
ft
The industrial waste study has resulted in some
o
accomplishments other than the remedial measures taken by
4
those industries. Foremost is the keener understanding of the
5
. effects of industrial wastes on the treatment plant and
6
knowledge of the industries needing remedial action, those
needing further investigation, and those which produce no
8
significant wastes.
y
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Another very Important accomplishment has been
the development of greater respect and appreciation of the
District's problems by people in all the industries in the
community. The associations resulting from this study greatly
enhance the long and continued effort to educate these people
to appreciate waste treatment and cooperate in the control of
pollution.
Laboratory pilot plant studies conducted to
determine the effect of industrial wastes on the treatment
plant actually demonstrated some possible modifications in
operation which permitted the plant to accommodate these
difficult industrial wastes with less ill effects. The
laboratory pilot plants have been continued and have even be-
come a control feature of the treatment plant.
The Sanitary District retained Dr. R. S.
Engelbrecht and Dr. Ben B. Ewing, Professors of Sanitary
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477
treatment plant was attributed to the infiltration of storm
water.
The Sanitary District conducted a comprehensive
industrial waste survey and wastewater treatment plant evalua-
tion study. Forty-seven (47) industries were surveyed and
their wastes were studied,identified and characterized.
During the course of this survey and study the
industries, officials and personnel were very cooperative.
The Sanitary District's policy is that industry should elimi-
nate objectionable industrial waste at the source. Industry
has responded in various ways, but with gratifying results.
One industry which produces a waste which is
very difficult to treat has installed industrial waste treat-
ment facilities and these facilities are doing a very satis-
factory Job.
Another industry is making an intensive study
of possible waste abatement measures within its plant and
records of sampling have shown marked Improvement.
One of the companies has designed and installed
additional pretreatment facilities.
Still another has agreed to purchase and instal
monitoring equipment which, in their case, was the only cor-
rective measure considered necessary.
One large industry was found to be discharging
oil directly to the stream during heavy rains. Sufficient
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476
I am J. Edward Meers, Manager-Superintendent
i
of the Sanitary District of Bloom Township, Chicago Heights,
2
Illinois.
3
The Sanitary District of Bloom Township is
4
located 24 miles south of the Chicago Loop and 6 miles west of
5
the Indiana State line. The Sanitary District serves Chicago
6
Heights, South Chicago Heights and Park Forest, Illinois. The
7
present connected population is 75,357. On June 4, 1928, a
8
referendum was held and the formation of the Sanitary District
9
was approved.
10
The first wastewater treatment plant, a septic
n
tank and contact bed, was built in 1907 to serve the City
12
of Chicago Heights. In 1921 this plant was revised to an
13
Imhoff tank and trickling filter type plant. Construction
14
was started in 1935 on a new activated sludge plant and addi-
15
tions were completed on the activated sludge plant in 1956.
16
The Sanitary District initiated a survey and
17
study of the infiltration of storm water into the sanitary
18
sewer system. The District has a separate sewer system.
19
The result of this study was a report entitled, "study and
20
Survey of the Nonuse and Misuse of Sanitary Sewers", 1959, E.
21
H. Ashdown; Consulting Engineer, Chicago Heights, Illinois.
22
We received cooperation of the Municipalities
23
served by the District and during a three-year period, from
24
1961 to 1964, only ten percent of the flow received at our
25
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475
to the plaintiff in accordance with plans and specifications
filed with the Sanitary Water Board.
Finally, it should be mentioned that the
3
Sanitary Water Board does not grant permits for sewers unless
adequate treatment facilities exist or are assured. Mtnyof
O
the treatment works in the Thorn Creek watershed were en-
6
larged or improved as a requisite for consideration of sewer
system expansion.
O
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
9
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response)
Thank you very much, sir.
MR. KLASSEN: I am going to ask Mr. Meers, the Superin-
tendent of the Thorn Creek-Bloom Township Sanitary District,
to make a brief statement on behalf of that Sanitary District
which embraces the areas of Park Forest, Chicago Heights,
and that Immediate area.
Inasmuch as this was mentioned in the Public
Health Service report and referred to several times, I wanted
It as a matter of record what this Sanitary District has and
is doing.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without objection, Mr. Nelle's complete
report, including the chart and map will appear in the record.
MR. MEERS: Mr. Chairman, Honorable conferees, ladies
and gentlemen:
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474
A/N
LEGEND
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATION
TERRITORY UNDER JURISDICTION OF
ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD
BOUNDARY METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
FLAN MAP
CAUTMET REGION & LAKE MICHIGAN WATKIISIIKHS
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111
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-------
472
1 same order as those shown in Table II and the same general
2 comments are applicable although the flow In Thorn Creek is
3 about one-half that in Little Calumet River.
4 It should be noted that the muncipalities of
5 Glenwood, East Chicago Heights, and Sauk Village are within
6 the Chicago Sanitary District and also within Thorn Creek
7 watershed. Their combined population is about 9,000.
8 Plum Creek, having its source in eastern Will
9 County, flows northeasterly into Indiana, becomes known as
10 Hart Ditch and empties into Little Calumet River at the north-
11 east corner of Munster, Indiana. Three small sewage treat-
12 ment plants serving two undeveloped subdivisions and a
13
country club drain into Plum Creek tributaries. Sampling
14 data included in Table IV do not indicate significant pollution
15 entering the State of Indiana from Illinois. (See Table IV on
following page.)
Since its inception in 1929, the Sanitary Water
17 Board has refused to grant permits for new combined sewer
18 systems and has required that extensions to existing combined
sewer systems be made on the separate sewer plan.
20
A permit issued to the Village of Lansing for
21
sewer development in a private tract constitutes the single
22
exception to this policy. In the case of Frank vs. Village oi
23 Lansing and State Sanitary Water Board, No. 48398, Illinois
24 Appellate First District, the Appellate Court affirmed the
25
order of the Circuit Court directing the issuance of a permit
(Continue text on page 475)
-------
471
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-------
469
Bloom Township Sanitary District serving Chicago
Heights, South Chicago Heights, and Park Forest collects and
2
treats about one-half of the total waotewater in the Thorn
3
Creek watershed. Included in this presentation is a brief
4
statement from the District concerning its future plans and
5
programs.
B
Table II lists observations and analytical re-
7
suits taken at a sampling station located on Little Calumet
8
River at wentworth Avenue in Lansing. These results portray
9
the general water quality of the River as it comes from the
10
State of Indiana.
11
The data indicate quantities of organic matter
12
present in the water or presumably in bottom deposits suffi-
13
cient to depress the dissolved oxygen content below satis-
14
factory levels. In past years a diurnal change in dissolved
15
oxygen has been noted with absence or low values at daybreak
16
and high values by raid-afternoon.
17 (See Table II on following page.)
Table II further shows coliform bacteria and
18
enterococcus counts In a range of values consistent with
19
numbers found in fresh or dilute sewage treatment plant
20
effluents. Other constituents likewise confirm the presence
21
of undesirable amounts of waste matter.
22 (See Table III on following page.)
Table ill lists similarly the water quality of
23
Thorn Creek near its confluence with Little Calumet River.
24
Co-incidentally, the values for various tests are much of the
25
(Continue Text on Page 472)
-------
468
TABLE I
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER WORKS - LITTLE CALUMET RIVER WATERSHED
ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD AREA
Municipality
Lar.sing
Thornion
rlomewood
Flossmoor
Olympic Fields
Main
Olympic Woods
Graymoor
Matteson
Richton Park
Bloom Township San. Dist. ' '
Crere
Steyer
3 Winor(c)
3 Minor(d)
Receiving
Stream
Little Cal. R.
Thorn Creek
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Butterfield Cr.
Thorn Creek
Deer Creek
Third Creek
Plum Creek
Thorn Creek
Estimated Load to Sewers
and Treatment
Population
18,500
2,900
15,000
4,800
800
400
180
3,200
1,050
68,000
2,750
6,400
P.E.(ซ>
18,500
2,900
15,000
4,800
800
400
180
3,200
1,050
75,000
3,500
6,400
100(o)
100(e)
Design
Capacity
P.E.
25,000
4,500
16,000
8,000
2,500
1,500
400
5,000
3,000
60,000
4,000
10,000
Year Built or at
Last Expansion
1958
1959
1956
1956
1960
1959'
1954
1959
1964
1958
1963
1954
--
123,980 131,730 139,900
(a) - Population Equivalent
(b) Chicago Heights, South Chicago Heights, Park Forest
(c) - 2 Subdivisions and 1 country club
(d) 1 Subdivision, 1 medical center, and 1 industrial domestic
() - Excluded from totals
NOTE: All waste works provide secondary treatment capable of 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand reductions of
greater than 85%; Estimated total P.E, to streams 17,500
-------
467
It IB sufficient to note that in Thorn Creek
watershed through constant public demands for cleaner streams
2
3
4
5
6
7 of conditions has been noted in the past thirty years or more,
0 despite a growing population and greater industrial activity.
O
These streams are not large for the populations
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
and through Sanitary Water Board action, numerous raw sewage
discharges were eliminated, and all sewered municipalities now
ซ
have secondary treatment facilities. Although the water
quality of these streams are not ideal, a gradual Improvement
that use them for wastewater treatment effluent assimilation
and transport. During dry weather the flow in Thorn Creek
approximates the combined volumes of sewage treatment plant
effluents.
(See Table I on following page)
In Table I are listed the municipal wastewater
works located within the Little Calumet River drainage system
under Sanitary Water Board jurisdiction. An estimated
124,000 persons are served by sewers and secondary treatment,
and with some included industrial waste the population equiva-
lent is about 132,000.
Population equivalent is a calculated waste-
water strength equal to a normal waste contribution by the
same number of persons. Present treatment plants, all of whicji
have been built, enlarged, or improved in the past ten years,
have a nominal capacity for treatment of wastes of 140,000
population equivalent.
(Continue Text on Page 469 }
-------
466
l of Clarence W. Klassen, Chief Sanitary Engineer of the
Department, and Technical Secretary of the Illinois Sanitary
fป
Water Board.
3
My principal duties for almost thirty years hav
4
been in activities relating to Illinois programs of water pol-
5
lutlon abatement, prevention, and control. In the course of
my work, I have devoted much time and effort to the region
7
under consideration at this conference.
8
The accompanying map of Calumet Region shows
9
the areas over which the Illinois Sanitary Water Board has
responsibility for water pollution control. Other areas in
this part of Cook County have been subject to control by the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago since 1956,
prior to which year 159th Street (U.S.Route 6) defined the
general southern boundary of the District.
Pollution control of Lake Michigan waters
within the State are a responsibility of the Board from the
north Cook County line to the State of Wisconsin, and in
Cook County from sources other than those originating in the
Sanitary District.
Prom 1929 to 19^6, surveys and sampling in the
Calumet Region for the Sanitary Water Board encompassed
streams within the Chicago Sanitary District, as the responsi-
bilities for stream pollution control were less well defined
than at the present time.
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
465
District of Chicago. This accounts for the co-conferees, the
Sanitary Water Board and the Chicago Sanitary District.
2
The next brief presentation it is brief
3
because it covers a small area will be made on behalf of
4
the State Sanitary Water Board by Mr. Bichard Nelle, who is
o
the Co-ordlnator of the Board enforcement activities and
6
handles our water resources information* He will be assisted
7
by Ben Leiand, coming up the aisle here, who is in charge of
8
the Sanitary Water Board of Chicago Office.
9
I do want to call attention to the map over
10
here, the three white areas that you see. Do you want to
11
point them out for a minute, Leland? They are the areas under
12
the Jurisdiction of the State sanitary Water Board.
13
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Those are the three areas left of the
14
Illinois line within dotted areas, because this won't show up
15
when we reprint it.
16
MR. KLASSEN: The dotted area, the one at the left,
17
Chicago Heights and the Homewood area, then the next is the
18
Thornton area and then next is Lansing.
19
Mr. Nelle, will you make the presentation for
20
the Board?
21
MR. RICHARD S. NELLE: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies
22
and gentlemen:
23
I am Richard S. Nelle, Sanitary Engineer,
24
Illinois Department of Public Health, serving under direction
25
-------
464
Is it not timely for us to ask that our great
2 neighboring state of Indiana and the responsible officials of
3 local communities in that State, together with Industries who
4 may be contributing to the pollution of interstate waters,
, take immediate remedial and necessary preventive measures to
O
6 halt such pollution which jeopardizes not only the citizens of
7 Chicago, but citizens of Indiana as well.
0 It is my great hope that this conference called
o
. by Honorable Anthony J. Celebrezze today will be consummated
y
by the development of an acceptable program and schedule under
n which the State of Indiana, with the cooperation of the Pedera^
12 Government and the State of Illinois, will bring about a
13 cessation of pollution, thereby assuring us and future genera-
tlons of a wholesome water supply.
15 Thank you very much.
,c CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Andelman.
ID
17 (Applause)
18 Any comments or questions?
lg (No response)
20 If notป
21 MR. KLASSEN: This is an off-the-record remark.
22 (Discussion off the record)
23 MR. KLASSEN: Most of the audience, I am sure, is aware
24 of the fact that the Illinois Legislature has excluded from
25 the Jurisdiction of the Sanitary Water Board the Sanitary
-------
463
deleterious to health when Ingested over a long period.
Specifically, any contamination of our drinking
ฃป
water with intestinal organisms, even though they be harmless
o
in themselves, is an immediate signal of potential danger.
4
Furthermore, the viruses of poliomyelitis and
5
. infectious hepatitis may both be disseminated by fecal contain!
5
nation of the water supply. The fact that we now have an
. effective vaccine against poliomyelitis does not alter the
o
situation. There is no such vaccine against hepatitis, and
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
this disease is still a serious health problem.
Good sound public health preventive medical
practice demands that our water resources be maintained in the
cleanest possible condition.
The United States Public Health service report
titled, "Report on Pollution of the Waters of Grand Calumet
River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Lake Michigan,
Wolf Lake and Their Tributaries, Illinois - Indiana", dated
February 1965> contains adequate documentation of the sources
of pollution which may adversely affect the health and well-
being of citizens residing In our communities.
The City of Chicago has used every lawful
measure available to control and prevent pollution Insofar as
this municipality is concerned. We have received assurance
from our responsible state agencies that similar measures are
being undertaken by the State of Illinois.
-------
1
4
2 We in Public Health are rightly concerned since
this type of pollution carries with it the threat of outbreaks
of infectious hepatitis, typhoid fever, Salmonellosis, and
possibly other virus or bacterial diseases, which we have not
6 had since the late l800's.
In order to successfully control these water-
0 borne diseases, it has been necessary to maintain constant
O
. vigilance of the safety of our water supply and to require
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
462
sewage empty into the lake.
more money for the construction of new water treatment faci-
lities.
At present, water used for drinking purposes is
being maintained safely. Persons using the lake for swimming
and other recreational purposes do not have the protection of
filtration and chlorination, but come in direct contact with
the polluted water; hence hazard to them is markedly greater
than exists from the drinking of properly treated water.
The waters of Lake Michigan that are used for
drinking, bathing and recreational activities should be free
from undesirable appearance, odor, and taste. In this connec-
tion industrial wastes such as phenollcs, oils, cyanides, flue
dust and popcorn slag play a serious role in the Lake Michigan
water pollution problem.
Industrial wastes impart undesirableodors to
the water and in sufficient concentration may also be
-------
461
the responsible city and state officials concerned with the
protection of the health of our community advise us that
pollution from both municipal sewage disposal systems and from
3
some industrial plant discharges is becoming a serious problem
4
and creating potential health hazards, as well as adding sub-
O
c stantially to the economic burden on the taxpayers of this
b
community due to the increased cost for the treatment of our
drinking water.
u
Studies carried out by the United States Public
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Health Service and the Chicago Department of Water and Sewers
during the years 1962 through 1964 indicate an increasing
degree of fecal type contaminants in the waters at the south-
ern end of Lake Michigan.
The United States Public Health Service states:
"Highest coliform concentration occurred in the waters extend-
ing from the mouth of the Calumet River to the Indiana Harbor
and out to a distance of approximately two miles off shore."
This contaminated water, due to current flows
in the south end of Lake Michigan, moves northward until it
reaches the South District Water Filtration Plant intakes and
the beaches in the southern half of the City of Chicago. The
presence of these polluted waters presents a definite health
hazard because when there is increased concentration of non-
pathogenic organism, pathogenic bacterial and viral organisms
obviously must Increase also as greater and greater amounts of
-------
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
460
plants became necessary In order that safe, potable water,
free of disease-producing contaminants, would be available in
sufficient abundance to assure protection of the public health
and continued residential and industrial growth. To meet our
obligations the City of Chicago has Just completed the con-
struction of the world's largest and most modern water treat-
ment plant designed to supply not only Chicago but also other
communities served by Chicago's water system.
In addition to constituting a domestic raw
water source for our drinking water, Lake Michigan provides
recreation for millions of citizens of Chicago and the
metropolitan area. We have been Justly proud of our bathing
beaches and aquatic recreational facilities.
Because of these aforementioned actions, the
City has had an excellent record with respect to the control
of waterborne diseases* The maintenance of this record,
however, has been dependent upon many factors including main-
tenance of a highly trained staff of water safety experts.
These experts advise us that an increasing amount of Inferior
quality lake water moving in from the south of the City has
been noted at the water intakes of the South District Filtra-
tion Plant. Already it is noted that a number of beaches in
the communities to the south of Chicago have been closed be-
cause of polluted water in Lake Michigan.
The United States Public Health Service and
-------
459
statement to this conference.
DR. ANDELMAN: Thank you, very much,
MR. KLASSEN: He is locally known as Dr. Sam.
DR. ANDELMAN: Thank you, very much.
4
I see some of you smoking. I want to make sure
u
c this is not affecting water pollution
b
7 (Laughter)
Honorable Chairman, Conferees Poston, p0ole
8
Klassen, Colonel Chesrow, public officials, representatives
9
citizen groups, ladies and gentlemen:
The citizens of Chicago who Inhabited these
shores at the turn of the Century, when Chicago was a fledg-
i. it
ling community, dealt sternly and realistically with the pro-
13
blem of disease and nuisance-creating pollution of Lake
14
Michigan.
15
1C Their foresight in establishing the Metropoli-
16
tan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago with its world re-
nowned record for efficient waste treatment, and the outstand-
18
ing engineering feat of reversal of the flow of the Chicago
jy
River were critical factors in permitting the development of
20
21 Chicago as a leader residential, bU8ineSs and Industrial center
22 whose citizens enjoyed the health benefits of a safe, potable
23 drinking water supply and water-oriented recreation areas
24 second to none.
25
The construction of modern water treatment
-------
458
something like 38 in one place, 49 percent in another place
and I Just raise this issue.
I am not saying whether it is significant or
anything of that kind, but, I would think that before the
conference is concluded, the Sanitary District in its presenta-
6 tion, may want to cover that so the conferees will be able to
7 come to a uniform Judgment.
0 Are there any other points or comments?
o
(No response.)
y
0 If not, you know, we do have a lot of people
and we are going to keep your nose to the grindstone.
Mr. Klassen has a few more people to call be-
fore lunch and I think we are not going to go past 12:30, but
1O
we are going to try to expedite this as much as possible.
Mr. Klassen?
15
MR. KLASSEN: Yes, that is the general timing.
16
One of the real important Jobs in the city of
Chicago is the Commissioner of Health.
18
._ He's got to keep his eye open for present and
13
possible future potential hazards to health,
Chicago is fortunate to have a Health Commis-
sioner that has a rare combination of medical and environ-
AM
mental health competencies.
23
At this time, I am going to ask Dr. Andelman,
I
Commissioner of Health of the City of Chicago, to present his
25
-------
2
ment wasn't proper, are more Important than any costs that we
o
might have.
MR. POSTON: Thank you. I thought it was excellent.
5
CHAIRMAN STEIN: For the confereesand maybe they want
D
to hold you when you finish thisI think we have two points
here.
8
I think one is that for the first time, at
y
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457
I think the problems that come with treating
a polluted water and the possible ramifications, if the treat -
least to me, I have seen recommended water criteria goals.
This should be borne in mind during the rest of the conference
by the conferees. There was another point that Mr. Gerstein
raisedand this is always one of the most awkward spots for a
Chairman who has to keep his eye on the unresolved issues
and I bring it up because I wondered particularly if the
Sanitary District would later, in its presentation, be careful
to include this: Mr. Gerstein, generally speaking, said that
the report is in accord with the data and reports presented
by Mr. LeBosquet yesterday, and I think that these reports
speak for themselves and the conferees will be able to evaluati
However, Mr. LeBosquet said that the Calumet River and its
wastes went back into Lake Michigan a significant number of
times. There was a question on that by Colonel Chesrow. This
is still, to my mind, an unresolved issue.
I think Mr. Gerstein's figures as I saw them up there were
-------
456
I suspect that this paper Is such a classical
i
example of our problem that it will very well be used In other
2
regions throughout the country.
3
If this conference accomplishes nothing else,
4
at least, we provided the forum for the deliverance of the
5
paper,
6
Thank you very much.
7
Wait, let's see If there are any comments or
8
questions.
9
Any questions?
10
Wait just one moment. Mr. Poston?
11
MR. POSTON: I would like to ask Mr. Gerstein if he's
12
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25
made cyanide analyses on raw water and have they had any
reason to suspect that they might have
MR. GERSTEIN: I checked with Jim Vaughn on this matter
and we haven't taken very many samples for cyanide tests, but
all those that we have taken in the lake have been negative
for cyanide.
MR. POSTON: I was going to ask one more question and
that pertained to whether you have any estimated total annual
cost of treatment because of pollution?
In other words, whether you could break out the
cost of extra chemicals and extra filter washing?
MR. GERSTEIN: I don't have that figure.
It can be obtained. It is rather difficult.
But, frankly, I am not really concerned about the cost.
-------
4
10
II
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455
We are, therefore, suggesting that natural
algae odors be omitted from these parameters, and set a
maximum goal of a threshold odor number of 6 in the intake
water for odors produced by industrial waste pollution with
the particular caution to be observed that the odors so caused
c should always be of such nature as to come within the capacity
b
of a conventional water treatment plant for their removal.
The statement was prepared by Oscar Dillens
and his assistant, Jim Vaughn, who played a big part in the
preparation of this report.
Nick Kuhn, the head of the Water Safety Control
Section, furnished most of the data, since it was collected
under his Jurisdiction.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Gerstein.
Why don't you wait up there a minute.
Speaking for myself, Hy, I want to say that I
have waited twenty years for that statement and it was worth
waiting for.
MR. GERSTEIN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN STEIN: I think it was completely comprehensive
and I don't know where the views and information you presented
in the report are going to lead. But I am sure that these
views and this Information will have to be taken into consider-
ation in any evaluation of water quality in this area.
-------
454
We have prepared recommendations which we
believe are both desirable and practical for attainment of
the maximum goals in various parameters of quality which, if
O
met, should present no serious problems in producing a safe
and palatable, superior quality water for the consumers in
O
Chicago and the metropolitan area.
6
These are maximum goals which should never be
exceeded but it is most desirable that these parameters be
O
kept at levels below these maximums at all times.
9
10
11
12
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16
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18
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22
23
24
25
I am showing on the slide the Recommended
Quality Criteria.
These are not too strict, I would say most of
the time, water at our intakes met these standars; but, by
setting the criteria limits and also setting perraissable
limits for not more than 12 days per year, we feel that an
acceptable water can be received at our intakes which will
lend itself to efficient treatment in our plant.
We have purposely omitted the parameter "odor
threshold" number because of differences which exist in the
effectiveness of water treatments for removing various types
of odors from the water. It has been our experience that it
is more difficult to reduce a "hydrocarbon" type odor of 6
threshold intensity to an acceptable level, than an algae-type
odor of 15 threshold intensity.
-------
4
5 We have been requested to develop recommenda-
tions for desirable quality criteria goals for various para-
7 meters of quality for Lake Michigan water received at our
Q water works intakes. We are fully aware of the pit-falls that
o
are inherent in setting water quality criteria goals and are,
y
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453
And now, I come to the last section. It is on
Recommended Quality Criteria Goals for Lake Water at the
Chicago Water Works Intakes.
Next slide, please.
therefore, approaching this matter with great caution and
trepidation, and with full knowledge that only a practical and
reasonable recommendation for quality goals can be Justified.
Lake Michigan water in its natural state has
been an excellent source of water supply and lends itself to
treatment in conventional rapid-sand treatment plants to pro-
duce a superior quality water for domestic and industrial use.
It is only during periods when industrial and
sewage pollution of the water with contaminants such as coli-
form bacteria, odor producing wastes which are difficult to
remove, ammonia,nitrogen, phenols, ABS and various organic
wastes having unknown chemical constituants, are present in
the water that it becomes difficult to produce our customary
high quality water in the conventional treatment plant. Also
Increased nutrients in the water definitely tend toward bring-
ing about biological degradation of the lake and the problems
that go with it.
-------
452
sufficient numbers to reduce the filter runs at the South
District Filtration Plant to less than 7 hours* Therefore,
2
the problem of short filter runs, which normally occurred only
3
on a seasonal basis, is now present almost all the year round,
4
resulting in increasing the costs of treatment and creating
O
operating problems in the plant.
6
Another result of increased amounts of phos-
7
phorus and ammonia nitrogen in the lake water has been the
8
increase in the growth of the filamentous algae known as
9
Cladaphora. This algae has been found growing along the rocks
10
around the bulkhead of the filter plant and has been observed
11
by skin divers growing in patches at the bottom of the lake
12
near the plant intakes.
13
The wave action of the lake loosens this algae
14
and it collects on the screens of the intake basin ahead of
15
the low lift pumps, clogging these screens and reducing the
16
flow through them. At times each summer it has been necessary
17
to keep a crew of laborers busy cleaning these screens which
18
are of the fixed type and not adaptable to automatic cleaning.
19
Pour to six men are kept busy almost every day
20
for a period of six weeks to three months, cleaning screens of
21
this particular algae. Each year clogging of the screens in-
22
creases and the period over which it is necessary to clean the
23
screens of this algae lengthens out. In 1964 it was necessary
24
to clean the screens as late as the first week in November.
25
-------
As previously indicated, normally the popula-
tion peaks of plankton in the water are reached in the spring
tt
and the fall of each year; however, in 1956 a new problem
3
appeared a new diatom which had existed in snfall numbers
4
heretofore, began to occur In appreciable numbers. This
5
diatom is known as Stephanodlscus hantzachii. It is a small
6
diatom that grows best when the water temperature ranges be-
tween 32 and 39 degrees Fahrenheit. This organism does not
8
interfere with filter runs but in its life cycle produces col-
9
loldal calcium carbonate which produces colloidal turbidity
in the water, and raises the hydrogen ion concentration of the
water. This in turn requires the use of much more coagulant.
In 1959 another difficult water diatom appear-
1 w
ed this one had not been observed in Lake Michigan until
14
that time, it has been reported as being present in the St.
15
Lawrence River water at Montreal in 1956.
16
This organism is known as Stephanodiscus
binderanus. It is a filamentous diatom and In addition to
18
raising the hydrogen ion concentration of the water, produced
zy
colloidal calcium carbonate when present In large quantities,
and the organisms not settled out in the basin are carried on
21
to the filters, producing short filter runs and creating
**
serious operating problems because of the large number of
filter washes required.
24
In January I960 this organism occurred in
25
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3
6
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
450
maximum number found during any day in each year for the
period 1950-1964 in the lake water at the South District
Filtration Plant intakes. This chart shows in a very striking
manner the general upward trend in plankton numbers over the
period. The annual average microorganisms per mllllllter more
than doubled from 10?6 in 1950 to 2624 in 1964, and the number
found in the water during the maximum day of each year in-
creased from 3961 in 1950 to 15,510 in 1964.
The prevailing type of algae in the lake at the
Chicago intakes has been the diatoms Tabellaria, Pragilaria
11
12
13
14
10
and Asterionella. Normally there are spring and fall peaks of
these organisms, usually rising when the water temperature
ranges between 45 and 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
Under normal operation, the filters at the
South District Filtration Plant are washed about once in 24
hours or longer. However, when the algae numbers in the intak
water reach their peaks, the coagulation is less effective in
settling out the microorganisms, and clogging of the filters
results, cutting down the filter runs to about 6 or 7 hours.
At such time, the operating problems caused by larger number
of filter backwashes and the increased "time out" of filters
being washed, decreased the plant capacity considerably. Such
occurrences during peak demand periods in the water system
have had serious consequences in reducing the available capa-
city of the plant when needed most
-------
449
FIGURE H-l
PLANKTON
MICROORGANISMS PER -ml.
SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION PLANT INTAKE
/ 6,000
1-5,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
*
r *
f
cc
LJ
CL
w
^
CROORGAN
2
11,000
IQOOO
9,000
8,000
7000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1950-1964
- r^~
MHM
Fซj
MAXIMUM DAYV
\S ^
m^m
"^W
i^B
1950
^
"P
^M
-
VKHPV
A^
1
n
~.
gwuA
n
mtm
L
1
MM
A
Mi
VE
i .;
:n
1
IB
^W
A
1
6
g*
"^
mq*p
1955 I960 964
Y p A p CITY OF CHICAGO
^ "- *ป" nrBADTMCMT rx WA7PR A HEWERS
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
448
to scan all of our 250 instruments in various parts of the
plant, at very frequent Intervals and print out on a data log
when It exceeds or goes under set points.
We plan later to try to use the computer to
automate certain functions in the treatment.
Next slide, please.
This section Is on the Effect of Nutrient
Pollution of Lake on Plankton Development.
The Increased nutrient waste discharge into the
southern end of Lake Michigan, indicated by the rise in
ammonia nitrogen content of the water, has caused increases
in the numbers and changes in the species of plankton micro-
organisms in thฐe lake water. (See Flg.H-1 on following page.)
In recent years routine tests for phosphorus
in the water were carried out in our laboratory other than on
samples for complete chemical analysis. However, in light of
the ABS (synthetic detergent) pollution found to exist in the
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal discharges to the lake and the
results of laboratory determinations made by the United States
Public Health Service in their recent surveys, there is no
question that sufficient phosphorus exists in the water to act
with the high ammonia nitrogen content to furnish the necessary
nutrients to sustain the increased plankton growths which have
(
been observed.
In this chart shown on the board, the annual
average number of plankton organisms per millileter and the
(Continue text page 450)
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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12
13
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16
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
447
produced as side effects in the increase of nutrient pollu-
tion, and are discussed in Section H of this report.
A very obvious and apparent result of this
steady increase in the pollution of the raw water treated at
the South District Filtration Plant has been a rapidly accel-
erating rise in the costs of chemicals for treatment. While
there has been a slight rise in the price per pound paid for
the chemicals, this is but a fraction of the total increase in
the total cost of chemical treatment of the polluted Intake
water.
The annual average cost of chemicals used in
treating water at the South District Filtration Plant has in-
creased from $3.81 per rag. in 1955 to $6.35 in 1964. Pro-
jecting these costs at the present rate of increase into the
future, it is obvious that the cost of producing a satisfactory
water from such a highly polluted source, may well become pro-
hibitive. It is also possible, If this pollution continues,
that the capacity of this plant to properly treat such a pol-
luted water, may soon be overtaxed.
I would like to depart from my prepared state-
ment to tell you about the provision that our new Central
District Filtration Plant has a very sophisticated type of
instrumentation for controlling treatment in the plant.
We are now taking bids for a computer which will
cost about a quarter of a million dollars , which will function
-------
446
in spite of a remarkable degree of anticipation, there have
been several occasions in which the reserve supply of activate<
carbon was sufficient for less than 24 hours at the peak rate
3
of consumption.
Additional dosages of alum are required for
carbon dosages in order that the carbon after completing
6
its absorption function, may be coagulated and settled out.
The ratio of the peak taste and odor incidents to normal
o
usage for the application of dosages of carbon, chlorine and
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
alum, are as follows:
Carbon, 70:1
Chlorine, 7:1
Alum, 4:1
The potential problems and hazards involved in
treating highly polluted waters are:
1. Water with a highly obnoxious taste and
odor may be supplied to the consumers.
2. It may be impossible to apply enough chlor-
ine to decompose the ammonia nitrogen present and still leave
enough to destroy the bacteria present introducing a potential
hazard that a bacteriologically unsafe water might leave the
plant.
No such occurrences have taken place since the
South District Filtration Plant has been in operation but we
are concerned with the future if pollution of the intake
waters are not abated. Other operating problems have been
-------
445
Of great assistance in anticipating taste and
odor incidents, are the wind direction and velocity instru-
ft
ments, the measuring elements of which are located at the top
of the chemical building south penthouse. The indicating and
recording instruments are located in the control center. It
is well established that a wind from a southerly direction may
6
bring up pools of industrial pollution from the Calumet region
Problems in Handling High Pollution Periods
8
The first problem is to anticipate these
3
periods. Watching the wind direction and velocity are impor-
tant warnings. A drop in pH, a rise in temperature of the raw
water are other indications. A drop in the chlorine residual
12
of the treated water is another immediate indication of an in-
13
crease of ammonia nitrogen or chlorine absorptive pollution.
It is well established that ten units of
15
chlorine are required to decompose one unit of ammonia nitro-
16
gen. When the ammonia nitrogen content of the raw water is
high, the problem is to add enough chlorine to decompose it
18
and still leave enough chlorine present to destroy the bacter-
lal pollution also present.
20
Another problem of operation is to keep on hand
adequate reserves of the chemicals necessary to combat taste
22
and odor incidents. Whenever a taste and odor incident begins
23
continuing shipments of chemicals are begun.
In spite of expanding the storage facilities,
25
-------
444
Next to the control center is the control
laboratory which operates 24 hours of every day. This labora-
tory, at regular intervals, makes certain tests on the raw
3
intake and treated waters that are necessary for control of
the treatment process in all of its phases.
In addition to checking out the readings of the
6
pH and chlorine residual recorders, the control chemist makes
threshold odor and ammonia nitrogen determinations on the raw
8
waters.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Normally, these tests are made at four-hour
intervals. In case a taste and odor Incident occurs, they are
usually made every hour. The most important facility availabl
in anticipating taste and odor incidents, is a Continuous Odor
Monitor.
This gives an immediate qualitative indication
as to the intensity and character of the odor of the water
being supplied to that instrument. There are five of these.
These sample water from the crib intake, the shore intake, the
raw water header containing the prevailing mixture of crib and
shore water, and from each of the two outlet shafts.
When there is a sudden and extreme change for
the worse in the odors of the raw waters, the control engineer
and the control chemist are immediately aware Of this change.
Thus the carbon application may be increased immediately and
adjusted when the results of the threshold odor dilution tests
are available.
-------
I 443
350,000 pounds of bag carbon which Is made into slurry when
used is also kept on hand.
it
Carbon may be applied to the crib water by
3
means of a bypass shaft 1,100 feet ahead of the chemical appli
cation channels. This is done when the phenol content of the
5
crib water is at a significant level. This removes the
6
phenols ahead of chlorination.
7
It is well established that when phenols are
8
chlorinated, a very obnoxious medicinal odor is produced due
9
to the formation of chlorophenols which are very difficult to
remove. Carbon may be added at the beginning of the mixing
period but in case treated water passes this point with in-
12
adequate treatment, it may also be added to the settled water
as it goes on to the filters.
14
Control of Treatment
15
The operation of the plant stems from a control
16
center. Here pumpage rates are set. The control engineer has
available information from the pumping stations as to pumpage
18
rates. Before him on the control panel, he has available
19
indicated and recorded information as to the status of water
20
levels and flows throughout the plant.
21
The control engineer also sets chemical dosages
22
He has available on the panel indicated and recorded inform-
23
ation as to the pH and temperature of the raw waters as well
24
as the pH and chlorine residual of the treated waters.
25
-------
442
The plant is designed to receive Lake Michigan water either
from the Dunne Crib intake 2 miles off shore, or from the
2
shore intake, which is 2,500 feet out from the main shoreline,
3
or from a mixture of both.
4
For the last three years, it has been necessary
O
to use both intakes. The coagulants used are alum and chlori-
6
nated copperas (ferrous sulfate). Sterilization and oxidation
is accomplished by the use of chlorine. Post ammoniation in
8
the finished water is practiced for the purpose of maintaining
9
sterilization residuals and for reducing chlorinous taste and
10
odors.
n
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13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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25
Provision is also made for the removal of ob-
jectionable tastes and odors. This may be accomplished in two
ways. Small amounts of phenols and some types of "fishy" or
"musty" odors originating from the plankton in the water may
be reduced by the action of chlorine.
The principal agent for taste and odor removal
for the more difficult odors is activated carbon. This is a
finely divided, highly absorptive material having its origin
in certain charcoals. This material is received in bulk and
on arrival is made into a slurry so that each gallon of slurry
contains approximately one pound of activated carbon.
The storage capacity for carbon slurry has been
steadily increased over the years as the carbon demans in-
creased, now amounts to 180,000 pounds. A reserve stock of
-------
441
nitrogen content of 0.164 parts per million and the shore
intake water on this day had a maximum threshold odor of 16 Ch
and a maximum ammonia nitrogen of 0.080 parts per million.
The maximum carbon dosage on this day was
4
745 pounds per mg. The total activated carbon used during the
5
c month of December was 531,572 pounds. Of this total,
b
462,272 pounds were used during fifteen days of the high "Ch"
odor threshold in the raw water.
8
The most recent appearance of industrial pol-
9
lution occurred in February 1965. Hydrocarbon odors appeared
at the Dunne Crib intake on February 6. The threshold odor
reached a maximum value of 12 Ch on February 7. The ammonia
nitrogen reached a maximum value of 0.138 parts per million
13
on this day. These hydrocarbon odors in the raw water pre-
vailed continuously for 7 days up to and including February
12. The maximum activated carbon dosage required by this
16
water to produce an acceptable treated water was 320 pounds
per mg.on February 7, 1965.
18
The next slide, please.
*y
The next section of the statement is regarding
the "Effect of Pollution on the Operation of our Treatment
22 Plant".
The South District Filtration Plant is a typl-
cal water treatment plant with facilities for coagulation,
24
settling, filtration, sterilization and taste and odor removal
25
-------
440
on October 28 and remained through October 31. It reached
the Dever Crib on October 30 but did not drift to the Wilson
2
Avenue Crib, All of these pools had hydrocarbon odors and
3
high ammonia nitrogen content.
A similar experience of pollution being trans-
C)
ported as a result of wind action occurred in 1963 over the
6
period of January 29 to February 2.
As indicated above, the prevailing wind preced-
8
ing the incident was from the southeast to southwest quadrant.
9
The slug of pollution reached the Dunne Crib intake on January
29. On January 31 the wind switched from southwest to south-
southeast. The pollution arrived at the Dever Crib intake
on February 2.
13
The raw water from this intake reached a maxi-
14
mum threshold odor of 10 Ch. The chlorine demand of this
15
water amounted to 14.5 pounds per mg. The maximum threshold
16
odor of the intake water from the Dunne Crib reached 50 Ch on
17
January 29. The ammonia nitrogen content reached a maximum of
18
0.270 parts per million.
* */
During the month of December 1965 the South
20
District Filtration Plant experienced four principal odor
periods. In length and severity these periods exceeded any-
a
thing observed in recent years.
Z3
On December 12, the raw water from the crib
*A
intake had a maximum threshold odor of 90 Ch with an ammonia
25
-------
439
lake off the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and
Calumet area toward Chicago's intakes. The winds continued
for the next several days from this quadrant, ranging from
3*
southeast to southwest.
4
The pollution reached the Dunne Crib on Sept em-
5
ber 19 and arrived at the Dever Crib on September 21 where it
6
lasted for 3 days. The same slug with the same general winds
prevailing was observed at the Wilson Avenue Crib on September
8
\2t
13
lo
16
17
18
1*3
20
22
Zu
24
A similar experience occurred during the period
of October 4 to 16. During this period the winds again were
from the quadrant between the compass points of southeast and
southwest .
The polluted water first appeared at the Dunne
Crib on October 4 and remained through October 13. It appear-
ed at the Dever Crib on October 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 16.
This same pool drifted to the Wilson Avenue Crib Intake twice
on October 10 and once on October 11.
A third experience occurred during the period
of October 24 - 31, inclusive. Beginning on October 24, the
ซo
winds again moved into the critical quadrant between the south
east and southwest points of the compass. With few exceptions
the winds prevailed in a generally southern direction through
October 31.
The polluted water appeared at the Dunne crib
-------
438
These conclusions are borne out by analyses of
many pollution incidents which have been observed each year
since close supervision over the water quality and safety be-
3
gan in 1924. Further confirmation of wind-induced lake
4
currents is offered by the results of a series of float travel
v)
tests made by the Water Safety Control Section in 1925 and
6
1926, under my direction, as well as the most recent oompre-
7
hensive current studies made by the United States Public
8
Health Service Great Lakes-Illinois River Basin (GLIRB) Pro-
9
ject.
10
An illustration of the movement of pollution
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
pools under the influence of wind-induced lake currents which
were experienced in the fall of 1961 was a series of tests
and odor incidents at Chicago's water intakes.
These show in a striking manner how far pools
of pollution have traveled in the lake. During the period of
September 15 to November 15, 196l, at the Dunne Crib and shore
intakes supplying the South District Filtration Plant, there
were 8 periods of taste and odor incidents. Some of these
lasted for several days and some were shorter.
The first pool of pollution reached the Dunne
intake on September 19 and lasted 5 days. Prior to this
period, for 3 days there had been prevailing winds from east-
southeast to south-southwest direction. These winds usually
cause drifting of pools of pollution from that portion of the
-------
E~7
437
6$ TMISTO CR'B
CRIB
SPECIAL LAKE SURVEY
DUNNE CRIB
TO
'INDIANA SHIP CANAL
DEC. 14,1964
N
FILTRATION
79th ST. PLANT
NO-
SOUTH SHORE WATER QUALITY SURVEY
PTS.
TIME
N.
I2M2 P
12=30 PI
I2--45P
I'OOP
I'OS P
TEMPTURB
38
36
36.
37
48
PH
ZSDCh
55DMCH
2Q DM
25"PCh
*Q.OGlL_ J 730
THRES-
HOLD
OQf RS
16 DCm
JLQ88
0.108
0.096
PPM
0-020
0.026
PHENOL
PPM
DET
PPM
AQAR
COUMT
AV ML
CULI
PER 100
ML MPN
_
240000
( BSJF
^HARBOR
CTY OF CHICAGO
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & SEWERS
DIRECTION WNW
VEUDCITY 22 MPH
REMARKS
PT. 6 WATER WAS BROWN
BYG.GATTO S.E.I
DATE 12-14-64
S.KOSTKA UAB.
-------
436
December 14, 1964. (See Pig. E-7 on following page.)
I don't know if you can see but the results are
fป
shown in the lower left-hand corner but it shows that the .6
3
at the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal it has got
4
the highest figures in ammonia nitrogen and coliform and pro-
O
gressively the amounts get less as you go from 6, 5, 4, 3, 2,
6
1, up to the intake on the Dunne intake oh the top.
The next slide, please.
8
The next section is on lake currents carrying
9
slugs of pollution to Intakes.
10
I hope you will bear with me in this section.
We tried to follow various slugs of pollution carried by the
12
winds to Just give you an idea of how the pollution is carried
13
long distances in the lake under the influence of lake current
14
Experience and observation made in the course
15
of day-by-day supervision over the quality of the Chicago
16
water supply has produced ample evidence that polluted water
drifts in slugs or pools which are carried by wind-induced
18
lake currents in the general direction of the winds existing
iy
at the time.
20
The travel of the lake currents bears a direct
21
relationship to wind direction and velocity. The distance
22
that slugs or pools of pollution are carried in the lake are
23
dependent upon the total hours that the wind is sustained in
24
a given direction.
25
(Continue text on page 438 )
-------
435
FIGURE E-6
0.25
ฃ
a
a
i
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O
z
111
X
a
u
a:
UJ
0.20
O.f5
O.fO
0.05
ANNUAL AVERAGE PHENOL
WEEKLY SANITARY SURVEYS
1950-1964
(D INDIAN A HARBOR SHIP CANAL SAMPLING AT CANAL N
5T/BRIDGE([950-I959)AND DICKEY RD. BRIDGE(1960-1964)
(2) CALUMET RIVER SAMPLING AT 92ฐ^ ST. BRIDGE
(1950- 1964)
.MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
SHIP CANALฎ
^^OUTH OF CALUMET RIVERฎ
\
1950
~i r
1955
I960
1964
YEAR City of Chicago
Cefit. of Water & Sewers
-------
434
FIGURE E-5
LJ
O
o:
tn
1C
tlJ
a:
UJ
z
<
2/65
ANNUAL AVERAGE AMMONIA NITROGEN
WEEKLY SANITARY SURVEYS
I95CH964
5.0 r
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RQ BRIDGE
MOUTH OF CALUMET
RIVER-92^ST BRIDGE
1950
1955
I960
1964
YEAR
City of Chicago
Dept. of Water & Sawera.
-------
433
FIGURE E-4
4,000,000
3,000,000
ฃ
o
o
c:
u
a
cr
o
u.
1j
o
u
c:
UJ
2,000,000
1,000,000
ANNUAL AVERAGE COLIFORM
ORGANISMS PER IQOmL
WEEKLY SANITARY SURVEYS
1950-1964
1950
MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
MOUTH OF CALUMET
RIVER-92^1 ST. BRIDGE
YEAR
City Of Chicago
7/65
-------
432
100 per cent and also at the Junction of the Grand Calumet
River and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. We show the percen-
2
tage as well as the percentage where the Grand Calumet River
S
enters the Little Calumet River toward the Sag-Channel.
4
Next slide.
O
This is the last year on our records, 1964.
6
I think the results can be shown much better by showing the
7
data In chart form and this chart shows the average conform
8
at Dickey Road which is the upper part of the graph and which
9
shows the character of the water flowing into the lake from
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, which shows a generally upward
trend since 1950 to 1964, and the average at the 92nd Street
bridge which Is the lower line, which represents the water
(See pig. E-4 on following
near the mouth of the Calumet River, page)
The next slide shows similarly the amount of
15
ammonia nitrogen average, yearly figures, for the Dickey Road
at the ship canal and the lower one shows the 92nd street
(See Pig. E-5 on following
bridge on the Calumet River. page)
The next slide shows the phenol determinations
on the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and the lower one Is the
Calumet River. There's a greater fluctuation in these results
than in some of the others. (See Fig. E-6 on following page)
I have one more slide that I haven't mentioned
in the text, but the next slide shows a typical lake survey
that our Water Safety Control Section makes. This is on
(Continue text on page 436)
-------
-------
-------
-------
428
-------
427
-------
426
jt'B/MpaHiASUOJ
-------
425
-------
424
-------
423
-------
422
-------
421
-------
420
FIGURE ฃ-3Cd)
-------
419
-------
418
FIGURE E-3tt>)
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-------
-------
I 416
and the drainage runoff from the connecting rivers.
We have prepared fifteen charts, one for each
year for the period 1950-1964, showing the annual average and
3
maximum ammonia nitrogen values in parts per million at varlou
4
points on the rivers, and the annual average of coliforra
5 (See Figs.E-3(a)
bacteria per 100 milliliters at each point(through E-3(o) on
6 (following pages)
I will not bore you with showing all these
7
slides. They are in the text of our statement for anyone who
8
wants to look It over. However, I will show you Just a few
9
slides to show you Just how they look.
10
Next slide, please.
These slides show, on the upper part of the
line, the average annual ammonia nitrogen in one type of
1 J
brackets and the maximum result of ammonia nitrogen in other
14 I
brackets and underneath the line, the average conform per
lo
100 milliliters.
16
You will notice that the greater amount is at
17
the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
18
Next slide, please.
19
I think that is 1955.
20
Next slide, please.
21
That is I960. You will notice the arrows at
22
the mouth of the Calumet River which show the percentage of
23
the time of our observations when the river was flowing toward
24
the lake and at the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal where it shows
25
(Continue on page 432)
-------
1
that?
415
I can't read It right from here what is
2
MR. PAWLOWSKI: 2.5
3
MR. GERSTEIN: 2.5
4
Now, also on the Grand Calumet River east of
O
the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal we had some very high ammonia
6
and phenol results.
7
At the time of sampling at the various points
8
on the rivers, observations were made of the direction of the
9
river flows, but no quantitative measurement was made of the
10
flows in the streams.
11
Our results of the surveys, therefore, have
12
qualitative value but have the weakness of not being quantita-
13
tive as related to total flows. However, in case of the
14
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal which was at all times found to flow
15
to the lake, reliable data is available showing that the flow
16
has been in the range of 700 to 900 cubic feet per second.
17
As I found out yesterday, at the Dickey Road
18
Bridgewhere our samples showed the character of the water
13
being discharged into the lakeMr. LeBosquet said their
20
measurement showed two thousand cubic feet per second.
21
The amount and the direction of flow in the
22
different reaches of the Calumet River at the time of sampling
23
were influenced by the amount of diversion being drawn from
24
the lake through the Cal-Sag Channel, lake level fluctuations
25
-------
414
-------
413
-------
412
SOUTH DISTRICT FIL"
SPECIAL POLLUT
GRAND CALUMET RIVER,
INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL,
CARNEGIE ILLINOIS STEEL CORP.
NO.
<
2.
ป.
4
3
6.
6A
6B
7
9.
K>
II
12
13.
14
IS
I3X
fiXX
A
I-A
LOCATION
92 NO ST. a RIVER
9S TH
,00 " " " "
106
126
138 "(AT TORRENCE)
BURNHAM AVE AND GRAND
CALUMET RIVER
134 TH. AND INDIANA AVE.
FORSYTHE 8 I.H.S.C.
CANAL
DICKEY
141 ST.
CHICAGO " "
151 ST.
FORSYTHE 8 GC RIVER
KENNEDY
CLINE " "
" " "IE. SEWER)
" " "(W. SEWER)
CARNEGIE ILLINOIS STEEL
NORTH SLIP- INTAKE
" - DISCHARGE
MOUTH OF CALUMET RIVER
THRESHOLD
ODOR HOT
w*.
t***
J'&'fi*,
r
KT
2."
S.//
S.SJ
& * J^
^F 'fcjT ~ ^r
AVERAGE L
RAW WATER
ENDING WITK
**s?
S. <**<>'
s.s/s
*'JV
S.SS4
S.SS,
ANT
EY
ILLECTE
IM /'
n /^-^^-
-------
411
odor, ammonia nitrogen, coliform bacteria and hydrogen ion
concentration on each sample, and on selected samples examlna-
2
tions were made for phenol, ABS, fluorides and radioactive
3
beta counts.
4 (See Table E-l and Figs. E-l
and E-2 on following pages.)
5 Next slide, please.
6 This slide shows a typical summary of results
7 of a one-daysanpling survey. This was made on October 27*
8 1964. The same data is charted on the next slide and you will
9 notice in the upper left-hand corner the legend which shows on
10 the upper part, the figure on the upper part of it says
11 ammonia nitrogen, parts per million, and the lower is phenol.
12 This is a map on which the ammonia nitrogen and
13 phenol content of the water at the various points in the river
14 system are shown. The ammonia nitrogen results and observa-
15 tions of direction of river flow indicate that the Calumet
16 River was positively flowing away from the lake toward the
17 Gal-Sag Channel on that day.
18 You will notice that the results of ammonia and
13 phenol from the mouth of the river up to about 138th Street
20 are about the same, indicating the quality of the water that
21 was coming in from the lake.
22 On the other hand, if you look at the result at
23 the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal at Dickey Road, you will find
24 quite high results
25 (Continue text on page 415)
-------
410
TABLE D-5
SUMMARY OF PHENOL TESTS
MADE DURING ABNORMAL "OIL REFINERY" TYPE ODOR PERIODS
RAW WATER SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION PLANT
YEAR
1950
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
NO. OF SAMPLES
SHOWING PHENOLS
3
6
1
0
-
3
158
103
32
PHENOL PARTS
AVG. MAX.
7
3
1
0
-
2
3
3
3
12
4
1
0
-
3
11
14
6
PER BILLION
MIN.
2
2
1
0
-
1
1
1
1
No samples tested since August, 1964
City of Chicago
Department of Water & Sewers
-------
409
were used and the maximum carbon dosage was 7^5 pounds per
million gallons. The next slide is a chart showing the gen-
erally upward trend of maximum activated carbon dosages.
4
Next slide, please. (See Table D-5 on following
page.)
Tests for phenol in the water collected during
5
the abnormal pollution periods at the South District Filtra-
6
tion Plant are recorded in the slide shown which shows a sum-
7
mary of phenol determinations for the period 1955 to date.
8
Only the samples tested which show the presence
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
of phenol are summarized. It will be noted that a phenol con-
tent as high as 14 parts per billion was found in the intake
water.
The next section is on data on pollution of
rivers discharging into the lake, 1950-1964.
Beginning with 19^8 the Water Purification
Division has collected samples one day each week at various -
that is, every Tuesday - at various established points in the
Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, Calumet River
and the little Calumet River. The total number of samples
collected on a sampling day varied from 16 to 23.
I might say that we have had full cooperation
from the Indiana people in permitting us to collect these
samples and that we have furnished them with results of tests
that we made on these samples during the entire period.
Laboratory examinations were made for threshold
(Continue Text on page 411)
-------
408-A
FIGURE Dป4
MAXIMUM ACTIVATED CARBON
, DOSAGE DURING ABNORMAL
OIL REFINERY"TYPE ODOR PERIODS
SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION PLANT INTAKE
I960 - 1964
3
U
CO
O
O
o
Q
I
c:
o
X
1200
1100
1000
900
800
100
GOO
500
400
300
200-
100
J950
1955
I i I r
I960
1 T
1964
2/65
YEAR City of Chicago
Dept. of Water & Sewers
-------
408
O w
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^^S2IQ)SSScMCMCMCM?JcMN
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Q) X^>
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-------
407
FIGURE D-3
MAXIMUM AMMONIA NITROGEN
DURING ABNORMAL*OIL REFINERY'
TYPE ODOR PERIODS
SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION PLANT INTAKE
I95O-I964
0-7 r
0.6
0.5
CL
i
z
LL)
O
H
Z
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0.4
03
0.2
X
<
0.1
City of Chicago
Department of Water & Sewers
1950
i i |
1955
YEAR
I I
I960
1964
2/65
-------
S
PM
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406
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-------
405
trend of pollution in the water during the last ten years.
It is interesting to note that in the various
charts prepared as part of this presentation, there are shown
3
peak values of the various pollution parameters in the years
4
1950-1951 which are followed by a reduction in these values
0
for the next few years subsequent to which these parameters
6
followed a definitely upward trend in the last ten years. It
7
is possible that the decline in pollution severity following
8
1950-1951 was due in a large part to the industries exercising
9
better control of their waste discharges.
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2S
Next slide, please. (Table D-3 on following page
A summary for the period 1950-1964 of the maxi-
mum ammonia nitrogen which occurred during the pollution
periods each year is presented in Table D-3 which shows, dur-
ing 1964, a maximum of 0.496 parts per million ammonia nltroger
and requiring a maximum chlorine dosage of 56.1 pounds per
million gallons. The data charted in Figure D-3 shows the
same general increasing trend during the last ten years of
ammonia nitrogen.
Next slide, please.(Pig. D-3 on following page)
The table on the screen shows the total pounds
of activated carbon used each year at the South District Piltra
tlon Plant during 1950-1964 and the annual average activated
carbon dosage and the maximum activated carbon dosage during
pollution periods. (See Table D-4 on following page.)
(See Figure D-4 on page 408-A)
In 1964, 3,773,655 pounds of activated carbon
(Continue text on page 4 09)
-------
404
FIGURE D-2
I50r
125
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-------
403
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-------
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
402
Next slide, please.
The most seriously polluted condition of the
water at the intakes of the South District Filtration Plant
when slugs of wastes drifting to the intake have abnormal
"hydrocarbon" odors which are similar to those which are ob-
tained by diluting oil refinery waste effluent with lake water
The water during these periods of objectionable odors also
usually has a high ammonia nitrogen and phenol content, and
has abnormal chlorine absorbing properties all of which in-
crease the difficulty of producing a satisfactory water in the
treatment plant.
These data on abnormal "oil refinery" type odor
periods for the fifteen year period, 1950-1964, are tabulated
on an annual basis in Table D-2, which shows the number of
odor periods and the total days included in these periods for
each year; also shown are the frequency of various intensities
of maximum threshold odor numbers which occurred during the
periods, and the maximum activated carbon dosage required to
treat the water (See Table D-2 and Figure D-2 on following
pages).
In 1964 there were 28 days of abnormal odors
covering a total of 89 days with a maximum threshold odor num-
ber during one of the periods of 90 (hydrocarbon). These data
are charted in Figure D-2 which shows a generally upward trend
of pollution in the water during the last ten years. These data
are charted in the next slide which shows a generally upward
(Continue text on page 405)
-------
FIGURE D-l
401
U)
*
<
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LL
Id
-JO
8?
LJ a
Ld
5
-------
TABLE D-l
RAW LAKE WATER BACTERIAL QUALITY
COLIFORM ORGANISMS PER 100 ML
CHICAGO WATER INTAKES
4oo
WILSON AVE. CRIB
DEVER CRIB
SDFP INTAKES
Year
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Annual
Average
7.9
12.8
7.1
3.1
6.4
3.2
5.3
19.3
17.3
40.5
52.5
10.9
26.9
*
*
Maximum
Day
852
1700
330
78
1100
110
270
1900
1300
3500
3500
300
-
*
*
Annual
Average
9.?.
10.9
8.1
7.0
6.9
5.8
7.4
14.1
13.9
18.4
20.5
21.6
9.2
*
*
Maximum
Day
400
230
850
790
330
140
200
2000
490
1300
700
790
-
*
*
Annual
Average
*
14.0
9.7
13.9
20.0
42.3
38.7
70.8
63.1
85.6
65.2
52.4
69.5
200.8
110.2
Maximum
Day
*
375
495
534
959
1300
1400
9600
6400
3200
2900
3000
1700
5800
1900
*Chlorinated water
City of C
Department of Water &. Sewers
-------
399-A
fifteen year period, 1950-1964, are summarized in Table D-l,
and shown on the screen (See Table D-l on next page).
These show the annual averages and maximum day
results. (See Pig. D-l on page 401)
I think the material in these slides is more
significantly shown in the next slide which in chart form
shows a definitely increasing trend of the annual average
coliform per 100 milllliters (ml) in the intake water at the
South District Filtration Plant which is closest to the
10 sources of pollution from the Calumet area, while the other
intakes to the north show a much lesser degree of bacterial
pollution. (continue text on
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
3
4 opened during heavy rainfall runoff in order to prevent
5 flooding.
. Pollution effects from sewage effluent dls-
b
7
communities to the north, at the present time, are of lesser
8
significance than the other pollution sources mentioned.
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
399
pollution from occasional illegal discharges of wastes
from lake vessels and small craft, and also the infrequent
short period reversals of the Chicago River when the locks are
charges from communities in Lake County, Illinois, and other
Filter backwash water and settling basic
sediment are discharged into the lake from the South District
Filtration Plant and the Central District Filtration Plant.
I am covering the point that was made by Mr. LeBosquet when he
showed the slide of the South District Filtration Plant
yesterday with an indication of discharge of the filter backwash
water on one corner.
The solids in these discharges contain material
that was in the original lake water plus the chemicals added
for treatment which include the coagulants and spent activated
carbon. This material is completely innocuous and our exper-
ience has been that it has produced no problems on the lake.
The next slide, please.
The results of bacteriological examination of
samples of water collected daily from the Wilson Avenue, Dever
and South District Filtration Plant intake supplies for the
-------
6
7 miles north of the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
My next section is the effect of lake pol-
Q lution on water quality.
y
There are no sewage or industrial wastes
discharged into Lake Michigan along the 30 miles of lakefront
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
398
the pollution sources at the mouth of the Indiana Harbor
Ship Canal and the mouth of the Calumet River.
For example, the Dunn intake is approxi-
mately 3-3/4 miles from the mouth of the Calumet River and
9-1/4 miles from the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal;
the Dever intake is 18-1/2 miles and the Wilson intake 22
extending from the Cook County limits on the north to the
mouth of the Calumet River on the south.
I have repeated this a number of times and I
feel that this repetition cannot be overdone because there is
no waste being discharged off the Chicago area.
The principal source of pollution at the
Chicago intakes has been from the southern end of Lake Michi-
gan which receives the discharges of waste from the Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal, various industrial sewer outlets on the
lake off the Calumet area, and the fluctuating discharges
from the Calumet River.
The South District Filtration Plant intakes
being the closest to the source of pollution are the most
seriously affected. In addition, the intakes are exposed to
-------
FIGURE C-!
397-A
Wisconsin
Illinois"
MAP OP WEST SHORE OF SOUTHERN PORTION OP LAKE
MICHIGAN SHOWING DISTANCES BETWEEN MOUTHS OF
INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL AND CALUMET RI7ER
AND VARIOUS WATERWORKS INTAKES.
Waukegan
N> Chicago
Great Lakesj-o
Lake Forest
Ft. Sheridan
Highland Park
Lake County
Cook CounV
K E
N
ROW
Glencoe
Winnetka^
Kennilworth
N
CITY OF CHICAGO
DEPARTMENT OF WMK ^ SEWERS
11-62
-------
land on the lakeshore opposite Ohio Street Just north of Navy
5
4
Pier.
At present it obtains its water supply from a
6
7 shore intake on the north end of the plant. In the near
8
the plant to take its supply from the Dever and Harrison crib
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
397
The next slide, please.
The Central District Filtration Plant, which
was placed in operation in October 1964, is located on made
future, tunnel connections will be completed which will permit
intakes which are located in the lake about 2.6 miles off of
Chicago Avenue. The plant supplies the remainder of the area
of Chicago north of Pershing Road and 34 adjacent suburbs, a
total population of 2.7 million. Its rated capacity is 960
million gallons dally and peak capacity 1700 million gallons
daily. The plant supplies seven pumping stations by gravity
flow through tunnels.
The next slide, please.
The Wilson Avenue intake, which is located
2.1 miles from shore opposite Wilson Avenue, will be maintalne
as an emergency Intake. The Pour-Mile crib, which is .located
3.1 miles offshore opposite 14th street, is no longer used as
an intake and will soon be razed, (see Map - Pig. C-l on
following page.)
The map on the screen shows the location of
the two filter plants and the crib intakes, and also shows
distances that the various intakes along the lake are from
-------
396
all time peak hour pumpage rate was 1,888 million gallons
daily on June 29, 1964.
I would now like to start the slides, if you
3
please. I will ask Mr. Pawlowskl to point out on the slides
4
the various points.
0
The entire water supply now receives flltra-
6
tion treatment at the South District Filtration Plant which
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supplies 37 percent of the total, and the new Central District
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Filtration Plant which supplies 63 percent of the total.
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The South District Filtration Plant, located
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on made land along the lake front between 78th and 79th
Streets supplies the entire south side of the city south of
Pershing Road and adjacent suburbs.
The principal intake is the Dunne crib loca-
ted about 2 miles off of 68th Street in about 32 feet of
water. This intake is connected to the filter plant through a
14 and 16-foot tunnel. The plant also has a shore intake at
the east end which is located in about 24 feet of water and is
used as an alternate intake.
The plant which was placed in full operation
in 1947 is now undergoing a fifty percent expansion of capa-
city, which will be completed late in 1965 and will provide a
total rated capacity of 480 mgd and a peak capacity of 850 mgd.
It supplies filtered water by gravity flow through underground
tunnels to four pumping stations which serve a population of
1.8 million in Chicago and 29 suburbs.
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, 9. Our recommendations for water quality
4
criteria goals for Lake Michigan are directed toward maintain-
c ing the benefits of the naturally superior quality of lake
b
water at our water works Intakes. We urge that no further
0 degradation of quality of the lake water be permitted and that
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g contaminants be kept at the lowest level possible so that the
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algae and some of the new species which have developed have
at times caused serious interference with the filtration pro-
cess, due to the shorter filter runs which have resulted.
capacity of our treatment plants to produce a pure, safe,
sparkling, clear, palatable water for our consumers is not
endangered.
Section C regards the Chicago Water Works
System.
The Chicago Water Works System supplies a
total population of approximately 4.8 million of which 3.5
million are in Chicago and l million are in 63 suburbs located
adjacent to the city limits.
All of the suburbs supplied with Chicago
water at the present time are located within the confines of
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The
average dally pumpage In 1964 was 1,046 million gallons, of
which 135 million gallons per day were supplied to the suburbar
municipalities. The all time peak day pumpage of the Chicago
System was 1,529 million gallons on June 30, 1964, and the
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This canal is reported to have a flow rate
of 700 to 900 cubic feet per second.
ฃt
I was interested in hearing Mr. LeBosquet
3
say yesterday that at the Dickey Road Bridge near the mouth of
4
the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, the flow was measured at
5
2,000 cubic feet per second.
6
In the last ten years, there has been a
general increase in the annual average coliform bacteria,
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ammonia nitrogen and phenol in the waters discharged into
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the lake from the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. Discharges into
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the lake also occur from the Calumet River when the hydraulic
gradient changes due to temporary drops of the lake level,
and when the runoff from the Little Calumet River is greater
than can be handled by the capacity of the Sag Channel which
connects to Illinois Drainage Canal.
8. The continuous and increasing trend of
discharge of nutrients into the lake in the Calumet area, as
illustrated by increases in the ammonia nitrogen content of
the lake water in recent years, has resulted in definite
signs of eutrophication of the water. This is exemplified by
the increasing number of plankton organisms found and the
changes in the character of the species found.
Cladophora, a long filamentous algae, appeared
at the water Intakes and has caused nuisances on the bathing
beaches in the last three years. The Increasing numbers of
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similar to odors which are obtained by diluting oil refinery
waste effluents In lake water. During these pollution periods
it
the water also has excessive amounts of ammonia nitrogen,
3
phenols and high collform bacterial counts, creating more dif-
ficult operating problems in producing a satisfactory, safe
it
and palatable water at the treatment plant.
6
It has been necessary to apply excessive
dosages of chemicals such as alum coagulant, chlorine for
I disinfection and oxidation, and activated carbon for odor
9
removal, in order to produce a satisfactory quality water.
In 1964 there were 28 periods of abnormally
polluted water at the South District Filtration Plant Intake
covering a total of 89 days. During these periods, the odor
13
threshold number reached a maximum of 90 (hydrocarbon) and
14 I!
the ammonia nitrogen a maximum of 0.^96 ppm. The maximum
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chlorine dosage required for effective treatment was 56.1
16
pounds per million gallons and the maximum activated carbon
dosage required for odor removal was 7^5 pounds per million
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7. Results of various laboratory tests on
the routine samples collected during weekly sampling surveys
from various points on the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, the
Grand Calumet River, the Calumet River and Little Calumet Rive
have positively shown that the major source of Lake Michigan
pollution off the Calumet area has been the continuous dis-
charge into the lake from the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
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from the south end of Lake Michigan off the Calumet area at
times drift to the Chicago water works intakes under the in-
fluence of wind-induced lake currents. The South District
Filtration Plant intakes are the closest to the pollution
sources and are most frequently affected by the highest pollu-
tion concentrations.
Occasionally, with prolonged winds from
southerly directions, slugs of pollution have drifted north-
ward beyond the South District Filtration Plant intakes,
ultimately reaching and affecting water at the Dever intake an<
at times traveling further north to the Wilson Avenue intake.
These long distances traveled by pollution
can be best visualized if we consider that the South District
Filtration Plant intakes are 9-l/^ miles from the mouth of the
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, the Dever intakes are 18-1/2 miles
away and the Wilson Avenue intake is 22 miles distant from
this point.
Our records show that in the past under very
heavy pollution conditions and prolonged southerly winds, the
pollution slugs have traveled as far north as the water intake
at Waukegan, Illinois, which is about 50 miles north of the
mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
6. During abnormal pollution periods at the
water intakes at the South District Filtration Plant the water
usually has objectionable "hydrocarbon type" odors which are
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Sanitary District of Greater Chicago are discharged into the
Sanitary Drainage Canal. No wastes are discharged along the
It
entire lake front from the Cook County boundary on the north
3
to the mouth of the Calumet River on the south, except for
4
infrequent short periods of outflow of the Chicago River when
0
the locks must be opened during heavy rainfall in order to
6
prevent flooding.
However, continuous outflow into the lake of
8
the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and partial outflows from the
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Calumet River as well as direct discharges from sewer outlets
along the lake off the Calumet Region have continuously pol-
luted the southern end of Lake Michigan.
The intensity of pollution of the lake water
1O
has had upward and downward trends over a period of years,
14
Indicating occasional beneficial effects of treatments in-
15
stalled for abatement of pollution at times and also increases
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and decreases in industrial activity.
However, in the last ten years there has been
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a general increase in pollution of the lake. The most alarm-
iy
ing features of the pollution picture are the indications of
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eutrophication of the lake, as well as Increases In the number
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and intensity of periods when the quality of the intake water
ซซ
at the Chicago South District Filtration Plant has been
23
seriously affected by the pollutants.
5. Our studies show that the polluted waters
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390
lated a great mass of data over the last forty years pertain-
ing to results of laboratory examination on extensive routine
and special sampling to determine the quality of the water at
the lake intakes as well as at various points in the lake
opposite Chicago and in the rivers and streams discharging in-
to Lake Michigan. It would be Impractical to present all of
the data available. We are, therefore, presenting data
covering the last fifteen years, 1950-1964, which will best
illustrate the year-by-year trends of pollution and its
effects on the quality of the water at the Chicago waterworks
intakes.
3. In 1926 Chicago began an extensive investj
gation of methods of treating the highly polluted water which
was periodically received at the south side water intakes.
The studies were carried on at the now world-famous experi-
mental filtration laboratory located at Oglesby Avenue and
69th Street, where Mr. John R. Baylis and his associates
developed the use of activated carbon for removal of difficult
industrial waste odors from water and methods for high-rate
filtration as well as other improvements in water treatment.
The results of the studies were incorporated in the design of
the South District Filtration Plant which was placed in full
operation in 19^7.
4. The industrial and sewage wastes of
Chicago and the metropolitan area included in the Metropolitan
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"Pollution of the Waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, the Calumet River, Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake
and their tributaries, Illinois-Indiana February 1965".
O
2. Following an epidemic on the south side
of Chicago in the late fall of 1923, which resulted in 228
cases of typhoid fever and 23 deaths, the Water Safety Control
b
Section was organized in 1924 in the Chicago Department of
0 Health for the purpose of instituting strict control over
0
chlorination treatment at the various pumping stations in the
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Chicago Water System and for the collection of data on the
quality of the water at the lake intakes and of the chlorinat-
ed water supply furnished to the consumers.
An additional function of the section was the
investigation of the sources of pollution In Lake Michigan in
the vicinity of Chicago and the determination of the condi-
tions which caused polluted water to be carried to the water
intakes by lake currents.
In fact, my first assignment, when I came to
work with the City in 1925, was to be in charge of the lake
survey that the City was making of the lake waters off of Chi-
cago.
In 1926 the Water Safety Control Section was
transferred to the Water Department where it has continued as
part of the Water Purification Division.
The Water Purification Division has accumu-
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5 The South District Filtration Plant has con-
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9
We are also concerned with the definite indi-
388
total population of 1.8 million. Less frequently during pro-
longed periods of southerly winds the polluted waters are
carried northward affecting the Dever and Wilson Avenue water
intakes.
sistently produced an excellent quality, safe and palatable
water, even during the periods of heavy pollution of the water
at its intakes, but we are deeply concerned for the future if
the increasing trends of pollution are permitted to continue.
cation of degradation of the lake water quality in the south-
ern end of Lake Michigan because of excessive nutrient pol-
lution which has already produced undesirable changes in the
nature of the microscopic plankton growths in the lake water.
Projections of the rate of increase in the
frequency and severity of pollution incidence, and of the
capacity of our treatment plant to handle these incidences,
indicate that the time when the raw water can no longer be
satisfactorily treated may soon come.
The next section is a summary and conclusions
After that, I will get into the full text of my statement.
1. We are generally in accord with the data
presented and the conclusions drawn regarding the pollution of
the waters of the southern end of Lake Michigan in the report
prepared by the United States Public Health Service entitled,
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387
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you.
MR. GERSTEIN: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My statement will concern the effect of pol-
lution of the southern end of the lake on the operation of
our filter plants and the general pollution of our water at
our Intakes.
I beg your indulgence in the fact that some
portions of my statement will be repetitive, but I feel that
it is necessary in order to make certain points.
The City of Chicago at present furnishes
water supply to a population of approximately 4.5 million of
which 3.5 million are in Chicago, and 1 million are in 63
suburbs in the metropolitan area.
Although no sewage and industrial wastes are
discharged into Lake Michigan along the entire 30-mile stretch
of lake front from the north boundary of Cook County to the
mouth of the Calumet River, there exists gross pollution of
the lake waters in the southern end of Lake Michigan from
communities and industries in the Calumet area, and such
pollution discharge is apparently on an increasing trend.
These polluted waters are frequently carried
by wind-induced lake currents to the Chicago water works in-
takes, most seriously affecting the intakes supplying the South
District Filtration Plant (SDPP) which furnishes water service
to the south side of Chicago and 29 adjacent suburbs, to a
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! is again willing to accept the challenge. We intend to take
whatever steps are necessary to prevent continued degradation
ฃt
3 of the quality of Lake Michigan water.
We hope to do this forcefully and intelll-
4
gently. Without question, the need for drastic corrective
O
c action is of the greatest urgency. We urge all of the parti-
b
cipants of this conference to pledge their effort to restore
Lake Michigan to a quality level where all of the many million^
o [
... of residents and tourists can share in the use of one of
y
nature's most beautiful, functional and valuable resources.
u This is not merely something that should be
done, it is something that must be done.
13 Mr. Chairman, present with me today are many
14 of our top engineers from the Chicago Water Department who
15 are experts and will be happy to answer any questions.
lg I would like to present Mr. Hyman Gerstein,
17 our Chief Water Engineer.
He is an outstanding water works engineer
who will outline for you and the people in the audience the
2Q picture of water pollution in the Calumet area of Lake Michi-
21 gan and will point out it's effect on our water.
22 The report which he will present has been pre--
23 pared from available data on our water safety control section
24 during the past fifteen years,
25 Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
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385
constant increase in industrial production capacities and chanj-
ges in industrial processes used, and the fact that waste
treatment has not kept pace with this increase, has caused
O
what we believe a serious water pollution problem which re-
4
quires immediate bold and drastic measures to abate.
O
We believe the solution adopted should have
6
as its final objective the complete and permanent protection
of Lake Michigan from man-made pollution. We also believe
8
that the people who look to the lake for beauty, livelihood,
y
recreation, and most important, a healthy existence, share
this view and will support whatever program will accomplish
these goals.
We have found from past experience that most
of the parties Involved with this problem will cooperate
willingly. What is urgently needed is a program which all
can support now and in the future.
With the technical aid and guidance available
from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and,
more particularly, the United States Public Health Service,
we believe such a program can and will be adopted.
However, it is imperative to keep in mind
that time is the one commodity we don't have in ample supply;
technical data, resources, leadership, and desire are abundant
Having expended funds approximating a billion
dollars in previous efforts to eradicate the problem, Chicago
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of 460 million dollars; however, replacement cost would pro-
bably exceed one billion dollars. Thus, it is apparent that
Chicago has spared no expense in its efforts to provide a
plentiful supply of safe and palatable water for its users.
4
The problem we currently face with the fur-
5
ther degradation of the lower or southern reaches of Lake
6
Michigan are real and dangerous.
The rapidly expanding population and Indus-
O
trial complex in the Calumet area of Indiana have been the
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principal sources of pollution of the southern end of Lake
Michigan.
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The crib and shore water intakes of the South
Filtration Plant are at times exposed to excessive pollution
from industrial and sewage wastes discharged into the lake
from the Calumet Region.
However, we have been able to produce a high
quality, safe, palatable water at all times, but our experience
in the last several years has Indicated that periods of pol-
lution are of greater frequency and of progressively increasing
Intensity. While the rising cost of water purification is of
interest to us, our primary concern remains with the ability
of the conventional water treatment process to produce a
satisfactory quality water in the future if the trend of in-
creasing pollution persists.
While some progress has been made in the
Calumet area in the treatment of wastes by industry, the
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5
millions of dollars to protect their drinking water and to
prevent water pollution. Chicago is proud of its leading
role in the development of many of the most important tech-
o
niques now in use in water treatment.
y
The present system is a product of a compre-
hensive plan and program which when completed this year will
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383
comprehensive system of collection, treatment, and distribu-
tion facilities designed to serve Chicago and its suburban
neighbors with a product as pure and safe as modern technology
permits.
The people of Chicago have spent hundreds of
enable us to supply the projected water needs of 1980, many
years before they occur.
This vast system consists of the world's two
largest water filtration plants with a design capacity of
approximately 1.5 billion gallons a day and a peak capacity
exceding 2.5 billion gallons a day.
The distribution systems consist of some 75
miles of water tunnels beneath the lake and a network of over
4,000 miles of water mains fed by 11 water pumping stations.
This system supplies the water needs of over
4,500,000 persons residing in the city of Chicago and sixty-
three suburbs. Daily water pumpage exceeds 1,046,000,000
gallons.
The cost of the complete system is in excess
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against several northern Indiana cities and industrial con-
2 cerns in an effort to reduce lake pollution. In 1944, the
3 Chicago Water Department along with the Metropolitan Sanitary
4 District, and other Chicago agencies made a Joint survey in
5 the Calumet Region and documented many domestic sewage and
6 Industrial waste outlets.
7 Throughout the years, the Chicago Water
8 Department has managed to keep the city's water supply safe by
introducing a series of water treatment improvements which
y
incorporated into the design of a vast water filtration pro-
u gram. Chlorination equipment capacity was Increased at the
12 pumping stations, twenty-four hour chlorination control sta-
13 tions were installed in the City's North and Central water
14
districts, and an intensive water quality surveillance program
was initiated with checkpoints in the lake as well as the
15
, Calumet River system.
ID
17 The South District Filtration Plant was
10 placed into partial operation in 1945 and into full operation
18
in 19^7. The giant Central District Filtration Plant, with
2Q a nominal capacity of 960 million gallons per day, was
21 placed in operation in 1964 providing the entire city of Chi-
22 cago and sixty-three suburban municipalities with a filtered
23 water supply.
24 In its fight against the effects of lake pol-
25 lution, the Chicago Water Department operates and maintains a
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381
of Chicago, the Indiana State Board of Health, and the Metro-
politan Sanitary District.
Numerous conferences were held for several
years and by 1931 the abatement program had significantly
reduced the amount of phenol pollution in the lake. Relief
was temporary, however, and the water quality at the intakes
again showed an increasing pollution trend with "oil refinery"
type tastes and odors predominating, although chlorophenol
taste persisted.
The increasing deterioration of raw water
quality on the city's south side prompted the Department to
install an ammonia-chlorine treatment plant at the Dunne Crib
in 1936. This type treatment was installed to reduce taste
and odor problems and to provide additional protection. The
water filtration program, which had begun at the experimental
plant, was now accelerated very rapidly and construction of
the 32O million gallon per day South District Filtration Plant
was started in 1938.
The Dunne Crib water supply continued to
deteriorate from 1937 through 194l. At the city's request,
the United States Public Health Service studied the situation
in 1941-42 and reported again that the Calumet Region was
again responsible for increasing levels of lake pollution.
Following this report, the State of Illinois
in 1943 brought suit in the United States Supreme Court
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In 1923-4, 228 typhoid fever cases occurred
i
on the city's south side and 23 persons died as a result.
2
City officials immediately recognized the need for a more
3
rigid system of chlorination control.
4
New chlorination equipment was installed in
5
duplicate sets at all of the pumping stations. Permanent
6
chlorine attendants were employed and trained, and a compre-
7
hensive program of water sampling, testing and pollution study
8
was instituted under technical supervision. These actions
9
proved their effectiveness by virtually eliminating death by
10
typhoid fever in Chicago.
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In fact, since 1924, there hasn't been re-
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corded in Chicago a single case of typhoid attributed to the
public water supply. Intensive lake pollution surveys were
made in 1924-25 by the United States Public Health Service
and in 1925 and 1926 by the City. These surveys and reports
warned of declining water quality and growing pollution in
the Calumet Region. The Chicago Water Department heeded the
warning by beginning construction in 1926 of an experimental
filtration plant to conduct research for design of a full
scale plant.
Beginning in 1927, the city's water supply
began suffering periods of severe chlorophenol tastes and
odors. A pollution abatement program was immediately launched
by certain industrial concerns in cooperation with the city
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Up to this time, the city of Chicago govern-
ment had shouldered responsibility for water supply and sewage
2
disposal. Now a new and separate governmental agency was
*3
created to protect Lake Michigan from pollution. The success
4
of the Metropolitan Sanitary District, covered in a separate
5
report, in carrying out this assignment and manner in which
6
this task was accomplished is both history and one of the
7
Seven Engineering Wonders.
8
While the Sanitary District attacked their
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phase of the problem, the protection of Lake Michigan from
pollution, the Chicago Water Department concerned itself with
its mission of supplying an adequate quantity of safe water
of high quality.
In support of this objective, the Water De-
partment introduced the sterilization treatment of the raw wate
with a hypochlorite solution in 1912.
By 1915* all of the city's water was receiving
this chemical treatment. Shortly thereafter, liquid chlorine
feeding equipment was installed in all of the water pumping
stations. The striking effect of these improvements was Imme-
diately noted as the annual death rate from typhoid fever
was sharply reduced to a rate of 2 per 100,000 in 1917, from
the high of 174 per 100,000 in 1891. Reduction in the fre-
quency of cholera and dysentery also followed the use of
jhemical treatment.
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where It spread beyond the water intakes. This episode
triggered an epldemnlc of typhoid fever which persisted for
tt
several years.
This crisis also led to the formation by the
Chicago City Council of a Drainage and Water Supply Commission
O
c in 1886. This Commission was given the assignment of study-
6
ing the city's problems relating to water supply, sewage
disposal, and storm drainage. After several years of study,
O
the Commission recommended a plan designed to protect Chicago1
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most priceless asset - its lake front and water supply.
The plan was to:
1. Relocate the flow of the Des Plaines
River to the westerly edge of Its drainage basin.
2. Construct a new drainage canal 28
miles in length from the Chicago River at Damen
Avenue to the Des Plaines River at Lockport. This
would permanently reverse the flow of the Chicago
River.
3. Build major intercepting sewers along
the lake to collect existing sewerage and drain this
sewerage to the new canal.
To carry out these plans, the Commission
recommended the creation of the Metropolitan Sanitary District
Enabling state legislation was passed in 1889 and on January
18, 1890, the Metropolitan Sanitary District became a reality.
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In the quest for safe water, a tunnel system
under the lake bed was constructed, connecting water intakes
located two miles from shore. The first such water tunnel was
3
completed in 1867 and attracted world-wide interest.
4
At the same time, it was determined that
5
steps would have to be taken to prevent the flow of the river
6
with its pollution load from reaching the lake.
Thus, the plan to reverse the flow of the
8 1
Chicago River had its beginning. City engineers calculated
11
that, if the Illinois and Michigan Canal, opened in 1848, were
deepened, the flow of the Chicago River from West to East
would be reversed.
I This project was started in 1865 and completed
!1
in 1871. The system worked well for a time, but expanding
14
population and real estate development created a situation
!
which finally terminated the temporary relief and resulted in
16 ||
the Chicago River returning to its normal flow. Other
funsuccessful schemes followed.
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Finally, on August 2, 1885, nature counter-
attacked with a torrential rainstorm which blanketed the
Chicago area with over 6 inches of rainfall. The intensity of
he storm scoured the sewerage system and produced a record
ass of pollution.
The storm waters also overloaded the river and
anal system permitting the storm pollution to enter the lake
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l Early efforts to obtain an uncontaminated source]
of water prompted the city's engineers to reach for clean
ft
water by extending water intakes further into the lake,
beyond the polluted shore lines. The first such effort
. occurred in 1854, when a water intake was extended 600 feet
5
into the lake. However, in the same year a cholera epidemic
D
claimed the lives of 5.5 percent of the population. Mute
testimony to the magnitude of the problem.
O
In 1856, work began on the construction of an
9
integrated sewerage system, the first of its kind in the
United States. With the completion of this project, the
surface drainage of Chicago's flat and marshy areas was
greatly improved but only at the expense of the problem of
13
supplying safe drinking water. This was particularly true
14
since the integrated sewerage system emptied into the Chicago
lo
River which in turn flowed into the lake.
16
During this period, the problems of supplying
an adequate supply of uncontaminated drinking water were ever
18 *
compounding because of the rapidly increasing population.
I J
In 1862, the City1s Chief Engineer, Mr. Ches-
brough, was sounding the alarm about the increasing pollution
of the river and rapidly declining quality of the water supply
fttt
About this time, a program was formulated to
23
attack the problem on two fronts in an attempt to break the
24
chain linking the water supply problem with that of sewage
disposal.
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state of Indiana are to continue to reap the many benefits'
of their close dependence upon the lake, an immediate, effec-
tive, and well coordinated action program must be undertaken.
*i
This program must have as its objectives the permanent abate-
4
ment of the present pollution problem so clearly defined in
& I
the United States Public Health Service report, as well as the
6
prevention of further lake pollution from all sources.
The protection of our source of water supply
8
is vital for maintaining the prosperity, health and welfare
y
of the citizens of our city, as well as the lake water users
in the large metropolitan area supplied from the Chicago Water
Works System.
Chicago became an incorporated community in
13
1833 and a city in 1837. At that time, the Chicago River
14
was used as a means of collecting and removing the sanitary
15
wastes produced by the community's 4,000 residents. Drinking
16
water was obtained from shallow wells or directly from the
lake. In this way, the deadly cycle of sanitary wastes con-
18
taminating the community's water supply was activated with
*y
resultant disease-breeding potential.
20
When the infant city formed its own water com-
A!
pany* tne forerunner of the Department of Water and Sewers,
22
it assumed a primary responsibility for protecting the public
MW
health from water-borne disease, a charge which remains in
24
effect today.
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this conference, and the far-reaching effect it will have on
i
the health and welfare of millions of people is indicated by
2
the fact that it was called by the Honorable Anthony J. Cele-
3
brezze, Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and
4
Welfare as a result of the very excellent survey and report
5
made by the United States Public Health Service.
6
The history of Chicago is a saga of a deter-
7
mined people's efforts to control the use of the most impor-
8
tant single physical and natural asset associated with Chicago
9
- fresh water. In this apparently never-ending struggle to
10
retain the full use of Lake Michigan's waters to support the
11
domestic, commercial, industrial, and recreational needs of
12
Chicagoland's residents, the Chicago Water Department, in
13
conjunction with the Metropolitan Sanitary District, have
14
sought and received cooperation from both federal and state
15
agencies through the years.
16
During the 132 year history of Chicago, as a
17
community, numerous battles have been fought against the
18
threat and scourge of water pollution and the various water-
is
borne diseases which it produces.
20
Because of Chicago's strategic location along
21
the shores of Lake Michigan, the lake has served to influence
22
the city's development as the nation's transportation center
23
and the heart of midwest's agricultural and industrial
24
complex*
25
However, if the Chicago area and the neighboring
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previous efforts to eradicate the problem, Chicago is again
willing to accept the challenge.
ft
We intend to take whatever steps necessary to
3
preverft continued degradation of the quality of Lake Michigan
water. We hope to do this forcefully and intelligently.
O
0 Without question, the need for drastic
6
corrective action is of the greatest urgency. We urge all of
. the participants of this conference to pledge their effort to
8
restore Lake Michigan to a quality level where all of the
y
many millions of residents and tourists can share in the use
of one of nature's most beautiful, functional, and valuable
resources.
This is not merely something that should be
13
done, it is something that must be done.
14
.. STATEMENT PRESENTED BY JAMES W. JARDINE, COMMISSIONER
15
DEPARTMENT OP WATER AND SEWERS, CITY OP CHICAGO
16
1? AT THE INTERSTATE POLLUTION CONFERENCE
HELD ON MARCH 2, 1965
lo
Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Conferees, Ladies and Gentlemen:
iy
20 I am very appreciative of the opportunity to be
21 here today as a representative of the Chicago Water Works
22 System which provides water service to over 4,500,000 persons
23 in Chicago and some sixty-three suburban communities in an
24 area of over 400 square miles.
25 The need, the urgency and the importance of
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area in the treatment of waste by industry, the constant in-
crease in industrial production capacities and changes in
ft
Industrial processes used, and the fact that waste treatment
3
has not kept pace with this increase, has caused what we be-
4
lleve a serious water pollution problem which requires
immediate bold and drastic measures to abate.
6
We believe the solution adopted should have as
7
its final objective the complete and permanent protection of
8
Lake Michigan from man-made pollution. We also believe that
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the people who look to the lake for beauty, livelihood,
recreation and most important, a healthy existence, share this
view and will support whatever program will accomplish these
goals.
We have found from past experience that most of
the parties involved with this problem will cooperate will-
ingly. What is urgently needed is a program which all can
support now and in the future. With the technical aid and
guidance available from the Department of Health, Education,
and welfare and more particularly the United States Public
Health Service, we believe such a program can and will be
adopted.
However, it is imperative to keep in mind that
time is the one commodity we don't have in ample supply;
technical data, resources, leadership, and desire are abundant
Having expended funds approximating a billion dollars in
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j exceed one billion dollars.
2 Thus, it is apparent that Chicago has spared
3 no expense in its efforts to provide a plentiful supply of
4 safe and palatable water for its users.
5 The problems we currently face with the
6 degradation of the lower or southern reaches of Lake Michigan
7 are real and dangerous.
8 The rapidly expanding population and industrial
9 complex in the Calumet area of Indiana have been the principal
10 source of pollution of the southern end of Lake Michigan.
n The crib and shore water intakes of the South
at
12 Filtration Plant are/times exposed to excessive pollution from
13 industrial and sewage wastes discharged into the lake from
14 the Calumet Region.
15 However, we have been able to produce a high
16 quality, safe palatable water at all times, but our experience
17 in the last several years has indicated that periods of pollu-
18 tlon are of greater frequency and of progressively Increasing
19 intensity.
20 While the rising cost of water purification is
21 of Interest to us, our primary concern remains with the
22 quality of the conventional water treatment processes to pro-
23 duce a satisfactory quality water in the future if the trend
24 of increasing pollution persists.
25 While some progress has been made in the Calumet
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370
comprehensive system of collection, treatment, and distribu-
tion facilities designed to serve Chicago and its suburban
neighbors, with a product as pure and safe as modern tech-
nology permits.
The people of Chicago have spent hundreds of
millions of dollars to protect their drinking water and to
prevent water pollution. Chicago is proud of its leading
role in the development of many of the most Important tech-
niques now in use in water treatment.
The present system is a product of a compre-
hensive plan and program which, when completed this year, will
enable us to supply the projected water needs of 1980, many
years before they occur.
This vast system consists of the world's two
largest water filtration plants with a designed capacity of
approximately 1.5 billion gallons a day and a peak capability
exceeding 2.5 billion gallons a day.
The distribution systems consist of some 75
miles of water tunnels beneath the lake and a network of over
4,000 miles of water mains fed by 11 water pumping stations.
This system supplies the water needs of over
4,500,000 persons residing in the city of Chicago and sixty-
three suburbs. Daily water pumpage exceeds 1,046,000,000
gallons. The cost of the complete system is in excess of
460 million dollars; however, replacement cost would probably
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369
However, if the Chicago area and the neighbor-
ing state of Indiana are to continue to reap the many benefits
of their close dependence upon the Lake, an immediate, effec-
tive, and well coordinated action program must be undertaken.
This program must have as its objectives the permanent abate-
ment of the present pollution problem so clearly defined in
o
the United States Public Health Service's report, as well as
the prevention of further lake pollution from all sources.
The protection of our source of water supply is
vital for maintaining the prosperity, health and welfare of
the large metropolitan area supplied from the Chicago Water
Works System.
Throughout the years, the Chicago Water Depart-
ment has managed to keep the City's water supply safe by
introducing a series of water treatment improvements which
were incorporated into the design of a vast water filtration
program.
The South District Filtration Plant was placed
into partial operation in 19^5 and into full operation in 19^7
The giant Central District Filtration Plant, with a nominal
capacity of 960 million gallons per day, was placed in opera-
tion in 1964, providing the entire city of Chicago and sixty-
three suburban municipalities with a filtered water supply.
In its fight against the effects of Lake pollu-
tion, the Chicago Water Department operates and maintains a
10
n
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368
conference, and the far reaching effect it will have on the
health and welfare of millions of people is indicated by
2
the fact that it was called by the Honorable Anthony J.
3
Celebrezze, Secretary of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare as a result of the very excellent survey and
5
report made by the United States Public Health Service.
B
The history of Chicago is a saga of a deter-
7
mined people's efforts to control the use of the most impor-
8
tant single physical and natural asset associated with
9
Chicago - fresh water. In this apparently never ending
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
struggle to retain the full use of Lake Michigan's waters to
support the domestic, commercial, industrial, and recreational
needs of Chigagoland's residents, the Chicago Water Department
in conjunction with the Metropolitan Sanitary District, have
sought and received cooperation from both Federal and state
agencies through the years.
During the one hundred and thirty-two year
history of Chicago, as a community, numerous battles have
been fought against the threat and scourge of water pollution
and the various waterborne diseases which it produces.
Because of Chicago's strategic location along
the shores of Lake Michigan, the lake has served to influence
the City's development as the Nation's transportation center
and the heart of the midwest's agricultural and industrial
complex.
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367
been and is responsible for this activity in the City, the
Commissioner of Water and Sewers, James Jardine.
ft
CHAIRMAN STEIN: While Mr. Jardine is coming up, I think
3
we have a little advance information. A good deal of his
4
presentation will be based on slides and I think this will
5
probably be one of the most vital or interesting we have.
6
The suggestion is that some of the people sitting in the
fringes back there who don't have a good view of the screen
8
might want to adjust their seats and make sure they see the
y
slides.
10
MR. JAMES W. JARDINE: Mr. Chairman, Distinguished
Conferees, Ladies and Gentlemen:
12
I have submitted to the reporter the full text
13
of my statement, Mr. Chairman, and in the interest of saving
14
time, I would appreciate it if the full statement could be
10
included in the record and I will brief the reporter later
16
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without objection, this will be done.
MR. JARDINE: I might add that those who follow me will
18
present the slides.
19
I am appreciative of the opportunity to be here
20
today as a representative of the Chicago Water Works System
21
which provides water service to over 4,500,000 persons in
2*
Chicago and some 63 suburban communities in an area of over
23
400 square miles.
24
The need, the urgency and the importance of this
25
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competency and dedication of the people that are in charge
of the Chicago water supply. I see, I know this over the yearb
2
and they have had a number of problems and it might strike
some of you here as rather a peculiar set of circumstances in
4
this country where very rarely can the officials in respon-
0
sible charge of a public water supply get up publicly and tell
&
the public what their problems are.
Usually, they have had to take what's given to
8
them and solve the problem the best way they can. And, this
y
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is no exception here.
Without in any way minimizing any of the other
Jobs in the city, I know this from my long years of experience
that the people in charge of a public water supply, whether
it is Chicago or any other place, has the one most responsible
Job in any municipality because literally, and figuratively,
in their hands rests the health and the lives of the people
of that community, in this Instance, the health and lives of
over five and one-half million people, where a billion and a
half gallons of water every day, at peak days particularly,
roughly about a billion gallons is pumped to the citizens of
this area.
I say, it is a rather rare opportunity that
waterworks officials have of laying out their particular
problems. This is going to be one of the exceptions because
this is a fact-finding conference, and the person that is
going to lead off for the City of Chicago is the man that has
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Apparently there is a sensitivity about cyanide
2 in certain quarters and I my only conclusion is, I hope
3 this sensitivity continues.
4 (Laughter)
Without minimizing any of the multipurpose uses
O
c of Lake Michigan under consideration here, there is one that
o
is the most important without any question.
0 That is the source of Lake Michigan as a public
o
water supply for human consumption.
9
A water supply has some peculiar character-
istics. It is a peculiar type of industry. It has no control
over its raw material and this is something that industry
12
would never tolerate.
13
Yet, it is expected and required to turn out
a quality product, a product that must be safe to drink,
lo
,_ every drop of it, every minute of every day, of every night.
lb
17 Again, it is an industry that has to take what's
,0 given to it. There is no industry, I am sure, and those par-
lo
ticularly represented in this conference, that would think of
iy
not controlling its raw materials.
Yet, we have seen that some of these industries
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364
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you very much, Mr. Jordahl.
This, I think, completes the federal agency
tt
presentation.
The Department of Interior and the Corps of
4
Engineers, as you know, work very closely with us in the
o
. water resources field.
o
There is one other agency, water resources
agency in the Department of Agriculture.
O
They didn't indicate they wanted to speak here
w
at this meeting, and I guess, flying in here, you can guess
That concludes it?
12
MR. POSTON: That concludes it.
13
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Again, we would like to call on Mr.
14
Klassen of Illinois.
15
Mr. Klassen.
16
MR. KLASSEN: Before I call on the next agency to appear
Mr. Chairman, last evening, after the session it was called to
18
my attention that I made a technically incorrect statement
xy
and I, Just for the record, wanted to correct it.
I did say that two-tenths parts per million of
cyanide was toxic.
This is technically incorrect. I should have
23
said that two-tenths parts per million of cyanide is the
24
maximum amount permissive in drinking water.
Zo
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363
area, be it on inland lakes, rivers, or ocean shoreline
whether the reason is development for other purposes or the
tt
pollution of the waters the result is a greater demand and
3
heavier load on remaining facilities, local, State, and
National.
The present facilities in the vicinity of
B
southern Lake Michigan are inadequate to meet the existing
7
demand, to say nothing of the overwhelming future increases
O
of recreation demand predicted by the ORRRC report. There-
3
fore, any action which can be taken to improve water quality
in this area will be of immeasurable value to people deserving
outdoor recreation.
12
CONCLUSION
13
Mr. Carver, in the statement previously noted,
14
stressed the essential element of cooperation as follows:
15
"in the early days of water resources conserva-
16
tlon and development, there was little need for coordination
among the various Federal agencies involved. The field was so
18
sparsely occupied, water problems especially water-quality
problems were so relatively less urgent than they are now,
that coordination was not then a major consideration. Today,
and in the years ahead, close and effective coordination is
22
essential. This Department and other Federal agencies must
ffV
pool their resources in order to accomplish our goal of
24
acceptable levels of water quality for our natural resources
25
and our economic needs."
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cooperatively, and In some cases financed cooperatively, with
State and local governments and other Federal agencies; the
2
Survey has responsibility also for the design of the national
3
network of hydrologlc data collection. Results of these pro-
4
Jects are available to all in the form of maps and reports.
O
The Geological Survey wishes to continue its cooperation with
6
Federal and State agencies in the basins around Lake Michigan
to obtain the information on water and its environment that
8
is most needed in the solution of the pressing water problems.
9
These agencies and those to which data and information have
been furnished include Illinois Water Survey, Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Indiana Board of Health,
Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of Water Re-
sources, Indiana Flood Control and Water Resources Commission,
U. S. Public Health Service, Corps of Engineers, Illinois
Division of Waterways, and the Northeastern Illinois Metro-
politan Area Planning Commission.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
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22
23
24
25
The National Park Service is very much inter-
ested in the improvement of the water quality of our streams,
lakes, estuaries and oceans generally. The pollution of the
southern end of Lake Michigan has a direct effect upon the
recreation use potential of the Indiana Dunes National Lake-
shore proposal and an indirect effect on all areas of the
National Park Systems. A recreation potential is lost in one
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361
scientific and technological investigations among the mineral
industries with the aim of improving health conditions, in-
creasing safety and efficiency, and preventing economic waste
Close contact with current industrial practices is
maintained through activities that include: (1) conduct of
cooperative studies with State and other governmental agencies
and with industry; (2) participation in the committee work of
technical societies? and, (3) informal exchanges of Informa-
tion between Bureau and industrial specialists in appropriate
fields."
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The Geological Survey provides scientific in-
formation on the physical environment of water that is re-
quired for the successful development, use, and control of
water. All phases of the Survey's work are designed to ob
tain timely and appropriate water facts needed for the solu-
tion of water problems. Topographic quadrangle maps prepared
by the Survey give information on the surface features of
river basins; its geologic maps give information on rock types
and structure which control ground water occurrence and move-
ment. Hydrologic maps and reports based on these topographic
and geologic data present Information on the quantity,
quality and distribution of the water resources of the United
States.
Programs and individual projects are designed
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360
arise in the mineral industry.
The Bureau of Mines can contribute to the study
2
by identifying number and location of existing mineral-based
industries and determining the water requirements, as well as
the water discharged, from these establishments. Prediction
of future water requirements of the mineral industry is also
6
a province where the Bureau's special abilities can be uti-
lized .
8
Assistant Secretary of Interior Carver, in a
9
statement on July 8, 1963, stated the following relative to
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22
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25
the role of the Bureau of Mines in the pollution-control
field.
"Mineral-industry water interests Initially
conflict with all other major water interests. To ameliorate
such conflicts, the Bureau of Mines of this Department en-
courages the mineral industries to practice water conservation
Including water-quality control. In ,this way, we promote
attainment of an equitable use balance within the total
national demand for water. Water withdrawn from natural
supplies must be used over and over where feasible. Waste
water effluents must not be allowed to impair significantly
the quality of our water supplies.
"Under the provisions of the Bureau of Mines
Organic Act, it is both the province and the duty of the
Secretary of the Interior to conduct economic inquires and
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357
The mighty Great Lakes with their many tribu-
taries can rightfully be included among our nation's major
natural resources. Through the years we have been led to
believe that the Great Lakes can be little affected by the
activities of man. Recent studies and observations show that
many portions of the Great Lakes have been adversely affected
by pollution. The severity of the pollution is evidenced by
violent fluctuations in species composition by not only
fishes but other aquatic organisms. The choicer fishes are
being replaced by less valuable species which have a greater
tolerance for turbidity and low oxygen. The gradual accumula-
tion of wastes day after day may render the water a barren
wasteland to fish.
Most important to fishery utilization is the
capacity of a fish population to restore iself after its
numbers have been reduced or changed. For this reason all is
not lost. By cleaning up pollution, the restoration of our
fishery resources can become a reality. Once again we will be
able to see, capture and eat the choicer varieties of fish
which are no longer present or are present in limited numbers.
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is always
interested in maintaining high water and environmental quality
in areas where the development or continuation of commercial
fisheries is possible. Conditions regarding water quality
and fish production in the extreme southern portion of Lake
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356
upon which they depend for food consist of the living re-
sources in rivers, lakes and the sea. They are the property
of no man until caught. In life they are the concern of the
w
people and can be conserved and managed by governmental
4
authority local, State, Federal or international. Hidden
v)
as they are beneath the surface of the water, special and
6
complicated techniques are needed to find out how they can be
managed so as to yield maximum sustained production.
8
Sound management requires an understanding of
y
the nature of living resources. The stocks of fish which
support our fisheries are self-renewing. They do not exist
in limited quantities, like our mineral resources, to be used
12 '
once and thereafter be gone forever. Living resources can
1 V
endure forever, and therefore are more valuable, by far, than
14
the annual yield would suggest. This is true only if we
15
manage them wisely, and we can do this only if we understand
16
the habits of the aquatic animals and plants and their inter-
17
relationships with each other and with the environment.
18
Where the environment becomes changed or re-
19
stricted by pollution, the fish population and fish food
20
organisms have to adjust themselves to altered conditions.
This produces fluctuation of abundance, changes in species
22
composition, changes in growth rate and many other things,
23
most of which do not benefit mankind. This has happened in
24
the Great Lakes where the environment has been changed or
25
rendered unfit by pollution.
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355 |
2. Strengthen and maintain a vigorous fishery
industry by assuring full and fair access to the American
market.
3. Do these things in partnership with the
States and in full accordance with our international obliga-
tions, arid without sacrificing the system of free enterprise.
In pursuing these policies the Federal Govern-
ment has a responsibility to the Public as a whole to see
that our fishery resources are utilized to the fullest eco-
nomic extent without damage to their future productivity.
A deeper look Into the complex problems facing
our fishing industry today is a look into the major trends
operating over decades, that have produced the critical
problems now facing us.
Our population growth, the change from rural to
urban economy, and industrial development have caused in-
creasing complications: first, from domestic wastesj then
from dams, industrial wastes, channel and harbor improvements,
marsh drainage and conversion of marshlands and backwaters to
residential and industrial sites; more recently from the wide-
spread and rapidly expending use of insecticides, herbicides,
detergents, and a host of other technological developments;
and now the possible dangers introduced by disposal of radio-
active wastes from research, industry and other uses.
Our raw material, the fishes, and the organisms
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354
2. They enrich our diet with variety.
3. They promote our health, providing dietary
tป
supplements such as vitamins, trace minerals, and the essentia
3
requirements in wider variety than any other class of foods.
4
4. They have, because of the unique properties
of their proteins and oils, potential uses as Pharmaceuticals
6
and industrial chemicals.
7
5. They supply to our animal industries vital
8
proteins, fats and growth factors.
6. They develop the seafaring qualities of our
10
people and provide marine facilities and equipment sorely
needed by an America now faced with transoceanic problems and
12
wide responsibilities in a changing world.
13
The Pish and Wildlife Act of 1956 recognizes
14
that fish and shellfish are capable of making a valuable
continuous contribution to the national economy, food supply
16
and health, recreation, and well-being of our citizens. When
17
these resources are properly protected, properly developed,
18
properly managed, and properly utilized, the Act considers
them capable of being greatly increased. Control of pollution
20
Is one conservation measure that must be practiced. The
alternative is destruction by neglect.
22
It is the National Pish Policy to:
23
1. Increase and maintain forever, for the
24
people of the United States, a fishery resource capable of
25
yielding the maximum annual product.
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activity by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The National
2 fish policy established by the 1956 Act places high on the
3 list of goals the responsibility for the economic betterment
4 of the commercial fishing industry in all its phases - pro-
, duction, processing and distribution. This responsibility
O
. extends to the control and prevention of pollution. Pollution
D
7 is probably the primary factor today that limits the production
0 of food fish and in fact threatens future fish production.
o
The measure of pollution as used here is the suitability of
%3
water for a required use. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
is concerned with the suitability of the waters of Lake
Michigan for production of fish and fish food organisms.
The fishermen of America have played a unique
13
part in this country's economy since its founding. Fisheries
14
are still of major importance to many sections of the country.
io
Employment, direct and indirect, is furnished to 500,000
16
citizens. Today our fisheries supply over five billion pounds
of fish each year, about half of which is used for human food.
18
The fish catch, when processed, is worth over a billion
*y
dollars annually at the retail level.
Our aquatic resources are far more valuable
A!
than is indicated by the number of persons they support or
***ป
the dollar values of their products.
23
1. They are living, renewable resources which
24
can continue to make their contribution to our welfare forever
25
if we treat them wisely.
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Where the environment becomes changed or damaged
by pollution, the fish population and fish-food organisms
ft
have to adjust to the altered conditions or perish. This pro-
3
duces fluctuations of abundance, changes in species compos!-
4
tlon, changes in growth rate, and many other modifications of
5
the plant and animal life present.
6
Changes in the environment of the waters of Lake
7
Michigan are being reflected in the following:
O
1. Lake trout and Whiteflsh have all but dis-
9
appeared, in part due to lamprey infestations.
10
2. Alewives, a low value species, have greatly
Increased in numbers, and catches of carp have also shown
12
great Increases. Periodic die-offs of alewives In great nura-
13
bers at the southern end of Lake Michigan are a major nuisance
14
3. Catch statistics of the Bureau of Commercial
15
Fisheries indicate great declines in fish harvest.
16
4. In 1963 about 10,000 migratory waterfowl
were killed along the shores of eastern and southern Lake
18
Michigan (loons, ducks, gulls). Although the causes were not
io
definitely determined, (botulism, pesticides, organic pollu-
20
tants were all investigated), obviously some highly unfavor-
21
able environmental change occurred.
22
BUREAU OP COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
23
The 1956 Act and a wide variety of other
24
statutes enacted over the years authorize a broad range of
25
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351
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is
i
vitally interested in protecting and enhancing the quality of
2
all waters throughout the Nation. In this respect, the Bureau
3
is a signatory to a Memorandum of Understanding with the
4
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare concerning water
5
pollution control. This agreement was developed in recogni-
6
tion of common interests in the field of water pollution and
7
to make possible a more effective program of interagency
8
cooperation.
9
It is In accordance with the Fish and Wildlife
10
Coordination Act of 1956 which authorized the Secretary of
n
the Interior, through the Fish and Wildlife Service and the
12
Bureau of Mines, to make such investigations as he deems
13
necessary to determine the effects of domestic sewage, mine,
14
petroleum, and industrial wastes, erosion silt, and other
15
polluting substances on wildlife, and to make reports to the
16
Congress concerning such investigations and of recommendations
17
for alleviating dangerous and undesirable effects of such
18
pollution. These investigations shall include: (1) the
19
determination of standards of water quality for the maintenanc^
20
of wildlife; (2) the study of methods of abating and prevent-
21
Ing pollution and (3) the collection and distribution of data
22
on the progress and results of such investigations for the use
23
of Federal, State, municipal and private agencies, individual
24
organizations or enterprises.
25
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350
water makes It unsafe for swimming. Official beach attendance
is zero. Thus, it is estimated 150-250 thousand activity
tt
days of swimming are lost annually due to the closure of this
3
beach. A portion of the local water-oriented recreation needs
of the area are met in the form of swimming pools. A recent
0
Indiana Department of Health survey indicates that while Lake
6
County had 9 outdoor pools in 1960, about 17 more were needed
7
to meet local public needs within the county. Construction
8
of that many pools and their attendant facilities could well
9
run over 2.5 million dollars. The survey further indicated by
10
1970 there would be a need for about 35 swimming pools to
meet the growing needs of Lake County, Indiana this at a
12
time when Hammond's Lake Michigan beach sits unusable due to
13
poor water quality.
14
In addition, other beaches in the area are
15
threatened with closure due to deterioration of water quality.
16
Gary, Indiana's beach at Narquette Park, is presently suffer-
17
ing water quality problems according to information received
18
in connection with this Bureau's Nationwide inventory of
19
recreation areas. In addition, five beaches on Chicago's soutlk
20
side are threatened by the changing water quality. If the
21
trend continues, millions of people within this area will be
22
left without a place to swim on the southern end of this Great
23
Lake.
24
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
25
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1
349
areas in which urban people may retreat occasionally from the
complexity of city life increases. Such an escape is almost
it
a spiritual necessity.
It has been established through studies by the
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Committee that our great-
est need is for outdoor recreational areas near population
6
centers. ORRRC studies fuiปther indicate 90 percent of all
7
Americans participate annually in some type of outdoor recrea-
8
tion, with 44 percent preferring water-oriented recreation,
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
mainly swimming. This region, with its near seven million
local inhabitants, adjoins Lake Michigan, one of the largest
bodies of fresh water in the world. The lake is a real
treasure for those able to use it for outdoor recreational
activities. However the pleasure of swimming in its cooling
waters or sunbathing along one of its pleasant sand beaches
after a sweltering day at work is not available to many of
the thousands who live along Its shores.
For example, Hammond, Indiana, with Its 112,000
population, has about a quarter mile of public beach. Such a
beach by accepted standards should support a daily attendance
of 2,000 to 3,000 people, affording thousands of local people
the opportunity to enjoy conveniently water-oriented outdoor
recreation throughout the summer. Such is not the case,
however, the beach has been closed for more than 15 years by
order of the local Board of Health, because the quality of the
-------
348
by Act of Congress on May 28, 1963 as a result of recommenda-
tions made by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commls-
2
sIon, to provide a focal point In the Government for the
3
Nation's outdoor recreation activities. The Congress took
this action because they deemed it desirable that (1) all
5
American people of present and future generations be assured
6
adequate outdoor recreation resources, and (2) prompt and
coordinated efforts be made toward conserving, developing and
8
utilizing such resources for the benefit and enjoyment of the
9
American people. Thus, it has become the purpose of this
10
Bureau to fulfill these desires of the Congress. As a result
11
this Bureau shares a very deep concern for events which have
12
been and are taking place in the area under consideration
13
here, events which have affected the natural resources of this
14
region and their usefulness to the American people, particu-
15
larly the local citizen, for recreational pursuits.
16
The area under consideration includes much of
17
the Chicago-Northwestern Indiana Standard Consolidated area
18
as defined by the U.S. Census. It had a I960 population of
19
about 6.8 million, an increase of 21.6 percent over the 1950
20
population. As such, it Is an area of rapidly increasing re-
21
creational needs where, at the same time, areas suitable for
22
recreation development must compete with industrial and other
23
development.
24
As urbanization increases, the need for natural
25
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3
347
access to all points of the compass. Mid -Americans making
plans for vacations and outdoor recreation look to the Ozarks
in the southwest, to the Smoky Mountains in the southeast, or
to this Great Lakes region to the north.
The highway pattern in Mid -America indicates
that the Great Lakes are within easy reach of these 50 million
6
people. And, situated at the doorstep of the southern end of
Lake Michigan is the gigantic Chicago metropolitan area.
8
The Outdoor Recreation Resource Review Com-
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22
23
24
25
mission in their voluminous studies highlighted the importance
of water to outdoor recreation as follows:
"Water Is a focal point of outdoor recreation.
Most people seeking outdoor recreation want water to sit
by, to swim and to fish in, to ski across, to dive under and
to run their boats over. Swimming is now one of the most
popular outdoor activities and Is likely to be the most popula:
of all by the turn of the century. Boating and fishing are
among the top ten activities. Camping, picnicking and hiking,
also high on the list, are more attractive near water sites.
About 90 percent of all Americans participated in some form of
outdoor recreation in 1960 a total of 4.4 billion
occasions. By 1976, the total will be 6.9 billion, and by the
year 2000, it will be 12.4 billion a three-fold increase by
the turn of the century."
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was established
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346
of this valuable resource. The Interior approach emphasizes
the coordination and interrelation between uses and the effect
2
of these uses on management and quality of the total water
J
supply system.
"Maintenance of water quality Involves not only
O
the quality levels for human consumption, but also quality
6
levels for consumption by other animal and plant life, for
7
development of other natural resources, and for industrial
8
processes. These quality considerations are interrelated.
9
They can be understood and controlled best from the point of
10
view of water as a resource, rather than from a point of view
of a particular quality need."
12
The Department of the Interior has a rich back-
13
ground of experience and knowledge in this area and is
14
equipped with highly qualified technical manpower. All
15
bureaus and offices of the Department have an interest in
16
water resources. In the Great Lakes, the Bureaus of Outdoor
17
Recreation, Commercial Fisheries, Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
18
Mines, Geological Survey and National Park Service have a
19
direct interest.
20
BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
21
The nine upper midwest states which make up Mid-
22
America contain 50 million people. Much of this nine-state
23
region is flat or gently rolling prairie, plain, and field,
24
and has a relative scarcity of water and topographic resources
25
for recreation purposes, but many fine highways provide ready
-------
345
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Jordahl.
l
Are there any comments or questions?
2
(No response)
3
Mr. Jordahl, you wanted your whole statement to
4
appear In the record. Without objection, that will be done.
Are there any comments or questions?
6
(No response.)
7
STATEMENT BY HAROLD C. JORDAHL, JR., REGIONAL COORDINATOR
8 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, MADISON, WISCONSIN
9 FOR PRESENTATION AT THE POLLUTION CONFERENCE
SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN
10
March 3, 1965
11 Chicago, Illinois
I2 INTRODUCTION
13 My name is Harold C. Jordahl, Jr., Regional
14 Coordinator for the U.S. Department of the Interior.
15 The Department is pleased to offer its coopera-
16 tion to the Public Health Service and the States of Illinois
17 and Indiana in the matter of pollution at the southern end of
18 Lake Michigan.
i9 Secretary of the Interior Stuart Udall, in a
20 statement before a subcommittee of the House Committee on
21 Government operations early in 1963, expressed the Department
22 of Interior's interest in maintenance of clean water as follow^
23 "....the focus of Interior effort is directed
24 to the maintenance of adequate national water supplies and
25 adequate water quality for whatever uses man may wish to make
-------
i demand, to say nothing of the overwhelming future Increases
2 of recreation demand predicted by the ORRRC report.
3 Therefore, any action which can be taken to 1m-
4 prove water quality in this area will be of Immeasurable
5 value to people deserving outdoor recreation.
6 In the way of conclusion, I would like to quote
7 again from Mr. Carver who is now our Under Secretary and he
8 stressed the essential element of cooperation as follows:
9 "in the early days of water resource conserva-
10 tlon and development, there was little need for coordination
n among the various federal agencies involved. The field was so
12 sparsely occupied, water problems - especially water-quality
13 problems were so relatively less urgent than they are now,
14 that coordination was less than a major consideration. Today,
is and in the years ahead, close and effective coordination is
16 essential.
17 "This Department and other federal agencies
is must pool their resources in order to accomplish our goal of
19 acceptable levels of water quality for our natural resources
20 and our economic needs."
21 On behalf of the Department of the Interior and
22 in line with this statement, we assure you that we will make
23 every effort to assist on this study and to achieve a goal of
24 acceptable water quality in the Waters of Lake Michigan.
25 Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
-------
3^3
Results of these projects are available to all
in the form of maps and reports.
Now, the work of the Geological Survey and their
cooperators in the area under study would include the Illinois
water survey, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, Indiana Board of Health, Indiana Department of Con-
servation, Division of Water Resources, Indiana Flood Control
and Water Resources Commission, United States Public Health
Service, Corps of Engineers, Illinois Division of Waterways
10 and the Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area Planning
11 Commission.
12 Let's turn now to the National Park Service.
13 The National Park Service is very much interested in the 1m-
14 proveraent of the water quality of our streams, lakes, estuarie^
15 and oceans generally. The pollution of the southern end of
16 Lake Michigan has a direct effect upon the recreation use
17 potential of the Indiana Dune National Lake Shore proposal and
18 an indirect effect upon all areas of the National Park system.
19 A recreation potential is lost in one area, be
20 it on inland lakes, rivers, or ocean shoreline, whether the
21 reason Is development for other purposes or the pollution of
22 the waters the result is a greater demand and heavier load
23 on remaining facilities, local, state and national.
24 The present facilities in the vicinity of
25 southern Lake Michigan are inadequate to meet the existing
-------
Organic Acts, it is both the province and the duty of the
Secretary of the Interior to conduct economic Inquiries
and scientific and technlcologlc investigations among the
mineral industries with the aim of Improving health condi-
tions, increasing safety and efficiency and preventing
6 economic waste,"
7 Let's turn now to another scientific organlza-
8 tion within the Department, the Geological Survey.
This Bureau provides scientific information on
9
the physical environment of water that is required for the
successful development, use and control of water. All phases
of the survey's work are designed to obtain timely and appro-
11*
priate water facts needed for the solution of water problems.
1J
14 Topographic quadrangle maps prepared by the
survey give Information on the surface features of river
10
,_ basins; its geologic maps give information on rock types and
lb
17 structure which control ground water currents and movement.
,. Hydrologic maps and reports based on the topo-
18
graphic and geologic data present information on the quantity,
quality, and distribution of the water resources of the United
States.
22 Programs and individual projects are designed
cooperatively, and in some cases finances cooperatively with
local state and government and other federal agencies; the
24
survey has responsibility also for the design of the national
Zs)
network of hydrologic data collection.
-------
water, dishcarge from operating plants. These data will be
i
useful in arriving at solutions to water problems which may
2
arise in the mineral industry.
3
The Bureau of Mines can contribute to the study
4
by identifying number and location of existing mineral-based
5
industries and determining the water requirements, as well as
6
the water discharges from these establishments.
7
Prediction of future water requirements of the
8
mineral industry is also a province for the Bureau's special
9
abilities to be utilized.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Assistant Secretary of Interior Carver, in a
statement on July 8, 1963, stated the following relative to
the role of the Bureau of Mines in the pollution-control field
and I quote:
^Mineral-industry water interest initially
conflict with all other major water interests. To ameliorate
such conflicts, the Bureau of Mines of this Department en-
courages the mineral industry to practice water conservation,
including water-quality control. In this way, we promote
attainment of an equitable use balance within the total nation-
al demand for water. Water withdrawn from natural supplies
must be used over and over where feasible. Waste water
effluents must not be allowed to impair significantly the
quality of our water supplies.
"Under the provisions of the Bureau of Mines
-------
there prior to 1950 would certainly be of great value to the
1
states Involved and to the nation as a whole.
2
Let's turn now to the Bureau of Mines.
3
Adequate
4
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Mr. Jordahl, I don't know if we may
5
interrupt is Ted Layheu of the Department of East Chicago
6
Sanitary District here?
7
MR. JORDAHL: Turning now to the Bureau of Mines.
8
Adequate supplies of usable water are essential
9
to the mineral industry. As in many other industries, the
10
quantity and quality of available water are vital factors in
11
the development of an economic operation.
12
Consideration for the needs of the mineral
13
industry must be included in a study of the nature being
14
considered. Regulations on water discharges from a mineral-
is
based operation must be consistent with good industry practice^
16
and must be based on factual evidence.
17
The Bureau of Mines has the scientific and
18
technological abilities to assist in studies of the mineral
19
industries with the objective of improving health conditions,
20
increasing safety and efficiency and preventing economic waste.j
21
This Bureau has Just completed a canvas of the
22
mineral industry to establish water use and water needs of the
23
mineral industry. The study included development of data on
24
the treatment methods in relation to quantity and quality of
25
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339
mercial fisheries In Illinois and Indiana that may be attri-
buted to several things. A change in the fishery has resulted
from predatlon from sea lampreys.
3
However, the general drop off In production from
4
the areas involved Implies that conditions other than sea
O
lamprey predatlon has been at least partially responsible for
6
poor conditions existing in the area in the Illinois and
Indiana fisheries.
8
The Bureau Is inclined to believe that water
9
pollution has had an effect on the normal production of the
10
finer fishes in that area, and approves and supports the
foresight Involved in the current approach to the problem
12
existing in southern Lake Michigan.
13
Their attitude is stimulated particularly by the
14
fact that, although gross pollution of the whole of Lake
IS
Michigan cannot be demonstrated at present, from a fishery
16
standpoint, the gradual spread of .situations resembling that
17
extent in southern Michigan can become of vital concern in a
18
relatively short time.
19
It Is conceivable that the situation in southern
20
Lake Michigan could spread subtly but steadily into other
21
sections of this very large and productive body of water.
22
Statistics on the catch of fishes in the states
23
of Indiana and Illinois indicate almost full collapse. Any
24
movement made to restore the productive fishery that existed
25
-------
1
the environment has been changed or rendered unfit by pollu-
2
tion.
3
The mighty Great Lakes with their many tribu-
4
taries can rightfully be included among our nation's major
5
natural resources. Through the years we have been led to be-
6
lieve that the Great Lakes can be little affected by the
7
activities of man. Recent studies and observations show that
8
many portions of the Great Lakes have been adversely affected
9
by pollution. The severity of the pollution is evidenced by
10
violent fluctuation in species composition, but not only
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
338
This has been happening in the Great Lakes where
fishes but also other aquatic organisms.
The choicer fishes are being replaced by less
valuable species which have a greater tolerance for turbidity
and low oxygen. The gradual accumulation of wastes day after
day may render the water a barren wasteland to fish.
The Bureau Is always interested in maintaining
high water and environmental quality in areas where the de-
velopment or continuation of commercial fisheries is possible.
Conditions regarding water quality and fish production in the
extreme southern portion of Lake Michigan have caused the
Bureau concern in the past few years and particularly in the
recent past. This problem Is under study as part of our parti-
cipation in the United States Public Health Service's Illinois
River Basin-Great Lakes Project.
There has been a gradual disintegration of com-
-------
337
change occurred.
1
Let's turn to the sister bureau.
2
The 1956 Act and a wide variety of other
3
statutes enacted over the years authorize a broad range of
4
activity by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
5
The national fish policy established by the
6
1956 Act places high on the list of goals the responsibility
7
for the economic betterment of the commercial fishing industry
8
in all its phases production, processing, and distribution
9
This responsibility extends to the control and
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
prevention of pollution. Pollution is probably the primary
factor today that limits the production of food fish and that
threatens future fish production.
The measure of pollution as used here is the
suitability of water for a required use. The Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries is concerned with the suitability of the
waters of Lake Michigan for production of fish and fish food
organisms.
Where the environment becomes changed to
those of you who are following the prepared presentation, I
will go to page 12, where the environment becomes changed
or restricted by pollution, the fish population and fish
food organisms have to adjust themselves to altered conditions
This produces fluctuations of abundance, changes in species
composition, changes in growth rate, and many other things,
most of which do not benefit mankind.
-------
2
3
Where the environment becomes changed or damaged
by pollution, the fish population and fish-food organisms
O
. have to adjust to the altered conditions or perish. This pro-
6
duces fluctuations of abundance, changes in species composi-
_ tion, changes in growth rate, and many other modifications of
8
the plant and animal life present.
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
336
on wildlife, and to make reports to the Congress concerning
such investigations and of recommendations for alleviating
dangerous and undesirable effects of such pollution.
Changes In the environment of the waters of Lake
Michigan are being reflected in the following:
I. Lake trout and white fish have all but dis-
appeared, in part due to lamprey Infestations.
II. Alewives, a low value species, have greatly
increased in numbers and catches of carp have also shown the
increases. Periodic die-offs of alewives in great numbers at
the southern end of Lake Michigan are a major nuisance.
III. Catch statistics of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries indicate great declines in fish harvest.
IV. In 1963* about ten thousand migratory water
fowl were killed along the shores of eastern and southern Lake
Michigan loons, ducks, gulls.
Although the causes were not definitely deter-
mined, botulism, pesticides, organic pollutants were all
investigated, obviously some highly unfavorable environmental
-------
335
In addition, other beaches in the area are
threatened with closure due to deterioration of water quality.
2
Gary, Indiana's beach at Marquette Beach is presently suffer-
ing water quality problems according to the information re-
ceived in connection with this Bureau's nationwide inventory
of recreational areas.
6
In addition five beaches in Chicago's south side
are threatened by the changing water quality. If the trend
8
continues, millions of people within this area will be left
y
without a place to swim on the southern end of this Great Lake.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Let's turn now to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife.
This Bureau is vitally interested in protecting
and enhancing the quality of all waters throughout the nation.
In this respect, the Bureau is a signatory to a
Memorandum of Understanding with the Department of Health,
Education,and Walfare, concerning water pollution control.
This agreement was developed in recognition of
common Interests in the field of water pollution and to make
possible a more effective program of interagency cooperation.
It is in accordance with the Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act of 1956 which authorized the Secretary of the
Interior, through the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau
of Mines, to make such investigations as he deems necessary to
determine the effects of domestic sewage, mine, petroleum, and
industrial wastes, erosion silt, and other polluting substances
-------
33^
sweltering day at work is not available to many of the
thousands who live along Its shores.
For example, Hammond, Indiana, with Its 112,000
3
population, has about a quarter mile of public beach. Such a
beach, by accepted standards should support a daily attendance
O
of 2,000 to 3,000 people, affording thousands of local people
6
the opportunity to enjoy conveniently water-oriented outdoor
7
recreation throughout the summer.
8
Such is not the case, however: the beach has
9
been closed for more than fifteen years by order of the local
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Board of Health, because the quality of the water makes It
unsafe for swimming. Official beach attendance Is zero.
it is estimated 150 to 250,000 activity days of swimming are
lost annually due to the closure of this beach.
A portion of the local water-oriented recreation
needs of the area are met in the form of swimming pools. A
recent Indiana Department of Health survey indicates that,
while Lake County had nine outdoor pools in I960, about 17 more
were needed to meet the local public needs in the county.
Construction of that many pools and the attendant
facilities would well run over 2.5 million dollars.
The survey further indicated by 1970 there would
be a need for about 35 swimming pools to meet the growing needs
of Lake County, Indiana, this at a time when Hammond's Lake
Michigan beach is unusable due to poor water quality.
-------
333
American people.
Thus, it has become the purpose of this Bureau
t*
to fulfill these desires of Congress.
3
The area under consideration includes much of
4
the Chicago-Northwestern Indiana Standard Consolidated Area as
5
defined by the United States Census. It had a I960 population
6
of about 6.8 million, an increase of 21.6 percent over the
7
1950 population. As such, it is an area of rapidly Increasing
8
recreational needs where, at the same time, areas suitable for
9
recreation development must compete with industrial and other
development.
12
13
14
is
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
It has been established through studies by the
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission that our great-
est need is for outdoor recreational areas near population
centers.
ORRRC studies further indicate 90 percent of all
Americans participate annually in some type of outdoor recrea-
tion, with 44 percent preferring water-oriented recreation,
mainly swimming.
Now, this region with its near 7 million local
inhabitants, adjoins Lake Michigan, one of the largest bodies
of fresh water in the world. This lake is a real treasure for
those able to use it for outdoor recreational activities.
However, the pleasure of swimming in its cooling
waters or sunbathing along one of its sand beaches after a
-------
332
The focus of Interior effort is directed to
the maintenance of adequate national water supplies and ade-
tป
quate water quality for whatever uses man may wish to make of
this valuable resource. The Interior approach emphasizes the
4
coordination and interrelation between uses and the effect of
O
. these uses on management and quality of the total water supply
6
system.
Our Department has a rich background of exper-
8
ience and knowledge in this area, and we are equipped with
y
highly qualified technical manpower.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
All bureaus and offices of the Department have
an interest in water resources. In the Great Lakes, our
Bureaus of Outdoor Recreation, Commercial Fisheries, Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Mines, Geological Survey and National
Park Service have a direct interest.
Our Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was established
by the Act of Congress on May 28, 1963, as a result of
recommendations made by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Revie*
Commission, to provide a focal point in the government for the
nation's outdoor recreation activities. The Congress took
this action because they deemed it desirable that: I, All
American people of present and future generations be assured
adequate outdoor recreation resources, and II, prompt and co-
ordinated efforts be made toward conserving, developing and
utilizing such resources for the benefit and enjoyment of the
-------
1
2 I would like to call on Mr. Poston.
As was indicated yesterday, there is another
O
Federal representative who came here and we will have an
opportunity of hearing from him.
6
5
Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: The Department of Interior asked that its
statement be withheld until this morning, when Mr. Harold
8
Jordahl could be present and I would like to hear from Mr.
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
331
CHAIRMAN STEIN: Let's reconvene.
Jordahl now.
MR. JORDAHL: Thank you, Mr. Poston, conferees, ladies
and gentlemen:
What I would like to do, Mr. Stein, is to ask
that the statement which I have provided to you earlier be
inserted in the record. I will Just give the comments I have
about the presentation.
The Department of Interior is pleased to offer
its cooperation to the Public Health Service and to the States
of Illinois and Indiana in the matter of pollution at the
southern end of Lake Michigan.
Our Secretary of the Interior, Stuart Udall, in
a statement before a subcommittee of the House Committee on
Government Operations early in 1963 expressed the Department
of Interior's interest in maintenance of clean water as
follows:
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
oo
22
23
24
25
330
STATEMENTS: (Continued)
MR. WILLIAM A. RIASKI, Executive Director,
Izaak Walton League of America
MR. ARTHUR C. FANNING, President, Illinois
Division, Izaak Walton League of America
DR. W. J. BEECHER, Director, Chicago Academy
of Sciences
MR. JOHN M. KILCULLEN, Conservation Officer,
Edgewater Community Council, Chicago
MR. T. E. LARSON, Assistant Chief, Illinois
State Water Survey, read statement prepared by
Mr. Ackermann, Illinois Technical Advisory
Committee on Water Resources.
MR. RAYMOND E. ANDERSON, General Manager,
North Shore Sanitary District, Waukegan
(Lake County), Illinois
PREPARED STATEMENTS:
MR. HAROLD C. JORDAHL, JR., Regional
Coordinator, U. S. Department of the Interior
MR. JAMES W. JARDINE, Commissioner, Department
of Water and Sewers, Chicago, Illinois
CHICAGO HEBITAGE COMMITTEE, presented by
Alderman Leon M. Despres
-A
5*3
5*9
$6H
570
57**
588
3*5
373
505
MR. JOHN T. KELLEY, Director-News Editor, Southeast
Chapter of the Illinois Federation of Sportsmen
Clubs, presented by Mr. Joseph Chart igney
HYDE PARK -KENWOOD COMMUNITY CONFERENCE
TELEGRAMS, COMMUNICATIONS, REPORTS, ETC.
's
587
587
Telegram from Joseph J. Sotack, President Independent
Petroleum Workers Union, Whiting, Indiana
ILLINOIS STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY RESOLUTION
ON WATER POLLUTION
488
498
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1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
330
INDEX
STATEMENTS:
MR. HAROLD C. JORDAHL, JR., Regional Coordinator,
U. S. Department of the Interior
MR. JAMES W. JARDINE, Commissioner, Department
of Water and Sewers, City of Chicago, Illinois
MR. HYMAN GERSTEIN, Chief Water Engineer,
Department of Water and Sewers, City of Chicago
DR. S. L. ANDELMAN, Health Commissioner, Chicago
Board of health
MR. RICHARD S. NELLE, Water Resources Engineer,
Illinois Sanitary Water Board
MR. J. EDWARD MEERS, Manager -Superintendent,
Sanitary District of Bloom Township, Chicago
Heights, Illinois
MR. ALBERT J. MESEROW, Chairman, Illinois
Delegation to the Great Lakes Commission
MR. FRANCIS S. LORENZ, Director, Public Works
and Buildings, State of Illinois
DR. JOHN B. HALL, Director, Cook County Department
of Public Health
MR. LEON M. DESPRES, Alderman, City of Chicago
MRS. SARAH MASE, Alderman, Calumet City, Indiana
IfR. MORRICE BERLINSKY, Mayor, City of Joliet,
Illinois
MR. JOSEPH CHATIGNEY, Chairman, Thorn Creek-Calumet
Committee, Cook County Clean Streams Committee
MR. ACE EXTROM, Executive Secretary, Illinois
Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs
MRS. JOAN ANDERSON, Chairman, State Water Resources
Committee, League of Women Voters of Illinois
331
367
386
459
465
475
481
488
499
505
510
514
517
538
542
25
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