ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
            REMOTE SENSING STUDY
                     OF
STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT THERMAL DISCHARGES
                     TO
       LAKE ERIE AND THE DETROIT AND
              ST. CLAIR RIVERS
              OHIO AND MICHIGAN
 NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
               DENVER,COLORADO
                     AND
                  REGION V
              CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
                 March 1974

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES	     iv


LIST OF FIGURES	     v


GLOSSARY OF TERMS	    viii



I.        INTRODUCTION  	      1


II.       SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 	      3


III.      DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA	      9
          PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION  	      9
          CLIMATE	     11
          HYDROLOGY	     12
          APPLICABLE WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS  	     13


IV.       STUDY TECHNIQUES FOR THERMAL DISCHARGES 	     17

          AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DATA	     17
          SENSOR DATA   	     17
          GROUND TRUTH  	     19
          DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS  	     21

          ERROR ANALYSIS	     23


V.        RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THERMAL DATA ANALYSIS .  .     25
          ASHTABULA, OHIO	     26
            Description of Power Plants 	     26
            Observed Thermal Conditions 	     27
          PAINESVILLE, OHIO	     30
            Description of Power Plant  	     30
            Observed Thermal Conditions 	 ...     30
          EASTLAKE,  OHIO	     32
            Description of Power Plant  	     32
            Observed Thermal Conditions 	     33
          CLEVELAND, OHIO	     33
            Description of Power Plant  	     33
            Observed Thermal Conditions 	     35
          AVON LAKE, OHIO	     35

            Description of Power Plant  	     35
            Observed Thermal Conditions 	     37
          LORAIN,  OHIO	     39
            Description of Power Plant  	     39

            Observed Thermal Conditions 	     40
                                 111

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II-l

II-2
                       TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  (Cont.)
                                                       Page


TOLEDO, OHIO	     40
  Description of Power Plant  	     40
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     42
ERIE, MICHIGAN	     45
  Description of Power Plant  	     45
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     45
MONROE, MICHIGAN	     45
  Description of Power Plant  	     45
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     47
LAGOONA BEACH, MICHIGAN 	     47
  Description of Power Plant  	     47
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     49
TRENTON, MICHIGAN 	     51
  Description of Power Plant  	     51
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     51
WYANDOTTE, MICHIGAN 	     53
  Description of Power Plant  	     53
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     53
RIVER ROUGE, MICHIGAN	     53
  Description of Power Plant  	     53
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     53
DETROIT, MICHIGAN 	     56
  Description of Power Plants 	     56
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     56
BELLE RIVER, MICHIGAN	     58
  Description of Power Plant  	     58
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     58
MARYSVILLE, MICHIGAN  	     58
  Description of Power Plant  	     58
  Observed Thermal Conditions 	     60





                LIST OF TABLES


SUMMARY OF POWER PLANT CHARACTERISTICS  	      5


SUMMARY OF THERMAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS  ...      6
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                          LIST OF FIGURES



Figure No.                                                       Page


1-1            Location Map                                        2


III-l          Lake Erie Topography                               10


III-2          Dominant Summer Surface Water Movement             14


IV-1           Aircraft Sensor Location                           18


IV-2           Field of View of IRLS                              18


IV-3           IRLS Optical Collection System                     20


V-l            Power Plant Locations                            Inside
                                                              back cover


V-2            Thermal Map of Ashtabula Power
               Plant Discharges                                   28


V-3            Isarthermal Map of the Ashtabula Power           Follows
               Plant Discharge 001                              Page 28


V-4            Isarthermal Map of the Ashtabula Power           Follows
               Plant Discharge 002                              Page 28


V-5            Thermal Map of I.R.C. Fiber Company
               Discharge                                          31


V-6            Isarthermal Map of the I.R.C. Fibers             Follows
               Company Discharge                                Page 32


V-7            Thermal Map of Eastlake, Ohio, Shoreline           34


V-8            Isarthermal Map of the Eastlake Power            Follows
               Plant Thermal Discharge                          Page 34


V-9            Thermal Map of Lakeshore Power
               Plant Discharge                                    36


V-10           Isarthermal Map of the Lakeshore Power           Follows
               Plant Discharge                                  Page 36


V-ll           Thermal Map of Avon Lake Power
               Plant Discharge                                    38


V-12           Isarthermal Map of the Avon Lake                 Follows
               Power Plant Discharge 001                        Page 40

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                      LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
Figure No.

V-13           Isarthermal Map of the Avon Lake
               Power Plant Discharge 003

V-14           Thermal Map of Lorain, Ohio,  Harbor Area

V-15           Isarthermal Map of the Edgewater (Lorain)
               Power Plant Discharge

V-16           Thermal Map of Bay Shore Power
               Plant Discharge

V-17           Isarthermal Map of the Bay Shore Power
               Plant Discharge

V-18           Thermal Map of the Mouth of the
               Maumee River

V-19           Isarthermal Map of an Industrial
               Discharge into Maumee River

V-20           Thermal Map of J.R. Whiting
               Power Plant Discharge

V-21           Isarthermal Map of the J.R. Whiting
               Power Plant Discharge

V-22           Thermal Map of Monroe Power Plant
               Discharge

V-23           Isarthermal Map of the Monroe Power
               Plant Discharge

V-24           Thermal Map of Enrico Fermi Power
               Plant Discharge

V-25           Isarthermal Map of the Enrico Fermi
               Power Plant //I Discharge

V-26           Thermal Map of Trenton Channel
               Power Plant Discharge

V-27           Isarthermal Map of the Trenton Channel
               Power Plant Discharge
                                   VI



Page
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41
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43
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44
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46
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48
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                      LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
Figure No.


V-28           Thermal Map of Detroit River at
               Wyandotte,  Michigan


V-29           Thermal Map of River Rouge Power
               Plant Discharge


V-30           Isarthermal Map of the River Rouge
               Power Plant Discharge


V-31           Thermal Map of the Conners Creek Power
               Plant Discharge


V-32           Isarthermal Map of the Conner's
               Creek Power Plant Discharge


V-33           Thermal Map of the St. Clair
               Power Plant Discharge


V-34           Isarthermal Map of the St. Clair
               Power Plant Discharge


V-35           Thermal Map of the St. Clair River
               at Marysville, Michigan
 Paee
  54
  55


Follows
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  57


Follows
Page 56



  59


Follows
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  61
                                vii

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acre


cf s





cm


gpm



hectare


km


km



knot
m
MWe

 3,,
m /day
m /sec
mgd



mm


ppm


°C


°F
            GLOSSARY OF TERMS



- Area = 43,560 square feet


- Flow rate given in cubic feet per second
  = 0.0283 cubic meters per second or
  28.3 liters per second


- Length in centimeters = 0.3937 in.  or 0.03281 ft.


- Flow rate in gallons per minute - 0.0631 liters
  per second


- Area = 2.47 acres


- Distance in kilometers = 0.621 miles


- Area in square kilometers = 100 hectares or
  0.3861 square miles


- Velocity in nautical miles per hour = 1.15 statute
  miles per hr = 1.845 kilometers per hour


- Volume in liters = 0.2642 gallons


- Length in meters = 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards


- Electrical generating capacity in million watts


- Flow rate in cubic meters per day
  = 0.000264 million gallons per day


- Flow rate in cubic meters per sec
  = 22.8 million gallons per day
  = 35.3 cubic feet per sec


- Flow rate in million gallons per day
  = 3,785 cubic meters per day


- Length in millimeters =0.1 centimeter


- Concentration given in parts per million parts


- Temperature in degrees Centigrade =  5/9 (°F-32)


- Temperature in degrees Farenheit
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                                     I.   INTRODUCTION
                   An airborne remote  sensing study of  thermal discharges to Lake


•             Erie and  the Detroit and  St. Clair Rivers was conducted on 9 July 1973.


               The study was undertaken  at the request of the Enforcement Division,


•             Region V, Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, Illinois.


                   The  study area  [Figure 1-1] encompassed the southern shore of Lake


I             Erie from about 5 km (3 mi) east of Ashtabula, Ohio,  to Toledo  (Maumee


               Bay), Ohio, and the western shore of Lake Erie from Toledo to the mouth


               of the Detroit River.  The western shores of the Detroit and St. Clair


•             Rivers were also included in the study area.  Eight power plants in Ohio


               and ten power plants in Michigan discharge thermal effluents to these


I             waters.   Eleven thermal effluents from industrial facilities were also


M             observed  in the study area.


                   Thermal infrared imagery of the entire study area was obtained


I             using infrared line scanners mounted in high performance reconnaissance
              aircraft.  Ground measurements of water temperatures were made at most


              of the power plants.  This imagery and the ground truth water temper-


              ature data were used to characterize the observed thermal fields or
™            plumes.


•                  The  results  of  this  study will  be  used  in  the  preparation  of


              National  Pollutant Discharge  Elimination  System (NPDES)  permits for
              each of the 18 steam-electric power plants.  The data will also add  to


              the baseline data for future compliance monitoring of these discharges.

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                                II.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
                    Airborne thermal infrared sensors were used to record the char-


•             acteristics of thermal discharges from 18 (17 conventional and 1 nuclear-


               fueled) steam-electric power plants located along Lake Erie's southern


•             and western shores and the western shores of the Detroit and St. Clair


               Rivers.  This investigation was conducted on 9 July 1973 in warm weather


|             during a period of near-peak power demand and warm receiving water


m             temperatures. Ground truth, in the form of surface water temperature


               measurements at various locations in the vicinity of each plant's


•             thermal effluent (including the discharge point) , was obtained by


               field crews at the time of flight.


|                  Isarthermal* maps depicting areas of equal surface water temper-


_             ature were prepared from the infrared imagery.  Actual temperatures of


™             the isartherms were determined from the ground measurements.  The


M             isarthermal maps characterized the behavior of the thermal field under


               known weather conditions.


•                  Water temperature criteria applicable to Lake Erie have not been


               approved by EPA.   Ohio and EPA have proposed different criteria but


•             agreement has not been reached on a single set of criteria that could


•             be used as a basis for evaluating the water temperatures observed


               during this study.   In addition,  remote sensing techniques record only
               surface water temperatures.  Some of the proposed criteria apply at
               * Isarthermal is used to mean an area of the water surface displaying an
                 essentially constant temperature, as contrasted with isothermal which
                 means a line of constant temperature.

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the 1 m (3 ft) depth.  It was thus not possible to compare the observed


temperatures with these criteria.                                                   •


     To provide a basis for comparison, the Ohio water temperature


criteria applicable to inland lakes were used.   These criteria limit                B


water temperatures outside a mixing zone to an increase above natural               •


temperatures of less than 1.7°C  (3°F).  The size of the mixing zone


is limited to 5 hectares (12 acres) or less.  In addition, maximum                  •


temperatures in the mixing zone must not exceed 8.3°C (15°F) above


natural background temperatures.                                                    |


     The location, name, company ownership, generating capacity and                 H


water use for each plant studied are summarized in Table II-l.


Observed thermal discharge characteristics are summarized in Table II-2.            •


All of the Ohio plants and the first three Michigan plants are located


on Lake Erie.  The St. Clair and Marysville plants are located on the               £


St. Clair River and the other four Michigan plants are on the Detroit


River.


     The observed temperature differences  [Table II-2] between the                  I


heated effluent at the discharge point and the ambient receiving water


temperature were determined from ground measurements in most cases.                 •


Note that these temperature differences vary from essentially zero


to more than 12°C (21°F).  The discharge temperature at seven of the                •


plants was more than 8,3°C (15°F) warmer than ambient temperatures,                 •


the Ohio maximum limit for discharge to inland lakes.


     The observed thermal field  sizes were taken from the thermal                    •


infrared imagery.  The dimensions given in Table II-2 are the maximum


observed length and width of the thermal plume.  The actual shape of                 •




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                                        TABLE II-l.


                           SUMMARY OF POWER PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Reported Power Plant Characteristics
Location
Ashtabula
Ashtabula
Painesville
Eastlake
Cleveland
Avon Lake
Avon Lake
Lorain
Toledo
Erie
Monroe
Lagoona Beach
Trenton
Wyandotte
River Rouge
Detroit
Detroit
Belle River
Marysville
Power Plant
Ashtabula A&B
Ashtabula C
IRC Fibers Co.
Eastlake
Lake Shore
Avon Lake—
c/
Avon Lake—
Edgewater
Bay Shore
J.R. Whiting
Monroe
Enrico Fermi No. 1
Trenton Channel
Wyandotte
River Rouge
Delray
Conners Creek
St. Clair
Marysville
a/
Company—
OHIO
CEIC
CEIC
—
CEIC
CEIC
CEIC
CEIC
OEC
TEC
MICHIGAN
CPC
DEC
DEC
DEC
WMSC
DEC
DEC
DEC
DEC
DEC
Capacity
(MWe)
456
160
21
577
518
595
—
193
636
342
1,600
150
1,119
42
860
375
628
1,842
300
Cooling Water
(1,000 m3/day)
1,530
651
65
1,900
2,400
2,700
1,300
420
2,800
1,200
7,600
940
5,200
—
2,400
3,100
3,500
5,600
2,800
Use
(mgd)
403
172
17
1,030
631
720
341
110
746
308
2,016
249
1,380
--
644
810
930
1,472
750
a/ Company Codes
   CEIC - Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
   OEC  - Ohio Edison Company
   TEC  - Toledo Edison Company
   CPC  - Consumer Power Company
   DEC  - Detroit Edison Company
   WMSC - Wyandotte Municipal Service Commission
_b/ Avon Lake Outfall 001
c/ Avon Lake Outfall 003

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                                                TABLE I1-2.


                               SUMMARY OF THERMAL DISCHARGE  CHARACTERISTICS
Observed Thermal Discharge Characteristics
Location
Ashtabula
Ashtabula
Painesville
Eastlake
Cleveland
Avon Lake
Avon Lake
Lorain
Toledo
Erie
Monroe
Lagoona Beach
Trenton
Wyandotte
River Rouge
Detroit
Detroit
Belle River
Marysville
Power Plant
Ashtabula A&B
Ashtabula C
IRC Fibers Co.
Eastlake
Lake Shore
Avon Lake—'
Avon Lake—
Edgewater
Bay Shore
J.R. Whiting
Monroe
Enrico Fermi No. 1
Trenton Channel
Wyandotte
River Rouge
Delray
Conners Creek
St. Clair
Marysville
Temp.
(°C)
6
10
10
9
4
6
2
9
6
9
12
8
10
0
9
0
8
2
0
Diff.^7
(°F)
OHIO
10
18
18
16
7
11
4
16
11
MICHIGAN
16
21
14
17
0
16
0
14
4
0
Thermal Field Size— Plume Area—
(km)
3.4x0.7
d/
0.6x0.2
1.3x0.6
0.8x0.7
3.7x1.0
0.2x0.1
1.2x0.3
1.6x1.4
1.4x0.7
3.9x1.4
1 . 1x1 . 0
0.6x0.1
0
0.6x0.2
0
1.0x0.2
-
0
(1,000 ft) (hectares)
11x2 16
d/ 30
1.8x0.5 32
4.2x1.8 100
2.5x2.2 49
12.1x3.2 100
0.6x0.3 0
4.2x1.1 360
5.3x4.2 380
4.2x2.1 70
12.6x4.2 460
3.7x3.2 300
1.8x0.3 £/
0 0
1.8x0.6 £/
0 0
3.2x0.5 £/
0
0 0
(acres)
40
74
80
250
120
250
0
890
940
170
1,130
750
sJ
0
&!
0
zl
0
0
a/ Temperature difference between discharge temperature and ambient receiving water temperature.
b/ Overall maximum dimensions of the thermal field.
C/ Area of the thermal plume that was at least 1.7°C (3°F) warmer than ambient receiving
   water temperatures.
Aj The discharges from Ashtabula Plants A, B & C formed one thermal field.
e/ Avon Lake Outfall 001
f/ Avon Lake Outfall 003
£/ Thermal plume areas were not computed for river locations.
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              the  field  and  the direction of drift  in  each case are documented in
•            Section V.  Note that  the distances the  plumes  travelled before
              dispersing varied substantially and were not necessarily related to
•            the  plant  generating capacity or cooling water  use.
•                The area  of the thermal plume with  surface water temperatures
              more than  1.7°C  (3°F)  above ambient was  determined  from the  isar-
•            thermal sketches for all plants located  on Lake Erie.  Note  that for
              all  of the Lake Erie plants, the observed areas were larger  than the
|            allowable  mixing zone  for inland lakes.  The heated areas  ranged from
m            3  to 92 times  larger than the specified  mixing  zone limit  of  5 hectares
              (12  acres).
•                A thermal plume area was not determined for the plants  located
              on rivers  as the factor of concern here  is the  amount of the  cross-
|            sectional  area of the  stream that is  occupied by the heated  effluent.
_            Due  to the large volume of flow in the Detroit  and  St. Clair  River,
              the  thermal plumes occupied only a small fraction of the rivers cross-
•            section as indicated by the observed  surface thermal plume widths.
              In the case of four plants, essentially  no thermal plume was  observed.
•                The eleven Lake Erie power plants were in  substantial non-com-
              pliance with the Ohio  water quality criteria for inland lakes used for
•            comparative purposes indicating that  reductions in heat loads dis-
•            charged to Lake Erie may be necessary if similar criteria  are approved

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                    III.  DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA



PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION


     Lake Erie is situated between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario in


the Great Lakes chain [Figure 1-1].   The Lake receives its major


inflow from Lake Huron through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers.


Outflow is over Niagra Falls to Lake Ontario.  This study covered


the Ohio (southern) shoreline of Lake Erie from east of Ashtabula,


Ohio, to Toledo, Ohio, and the western shorelines of Lake Erie, the


Detroit River, and the St. Clair River between Toledo and Lake Huron.


     With a length of 390 km (240 mi) and maximum width of 80 km

                                                        2          2
(50 mi), Lake Erie has a surface area of about 25,700 km  (9,940 mi )

                      3        3
and a volume of 470 km  (113 mi ).  It is the second smallest of the


Great Lakes in terms of area and smallest in volume as a result of


its shallow depth.


     Topographically, Lake Erie is divided into three basins [Figure


III-l].  The small western basin (about 12 percent of the Lake surface


area) is very shallow with average and maximum depths of 7 and 19 m


(24 and 63 ft), respectively.  This basin is separated from the central


basin by a chain of rocky islands.  The shallow Maumee Bay is situated


at the west end of the lake where the Maumee River enters at Toledo.


The Detroit River enters the basin from the north.  Along the south and


west shorelines, the bottom slope is small with the 6 m (20 ft) depth


located several km offshore.


     About two-thirds of the surface area of the Lake is located in the


central basin.  This basin is broad and flat bottomed, with average and

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             maximum depths of 18 and 25 m (60 and 80 ft), respectively.  The south
•           shore slopes steeply to depths of more than 10 m (33 ft) in most areas.
                  The east basin is separated from the central basin by a low bar.
™           Average and maximum water depths are 25 and 67 m (80 and 216 ft), respec-
             tively.  The east basin is east of the study area and exerts little
             effect on water movements or thermal conditions in the area of interest.
•                The Detroit and St. Clair Rivers are essentially channels connecting
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             Lake Huron and Lake Erie.  Almost the entire flow in the rivers is outflow

             from Lake Huron.  Lake St. Clair is located between the two rivers.  The
                                                2        2
             lake has a surface area of 2,000 km  (490 mi ) and average depth of
I


             3 m (10 ft).


             CLIMATE

B                The climate of  the Lake Erie area is temperate,  humid-continental

             with the chief  characteristic of  rapidly changing weather.   Average annual

•           temperatures  at land stations range between 8  and 11°C (47  and 51°F).

             The highest average  monthly temperatures occur in July,  ranging between

•           21 and 23°C  (70 and  74°F).   Recorded temperature extremes are -29 and

•           38°C (-20 and 100°F).

                  Average  annual  precipitation in the study area ranges  between

•           790 mm (31 in.)  near Lake  St.  Clair and 915 mm (36 in.)  along the

             Ohio shore.

|                Southwesterly winds prevail  over Lake Erie in all months.  North-

m           westerly storm  winds occur  frequently during fall and winter while

             northeasterly storm  winds may occur in the spring.

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     HYDROLOGY
                                                                                   I
                                                                                   I
          About 80 percent of the inflow to Lake Erie enters through the Detroit        I


     River.  Annual outflow from Lake Huron through the St.  Clair River averages


     5,300 m /sec (187,500 cfs).   Highest flows occur during July or August             •


     and average 5,600 m /sec (199,000 cfs).   Smaller tributaries are usually
                                                                                        I

                                                                                        I
at low flow during July.


     Average annual flows of tributary streams of interest because of

                                                       3
proximity to power plants include:  Maumee River, 136 m /sec (4,794 cfs) ;

                  3                                 3                               •
Raisin River, 20 m /sec (714 cfs); Black River 8.6 m /sec (302 cfs); and            •

                   3
Ashtabula River 5 m /sec (169 cfs).
                                                                                         I

                                                                                         I
     Lake levels fluctuate as the result of storms, seiches, and long-


term precipitation changes.  Orientation of the long axis of the lake in


the same direction as storm tracks results in substantial, rapid lake


level variations.  Usually, levels decrease in the west end and increase            •


in the east during storms.  Fluctuations as high as 4 m (13 ft) have


been recorded although most level changes are less than 1 m (3 ft).                  |


     Seiches resulting from the passage of storms may cause cyclic,  small           _


fluctuations in lake levels for several days.  Longer term, gradual flue-


tuations are produced by variations in annual precipitation in the up-              •


stream Great Lakes drainage area.  Maximum variations in long-term lake


levels over the last 100 years have been less than 2 m (6 ft).                      •


     Winds, variations in lake levels, and variations in tributary in-              _


flows all affect surface water movements and, hence, movement of thermal            ™


plumes from power plants.  Dominant summer surface water movement patterns          •
                                                                                         I

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                                                                                     13





•           are shown in Figure III-2.  Surface movements may differ from these




             general patterns in localized areas, especially in the western basin.




|                Lake Erie is the warmest of the Great Lakes.  Mid-lake surface water




_           temperatures reach an average maximum of 24°C (75°F) , usually early in




™           August.  Occasionally the summer temperature of mid-lake surface water




I           rises above 27°C (80°F).   Nearshore water normally reaches a maximum




             along the south shore of 27°C (80°F) or more.  Water temperatures in the




•           western basin also average slightly higher than at mid-lake.







I           APPLICABLE WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS




                  Water temperature criteria for Lake Erie in Ohio have not been ap-




|           proved by EPA.   Both the State of Ohio and EPA have proposed criteria




M           but agreement has not been reached on a single set of criteria that could




             be used for evaluating the water temperatures observed during this study.




•           In addition, some of the proposed criteria apply at a 1 m (3 ft) depth




             but remote sensing techniques record only surface temperatures.  To




•           provide some basis for comparing the observed temperatures with water




             quality standards,  the EPA approved Ohio water quality criteria for inland




™           lakes were used.




•                The Ohio standards provide that lake water temperatures outside




             mixing zones shall not exceed by more than 1.7°C (3°F) the water temper-




•           ature which would occur if there were not temperature change of such




             waters attributable to human activities.  In addition, the maximum temper-
I



I



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ature outside the mixing zone shall not exceed 32.2°C (90°F) during the




months of June, July, August and September.

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14
                                                                                                                                                                                  0)

                                                                                                                                                                                  01

                                                                                                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                                                                                                  0)
                                                                                                                                                                                  J-l
                                                                                                                                                                                  to
                                                                                                                                                                                  ts

                                                                                                                                                                                  OJ
                                                                                                                                                                                  CJ
                                                                                                                                                                                  cfl
                                                                                                                                                                                  14-1
                                                                                                                                                                                  (-1
                                                                                                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                                                                                                  c
                                                                                                                                                                                  cfl

                                                                                                                                                                                  •H

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                                                                                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                                                                                  Csl

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15
                  Mixing  zones are  limited  to  a  surface area of  less  than  5  hectares
              (12  acres).  Water  temperatures within  the mixing  zone  at  any depth
•            shall  not  exceed natural water temperatures outside  the mixing  zone by
              more than  8.3°C  (15°F) during the months  of May, June,  July  and August.
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                      IV. STUDY TECHNIQUES FOR THERMAL DISCHARGES
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                                                                          17
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AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DATA

     This remote sensing mission was carried out by two high performance

aircraft specifically designed and equipped for aerial reconnaissance

work.  The two aircraft independently flew each target area to provide

primary and backup coverage.  They were spaced about 30 seconds apart

in flight time.  Both aircraft carried the sensors discussed below.

     The flight parameter data  listed below provide the specific values

of the aerial reconnaissance variables.

     Date of Flight:  9 July 1973

     Time of Flight:  1410 to 1510 Hours EOT

     Target Areas:  Southern and western shores of Lake Erie, western

          shores of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers
                  Air Speed of Aircraft:  660 to 740 km/hr (360 to 400 knots)

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                  An AN/AAS -18 Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS)  was the sensor used
     Average Aircraft Altitude Above Water Level:  760 m (2,500 feet)

          and 920 m (3,000 feet)

     Sensors Used:  Infrared Line Scanner
SENSOR DATA
for this study.  The sensor is located on the underside of the air-

craft as shown in Figure IV-1.  While in operation, it images an area

along the flight path of the aircraft.  The width of the imaged area

is dependent upon aircraft altitude and is encompassed by a 120° field-

of-view in cross-track or perpendicular to the flight path [Figure IV-2]

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18
                                 LEGEND

                            1  KS-J7  FRAMING CAMERAS
                            2  INFRARED LINE SCANNER
                     Figure IV-1.   Aircraft Sensor Locations
           i
        AltC'RAFT
        ALTITUDE
                                 GROUND LEVEL
                       Figure IV-2.  Field of View of  IRLS
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                                                                                       19
                  An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from


•           objects of different temperatures into a thermal map.  The three basic


             parts of an IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a record-


•           ing unit.  The scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground


•           and water areas and focus them on the detectors [Figure IV-3].


                  The detectors, cryogenically cooled to 26° Kelvin, convert the


•           infrared energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal,


             This signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into


•           visible light through a cathode ray tube.  This light is then recorded


•           on ordinary RAR black-and-white film measuring 12.6 cm (5 in.)  in width.


             The recorded thermal map is 10 cm (4 in.) wide and its length depends


•           upon the length of a particular line of flight being imaged.


                  The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to 14 microns, the so


|           called thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum.  Applying Wien's


•           Displacement Law, this represents a temperature band from -66°C to 89°C.


             The system has an instantaneous field-of-view of 1 milliradian by


•           1 milliradian.  The total field of view is achieved by the rotating


             mirror in the optical collection system, which is 120° by 1 milliradian.


|           The measured noise equivalent temperature (N.E.T.) of the IRLS is 0.32°C


_           with 100 percent probability of target detection.  This represents an


™           effective measurement of the temperature resolution of the system.
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             GROUND  TRUTH


                  The  Surveillance and  Analysis  Division,  Region V,  EPA,  obtained


             near-surface (about  10 cm  depth)  water  temperature measurements simul-


             taneously with  the  time-of-flight.   The water temperatures were

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           Folding  Mirror
Folding  Mirror
                                                Detector
             Folding Mirror
Rot at in g
  Scan
   M ir ror
                                                                   Folding Mirror
                            Incident  Infrared  Energy
                  Figure IV-3.   IRLS  Optical  Collection System
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             measured at discrete points  in the  vicinity  of  each  thermal  discharge
•           including each discharge point and  ambient or background  surface  water
             locations.   Four  to  8 other  data  points  were selected  at  each  location,
•           usually within the warmer area of the  thermal field.
•                The accuracy of the contact  instrumentation  used  to  obtain  the
             surface water  temperatures was +  0.1°C.   It  is  estimated  that  the
•           precise location  of  the  discrete  water-temperature data points was
                                                                                     21
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            known  to within +  30 meters with the exception of the location of data

            points within the  discharge itself.  The position accuracy of the latter

            was 1  to 3 meters.


            DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
                 All data interpretations and analyses were made on  the original

            black and white film negative used  to record the infrared data aboard

            the aircraft.  Photographic prints  were not used because of the added

•          errors of an additional image generation.
                  Each thermal  plume  image  or map,  associated with  the  power  plant

             discharges  under study,  was  plotted with  respect to U.S. Department  of

             Commerce  Nautical  Charts (Scale 1:10,000)  or U.S.  Geological  Survey  7.5
            minute maps  (Scale 1:24,000) to determine the infrared image scale. To

•          evaluate consistency this scale was compared to the empirical scale

            derived from the effective focal length of the IRLS and the altitude
             of  the  aircraft  above water  level.  The  respective  image  scale  is

             included  on  each thermal map in  this  report.

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22
   temperatures.  These curves were used to interpolate temperatures for
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       In the black-and-white IRLS film, temperature levels are represented


  by various shades of gray in the negative format or rendition.  Areas of             •


  low density (clear film) represent cooler temperatures and areas of


  higher density (darker gray) represent higher temperatures.  Positive                •


  prints presented in this report reflect the reverse of the negative                  _


  film.  Cool areas are dark while the warm areas are light gray.                      •


       A Spatial Data 704 Image Analyzer was used to convert the infrared              •


  images into isarthermal maps.  Isarthermal maps delineate areas with the


  same temperature (isartherms).   The Image Analyzer uses a technique called           I


  density slicing to divide the density range on a given infrared image


  into 12 increments.  Each increment thus represents a particular density             •


  of gray on the image and a narrow temperature range closely approxi-                 •


  mating an isotherm.  The density value of each increment is accurate to


  within 0.03 density units over a range of 0 to 2 (density).  Each density            •


  increment is displayed on the Image Analyzer screen in a particular color.


  An isarthermal map was prepared by tracing directly from the color rendi-            |


  tion on the Analyzer display screen.                                                 •


       The actual temperature of each isartherm on the map was determined


  by first comparing it with a physical plot of the water temperature data             •


  obtained in the field at flight time.  Each density value or increment


  represents a particular water temperature.  These are derived  from                   |


  calibration curves obtained empirically from the gray density  levels                 •


  on the negative corresponding to the locations of the ground truth water
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                                                                          23
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isartherms in areas where no ground truth data points were located.



They covered a rather large temperature differential (6 to 11°C or 10 to
             20°F) between the power plant effluents and the background or ambient



•           receiving waters.  From the calibration curves the absolute temperature



             of each isartherm (colored increment) delineated by the Image Analyzer



|           was determined.



•                An important factor must be mentioned at this point.   The IRLS will



             only record water surface temperatures since water is opaque in this



•           region of the infrared spectrum.  The maximum depth penetration in



             either fresh or  salt water is 0.01 cm.  Therefore, a submerged thermal



•           discharge can be detected from an aircraft with an IRLS only if the



_           warm wastewater  reaches the surface of the receiving body  of water.  The



™           isarthermal maps developed by this study represent surface temperatures



I           only and not subsurface temperature distributions.





m           ERROR ANALYSIS



                  Limitations can be placed on the accuracy or uncertainty of the



I           absolute value of water temperatures represented by the isarthermal maps



             developed by this study.   The three significant sources of error af-



|           fecting the data are the resolution of the IRLS, the accuracy of the



«           Image Analyzer,  and  the accuracy of the instrumentation used in obtain-



             ing ground truth. These sources have the following error  values:



•                (1)   A^ =  AtIRLS = +0.32°C (measured system N.E.T.)




                  (2)   At2 =  Atlmage Analyzer = ±°-10°C 
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24


By using the method of root-sum-squares, the magnitude of the total
possible error range can be estimated as follows:
1
3 0 2
7
At = + [Z (At.) ]
total — . , i n
1=1 1
2
= + [(0.32)2 + (0.10)2'+ (0.10)2]
Attotal = ±°'35°c ~ ±°-4°C (±0.7°F)
Reported temperature values are thus accurate to within +0.4°C

(0.7°F) with the exception of the locations in the isarthermal maps
designated as areas of degraded thermal data. In these areas the solid
lines separating the various isartherms were extrapolated by dashed lines
to provide continuity throughout the map. Neither the above reported
nor the consistant error introduced by assuming a constant temperature

within an isartherm applies to these areas.
No atmospheric corrections were applied to these thermal data under
the assumption that the atmospheric effect was constant and would not
induce a significant effect since the film was directly calibrated by
the water temperatures measured during the time of flight. Any influence

of the air column between the aircraft and the water surface would be
taken into account by the calibration process, assuming a constancy of
the entire air column in the target area.





1
1
m
1


1

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                        V.  RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THERMAL DATA ANALYSIS
I
                   This section presents the results of the analysis of the water


|             temperature data obtained by aerial reconnaissance and ground surveys.


_             Weather conditions existing at the time of flight are summarized.  Power


               plant descriptions and cooling water discharge characteristics reported


I             in Refuse Act Permit Program appplications submitted in 1971 are also


               presented.  The observed thermal plumes are evaluated with respect to


•             the reported discharge characteristics and recorded weather conditions.


                   Water quality standards specifying water temperature criteria for


™             Lake Erie in Ohio have not received EPA approval.  The State of Ohio and


•             EPA have proposed different criteria.  In the following discussion,


               observed water temperatures are compared with EPA approved Ohio water


•             temperature criteria for inland lakes.  Until Lake Erie water temperature


               standards are promulgated, however, it will not be possible to evaluate


•             compliance with water quality standards for the power plants studied.


•                 The power plants are discussed by location proceeding westward


               along the Ohio shore of Lake Erie to Toledo and then northward along the


•            western shore of Lake Erie, the Detroit River and the St. Clair River to


               Lake Huron in Michigan.  Power plant locations are shown in Figure V-l


I
(inside back cover).

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     ASHTABULA, OHIO


     Description of Power Plants


          The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company operates three power


     plants (A, B and C) in this location on the south shore of Lake Erie.               •


     Plants A and B, with a combined generating capacity of 456 MWe, are


     essentially one facility with common intake and discharge channels. The             |


     cooling water intake is a walled channel extending about 460 m (1,500               _


     ft) offshore to a water depth of 2 m (6 ft).  Cooling water is discharged


     through a 310 m (1,000 ft) long walled channel extending northeastward              I


     from the plant nearly parallel to shore.  The discharge has an initial


     direction along shore corresponding to prevailing summer surface water              I


     movements.  Average cooling water use (Outfall 001) was reported as


     1,530,000 m /day (403 mgd) in 1971 with average summer intake and                   •


     discharge temperatures of 22 and 28°C (72 and 83°F), respectively.                  •


          The smaller Plant C  (160 MWe) is located about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to


     the east of Plants A and B.  This plant was formerly operated by the                •


     Union Carbide Company.  The cooling water supply is obtained through


     dual pipelines extending offshore on the lake bottom to deep water.                 •


     Heated effluent is discharged through a tunnel terminating near shore.              •


     The outlet orientation produces a northeastward velocity vector similar
     to Plants A and B.  Average cooling water use  (Outfall 002) was reported            •
                 3
     as 651,000 m /day  (172 mgd) in 1971 with average summer  intake and

     discharge temperatures of 19 and 27°C  (66 and  80°F), respectively.                  •


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                                                                         27
Observed Thermal Conditions


     Using the techniques discussed in Section IV, thermal imagery of


Lake Erie in the vicinity of the two thermal discharges was recorded


from an altitude of 740 m (2,430 ft) above water level.  The resultant


thermal map, in the form of a positive print of the infrared imagery, is


shown in Figure V-2.  As this is a positive print, the dark areas are


cool and the light gray or white areas are warm.  The dark bands across


the thermal map are the result of degraded IRLS data as discussed in


Section IV.  Based on the flight altitude, the map has an approximate


scale of 1:25,300.


     As shown in Figure V-2, the thermal fields resulting from the two


discharges were combining and moving or dispersing along shore in an


easterly direction.  The thermal plume resulting from Discharge 002 was


larger than the plume from Discharge 001 even though the reported flow


rate from 001 is more than twice the discharge from 002.  This direction


of movement and the combining of the two thermal fields into one were


partially the result of the 10 knot wind blowing from the northwest


(315°) at flight time.  The combined thermal field was dispersing to the


extent that it was no longer detectable about 3.4 km (2.1 mi) to the


east of Outfall 002.  Water depths in the area covered by the thermal


field are generally less than 2 m (6 ft).


     With the aid of the thermal map and the ground truth obtained at


the time of flight, the thermal fields were analyzed for areas of equal


temperature and isarthermal maps were prepared [Figures V-3, V-4] using

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                                                                      to
                                                                      V*
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       1.


       2.

       3.

       4.


       5.


       6.

       7.


       8.


       9.


       10


       11.
            LEGEND
                              i
                           /
30.8° C


30.1° C


29.5° C


28.8° C


28.2° C


27.6° C


26.9° C


26.3° C


25.6° C


25°  C


24.4° C,
001

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      /
   LEGEND
1.


2.


3.


4.


5.


6.


7.


8.


9.


10.


11.


12.
cu
en
en
35° C


34° C


33° C


32° C


31° C


30° C


29° C


28° C


27° C


26° C


25° C


24° C

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             analytical techniques discussed in Chapter IV.   Areas of constant
•           temperature (isartherms) are depicted by a particular color on the
                                                                          29
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isarthermal maps.  The color scheme goes from dark red representing the
warmest temperature through several lighter shades of red and several
light shades of blue to a dark blue color representing the coolest
temperature. Figure V-3 has 11 temperature gradient steps and Figure V-4
has 12 steps.  The difference in the number of thermal increments is
directly related to the set-up procedures for the density slicing -
techniques and to the total temperature difference between the warmest
area in the thermal field and the background cool water.
     As mentioned above, the thermal maps have small linear areas that
were the result of degraded thermal information recorded in the Infrared
Line Scanner.  These areas are clearly depicted in the isarthermal maps.
The isartherms in these areas are represented by dashed lines indicating
that the solid lines were extrapolated to provide continuity.
     A maximum near-surface water temperature of 29.5°C (85°F) was
recorded by the ground survey crew at the lake end of the discharge
             channel receiving effluent from Outfall 001.   A corresponding background
•           water temperature of 25°C (77°F)  was recorded offshore and away from the
             influence of the thermal field.  The isarthermal map [Figure V-3]  of the
I
thermal field indicated several areas both in and near the discharge
channel were as warm as 30.8°C (87°F), about 6°C (10°F) warmer than
ambient conditions. Temperature differences between isartherms in Figure
V-3 are 0.6°C (1.1°F). About 16 hectares (40 acres) of the water surface

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                                                                                    I

in Figure V-3 had a temperature more than 1.7°C (3°F) above ambient
temperatures, the maximum allowable temperature rise specified by the               •
Ohio Water Quality Standards for lake waters outside designated mixing
zones.                                                                              I
     The effluent from Outfall 002 was considerably warmer with a reading           «
of 35°C (95°F), 10°C (18°F) above ambient, recorded in the lake near the            ™
discharge point by the ground crew.  About 30 hectares (74 acres) of the            I
thermal field in Figure V-4 were 1.7°C (3°F) warmer than ambient condi-
tions.  Both the maximum temperature rise and the surface area of the               I
plume exceeded allowable limits specified in the Ohio water temperature             _
criteria used for comparison purposes in this study.                                ™
      PAINESVILLE, OHIO
      Description of Power Plant
           A small (21 MWe) power plant is operated at this location by IRC
                                                                                    I

                                                                                    I
Fibers Company as part of their industrial facility on the south shore              •
of Lake Erie.  Cooling water use is reported as 65,000 m /day (17.3 mgd).
                                                                                    I
Observed Thermal Conditions
     The thermal field resulting from this discharge is shown in the                I
thermal map recorded by the IRLS [Figure V-5].  Because no ground truth
was obtained for this power plant,  water temperature data recorded for              •
the Ashtabula power plants about 32 km (20 mi) to the east were used to              •
derive an isarthermal map.  Background lake temperatures would be expec-
ted to be the same at both locations.  Based on the Ashtabula data, the              •

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                                                                                        I

     isarthermal map  [Figure V-6] was  calibrated with  temperature  increments



     of  1.0°C  (1.8°F).   This calibration yielded an  estimated water  temper-              •



     ature  of  35°C  (95°F)  at the discharge  point,  10°C (18°F) above  ambient



     (background) water  temperatures of 25°C  (77°F).   A 10  knot wind from the           •



     northwest  at flight time was blowing essentially  perpendicular  to  the              •



     shore  line and was  causing the thermal field  to disperse along  shore.



     With maximum dimensions of 570 m  (1,850  ft) along shore and 150 m  (500              •



     ft)  out from shore,  the field was small  in comparison  to most of the



     other  power plant discharges to Lake Erie discussed in this report.                 I



     About  32  hectares  (80 acres) of the water surface were more than 1.7°C              mt



     (3°F)  above ambient conditions.   Both -the maximum temperature rise and



     the thermal plume area were not in compliance with the Ohio temperature             •



     criteria  used  for comparison.




                                                                                        I
     EASTLAKE,  OHIO



     Description of Power Plant                                                          •



         The  Cleveland  Electric Illuminating Company  operates a 577 MWe



     plant  at  this  location on  the south shore of  Lake Erie on the east edge             •



     of  the Cleveland metropolitan area.  Cooling  water use was reported as              •


               3                                                                        I
     3,900,000 m /day (1,030 mgd) in 1971.  Average  summer  intake  and discharge



     temperatures were reported as 23  and 30°C  (73 and 86°F) , respectively,              •



     with a maximum discharge  temperature of  34°C  (93°F) .   The cooling  water



     intake is a walled  channel extending about 400  m  (1,300 ft) offshore to             |



     a water depth  of 4  m (13  ft) .  Heated  effluent  is discharged  through a              M



     walled channel about 300 m (1,000 ft)  long and  exits in a northeasterly
     direction parallel to shore.
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                                                                         33
Observed Thermal Conditions


     The thermal field [Figure V-7] created by this plant's effluent was


drifting in a northeasterly direction along shore.  At the time of the


flight the wind was blowing out of the north at 10 knots in partial


opposition to the drift direction of the field indicating the presence


of a significant internal counter-clockwise current in this area.  The


maximum dimensions of the thermal field were 1.3 km (0.8 mi) along shore


and 550 m (1,800 ft) perpendicular to shore.


     A maximum near-surface water temperature of 33°C (91°F) was recorded


by the ground crew at a point in the lake end of the discharge channel.


Background water temperatures of 26°C (79°F) were recorded.  The isar-


thermal map [Figure V-8]  indicated the maximum temperature at the upstream


end of the discharge channel was 35°C (95°F).  A significant area along


shore was about 34°C (93°F).  The area of the thermal field with surface


temperatures more than 1.7°C (3°F) above ambient was about 100 hectares


(250 acres).  Water depths in the thermal field are about 2 to 3 m (6 to


10 ft).  The area of the thermal plume exceeding the temperature rise


criteria was 20 times the size of the allowable mixing zone used for


comparison purposes.



CLEVELAND, OHIO


Description of Power Plants


     The Lake Shore Power Plant of the Cleveland Electric Illuminating


Company is located on the south shore of Lake Erie in Cleveland.  With a


generating capacity of 518 MWe, the plant has a reported cooling water

                  3
use of 2,400,000 m /day (631 mgd).  Summer average cooling water intake


and discharge temperatures are reported as 24 and 28°C (75 and 82°F),

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    LEGEND
1.




2.




3.




4.




5.




6.




7.




8.




9.




10.
35° C




34° C




33° C




32° C




31° C




30° C




29° C




28° C




27° C




26° C

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                                                                         35
respectively, with a maximum temperature of 34°C (93°F).  The cooling


water intake is a walled channel extending about 200 m  (700 ft) offshore


to a water depth of 5 m (16 ft).  Effluent is disharged through a short


channel with a deflector that diverts the flow along shore to the northeast.



Observed Thermal Conditions


     The thermal field resulting from this power plant is shown in


Figure V-9.  The warm surface waters were moving northeast of the discharge


along shore for about 760 m (2,500 ft) before turning in a counter-


clockwise direction and moving to the northwest out about 690 m (2,200


ft) into the lake.  The wind was blowing from the north at 10 knots at


flight time.  A small amount of the heated surface water was also


observed recirculating back into the intake channel.


     A maximum temperature of 31°C (88°F) was recorded at the discharge


point by ground crews, 4°C (7°F) above the ambient water temperature of


27°C (81°F).  The isarthermal map of the discharge is shown in the


Figure V-10.  About 49 hectares (120 acres) of the water surface had a
™          temperature  exceeding  29°C.  This area  is  10  times  the  size  of  the


I          allowable mixing  zone.  Water depths  in the thermal field  average 6  to


            10 m  (19 to  32  ft).
AVON LAKE, OHIO


Description of Power Plant


     The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company operates the Avon Lake


Power Plant on the south shore of Lake Erie to the west of Cleveland.


The cooling water intake is a walled channel extending about 300 m

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   36
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Plant Discharge
                      i.




                      2.



                      3.



                      4.



                      5.



                      6.



                      7.
                         LEGEND
31° C




30° C




29° C




28° C




27° C




26° C




25° C

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•           cooling water discharges.  Discharge  001, with a  reported  flow rate of
I
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                                                                                     37
             (1,000  ft)  offshore  to  a water depth  of  2 m  (6  ft).  The  plant  has  two
                        3
             2,700,000 m /day  (720 mgd)  flows  through  a walled  channel  adjacent  to
             intake  channel  and,  about  150 m  (500  ft)  offshore,  is  diverted  to

             the  southwest back  toward  shore  [Figure V-ll].   The second  discharge  is
                                                                      3
             from Outfall 003 with  a  reported  flow rate of 1,300,000 m /day  (341 mgd).

•           This thermal effluent  enters the  lake from a  pipeline  terminating  at  the

             shoreline  and is diverted  by a baffle to  the  northeast along  shore in

•           shallow water.

•               The reported average  summer  intake temperature was 23°C  (74°F).  For

             Discharge  001,  the  average and maximum summer temperatures  were reported

•           as 31 and  33°C  (87  and 92°F), respectively.   Corresponding  values  for

             Discharge  003 were  26  and  29°C  (79  and 84°F).


             Observed Thermal Conditions

•               A  map of the thermal  fields  resulting from  the two power plant

_           discharges is shown in Figure V-ll.   The  large thermal field  from  Dis-

•           charge  001 was  dispersing  along shore in  a west-southwesterly direction.

B           The  thermal field was  detectable  for  about 3.7 km (2.3 mi)  to the  west

             of the  discharge and extended about 1.0 km  (0.6  mi) offshore  at its

•           widest  point.   At the  time of flight, the wind was  blowing  from the

             northwest  at 5  knots.  For several  hours  prior to this time period,

•           however, the wind had  been blowing  out of the east-northeast  at 4  to  8

•           knots,  accounting for  the  westward  drift  of  the  heated effluent.

                 The small  thermal field produced by  Discharge  003 was  dispersing

I           within  200 m (650 ft)  off  shore.
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                                                                                      39
                  A maximum temperature of 28°C  (82°F) was observed by the ground

_           crew in the lake near the discharge point of Outfall 001.  Ambient tem-

'           peratures of 26°C  (79°F) outside the thermal plume were recorded.  The
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             LORAIN, OHIO
•           Description of Power Plant
                  The Ohio Edison Company operates the Edgewater Power Station located
H           on the south shore of Lake Erie at the mouth of the Black River in Lorain.
I
             isarthermal map  [Figure V-12] indicated that temperatures as high as

             31°C  (88°F) occurred in the discharge channel and 30°C  (86°F) occurred

             at several near-shore locations on the lake.  Background temperatures

             about 0.8 km  (0.5 mi) offshore were 25°C (77°F).  About 100 hectares

             (250 acres) of the water surface heated by the  effluent from Outfall 001

             exceeded background water temperatures by more  than 1.7°C (3°F).  This

             area is more  than 25 times the size of the allowable mixing zone.

                  Figure V-13 is an isarthermal map of the thermal plume from Out-

             fall 003.  No area in the plume exceeded 28°C (83°F).
             This 193 MWe plant has a reported average cooling water use of 420,000
              3
             m /day (110 mgd).  Average summer intake and discharge temperatures were

•           reported as 24 and 30°C (75 and 86°F), respectively, and maximum dis-

             charge temperature as 40°C (104°F).

•                The plant is located in the harbor area separated from the open lake

•           by breakwaters.  The  Black River, with an average flow of 300 cfs, dis-

             charges to the protected harbor area.  The cooling water intake is a nar-

•           row surface channel extending into the harbor area.  Heated effluent is

             discharged to an adjacent boat slip.  It is probable that heated water is

•           recirculated for the discharge channel to the intake within the harbor.
I

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40
     Observed  Thermal  Conditions


          As indicated by  the  thermal map  [Figure V-14] recorded of  this  area,
     south shore of  Maumee Bay  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie.   The 636 MWe plant


     is just  east of the mouth  of  the  Maumee River in the Toledo metropolitan
     area.
     Bay.   Heated effluent is  discharged  through a short channel to a shallow


     area  of  Maumee Bay.   Average summer  cooling water intake and discharge
                                                                                     I
                                                                                     I
                                                                                     I
the thermal plume from the power plant was moving out of the area enclosed


by the breakwaters in a southwesterly direction along shore and was nearly           I


completely dispersed about 1,2 km (0.8 mi) from the discharge.   This


direction of dispersion was influenced by a 12 knot wind from the north-             •


northeast.  The thermal field extended only 330 m (1,100 ft) offshore.               •


     Ground observers recorded a maximum temperature of 36°C (97°F) at the


discharge point, 9°C (16°F) above ambient lake temperatures of  27°C                  •


(81°F).  As indicated by the isarthermal map [Figure V-15], the entire


area within the breakwaters was quite warm.  About 360 hectares (890                 |


acres) of the area in Figure V-15 were 1.7°C (3°F) warmer than  ambient               M


Lake Erie temperatures.  At least half of this heated area can  be directly


attributed to the power plant discharge indicating the size of  the thermal           •


plume is many times larger than the allowable mixing zone.



TOLEDO, OHIO


Description of Power Plant                                                           •


     The Toledo Edison Company operates the Bay Shore Power Station on the
                                                                                     I
     Cooling water averaging 2,800,000 m /day (746 mgd) is obtained through           •

a dredged channel intersecting the Maumee River channel as it enters Maumee


                                                                                      I
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HARGE
                      KE CHANNEL
                          LEGEND
                       1.




                       2.




                       3.




                       4.




                       5.




                       6.




                       7.
                                           -/V-
31° C




30° C




29° C




28° C




27° C




26°C




25° C

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      CM CM  CM
Dll
       ITS  co
                  CO
                  OS
                  tofl
                  co
                  OS
         CQ CO
                  CO
                  cu
CO
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       temperatures are reported as 24 and  29°C  (76 and 85°F),  respectively,
      Observed Thermal Conditions
       ambient  conditions  in Maumee  Bay.
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      with a maximum  temperature of 31°C  (88°F).                                        •


           With  an average discharge of about  140 m  /sec  (3,190 mgd)  the


      Maumee River would be  expected to influence water  temperatures  and                I


      circulation in  the vicinity of the  power  plant.
I

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           The  thermal  field  [Figure V-16]  extended  from  Bay  Shore  Station


      about  1.4 km  (0.8 mi) along shore and nearly 1.6 km (1  mi)  out  into                B


      Maumee Bay and was rotating in a counter-clockwise  direction.   This


      rotation was  influence  by a 7 knot wind  from the northeast  at flight               •


      time.  Ground observers recorded an  intake  temperature  of 25°C  (77°F)


      and a  maximum temperature in the discharge  canal of 31°C  (88°F),  a                 •


      difference of 6°C  (11°F).  As indicated  in  the  isarthermal  map  [Figure             •


      V-17], several areas in the thermal  field were  also at  this maximum


      temperature. About 380  hectares  (940 acres) of  the  area in  Figure V-17             •


      had a  surface temperature 1.7°C  (3°F) above ambient.  The thermal plume


      from the  plant accounted for at  least half  of  this  area indicating that            I


      the plume is many  times larger than  an allowable mixing zone.                      •


           A smaller thermal  plume was visible to the west of the Bay Shore


      Station  [Figure V-16].   The plume emanates  from a ditch entering the               •


      Maumee River  from  the south and  is probably from an industrial  source.


      A  thermal map of  the mouth of the Maumee River  clearly  shows  this thermal          |


      field  [Figure V-18].  An isarthermal map of the area [Figure  V-19] shows           tm


      that most of  the  River  in this area  is several  degrees  warmer than
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                                            LEGEND
                                          1.


                                          2.


                                          3.


                                          4.


                                          5.


                                          6.


                                          7,


                                          8.


                                          9.
36.0°  C


34.8°  C


33.7°  C


32.5°  C


31.3°  C


30.2°  C


29.0° C


27.8°  C


26.6°  C

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CM»

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LEGEND
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
^m
EH
CZ3
cn
en
en
B
H
31° C
30.1° C
29.3° C
28.4° C
27.6° C
26.7° C
25.8° C
25° C

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                                          -N-
           2.


           3.


           4.


           5.


           6.


           7.


           8.
                                                    LEGEND
30.1° C


29.3° C


28.4° C


27.6° C


26.7° C


25.8° C


25.0° C

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           Description  of Power  PI an t
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                                                                                      45
                ^ _M_I CHI CAN
                 The Consumer  Power Plant  operates the J.  R.  Whiting Power Plant at

            Erie,  Michigan on  the west shore of  Lake Erie  just north of  Toledo,  Ohio.
                                                       3
            An average cooling water use of  1,200,000 m /day (308 mgd)  was reported
I


            for  this  342 MWe  plant.


            •Observed  Thermal  Conditions

                Figure V-20  is  a  thermal map  showing  the  thermal  plume  produced  by

•          this plant.  An isarthermal map  of  the  plume is  given  in  Figure  V-21.

            The  thermal field  extended about 650 m  (2,100  ft)  out  into Lake  Erie  and

•i          was  moving along  shore in a southerly direction  for  about 1.4  km (0.8 mi).

•          The  wind  was out  of  the northeast  (as recorded at  Toledo)  at 7 knots

            contributing to this dispersion  pattern.   The  plant  reported intake and

•          discharge temperatures of 25.6 and  34.4°C  (78  and  94°F)  at  flight  time,

            a  difference of 8.8°C  (16°F). Note  that the maximum  temperature  extended

•          well out  into Lake Erie.  About  70  hectares  (170 acres) of the lake

            •surface were more  than 1.7°C  (3°F)  warmer  than ambient conditions.  Both

            the  maximum temperature rise  and the size  of the thermal  field were not
            in  compliance  with  the  water  quality  criteria  used  for  comparative  purposes,
•          MONROE^ MICHIGAN

            Description of Power Plant

•               The Monroe Power Plant is operated by the Detroit Edison Company at

            Monroe on the west end of Lake Michigan.   The plant will ultimately have

•          four 800-MWe coal-fired units for a total generating capacity of 3,200 MWe.


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                                      1.

                                      2.

                                      3.


                                      4.

                                      5.

                                      6.
                                          LEGEND
34.4° C


32.6° C

30.9° C


29.1° C


27.4° C


25.6° C
ling Power  Plant Discharge

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                                                                           47
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Units Nos. 1 and 2 were operational at flight time.  Units Nos. 3 and 4


were scheduled for completion in 1973 and 1974 respectively.  Ultimate

                                           3
cooling water use will be about 7,600,000 m /day (2,016 mgd).   The cooling


water discharge at flight time was estimated to be about half this amount.


     The cooling water supply is obtained from a natural stream channel


about 600 m (2,000 ft) inland from Lake Erie.  Heated effluent is dis-
I
            charged  to  a  large dredged  channel  about  1.8 km  (1.2 mi)  long.  The  lower
half of this channel is a deepened section of the Raisin River channel


as it enters Lake Erie.



Observed Thermal Conditions


     The effluent from this power plant produced a thermal plume about


3.9 km (2.4 mi) long that moved out into Lake Erie from the mouth of the
™          Raisin  River  about  1.4  km  (0.8 mi)  and was  dispersing  in  a  southerly


I          direction [Figure V-22].   The direction  of  movement  was influenced  by  a


            6  knot  wind from the  northeast.   Temperature  patterns  in  the  thermal


•          field were quite complex  [Figure  V-23].   The  maximum temperature  observed


            in the  discharge channel was 11.7°C (21°F)  above  the ambient  lake temper-


•          ature of  23°C (73°F).   At  the mouth of the  Raisin River,  the  thermal  field


I          was still more than 6°C (11°F) warmer than  the  lake.  About 460 hectares


            (1.130  acres) of the  surface area of the thermal  field were more  than


•          1.7°C  (3°F) warmer  than ambient temperatures.



I          LAGOONA BEACH,  MICHIGAN


            Description of Power  Plant


|              At a location  on the  west shore of  Lake  Erie midway  between  Detroit,


_          Michigan,  and Toledo,  Ohio,  the Detroit  Edison  Company operates the nuclear-


™          fueled  Enrico Fermi Power  Plant No. 1.   A second  nuclear-fueled facility,



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  BRIDGE
)HANNEL
                  DISCHARGE
                        LEGEND
                    1.




                    2.




                    3.




                    4.




                    5.




                    6.




                    7.




                    8.




                    9.




                    10.
34.4° C




33.1° C




31.8° C




30.5° C




29.2° C




27.9° C




26.6° C




25.3° C




24.0° C




22.7° C

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                                                                                49
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           the Enrico Fermi Power  Plant  No.  2,  ±s  under  construction  at  the  same


•         location.   These plants are about 13  km (8 mi) north of  the Monroe Power


           Plant discussed  above.   Unit  No.  1 is only 150 MWe while Unit No. 2 will


I         be 1,150 MWe.


•              Cooling water  from both  plants is  obtained  from Lake  Erie  through a


           short walled and dredged channel.   Unit No. 1 discharges about  940,000
I


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            3
           m /day (249 mgd)  of heated effluent to a narrow dredged  channel  that  will


           ultimately extend to Swan Creek about 1.6 km (1.0 mi)  north of the plant.


           The effluent would then flow about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) in  Swan Creek to Lake


           Erie.   At present, part of the effluent flows through  a  swamp and lagoon
           to Lake Erie and part goes to Swan Creek.


•              Unit No.  2 will employ a recirculating  cooling system with  two  large


           natural-draft cooling towers and a 23-hectare (50-acre)  residual heat  re-


g         moval pond.   Slowdown from the system will be discharged from the pond


           directly to  Lake Erie.   Construction of  the  pond  will direct  all Unit


           No. 1 heated effluent to Swan Creek.




•         Observed Thermal Conditions


•              A thermal map of Lake Erie adjacent to  the two plants is shown  in


           Figure V-24.  The plant temporarily ceased operation at  1124  EOT while


•         the thermal  map was recorded at 1440 EDT.  Thus,  the thermal  field had


           been disipating for more than 3 hours when observed.


|              An isarthermal map of the area [Figure  V-25]  was prepared based on


•         water temperature data for the Monroe Power  Plant as ground truth was  not


           obtained for the Fermi location.  This map shows  that the discharge  canal




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   LEGEND
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
EH

CU
CH
31.8° C

30.7° C

29.7° C

28.7° C

27.7° C

26.7° C

25.7° C

24.7° C

23.7° C

22.7° C

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           contained  cool water  only  2  to  3°C  (3  to  5°F) warmer  than ambient  Lake
I         Erie water.   Significant areas  of warm water were  noted  in the  shallow
           water  areas.  This warm water was slowly  dispersing into Lake Erie.   The
™         thermal  field in  Lake Erie measured  about 1.1 km  (0.7 mi)  along shore
•         and extended  about 1.0 km  (0.6  mi) out into the lake.  About 300 hectares
           (750 acres) of the thermal field in  the shallow water and Lake  Erie were
I         more than  1.7°C  (3°F)  warmer than ambient lake temperatures.
                                                                                    51
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           TRENTON, MICHIGAN

           Description  of Power  Plant

                The Detroit Edison Company  operates  the  large  (1,119 MWe)  Trenton
_         Channel  Power Plant  on  the Detroit River  at  Trenton, Michigan.   Cooling
I                                             3
™         water  use  is reported as  5,200,000 m /day (1,380 mgd).   Cooling  water  is

I         obtained from the  River with  heated  effluent returned  to the  River  through

           a  short  channel.
           Observed  Thermal  Conditions
               As  indicated in  the  thermal map  [Figure V-26],  the  thermal  plume  from

           the  plant  was  rapidly dispersing downstream as  a  result  of  the large flow

           in the Detroit River.   It occupied  only  a  small percentage  of the  stream

•         cross section.   The plume was  only  90 m  (300 ft)  wide  and extended

           550  m  (1,800 ft)  downstream.

•             The discharge temperature was  33°C  (92°F)  while the warmest area

•         recorded in the thermal plume  as shown in  the isarthermal map [Figure  V-27]

           was  31.3°C (88°F).  This  was 9.7°C  (17°F)  above background  River temperatures.

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52
          -N-
                                 THERMAL PLUME
                SCALE: 1: 25,900
                     Figure Y-26  Thermal Map  of

                Trenton Channel Power Plant Discharge
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                                     1.




                                     2.



                                     3.




                                     4.



                                     5.



                                     6.



                                     7.
                                         LEGEND
31.3°  C




29.9° C




28.5° C




27.1°  C




25.5° C




23.8°  C




21.6° C
n Channel Power  Plant Discharge

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                                                                        53



WYANDOTTE, MICHIGAN


Description of Power Plant


     The Wyandotte Municipal Service Commission operates a small (41.5 MWe)


power plant on the Detroit River.  Cooling water is obtained from and dis-


charged to the River.



Observed Thermal Conditions


     No thermal plume from the plant was recorded in the thermal map of


the area [Figure V-28],  The ground truth data indicated that surface water


temperatures near the discharge were within 0.4°C (0.7°F) of being in an


isothermal state.


     Four other thermal discharges were recorded in the thermal map.  The


three labeled "a", "b", and "c" were too small to analyze for isar-


thermal characteristics and dispersed quickly in the River.  The thermal


plume labeled "d" was somewhat larger but a calibrated isarthermal map


could not be constructed because of a lack of ground truth.



RIVER ROUGE, MICHIGAN


Description of Power Plant


     The Detroit Edison Company operates the River Rouge Power Plant on the


Detroit River just south of Detroit.  Cooling water use is reported as
I

•         obtained from and  discharged to the Detroit River.
           3
2,400,000 m /day (644 mgd) for this 860 MWe facility.  Cooling water is
Observed Thermal Conditions


     As indicated in the thermal map [Figure V-29], the thermal plume


from the plant was rapidly dispersing downstream in the River.  The


plume had a maximum width of 185 m (600 ft) and extended 560 m (1,800 ft)


downstream.  It occupied only a small part of the stream cross section.

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      The isarthermal map [Figure V-30]  indicates  a  temperature difference of


      8.9°C (16°F)  between the discharge point  and ambient  River temperatures.             I


           Four additional small thermal discharges  upstream of the  power plant


      were recorded on the thermal map [Figure  V-29].                                      •



      DETROIT,  MICHIGAN                                                                   I


      Description of Power Plants


           Two  power facilities, the Delray and Conners Creek Power  Plants,  are           ||


      operated  by the Detroit Edison Company on the  Detroit River in the Detroit          •


      metropolitan area.   The Delray plant is a 375  MWe facility with a reported


      cooling water use of 3,100,000 m /day (810 mgd).   Cooling water is obtained         •


      from and  returned to the River.
           The Conners Creek plant is a 628 MWe facility with a reported cooling          I

                              3
      water use of 3,500,000 m /day (930 mgd).   Cooling water is obtained from            ^


      and discharged to the River through dredged channels.                                ™



      Observed Thermal Conditions                                                         •


           The thermal data recorded by the two aircraft flying 30 seconds apart          •


      did not contain any indication of a thermal discharge from the Delray


      power plant.  The discharge canal had a surface temperature equal to that           •


      of the Detroit River.


           The Conners Creek plant was discharging heated effluent to the upper           |


      end of the Detroit River.  The thermal field extended 155 m (500 ft) out            •


      into the River and about 1 km (0.6 mi) downstream before achieving


      complete dispersion  [Figure V-31].  The discharge temperature was about             •


      8°C  (14°F) above background River temperatures as shown in the isar-


      thermal map [Figure V-32].                                                          •
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   LEGEND
1.


2.


3,


4.


5.


6.


7.
29.7° C


28.2° C


26.7° C


25.2° C


23.7° C


22.2° C


20.8° C

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                                                    LEGEND
                                                1.


                                                2.


                                                3.


                                                4.


                                                5.


                                                6.


                                                7.
29.4° C


28.0° C


26.6°  C


25.3°  C


23.9°  C


22.6°  C


21.2°  C

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              57
V*

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58
      1,842 MWe facility with a reported  cooling  water  use  of  5,600,000  m /day


      (1,472 mgd).
      Observed Thermal Conditions
      the St. Clair River.  This 300 MWe facility has a reported cooling water

                        3
      use of 2,800,000 m /day (750 mgd).
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      BELLE RIVER,  MICHIGAN


      Description of  Power  Plant                                                          •


           The Detroit Edison Company  operates  the  St.  Clair  Power  Plant  on the
St. Clair River between Lake Huron and Lake St.  Clair.   The plant is a              •



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     The thermal plume from the plant, as shown in the thermal map                  •

[Figure V-33] and isarthermal map [Figure V-34]  of the discharge, was

dispersing over a substantial distance downstream.  However, the plume              •

was estimated to be only 1 to 3°C (2 to 5°F) warmer than background




River precluding the calibration of the isarthermal map.                            M

     A small thermal plume from a warm creek outflow was recorded down-

stream from the power plant [Figure V-33].  The thermal plume from                  •

Ontario Hydro's Lambton Power Plant (2,000 MWe)  is also visible.


MARYSVILLE, MICHIGAN

Description of Power Plant                                                          •

     The Detroit Edison Company operates the Marysville Power Plant on

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             59
CO
co

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       Observed Thermal Conditions
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           Neither of  the two aircraft recorded the presence of a thermal dis-           •
       charge associated with this facility.  The only thermal indication recorded
       was a warm creek effluent on  the Canadian shore south of the power plant           •
       [Figure V-35].
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            X
                     Power Plant
I  the  St  Clair Power  Plant Discharge

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                                                                                              61
\
   r
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                                                                                 taa
                                                                                 CO


                                                                                 to
                                                                                CO
                                                                                E

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       LAKE ONTARIO
                         BUFFALO
IE
                NEW YORK
ENNSYLYANIA

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IKS. Environmental Protection Agency           •
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12tt\ Roof          m
Chicago, IL  60604-3590                      •

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