VOLUME1
Conference
In the matter off Pollution of
^
the Interstate Waters of the
Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, Calumet River,
Wolff Lake, Lake
and
TECHNICAL SESSION
JANUARY 4-5, 1966
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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CONTENTS
Page
Murray Stein 4, 574
H. W. Poston 15, 571
Grover Cook 21, 158
Francis Kittrell 107
Commander Charles £. Waite 163
B. A. Poole 172
Perry Miller 175
Mayor A. Martin Katz 209
Mayor John B. Nicosia 219, 249
Cornell A. Leahu 224
A. G. Giannini 305
Clark N. Johnson 317
Herbert J. Dunsmore 321, 506
Joseph Baum 342
George A. Blaine 351
£. D, Keiper, Jr. 362
James £. Kirkpatrick 386
Ross Harbaugh 408
Bruce Burns 426
Russell Mallatt 433
George H. Mclntosh 449
Clarence W. Klassen 463
Colonel F. W. Chesrow 480
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Louis F. Birkel 515
J. H. Miller 525
Harry Henderson 543
Charles Murphy 560
* * *
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TECHNICAL SESSION
In the Matter of:
Conference on the Pollution of the Interstate
Waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River,
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their Tributaries,
convened at 9:50 a.m., Tuesday, January 4, 1966, at the
Auditorium, Prudential Building, Chicago, 111.
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CONFEREE
Blucher A. Poole
Clarence W. Klassen
Frank V7. Chesrow
H. W. Poston
Murray Stein, Chairman
Technical Secretary
Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board
Indianapolis, Indiana
Technical Secretary
Illinois State Sanitary
r/ater Board
Springfield, Illinois
President
Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration
U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
Chicago, Illinois
Federal water Pollution Control
Administration
U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and vvelfare
Washington, D.C.
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PART
PANT
Chris Angelidis
Joseph S. Baum
Chief Engineer
Gary, Indiana
Louis F. Birkel
George A. Elaine
Bruce Burns
Grover Cook
Herbert J. Dunsmore
A. G. Giannini
Ross Karbaugh
Harry Henderson
Disposal Coordinator
Cities Service Oil Company Refining
Division
East Chicago, Indiana
.feste Control Engineer
Republic Steel Corporation
Independence, Ohio
Refinery Manager
Sinclair Refining Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Manager, Chemicals Division Plant
Union Carbide Corporation
•//hiting, Indiana
Federal //ater Pollution Control
Administration
U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare
Chicago, Illinois
Assistant to Administrative Vice
President-Engineering
U.S. Steel Corporation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
City Engineer
Ha romo nd , I nd i a na
Assistant to the Vice President
I n 1 a nd Steel Cornpa ny
iast Chicago, Indiana
Director, Public Relations
Inter. lake , ,-iteel Corporation
Chicago, Illinois
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Clark N. Johnson
Dr. Joel Kaplovsky
Honorable Martin A. Katz
'cidward D. Keiper, Jr.
James ,tf. Kirkpatrick
Francis ;7. Kittrell
Cornel A. Leahu
Russell C. Mallatt
Dr. George H. Mclntosh
J. H. Miller
South Lake County Stream Pollution
Council, Incorporated
Hobart, Indiana
Division of Research and Control
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Mayor, City of Gary
Gary, Indiana
Refinery Manager
Mobil Oil Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Manager, Chicago District Operations
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Chairman, Technical Committee
Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration
U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and welfare
Cincinnati, Ohio
Superintendent, Sanitary District of
East Chicago
East Chicago, Indiana
Coordinator of Air and Water
Conservation
American Oil Company
Chicago, Illinois
Chief Chemist-Quality Control
American Maize Products Company
Hammond (Roby) , Indiana
Chief Engineer, Wisconsin Steel Works
International Harvester Company
Chicago, Illinois
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Perry Miller
Charles Murphy
Honorable John B. Nicosia,
M.D.
Lt. Cdr. Charles F. Jaite
U.S. Navy
Assistant Director, Division of
Sanitary Engineering
Indiana State Board of Health
Indianapolis, Indiana
Supervisor of Mechanical Assembly
Ford Motor Company (Auto Assembly
Division)
Dearborn, Michigan
Mayor, City of East Chicago
East Chicago, Indiana
Commandant Ninth Naval District
Naval Training Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
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ATTENDANCE AT THE RECONVENED TECHNICAL SESSION
OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
JANUARY 4-5, 1966
Albert Bleakley
Refinery Superintendent
Cargill, Inc.
122 2D & Torrence Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Duncan
Corporate Attorney
Interlake Steel Corporation
310 S. Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
Charles V. R. Edward
Assistant to President
Commerce Clearing House, Inc.
4025 W. Peterson Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
*rt Fanning
Vice President
Izaak Walton League
14526 Edbrook
Riverdale, Illinois
C. W. Gansl
Associate
American Petroleum Institute
624 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Mark E. Hegman
AM Colloid Company
5100 Suffield Court
Skokie, Illinois
Ruth Jacob
For: Alderman DesPres
Chicago, Illinois
C. W. Klassen
Technical Secretary
State Sanitary Water Board
Springfield, Illinois
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PARTICIPANTS (Cont'd)
Paul E. Langdon
Partner
Greeley & Hansen
14 E. Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois
Leo Louis
President & General Manager
Gary-Hobart Water Corporation
650 Madison Street
Gary, Indiana
Russell C. Mallatt
Coordinator of Air & Water Conservation
American Oil Company
9105 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Joe McGinty
Public Relations Representative
71 Broadway
New York, N.Y.
Mrs. M. G. Myers
400 E. Randolph
Chicago, Illinois
Dr. John B. Nocosia
Mayor of East Chicago, Indiana
City Hall
East Chicago, Indiana
Mrs. Robert Rife
League of Women Voters
Women's Water Committee
6334 Sheridan Road
Chicago, Illinois
Carl W. Ren
Partner
Greeley & Hansen
14 E. Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois
Charles Sandor
Superintendent
Hammond Water Department
6505 Columbia Avenue
Hammond, Indiana
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PARTICIPANTS (Cont'd)
Chester A. Sanford
Associate
Robert Sanford & Associates
343 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois
Robert A. Sanford
Res. Associate
Sinclair Research
Harvey, Illinois
Harry S. Spitz
Assistant General Superintendent
U. S. Steel Corporation
Gary, Indiana
John R. Swanton
Partner
Coivsoer, Townsend & Associates
360 E. Grand Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
William A. Thiel
Chief Engineer
LaSalle Steel Company
1412 150th Street
Hammond, Indiana
Raymond M. Urbans
Senior Engineer
Western Electric Company
Hawthorne Station
Cicero and Cermak
Chicago, Illinois
Tom Voges
Supervisor Chemistry
Inland Steel Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Richard A. Whipple
Associate Editor
Chicago Construction News
22 W. Monroe Street
Chicago, Illinois
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PARTICIPANTS (Cont'd)
Harold Williams
Engineer
Yeomans Bros. Company
510 N. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois
Arthur J. Zeizei
Assistant Resources Planning Office
Northwestern Illinois Planning Commission
400 W. Madison
Chicago, Illinois
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
William C. Abbott
Chief Radio Chemist
U. S. Public Health Service
1814 W. Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois
Hayse H. Black
Industrial Waste Consultant
U. S. Public Health Service
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio
Grover W. Cook
Chief, Enforcement Activities
FWPCA
Chicago, Illinois
M. B. Fast
Program Operations Officer
Great Lakes Water Lab.
P. O. Box
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Edwin E. Geldreich
Bacteriologist
Cincinnati Water Research Lab.
FWPCA
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio
Frank E. Hall, Assistant Chief,
Enforcement Activity, Region V,
FWPCA
433 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago, Illinois
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REPRESENTATIVE OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION (ctd)
George Harlow
P. D. 0LIKBP
DHEW
Grosse lie Naval Air Station
Grosse lie, Michigan
Leslie Higgin, Secretary
FWPCA
433 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago) Illinois
W« B, Horning
Biologist
FWPCA
Minneapolis, Minnesota
William Q. Kehr
Project Director - GLIRBP
FWPCA
433 W, Van Buren
Chicago, Illinois
Morton Lebow
Information Branch Washington
FWPCA
Washington, B.C.
J. McDonald
Construction Grants Activities
FWPCA
Chicago, Illinois
S. Megregian
GLIRBP-FWPCA
Chicago, Illinois
Theodore Meigos
Chief Organic Chemist
GLIRBP-Public Health Service
1819 W, Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois
Joseph L. Minkin
Sanitary Engineer
PHS-FWPCA
1819 W. Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois
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REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
(Cont'd.)
C. R. Ownbey
FWPCA-GLIRBP
Chicago, Illinois
Lucille R. Ozanne
Secretary
FWPCA
433 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago, Illinois
Rheta Pierre
Enforcement Program
FWPCA - Washington
Washington, D.C.
H. W. Poston
Regional Program Director
FWPCA
433 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago, Illinois
A. C. Printz
FWPCA
Minneapolis, Minnesota
John M. Rademacher
Director, Colorado River Basin Program
FWPCA
Building 22 - Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado
William U. Riley
Enforcement Activities
FWPCA
Chicago, Illinois
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Director of Laboratories
FWPCA-GLIRBP
Chicago, Illinois
LeRoy E. Scarce
Chief Microbiologist, GLIRBP
1819 W. Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois
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REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
(Cont'd.)
Mr. Schneider, Chief,
Construction Grants Activities
FWPCA
Chicago, Illinois
Murray Stein
Chief, Enforcement Program
FWPCA
Washington, D.C,
Adrian Sybor
Information Branch - FWPCA
Washington, D.C.
David R. Vaughn
Sanitary Engineer
FWPCA
1819 W. Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois
F. W. Kittrell
Chief, Enforcement Section
FWPCA
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio
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OTHER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
Thomas Atchison
Operating Engineer
Post Engineer's Fort Sheridan
Bldg. 119 - U. S. Army
Fort Sheridan, Illinois
Pete Keyes
Captain, Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores
244 Condit Street
Hammond, Indiana
Colonel John C. Mattina
District Engineer
Chicago District U* S. Army Corps
of Engineers
219 S. Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois
Phillip L. McLaughlin
Sanitary Engineer
U. S. Navy - Midwest Division
Bureau of Yards & Docks
Bldg. 1A
Great Lakes, Illinois
R. P. McManus, Counsel
Midwest Division - Bureau of Yards & Docks
U. S. Navy
Bldg. 1-A
Great Lakes, Illinois
LCDR Charles E. Waite, USN
Commandant Ninth Naval District
Naval Training Center
Great Lakes, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS
Mrs. Daniel C. Anderson
Water Resources Committee
LWV of Illinois
67 E. Madison
Chicago, Illinois
Chris Angelidis
Chief Engineer
3600 West 3rd Avenue
Gary, Indiana
R. C. Atkins
Technical Superintendent
DuPont
5215 Kennedy Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
B. R. Atkinson
Republic Steel
Republic Building
Cleveland, Ohio
V. W. Bacon
General Superintendent
Metro Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
T. B. Barrington
Public Relations
CITGO
Box 300
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Carol D. Bart, Correspondent
United Mine Workers Journal
Robert Sanford & Associates
343 S. Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois
J. S. Baura
Waste Disposal Coordinator
Cities Service Oil Company
Box 718
East Chicago, Indiana
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Keith W. Bennett
Chicago Reg. Ed.
Iron Age
540 N. Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
Orville V. Bergren
Secretary
Illinois Manufacturing Association
200 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Louis F. Birkel
Staff Engineer
Republic Steel Corporation
6801 Brecksville Road
Cleveland, Ohio
Cnarles A. Bishop
Director, Chemical Eng. Division
U. S. Steel
525 Wm. Penn Place
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
George A. Elaine
Refinery Manager
Sinclair Refining Company
3500 Indianpolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Indiana
Carl T. Blomgren
Sanitary Engineer
Illinois Sanitary Water Board
1919 W. Taylor Street
Chicago, Illinois
J. E. Bodoh, Consultant
Siebert & Associates
20 North Wacker
Chicago, Illinois
Donald J. Boos
Chief Engineer
Bataille, Kane & McKie, Inc.
508 S. Northwest Highway
Barrington, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Claude Both
Southeast Sports Conservation Clubs
1728 E. 87th Street
Chicago, Illinois
Austin Boyle, Secretary
East Chicago Mfgrs. Association
900 E. Chicago Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
Donald E. Brauer, Engineer
Sinclair Refining Company
410 E. Sibly
Harvey, Illinois
Pete Breaz
Area Manager
Nalco Chemical Company
6216 W. 66th Place
Chicago, Illinois
J. T. Burke
Production Manager
Nalco Chemical Company
6216 W. 66th Place
Chicago, Illinois
A. Bruce Burns
Plant Manager
Union Carbide Corporation
Whiting, Indiana
Roger T. Byrne
Product Manager
Chicago Pump - FMC
622 Diversey Parkway
Chicago, Illinois
Bruce W. Caper
Assistant Corporate Controller
Union Tank Car Company
111 W. Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, Illinois
J. H. Carnett
Chief Chemist
Texaco, Inc.
Lockport, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
J. Roland Carr
Associate Editor
Engineering News Record
645 N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Joseph Chantigney
General Vice Chairman
Cook County Clean Streams
14823 Evers Street
Colton, Illinois
Stuart Chase
Chairman, Daniel Burnham Committee
5436 S. Hyde Park Blvd.
Chicago, Illinois
Bea Civanich
Director of Laboratory
Gary Health Department
574 Monroe Street
Gary, Indiana
C. D. Clauss
Manager
Palm Oil Recovery, Inc.
P. 0. Box 27
Weirton, W. Virginia
A. J. Cochrane
Assistant to Vice President
Youngstown Sheet-Tube Company
69 W. Washington Street
Chicago, Illinois
John B. W. Corey
Deputy Commissioner, Public Works
City of Chicago
121 N. LaSalle - City Hall
Chicago, Illinois
Richard G. Dalbke, Coordinator of
Industrial Waste Control, Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Frank E. Dalton
Assistant Chief Engineer
Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
Robert W. Dault
Manager, Public Relations - Chicago District
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Robert DeJonge
Chief Engineer
Cook County Health Department
1425 S. Racine
Chicago, Illinois
John M. Devins
Plant Manager
E. I. daPont
East Chicago, Indiana
Ronald Dilks
Plant Chemical Engineer
Stauffer Chemical Company
612 E. 138th Street
Chicago, Illinois
Walter Dudzinski
Plant Engineer
Union Tank Car Company
111 YIT. Jackson
Chicago, Illinois
Karen Dugan, Student,
Marian High School
666 S. Ashland
Chicago Heights, Illinois
Paul Duncan
Corporate Attorney
Interlake Steel Corporation
310 S. Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Herbert T. Dunsmore
Asst. to Adm. V.P. Engineering
U. S. Steel
525 Win. Penn Place
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John E. Egan, Trustee,
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
Henning Eklund
Sr. Sanitary Engineer
Public Health Service
433 W. Van Buren Street
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Erneline Enswecler
Representative
South Lake County Stream & Pollution
3409 Burr Street
Gary, Indiana
J. C. Van Esterik, President
Palm Oil Recovery, Inc.
P. 0. Box 6657
Baltimore, Maryland
Lionel G. Eubanks
Isaak Walton League
Dolton, Illinois
James H. Evans
Representative
South Lake County Stream
Pollution Control Council
5651 W. 24th Street
Gary, Indiana
Lawrence J. Fenlon
Special Part-Time Legal Counsel
HEW Pollution Control
4750 North Long Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Mrs. Fredric R. Finne
Vice President, League of Women Voters
Melrose Park, 111.
Chairman, Water Resources
909 Winston Drive
Melrose Park, Illinois
Joann Ferko, Student
Marian High School
666 Ashland Avenue
Chicago Heights, Illinois
William J. Flavin
Superintendent of Services
Blouson Works of Olin
Joliet, Illinois
M. T. Flavins
217 Thornton Street
Lockport, Illinois
S. A. Foust, Engineer
Union Carbide Chemicals
P. 0. Box 750
Whiting, Indiana
James A. Fowler, Engineer
Sinclair Refining Company
3500 Indianapolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Indiana
Wm. H. Fulwider
Chief Engineer
Interlake Steel Corporation
135th & Perry
Chicago, Illinois
Vincent D. Garrity
Vice President of Sanitary District
100 E. Erie
Chicago, Illinois
H. H. Gerstein
Chief Water Engineer
Department of Water & Sewers
City of Chicago
Room 404, City Hall
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Susan Gewirth, Student
1365 E. Park Place
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Alan Gewirth
Director, Metropolitan Study
Cook County Council League of Women Voters
1365 E. Park Place
Chicago, Illinois
A. G. Giannini
City Engineer
City of Hammond
City Hall
Hammond, Indiana
George Gockstetter
Superintendent
Republic Steel Corporation
11600 Burley Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Gilbert Goodfriend
League of Women Voters of Chicago
9704 S. Merrion
Chicago, Illinois
Catheline Graham
League-Do1ton-Riverdale
14627 Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois
Mary J. Graham
League of Women Voters
Riverdale-Dolton
14627 Dearborn
Dolton, Illinois
Ned Grabavoy
City Councilman
City of Joliet
218 S. William
Joliet, Illinois
Arnold J. Grabovac
Public Relations Director
American Maize Products Company
113th Street & Indianapolis Blvd.
Roby, Indiana
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
W. M. Graham
Chief Engineer
American Maize Products Company
Roby, Indiana
James P. Gravenstretter
Engineer
U. S. Steel
Gary Sheet & Iron Works
Gary, Indiana
Joseph B. Grenchik, Mayor
City of Whiting
City Hall
Whiting, Indiana
Mrs. Ralph Griffith
League of Women Voters
2073 W, 107th Street
Chicago, Illinois
L. A. Groshans, Superintendent,
Reclamation Department
American Oil Company
1815 Indianapolis Blvd.
Whiting, Indiana
Edward Grudzinski
Delegate
Southeast Sportsmens Club
8602 Muskegan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
C. Fred Gurnham
Professor-Consultant IIT
Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Greg Gutzeit
Senior Scientific Advisor
General American Transportation Corporation
P.O. Box 480
East Chicago, Indiana
Ross Harbaugh
Assistant to Vice President
Manufacturing and Research
Inland Steel Company
East Chicago, Indiana
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
William J. Harth, Superintendent,
Division of Fisheries
Illinois Department of Conservation
Room 102 State Office Building
Springfield, Illinois
Dan Hartman
Superintendent of Utilities
National Steel Corporation
Portage, Indiana
Leland D. Halleck
District Representative
Nalco Chemical Company
6216 w. 66th Street
Chicago, Illinois
Geraldine Hansen
Secretary-Treasurer
South Lake County Stream & Pollution Council
of Indiana
R.R. #7 Box 1330
Crown Point, Indiana
Marie E. Harris
Member of National Health Organization
4615 N. Magnolia
Chicago, Illinois
J. A. Hart
Proc. Eng. Supervisor
Mobil Oil Company Refinery
3821 Indianapolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Indiana
Harry Henderson, Director,
Public Relations
Interlake Steel Corporation
310 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Peter M. Heylin
Assistant Editor
Chemical & Engineering News
36 S. Wabash
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Mrs. Don Memmerling
League of Women Voters
Riverdale-Dolton
14547 Edbrooke
Riverdale, Illinois
Fred Herzog
Professor of Law
Chicago-Kent College of Law
10 N. Franklin
Chicago, Illinois
Robert A. Hirshfield
Staff Engineer
Commonwealth Edison
72 W. Adams Street
Chicago, Illinois
D. D, Horton
General Attorney
U. S. Steel
208 3. LaSalle
Chicago, Illinois
Mr. R. C. Howell
Chief Works Engineer
American Steel Foundries
1005 Prudential Plaza
Chicago, Illinois
Willard E. Hummeland
Director, Real Estate Division
Midwest Division - Bureau of Yards & Docks
Navy Department, Bldg. 1A
Great Lakes, Illinois
George E. Jackson
Chemist
Cities Service Oil Company
Box 118
East Chicago, Indiana
Val Janicki
Trustee, Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Contd.)
Mrs. Philip Jaynes, President
Highland League of Women Voters
2923 Norman
Highland, Indiana
Clark N. Johnson, Land Owner
South Lake County Stream & Pollution
Council
Hobart, Indiana
Eileen Johnston
Wilmette League Women Voters
505 Maple Avenue
Wilmette, Illinois
Elmer Johnson, President,
DesPlaines Chapter, Izaak Walton League
942 Woodlawn Avenue
DesPlaines, Illinois
Gerald F, Johnson, Superintendent
Sanitary District of Hammond Indiana
5143 Columbia Avenue
Hammond, Indiana
D. Kahn
Associate Chemical Engineer
DWS-Detroit
735 Randolph Street
Detroit, Michigan
Francis P, Kane, Trustee
Metropolitan San. Dist. of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
Edward D. Keiper, Jr., Refinery Manager
Mobil Oil Company
3821 Indianapolis Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
William Kepka
Assistant Chief Plant Engineer
Blaw Knox Company
4407 Railroad Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Frank Kidziija
Supervisor of Engineering
Ford Motor Company
12600 Torrence
Chicago, Illinois
Richard Kienitz
Reporter
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
2 West Mittlin Street
Madison, Wisconsin
Doris Kelly
1728 E. 87th Street
Chicago, Illinois
John T. Kelly
Editor
Southeast Sportsmen Club
9037 Kingston Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Eugene Kennedy
Consultant
A. J. Boynton & Company
764 Hayes Street
Gary, Indiana
Edward F. King
Chief Sanitary Officer
Chicago Board of Health
Civic Center
Chicago, Illinois
Carl L. Klein
Chairman
Water Rllution 85 Water Resource Commission,
State of Illinois
6428 s. Francisco Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Robert M. Kline
League of Women Voters
Riverdale & Dolton
333 N. Riverside Drive
Chicago, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Martin S. Klingman
UPI - Staff
UPI
430 N. Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
Tom Knightly
Reporter
HAMMOND TIMES
Hammond, Indiana
J. L. Kohlbecker
Superintendent, Steam Power Department
Wisconsin Steel IHC
2800 E. 106th Street
Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Joel 3
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ATTENDANTS (Contfd.)
George A. Lane
Attorney
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
100 E. Erie
Chicago, Illinois
Cornell A. Leahu
Superintendent
East Chicago Sanitary District
5200 Indianapolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Illinois
Ben J. Leland
Sanitary Engineer
Illinois Department of Public Health
1919 W. Taylor Street
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Levin
Sanitary Engineer
DuPage County Health Department
222 Willow
Wheaton, Illinois
Marietta M. Long
Hinsdale League of Women Voters
225 West Ninth
Hinsdale, Illinois
Marvin Lyzenga
Sales Engineer
Alexander Chemicals
18438 Rose Street
Lansing, Illinois
Chester Magon
Co-Chairman
(Thorn Creek-Calumet Area)
Cook County Clean Stream
10759 Avenue N.
Chicago, Illinois
John W. Mann
Technical Manager
Mobil Oil Company
3821 Indianpolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Indiana
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ATTENDANTS (Contf d.)
Joseph B. McCarthy
Warrant Boatswain
U. S. Coast Guard
610 S. Canal Street
Chicago, Illinois
G. Mclntosh
Chief Chemist
American Maize Products Company
Roby, Indiana
Leo A. McKay
Executive Secretary
U. S. Great Lakes Shipping Association
327 South LaSalle Street
Chicago, Illinois
Edith M. McKee
Certified Professional Geologist
Consultant
416 Maple Street
Winnetka, Illinois
J. Edward Meers
Superintendent-Manager
Sanitary District of Boom Township
P. O. Box 251
Chicago Heights, Illinois
Nicholas J. Melas
Trustee
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois
Glenn W. Metcalfe
Supervisor of Sanitation
Chicago Park District
425 East 14th Blvd.
Chicago, Illinois
Henry A. Miller
Chairman, Lower DesPlaines
Clean Streams Commission
Riverside, Illinois
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ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
J. H. Miller
Chief Engineer
Wisconsin Steel IHC
2800 E. 106th
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. D. E. Mockelmann
League of Women Voters
10641 Hoyne Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Edward J. Molloy
Bacteriologist
Chicago Board of Health
54 W. Hubbard Street
Chicago. Illinois
R. Edwin Moore
Vice President
Int. Telephone & Telegraph Company
8200 Austin Avenue
Morton Grove, Illinois
John S. Moore
Senior Sanitarian
Gary Health Department
3600 W. 3rd Street
Gary, Indiana
Samuel L. Moore
Chief of the Industrial Waste Section
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana
Brian A. Moran
1448 Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Donald A. R. Morrison
State Water Resources Chairman
League of Women Voters of Illinois
67 E. Madison St.
Chicago, Illinois
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3-Z
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Alexander Morris
Works Engineer
American Steel Foundries
3761 Canal Street
East Chicago, Indiana
John R. Morrow
Assistant Attorney General
State of Illinois
Supreme Court Building
Springfield, Illinois
D. B. Morton
Sanitary Engineer
Illinois Department of Public Health
616 State Office Building
Springfield, Illinois
C. G. Murphy
Plant Engineer Supervisor
Ford Motor Company
P. Q* Box 247
Dearborn, Michigan
Jeff W. Napier
Counsel
Outboard Boating Club of America
333 N, Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Richard {?. Nelle
Water Resources Engineer
Illinois Department of Public Health
616 State Office Building
Springfield, Illinois
E. J. Nessglson
Waste Control Engineer
Velsicol Chemical Corporation
341 E. Ohio Street
Chicago, Illinois
Morgan J. o'Connell, M.D.
Assistant Commissioner of Health
Chicago Board of Health
Civic Center
Chicago, Illinois
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3-AA
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
G. Olp
Plant Engineer Supervisor
U. S. Gypsum
3501 Canal
East Chicago, Indiana
Jack Palmer
Izaak Walton League
333 Hampton Place
Hinsdale, Illinois
E. S. Parker
Plant Engineer
General American Transportation Corporation
143rd & Railroad Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
Paul Pavey
Public Relations Department
American Oil
Prudential Plaza
Chicago, Illinois
James J. Pavlovich
Chemist
American Maize Products Company
112th Indianapolis Blvd.
Hammond (Roby) Indiana
Harry M. Pawlowski
Civil Engineer
City of Chicago
Room 404 - City Hall
Chicago, Illinois
J. A. Pelletier
Manager General Engineering Department
5265 Hohman Avenue
Hammond, Indiana
Mrs. Gilbert J. Perlov
League of Women Voters of Downers Grove
4919 Northcutt Avenue
Downers Grove, Illinois
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3-BB
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Gunnar Peterson
Director Open Land Project
Wayne Council Metropolitan Chicago
123 W. Madison
Chicago, Illinois
Emil Poppa
Chemist
East Chicago Sanitary District
5200 Indianapolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Illinois
Ralph W. Purdy
Chief Engineer
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Station "B"
Lansing, Michigan
John Renna
Secretary
Southeast Sportsman Club
13139 Avenue M
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Wm. E. Reynolds
League of Women Voters
238 Blackhawk Road
Riverside, Illinois
Mrs. Samuel Rome
Water Resource Chairman
League of Women Voters
Oakpark and River Forest
1421 Forest Avenue
River Forest, Illinois
George M. Rosengarter
Coordinator-Waste Abatement
Union Carbide Chemicals Division
South Charleston, West Virginia
Mrs. George W. Ryerson
Director of Development
Cavalcade Productions, Inc.
St. Charles Road
Wheatorn, Illinois
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3-CC
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd)
Harry E. Schlenz
President
Pacific Flush Tank Company
4241 Ravenswood Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
A. Schuler
Plant Engineer
USS Lead Refinery, Inc.
5300 Kennedy Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
Mrs. C. Schreiber
Representative
S. Lake County Stream Pollution Control
Council
R.R. #7 - Box 314
Crown Point, Indiana
Roger G. Seaman
Administrative Assistant to
President Chesrow
Metropolitan San. District of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie
Chicago, Illinois
A. M. Shannon
Chief, Water & Sewage Treatment
Detroit Department Water Supply
735 Randolph
Detroit, Michigan
J. R. Shanahan
Attorney
Sinclair Refining Company
155 N. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois
R. L. Shaner
Region Engineer
Linde Division, Union Carbide Corporation
230 N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Charles Sharp, Superintendent
Lake Ridge School
106 E. Ridge
Griffith, Indiana
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3-DD
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
James F. Shelley
Superintendent of Streets and Local
Improvement
City of Chicago Heights
55 E. Hickory Street
Chicago Heights, Illinois
Donald R. Shiras
Manager, Public Information
Inland Steel Company
30 w. Monroe
Chicago, Illinois
M. W, Sibley
Water Engineer
Rock Island Railroad
4701 Wentworth Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Kenneth Siefers
Development Representative
Pittsburgh Activated Carbon Company
Grant Building
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John D. Serieni
Superintendent Chicago Heights
Sewer Department
14th East End
Chicago Heights, Illinois
W. C. Soudriette
Plant Manager
Cities Service Oil Company
Box 718
East Chicago, Indiana
Mrs. C. M. Stephens
League of Women Voters
8846 Carolina
Highland, Indiana
Wm. D. Straczek
Director of Lab.
San. District - Bloom Township
Box 251
Chicago Heights, Illinois
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3-EE
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
W. R. Stead
Corporate Counsel
Interlake Steel
310 S. Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
Macon W. Terrell
Pupil Personnel Services
Lake Ridge Schools
106 E. Ridge Road
Griffith, Indiana
Joseph L. Tite
Sanitary Engineer
Indiana State Board of Health
Michigan City, Indiana
Jack M. Troy
Chairman Calumet Chapter
Save the Dunes Council
1512 Park Drive
Munster, Indiana
Mrs. Donald Trump
3rd Vice President
League of Women Voters of Indiana
R.5 - Box 26
Valparaiso, Indiana
F. E. Tucker
Manager, Pollution Control & Services
National Steel
Grant Building
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Arthur W. Tuemler
General Supervisor Power and Fuel Engineer
U. S. Steel
3426 E. 89th Street
Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Eugene Tyler
Observer
League of Women Voters
9151 Grace Place
Highland, Indiana
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3-FF
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Larry V. Utke, Attorney
Texaco, Inc.
332 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
B, J. Wachter, Editor
Industrial Water Engineering
450 S. Ohio
Chicago, Illinois
Deyarraan Wallace
Research Supervisor
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company
P. 0. Box 900
Youngstown, Ohio
F.I. Warner, Vice President
USS Lead Refinery, Inc.
5300 Kennedy Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
F. H. Watkins
Coordinator
Sinclair Research, Inc.
400 E. Sibley Blvd.
Harvey, Illinois
Bernard E. Wedman
740 Hayes Avenue
Oak Park, Illinois
Richard W. West
Foreman
Sinclair Refining Company
1500 Indianapolis Blvd.
East Chicago, Indiana
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3-GG
ATTENDANTS (Cont'd.)
Clayton E. Whiting, Jr.
Chairman
Chicago Ind'l Water Waste & Sewage Control
6216 W. 66th Place
Chicago, Illinois
Bruno A. Woelki
Operations Manager
U. S. Navigation Comp,
140 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois
Clifford B. Wolf
Technical Supervisor
Allied Chemical Corporation
Charles L, Woody
Assistant to Manufacturing Superintendent
Lever Brothers Company
1200 Calumet Avenue
Hammond, Indiana
A. R. Wreath
Chief, Control Chemist
Stauffer Chemical Company
Ind. Chemical Division - Phosphates
llth & Arnold
Chicago Heights, Illinois
Sidney R. Yates
U. S. Representative
9th District
Illinois
* * *
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
The conference is open.
This technical session of the conference in the
matter of pollution of the interstate waters of the Grand
Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake,
Michigan and their tributaries, is being held under the pro-
visions of section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended. The Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare, is required to call a conference of this type when,
on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies he has reason
to believe that pollution of interstate waters subject to
abatement under the Federal Act has occurred.
The purpose of the conference is to bring to-
gether the State water pollution control agencies, the repre-
sentatives of the Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, and other interested parties to review the existing
situation, to appraise what has been done, to lay a basis
for future action by all parties concerned, and to give the
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Opening Statement -Mr. Stein
States, localities, and industries an opportunity to take
any remedial action which may be indicated under State and
local law.
We have had conferences now throughout the
country involving more than a thousand cities and involving
more than a thousand industries. We strongly support the
conference technique, and we measure our success by the
situations which are solved at the conference stage rather
than by the court actions we bring.
To date we have only had to go to court once
against one city. We have only had to go to a hearing four
times. All the other cases have been resolved at the confer-
ence stage. I believe that this case will follow the same
pattern, and I think this speaks very well for our State-
Federal cooperative program.
As specified in section 10 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, the official water pollution control
agencies have been notified of this conference. These
agencies are the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board, the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, and the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
Illinois will be represented by Mr. Clarence
Klassen, who is accompanied by Mr. Richard Nelle.
Indiana will be represented by Mr. Blucher
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Poole, accompanied by Mr. Perry Miller.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District will be repre-
sented by Colonel Frank Chesrow.
Mr, H. W. Poston, Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, with headquarters in Chicago, Illinois
and the regional program director, has been designated as
conferee for the Federal Government.
My name is Murray Stein. I am from Washington,
D.C., headquarters of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. I have been designated as chairman of the
conference by the Secretary, and I am also designated as his
representat ive.
The representatives of the official water pollu-
tion control agencies are privileged to bring whomever they
wish to the conference and have them participate in it. How-
ever, this is a conference between the official agencies and
the representatives of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. These parties constitute the conferees.
Both the States and the Federal Government have
responsibilities in dealing with interstate water pollution
control problems. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
declares that the States have the primary rights and res-
ponsibilities for taking action to abate and control inter-
state pollution. The function of our Department is to
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
encourage the States in these activities. However, the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is charged by
law with specific responsibilities in connection with inter-
state pollution control problems.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act provides
that pollution of interstate waters, whether the matter caus-
ing or contributing to such pollution is discharged directly
into such waters or reaches such waters after discharge into
a tributary of such waters, which endangers the health or
welfare of persons in a State other than that in which the
discharges originate, is subject to abatement.
The first session of this conference was held
in Chicago March 2-9, 1965. Many of you were present at
that conference. I think it is fair to say that throughout
the country we have never had a more diverse or complicated
situation or case to deal with than we have had in the lower
end of Lake Michigan. The conference, consequently, took
more than a week.
At that session of the conference the conferees
at this table unanimously agreed to the following conclusions
and recommendations:
1. Interstate pollution endangering the health
and welfare of persons in a State other than that where the
discharges originate exists in the waters of the Grand
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8
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Lake Michigan and their
tributaries. Such pollution is subject to abatement under
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
2. Sewage and industrial waste from sources in
Indiana (the Little Calumet River area and Grand Calumet
area and Indiana Harbor area) contribute to such interstate
pollution in Illinois.
3. There is no evidence of such interstate
pollution from discharges in the Burns Ditch area in Indiana.
4. Municipal and industrial waste from sources
in the Calumet area in Illinois contributes to such inter-
state pollution in Indiana.
5. Cognizance is taken of the efforts in both
States to abate such interstate pollution but action taken
to date is not adequate and such interstate pollution still
exists.
6. The nature of the delays in abating such in-
terstate pollution include the complexity of the problem and
the concentration of population and industry.
7. To initiate a program of immediate remedial
action to protect water quality in the area for the maximum
number of legitimate uses, the conferees will use as a guide
for water quality at the Chicago Water Works intakes the
"Recommended Quality Criteria Goals, Lake Water at Chicago
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9
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Intakes" presented by the Department of Water and Sewers
of the City of Chicago at this conference. The conferees
will use as a guide for bacterial water quality at bathing
beaches covered by this conference the requirement that
receiving water shall be considered unsuitable for bathing
if the coliform concentration exceeds 1000 per 100 ml.
8. The conferees will establish a technical
committee as soon as possible which will evaluate water
quality criteria and related matters in the area covered
by the conference and make recommendations to the conferees
within six months after the issuance of the summary of the
conference.
9. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago will institute immediate
action in their respective jurisdiction that all sewage re-
ceive at least secondary treatment plus adequate effluent
disinfection within one year after the issuance of the
summary of the conference.
10. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago will institute immediate
action in their respective jurisdiction to insure that
industries will institute housekeeping practices which will
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10
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
minimize the discharge of wastes from industrial sources
and to insure optimum operation of sewerage systems and
sewage treatment facilities to minimize by-passing of sewage
treatment plants or other practices that result in the
discharge of untreated or partially treated wastes and re-
port on these activities to the conferees within six months
after the issuance of the summary of this conference.
11. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board, the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago will undertake action to insure
that industrial plants discharging wastes into waters within
their respective jurisdictions institute programs of sampling
their effluents to provide information about waste outputs
needed by these agencies in the carrying out of their
functions. Such information will be maintained in open files
by these agencies for those having a legitimate interest in
the information and the agencies will report to the conferees
on this activity within six months after the issuance of
the summary of this conference.
12. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sani-
tary District of Greater Chicago, maintaining close liaison
with the technical committee created by the conferees, will
develop a time schedule for the construction of necessary
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11
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
industrial waste treatment facilities. Such a schedule will
be submitted to the conferees for their consideration within
six months after the issuance of the summary of this confer-
ence.
13. The Thomas J. O'Brien Lock is to be placed
in operation to protect water quality of Lake Michigan and
prevent backflow to the Lake. This should be done as soon
as possible but not later than January 1, 1966.
14. Surveillance will be the primary respons-
ibility of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the
Illinois Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago. The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare will make available a resident techni-
cal group and visiting groups of experts which will assist
the State agencies and the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago at such time as requested by them.
15. The conference may be reconvened on the
call of the chairman.
As recommended by the conferees, a technical
committee was established to evaluate and recommend water
quality criteria. I would like to indicate that in my exper-
ience in this field, which is extensive I think, perhaps not
as extensive as that of some of the people here but I have
been working with this since 1948, I have never seen a better
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12
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
cooperative effort than that put in by this technical com-
mittee.
The committee, as you will hear, had repre-
sentatives of the States of Illinois and Indiana, the Metro-
politan Sanitary District, the Federal Government and in-
dustrial representatives representing the petroleum industry
and the steel industry.
I think the best of goodwill was evidenced by
all hands on the committee.
I also expect that we will hear from the com-
mittee about its recommendations. To my knowledge, this may
be a landmark and the first time that a committee repre-
senting various levels of government, district, State, Fed-
eral, and industrial representatives have gone over in
detail specifically the kind of requirements and criteria
needed to protect water quality and have reached an accommo-
dation. In my opinion this shows that it can be done. If
we can arrive at accepting this accommodation, I think not
only will we be way ahead in the lower end of Lake Michigan
but we very well may have set a model for the rest of the
country to follow.
All the conferees will be called upon to make
statements. The conferees, in addition, may call upon
participants whom they have invited to the conference to
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13
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
make statements. At the conclusion the conferees will be
given an opportunity to comment or ask questions.
At the conclusion of all the statements we will
have a discussion among the conferees to try to arrive at
agreement on the facts of the situation. The conferees will
probably convene in executive session and reappear to make
an announcement.
Now a word about the procedure governing the
conduct of the conference. A record and verbatim transcript
will be made of the conference by Mr. Joe McLaughlin. Mr.
McLaughlin is making this transcript for the purpose of aid-
ing us in preparing the summary and providing a complete
record of what is said here.
We will make copies of the summary available to
the official water pollution control agencies of Illinois,
Indiana and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago for distribution. If you want copies of that summary
and transcript, we suggest you get in touch with them. The
transcript is generally available within two or three months
after the conference, and the summary may be available much
sooner.
Now, I would suggest that all speakers and
participants other than those at this table come up to the
lectern to make their statements. You will find it a rather
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14
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
tortuous route through the wings.
Before going on I would like to take one minute,
because today we are indeed privileged in having one of the
members of Congress — and my boss — here, a man who has
been vitally interested in water pollution control for a long
time, one who assiduously looks after Chicago's interests.
I don't know that you have ever had a better guardian in my
opinion or a man who did his homework so well and who was so
adept at persuasion in looking after Chicago's interests,
I think as long as I can remember this Congress-
man has been in touch with us several times during the ses-
sion, and I don't think that there was ever any issue involv-
ing water in the Federal government where his influence has
not been felt and his counsel has not been sought.
He has contributed immeasurably to the legisla-
tion and philosophy of the Federal program and in no small
measure is responsible for our agency.
Congressman Yates, would you stand up?
(Applause.)
I would like to call on Mr. Poston for the Federal
presentation*
Mr. Poston.
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15
H. W. Poston
STATEMENT OF H. W. POSTON, CONFEREE,
REPRESENTING FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
MR. POSTON: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
As many of you know, the agency that Mr. Stein
and I represent here today is very young. The fact is it is
only four days old. When we met in the first session of the
conference at McCormick Place in March of 1965 we represented
the Public Health Service. However, the Water Quality Act
of 1965 created the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, so this is the first meeting of this type under
the new Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
At the March 1965 conference on pollution of
Lake Michigan and streams of the Calumet area, several
recommendations of action were made in concerted effort to
clean up these waters. Certain of these recommendations
placed definite responsibilities on the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. What these responsibilities are and
how they are being carried out will be reported by our
technical people.
Recommendation No. 8 called for the conferees
to establish a technical committee as soon as possible which
will evaluate water quality criteria and related matters and
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16
H. W. Poston
make recommendations to the conferees.
The technical committee was formed immediately
after the March conference. Representatives of State and
Federal regulatory agencies, industry, municipalities and
recreation and conservation interests served on the committee.
To head such a committee we surveyed the field
to get qualified individuals. We feel very fortunate in
having Mr. Francis Kittrell, a nationally recognized water
pollution control expert and currently Chief of the Water
Pollution Evaluation Unit at the Administration's Sanitary
Engineering Center in Cincinnatti. He has served as chair-
man.
Other members on the committee were Mr. Perry
Miller of the Indiana State Board of Health, Mr. R.S. Nelle
of the Illinois Department of Public Health, Mr. H.H. Ger-
stein of the Chicago Department of Water and Sewers, Dr. A.J.
Kaplovsky of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, Dr. C. A. Bishop of the United States Steel Corpor-
ation, Mr. R. C. Mallatt of the American Oil Company, and
Mr. Harold C. Jordahl, United States Department of Interior,
for which he is the regional coordinator.
Fourteen technical committee meetings, covering
25 days, were held during the past six months. The task of
this committee involved complex and extremely difficult
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17
H. W. Poston
considerations and decisions, and we want to take cognizance
of the formidable obstacles which these experts faced.
To paraphrase a famous Englishman's remarks with
respect to the committee members, much blood, toil, sweat,
and probably even a few tears went into these deliberations.
On behalf of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration I want to take this opportunity to thank each
one of these experts publicly.
The conferees also met several times to discuss
matters related to the conference. One of these meetings
dealt with the disposal of dredged material in Lake Michigan.
All conferees agreed that the practice of disposing of
dredged material in the Lake must be stopped and have taken
positive action to see that it is stopped.
Mr. Chairman, I would like to introduce at this
time the letter of policy jointly agreed to and distributed
to the conferees on December 21, 1965.
MR. STEIN: Without objection that will be done.
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18
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
December 21, 1965
Refer to: WS&PC
Mr. Frank W. Chesrow, President
Metropolitan Sanitary District
100 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Dear Mr. Chesrow:
In response to a request for information concerning policy for dumping
of dredged material into Lake Michigan, a conference telephone call
was arranged last summer between:
C. W. Klassen Illinois Sanitary Water Board
F. W. Chesrow Metropolitan Sanitary District
B. A. Poole Indiana Water Pollution Control Board
H. W. Poston Program Director, Public Health Service
The question of attitude of the conferees of the Calumet Area-Lake
Michigan enforcement conference was the subject of the conference call.
During the course of this call, it was agreed as follows:
1. Dredged material from the Bubbly Creek branch of the Chicago
River shall not be dumped into Lake Michigan or its tributaries
because this dredged material is primarily composed of deleterious
waste solids.
2. There shall be no intentional transfer of deleterious waste solids
and other such material from one area of Lake Michigan and its
tributaries to another area of Lake Michigan and its tributaries.
3. The conferees shall further explore the current policy of dumping
inert material in Lake Michigan and its tributaries.
The above agreements extend only to the conference area, and have been
communicated to the Conference Chairman, Mr. Murray Stein.
Sincerely yours,
H. W. Poston
Regional Program Director
Water Supply and Pollution Control
cc: Murray Stein, Washington, D.C.
C. W. Klassen, Springfield, Illinois
B. A. Poole, Indianapolis, Indiana FILE COPY
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19
H. W. Poston
MR. POSTON: Another responsibility was spelled
out in the Recommendation No. 14, which stated that sur-
veillance would be the primary responsibility of the Indiana
Stream Pollution Board, the Illinois Sanitary Water Board
and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare will make
available a resident technical group to assist at such times
as requested by them,.
Requests were received from the State regulatory
agencies, and a seven-man staff was organized in June of 1965
by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to per-
form surveillance functions.
There has been a close cooperation between the
regulatory agencies and our surveillance team in a beach-
sampling program. Laboratories that worked together in the
overall program were the Chicago Water Department, the Chicago
Park District, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, Indiana State Board of Health, Illinois State De-
partment of Health, Gary-Hobart Water Company, Inland Steel
Company, American Oil Company, and the Great Lakes-Illinois
River Basin Project of our Federal Walter Pollution Control
Administration.
A report of this surveillance activity has been
submitted to the conferees, and a limited number of copies of
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20
this report are available for other interested parties.
We will hear a summary discussion of this report
with the conclusions from Mr. Grover Cook, who is Chief of
our Enforcement Section in our Chicago Regional Office. I
would like to ask Mr. Grover Cook at this time to give
this summary discussion.
Mr. Cook.
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21
Grover Cook
STATEMENT OF GROVER COOK, CHIEF,
ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, REGION V,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
MR. COOK: I am going to summarize a report en-
titled "Report on the Calumet Area Surveillance Program." I
would request, Mr. Chairman, that this be entered into the
record.
MR. STEIN: The full report will be entered into
the record without objection.
(The report referred to follows:)
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22
Grover Cook
REPORT ON THE
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
BY
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
FOR THE PERIOD
JUNE THROUGH NOVEMBER, 1965
ILLINOIS-INDIANA
I FOREWORD
This report presents an evaluation of the present
water quality in the Calumet Area based primarily on the
sampling program of the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare's Calumet Area Surveillance Project. The exception
to this is the evaluation of the bacteriological quality of
the water at the six Lake Michigan beaches within the study
area. Three of these beaches are in each of the two States
involved and the Surveillance Project is the only one of the
four cooperating agencies that sampled all six beaches.
Beach sampling data was freely exchanged by all cooperating
agencies. Results from each of the weekly sampling runs by
the Calumet Area Surveillance Project have been forwarded to
the responsible State and local agencies usually within two
weeks after the samples were obtained.
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23
Grover Cook
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Based on the conferees* criteria of bathing
water having a total coliform count of less than 1000 per 100
milliliters, the water quality at the six Lake Michigan
beaches in the Calumet Area was unsuitable for bathing from
31 per cent to 100 per cent of the time.
2. The Lake Michigan beachers in the Calumet
Area are subject to varying degrees of pollution from extern-
al sources making the water at times unsuitable for bathing-.
The Calumet Park, Whiting, and Hammond beaches are subject
to periods of extremely heavy pollution,
3. Indiana Harbor is grossly polluted with very
high total coliform and fecal streptococcus counts. Phenols,
though reduced from 1963 levels, are still high enough to
cause taste and odor problems at times in near municipal
water supplies. Total phosphates average almost five times
the value required for algae blooms, also there are still
many visual signs of pollution being dumped into this stream
system. This polluted water is flowing into Lake Michigan
at a dry weather flow estimated to be 2,300 cubic feet per
second.
4. Calumet Harbor sampling indicates a slight
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24
Grover Cook
increase in the dissolved oxygen content, a decrease in the
phenols, and bacterial contents that were slightly higher
than obtained during the 1963 sampling period. Iron, ammonia
nitrogen, and total dissolved solids are all above the back-
ground levels found in Lake Michigan. Average total phos-
phates are five times the value required for algae blooms.
There is also visual evidence of large quantities of pollu-
tion being dumped into lower portions of the Calumet River
and Calumet Harbor. The operation of the O'Brien Lock and
Dam and the slightly higher water levels of Lake Michigan in
1965 have partly reduced the pollution to Lake Michigan from
this source.
5. The Grand Calumet River at the State line is
still grossly polluted as is evidenced by very high bacterial
counts. Ten per cent of the samples collected in 1965 had a
zero dissolved oxygen content and 25 per cent had an oxygen
content of less than one milligram per liter (mg/1) indicat-
ing that septic conditions still exist. Pollution is also
indicated by the high biochemical oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, phenol, and dissolved solid values found
during the sampling period.
6. The Little Calumet River at the State line
is still grossly polluted, although there has been an improve-
ment since the 1963 sampling period. Bacterial counts are
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25
Grover Cook
still above acceptable levels, 15 per cent of the samples had
dissolved oxygen content of zero and 40 per cent had an oxy-
gen content of less than one milligram per liter (mg/1)
indicating that septic conditions still exist. Biochemical
oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphates, sul-
fates, and dissolved solids, although less than 1963 values,
are still high. The improvement in quality of water is
probably due in part to the treatment of a portion of the
sanitary wastes from the communities of Highland and Griffith
by the Hammond Sanitary District. However, the stream is
still polluted, especially if the recreational benefits that
this stream can provide to the area are considered.
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26
Grover Cook
III INTRODUCTION
Authority and Organization
A conference on pollution of the interstate
waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River,
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries
(Indiana-Illinois), called by the Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare under the provisions of Section 8 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 USC 466 et. seq.),
was held in Chicago, Illinois March 2-9, 1965.
Paragraph No. 14 of the Conclusions and Recom-
mendations of the Conferees for this Conference provided
that "Surveillance will be the primary responsibility of
the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the Illinois
Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago. The Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare will make available a resident technical group and
visiting groups of experts which will assist the State
agencies and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago at such time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965, and the
State of Illinois, on April 16, 1965 requested an extensive
sampling program by the Federal government to monitor the
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27
Grover Cook
water quality in the Calumet Area. These requests
accompanied the sampling program proposed by them within
their respective jurisdictions. The Metropolitan Sanitary
District has not formally requested a sampling program, but
has requested laboratory assistance in the analysis of
samples they have collected and in special studies they have
conducted on chlorination of the effluent from their sewage
treatment plant. The Calumet Area Surveillance Project was
organized in the latter part of June, 1965 to fulfill the
requirements of paragraph No. 14 and the requests of the
States.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the Calumet Area Surveillance
Project is to assess the progress in the abatement of pollu-
tion in the conference area in cooperation with appropriate
State and local agencies. This is being accomplished through
sampling programs to monitor the water quality at various
locations within the conference area. Stream flow measure-
ments are being made so that laboratory analyses in milli-
grams per liter can be converted to pounds per day. The
information obtained through Federal, State and local
sampling programs and the information furnished by the in-
dustries to the State or other responsible agency on the
quality and quantity of their waste flows (in accordance
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28
Grover Cook
with paragraph No. 11 of the Findings and Conclusions) are
evaluated. Reports are prepared and presented to the
conferees and reconvened conferences on the current water
quality and the progress in the abatement of the pollution.
(Figure III-l follows:)
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29
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30
Grover Cook
IV DESCRIPTION OF SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
Present Staffing
The Calumet Area Surveillance Project began in
the latter part of June 1965 with the assignment of six
persons to the staff. The professional staff consists of
the Project Director, a sanitary engineer, two aquatic
samplers, a chemist, and a microbiologist. Technical assist-
ance has been provided by the Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins Project.
Beach, Stream, and Harbor Sampling,
Sampling of six Lake Michigan beaches on a
weekly basis was initiated in the latter part of June. Rain-
bow and Calumet Park Inner and Outer beaches were the three
beaches sampled in Illinois. Hammond, Whiting, and E. Chi-
cago beaches were the Indiana beaches sampled. This sampling
program was coordinated with three other agencies who were
sampling certain of these beaches. Cooperating agencies are
the Indiana State Board of Health, the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board, and the Chicago Park District. Beaches were
sampled for total coliforra and fecal streptococci. The re-
sults of the Surveillance Project's beach sampling were trans-
mitted to other interested and cooperating agencies usually
on the third day after the samples were taken. Results
were also received from the other cooperating agencies. By
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31
Grover Cook
agreement with the other agencies the Surveillance Project
sampled on Tuesday. In addition, one Sunday sampling run
was made to determine conditions under the increased weekend
bathing load. In September additional samples were obtained
by boat approximately 1/4 mile off the beach opposite the
regular wade-in stations. Fecal coliform determinations
were made in addition to total coliform and fecal streptococci,
The location of beaches sampled and the results of sampling
are shown under Microbiological Quality of Water.
Stream sampling was initiated the last week in
June with five stations that could be sampled from bridges.
The Grand Calumet was sampled at Broadway Avenue in Gary,
Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge and the Baltimore and Ohio
Chicago Terminal (B&O C.T.) Railroad Bridge. Indiana Harbor
Canal was sampled at Dickey Road and the Little Calumet River
at Wentworth Avenue. When the project boat became operation-
al in July, four additional sampling stations were added.
These were the Calumet River at its mouth, Calumet Harbor
opposite the mouth of the river at the State line, Indiana
Harbor at Harbor Light-Inshore (mouth of Indiana Harbor Canal)
and Indiana Harbor at Harbor Light (East Breakwater).
In August the Broadway Avenue sampling station
was terminated and the Indiana Harbor Canal was sampled at
151st Street instead. The Calumet Harbor State-line station
moved out to mid-channel, about 3,500 feet from the mouth of
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32
Grover Cook
the river to obtain a more representative sample of the water
quality in the Harbor. Sampling was also initiated at the
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge across the Grand Calumet
River. This bridge is closer to the State line than the B&O
C.T. Railroad Bridge. After a period of duplicate sampling
to coordinate the results of the two stations sampling at
the B&O C.T. station was discontinued. Wolf Lake at the
State line and Wolf Lake outlet were added to the regular
sampling stations in October. These stream and harbor sta-
tions are sampled for microbiological and chemical analysis.
The location of these stream and harbor sampling stations
were given in the sections on Microbiological and Chemical
Quality of the Water.
Hydraulic Surveys
No gaging stations are maintained by the U. S.
Geological Survey in the Grand Calumet-Indiana Harbor drain-
age system. Therefore, six water level recording stations
have been established in this basin. Flow measurements are
being conducted at each station at several different volumes
of flow so that rating curves can be developed. These gages
are located on the bridges that cross the Grand Calumet
River at Hohman Avenue, Kennedy Avenue, Indianapolis Blvd.,
Industrial Highway, and Bridge Street, and at the bridge
across the Indiana Harbor Canal at Chicago Ave. Since the
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33
Grover Cook
greater volume of water discharged to Lake Michigan from the
Indiana Harbor Canal is a result of industrial waste dis-
charged to the canal below Chicago Ave., the canal was not
gaged below this point. Fluctuations in lake level distorts
the information provided by water level recording gages in-
stalled below this point to such an extent that gages are not
considered feasible.
Special flow area and velocity measurement
studies are planned for Indiana Harbor Channel to correlate
the flows debermined at the upstream gaging stations with the
waste flow information provided by the industries through the
State of Indiana.
Information obtained from the U. S. Geological
Survey and the Metropolitan Sanitary District will be used as
the basis for stream flow calculations in the Little Calumet
and Calumet Rivers. However, it is planned to conduct some
flow measurement in Calumet River and Calumet Harbor to deter-
mine the effects of flow reversals in the Calumet River and
wastes discharged directly to the harbor. The location of
these gaging stations is shown on the map of the Calumet Sur-
veillance Area, Figure IV-1.
(Figure IV-1 follows:)
-------
u*
o
z
o
fe
3
g
1
°"
O
z
3
Q.
s
<
(/)
< o
^?-
» d
_, g
o tJ
s I
Z)
LU
r
i
i
o
i
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35
Grover Cook
Biological Surveys
The kinds and numbers of aquatic plants and
animals, inhabiting a particular body of water and the stream
or lake bottom beneath it, reflect the quality of water that
has generally prevailed in the area for an extended period
of time. Some plants and animals are capable, by virtue of
physiological features or living habits, of withstanding
polluted conditions and will multiply rapidly when competi-
tion with less tolerant forms is eliminated. Examples of
pollution-tolerant animals are the sludgeworms, bloodworms,
leaches, and pulmonate snails, that exist in the decaying
organic sediment which builds up from the settleable organic
solids present in most waste discharges. A benthic (bottom-
dwelling) population consisting of many kinds of organisms
with low numbers of each species is typical of unpolluted
waters.
The continuous or sudden introduction of toxic
wastes and settleable solids, as well as oxygen-consuming
materials could also alter the composition of the community
by destroying the sensitive forms and giving more living
room to the tolerant kinds. A balanced population would not
be re-established automatically by the sudden return to
optimum water quality conditions, because the lengths of the
life cycles of the organisms vary from weeks to years.
-------
36
Fifteen substrate samplers of the Dendy type
have been made and used in the waters of the Calumet Area.
These substrates have three types of surfaces for growth of
aquatic life. One is made up of broken clam shells, a second
of course sand, and the other of hardwood sawdust. The
samplers are placed in the streams for two or more weeks at
a time. The organisms collected on these samplers will be
compared with the organisms found by bottom sampling in cor-
responding areas. The organisms collected on the sampler
are less affected by silt and oil pollution than those
actually on the bottom of the stream.
Surveys for bottom-dwelling animals, attached
algae and rooted vegetation are to be performed biennially.
Studies will be seasonal because of the wide differences in
life cycles of bottom-dwelling animals. The information
gained by these studies will not only indicate subtle changes
in water quality over a two-year period, but may also reveal
the presence of unseen pollutants, organic toxicants and
toxic metals. They will also provide evaluations as to the
effects on the biota of organic suspended matter and silt.
Automatic Monitoring
Many operations of the industries in the basin
require discharge of wastes on a batch basis, and wastes from
these tanks may be dumped at any time of the day, week or
month, depending on the needs of the industry. These
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37
Grover Cook
discharges and accidental spills of oil or other chemicals
could pass into Lake Michigan or down the Illinois River
unobserved by a once-a-week sampling program.
An automatic water quality monitoring station
has been installed at the Indiana Harbor East Breakwall Inner
Light. Details of this station are provided in Figures IV-2,
IV-3, IV-4 and IV-5. The monitor has been continuously
recording the dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and tempera-
ture of the water flowing past this point into Lake Michigan
since December 2. Weekly sampling for complete chemical and
bacteriological analysis at two locations in Indiana Harbor
will continue. The results obtained from the two types of
sampling will be correlated for the parameters that are dupli-
cated. From this information and extra samples that will be
obtained when high and low limiting values are exceeded on the
monitor a more thorough evaluation of the quantities of
wastes entering Lake Michigan from Indiana Harbor can be made.
(Figures IV-2, IV-3, IV-4 and IV-5 follow:)
-------
37a
H£"AL TH, ^DUCA T/&M AND WEI FARE
QUALITY MONITO&/NG FACILITY
fMD/ANA HARBOR
-------
37b
-«a/
SfCT/OM
Qi/A£/rr MOM/TO/Z/NG
JA/&/AA/A /-/A
OF
jsr-3
-------
37c
One- half mile of catwalk is the access route to the
monitoring station.
Lighthouse in which the monitor is housed.
INDIANA WATER QUALITY MONITOR
ISMi
-------
37d
Monitoring instrument and control panel installed
in lighthouse bade
Monitoring instrument. Top section houses
chart recorder.
INDIANA WATER QUALITY MONITOR
iz-5
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38
Grover Cook
A second automatic water quality monitor is being
installed at the Calumet River North Pier Light. This
monitor will record dissolved oxygen, Ph, conductivity and
temperature of the water at the mouth of the Calumet River.
Information obtained from this monitor will also be corre-
lated with the analysis for chemical and bacteriological data
obtained from the weekly sampling program.
The monitor that is now installed will be replaced
in the spring with a monitor that will be equipped with an
alarm system which will be activated when a parameter varies
beyond a specified limit. Upon activation of the alarm a
sample will be collected so that it can be fully analyzed in
the Projectfs laboratory. Field crews will be dispatched to
obtain and preserve the sample as required, and investigate
the source of waste by tracing the spill back to its source.
Additional samples and photographs will be obtained if appro-
priate. Operators of municipal and industrial water supplies
will be notified of the approaching pollution so that they
might make adequate preparations.
Next year it is planned to install two other
monitoring stations. One will be located at the mouth of Burns
Ditch to provide a continuous record of the quality of water
flowing into Lake Michigan from this rapidly growing area.
The fourth monitoring station is to be located on the Calumet
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39
Grover Cook
River in the vicinity of the Blue Island Locks. This
station will provide information on the quality of water
discharged from the Calumet Area to the Illinois River
Basin System.
Other Accomplishments to Date
Two Interim Reports were prepared for the Calumet
Area Conferees. These reports included an analysis of the
sampling information available to the date of the reports.
The first report also included a description of sampling
programs in operation by each agency. Fifty-five frequency
analysis graphs that were prepared by the Surveillance Pro-
gram staff engineer were also included« These graphs show
the per cent of time that specified levels were exceeded for
the given parameters as indicated by existing historical
data. The graphs were made at the request of the Calumet
Area Technical Committee and have proved most valuable in aid-
ing them in establishing water quality goals. The second re-
port included a recommended minimum sampling program for sur-
veillance of the water quality in the area. This report also
contained information on the dredging of the Calumet River
and the discharge of this material in Lake Michigan*
A report on the methods of beach sampling and
laboratory analysis that were employed this summer was pre-
pared at the request of the technical committee.
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40
Grover Cook
V. MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER
Introduction
Microbiological information contained in the fol-
lowing text and figures is based on sampling of Lake Michigan
beaches, streams, and harbors in the Calumet Area between
June 9 and November 23, 1965. However, the study period
for beaches was terminated on September 15 with the end of
the bathing season. Samples by the Surveillance Project
were processed by means of the membrane filter (MF) method
to determine total coliform and fecal streptococci counts per
100 milliliter of sample. In the latter part of the summer,
fecal coliform determinations were also made to provide sup-
plementary information.
The laboratory methods followed by the Surveillance
Project are in accordance with the procedures established in
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water, 1960" except that KF Streptococcus Agar was used in-
stead of M-enterococcus agar. Fecal coliform determinations
were made by the MF method and confirmed, using the E.C.
medium.
Beach Sampling
Six Lake Michigan beaches in the Calumet Area were
sampled during the study period by one or more of the follow-
ing four cooperating agencies: The Chicago Park District,
-------
Grover Cook 41
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, Indiana State Board of Health,
and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's Calu-
met Area Surveillance Project. These agencies freely ex-
changed their data as rapidly as it became available. The
beaches sampled were Rainbow and Calumet Park Inner and Outer
beaches in Illinois, and Hammond, Whiting, and E. Chicago in
Indiana. The Surveillance Project sampled all six beaches.
The Chicago Park District sampled all six beaches except
E. Chicago while representatives of the State of Indiana and
Illinois collected samples only from the beaches within their
respective States.
Procedure
A meeting was held at one of the beaches early in
July to aid in standardizing methods for collecting and
reporting information on beach samples. This meeting was
attended by representatives of Indiana, Chicago Park District
and the Surveillance Project. The location of a common
sampling point for the three Indiana beaches was established.
Also, it was agreed that Indiana and the Surveillance Project
would obtain their samples in four feet of water at elbow
depth, approximately 18" below the surface. The Chicago
Park District and Illinois collected their samples at mid-
depth in three feet of water. Also, they collected samples
at two locations on Illinois beaches while the Surveillance
Program collected samples only off the center of each beach.
It was agreed to at the meeting that the samplers should
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42
Grover Cook
collect the sample by inverting the bottle, lowering it to
elbow depth, about 18", then collect the sample by sweeping
the bottle away from the body. The samples are immediately
stored in an ice chest until they can be processed at the
laboratory. It was also agreed that the sampler should
record the following information at the time of collecting
the sample; number of bathers within a one hundred foot
radius; air and water temperature; wind speed and direction;
cloud cover or weather condition and surf condition.
Illinois, Indiana and the Surveillance Project
used the membrane filter technique in processing their
beach samples. The Chicago Park District data presented in
this report is based on the MPN Method of laboratory analysis.
In August the Chicago Park District started processing some
samples by both methods. Indiana and the Chicago Park
District collected their samples on one day and preserved
them on ice until the following day, when they were processed.
Illinois and the Surveillance Project processed their samples
on the same day they were taken. Variations in results of
ten to 15 per cent have been noted in results of thoroughly
mixed samples that have been split with a part processed
immediately and a part held on ice for 24 hours. Variations
were about equally dispersed both higher and lower than the
control sample.
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43
Grover Cook
All agencies did not filter the same amounts of
original sample. The Surveillance Project filtered 100,
ten and one railliliter samples for total coliform and 50 and
ten milliliters for fecal streptococci. Plate counts were
read only for the plates which came within the preferred
counting range. The following quantities of the original
sample are filtered after appropriate dilution, when required
by the Cooperating agencies.
TABLE V-l
QUANTITY OF BEACH SAMPLE FILTERED TO DETERMINE
BACTERIOLOGICAL COUNTS
AGENCY TOTAL COLIFORM FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
in ml in ml
Chicago Park District
Illinois
CASP
Indiana
E. Chicago
Hammond
Whiting
10
10, 1, 0.1
100, 10, 1
10, 1
0.1, 0.01
1, 0.1
50
50, 10
50, 10
100-10
100-10
100-10
Data Analyses
A comparison of the maximum, minimum, arithmetic
mean, and median densities for total coliform and fecal
streptococci as determined by the four cooperating agencies
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44
Grover Cook
are given in Figures V-l and V-2. The counts obtained by
the Calumet Area Surveillance Project (GASP) are generally
a little higher than counts by the Chicago Park District and
lower than those obtained by Illinois. Indiana had higher
counts than the GASP on Hammond Beach, but lower at Whiting
and 3. Chicago. However, the results by all agencies bear
reasonable relationships when compared with each other.
Mean values of fecaJ coliform as determined from
three samples are given in Figure V-3. The extremely high
value shown for Hammond Beach was proven to be accurate with-
in 25 per cent by the confirmation test using E.G. medium.
Recommendation No. 7 of the Summary of the March,
1965 conference stated that:
"The conferees will use as a guide for bacterial
water quality at bathing beaches covered by this
conference the requirement that receiving water
shall be considered unsuitable for bathing if the
coliform concentration exceeds 1000 per 100 ml."
Using this criteria the results of the 1965 beach
sampling data were reviewed. The per cent of samples by each
agency for each beach that exceeded this criteria of 1,000
coliforms per 100 milliliters is given in table V-2. The
total number of days sampled by each agency during the period
covered by this report are also given.
(Figures V-l, V-2 and V-3, and Tables V-2 ancs
v-r ;oiiow:)
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45
100,000 - -
IO.OOO-- (I4)
gipoo-
tu
Q
100-
10-
(23)
_ 107,000
360JOOC
(16)
(18)
(16)
(18)
LEGEND
CASP Calumet Area Surveilance Project
CPD Chicago Park Dist.
ILL ILL. State Sanitary Board
IND IND. State Sanitary Board
•^^t Direction of Flow
1
Max.
Mean
Median
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BEACH SAMPLING -TOTAL COLIFORM
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
JUNE - SEPT. 1965
U S DEPT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION 8 WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Min.
(16)-No Times Sampled
3ZI-I
-------
lO.OOO-r
1,000-;-
100-r
8
X
CO
z
(14)
"
03)
"
Q.
c/>
<
O
O
O.
_J
RAINBOW
(43)
(13)
0. O _1
co a _i
< U -
OUTER
CALUMET
(43)
(13)
<
O _)
a _i
o -
INNER - PARK
(18)
(16)
a
01
o
a
HAMMOND
Q- Q O
^ Q. Z
< u -
WHITING
46
(18) 06)
a
CO
o
E CHICAGO
LEGEND
CASP Columet Areo Surveilonce Project
CPD Chicogo Pork District
ILL. iLL. State Sanitary Board
IND. IND. State Sanitary Board
•^^t" Direction of Flow
Max
Mean
i Median
Win.
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BEACH SAMPLING - FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
JUNE-SEPT. 1965
U S DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8 WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
(16) No. of Times Sampled
Y-2
-------
10,000-
1,000-
~ 100-
8
LJ
Q
\o-
<
5
»
a o _i
<" Q- _|
< 0 -
o
RAINBOW
\ -NX
270
<
»
o- o _i
-------
47
TABLE V-2
Percent of Beach Samples o rer 1000 Coliform per 1' C Milliliter
and Total Number of Samples Collected - 1965 Season
COLLECTING
AGENCY
BEACH
Rainbow
Total
$ No.
CASP ; 50$ 1U
Chicago
Park Dlst.! 65$ 23
Illinois 1*6$ 13
Indiana ;
Calumet PaTl'tuMif
Outer
Total
$ No.
69$ 16
61$ 13
ITMmond
Total
$ No.
63$ 16
60$ U3
77$ 13
Hammond
Total
$ No.
9^$ 16
61$ 18
100$ 16
Whiting
Total
$ No.
81$ 16
61$ 18
62$ 16
S.Chicago
Total
$ No.
61$ 18
31$ 16
The above table shows that based on the criteria recommended by the
conferees the beaches in the Calumet Area were unsuitable for bathing
from 31$ to 1CO$ of the days when samples were taken. Since these samples
were taken according to an established schedule on various days of the
week without reference to weather or other conditions, it can be
assumed that the time the bacterial quality of the water at the beaches
exceeded the 1000 coliform per 100 ml level would be fairly close to the
above percentages.
The Calumet Area Technical Committee has recommended the following
criteria for determining satisfactory water quality for bathing at the
beaches in the Calumet Area:
Bacteria - Number per 100 ml by MF Techniques (Tentative)
a) The number of bacteria shall be the Arithmetic Average of the
last five consecutive sample results.
b) Satisfactory area if MF Coliform are less than 1( OC and MF Fecal
Streptococci are less than 100.
c) Satisfactory area if MF Coliforms are from 1000 to 5000 and MF
Fecal S+reptococci are less than 20.
d) A single sample result' of over 100,OOC Coliforms shall require
immediate investigation as to the cause. Items to be considered
in the judgment of cause and action to be taken include the
sanitary survey, winds, currents and weather conditions.
13
-------
48
These standards have been applied to information collected at the
six beaches in the Calumet Area for the 1965 swimming season. The
criteria was first applied to the individual data collected by the
Calumet Area Surveillance Project and the States of Illinois and
Indiana. The criteria specifies the membrane filter method of process-
ing the sample. In the first analysis the data received from the
Chicago Park District was not used since the MPN method was used as
their regular method of processing s'amplesl-.aSie -r'ata 'TOW the three
agencies represented weekly samples. Therefore, the five-sample
average co ~ers a five-week period. At the beginning of the season the
data was averaged until five samples were available.
A second analysis was made on some of the beaches using data from
all four agencies assembled in chronological order so that at the most,
the five samples would represent the water quality over a five to eight
day period. Since this second analysis included MPN counts, the
criteria is somewhat modified. However, I'ETl counts are usually slightly
higher than similar counts by the MF method.
Calumet Area Surveillance Project began their sampling on June 9,
the State of Indiana on May 2k, the State of Illinois on June 30, and
the Chicago Park District on June 1» September 15 was used as the end
of the swimming season for this review.
TABLE V-3
Number of Days and Percent of Time Water Quality at Beaches did Not Meet
Proposed Calumet Area Technical Committee Criteria for Beaches in 1965
Season (June 1 to September 15> 1965 - 107 days).
COLLECTING
AGENCY BEAdH
GASP
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
ALL DATA
COMBINED
REMARKS
Rainbow
Days f>
79 7k
57 53
38 35
Calumet Park
Outer
Days %
61 57
65 6l
in 38
1 sample
over
ICO, 000'
Inner
Days %
97 91
78 73
Ik 69
1 sample
over
100,000
Hammond
Days %
.10? 100
77 72
8k 79
2 samples
over
100, 000
Whiting
Days %
6k 60
21 2(.
73 68
E . Chicago
Days %
65 61
0 0
k2 39
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49
Grover Cook
The total coliform densities at these beaches are
shown graphically in Figure V-l. Rainbow and E. Chicago
beaches are the only beaches where the median values for
each agency are close to or below 1000 per 100 ml. It should
be noted, however, that the average total coliform values
at Rainbow Beach are over twice the recommended 1000 per 100
ml level. This results from some of the high total coliform
values being many times the median value. The responsible
State agency found total coliform counts of 100,000 or over,
and 300,000 for two Calumet beaches and the Hammond Beach
respectively for 100 ml of sample. The maximum values as
shown in Figure V-l indicates that the Calumet, Hammond and
Whiting beaches are subject to periods of extremely heavy
pollution.
Fecal streptococci are also an indication of pos-
sible contamination of the water from domestic sewage. It
is usually considered as an indicator of recent pollution
since the fecal streptococci which are present in fecal
matter of warm-blooded animals, have a more rapid die-off
rate than the total coliform group. All beaches except E.
Chicago had maximum counts of 1000 or over per 100 ml
indicating that these beaches are subject to contamination
from domestic wastes. However, most of the median values
are within a reasonable level.
Samples were collected by boat on August 31 and
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50
Grover Cook
September 7 to determine whether bacteriological concentra-
tions varied with the distance from shore. The boat samples
were taken about a quarter mile off shore opposite the regu-
lar beach wade-in sampling points -- just a few hours after
collecting the corresponding beach sample. E. Chicago beach
was not sampled by boat because of weather conditions and
its great distance from the other beaches.
A comparison of the average coliform, fecal coli-
form, and fecal Streptococci counts obtained from these two
boat runs are given in Figure V-4.
(Figure V-4 follows:)
-------
£
o
o
2
UJ
Q
10,000 -
1,000-
100-
10-
A
4
» <
»
^ FC FS
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WHITING
OUTER INNER / /
51
CHICAGO
LEGEND
Boot Stotion
Beoches
Totol Cohform
Fecal Collform
Fecal Streptococci
HAMMOND
CALUMET AREA SURVEILANCE PROJECT
BOAT STATIONS - OFF BEACHES
MEAN TOTAL COLIFORM, FECAL COLIFORM 8
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI — AUG -SEPT. 1965
U S DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8 WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
-------
52
Grover Cook
The results of the beach sampling were compared
with corresponding boat samples and information obtained
from the municipal water intakes at Hammond, Whiting, and
Chicago's South Filtration Plant. This latter information
was obtained through the Chicago Department of Water and
Sewers. In most cases the total coliform was higher at the
beach wade-in station than at the corresponding boat station.
The two samples that were higher at the boat station were
over four times as high as the beach station, but the corres-
ponding fecal Streptococci counts were much higher at the
beach stations in these two instances. Fecal Streptococci
counts were also generally the same or higher at the beach
wade-in stations than at the boat stations. The two excep-
tions had values less than ten and were not significantly
greater than the wade-in values. The average coliform and
fecal Streptococci values reported at the municipal intakes
are significantly less than the values obtained at the beaches,
The results of the beach sampling program were
studied to determine sources of pollution and under what
condition the wastes from these sources jeopardize the
bacteriological quality of the water at the beaches. The
location of the beaches in relation to waste sources and the
geography of the area greatly affect the quality of water
found at the beaches.
-------
53
Grover Cook
The Calumet Park Inner and Outer, Hammond, and
Whiting beaches are located within an artificial bay. This
bay is formed by Calumet Harbor breakwall on the north and
the Indiana Harbor land fills and breakwall on the south.
Within this artificial bay there are five major sources of
bacteriological pollution. Two of these are combined sewer
overflows. One of these serves a portion of the Whiting area
and discharges to Lake Michigan just south of the Whiting
Beach. The second serves the Robertsdale section of Hammond
and discharges south of Hammond's beach. The outfall of the
American Maize Products Company is also located in the vicin-
ity of the Robertsdale outfall. The Indiana Harbor Canal
discharges its grossly polluted waters through Indiana
Harbor into this bay area. Also the Calumet River under
flood conditions or extremely low lake levels reverses its
flow and partially discharges to Calumet Harbor.
Rainbow beach by its location north of the bay and
its orientation in a northeasterly direction appears to be
protected from most of the pollution emanating within the
artificial bay area. However, under certain conditions
pollution can make this beach unsafe for swimming based on
the criteria recommended by the conferees.
E. Chicago's beach is located just south of the
landfill at Indiana Harbor. This location tends to protect
-------
54
Grover Cook
the beach from pollution from Indiana Harbor. However, this
beach is subject to pollution discharged to Lake Michigan
along the shore south and southeast of this beach.
Lake current studies by the GLIRB Project indi-
cate that the prevailing currents in this sector of Lake
Michigan, under normal summer conditions, are parallel to
shore and in a northwesterly direction. These currents
are shown in Figure V-5.
(Figure V-5 follows:)
-------
55
-N-
GARY
LEGEND
DIRECTION OF FLOW
POLLUTION SOURCES
BEACH AREAS
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
WATER MOVEMENT IN THE
CALUMET HARBOR AREA
U.S. DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Y-5
-------
56
Grover Cook
There appears to be a correlation between the high-
er total coliform and fecal Streptococci counts found at the
beaches with rainfall in the area and the velocity and direc-
tion of the wind. Bacterial counts appeared to increase
with rainfall, although when the rain lasted over one day
the counts started to drop again. This may have been due to
a flushing action in the streams and sewers. Winds of over
ten miles per hour from the north ana east appeared to alter
the normal summer lake current patterns as shown in Figure
V-5. This appears to cause pollution, which would normally
bypass the beaches, to be pushed shoreward. Under these
conditions of turbulence more debris, algae and fish are also
carried shoreward and bottom deposits are stirred up. This
would cause some of the increase in bacterial counts at the
beaches. As further evidence of this change in currents,
popcorn slag was found floating at the beaches when northerly
winds of over ten miles an hour were experienced. As a cor-
rolary to this, bacterial counts were lower with the normal
summer breeze from the southwest.
Stream and Harbor Sampling
Fourteen stream or harbor stations were sampled
for total coliform and fecal Streptococci during the study
period. The maximum, minimum, arithmetic mean, and median
values per 100 milliliters for these two parameters are given
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57
Grover Cook
in Figures V-6 through V-9. Samples were collected on a once-
a-week basis, but not all 14 stations were sampled for the
full study period. The number of samples represented in the
data presented in Figures V-6 through V-ll is given in paren-
thesis. Fecal coliform counts made at 13 of the stations are
shown in Figures V-10 and V-ll. The samples were taken in
the middle of the stream at mid-depth.
(Figures V-6 through V-ll follow:)
-------
10,000,000-
1,000,000-
•
lOO.OOO •:
-• 10,000-
8 ;
\
V
K
w
S ',000 -
a
IOO-
10-
#
1,070,000
8/18/65
(12)
T
{
(4)
(9)
i
(22)
(21)
}
'
J
[
.
(13)
Calumet R Calumet Hbr Calumet Hbr Wentworth Ave B.SO CT R.R INDIANA Hbr.
Mouth Stole Line / / / Belt RR
5O
o
(16) No. ot Timet Sbmpled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
TOTAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 5 MEDIAN
US DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8 WE-FARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
r-e
-------
1,000,000 -
100,000-
10,000-
I
2/00,000
(5)
;
(20)
4,300,000
o
o
UJ
Q
1,000-
100-
10-
(6)
(13)
(21)
Wolf Loke | Wolf Lake | Indiana Hbr| Indiana Hbr | Dickey Rd.l 151st' St. I Penn RR | Broadway
59
Channel State Line Outer Lt Inner Lt.
Median
Mm
(16) NO. of Times
Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
TOTAL COL I FORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN & MEDIAN
US DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION ft WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
3T-7
-------
10,000,000-
1,000,000-
100,000-
- 1 0,000-
o
2
K-
10
S 1,000-
Q
IOO-
10-
140,000
8/18/65
03)
#
I
1
'
(4)
'
;
(9)
.^
1
(
(22)
(21)
•
;
(13)
•
•
I
60
Calumet R Calumet Hbr Calumet Hbr Wentworth Ave B.80 CT RR INDIANA Hbr.
Mouth Stole Line / / / Belt RR
I
06) No. of Times Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN & MEDIAN
US OEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
3T-8
-------
1,000,000-
100,000-5
10,000-
o
o
>. 1,000 -i
100-
10-
(20)
(13)
Wolf Lake | WolM.ake | Indiana Hbr| Indiana Hbr.) Dickey Rd. I 151st S». I Penn. R.R. |
Channel State Line Outer Lt. Inner Lt.
Penn. R.R. Broadway
61
(16) NO. of Times
Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN 8 MEDIAN
U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Y-9
-------
10,000,000-
1,000,000-
100,000 -
_. 10,000-
E
8
CO
1,000 -
100-
(13)
62
Calumet R Calumet Hbr Calumet Hbr Wentworth Ave B.80 CT R.R INDIANA Hbr
Mouth State Line / / / Belt RR.
(16) No. of Times Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN a MEDIAN
US DEPT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION a WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
-------
63
1,000,000-
100,000-
IO.OOO-:
o
o
1,000 -
c/
100 -
10-
(10) (12)
{
(8)
(6)
(6)
Wolf Lake | Wolf Lake | Indiana Hbr] Indiana Hbr | Dickey Rd. I 151st St. I Penn. R.R | Broadway
Channel State Line Outer Lt Inner Lt.
LEGEND
Max.
Mean
Median
Mm
(16) NO. of Times
Sampled
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
FECAL COLIFORM
STREAM SAMPLING STATIONS
MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, MEAN a MEDIAN
US DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION a WELFARE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
-------
64
Grover Cook
Calumet Harbor
Three stations were sampled in Calumet Harbor dur-
ing the study period. The location of stations are 1) at the
center of the Calumet River at its mouth, 2) opposite the
center of the river at the Illinois-Indiana State Line,
3) the Mid-Channel Harbor Station is 3500 feet east from
the mouth of the river. This last station replaces the Stater-
line station since it is more representative of the quality
of water in the harbor. All three are boat stations and
therefore sampling is subject to weather conditions.
One of the 13 samples taken at the mouth of the
Calumet River was extremely high for both total coliform and
fecal Streptococci. At the time of this sample on August 18
a boat had passed the sampling point, which may possibly be
the cause of these extremely high values. The corresponding
samples at the State line taken within a few minutes of the
sample at the mouth gave average counts for both total coli-
form and fecal Streptococci. Therefore, the extremely high
value has not been included in determining the average or
median values as shown on Figures V-6 and V-8. Instead,
they are shown as individual crosses in their appropriate
place on the scale. The fecal Streptococci count of over one-
tenth the total coliform count indicates that the pollution
was of recent origin and probably a result of the passing
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65
Grover Cook
vessel. This points up the need for control of wastes
from this source.
The O'Brien locks are now in operation and the
lake levels are slightly higher this year over the 1964
season. Therefore, the majority of the pollution found in
the Calumet Harbor and at the mouth of the river could be
expected to originate in the immediate area. The total coli-
form are lowest at the State line station while the fecal
Streptococci counts are lowest at the Harbor station. In
August and September of 1963 the results of 20 samples in
Calumet Harbor gave maximum total coliform and fecal Strep-
tococci counts of 350 and 250 respectively, and median
values of 67 and 2. It should be noted that these are much
lower than the 1965 values.
Little Calumet River at Wentworth Avenue
The Wentworth Avenue station was established to
monitor the wastes in the Little Calumet River flowing from
Indiana to Illinois. The nearest station available for
historical data is across the State line at Hohman Avenue.
The maximum values obtained for 22 samples for both total
coliform and fecal Streptococci are comparable to the maximum
value obtained from 20 samples by the GLIRB Project in Aug-
ust and September of 1963. However, the average values for
total coliform have been reduced from 1,600,000 to 800,000
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66
Grover Cook
and the minimum value from 130,000 to 20,000. The average
value for fecal Streptococci dropped from 80,000 to 6,300
while the minimum fecal count dropped from 19,000 to less
than 100. These values are still above the 5,000 for total
coliform and 500 for fecal Streptococci recommended by the
Calumet Area Technical Committee except for periods of storm
overflow. The reduction in bacteriological densities is
probably due to the treatment of a part of the domestic
wastes of the communities of Highland and Griffith by the
Hammond sewage treatment plant.
Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor
Belt Railroad
The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad bridge crosses
the Grand Calumet River downstream from the Illinois-Indiana
State Line. This sampling station records the level of
pollution crossing the State line. Hohman Avenue, about one-
half mile further upstream in Indiana is the closest station
for historic data. Thirteen samples collected by the Sur-
veillance Project at this station yielded a maximum total
coliform value of 8,900,000, an average value of 2,000,000,
a mean value of 640,000 and a minimum value of 100,000.
Fecal coliform values as obtained from 13 samples were also
extremely high, ranging from 410,000 to 2,000 with an average
value of 78,000 and a mean of 28,000. Fecal Streptococci
-------
67
Grover Cook
values are slightly lower. These range from 250,000 down
to 40 with an average of 21,000 and a mean of 560. The
above data shows that gross pollution is still crossing the
State line in the Grand Calumet River. The total coliform
and fecal Streptococci counts show no improvement over con-
ditions found by the GLIRB Project in 1963 when 19 samples
were processed.
Grand Calumet River at Baltimore and Ohio
Chicago Terminal Railroad Bridge
Twenty-one samples were collected at this railroad
bridge, which is about 3,000 feet further downstream on the
Grand Calumet from the Indiana Harbor Belt RR bridge. This
railroad bridge was sampled in place of the Harbor Belt Rail-
road bridge when the sampling program was initiated. Samp-
ling at this station was discontinued in November in favor
of the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad bridge which is closer
to the State line. Total coliform values at this station
ranged from 5,600,000 to 3,000. The average value was
1,400,000 and the median value was 540,000. These values are
a little less than the corresponding values found 3,000 feet
upstream. Fecal Streptococci values ranged from 260,000 to
less than 1 (one) with an average value of 35,000 and a mean
of 8,000. It should be noted that although the maximum
values are about the same at both stations, the average and
median values are a little greater than found just upstream.
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68
Grover Cook
However, of 12 fecal coliform samples, the maximum, minimum,
average and median values at this station were about double
those found at the Indiana Harbor Railroad bridge. The area
adjacent to the stream between these two bridges is an in-
dustrial area.
Grand Calumet River at Broadway Avenue
The Grand Calumet river at Broadway Avenue in Gary
was one of the initial stations sampled by the Project. This
station is near the headwaters of the Grand Calumet River and
the flow consists mainly of industrial wastes discharged by
the U. S. Steel Company, Gary Works. Since the Steel Company
has additional outfalls downstream from this point and their
dredge operated on both sides of this station, sampling at
this station was discontinued after eight weeks in favor of
sampling at 151st Street and the Indiana Harbor Canal. The
eight samples collected show evidence of sanitary wastes.
Total coliform values ranged from 2,700 to 36,000 with an
average of 10,000 and a median of 6,200. Fecal Streptococci
values ranged from 540 to 3300 with an average of 1500 and
a median of 950.
Grand Calumet River at Pennsylvania
Railroad Bridge
This station is located just upstream of the Gary
Sewage Treatment Plant where the wastewater flow from U. S.
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69
Grover Cook
Steel still forms almost the entire stream flow. Compared
with the Broadway station the total coliform counts have in-
creased with a maximum value of 1,900,000 and a minimum
value of 5,300. The average of 21 samples was 254,000 and
the median 104,000. Fecal Streptococci ranged from 70 to
29,000 with an average of 2,734 and a median of 800. Thir-
teen fecal coliform samples had counts that varied from
4800 to 160,000. The average was 37,000 and the median
19,000. These values are not much lower than the GLIRB
project found with 19 samples in 1963 at Industrial Highway,
which is below the outfall of the Gary Sewage Treatment
Plant. The Grand Calumet River is grossly polluted by sani-
tary wastes even before it receives the wastes from any muni-
cipal sewage treatment plant.
Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st Street
This sampling station was added the latter part of
August, to obtain information on the quality of water after
the two sections of the Grand Calumet have joined together
to form the Indiana Harbor Canal. This station is below the
outfalls of the Gary, Hammond and E. Chicago Sewage Treatment
Plants. E. Chicago is the only one of these three municipal
sewage treatment plants which, at present, chlorinates its
effluent. The total coliform counts at this station ranged
from 33,000 to 4,300,000 with an average value of 1,500,000
-------
70
Grover Cook
and a median value of 1,000,000. Fecal Streptococci counts
varied from 400 to 28,000 with an average of 5,000 and a
median of 1,000. Fecal coliform counts averaged 80,000 but
varied from 1,000 to 190,000. The median value was 68,000.
Twenty total coliform samples by the GLIRB Project at this
location in 1963 varied between 19,000 and 2,500,000 with
an average value of 380,000. Eighteen fecal Streptococci
samples averaged 5,400 but varied from 100 to 40,000. Com-
parable total coliform values are now double the values found
in the summer of 1963, although fecal Streptococci counts
are about the same.
Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road
Dickey Road is the last highway crossing the
Indiana Harbor Canal before it discharges to Lake Michigan.
The dry weather flow at this station is estimated to be
about 800 cubic feet per second (cfs). Twenty samples at
this station gave total coliform counts ranging from 57,000 to
2,700,000 with an average value of 680,000 and a median
value of 330,000. Fecal Streptococci counts for these
samples varied from 7,800 to 14,000 with an average of 3,300
and a median of 2,100. Ten fecal coliform samples had
counts that varied from 4,200 to 190,000 with an average
count of 84,000. The median value was 69,000, Indiana Water
Quality Data for this station for the period from January,
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71
Grover Cook
1963 to April, 1965 show total coliform counts as high as
25,000,000 and a minimum value of 24,000. The average value
was 3,500,000 and the median value was 200,000. The
bacterial quality of the water in the canal at this station
shows gross pollution. Although few pleasure boats use this
canal, this is a busy channel for commercial shipping and
tugs. Handling of lines that have fallen in this water or
spray from the tugs' bow wave can form a health hazard to
the men involved.
Indiana Harbor Canal - Inner Light
(Mouth of Canal)
This sampling station is located at the mouth of
the Indiana Harbor Canal just prior to the turning basins.
This is a boat station and weather conditions have at times
prevented sampling at the two stations in Indiana Harbor.
Total coliform counts for five samples varied from 830,000
to 57,000 with an average value of 240,000 and a median value
of 110,000. Fecal Streptococci values varied from 30 to
1,000 with an average value of 430 and a median value of 250.
Three total coliform samples had values of 340, 450, and
17,000.
Indiana Harbor - Outer Light (East
Breakwall Inner Light, as given on
Navigation Charts.)
This station is located just downstream of the
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72
Grover Cook
turning basins and about 2,500 feet upstream from where the
canal discharges into Lake Michigan at the end of the break-
wall. The average dry weather flow at this station is esti-
mated to be about 2300 cfs which is about three times the
dry weather flow at Dickey Road. Five total coliform samples
at this station varied from 2,000 to 270,000 with an average
value of 94,000 and a median value of 87,000. Fecal Strep-
tococci counts varied from 40 to 11,000 for an average of
2,400 and a median value of 140. Three fecal coliform
samples had counts of 290, 760 and 8,600. Since these samples
were taken when Lake Michigan was fairly calm the reduction
in bacteriological counts from those found at Dickey Road
are probably due mainly to the dilution resulting from the
increased flow and possible toxic effect of the industrial
waste flows originating between the two points. Even so,
this represents a gross amount of bacterial pollution which
is being discharged into Lake Michigan in the vicinity of
municipal water intakes and bathing beaches. The water in
the turning basins is usually yellow from pickle liquor
wastes, which has a high sulfuric acid content.
Wolf Lake at Indiana-Illinois
State Line
Sampling at this station was initiated in the
middle of October. There is a causeway dividing Wolf Lake
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73
Grover Cook
at the State line with several culverts to allow drainage
from the Indiana side to flow through to the Illinois side
then out to the Calumet River and down the Illinois waterway.
Six samples collected at the outlet of the culvert, repre-
senting the quality of the water that has flowed across the
State line, had a total coliform count ranging from 60 to
5,400 with an average value of 1,700 and a median value of
930. Fecal Streptococci counts for these samples varied
from less than one to 120 with an average of 33 and a median
value of less than one. Fecal coliform counts varied from
less than one to 100 with an average of 36 and a median
value of 6. This lake is used extensively for recreation in
the form of swimming, boating, water skiing and fishing.
Although these samples were taken after the normal recreation
season, the water appears to be of satisfactory bacteriolog-
ical quality.
Wolf Lake Channel
This sampling station is located on Wolf Lake out-
let about 3,000 feet downstream from Wolf Lake. The six
samples obtained at this station since mid-October had total
coliform counts that varied from 60 to 1,600 with an average
value of 700 and a median value of 250. Fecal Streptococci
counts varied from 15 to 220 with an average of 90 and a
median value of 30. Fecal coliform counts varied from less
than one to 190 with an average of 47 and a median value of
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74
Grover Cook
five. These counts are a little higher than the counts at
the State line. This could be partly due to surface runoff
entering the ditch below the outlet of Wolf Lake.
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75
Grover Cook
VI. CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY
Introduction
Stream and harbor stations were sampled for chemical
analysis in addition to bacteriological data. Samples were
collected on a once-a-week basis at the midpoint of the stream
and at mid-depth or ten feet in the case of navigable waters.
Samples were immediately preserved and/or iced where required
in accordance with procedures established in "Standard Methods
for Examination of Water and Wastewater, I960." Laboratory
analysis on samples subject to deterioration was initiated
on the same day they were collected.
The location of the sampling station and results of
the chemical analysis is presented in Tables VI-1 to VI-6.
This data covers the period from June 24 to October 26, 1965.
The river mileage from the mouth of the Illinois River is
given for each station so that the distance in miles between
stations can be determined. Also the number of samples ana-
lyzed is given in parenthesis after the name of the station.
Variations from this number for specified parameters are noted
at the bottom of the table.
(Tables V-l through V-6 follow;)
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI -I 76
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
GRAND CALUMET RIVER
At Broadway
At Penn. RR
2. Grand Calumet R.
at Penn. R.R. Bridge -GC 336.4(19)*
1. Grand Calumet R.
at Broadway -GC 339.6(10)*
Parameter
Max
Win Mean Medlar
Max
Min Mean Median
PH
DO
BOD
COD
Sulfates
NH3- N
N03- N
Org.- N
Tot. P04
Tot. Sol.
Total Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
mgs./L
ug/L
7-2
6.0
17
59
186
3-7
7-5
7-3
0.93
0.32
23
100
* 0.19
70
6.5
1.1
5.7
7-9
29
0.87
0.32
0.06
0.10
0.00
2.7
0
0.00
26
6.7
3-6
9-8
32
56
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.28
0.08
7.9
28
0-.03
44
365 170 245
6.9
3.7
8.5
39
49
1.6
0.69
1.6
0.2*4
0.06
6.6
22
0.01
39
235
7.6
4.3
8.1
145
40
2.5
0.88
3.0
0.34
0.11
38
7-0
1.6
3-7
25
24
1.4
0.20
0.47
0.12
o.o4
3-8
7-3
3.3
5.8
62
30
2.1
0.53
2.3
0.21
0.06
15
7-3
3.4
4.9
46
30
2.2
0.48
2.6
0.20
0.05
7.1
331 146 207 195
0.30 0.09 0.19 0.17
* Number denotes river milage point from river mouth. Number in parenthesis
denotes the number of samples for each parameter with these exceptions:
17 Cyanide samples 9 dis. Solids 7 Cyanide samples
10 Suspended Solids
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI-2
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
At I5l8t- St.
At Dickey Rd.
77
4. Indiana Harbor
at Dickey Road
Parameter
PH MM*
DO mgs . /L
BOD
COD "
Sulfates "
KB?- If "
N03- N "
Org.- N
Tot. PO^ "
Tot. Sol. POj^ "
Total Iron "
Phenol ug/L
_ . , "^-flA
Cyanide V
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Canal
IHC 334.
flax
7-3
2.9
11
48
77
3-1
3-5
3.8
0.91
0.57
3.8
42
0.00
23
34o
6 (19)*
Mln
6.3
0.0
3.5
0.0
46
1.1
0.31
O.o8
0.24
0.01
0.88
1
0.00
6
240
Mean
7-
0.
6.
23
65
2.
1.
1.
0.
0.
2.
20
0.
14
260
0
3
3
3
1
9
57
26
4
00
Mediar
7-
0.
5-
20
66
2.
1.
2.
0.
0.
2.
20
0.
12
300
0
0
5
4
1
1
53
29
2
00
. Indiana Harbor Canal /at
151st St. IH 331.9 (9)*
Max
7-3
5.0
12
65
71
4.0
2.2
4.3
k.6
0.64
5-7
41
0.17
59
640
Min
6.7
2:1
4.4
7-7
50
0.77
0.23
0.30
0.52
0.19
0.78
9
o.oo
16
240
Mean
7.
3-
7-
29
56
1.
1.
1.
l.
0.
2.-
19
0.
30
315
0
6
9
8
2
5
3
49
4
03
Median
7.1
3.8
7-3
14
56
2.3
1.1
1.3
0.81
0.48
1.6
15
0.00
27
280
* Number denotes river milage point from river mouth. Humber in parenthesis
denotes the number of times parameters were sampled with these exceptions:
18 Cyanide 10 Sus. Solids
9 Dis. Solids
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI-3
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
INDIANA HARBOR
At Inshore Light
At Breakwater Light
78
6. Indiana Harbor at Harbor
Light (Breakwater) IHC 336.
Parameter
PH
DO
BOD
COD
Sulfates
NH3- N
N03- N
Org.- N
Tot . PO.
Tot. Sol. PO^
Total Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Max
7-3
mgs./L 6.1
13
* 67
" 5!*
" 1.1*
0.59
l.i*
0.21
0.12
3.0
ffig/L 7
**$'*" 0.01
13
255
2(6)*
Min
6.
1.
2.
8.
32
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0
0.
3
230
9
9
3
1*
38
26
10
06
03
3
00
Mean
7
1*
1*
20
1*5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1*
0
5
175
.1
.2
.5
.89
.1*2
.73
.11*
.07
• 9
.00
Median
7-
1*.
3-
8.
50
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
3
0.
5.
235
1
2
0
6
73
1*1*
71
15
07
7
00
0
5. Indiana Harbor at
Light (inshore) IHC
Max
7-3
5-9
9.1
67
62
1A
0.7!*
1-7
0.23
0.10
5.0
21
0.01
105
255
Miri
6-9
2.1*
2.8
0.0
31*
0.75
0.29
0.30
0.08
0.03
2.1
6
0.00
10
215
Mean
7-1
3A
1*.8
20
51
1.1
0.1*2
1.1
0.16
0.06
3-1
12
0.00
36
21*0
Hrbr.
335 -.7(6)*
Median
7-1
2.1*
3-7
9.3
51*
1.1
—
1.3
0.15
0.06
2.6
9
0.00
13
250
* Number denotes river milage point from river mouth. Number in parenthesis
denotes the number of times parameters were sampled with these exceptions:
!»• Sus. Solids 3 Dis. Solids It- Sus. Solids 3 Dis. Solids
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI-4
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
GRAND CALUMET RIVER
At INDIANA HARBOR Belt R.R.
At B. 8. 0. C.T. R.R. Br.
79
8. Grand Calumet
at B & OCT RR
Parameter
pH
DO mgs . /L
BOD
COD
Sulfates "
NH3- N
N03- N
Org.- N
Tot. PC],. "
Tot. Sol. P0\i "
Total Iron
Phenol ug/L
Cyanide **fl^L
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
R.
Bridge GC 328.0(19)*
Max
7.2
8.9
25
113
233
14
17
16
4o
31
6.6
38
0.12
83
760
Min
3.
0.
3-
18
80
0.
0.
0.
2.
1.
0.
0
0.
8
325
7
0
9
93
45
19
7
7
76
00
Mean
6.6
3-2
13
56
165
6.7
5-4
6.0
13
9-5
3.2
14
0.01
29
600
|7. Grand Calumet R.at Indiana
jHrbr.Belt RR Br. GC 328-5(9)*
Mediar
6.
2.
12
53
168
5-
4.
5-
11
6.
2.
10
0.
22
695
9
3
7
2
2
9
1
00
Max
7.
5.
20
108
282
7-
13
3-
12
9-
17
46
0.
155
705
2
4
8
7
2
12
Min
6.5
0.0
4.6
16
52
1.2
1.2
0.05
5.4
1.3
0.27
4
0.00
7
58
Mean
7-0
2.7
11
47
179
2.9
5-3
0.90
7-7
5-3
2.8
18
0.02
38
480
Median
7.0
2.7
7-3
26
179
2.4
4.6
1.8
6.9
5-5
0.82
16
0.00
20
54o
* Number denotes river milage point from river mouth.
denotes number of times parameters were sampled with
10 Sus. Solids
9 Dis. Solids
Number in parenthesis
these exceptions:
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI-5
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
Calumet River ot Mouth
Calumet Harbor at Mid-Channel
80
9. Calumet River
at Mouth -CR 333
Parameter
PH
DO mgs./L
BOD
COD "
Sulfates "
NH3- N
N03- N
Org.- N
Tot. PO^
Tot. Sol. PO^ "
Total Iron
Phenol 'u^ft't~
Cyanide ^f^L
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
.k
(ID*
Max
8
9
3
74
26
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
76
280
.0
.4
• 7
•39
.41
.60
.25
.23
.3
.01
Min
7-
7-
1.
0.
19
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0.
2
8
1
0
9
16
17
Ok
02
02
23
00
Mean
7-9
8.1
1.8
17
2k
0.24
0.28
0.27
0.12
0.08
0.98
2
0.00
22
160 195
Median
7-
8.
1.
8.
24
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
0.
18
185
9
1
5
9
22
28
29
80
05
72
00
10. Calumet Harbor, State Line
& Mid-Channel CR 334.0(10)*
Max
8.0
10
2.1
26
37
0.27
0.53
0.51
0.78
0.29
1.8
3
0.01
17
195
Min
7-7
7.0
1.0
0.0
19
0.10
0.17
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.09
0
0.00
1
155
Mean
7-9
8.5
1.5
9.0
25
0.19
0.27
0.26
0.15
0.08
0.52
1
0.00
8
175
Median
7-9
8.3
1.6
5-9
24
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.06
o.o4
0.18
0
0.00
6
170
Number shows river milage point from river mouth. Number in parenthesis
denotes number of times parameters were sampled with these exceptions:
8 Sus. Solids 7 Dis. Solids 7 Sus. Solids 6 Dis. Solids
-------
CHICAGO
TABLE VI -6 81
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER
At Wentworth Ave.
11. Little Calumet R.
at Wentworth Av. LC
Parameter
PH
DO
BOD
COD
Sulfates
NH3- N
N03- N
Org.-N
Tot. PO^
Tot. Sol. PO^
Total Iron
Phenol
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Max
8.8
mgs . /L 5-0
35
79
310
3-7
k.k
8.6
Ik
9-7
3-8
ug/L 38
332.2(19)*
Min Mean
7-1 7A
0.0 1.8
3-9 13
5-9 1*5
57 172
0.1*2 2.1
o.Ok 1.3
0.13 3-2
1.5 5-3
0.51 3-1*
O.U5 1.5
o 8
**f'L 0.12 0.00 0.01
705
6Uo
17 175
no 1*70
Median
7-3
1.5
10
51
170
2.1
0.72
2.8
fc-5
3-6
1.2
6
0.00
1*1
505
* Number denotes river milage point from river mouth. Number in parenthesis
denotes number of times parameters were sampled with these exceptions:
17 Cyanide 10 Sus. Solids
10 Dis. Solids
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82
Grover Cook
The Wolf Lake and Wolf Lake Outlet were not included
in these tables since only two weeks of chemical data was
available at the cutoff date. The chemical analysis for
Calumet Harbor at the State Line and Mid-Channel stations have
been combined in this report.
The chemical analysis on these samples were per-
formed in accordance with methods agreed upon at the Calumet
Area Enforcement-Laboratory Director's Meeting. At this
meeting, held on April 29, 1965, the six laboratory conferees
discussed the methods to be used by all laboratories concerned
with the Calumet Area Surveillance Activities.
Stream and Harbor Sampling
Grand Calumet River at Broadway Avenue GC 339.6
This station was sampled for chemical analysis for
ten weeks before it was abandoned in favor of a station of
Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st Street. The closest station
that the GLIRB Project sampled in 1963 was at Virginia Street
about four-tenths of a mile further upstream. Comparing the
results of 20 samples obtained in August and September of
1963 with the results obtained in 1965, values for pH, Dis-
solved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Nitrate
nitrogen remained about the same.
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83
Grover Cook
Grand Calumet River at Pennsylvania
R.R. Bridge GC336.4
The closest station for historical data is four-
tenths of a mile downstream from the Pennsylvania Railroad
bridge at Industrial Highway, but in this four-tenths of a
mile the Gary Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant discharges its
effluent after secondary treatment. Therefore, this municipal
waste discharge has to be taken into account in comparing
chemical analysis. The nineteen samples taken in 1965 have
about the same range of values as the 20 samples taken a
little further downstream by the GLIRB Project in 1963 for DO
and phosphates; BOD, COD, pH and Ammonia Nitrogen values
are a little lower at the upstream station while Nitrate
nitrogen and dissolved solids were much higher in 1965 than
corresponding 1963 values.
Indiana Harbor at 151st Street IH 331.9
This sampling station was added in the latter part
of August, so there are only nine weeks of sampling informa-
tion available for 1965. The GLIRB Project obtained 20
samples at this station during August and September, 1963.
Comparing the two sets of data it is noted that the phosphates
have nearly doubled. In 1963 the average value of 20
samples was 0.61 mg/1. 1965 sampling shows the average
value has increased to 1.3 mg/1. The new maximum phosphate
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84
Grover Cook
value also doubled at this station since the 1963 sampling.
Dissolved solids have also increased substantially since the
GLIRBP sampling. However, the BOD and COD have been reduced
with a corresponding increase in the DO since 1963. Also,
phenols show a substantial reduction, particularly with re-
spect to the maximum value which is now only one-tenth the
1963 value. Ammonia nitrogen and the pH have declined
slightly and the nitrate nitrogen has increased slightly
with the increased availability of oxygen in the stream. The
suspended solids remained about the same.
Indiana Harbor Canal at
Dickey Road IHC 334.6
Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road was not included
in the 1963 sampling program for the GLIRB Project. Therefore
the data is compared with the data at 151st Street, two and
a half miles upstream. At Dickey Road the dry weather flow
has increased an estimated 50 cfs over the flow at 151st
Street. This additional flow consists of industrial wastes.
It should be noted that the DO has dropped to zero for over
50 per cent of the time. The BOD has remained about the
same, but the COD is lower than obtained by the previous
sampling at 151st Street. Phosphates and iron show a re-
duction as do suspended and dissolved solids but phenols re-
main unchanged between the two stations.
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85
Grover Cook
Indiana Harbor at Harbor Light
(Inshore) IHC 335.7
This sampling station is located at the mouth of the
Indiana Harbor Canal just upstream of the turning basins at
Inland and Youngstown Steel Companies. This is a boat station
and could only be sampled under favorable weather conditions.
Our 20-foot boat was moored at the Calumet Coast Guard Station
and rough water in Lake Michigan often prevented sampling at
this station. Therefore, the results of only six sampling
periods in 1965 are available. In July and September of 1963,
the GLIRB Project conducted two extensive sampling cruises
in this area of Lake Michigan. Comparing ten DO samples taken
on these two cruises with 1965 sampling indicates that the
dissolved oxygen present in the stream has increased. The
average DO increased from 2.5 mg/1 in 1963 to 3.4 mg/1 in
1965. The average value for phenols showed a reduction from
26 wg/1 in 1963 for 17 samples to 12 ug/1 for the six samples
in 1965. However, the average sulfates increased slightly
from 42 mg/1 in 1963 to 51 mg/1 in 1965. The ammonia nitrogen
and pH values have remained about constant with a slight
drop in the dissolved solids value.
Indiana Harbor at Harbor Light
(Breakwater) IHC 336.2
This station is located in the center of the channel
opposite the East Breakwall inner light where the water
-------
86
Grover Cook
quality monitor is located. As noted in the bacteriological
section of this report, the average dry weather flow at this
station is about 2300 cfs, and except when strong north winds
persist and push lake water back up the channel, the quality
of water measured at this station represents the level of
pollution being discharged to Lake Michigan. The collection
of samples for full chemical analysis at this station will be
continued for comparison with the output of the monitoring
station.
Weather conditions prevented sampling of this sta-
tion, particularly during the fall months, so that only six
samples were collected in 1965. The results of the sampling
in July and September of 1963 by the GLIRB Project would
indicate that there has been a slight increase in the dis-
solved oxygen content of the water in the harbor. The ten
samples in 1963 varied from 0.4 to 2.6 mg/1 with an average of
1.6 mg/1, while the average for six samples in 1965 was
4.2 mg/1 with no values as low as the 1963 average value.
Phenols also show an improvement. Seventeen values for
samples collected in 1963 ranged from 2 to 127 jig/1 with an
average value of 43^g/l. In 1965 the highest value recorded
was 7 jig/1 with an average value of 4jig/l. The dissolved
solids and ammonia nitrogen also show some reduction in value
over the past two years. The pH has shown just a slight
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87
Grover Cook
increase and the sulfates remained about the same. In general
the changes in water quality at the two Indiana Harbor
stations, based on the results of the 1963 and 1965 sampling-
periods, tend to agree with each other and to show an improve-
ment for phenols and dissolved oxygen. However, the six
samples obtained in 1965 are not a sufficient base on which
to form rigid conclusions.
Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor Belt
Railroad Bridge GC 328.5
In 1963 the GLIRB Project sampled the Grand Calumet
River at Hohman Avenue during August and September. This
station is two-tenths of a mile upstream and across the State
line in Indiana from the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge.
During the early sampling period in 1965 the Grand Calumet
River was sampled at the B&O C.T. Railroad Bridge. Therefore,
data from only nine samples are available for present water
quality. However, the B&O C.T. Railroad Bridge is only five-
tenths of a mile further downstream and 19 samples were col-
lected at that station. Although the dissolved oxygen
values show a general increase since the 1963 sampling, the
DO still went down to zero for at least one sample and the
average value is still low. The average BOD and COD for the
20 samples in 1963 and the nine samples in 1965 are about the
same, but the maximum value for COD in 1965 was
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88
Grover Cook
substantially higher than in 1963. Suspended solids have
decreased somewhat but the average for dissolved solids has
increased. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen have in-
creased substantially since the previous sampling period. The
average phosphate value increased from 6.2 mg/1 in 1963 to
7.7 mg/1 in 1965.
Grand Calumet River at B&O C.T.
Railroad Bridge GC 328.0
Nineteen weekly samples were collected at this
station before it was discontinued in favor of the Indiana
Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge station just upstream and closer
to the State line. The Hohman Avenue station is the closest
point on which historical data is available. This section
of the Grand Calumet River is quite industrialized. The
median value of dissolved oxygen for the 19 samples collected
in 1965 was 2.3 mg/1, which, although still quite low, is
above the maximum value obtained from 20 samples in 1963. It
should be noted, however, that three of the 20 samples showed
a zero DO and two others had a DO of less than 1.0 mg/1. The
average BOD was about the same, but the COD was a little
higher in 1965, as compared to 1963. Ammonia nitrogen and
the nitrate nitrogen content of the water have both increased
since the 1963 sampling period. The average value of
ammonia nitrogen increased from 3.4 mg/1 in 1963 to 6.7 mg/1
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89
Grover Cook
in 1965 and the nitrate nitrogen from 1.2 mg/1 to 5.4 mg/1
during the same period. Phosphates increased from an average
value of 6.2 rag/1 in 1963 to 13 mg/1 in 1965. Suspended
and dissolved solids values remained about the same for both
sampling periods.
Calumet River at Mouth CR 333.4
This station, located at the mouth of the Calumet
River, is a boat station. Therefore, sampling is subject
to weather conditions and only 11 samples were obtained during
the 1965 study period. Since the O'Brien locks have been put
into operation and the lake levels have increased slightly
over their 1964 low, the flow in the Calumet River is general-
ly away from Lake Michigan. However, the U. S. Steel Company,
South Works, has industrial waste discharges into Calumet
Harbor, the slip at the north end of the harbor, and into
the Calumet River itself. Dr. Kaplovsky, of the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, stated at one of the
meetings of the Calumet Area Technical Committee that the
Sanitary District planned on passing about 200 to 250 cfs throug
the O'Brien locks. These locks are located about six and one-
half miles downstream from the sampling station. Therefore
the drainage from the area, including Wolf Lake, and other
industrial waste flows are included in this 200 cfs. There-
fore, at times there would be little, if any, current away
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90
Grover Cook
from the lake at the sampling station.
There is no historical data at this station with
which to compare the 1965 values. Even if there were, the
present operation of the O'Brien locks would void most of the
comparability of the two sets of data. However, comparing the
present data to sampling by the GLIRB Project in the center of
the harbor during July and September of 1963, the values for
pH, DO, sulfate, ammonia nitrogen, and phenols all appear to
have the same average values and cover about the same range
of values for each of the parameters.
Calumet Harbor at State Line and Mid-Channel CR 334.0
The data from the sampling stations in Calumet
Harbor have been combined for this analysis giving a total of
ten samples. During July and most of August the harbor was
sampled at the State Line opposite the entrance to the Calumet
River. Beginning with the last week in August the sampling
point was moved to a point about 3,500 feet from the entrance
to the river. The station was moved because it is believed
that the new location will give a more representative sample
of the water quality in this harbor. The normal summer
current pattern as shown in Figure V-5 indicates that the
original sampling station would not adequately monitor the
wastes discharged into the Calumet harbor by U. S. Steel Com-
pany north of the Calumet River.
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91
Grover Cook
Comparing the 1965 data with the results of the
GLIRB Project's sampling in July and September, 1963 shows
that there has been little change in the pH or sulfates con-
tent of the water. The dissolved oxygen content of the water
in the harbor has increased slightly, and a small decrease
in the ammonia nitrogen content is noted. Eighteen phenol
samples in 1963 ranged in value from zero to 5.3 yg/1 with
an average of 1.4 jjg/lo In 1965 the maximum value of ten
samples was 3^ig/l, the minimum and median value was zero,
and the average value was only l^ug/1.
Little Calumet River at Wentworth Ave. LC 332.2
This sampling station is located about a half-mile
downstream from the Illinois-Indiana State line on the
Little Calumet River. The closest sampling point for historic
data is just over a mile upstream at Hohman /venue, where
from 11 to 20 analyses on samples were obtained by the GLIRB
Project in August and September 1963. All 20 samples in 1963
had a DO of zero while 19 samples in 1965 had a median DO
value of 1.5, although three of the samples had a value of
zero and five others had a value of less than 1 rag/1. How-
ever, a maximum value of almost 5 mg/1 was attained by two
samples. The BOD and COD values shows a notable reduction
since the 1963 sampling period. The average value for BOD
dropped from 20 mg/1 in 1963 to 13 mg/1 in 1965. The average
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92
Grover Cook
value of COD for 11 samples in 1963 was 61 mg/1, while the
average value for 19 samples in 1965 was 45 rag/1. The
average values for ammonia nitrogen shows a similar reduction
from 6.7 mg/1 to 2.1 mg/1. As expected with the increase in
dissolved oxygen, the average nitrate nitrogen sample showed an
increase from 0.3 mg/1 to 1.3 mg/1. Phosphates also show a
reduction in their average values dropping from 10 mg/1 in
1963 to 5.3 mg/1 in 1965. A large reduction was also noted
in suspended and dissolved solids. The average value for sus-
pended solids dropped from 175 mg/1 in 1963 to 35 mg/1 in
1965, while the dissolved solids dropped from 610 mg/1 to
470 mg/1 during the same period. As noted in the bacteriology
section of this report, the increase in the quality of water
at this station, as noted by comparing the 1965 results with
those obtained in 1963 is probably due, in part at least, to
the treatment of a part of the domestic wastes of the com-
munities of Highland and Griffith by the Hammond Municipal
Sewage Treatment Plant.
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93
Grover Cook
VII BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS
In March, 1965 a project biologist made a three-day
biological survey of the Calumet Area. Observations from
this survey are given in Table VII-1. The stations are
located on a map of the area in Figure VII-1. Comparing the
biological data obtained in March 1965 with surveys in 1961
indicates that there had been no substantial change in the
biological conditions either for the better or worse in the
Calumet Area in the past five years.
(Table VII-1 and Figure VII-1 follow:)
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94
TABLE VII-1
CALUMET AREA BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, MARCH 17-19,
Station
Secchi
Disc (ro)
Grand Calumet River
GC 344.8 0.25
GC 336.0
GC 332.2
GC 331-1
GC 325-8
Indiana Harbor
IB 331-9
IH 335-2
IH 335-5
Indiana Harbor
1
2
3
Thorn Creek
TC 330.3
Little Calumet
LC 351-1
LC 337-2
LC 33^-9
LC 328.0
Thornton Road
LC 319.7
LC 320.1
LC 322.4
Calumet River
CR 327.0
CR 328.1
CR 333-0
Calumet Harbor
1
p
3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.50
Canal
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.75
l.CO
To bottom
River
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.4
1-5
2-5
D.O.
ffig/1
4.4
5.4
4.0
5-7
2.9
3-0
3-0
_
3.7
5.4
5-5
6.9
4.6
0.0
8.8
9.7
3-3
2.9
2.0
2.9
3-6
1-7
7.2
7-7
8.2
8.9
PH
7.4o
7-30
7.25
7-45
7.80
7-05
8.65
_
8.50
8.00
8.00
8.50
8.15
7-80
3.20
8.30
7-90
8.25
8.15
8.30
8.30
7.90
8.30
8.30
8.20
8.20
Temp.
°C
23.00
21i25
22.00
19.00
21.00
22.00
21.50
21.00
21.50
17.00
19.00
18.00
17-50
21.00
19.00
18.00
17.50
17-50
19.50
20.00
22.0
23-5
17-0
18.0
15-0
16.0
Depth
(m)
1.0
1.5
1.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
6.5
6.5
5.5
10.0
7-5
0.5
0.7
0-3
0.3
0.5
0.5
1.0
2.0
3-0
4.5
5-5
7-0
9.0
9.0
10.5
Bottom Type
Iron particles
Ooze
Ooze, Detri.
Ooze
Ooze, sand
Ooze, silt
Ooze
Ooze
Ooze
Ooze
Ooze
Ooze, silt, sand
Black ooze
Ooze, silt
Sand, Detritus
Gravel
Silt, sand
Silt, sand
Ooze, silt
Ooze
Clay
Clay, ooae , sand
Rust color ooze
Ooze, silt
Clay, silt
Silt
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95
TABLE VII-1
(Continued)
Station
Bottom Odor Water Odor
Notes
Predominate
Organisms
Grand Calumet R.
GC 3^.8 Petro
GC 336.0
GC 332.2
GC 331-1
GC 325.8
Sewage
Sewage, Petro
Sewage
Sewage
Sewage,Petro
Heavy oil slicks,
rusty water color
Oil slicks, oily banks "
Murky,0il slicks, "
slimy banks
Slime & algae on bottom "
Murky,black oily patches"
None observed
Indiana Hrbr. Canal
IH 331-9 Sewage,Petro
IH 335-2
IH 333-5
Sewage
Petro
Sewage,Petro
Turbid, murky
Murky,oil slicks,
dk. brown color
None observed
Indiana Harbor
1 Sewage,Petro
Murky,oil slicks
Lt.brown,murky,oil
slicks
Sewage,Petro
None observed
Sludgeworms
Leeches,saails
Thorn Creek
TC 330.3 Sewage
Sewage
Debris, algae cov.
rocks
None observed
Little Calumet R.
LC 351-1 Sewage, Petro
LC 337.2 Raw Sewage
LC 33^.9
LC 328.0 Sewage
Thronton Rd. "
LC 319.7
LC 320.1
LC 233.4
Calumet River
CR 327.0 Normal
CR 328.1 Sewage
CR 333.0 Dead fish
Calumet Harbor
1 Petro
2 Metallic
3 Normal
Sewage
it
Normal
Sewage
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Water greenish, marshy Sludgeworms,
bloodworms
Abundant blue -greens None observed
" " Sludgeworms,
bloodworms,
mayfly
Green water color Oligochaeta
" " " Sludgeworms
Water greenish, oil slicks "
Water brownish, "
Oil along shores "
Oil slicks Ncne observed
" ", brownish water "
Purple wtr, popcorn slag " "
Water red-brown, dead Leeches, sludge -
ale wives worms,
sphaeriid clams
Dead alewives Sphaeriid clams,
sludgeworms
Water clearer Sphaeriid clams,
sludgeworms
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97
Grover Cook
The Calumet Area Surveillance Project also installed
Dendy type biological samplers in the streams in the Calumet
Area. These Samplers were made of a series of 4" square
plates made of 1/8" masonite with 1" square pieces of masonite
as spacers. The larger squares painted with fiber glass resin
and sprinkled with either crushed clam shells, coarse sand or
hardwood sawdust and shavings. Eleven of these plates with
spacers between are placed on a 1/4" threaded rod to form one
sampler. Each sampler has ten slots, five of the slots
covered on each face with one substrate material and five with
a second type of surface.
Seven of these samplers were placed in the Little
Calumet and Grand Calumet Rivers and the Indiana Harbor Canal
during the week of October 4-8, and were retrieved in early
November. Bottom samples were also obtained at each location
so that a comparison of the organisms found on the Dendy
sampler to an equal area of stream bottom could be made.
Bloodworms and sludgeworms were present at most
of the locations. In addition, pulmonate snails were found
on the sample removed from the Grand Calumet River at the
Indianapolis Boulevard station. These are all pollution-
tolerant organisms.
Six Dendy type samplers were also placed on the
Calumet River and one in Wolf Lake. The location of the Dendy
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Grover Cook
samplers is shown in Figure VII-1. Bottom samples were also
obtained at these locations when the samplers were removed.
The information gained from these biological surveys
will provide valuable reference data on which to evaluate
any future changes in biological conditions and water quality.
* * *
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99
Grover Cook
My summary is as follows:
Introduction
A conference on pollution of the interstate waters
of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet
River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries
(Indiana-Illinois), called by the Secretary of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare under the provisions of Section 8 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1961 as amended, was
held in Chicago, Illinois, March 2-9, 1965.
Recommendation No. 14 of the Summary of the confer-
ence provided that: "Surveillance will be the primary res-
ponsibility of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sani-
tary District of Greater Chicago. The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare will make available a resident tech-
nical group and visiting groups of experts which will assist
the State agencies and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago at such time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965, and the
State of Illinois, on April 16, 1965, requested an extensive
sampling program by the Federal government to monitor the
water quality in the Calumet Area. These requests accompanied
sampling programs proposed by them within their respective
jurisdictions. The Metropolitan Sanitary District also
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100
Grover Cook
cooperated in laboratory programs and in special studies that
have been conducted on effluent chlorination at one of their
sewage treatment plants.
Scope
The report presents an evaluation of present water
quality in the Calumet Area based primarily on the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare's Surveillance activity.
However, all agencies cooperated in studies of the bacteriolog-
ical quality of the water at six beaches. Those data are
presented in this report. The chemical, physical, micro-
biological and biological data from stream and harbor stations
are those obtained from Surveillance Project activities only
and do not include information from the monitoring work of
the other agencies. They will discuss their findings later
in the conference.
The beaches that were sampled bacteriologically
were:
Rainbow
Outer Calumet
Inner Calumet
Hammond
Whiting
East Chicago
Stream and harbor stations sampled routinely by
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100 a
Grover Cook
the Calumet Area Surveillance Project were as follows. I
think Mr. Ray Johnson is pointing these out, but I can't see
him from here.
Little Calumet River at Wentworth Avenue.
Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
Bridge.
Grand Calumet River at B.O. Terminal Bridge.
Grand Calumet River at Broadway
Grant Calumet River at Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge.
Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st Street.
Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road.
Indiana Harbor Canal Inner Light.
Indiana Harbor Canal Outer Light.
Calumet Harbor at Mouth of Calumet River.
Calumet Harbor on State Line
Calumet Harbor at Mid Channel
Wolf Lake at State Line
Wolf Lake Channel
Biological observations were made at the above stations and
at 11 additional stations throughout the area.
In addition to the normal sampling program, two
continuous automatic monitors are being installed. One is
located on the Indiana Harbor Canal, and one will be located
on the Calumet River. Two more monitors will be installed
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101
Grover Cook
later in the year.
Six water level recording stations have been in-
stalled on the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor
Canal. Data from these gages and from U. S. Geological Survey
and Metropolitan Sanitary District gages on other streams of
the area, will be used for stream flow calculations in the
Calumet system.
Summary of Findings
1. Beaches. Individual coliform bacteria densities
determined by the Calumet Surveillance Project at the six
beaches ranged from near zero to about 360,000 per 100 ml.
The following is a list of beaches and the per cent of time
from June 1, 1965 to September 15, 1965 that the water quality
did not meet the Proposed Calumet Area Technical Committee
Criteria for beaches.
Beach Per Cent
Rainbow 74
Outer Calumet 57
Inner Calumet 91
Hammond 100
Whiting 60
East Chicago 61
The highest mean values for the season were about
8,000 per 100 ml at Hammond and Whiting; Inner Calumet was
about 4,000 per 100 ml; Outer Calumet and East Chicago were
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102
Grover Cook
about 2,000 ml; and Rainbow Beach was about 1,100 per 100 ml.
The highest individual determination, 360,000 per
100 ml, was at Hammond Beach. The Hammond City Healt'h Depart-
ment closed this beach several years ago.
2. Indiana Harbor. Coliform bacteria were found
in mean densities of about 300,000 per 100 ml in Indiana
Harbor. Phenols ranged from six to 21 ^ug/1; the mean total
phosphate concentration was 0.16 mg/1; and the following mean
values were also found in Indiana Harbor:
Sulfates 51 mg/1
Ammonia Nitrogen 1.1 mg/1
Dissolved Oxygen 3.4 mg/1
3. Calumet Harbor. The mean value of coliform
densities were found to be about 1500 per 100 ml with maximum
values of 10,000 per 100/ml. Phenol concentrations were as
high as 3 jig/1. The mean total phosphate concentration was
.15 mg/1 with a maximum of ,78 mg/1. Maximum values of 37 rag/1
for sulfates, and 0.27 mg/1 for ammonia nitrogen were also
found.
4. Grand Calumet River at the State line. Minimum
coliform bacteria densities were found to be 100,000 per
100 ml with counts as high as 9,000,000 per 100 ml. Mean
phenol concentration was 18 jJg/1. Total phosphates ranged
as high as 12 mg/1 at the State line and as high as 40 mg/1
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103
Grover Cook
one-half mile downstream from this point. The mean value at
the State line showed total phosphate to be 7.7 mg/1. Sul-
fates ranged from a minimum of 52 mg/1 to 282 mg/1 with the
mean being 179 mg/1. The mean of the dissolved oxygen values
was 2.7 mg/1 with a minimum value found of zero D.O. Dis-
solved oxygen values were at or near zero 50 per cent of the
time.
5. The Little Calumet River at the State line.
Coliform bacteria densities ranged from about 10,000 to 400,000
per 100 ml. Total phosphates were sampled at a maximum of
14 mg/1 and sulfates as high as 310 mg/1. The mean value for
phenols was 8,/ig/l with a maximum of 38jig/l. Dissolved
oxygen values were as low as zero with the mean being 1.8 mg/1.
About half of the time dissolved oxygen values were at or
near zero.
Summary and Conclusions
1. Based on the criteria of bathing water having
a total coliform count of less than 1,000 per 100 milliliter,
the water quality at the six Lake Michigan beaches in the
Calumet Area was unsuitable for bathing from 31 per cent to
100 per cent of the time. Calumet Park, Whiting, and Hammond
beaches had periods of extremely high bacterial contamination.
The Calumet Park, Whiting, and Hammond beaches are subject
to periods of extremely heavy pollution.
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Grover Cook
2. Indiana Harbor is grossly polluted as evidenced
by high total coliform and fecal Streptococcus counts.
Phenols, though reduced from 1963 levels, were still high
enough to cause taste and odor problems at times in near
municipal water supplies. Total phosphates average almost
five times the value required for algal blooms. There were
still many visual signs of pollution such as oil on the sur-
face, and sludge banks in the stream bottoms.
3. Calumet Harbor sampling revealed a slight
increase in the dissolved oxygen content, a decrease in the
phenols, and bacterial concentrations that were slightly
higher than obtained during the 1963 sampling period. Iron,
ammonia nitrogen, and total dissolved solids were all above this
background levels found in Lake Michigan. Average total
phosphates were five times the value required for algal
blooms. There was also visual evidence of large quantities
of wastes being discharged to lower portions of the Calumet
River and Calumet Harbor. The operation of the O'Brien Lock
and Dam and the slightly higher water levels of Lake Michigan
in 1965 partly reduced waste inputs to Lake Michigan from
this source.
4. The Grand Calumet River at the State line was
still grossly polluted as evidenced by very high bacterial
counts. Ten per cent of the samples collected in 1965 had a
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Cover Cook
zero dissolved oxygen content and 25 per cent had an oxygen
content of less than one milligram per liter. Pollution was
also indicated by the high Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
Chemical Oxygen Demand, phenol, and dissolved solid values
found during the sampling period.
5. The Little Calumet River at the State line was
still grossly polluted, although there was an improvement
since the 1963 sampling period. Bacterial counts were still
above acceptable levels, 15 per cent of the samples had dis-
solved oxygen content of zero and 40 per cent had an oxygen
content of less than one milligram per liter. Biochemical
Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, total phosphates,
sulfates, and dissolved solids, although less than 1963
values, were still very high.
In brief, then, this report shows that:
The Grand Calumet River is still grossly polluted.
The Little Calumet River is slightly improved over
1963 but still very polluted.
So with minor exceptions, there has been no signi-
ficant improvement in water quality anywhere in the conference
area since the February 1965 report to the conference.
MR. STEIN: Any comments or questions?
(No response.)
If not, I call on Mr. Poston.
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106
Francis Kittrell
MR. POSTON: I would like to call upon Mr. Francis
Kittrell, chairman of the Technical Committee, to summarize
the committee report at this time.
Mr. Kittrell.
STATEMENT OF
FRANCIS KITTRELL, CHAIRMAN OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
MR. KITTRELL: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My statement is briefed from the report on water
quality criteria for the Calumet Area, Lower Lake Michigan.
I would like that entire report entered into the record.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, this will be done.
(The report referred to follows:)
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107
Francis Kittrell
REPORT OF
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
CALUMET AREA-LOWER LAKE MICHIGAN
DECEMBER 1965
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Members^
Mr. F. W. Kittrell
Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
Cincinnati, Ohio
(Chairman)
Dr. C. A. Bishop
U. ;;. Steel Corporation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Mr. H. H. Gerstein
City of Chicago
Department of Water
and Sewers
Mr. Harold C. Jordahl
Department of the Interior
Madison, Wisconsin
Dr. A. J. Kaplovsky
Metropolitan Sanitary Dis-
trict of Greater Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Mr. R. C. Mallatt
American Oil Company
Whiting, Indiana
Alternates
Mr. Henning Eklund
Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare
Chicago, Illinois
(Original Secretary)
Mr. Joseph L. Minkin
Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare
Chicago, Illinois
(Subsequent Secretary)
Mr. Ross L. Harbaugh
Inland Steel Company
East Chicago, Indiana
Mr. James Vaughn
City of Chicago
Department of Water
and Sewers
Mr. John Carr
Department of the Interior
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dr. David T. Lordi
Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Mr. J. S. Baum
Cities Service Oil Company
East Chicago, Indiana
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108
Francis Kittrell
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
(Continued)
Member Alternates
Mr. Perry Miller None
Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board
Indianapolis, Indiana
Mr. R. S. Nelle Mr. Benn J. Leland
Illinois Sanitary Water Illinois Sanitary Water Board
Board Chicago, Illinois
Springfield, Illinois
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109
Francis Kittrell
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
CALUMET AREA-LOWER LAKE MICHIGAN
INTRODUCTION
This report on the Calumet Area and Lower Lakes of
Michigan is adapted from a report "Recommended Water Quality
Criteria" submitted by a Technical Committee appointed in
April, 1965.
A conference on pollution of the interstate waters
of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet
River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries
(Indiana-Illinois), called by the Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare under the provisions of Section 8 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 USC 466 et seq.),
was held in Chicago, Illinois, March 2-9, 1965.
Conclusions and recommendations of the conferees
included the following items that are pertinent to this report
"The conferees will establish a technical committee
as soon as possible which will evaluate water qual-
ity criteria and related matters in the area
covered by the conference and make recommendations
to the conferees within six months after the issu-
ance of the summary of the conference."
"The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the
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110
Francis Kittrell
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, and the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, maintaining
close liaison with the technical committee created
by the conferees will develop a time schedule for
the construction of necessary industrial waste
treatment facilities. Such a schedule shall be
submitted to the conferees for their consideration
within six months after the issuance of the summary
of this conference."
Subsequently the conferees met on April 7, 1965
and appointed the technical committee which held its initial
session on the same date. Since then the committee has met
at approximately two-week intervals, with most of the meetings
continuing for two days.
The committee consisted of one representative of each
of the four regulatory agencies (the States of Illinois and
Indiana, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, and the Federal government), two representatives
of industry (U. S. Steel Corporation and American Oil Company)
and one each of the City of Chicago Department of Water and
Sewers, and the U. S. Department of the Interior.
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Ill
Francis Kittrell
GUIDE LINES FOR ADOPTING BASIC CRITERIA
At its second meeting the committee agreed on the
following guidelines for its deliberations:
"Water quality criteria for various uses will be
applied to the existing situations. The criteria that are
developed will recognize the existing water quality, the need
for improvement of water quality in certain areas, and the
possibility that criteria will not be limited by existing
levels in all cases. It is realized that quality criteria
set at present cannot be binding for all time but will need
reconsideration and possible revision at regular intervals
in the future. Water quality needs for present and potential
uses will be considered. Effluent standards will not be
considered by this committee."
Considerable discussion was devoted to definition
of the phrase "water quality criteria" used by the conferees
in their charge to the committee. Relying on the usual inter-
pretation of the word "criteria," it was concluded that the
conferees intended that limits of constituents recommended
by the committee would be used as guides in judging the
suitability of water quality for various uses and in planning
improvements in water quality through waste reductions where
needed, but would not necessarily be applied as standards or
requirements.
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Francis Kittrell
BASES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA
After considering various bases for development of
water quality criteria the committee agreed that criteria
should be based on:
1. Present and potential water uses.
2. Preservation of present good quality.
3. Improvement of degraded quality where technical-
ly and economically feasible.
4. Reconsideration and revision of regular intervals
as future developments may dictate.
It was concluded that adoption of uniform criteria
for specific uses, regardless of location of uses, would not
provide a practical basis for a pollution abatement program
for lake waters. For example, the sheltered areas between
the Calumet Harbor Breakwater and the Indiana Harbor Bulkhead
(Figure 1 - Appendix) receives the major discharges from waste
sources. Obviously, it is impractical to expect water of
the same high quality in this area, regardless of the degree
of waste treatment achieved, as that which will be found
several miles out in the open lake. If the sources of muni-
cipal supply in the sheltered area are given adequate protec-
tion, the water in the open lake inevitably will be of still-
better quality.
Based on this reasoning, the water area of the lower
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Francis Kittrell
lake was divided into three zones as shown in Figure 1. Most
of the water area is defined as Open Water, which is that
area more than 200 yards offshore and outside of a line from
the outer end of the Calumet Harbor Breakwater to and along
the outer edge of the Inland Steel Bulkhead Line and thence
through the U. S. Steel Water Supply intake to the outer
end of the Gary Harbor Breakwater. The Inner Harbor Basins
is the area shoreward of the above line, but not including
Shore Water. Shore Water is all water within 200 yards
of shore except in the Inner Harbor Basins, where it is that
water within 200 yards of existing onshore recreational areas.
Other water bodies for which criteria were devel-
oped included the Little Calumet River, the Grand Calumet
River, and Wolf Lake. The reach of the Little Calumet River
involved is from the State line to the confluence with Cal-
Sag Channel. In accordance with Federal jurisdiction in
interstate enforcement it was concluded that the committee
should concern itself with only those reaches of the two
rivers that are downstream from the State line in Illinois,
and with that portion of Wolf Lake that lies in Illinois.
General water use categories were adopted for the
development of criteria. These water uses are:
1. Municipal Water
2. Industrial Water
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Francis Kittrell
Process - Cooling
3. Recreation
a. Whole Body Contact
b. Limited Body Contact
4. Fish and Wildlife
5. Commercial Shipping
6. Esthetics
7. Wastewater Assimilation
Existing and potential uses of the delineated
bodies of water for which quality criteria were considered
are noted in Table I (Appendix). The locations of principal
water uses are shown in Figures 2A and 2B. (Appendix) Al-
though there has been use of water for irrigation in the
Little Calumet Basin, it has been so limited that it was
concluded this very minor use did not justify special con-
sideration.
Constituents for which water quality criteria were
considered for each of the bodies of water are indicated in
Tables II through VI (Appendix). It should be noted that the
constituents for both Open Water and the Inner Harbor Basins,
given in Table II, are the same.
Criteria first were selected for each constituent
for each water use in each area. Once the complete tabulation
of criteria for all water uses in an area had been developed,
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Francis Kittrell
the most stringent criteria for any of the water uses were
selected as the governing values for that area.
Some of the criteria recommended are at or near the
lower limits of detectability of analytical procedures
included in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater." The committee concludes that "Standard
Methods" of analysis should be employed where applicable,
but recognizes that other approved methods may be required in
judging compliance with some of the criteria. For example,
the committee recommends a limit of 0.025 mg/1 of cyanide for
protection of fish. The limit of detectability of this com-
pound by the "Standard Methods" procedure is 0.1 mg/1, but
the accepted method used by t he Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basin Project Laboratory has a precision of 0,01 mg/1.
Successful application of the criteria requires
that analytical results be reproducible among the several
laboratories involved in the program. A round-robin program
of replicate sample analysis recommended by the committee has
been initiated by the laboratories to ensure reproducibility
of results.
A major, and probably the major, water quality prob-
lem of the area is taste and odor in municipal water supplies.
The types of taste and odor most difficult and costly to
control by water treatment are "chemical," or "hydrocarbon,"
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Francis Kittrell
and "medicinal," or "phenolic." Since the "Standard Method"
for threshold odor is recognized as subjective rather than
objective, it is especially important that every effort be
exerted to ensure the maximum possible reproducibility of
threshold odor results among the laboratories.
CRITERIA
The criteria recommended by the committee are
incorporated in the following tables, 1 through 6. The com-
mittee feels that it is establishing a precedent in recommend-
ing criteria which, if attainable, will ensure the highest
quality water that is reasonably feasible.
(Tables 1 through 6 follow:)
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117
TABLE 1
CRITERIA
OPEH WATER
Control Points - Chicago* South District Filtration Plant and
Gary-West Plant Intakes
Coliform Bacteria - MPN/100 ml
Annual Average (Arithmetic) Not more than 200
Single Daily Value or Average (l) Not more than 2,500
Streptococci - Number/100 ml (Tentative) (2) Not more than 25
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that will cause substantial
visible contrast vith the natural appearance of the water.
True Color - Units
Annual Average Not more than 5
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 15
Threshold Odor (Hydrocarbon and/or Chemical) (3)
Daily Average Not more than U
Single Value Not more than 8
Odor
No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin.
Temperature - F Not more than 85
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris from other than
natural sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of contaminants that will: (l) adversely alter the
composition of the bottom fauna; (2) interfere with the spawning of
fish or their eggs; (3) adversely change the physical or chemical nature
of the bottom.
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118
CRITERIA (CONT'D)
OPEN WATER
pH - Units
Annual Median Within range 8.1 - 8.4
Daily Median Within range 7.7 - 9.0
Dissolved Oxygen - Per Cent Saturation
Annual Average Not less than 90
Single Value Not less than 80
Ammonia Nitrogen (H) - mg/1 (U)
Annual Average 0.02
Single Daily Value or Average 0.05
Total Nitrogen (N) (*Q O.U
Methylene Blue Active Substance - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 0.05
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.20
Chlorides (CL) - mg/1 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000
Annual Average Not more than 8 9 10 11 12
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 15(through 1970)
Cyanides (CH) - mg/1
Single Value Not more than 0.025
Fluorides (F) - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 1.0
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 1.3
Dissolved Iron (Fe) - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 0.15
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.30
Phenol-Like Substances - mg/1 (Tentative) (5)
Annual Average Not more than 0.001
Single Value Not more than 0.003
Sulfates (S0t|) - mg/1 1965 1970 19&0 1990 2000
Annual Average not more than 23 2U 26 28 30
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 50 (through 1970)
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119
CHITKKIA (COFJT'D)
OPEN WATKR
Total Phosphates (POu) -mg/1 (Tentative) j[6)
Annual Average Not more than O.O3
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than O.OU
Filtrable Residue (Total Dissolved Solids (aig/lj
1^ 1970 1980 199O 2000
Annual Average "152 lol> 172 179 ~l8o"
Single Daily Value or Average Hot more than 200 (through 1970)
Miscellaneous Trace Contaminants and Radionuclides
Shall not be present in concentrations that will prevent meeting
PHS 1962 Drinking Water Standards after conventional treatment*
(l) If more than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be
the daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single
value shall govern.
(2) Pending accumulation of adequate data on existing densities of
Streptococcus. Probably can be lowered.
(3) The Chicago South District Filtration Plant Control Laboratory will
be the reference laboratory for Threshold Odor.
(U) Tentative 'findln^ ;:.tu<1y of additional data and evaluation of
potential .reductions ;it the sources.
(5) Pending study of additional data and evaluation of potential reduc-
tions at the sources.
(6) Fending thorough determination of existing concentration in Lower
Lake Michigan Conference Area.
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120
TABLE 2
CRITERIA
INNKR HARBOR BASINS
Control Points - Hammond and iiast Chicago Water Intakes
Coliform Bacteria - MPN/100 ml.
Annual Average (Arithmetic) Not more than 2,000
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 5,000 (l)
Fecal Streptococci Not more than 100
Turbidity - No turbidity of other than natural origin that will cause
substantial visible contract with the natural appearance of water.
True Color - Units
Annual Average Not more than 5
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 15
Threshold Odor (Hydrocarbon and/or Chemical) Units (2)
Annual Average Not more than 8
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 20
Odor - No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin.
Temperature - F Not more than 85
Oil - Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris - Substantially free of floating solids and
debris from other than natural sources.
Bottom Deposits - Substantially free of muck and debris of other than
natural origin.
pH - Units
Annual Median Within range 8.0 - 8.5
Daily Median Within range 7.5 - 9.0
Dissolved Oxygen - Per Cent Saturation
Annual Average Not less than 80
Single Daily Value or Average Not less than 65
Ammonia Nitrogen - mg/1 (2)
Annual Average 0.05
Single Daily Value or Average 0.12
Methylene Blue Active Substance - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 0.10
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.30
-------
121
CRITERIA (CONT'D)
INNER HARBOR BASINS
Chlorides - mg/1
1965 1970 1900 1990 2000
Annual Average Not more than 16 18 20 22 2T
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 30 (thru 1970)
Cyanides - mg/1
Single Value Less than 0.1
Fluorides - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 1.0
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 1.3
Dissolved Iron - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 0.15
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.30
Phenol-like Substances - mg/1 (Tentative) (2)
Annual Average Not more .than 0.002
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.005
Sulfates - mg/1
1965 1970 1980 1990 2000
Annual Average Not more than 35 36 39 42 4 5
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 75 (through 1970)
Total Phosphates - mg/1 (Tentative) (2)
Annual Average Not more than 0.05
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.10
Filterable Residue (Total Dissolved Solids) - mg/1
3-9J5 1970 1980 1990 2000
Annual Average Not more than 187 190 197 20k 211
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 230 (through 1970)
Miscellaneous Trace Contaminants and Radionuclid.es
Shall not be present in concentrations that will prevent meeting
PHS 1962 Drinking Water Standards after conventional treatment.
(1) Except during periods of storm water overflow when coliform should
not exceed 24,000/100 ml.
(2) Tentative pending study of additional data and evaluation of
potential reductions at the sources.
If more, than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be the
daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single value
shall govern.
-------
122
TABLE 3
CRITERIA
SHORE WATER
Control Points - Existing Sampling Points at Bathing Beaches.
Bacteria - Number per 100 .ml by MF Techniques (Tentative) (1)
a) The number of bacteria shall be the Arithmetic Average of the
last five consecutive sample results.
t>\ Satisfactory area if MF Coliform are less than 1000 and MF Fecal
Streptococci are less than 100.
c) Satisfactory area if MF Coliforms are from 1000 to 5000 and MF
Fecal Streptococci are less than 20.
d) A single sample results of over 100,000 Coliforms shall require
immediate investigation as to the cause. Items to be considered
in the judgment of cause and action to be taken include the sanitary
survey, winds, currents and weather conditions.
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that will cause substantial
visible contrast with the natural appearance of water.
True Color - Units
Annual Average Not more than 5
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 15
Odor
No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin.
Temperature - °F Not more than 85
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris from other than natural
sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of muck and debris of other than natural origin.
-------
123
CRITERIA (CONT'D)
SHORE WATER
pH - Units
Daily Median
Dissolved Oxygen - Per Cent Saturation
Annual Average
Single Value
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) - mg/1 (Tentative) (2)
Annual Average
Single Daily Value or Average
Methylene Blue Active Substance - mg/1
Annual Average
Single Daily Value or Average
Within range ?.0 - 9.0
Not less than 90
Not less than SO
Not more than O.05
Not more than 0.12
Not more than O.02
Not more than 0.03
Not more than 0.025
Cyanides (CN) - mg/1
Single Value
Phenols - Like Substances - mg/1 (Tentative) (2) Not more than 0.05
Total Phosphates (PC1+) - mg/1 (Tentative) (3)
Annual Average
Single Daily Average or Value
Not more than 0.03
Not more than O.OU
Miscellaneous Trace Contaminants and Radionuclid.es
Shall not "be present in concentrations that will prevent meeting the PHS
1962 Drinking Water Standards after conventional treatment.
(l) Pending evaluation of data on bathing beaches during 1965 vhich are
now being collected.
(2) Pending study of additional data and evaluation of potential reductions
at the sources.
(3) Pending thorough determination of existing concentrations in Lover
Lake Michigan Conference Area. Lower limits may be desirable.
If more than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be the
daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single value
shall govern.
-------
124
TABLE k
CRITERIA.
LITTLE CALUMET BIVER
Control Point - Hentworth Avenue Bridge.
Coliform Bacteria - MPH/100 ml.
Maximum Value 5000 except during periods of storm water runoff.
Fecal Streptococcus
Maximum value 500 except during periods of storm water runoff.
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that will cause substantial
visible contrast with the natural appearance of the water.
True Color - Units
Annual average not more than 25
Single Daily value or average not more than 50
Odor
No obnoxious odors of other than that of natural origin.
o
Temperature F
Single daily value or average not more than 90.
Oil
Substantially free from visible floating oil.
Floating Solidi and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris from other than
natural sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of sludge banks.
pH - Units
Annual median within range 6.5 - 9*0
-------
125
CRITERIA (CONT'D)
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/1
Average (Kay thru September) not less than U.O
Single daily value or average not less than 2.0
BOD - mg/1
Single daily value or average not more than 10.0
Ammonia Nitrogen - mg/1 (2)
Single daily value or average not more than 1.5
Methlene Blue Active Substance - mg/1
Single daily value or average not more than 0.5
Cyanides - mg/1
Single daily value or average not more than 0.025
Phenol-like Substances - mg/1
Single daily value or average not more than 0.02
Total Phosphates - mg/1 (2)
Held for additional data analysis. (Appears to be from surface runoff.)
(1) If more than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be the
daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single value
shall govern.
(2) Tentative pending study of additional data and evaluation of potential
reductions at the sources.
-------
126
TABLE 5
CRITERIA
GRAND CALIMBT RIVER
Control Polat - Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad Bridge.
Coliform Bacteria MFN/100 ml. (Tentative)
Maximum Value 5000 except during periods of storm water runoff.
Fecal Streptococci
Maximum value 500 except during periods of storm water runoff.
True Color - Units (Tentative)
Annual Average *_» 25
Single Daily Value or Average* ' Not more than 50
Odor
No obnoxious odors of other-than that of natural origin.
c
Temperature F Not more than 90
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debrig
Substantially free of floating solids and debris from other than natural
sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of sludge banks.
pH - Units
Annual Median Within range 6.5 - 9.0
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/1 (Tentative)
Average (May thru September) 3.0
Single Daily Value or Average Not less than 1.0
BOD - mg/1 (Tentative)
Single value Less than 10.0
-------
127
CRITKRIA (CONT'D)
GRAND CALUMET RIVBR
Ammonia-Nitrogen - mg/1 (Tentative)
Single Value Not more than 5-0
Methylene Blue Active Substances - mg/1 (Tentative)
Single Value Not more than 0.5
Chlorides - mg/1 (Tentative)
Annual Average 75
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 125
Phenol - Like Substances - rog/1 (Tentative)
Single Value Not more than 0.020
Total^Phosphates - mg/1 (Tentative)
Held for additional data analysis
Filterable Residue (Total Dissolved Solids) mg/1 (Tentativej
Single Value Not move than 500
(l) It is recognized that the Grand Calumet River at the State Wne is
essentially treatment plant effluent from Hammond due to the nature
of the natural drainage flow.
In addition to the concentration limits, the pounds per day of each
constituent shall be limited to the loads that would occur at these
concentrations with a flow of 20 cfs.
Combined storm water overflows shall be eliminated as soon as possi-
ble.
Criteria considers only existing conditions. If the proposed dan
changes conditions, then the criteria should be reconsidered..
(2) If more than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be the
daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single value
shall govern.
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128
TABLE £
CRITERIA
WOLF LAKE
U)
Control Point - Illinois-Indiana State Line-Uolf Lake Culvert
Bacteria - Hinbsr per 100 ml by MF Techniques (Tentative) (2^
a) The nunbar of bacteria shall be the Arithcstic Average of the last
five consecutive sample results.
b) Satisfactory area if MF Coliform are less than 1000 and MF Fecal
Streptococci are less than 100.
c ) Satisfactory area if MF Colifonus are from 1000 to 5000 and MF
Fecal Streptococci are less than 20.
d) A single sample result of over 100,000 Colifonus shall require
immediate investigation as to the cause. Items to be considered la
the Judgment of cause and action to be taken include the sanitary
survey, winds, currents and weather conditions.
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that will cause substantial
visible contrast with the natural appearance of water.
True Color - Units
Annual Average Not more than 5
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 15
Odor
No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin!
Temperature - °F Not more than 95
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris from other than natural
sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of muck and debris of other than natural origin.
-------
129
CRITERIA (COST'D)
WOLF LAKE
pH - Units
Daily Median Within range 7.0 - 9-0
Dissolved Oxygen - Per Cent Saturation
Annual Average Not less than 90
Single Value Not less than 80
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) - mg/1 (Tentative) (3)
Annual Average Not more than 0.05
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.12
Methylene Blue Active Substance - mg/1
Annual Average Not more than 0.02
Single Daily Value or Average Not more than 0.05
Cyanides (CH) - mg/1
Single Value Not more than 0.025
Total Phosphates (PO^) - mg/1 (Tentative) (4)
Annual Average Not more than 0.03
Single Daily Average or Value Not more than 0.0^
(1) Criteria apply at beaches as well as at Toll Road Bridge Station
(2) Pending evaluation of data on bathing beaches during 1965 which are
now being collected.
(3) Pending study of additional data and evaluation of potential reduc-
tions at the sources.
(h) Pending thorough determination of existing concentrations in Lover
Lake Michigan Conference Area. Lower limits may be desirable.
If more than one sample per day is examined, the limit shall be the
daily average. If only one sample per day is taken, the single value
shall govern.
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130
Francis Kittrell
PROCEDURES FOR APPLICATION OF CRITERIA
CONTROL POINTS
The committee recommends that the following sampling
stations serve as control points to judge compliance with the
recommended criteria. This recommendation is not intended
to exclude sampling at such other points as may be found nec-
essary to ensure effective pollution abatement and continuing
monitoring and control of pollution.
OPEN WATER
1. Chicago South District Filtration Plant - Dunne
or Shore Intake Crib, or both in combination
2. Gary Water Intake, West.
INNER HARBOR BASINS
1. Hammond Water Intake.
2. East Chicago Water Intake.
SHORE WATER
Existing sampling points at bathing beaches.
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER
Wentworth Avenue Bridge.
GRAND CALUMET RIVER
Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad Bridge.
WOLF LAKE
Culvert through Earthen Dike Road on Illinois-
Indiana State line.
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131
Francis Kittrell
LABORATORY METHODS
Analytical methods shall adhere to the procedures
approved by the Laboratory Directors representing the Illinois
and Indiana pollution control agencies, the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, the Chicago Bureau of
Water and the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins (GLIRB) Pro-
ject.
The technical committee is aware of the variations
in the procedures followed in determination of threshold
odor by the several laboratories involved and none adheres
to "Standard Methods," and recognizes that quantitative
values reported by the laboratories quite probably have little
true relationship to each other. In order to place threshold
odor results on a comparable basis until a uniform procedure
can be adopted, the committee recommends that all official
determinations be performed by one organization, such as the
Chicago South District Filtration Plant. In this way the
South District Filtration Plant method would serve temporar-
ily as a standard for reference procedure.
Recent discovery of wide variations in ammonia
results obtained by four laboratories on two samples has
cast some doubt on the comparability of analytical results.
The program of the Laboratory Directors to achieve uniformity
in methods and results should be pressed with all possible
speed.
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132
APPENDIX
-------
WINNETKA
KENILWORTH
WILMETTE
51EVANSTON
LAKE
MICHIGAN
C HI C A 0 0
CHICAGO-DUNNE CRIB
VHAMMOND \
INTAKE \ GARY-WEST INTAKE i
I UH
«r—7:-. U.S. STEEL
LEGENO-
Control Point •
Inner Harbor Line
Area Boundary
HAMMOND I
LOCATION MAP
CALUMET-LOWER LAKE MICHIGAN
133
FIGURE
-------
Table I
136
AREA AS DEFINED
Open Water
Inner Harbor
Basins
Shore Water
Little Calumet
River
Grand Calumet River
Wolf Lake
X - Present Use
0 - Future Use
n
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X
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X
X
-------
TABLEH
137
Open Lake and Liner
Harbor Basins
13
CO
»
CONSTITUENTS
Coliform Bacteria
Fecal Streptococcus
Turbidity
Color (True)
Threshold Odor Number
Odor
Temperature
Oil
Floating Solids and Debris
Bottom Deposits
PH
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrogen (Total)
Meth. Blue Act. Substance
Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Dissolved Iron
Phenol-Like Substances
Sulfates
Phosphates (Total)
Filtrable Residue(Tot.D'd Solids^
Misc. Trace Contaminants
Radionuclides
Municipal Water j
X
X
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
Industrial Water -
Processing
Y
X
X
X
_J^_
X
X
x
X
X
.
Industrial Water -
Cooling
Y
X
X
Recreation - Whole Body
Contact
Recreation -
Limited Body Contact
X
Y
X
Y
Y
X
_J
x_
i
-------
138
TABLE
Shore Water
%
CO
S3
CONSTITUENTS
Coliform Bacteria
Fecal Streptococcus
Turbidity
Color (True)
Threshold Odor Number
Odor
Temperature
Oil
Floating Solids and Debris
Bottom Deposits
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD
Ammonia Nitrogen
NitioEen (Total)
Meth. Blue Act. Substance
Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Dissolved Iron
Phenol-Like Substances
Sulfates
Phosphates (Total)
Filtrable Residue(Tot.D'd Solids
Misc. Trace Contaminants
Radionuclides
Municipal Water
Industrial Water -
Processing
Industrial Water -
Cooling !
- i
Recreation - Whole Body
Contact
X
X
X
X
JC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
Recreation - i
Limited Body Contact ]
i
X
X
x:
X
X
X
X
X
Fish and Wildlife
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
Commercial Shipping
Esthetics
X
_JC
X
JLJ
X
X
T
Wastewater Assimilation
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE IV
139
1
Little Calumet River
From State Line to
Junction With fc
Calumet Sag. Channel w ; -P
W .; ro
CO 'l;s
;t
•H
O
•H
CONSTITUENTS H
Coliform Bacteria '
Fecal Streptococcus !
Turbidity
Color (True)
Threshold Odor Number
Odor '
Temperature
Oil H
Floating Solids and Debris '
Bottom Deposits
PH I'
Dissolved Oxygen 'j
BOD !
Ammonia Nitrogen t!
Nitrogen (Total) i
Meth. Blue Act. Substance !
Chloride ;
Cyanide !
Fluoride
Dissolved Iron
Phenol-Like Substances j
Sulfates ;i
Phosphates (Total)
Filtrable Residue(Tot .D'd Solids '•
Mies. Trace Contaminants <\
Radionuclides '
Industrial Water -
Processing
Industrial Water -
Cooling
I
,
Recreation - Whole Body
Contact
|
Recreation -
Limited Body Contact
X
Y
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Fish and Wildlife
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
X
Y
Y
Y
ft
_x
X
Commercial Shipping
Esthetics
X
X
X
X
x
Y
jf
JC
Wastewater Assimilation
... i
X
Y
Y
x
-------
TABLE V
140
Grand Calumet River
State Line to
Junction with co
Calumet River to
CONSTITUENTS
Colifoim Bacteria
Fecal Streptococcus
Turbidity
Color (True
Threshold Odor Number
Odor
Temperature
Oil
Floating Solids and Debris
Bottom Deposits
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrogen (Total)
Meth. Blue Act. Substance
Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Dissolved Iron
Phenol-Like Substances
Sulfates
Phosphates (Total)
Filtrable Residue (Tot. D'd Solids)
Misc. Trace Contaminants
Radionuclides
Municipal Water
j
Industrial Water -
Processing
X
XL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
Industrial Water -
Cooling
X
X
X
Recreation - Whole Body
Contact
Recreation -
Limited Body Contact
Fish and Wildlife
Commercial Fishing
Esthetics
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
3
5
ra
01
•<
to
o
1
1
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE VI
141
Wolf Lake
8
3
CONSTITUENTS
Coliforai Bacteria
Fecal Streptococcus
Turbidity
Color (True)
Threshold Odor Number
Odor
Temperature
Oil
Floating Solids and Debris
Bottom Deposits
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrogen (Total)
Meth. Blue Act. Substance
Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Dissolved Iron
Phenol-Like Substances
Sulfates
Phosphates (Total)
Filtrable Residue (Tot. D'd Solids]
Misc. Trace Contaminants
Radionuclides
._. - _..
Municipal Water
i
Industrial Water -
Processing
..
Industrial water -
Cooling
Recreation - Whole Body
Contact
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Recreation -
Limited Body Contact
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fish and Wildlife |
_x_
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Commercial Shipping |
Esthetics
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
Wastewater Assimilation
X
X
X
X
-------
142
Francis Kittrell
My summary is as follows:
Following the first session of the Enforcement
Conference on pollution of interstate waters of the Calumet
Area and Lower Lake Michigan in early March, the conferees
appointed a technical committee to "evaluate water quality
criteria and related matters in the area covered by the
conference and to make recommendations to the conferees
within six months after the issuance of this summary of the
Conference."
The technical committee was appointed and organized
for its first meeting on April 7« It held 14 meetings, cover-
ing a total of 25 days, at approximately two weekly intervals
from that date until agreement was reached on a final report.
The committee had eight members, with alternates
who served when the regular members could not be present.
Four of the members represented pollution control agencies.
As chairman, I represented the U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. Dr. Joel Kaplovsky represented the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Mr. Perry
Miller the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, and Mr.
Richard Nelle the Illinois Sanitary Water Board. Mr. Harold
Jordahl, regional coordinator, represented all interests of
the Interior Department, including recreation and fishing.
Two members, Dr. Charles Bishop of the U. S. Steel Corporation
-------
143
Francis Kittrell
and Mr. Russell Mallatt of the American Oil Company, repre-
sented the industrial interests. Mr. Hyman Gerstein, of the
City of Chicago Department of Water and Sewers, an internation-
ally recognized authority on water treatment, completed the
committee.
All of these men and their alternates took their
assignments very seriously, and this was a real working com-
mittee with which it was truly a pleasure to be associated.
I want to take this opportunity to express publicly my ap-
preciation to each of them for their faithful and thoughtful
participation in our extended and sometimes exhausting de-
liberations.
This committee was faced with a complex problem
indeed. We were dealing with bodies of water that varied
widely — the relatively small Wolf Lake which straddles the
Indiana-Illinois State line, the Calumet Area streams which
flow sometimes in one direction and sometimes the other and
even on occasion flow not at all except for the treated sew-
age which constitutes their only source of water, and a por-
tion of Lake Michigan, one o.f the largest bodies of fresh
water in the world.
We were dealing with varied effects of waste on
water quality that included: Offense to the esthetic sensi-
bilities of those who would enjoy a stroll by clean, clear
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144
Francis Kittrell
waters; undesirable changes in the teeming aquatic life,
including fish, of the lake and the streams; hazards to the
health of some fraction of those hundreds of thousands who
swarm to the lake beaches during the summer; and the dis-
comfort of those whose drinking water from time to time has
a most offensive chemical odor or taste.
We were dealing with some factors that were well
known and well defined, and with others that were obscure and
ill defined.
We were charged with the responsibility of recom-
mending water quality criteria that would ensure protection
of these priceless water resources for all present and future
uses without unduly penalizing existing municipalities and
industries that must treat their wastes, and without re-
stricting future population and industrial growth of the area.
Among the earliest considerations of the committee
was the proper interpretation of the word "criteria." A long-
standing favorite subject for discussion by that portion of the
sanitary engineering profession that deals with stream sani-
tation is the definitions of the various words that describe
limits on water quality. Among the most commonly used words
are "criteria," "goals," "objectives," "requirements" and
"standards."
The word "criteria" implies that the proposed limits
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145
Francis Kittrell
are to be used as guides in judging the suitability of water
quality for various uses. The words "goals" and "objectives"
imply that the limits are aims toward which corrective action
will be directed. Both requirements and standards establish
limits that must be met. The important differences among the
several definitions involve the flexibility of application of
the limits, ranging from the highly flexible criteria to the
quite rigid standards.
In view of the complexity of the situation, the com-
mittee felt that it was desirable to retain flexibility in
application of criteria in the program of corrective action
that is to be undertaken, at least until the practicality of
the recommended water quality limits has been proven by
experience. However, the final decision regarding the applica-
tion of the criteria is, of course, a proper function of the
conferees.
Among other early decisions of the committee were
that: The criteria to be developed should be based on
present and potential water uses; the present high quality
of water in certain portions of the lake should be preserved
in so far as is feasible; improvement in water quality is
necessary in other areas; and water quality criteria adopted
at this time should be reviewed from time to time and revised
as necessary. The committee makes no claim to the prophetic
-------
146
Francis Kittrell
vision that would be required to establish criteria for all
time to come.
A wealth of water quality data and of practical
experience with the water use problems of the area was avail-
able to the committee. Five of its eight members had had
personal experience with one or more facets of the area prob-
lems.
Probably the single most useful combination of tech-
nical data and experience was that available from the City of
Chicago South District Filtration Plant through one of the
committee members, Mr. Gerstein. The voluminous operating
records of this plant provided a comprehensive picture of
water quality at the plant water intakes and the experiences
of the operating personnel revealed the levels of pollutants
at which difficulties in water treatment occurred.
Based on these factors, Mr. Gerstein had proposed
certain limits on pollutional constituents at the first
session of the conference. In addition, plant personnel
have conducted a regular program of lake and stream sampling
in the area at many points with which the committee was con-
cerned.
Thus the South District plant not only provided
an excellent starting point for the selection of sound
criteria at the plant water intakes, but also furnished a
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Francis Kittrell
basis, through the regular sampling program, for intelligent
correlation of the criteria selected for the South District
water intakes with those for other points of concern in the
lake.
The committee soon realized that it would not be
feasible to achieve uniform water quality throughout the area
and that a single set of criteria for all points in the area
would not be practical.
For example, some water plant intakes, such as those)
for Hammond, Whiting and East Chicago, are relatively close
to the lake shore and to sources of wastes that discharge to
the lake, and are at locations where dilution of wastes by
clean lake water is restricted by breakwaters such as those
at Calumet and Indiana harbors. Other intakes, such as those
for Chicago and Gary, are more remote from sources of wastes
and are in open-water locations where more dilution with clean
lake water occurs.
It obviously is not reasonable to expect to achieve
the same high quality of water at the inshore intakes that
it is possible to attain at the open-water intakes. The
committee concluded that it would be poor policy, indeed,
to accept lowered water quality at the open water intakes
simply because it would not be practical to ensure the same
high quality at the inshore intakes that is possible in the
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Francis Kittrell
open water. Similar differences in practicality of attainment
of water quality exist with respect to other water uses and
to other locations.
Consequently, the committee established three zones
for the lake waters of the area. One zone, designated as
Open Water, includes all of the area more than 200 yards
offshore and outside of a line from the outer end of the
Calumet Harbor Breakwater to and along the Inland Steel Bulk-
head line and thence through t he U. S. Steel water supply
intake to the outer end of the Gary Harbor Breakwater.
A second zone, designated as the Inner Harbor
Basins, is the area shoreward of the above line, but not
including shore water. Shore Water is all water within 200
yards of shore except in the Inner Harbor Basins, where it is
that water within 200 yards of existing recreational areas.
In addition to the three lake zones, the committee considered
the three interstate portions of the Little Calumet and the
Grand Calumet Rivers and of Wolf Lake.
In each of the six areas, the committee considered
existing and potential water uses. The seven types of water
uses considered were municipal water supply, industrial water
supply, recreation, fish and wildlife, commercial shipping,
esthetics and waste water assimilation.
For the six areas the committee considered a total
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Francis Kittrell
of 31 sets of criteria consisting of 18 to 51 items for each
area. Its final report recommends limits on nearly 200 items
involved in water quality in the six areas under consideration.
It would be needlessly time-consuming to plod through
all of these 200 items at this time. The six tables will be
included in the transcript of the "Report on Water Quality
Criteria, Calumet Area - Lower Lake Michigan." Only some of
the more significant items will be discussed here.
Major emphasis must be placed on protection of
public health, both of those who are served by municipal water
supplies and those who use the area's beaches. For protection
of water consumers against disease, we have recommended limits
of coliforra bacteria not to exceed an annual average of 200
per 100 ml, with no single day's value in excess of 2,500 per
100 ml. for Open Water, and corresponding limits of 2,000 and
5,000 per 100 ml. for the Inner Harbor Basins. Recommended
tentative limits on fecal Streptococci are 25 per 100 ml. for
Open Water and 100 per 100 ml. for the Inner Harbor Basins.
For bathing beaches in Shore Water, the quality is to be con-
sidered satisfactory if coliform bacteria are less than 1,000
and Streptococci are less than 100 per 100 ml., or if coii-
forms are between 1,000 and 5,000 but Streptococci are less
than 20 per 100 ml. In addition, toxic materials at water
supply intakes shall not exceed concentrations that would pre-
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Francis Kittrell
vent meeting Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards
after conventional treatment.
Closely following protection of public health
in importance is the preservation of esthetic values. Those
include prevention of taste and odor in public water supplies
and of objectional visual pollution, especially in beach areas.
It is recommended that threshold odor number of a chemical
nature not exceed an annual average of 4, nor a single day's
value of 8 in Open Water, and that corresponding values for
Inner Harbor Basins not exceed 8 and 20. Phenol-like sub-
stances should not exceed an annual average of one part per
billion (ppb) or a single day's value of 3 ppb in Open Water,
and be not more than 2 ppb and 5 ppb in the Inner Harbor
Basins. To preserve esthetic values for both Open Water and
Shore Water, the waters should be substantially free of
floating oils and of solids and debris from other than natural
sources and there should be no turbidity of other than natural
origin that will cause substantial visible contrast with the
natural appearance of the water.
To prevent undue interference with and cost of
water treatment, it is recommended that ammonia not exceed
an annual average of 0.02 milligrams per liter (mg/1) or a
single day's value of 0.05 mg/1 in Open Water, and be not
more than 0.05 and 0.12 mg/1 in the Inner Harbor Basins.
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Francis Kittrell
Protection of fish and other aquatic life is
covered by several limitations, Dissolved oxygen should not
be less than 90 per cent of saturation for an annual average
nor less than 80 per cent saturation for a single day in Open
Water with corresponding limits of 80 and 65 per cent of sat-
uration for the Inner Harbor Basins. The hydrogen ion concen-
tration of pH is to be limited to an annual median within the
narrow range of 8.1 to 8.4, and a daily median within the
range of 7.7 to 9.0 in Open Water, to corresponding ranges of
8.0 to 8.5 and 7.5 to 9.0 in the Inner Harbor Basins, and to
7.0 to 9.0 in Shore Water. Cyanides are to be limited to
0.025 mg/1 in Open and Shore Watere and to 0.1 mg/1 in the
Inner Harbor Basins. General prohibitions of materials that
will adversely affect the physical, chemical or biological
nature of the bottom in Open Water are recommended.
Many other limitations are recommended, but the
selected values cited indicate the exceptionally high quality
of water that the committee believes is obtainable and desir-
able in Lower Lake Michigan. If these recommendations are
adopted by the conferees, it is believed that they will be
establishing a precedent in seeking the highest quality of
water that is feasible. Improvements in sewage treatment
facilities and practices already in effect or in prospect
and estimated reductions of 70 to 80 per cent in the more
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Francis Kittrell
objectionable industrial waste constituents should go far
toward meeting these criteria.
Criteria recommended for Wolf Lake are designed to
ensure the same protection for bathers as for those in Shore
Water, and the same protection for fish as in Open and Shore
Waters.
The Little Calumet and Grand Calumet Rivers present
quite different problems than those encountered in the lakes.
Here much of the flow is waste treatment plant effluent with
little natural dilution, and, in fact, such effluent is the
only flow in the Grant Calumet at times. The criteria
recommended for these streams are believed to be the highest
that can be achieved by conventional sewage treatment, but
as improved waste treatment methods become available these
criteria should be re-evaluated.
Those presently recommended for the Little Calumet
River should permit safe use for limited body contact recrea-
tion, such as boating and fishing, for wildlife and rough
fish, and for waste water assimilation, and should prevent
nuisances. Those for the Grand Calumet should permit use for
industrial water supply and waste water assimilation, and
should prevent nuisances.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Kittrell.
Are there any comments or questions?
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Francis Kittrell
As you know, we told you this was going to be a
technical session of the conference, I think you can appreci-
ate the difficult nature of what this technical committee has
done, but I suspect that these numbers and what we are going
through and arriving at probably represent the future face
of pollution control. I don't think any of us believe with-
out any numbers similar to this that we are going to have the
criteria, standards, and requirements if you will, to judge
if we are going to have pollution control,
I would like to say for this committee that as far
as I can see this is to my mind a culmination of 20 years of
work and a program on various levels and with industry, I
am not sure that ten or even perhaps five or even perhaps two
years ago we could have gotten all of these diverse elements
together, industry, local government, State government, and
Federal government, to come up with an agreed-upon set of
numbers the way we have had here.
I do think that it would be fair to say -- and, of
course, the conferees will consider these numbers — that the
reflection or the attainment of the water quality recommended
by the technical committee would indeed give us a rather good
quality of water in the Great Lakes or in the tributaries
covered by the conference. Certainly if all the waters in
the country had this quality there would be no pollution
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Francis Kittrell
problem in the country.
Now, the 200 items are covered in a little brochure
which has been prepared for distribution. We have only a
limited number of these copies at the present time. There
are 13 pages of rather close typing. For those who are
interested these can be picked up.
I suspect this very well may become a historic
document, because I think something like this will have to be
forthcoming in most areas of the country if we are going to
achieve water pollution control.
Mr. Kittrell, I would like to extend our thanks
to the technical committee for a really pioneering effort,
I think, in the field of water pollution control.
I don't know where these criteria and standards
are going to lead, and I don't know what the position of the
conferees will be after they consider them and evaluate them.
But I think right now it is safe to say that we have moved
farther along in the field of pollution control in arriving
at a consensus involving municipalities, districts, State
and Federal government, and a consensus on specifics than I
have ever seen in this field.
Thank you very much indeed, Mr. Kitrell.
Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Stein, I would like to have you
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Francis Kittrell
draw on your own experience. I have stated this, but I just
want it confirmed or not confirmed. This is the first time
that representatives of two States and the Federal government
under the so-called aegis of legality have come up with agreed
upon standards. Is this correct?
MR. STEIN: That is correct, sir. They have come
up with a relatively high quality of water.
I might say you can appreciate if you read these 200
items and look at Mr. Kittrell's full report this is even to
be more admired because of the complexity of the problem.
It is amazing, it seems to me, that we have come up
with these standards in one of the most difficult areas of the
country. I think the reason we have come up with this is two-
fold. We just had to do it. Perhaps the easy areas do not
call for thiso The second point is we had, as far as I can
see, the complete cooperation, goodwill and hard work of the
various members of the technical committee.
I don't know how many people are thoroughly con-
versant with our field, but as this was going on I looked
over the names of the technical committee here, and I would
say wherever you would have a technical committee you would be
hard put, if you had the whole country to choose from, to
select a more distinguished and expert technical committee
than devised these requirements.
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Francis Kittrell
Again, I would like to say that this reflects very
favorably on the two States and the Sanitary District that
from their own staff they were able to supply men of this
caliber.
I would also like to commend the oil industry and
the steel industry for sending top experts to the technical
committee. I think we have had very, very distinguished
industrial waste experts and experts in dealing with the tech*
nical aspects of public programs. This is what has led to
this achievement.
MR. KLASSEN: Just one other thing. We have enough
worries and problems right here in Lake Michigan, but would
you want to venture a guess that this might be seriously con-
sidered in other parts of the Great Lakes?
MR. STEIN: I would not like to prejudge that. I
would think that is true not only in other parts of the Great
Lakes, but I do think we have a model here which cannot only
be used for the Great Lakes but for the rest of the country.
As you know, we are faced with the statutory prob-
lem of developing Federal standards, and the State agencies
have the first obligation to come up with these standards.
The conferees will go through these and whatever
modifications may be made. The pattern of the development of
these standards had become evident here. I think that
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Francis Kittrell
probably this is the indication of the wave of the future.
As far as I can see, we are years ahead, at least
in administrative techniques, of the rest of the country. I
am sure that when the committee gets through its deliberations
and the conferees come up with their conclusions, whatever
they adopt, the entire proceedings and the requirements de-
veloped by the committee as discussed and considered and pos-
sibly adopted by the conferees will be one of the most sought
after documents in the field.
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
If not, thank you very much, Mr. Kittrell.
MR. POSTON: At this time I would like to call
Grover Cook to come back and make a report on Federal instal-
lations and give us general recommendations.
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Grover Cook
FURTHER STATEMENT
OF
GROVER COOK, CHIEF, ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES,
REGION V, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
Federal Activities
Besides the surveillance activity, the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare recognized a responsibility
for abatement of pollution at Federal installations. There
are no large Federal pollution sources in the conference area,
but the Department contacted all possible polluters shortly
after the conference to evaluate their problems. Four Army
Nike sites are located in the conference area. Their prob-
lems were largely one of poor maintenance and operation. The
Army has since thoroughly reviewed their waste treatment
practices, and has initiated a program that will prevent
future pollution.
The Coast Guard tells us they will start construc-
tion of all necessary waste treatment facilities in the
conference area — in fact, throughout the Great Lakes —
in the spring of 1966, to be completed during the fiscal year
of 1967. Many of these will be completed by the end of
calendar year 1966.
In addition, the Department of Health, Education,
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Grover Cook
and Welfare is installing six macerator-chlorinator units,
which are vessel waste treatment devices, in several Coast
Guard vessels in this area, to be evaluated. Hopefully, then,
the other Federal vessels can follow suit and profit by this
experience.
In addition to Federal water pollution control
activities of this nature, the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare has also assisted the pollution control effort
by making grants for construction of municipal waste treatment
facilities in the area. Since January, 1965 four grant offers
were made. The largest was to the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago in the amount of $1,041,000 for
construction amounting to $3,650,000. Grant offers totalled
$1,593,000 for $4,373,000 of construction in the conference
area. Before the conference the Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare made grants of about $2-1/2 million to
11 communities.
Re c omme nd a t _io ns
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
reaffirms its position in regard to the conclusions and
recommendations of the March 1965 conference. Surveillance
activities over the past eight months have pointed up the
need for a very vigorous program. Therefore it is suggested
that the conferees consider the following recommendations.
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Grover Cook
It is recommended that:
1. Present surveillance activities be expanded to
include more sampling stations and more frequent sampling.
The industries, municipalities, and the regulatory agencies
are encouraged to cooperate with the current Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare's Surveillance Program in the
establishment of a more comprehensive program, including the
possible installation of automatic monitoring equipment to
augment the present Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare's monitors.
2. Laboratories continue to work together in a
long-range program to obtain uniformity in methods and pre-
cision of results. Industrial, municipal, and regulatory
agency laboratories are invited to cooperate with the
Department in this program.
3. Information on characteristics of effluents
and receiving waters, and new construction of waste treatment
facilities be made available to the Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary Later Board, and the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago for
compilation in semi-annual status reports to the conferees and
to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
That's all I have.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Cook.
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Grover Cook
Are there any comments or questions?
I would like to bring one point out that Mr. Cook
raised of possible interest to the outdoors people, the con-
servation groups who may be in the audience.
We have had a marine toilet operating on our boat
in Raritan Bay, between New York and New Jersey, for about a
year and have found it very satisfactory.
As you know, in the last few years we have been
conducting assiduous searches for effective marine toilets to
stop pollution from boats.
On the basis of this we have made available $75,000
for a cooperative program with the Coast Guard where marine
toilets will be put into operation on the Coast Guard boats
operating in New York Harbor, Raritan Bay, and the Great Lakes.
This shows you we just don't always enforce and use money to
tell people what to do but try to put our money where our
mouth is sometimes.
We hope this demonstration will show what can be
done with wastes from ships, and we hope that it will be
closely watched and may prove an example to others so that
you can employ similar programs in your own localities and
in your States and use this measure to protect the lakes and
streams wherever they may be.
Are there any further comments or questions?
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Grover Cook
(No response.)
If not, thank you very much.
MR. POSTON: That concludes our particular part of
this program, and we would like now to call upon Commander
Waite of the U.S. Navy who has a prepared statement on the
progress of the Navy in this matter of pollution.
MR. STEIN: If I had known we were to have a Navy
man, I probably should have said "ship" instead of "boat."
(Laughter)
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Commander Charles E. Waite
STATEMENT OF
LIEUTENANT COMMANDER CHARLES E. WAITE,
U. S. NAVY
COMMANDER WAITE: Mr. Chairman, fellow members of
the effluent society: (Laughter)
At this time I would like to take the opportunity
to thank the committee for inviting the Navy to make this
public statement as to the programs and steps that the Navy
has taken to help in the abatement of water pollution.
Before reading my statement, which I assure you is
very short, I would like to say at the outset that upon
notification that there was pollution by the Navy we took
what we considered to be a rather legalistic approach, and
then upon looking into the problem a little more closely,
recognizing that the Federal government is really the impetus
behind the whole program, we became more enlightened.
We do have two problems here in the Chicago Sanitary
District Area. One is with the Randolph Street Armory, which
is not owned by the Navy but is used by the Navy, and also
with our vessel that is tied up at the Randolph Street Armory.
Now, if you will, bear with me for a moment while
I go through a reading exercise.
In May 1965, the Chicago office of the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, in a letter to the
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Commander Charles E. Waite
Commandant, Ninth Naval District, indicated that the Navy was
not providing treatment of waste waters from its vessels
stationed or operating in the Chicago area pursuant to the
requirements of the municipal code of the City of Chicago.
Now, here is where we took our legalistic approach.
In response, it was pointed out that the Chicago municipal
code did not apply to public vessels of the United States
government, and further that the naval vessels operating in
this area were complying with the more stringent requirements
of the Federal statute (33 USC 421) which has application
on the Great Lakes.
On 7 July 1965, the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago in correspondence to the Commandant,
Ninth Naval District, stated that "vessels docked at the
Naval Armory (Randolph Street) are discharging wastes into
Lake Michigan that violate our 1946 ordinance for the
control and abatement of pollution of water within our juris-
diction. "
On 5 August 1965 the Chicago Sanitary District
suggested a meeting to discuss the problem of waste disposal
not only from the vessels docked at the Naval Armory, but al-
so from the Armory itself. This was the first occasion that
the Navy was asked officially to consider the Armory waste
disposal problem as its responsibility.
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Commander Charles E. Waite
At the outset of the meeting with the Sanitary
District personnel, it was agreed that there were two distinct,
albeit interrelated problems; that is, pollution from
(1) Naval Armory and (2) Naval vessels.
Recognizing the intent of Congress as expressed in
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 USC
466 et seq.) the Navy representatives expressed the desire
of the Navy to cooperate with all interests in so far as
practicable and consistent with the interest of the United
States and within the limits of available appropriations.
In this spirit Navy representatives and officials of the State
of Illinois, owner of the Randolph Street Naval Armory, met
to discuss ways and means to abate the alleged pollution from
the Armory's septic tanks. Since the United States does not
have a proprietary interest in the Naval Armory building, the
Navy cannot, under present regulations, expend Federal funds
for capital improvements such as the construction of a sewer
line from the Armory to the city sewerage system.
However, because of the emphasis placed upon the
water pollution abatement program by the Federal government
and because of the fact that the Navy is, for all intents
and purposes, the sole user of the Naval Armory, the project
for the construction of a sewer line, as mentioned above,
has been included in the budget program of the Navy Bureau of
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Commander Charles E. Waite
Yards and Docks. Whether the project will be authorized and
funds appropriated is presently the subject of some specula-
tion in view of the recently announced cutback of military
construction programs because of the Vietnam conflict.
Meanwhile, Sanitary District engineers conducted
tests of the effluent of the Naval Armory septic tanks in
order to determine its degree of contamination. The results
of these tests were reported by the Sanitary District as
indicating "an unusually weak effluent."
On the basis of this information the Illinois
authorities and Navy representatives, in a cooperative effort
and as a temporary solution to the problem of pollution from
the Armory, have initiated procedures for the installation of
a system whereby the septic tank effluent would receive
secondary treatment by way of chlorination prior to discharge
into the waters of the Sanitary District. This procedure has
been approved by the Chicago Sanitary District.
These are the steps which have been taken toward
solving the Armory problem, and it is felt that the temporary
solution is reasonable in view of the Sanitary District tests.
The duration of this interim arrangement is indeterminate
at this time because of requirements for Congressional author-
ization and the exigencies of the Southeast Asia military
involvement.
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Commander Charles E. Waite
The discharge of waste materials from Naval vessels
has been a subject of study by the Department of the Navy
for several years. The Navy anticipated the primary problem
in early 1962 by incorporating in the piping design of new
ships the provision for the separation of soil and human
wastes. Backfitting of treatment equipment in these ships
will be facilitated as a result of this action, but the effort
and cost in backfitting ships built prior to 1962 will be
considerable.
The Navy recognizes the importance of this problem,
is proceeding in the knowledge that pollution from ships is
definitely significant, and has recently expanded its efforts
to seek a solution. The Secretary of the Navy recently
stated that the public interest requires that the Navy take
all feasible steps which will help minimize the water pollu-
tion problem which exists today.
At Navy initiation a macerator-chlorinator treat-
ment unit has been developed for small ships which will be
suitable for a maximum of about 40 people. It is planned
that specifications for all new small ships and craft will
provide for installation of this service-tested unit. Another
step taken by the Navy has been its invitation to interested
companies to bid on the development and design of a waste
treatment system for larger ships. Following prototype
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Commander Charles E. Waite
approval, specifications for future large ships will be
amended to include a requirement for a waste treatment system.
With respect to USS PARLE (DE-708), which is
stationed here at the Naval Armory, Randolph Street, as well
as other Naval Training boats and ships, the following courses
of action are contemplated:
a) For ships under 40 complement, install a
macerator-chlorinator unit, subject to availability
of funds;
b) for larger ships such as DE — the PARLE —
install the large waste treatment unit which is
expected to be available about July 1968; once again
backfitting is dependent upon availability of funds.
The principal problems associated with the instal-
lation of waste treatment systems in existing ships
are centered in piping rearrangements, watertight
integrity, and weight and space requirements.
In addition to the above, the Navy's Bureau of
Ships has undertaken the development and manufacture of a
prototype installation in PARLE which, it hopes, may then be
applicable to other ships in the Great Lakes.
In conclusion it may be said, categorically, that
the Navy has recognized the importance of the pollution
problem. It is taking permanent long-term measures to abate
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Commander Charles E. Waite
the pollution of the country's harbors, lakes and waterways,
in general. Pending completion of these long-term solutions,
the Navy is currently developing a waste treatment system
for PARLE and, in cooperation with the State of Illinois, is
installing equipment to provide adequate treatment of the
Armory wastes.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Commander.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response.)
If not, thank you very much.
I might say for the audience we have worked with
trying to install waste treatment facilities on ships that
have been already built. This is one of the most vexing
problems we have in our field, and I think the Commander will
readily agree, particularly in a Naval ship made to carry
out a specific mission. There just isn't an inch to spare.
The point is, if you have to change the piping
arrangements this is not very simple. You can't even move
them a foot without making adjustments, and once you do that
you are in the situation sort of like musical chairs. You
move one pipe, and every other one has to be moved.
The problem of installing adequate waste collection
and disposal facilities on some of the older ships is indeed
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Commander Charles E. Waite
formidable and expensive. Perhaps that is not so on the Naval
ships, or maybe it is. But on many of the others, particular-
ly some ships we have found with foreign registry, we have
found waste discharges from ten or 12 points in the vessel.
Evidently a lot of these older ships were designed
to get it in the waste pipe and right out as soon as possible
and just let it go to the outside.
The task of running the pipe, connecting them all
together, bringing them to one or two or three central points
and treating it presents a real problem in ingenuity and
engineering.
Commander, we are with you on the program and will
try to do what we can to work with you.
COLONEL CHESROW: Mr. Stein, I would like to com-
mend the Commandant and the entire Navy personnel for the fine
cooperation and expedient manner, in which they handled the
problems which were presented to them.
MR. STEIN: Thank you. That is very good news in-
deed.
Yes, Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: This concludes the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare's presentation and also that of the
other Federal agencies. However, I would like to say that
Colonel Mattina has indicated to me that he would be available.
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Commander Charles E. Waite
He did not have a statement to make, but if there were ques-
tions pertaining to operation of the waterways in this area
he would be available to give such answers as he may be able
to assist in.
MR. STEIN: Colonel Mattina is with the Corps of
Engineers?
MR. POSTON: Right.
MR. STEIN: At this point let's take a ten-minute
recess and we will then resume with Indiana's presentation.
(Whereupon, a recess was taken.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
We have a couple of announcements. One, we will
have more copies of the criteria available after lunch, and
also you can place your name on a list at the front desk and
they will be mailed to you if our supply runs out again.
Also, as you know, we have the President of the
Sanitary District here, Colonel Chesrow, and in the audience
is another distinguished member of the Sanitary District who
has been a constant fighter for clean water in the lower end
of the lake and has always kept his eyes on our program and
prodded us to bigger and better things. Vice President Vin-
cent Garrity, we thank you for coming.
May we continue now with the Indiana presentation?
Mr. Poole.
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B. A. Poole
STATEMENT OF
BLUCHER A. POOLE, CONFEREE
MR. POOLE: Mr. Chairman, fellow conferees:
Since the March conference, the State of Indiana
has been right diligent I believe in attempting to carry out
the assignments that were given to it by the findings of the
conferees at the conclusion of the March conference.
In a nutshell, this involved the treatment of
sewage including chlorination, the establishment of a monitor-
ing and surveillance program particularly within the indus-
tries, the establishment of a housekeeping program and a
better operational program both within industries and in the
sewage treatment plants, and the development of schedules
for future construction.
I believe our report which will follow will indi-
cate that except in the last category we have made real
progress, particularly if you consider the complexity of
the problem and the time involved.
The Indiana presentation will consist of first a
statement on behalf of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board, which I anticipate will take us up to noon today or
adjournment time — it will be past noon — and then we have
asked the Mayors or representatives of the cities of Gary,
East Chicago and Hammond to present brief reports on behalf
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B. A. Poole
of their cities.
This will be followed by nine industries which are
the industries, in our judgment at least, in Indiana that are
involved with a major problem.
This is the agenda that I had brought with me. I
have had one request for a brief statement on the part of a
small community on the Little Calumet River, and since it will
only take a few minutes I am going to try to work that state-
ment in sometime during this afternoon's agenda.
I give you that because people have been asking me
when they would appear and how long would the Indiana part of
the program last and that sort of thing. I have seen only
two or three of the statements from the 12 participants that
will follow us, but I would guess, Mr. Chairman, that Indiana
will consume the rest of the day and possibly might spill
over to a little while in the morning.
MR. STEIN: That will be perfectly agreeable. We
will stay here as long as reasonably feasible. There are two
things that in my experience happen though when you stay too
long. One, the reporter gives out. After all, this is one
area where we still have to depend on human power. Secondly,
the conferees tend to get a little testy. Sometimes this
prolongs things and complicates things rather than facilitating
them.
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B, A. Poole
So we will try to do as well as we can. We all get
testy except Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: I missed the word, Mr. Chairman. Did
you say "pesty" or "testy"? (Laughter)
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole.
MR. POOLE: I am now going to introduce Perry Miller,
assistant director of the Division of Sanitary Engineering
of the Indiana State Board of Health, who will present the
report on behalf of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board.
He is the same man who talked to you down in
McCormick Place in March of last year.
Perry Miller.
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Perry E. Miller
additional treatment needs.
Cities Service Oil Company; E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Company; Mobil Oil Company; Sinclair Refining
Company; Union Carbide Corporation, Chemicals Division;
American Oil Company; and American Maize-Products Company.
C. Need control or treatment facilities.
Blaw-Knox Company; Calumet Nitrogen Products
Company; Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company; National Tube
Division, U* S. Steel Corporation; Gary Steel Works, U. S.
Steel Corporation; Gary Sheet & Tin Mill Division, U. S.
Steel Corporation; Inland Steel Company; M & T Chemicals,
Inc.; and Lever Brothers Company.
D. Need control or treatment facilities and cur-
rently negotiating for connection to a sanitary district
sewer system.
Union Tank Car Company and Georgia-Pacific
Corporation (formerly Steiner Tissue Mill).
E. Evaluation needed of facilities installed
since March, 1965.
U. S. Gypsum Company.
F. No longer operating production facilities.
Berry Refining Company.
Waste load data from routine monitoring programs
for total plant loads were supplied by eight plants and
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Perry E. Miller
partial load data by two plants prior to the March 1965
conference. Since the conference 11 additional plants have
established monitoring programs. The waste load to the
Grand Calumet River from four U. So Steel Corporation plants
is determined by sampling the river. Outfall sewer sampling
is also included to determine waste loads and the effective-
ness of control facilities. E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Company has ordered samplers to monitor all significant
waste discharges. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company submits
data for only one outfall sewer and must expand its
sampling program. The following plants must establish
monitoring programs: Universal Atlas Cement Company, U. S.
Steel Corporation, and M & T Chemicals, Inc. The data from
the monitoring programs and the preliminary surveillance
program are maintained in open files.
Substantial reductions have been made in BOD, oil,
ammonia-nitrogen, phenol and sulfides when the present
monitoring data are compared with the data in Table VI of
the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare report of
February, 1965 and also with previous plant monitoring data.
Part of these reductions are the result of improved
operation of facilities and improved housekeeping. Part is
from the completion of new facilities which were designed
before the March conference. The next six to 12 months
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Perry E. Miller
should bring further reductions as construction of treatment
works now approved are completed,, However, the treatment
necessary to meet the water quality criteria when established
will require meetings with the companies involved to deter-
mine waste effluent quality.
MUNICIPAL
Commendable progress has been made in the disin-
fection of treatment plant effluents. Gary placed chlorin-
ation facilities in operation December 1, 1965; construction
bids have been received for chlorination at Hammond and East
Gary, All sewage treatment plants will have disinfection
when the Hammond and East Gary facilities are completed.
The City of Crown Point started construction of
additions to its activated slude-type sewage treatment plant
and chlorination facilities. The City of Valparaiso started
construction of additions to the effluent chlorination
facilities.
The Sanitary District of East Chicago is treating
wastes from General American Transportation Corporation,
has been treating ammonia still liquor from Inland Steel Com-
pany, and for a short time accepted ammonia still wastes
from Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. The District has
proposed the construction of a deep lagoon to receive a
portion of the storm water and the treatment plant effluent.
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Perry E. Miller
This combined waste would receive tertiary treatment includ-
ing chlorination and be available for industrial water
supply.
The Town of Porter is the only community that has
not provided treatment of sewage. The town is under order of
the Board to provide adequate facilities. A consulting
engineering firm has been authorized to design sewage treat-
ment facilities.
Increased surveillance of semi-public installations
has brought about improvements in the facilities and opera-
tion thereof. Progress is being made towards obtaining
connections to municipal sewer systems and the provision of
effluent chlorination for the remainder of the semi-public
plants.
The beach sampling conducted by Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Chicago Park Department, and
the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board show 13 or 38
samples from the Whiting beach had a coliform density of
less than 1,000 per 100 ml. The Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare report of February, 1965 states coliform
densities usually exceed 1,000 per 100 ml. The beaches
sampled by the Board in the Burns Ditch area were consistent-
ly low and satisfactory for swimming.
There follows a brief discussion by river systems
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Perry E. Miller
of the progress by each municipality and each industrial
plant in the area covered by the conference. The same
order has been followed as in the Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board Report of February, 1965.
GRAND CALUMET - INDIANA HARBOR CANAL - LAKE MICHIGAN
East Chicago - The East Chicago Sanitary District is working
with industry and initiating a program of accepting in-
dustrial waste that can be treated at the sewage treatment
plant. Industrial wastes from U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc.,
General American Transportation Corporation, paint booth
wastes from Blaw-Knox Company, and ammonia still wastes from
Inland Steel Company are now discharged to interceptor
sewers for treatment at the District plant. Youngstown
Sheet & Tube Company proposes the connection of ammonia still
wastes to District sewers for treatment. Effluent chlorin-
ation is provided.
The treatment facilities are designed for 20 mgd
with utilization of chemical treatment to supplement the
activated sludge process. The plant is now treating 12 to
14 mgd, and the effluent BOD and suspended solids average
12 mg/liter. The average quantity of phenol in the plant
effluent is reported as five parts per billion. However,
surface settling rates and detention times in the tanks will
be less than recommended standards at flows of approximately
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Perry E. Miller
15 mgd; therefore, close control will be required to main-
tain satisfactory treatment at higher loadings.
The District has proposed the construction of a
deep lagoon to receive storm water from approximately one-
third of the city and the sewage treatment plant effluent.
This combined waste would receive tertiary treatment includ-
ing chlorination prior to delivery to industry and/or dis-
charge to the receiving stream.
Gary - The Sanitary District completed construction of
sewage treatment plant additions during the summer of 1965
and placed effluent chlorination facilities in operation
on December 1, 1965. The Gary Steel Works proposes the dis-
charge of coke plant wastes and the remaining sanitary
sewage, the Gary Sheet and Tin Mill proposes the discharge
of the remaining sanitary sewage and the Georgia-Pacific
Corporation proposes the discharge of industrial waste to
interceptor sewers for treatment at the District plant.
The Merrillville Conservancy District will discharge sewage
and wastes to Gary early in 1966 for treatment at the
District plant.
The District facilities are designed to provide
secondary treatment for 60 mgd and primary treatment for
an additional 20 mgd. The plant is now treating 30 to 35
mgd and the effluent BOD and suspended solids average about
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Perry E. Miller
12 rag/liter. Adequate capacity is available for the
proposed additional sewage and waste discharges.
Merrillville Conservancy District - Construction of sanitary
sewers in the District area south of Gary is approximately
65 per cent complete. The lift station and force main con-
nection to the Gary Sanitary District should be completed
by January, 1966. In addition to providing sewer service
for over 1,500 homes within District boundaries, service
will be provided for several adjacent communities and semi-
public establishments. The subdivisions to be connected
include Turkey Creek Meadows and Chapel Manor with an esti-
mated 1,000 homes.
Vulcan Petinning Division, Vulcan Materials Company, Gary -
The company is selling spent caustic that was formerly dis-
charged to the Grand Calumet River. Bacteriological samples
indicated no evidence of sewage contamination. Uncontamin-
ated cooling water is discharged to the Grand Calumet River.
Periodic inspections will be made to insure that adequate
waste control is maintained.
Cities Service Oil Company, East Chicago - The preliminary
surveillance program has been completed and a routine
sampling program has been established. The results of the
monitoring program, when compared with Table VI-5b of the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare report of
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Perry E. Miller
February, 1965 show the following reductions: BOD 73 per
cent; oil 92 per cent; ammonia-nitrogen 81 per cent; and
phenol 72 per cent. The bacteriological samples show no
evidence of sewage contamination. The establishment of water
quality criteria for the area may require further reduction
of contaminants.
E. I. du Pont de Nemqurs_^Compa^nyj InP«i_la.st Chicago -
The results of the preliminary surveillance program revealed
that concentrations of suspended solids and acidity are
significant. The bacteriological samples show no evidence
of sewage contamination. A routine sampling program is
being established. Since March, 1965 the company has in-
stalled a sulfur-dioxide recovery system and it reports
98 per cent recovery of the sulfur-dioxide in the wastes dis-
charged to the Grand Calumet River. The following waste
control projects are proposed: Discontinue zinc ore roast-
ing operation (1967), new treatment facilities for filter
aid wastes and revisions to the acid neutralization facili-
ties. The establishment of water quality criteria may re-
quire further reduction of contaminants.
U. S. S» Lead Refinery, Inc.^Jlast Chicago^ - The preliminary
surveillance program was not required. Inspection by
representatives of the Board indicates that all wastes are
discharged to the East Chicago Sanitary District sewerage
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Perry E. Miller
system. Periodic inspections will be made by representatives
of the Board to insure that adequate waste control is main-
tained.
General American Transportation Corporation, East^Chicago -
A preliminary surveillance program was not required. The
company has connected all industrial waste to the East
Chicago Sanitary District. Periodic inspections will be
made by representatives of the Board to insure that adequate
waste control is maintained.
Blaw-Knox Company, East Chicago - The preliminary surveil-
lance program has been completed. Inspections by representa-
tives of the Board indicate that concentrations of suspended
solids and oils are significant. The bacteriological samples
showed evidence of sewage contamination. The company has
completed the following waste control projects since March,
1965: Recirculation of wash water from the sand reclamation
operation, connection of paint booth waste to the East Chicagb
Sanitary District sewerage system and conversion to dry dust
collectors at two locations. The workers at the main plant
were on strike from October 6 to November 14, 1965, and data
on the wastes discharged are not available at this time to
determine the effectiveness of the above facilities. Dye
tests are being conducted to determine the sources of sewage
in the discharge to the Indiana Harbor Canal. The company
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Perry E. Miller
must provide additional waste control facilities to reduce
suspended solids and oil.
American Steel Foundries, East Chicago - The preliminary sur-
veillance program indicates that the company waste disposal
is adequate. The bacteriological samples showed evidence of
sewage contamination; however, the company recently located
and repaired a broken section of the sanitary sewer and all
sewage is discharged to the East Chicago Sanitary District
for treatment. Periodic inspections will be made by repre-
sentatives of the Board to insure that adequate waste control
is maintained.
Union Carbide Corporat ion, Linde Division, East Chicago -
The results of the preliminary surveillance program indicates
that the corporation's waste disposal is adequate. The
bacteriological samples show no evidence of sewage contamin-
ation. The corporation has completed the following waste
control projects since March, 1965: Disconnected roof drains
and cooling water from the settling basin, connected oily
waste to the settling basin, installed an automatic controller
on the cooling towers and installed oil separation baffles
on the settling basin. Periodic inspections will be made by
representatives of the Board to insure that adequate waste
control is maintained.
Mobil Oil Company, East Chicago - The preliminary surveillance
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Perry E. Miller
program has been completed and a routine sampling program
established. The routine sampling program indicates
periodically high concentrations of BOD, suspended solids, oil,
phenol and ammonia. Two out of five outfalls convey signifi-
cant wastes. Bacteriological samples indicate no sewage
contamination. Since March, 1965 the company has completed
the following: Sludge pits, facilities for collecting spent
caustic, piping changes in the alkylation unit to prevent
sulfuric acid spills and installed automatic samplers, pH
recorder, temperature recorder, and flow measuring equipment.
The results of the monitoring program, when com-
pared with Table VI-5c of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare report of February, 1965 show the following
reductions: ammonia-nitrogen 90 per cent, phenol 90 per cent,
and BOD 21 per cent, and when compared with company data a
reduction of sulfides of 90 per cent and oil of 53 per cent.
The following is proposed: Caustic drip and drain
collection system, and divert wash water from the alkylation
unit to the sludge pit. Additional in-plant control and
improved housekeeping practices are needed to eliminate
periodically high BOD, suspended solids, oil, phenol and
ammonia in the main outfall. The establishment of water
quality criteria for the area may require further reduction
of contaminants.
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Perry E. Miller
Calumet Nitrogen Products Company, Hammond - The preliminary
surveillance program has been completed and a routine sampling
program established. The results of the routine sampling
program indicate that concentrations of ammonia and nitrite-
nitrogen in the company's effluent is significant. The
bacteriological samples showed no evidence of sewage contamin-
ation. Since the March, 1965 conference the company has
discontinued the use of lime softening of boiler feed water
in order to reduce concentrations of suspended solids in the
effluent. Future plans for waste control include the dis-
charge of spent caustic into the Hammond Sanitary District
sewerage system.
The results of the monitoring program, when com-
pared with Table VI-5c of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare report of February, 1965 show the following re-
ductions: Ammonia-nitrogen 74 per cent; and total nitrogen
74 per cent. Additional reduction of ammonia and nitrate-
nitrogen are needed to provide a satisfactory effluent.
Union Tank Car Company, Whiting - The results of the prelim-
inary surveillance program revealed that concentrations of
BOD, suspended solids and oil are significantf The
bacteriological samples showed evidence of sewage contamin-
ation. The company proposes the following waste control
projects: Diversion of in-plant storm drains from the oil
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Perry E. Miller
separator, recirculation of water from the hydrostatic testing
operations, and is negotiating a connection to the Hammond
Sanitary District sewerage system. Diversion of storm water
from the oil separator and connection to the Hammond Sanitary
District sewerage system would provide satisfactory waste
disposal for the company.
Sinclair Refining Company, East Chicago - The preliminary sur-
veillance program has been completed and a routine sampling
program established. The routine sampling program indicates
periodically high concentrations of BOD, suspended solids, oil,
phenol and ammonia. The bacteriological samples show no
evidence of sewage contamination. Since March, 1965 the
company has completed the following: Sludge-holding tanks,
oil separation boom on the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, and
installed an automatic sampler. Additional in-plant controls
and improved housekeeping practices are needed to eliminate
periodically high BOD, suspended solids, oil, phenol and
ammonia in the main outfall. The establishment of water
quality criteria for the area may require further reduction of
contaminants.
U. S. Gypsum Company^ East Chicago - The results of the pre-
liminary surveillance program revealed high concentrations of
suspended solids. Bacteriological results show no evidence
of sewage contamination. A routine effluent sampling program
has been established. The company completed construction of a
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Perry E. Miller
settling basin in November, 1965. Evaluation of new facil-
ities will determine if additional treatment is required.
Youngstown Sheet jnd_Tube Company, East Chicago - The results
of the preliminary surveillance program revealed that con-
centrations of BOD, suspended solids, oils, ammonia-nitrogen
and phenols are significant. The bacteriological samples
from eight outfalls showed high coliform densities. However,
subsequent tests by the company and dye tests have shown that
all sewage is discharged to the East Chicago Sanitary District
for treatment.
The company proposes the following waste control
projects: Connection to the East Chicago Sanitary District
for disposal of remaining sewage, connection to the East
Chicago Sanitary District for ammonia still wastes, naptha-
lene recovery system, return caustic to the flue gas washer
water, waste pickle liquor holding tanks, waste pickle liquor
disposal on hot slag, seamless mill oil recovery facilities,
terminal settling lagoon with recirculation of clarified
effluent to the plant process water supply. This program is
to be completed within 30 months. Adequate waste treatment
facilities must be installed.
National Tube Division, U._S»_ Steel CorporatioHj Gary -
The preliminary surveillance program revealed that concentra-
tions of oil, acidity and suspended solids from both outfalls
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Perry E. Miller
are significant. The bacteriological samples showed no evi-
dence of sewage contamination. The corporation has employed
a consulting engineering firm to study the industrial waste
problem at the National Tube Division. The engineering studies
are to be completed by December, 1966. Adequate waste treat-
ment facilities must be installed.
Gary Steel Works, U. S. Steel Corporation, Gary - The results
of the preliminary surveillance program revealed that concen-
trations of BOD, oils, suspended solids, ammonia-nitrogen and
phenol are significant. Four of 13 outfalls do not convey
significant wastes. The bacteriological samples show that
five of 13 outfalls have sewage contamination. The corpora-
tion proposes the following waste control projects: Con-
tinuous casting line waste treatment facilities to be com-
pleted by July 1, 1966, oil skimmer on the Grand Calumet River
(these plans approved by the Stream Pollution Control Board
on December 2, 1965), connection to the Gary Sanitary Dis-
trict sewerage system for disposal of coke plant wastes
and remaining sanitary wastes. The corporation has employed
a consulting engineering firm to study the industrial waste
problem at the Gary Steel Works. The engineering studies are
to be completed by December, 1966r A partial sampling pro-
gram has been established. Adequate treatment facilities
must be provided.
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Perry E. Miller
Gary Sheet and Tin Mill, U. S. Steel Corporation, Gary -
The results of the preliminary surveillance program revealed
that concentrations of BOD, oils, suspended solids and
acidity are significant. The bacteriological samples indicate
that two of three outfalls show evidence of sewage contamin-
ation. The Stream Pollution Control Board approved plans
for treatment facilities at a new 84-inch hot strip mill for
reduction of scale, suspended solids and oil and for treat-
ment facilities at a new six-stand tandem cold reduction
mill and existing west five-stand cold reduction tin mill,
four-stand sheet mill, three-stand sheet mill and three other
cold reduction mills for reduction of oils and suspended
solids. The remaining sewage will be discharged to the Gary
Sanitary District for treatment. A deep well for disposal
of waste sulfuric acid will be completed in March, 1966.
Completion of these waste disposal and treatment works will
provide treatment for a majority of the wastes at this mill.
Engineering studies are in progress to determine additional
treatment needs.
American Bridge Pi vis ionx U. S. Stee 1^ Corpora t ion, Gary -
The results of the preliminary surveillance program revealed
that the wastes are not significant. The bacteriological
samples show no evidence of sewage contamination. Periodic
inspections will be made by representatives of the Board to
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Perry E. Miller
insure that adequate waste control is maintained,
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, (Steiner Tissue Mill), Gary -
The results of the preliminary surveillance program revealed
that concentrations of BOD, suspended solids and oils in the
corporation's effluent are significant. The preliminary sur-
veillance data, when compared with Table VI-5b of the De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare report of February,
1965 show a 63 per cent reduction of BOD. The bacteriological
samples showed no evidence of sewage contamination. A rou-
tine effluent sampling program was not established. The
corporation is currently negotiating with the Gary Sanitary
District for connection to the Gary sewerage system for dis-
posal of the industrial waste. Connection to the Gary system
with adequate pretreatment would provide satisfactory dis-
posal of the corporation's waste.
Berry Refining Company, Gary - This company was included in
the original list of industries designated to participate in
the conference. On May 1, 1965 the company closed the re-
finery at Gary.
Northern Indiana Public Service Company, Bailly Station,
Baileytown - A preliminary surveillance program was not re-
quired. Bacteriological samples indicate no sewage con-
tamination. Inspections by representatives of the Board
indicate that waste disposal is adequate. Periodic inspections
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194
Perry E. Miller
will be made by a representative of the Board to insure
that adequate waste control is maintained.
I nlanci Stee 1 Company, East Chicago - The results of the pre-
liminary surveillance program indicate that concentrations
of BOD, oils, suspended solids, acidity, ammonia, and phenol
are significant. Seven of 19 outfalls do not convey signifi-
cant wastes. The bacteriological samples indicate that four
outfalls show evidence of sewage contamination. The company
has established a routine effluent sampling program. The
following waste control projects have been completed since
March, 1965: Connection of ammonia still wastes to the East
Chicago Sanitary District, recirculation of final coke plant
cooling waters, and installed two automatic samplers. The
company reports it has substantially reduced phenols and
ammonia-nitrogen and increased fee oil recovery 200,000
gallons per year.
The following waste control projects are planned:
Use of 80-inch hot strip mill waste treatment facilities for
disposal of waste pickle liquor, engineering studies to
determine practicability of using a deep well disposal system
for waste pickle liquor, expansion and modernization of the
North ,-;nd lagoon, seven additional automatic samplers, No. 4
Basic Oxygen Furnace reciroulation system, expansion of the
No. 2 sewage treatment plant, and connection of the remaining
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Perry E. Miller
sanitary wastes to the sewage treatment plants. Adequate
treatment facilities must be provided,
Universal Atlas Cement Division, U.S. Steel Corporation, Gary -
The results of the preliminary sampling program and inspection
by representatives of the Board indicate waste disposal is
adequate. The bacteriological samples showed evidence of
sewage contamination. The company has completed the following
waste control projects since March, 1965: Effluent chlorina-
tion facilities and oil separation. Periodic inspections
will be made by representatives of the Board to insure that
adequate waste control is maintained.
Northern Indiana Public Service Company, Mitchell Station,
Gary - A preliminary surveillance program was not required.
Bacteriological samples indicated no sewage contamination.
The company completed construction of a sand filter and
total ground absorption system for disposal of sanitary
wastes in October, 1965. Inspections by the State indicate
that waste disposal is adequate. Periodic inspections will
be made by representatives of the Board to insure that
adequate waste control is maintained.
Union Carbide Corporation, Chemicals Division, Whiting -
The preliminary surveillance program has been completed and
a routine sampling program established. The routine sampling
program indicates periodically high concentrations of BOD
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Perry E. Miller
and suspended solids in the corporation's two outfalls. How-
ever, the monthly operation reports for September and October
show improved waste control. These reports, when compared
with Table VI-5a of the Department of Health, ^Jducation, and
Welfare report of February, 1965 show the following reduc-
tions: BOD 36 per cent, and from company data a suspended
solids reduction of 82 per cent. The bacteriological samples
show no evidence of sewage contamination. The corporation has
completed the following waste control projects since March,
1965: Polyethylene pellet recovery facilities, oil collection
sumps, waste oil storage tanks, oil emulsion decanter tanks
and a nettling basin. Establishment of water quality criteria
for the area may require further reduction of contaminants.
American Oil Company, V/hiting - The results of the preliminary
surveillance program revealed that concentrations of BOD anc
ammonia-nitrogen in the effluent are significant. The bacter-
iological samples show no sev/age contamination. The routine
effluent sampling program indicates that periodically high
concentrations of oil and phenol are also significant. The
company has completed the following waste control projects
since March, 1965; Replaced the acid and clay treating
facilities at the Propane Dewaxing Plant with a new hydro-
finishing unit, increased the oxygen input to the bio-
flotation process by increasing the submergence of the
aeration brushes, installed four mechanical aerators in
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Perry E. Miller
the bio-flotation basin, and provided segregation, collection
and separate disposal of wastes from the heavy oils area of
the refinery. Additional in-plant controls and improved
housekeeping practices are needed to eliminate periodically
high concentrations of oil and phenol in the effluent. The
establishment of water quality criteria for the area may nec-
essitate further removal of contaminants.
American Maize-Products Company, Hammond - The preliminary
surveillance program has been completed and the routine
sampling program expanded. The routine sampling program
indicates periodically high concentrations of BOD. The
bacteriological samples show no evidence of sewage contamin-
ation. The company has completed the following waste control
facilities since March, 1965: Primary settling basins for
starch filtrate, enlargement of aerobic lagoon, diversion of
condenser waters to the lagoon system, and a surface condense^
on a steepwater evaporator. The monitoring data, when com-
pared with Table VI-5a of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare report of February, 1965 show a 34 per cent
reduction in BOD. The company proposes installation of
additional mechanical aeration to the aerobic lagoon.
Development of water quality criteria for the area may
necessitate further removal of contaminants.
Commonwealth Edison Company of Jndiana_, Hammond_ - The prelim-
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Perry E. Miller
inary surveillance program was not required. Bacteriological
samples indicated no evidence of sewage contamination. In-
spections by representatives of the Board indicate that waste
disposal is adequate. Periodic inspections will be made by
representatives of the Board to insure that adequate waste
control is maintained.
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER - BURNS DITCH
Crp\yn Point - The city has started construction of additions
to its activated sludge-type sewage treatment plant to
increase the design flow from 0.8 to 1.8 mgd. Effluent
chlorination facilities will also be enlarged. Extension
of the sewer system will provide sewer service to areas that
are not now served. It is estimated the project will be com-
pleted by July 1, 1966.
Effluent chlorination was provided this past season
and is continuing.
Hobart_ - The city is providing secondary treatment. Effluent
chlorination provided May through October.
East Gary - Sewage from East Gary is treated at the Gary
(Miller) District sewage treatment plant. Effluent chlorina-
tion was not provided; however, plans have been approved and
construction bids received for plant improvements including
effluent chlorination. The city is considering the con-
struction of a new sewage treatment plant in the near future.
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Perry E. Miller
Chesterton - The town is providing secondary treatment and
effluent chlorination.
Valparaiso - The city is providing secondary treatment and
effluent chlorination. Additions to effluent chlorination
facilities are under construction. A preliminary engineering
report on sewage plant additions has been received.
Porter - The town has advised that no agreement had been
reached for sewage treatment by contract with the town of
Chesterton. A consulting engineering firm has been author-
ized to design sewage treatment facilities.
No action is reported on New Chicago and Portage;
these municipalities are not served by sewer systems.
Semi-Public - Seven of the semi-public installations in this
basin plan to connect to the Merrillville Conservancy District
sewer system. With the exception of four relatively small
installations which are served by septic tanks and sand
filters or absorption fields, the rest provide secondary
treatment facilities; 17 of these now have effluent chlorin-
ation facilities and the other five have chlorination
facilities approved and/or promised by April 11, 1966.
In general, the operation and maintenance of the
semi-public treatment facilities has improved.
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Perry E. Miller
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER - WEST
Dyer - The activated sludge-type sewage treatment plant in-
cluding effluent chlorination and north interceptor sewer
should be ready for operation by December 31, 1965. Other
interceptor sewer work should be completed by June 1, 1966.
Highland - Construction of the lift stations and sewer con-
nection to the Hammond Sanitary District interceptor is
continuing. The project should be completed by June 1, 1966.
Schererville - The secondary sewage treatment facilities,
including effluent chlorination, were placed in operation
about June 1, 1965.
Griffith and Monster - The sewage from these municipalities
is discharged to the Hammond Sanitary District for treatment.
Problems have been encountered with overloading of the
south interceptor of the Hammond Sanitary District resulting
in the occasional discharge of sewage and wastes to the
Little Calumet River from Highland and Griffith. Plans for
a relief interceptor have been approved and construction
bids were received in December, 1965. The sewer construction
can be completed in 1966.
The overflow from combined sewers and the discharge
from storm water pumping stations, particularly during low
stream flow periods, will continue to cause localized unde-
sirable conditions in the Little Calumet River. The United
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Perry E. Miller
States Geological Survey stream flow records show flows as
low as 4 mgd in the river near the Indiana-Illinois State
line.
Simmons Company, Munster - The results of the preliminary sur-
veillance program indicate that waste disposal is adequate.
The company proposes the installation of automatic control
equipment and conversion to continuous chromium treatment
in order to provide optimum waste control. A routine efflu-
ent sampling program has been established. Periodic in-
spections will be made by representatives of the Board to
insure that adequate waste control is maintained.
GRAND CALUMET RIVER - WEST
Hammond - Plans for effluent chlorination facilities for the
Hammond Sanitary District sewage treatment plant have been
approved and construction bids were received in December, 1963,
Construction should be completed in 1966. The Calumet
Nitrogen Products Company proposes the discharge of spent
caustic to the District and the Union Tank Car Company and
LaSalle Steel Company propose connections to the interceptor
sewers for treatment of wastes at the District plant.
The treatment facilities are designed for a flow
of 36 mgd. The plant is now treating 32 to 34 mgd. Problems
were encountered with replacement of air diffusion equipment
in existing aeration tanks and from time to time inadequately
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Perry E. Miller
treated sewage and wastes were discharged to the Grant Calumet
River. The effluent BOD and suspended solids average about
20 mg/liter. The District plant can handle the waste from
the proposed industry connections; however, additional
sewage treatment facilities will be required in the near
future.
The District has made some progress with sewer
separation by the construction of sanitary relief sewers.
However, as interconnections are provided with existing
combined sewers, storm water overflows still discharge sewage
and wastes to receiving streams with surface water runoff.
Additional sewer separation is needed.
Whiting - A consulting engineering firm has presented a pre-
liminary plan to the city for separation of sewers in the
drainage area which outfalls to Lake Michigan at Front Street.
The city is now investigating the feasibility of financing
this project.
The operation of the Front Street lift station
has improved materially. From June through October sewage
was discharged to the lake on only 13 occasions for a total
of 106 hours. Twenty-nine hours of bypassing was caused by
a sump pump failure which flooded out the pump motors and
two and one-half hours by a power outage beyond the city
control.
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Perry E. Miller
Adolph Plating Inc., Electrogalvanizing Division, East
Chicago - The preliminary surveillance program was not re-
quired. The bacteriological samples indicated no sewage
contamination. Inspections by representatives of the Board
indicate that waste disposal is adequate. A routine sampling
program is being established» Periodic inspections will be
made by representatives of the Board to insure that adequate
waste control is maintained.
LaSalie Steel Company, Hammond - The results of the preliminary
surveillance program and a routine effluent sampling program
indicate that waste disposal is adequate. The bacteriological
samples showed no sewage contamination. The company is
negotiating with the Hammond Sanitary District for connection
to the Hammond sewerage system. Periodic inspections will
be made by representatives of the Board to insure that
adequate waste control is maintained.
M &T Chemicals, Inc., East Chicaga - The company was not
included in the original invitations for industries to par-
ticipate in the conference. Subsequent investigations and
results of the preliminary surveillance program revealed
that the concentrations of BOD, suspended solids and oils
are significant. The bacteriological samples showed evidence
of sewage contamination. The company has not developed a
satisfactory waste control program.
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Perry E. Miller
WOLF LAKE
Lever Brothers Company, Hammond - The preliminary surveill-
ance program has been completed and a routine sampling prob-
lam established. The routine sampling program indicates
variations in BOD and suspended solids in the effluent.
There is no interstate pollution of Wolf Lake from this
source. Additional in-plant control and housekeeping prac-
tices are needed to reduce the variations in waste discharges
to the Indiana waters of Wolf Lake.
SUMMARY
1. All municipalities, except Porter, are providing second-
ary treatment and all will provide effluent chlorination
when the Hammond and East Gary facilities are completed in
1966.
2. The Sanitary Districts of Gary, Hammond and East Chicago
are cooperating with industrial plants to treat industrial
wastes.
3. The East Chicago Sanitary District has proposed con-
struction of a lagoon to receive storm water from approxi-
mately one-third of the city and the effluent of the sewage
treatment plant. The combined wastes would receive tertiary
treatment including effluent chlorination and be available
for industrial water supply.
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Perry E. Miller
4. Beach sampling showed the beaches in the Burns Ditch area
were consistently satisfactory for swimming. The Whiting
Beach samples based on coliform density show improvement when
compared with those in the report of Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare of February, 1965.
5. All industrial plants requested to make preliminary sur-
veillance tests did so and submitted the analytical results
to the Board. Total or partial monitoring programs have
been established except at two industrial plants. Data from
both programs are maintained in open files.
6. Substantial reductions have been made in BOD, oil,
ammonia-nitrogen, phenols and sulfides by improved house-
keeping and installation of new facilities.
7. Fifteen industrial plants have adequate waste control
facilities, two are negotiating to connect to sanitary
district sewer systems, one plant completed facilities in
November and these facilities must be evaluated, and one
plant is no longer operating. Nine plants must provide addi-
tional treatment. Of these one is Lever Brothers which is
involved in Indiana waters and not interstate waters. Seven
plants will probably need additional treatment when water
quality criteria are adopted.
8. A number of semi-public installations will be eliminated
and connection made to municipal sewers. Seventeen semi-
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Perry E. Miller
public plants provide secondary treatment including chlorin-
ation and five others with secondary treatment have chlorin-
ation facilities approved and/or promised by April 11, 1966.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Miller, for a very com-
prehensive and excellent report.
Are there any comments or questions?
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Miller, will the Gary people be
here? Or should I ask you the questions that I would have
asked them?
MR. MILLER: Mr. Klassen, the Gary people will be
here. They are expected to make a report this afternoon.
MR. KLASSEN: Okay. I will save that.
Also, just on page one, different States have dif-
ferent interpretations of words. When you say "waste control
facilities" in "A," is that measuring devices and this type
of thing?
MR. MILLER: No, in "A" we mean the treatment that
they have installed that we consider as satisfactory and
as being adequate for the area.
MR, KLASSEN: Okay.
MR, MILLER: Some of them do, however, have
measuring devices as well.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
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Perry E. Miller
Are there any farther questions or comments?
(No response.)
If not, thank you very much, Mr. Miller.
I think you can appreciate the magnitude of the
problem faced by Indiana in attempting to bring this problem
under control and the painstaking way you have to go through
to achieve that control. I think the progress indicated
here is admirable.
Again, let me say, as indicated, this is a tech-*
nical meeting and there is no other way to pollution control
that I know of but getting down to naming places and dealing
with the materials where they come out and dealing with the
hard technical problems presented.
I think Indiana is well on its way.
At the present time we will recess for lunch and
reconvene promptly at two o'clock. Thank you.
(Whereupon, at 12:40 p.m., the luncheon recess was
taken.)
ftU S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1966 O - 211-207
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