United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency
Research And Development
(RD-675)
21R-1004
January 1991
               FY1990
               Annual Report Of The
               Research Grant Program
                                              Printed on Recycled Paper
V  EPA
  21R-
  1004
^  c.2

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                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
        Introduction	     1
        Profile of the FY '90 Fiscal Year Research Grants
        Program	     2
        Available Documents	     2
V      Summary of Awards	     3
V*
v            Environmental Health	     4
v {'
             Environmental Biology	     5
             Environmental Chemistry & Physics Water	     8
H            Environmental Chemistry & Physics Air	     9
             Environmental Engineering	    11
             Super fund	    12
        Index by Principal Investigator Name	    13
        Index by Institutions	    13


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                           INTRODUCTION

     The U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible
for implementing laws designed to mitigate or prevent environmental
pollution.  Central to the execution of its responsibility is the
need for  reliable  scientific  and technical information  and  easy
access  to the  American  community  of  scientists and  engineers.
Recognizing  this  need  the Agency established  an  exploratory
research program whose objectives are:

     To have  the environmental  research  community aware  of and
     working on problems of interest to EPA;

     To promote close  interaction and mutual awareness between EPA
     researchers and the environmental research community;

     To provide general support to the research community for work
     on fundamental  environmental  research, thereby  promoting a
     solid foundation of knowledge  and  a  cadre  of scientific and
     technical personnel in the environmental sciences.

     The  Office  of   Exploratory  Research  (OER)   meets  these
objectives by  managing a  program of  research through  grants to
qualified investigators and by operating  a system of peer review
for  competitively  selecting  and awarding  research projects in
environmental chemistry, physics, engineering,  biology and health
science.    Topics  supported   include   the  identification  and
characterization of  hazardous  substances,  intermedia  transport,
and  fate  of pollutants  (all   media),  human and  ecological  risk
assessment,  incineration,  emission  reduction,  and  wastewater
treatment.

     Investigator-initiated research applications are received in
response   to    an   annual  general  solicitation  and   special
solicitations called "Request  for Applications"  (RFA).  The RFA is
a  mechanism by which  proposals are  solicited  for  a  one-time
competition in a well  defined  high priority research area.  Grants
from both mechanisms are selected on the basis of technical merit,
and the contribution toward a balanced research program.

     The  grants  selection  process uses a  dual  system  of review.
Ad Hoc panels,  chaired by scientists or engineers  from outside EPA,
meet  approximately twice  annually to  discuss  reviews of  each
proposal, which are  conducted  by at  least three experts  in the
relevant  field.

     Project progress is reported in  technical  reports or by the
publication  of  scientific papers  in  peer  reviewed  journals.
Grantees may be required to participate  in  EPA sponsored workshops
and  seminars  which  feature  work  accomplishments  from  their
projects.
                               -1-

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        A PROFILE OF  THE FT  1990 RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM

     In FY 1990, the Grants Program received 16.1 million dollars
under its general appropriation, which  represented  7.4% of ORD's
non-Superfund extramural budget.  In addition, 2.2 million dollars
of  Superfund monies  were allocated  to  engineering studies  of
hazardous substances at Superfund sites.

     The Research Grants Staff received a total of 612 applications
(both Superfund  and general  appropriation).   Of this  total,  209
were  approved  for  funding  by peer  review panels  and 156  were
awarded as grants,  giving an overall passing  rate  (applications
approved  to  applications  received)  of  34%, and a  funding  rate
(grants funded to applications received)  of 25%.  Approximately 75%
of the applications approved for funding  in FY 1990 by technical
review panels received some level of support.

     Grants  are  currently funded at  an average of  106 thousand
dollars per year, have an  average project period of 2.4 years, and
a maximum project period of 3 years.

     In FY 1990, over  100  refereed journal articles were published
by  grantees  supported  all  or  in part by the Research  Grants
Program.


                       AVAILABLE DOCUMENTS

     The following documents  related to the Research Grants Program
may be obtained by writing to:

                      Research Grants Staff
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      (RD-675)
                      401 M Street, S.W.
                      Washington, DC 20460

Solicitation for Research Grant Proposals - 1991

Exploratory Research Grants - September 1990

United States Environmental Protection Agency -  Application  Kit for
Assistance (Research or Demonstration Assistance) The application
kit is also available from:

                     Grants Operation Branch
                     Grants Administration Division  (PM-216F)
                     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                     Washington, DC 20460
                               -2-

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                  SUMMARY OF AWARDS FOR FT-1990

     The following  collection  of abstracts pertains  to research
grants awarded by OER during the fiscal year 1990.

     Additional  information on  any  individual  project  may  be
obtained from OER upon request by writing to:

                        Virginia Broadway
                        Environmental Protection Agency
                        RD-675
                        401 M Street, SW
                        Washington, DC 20460
                               -3-

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                       OFFICE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
                         ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          SUMMARY OF AWARDS - 1990
Grant No.

ENVIRONMRNTAT.


R81-4702-01



R81-4750-01




R81-5066-01



R81-5488-01



R81-5580-01



R81-5604-01



R81-5605-01



R81-5612-01

R81-5866-01
R81-5867-01

R81-5915-01
          Title
Altered DNA-Protein Binding induced
by the Carcinogen Chromate

Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetra-
chloride and Structurally Related
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes
Faecalis

Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity
and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals

Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression
in Human Cells

Melanoma Induction by Environmental
Ultraviolet Radiation

Bulky Metabolite Modification of
Transcriptionally Active Genes

Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells

Investigations on the Mechanism of
Sunlight-Induced Immune Suppression:
The impact of Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion

Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests

Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human
Page No




   14


   15




   16


   17


   18


   19


   20


   21

   22
   23

   24
                                     -4-

                               SuBBary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.


R81-6557-01


R81-6603-01


R81-6825-01
          Title
Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms
of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation

The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth
Factor in Human Malignant Melanoma

Development of Rapid, Quantitative
In vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in
Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and
Their Relevance to Breast Cancer
          Page No


             25


             26


             27
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
R81-4960-01


R81-5076-01




R81-5592-01




R81-5597-01
R81-5610-01
R81-5621-01
R81-5921-01
R81-5949-01
Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage
Through Plant Plasma Membrane

Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer
from Recombinant Bacteria in an
Agricultural Soil

Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl
Degradation Genets) from
Pseudomonas Putida

Influence of Sorption/Desorption
Processes on the Bioavailability
of Aged Organic Contaminants in
Soil and Subsurface Materials

Regulation of Genetic Transfer Into
and Between Indigenous Bacteria in
Wastewater

Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism
of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
by Fish

Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging
Models and Bioenergetics Models for
Risk Assessment
             28
             29
             30
             31
Gaseous Deposition in Canopies:
Role of Epiphytic Lichens
The
             32
             33
             34
35
                                    -5-

                              Samary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.


R81-5995-01


R81-6023-01
R81-6168-01


R81-6277-01


R81-6393-01


R81-6467-01

R81-6531-01


R81-6701-01




R81-6834-01




R81-6872-01


R81-6879-01


R81-6919-01




R81-7000-01
          Title                        Page No
Environmental Stress and Isoprene             36
Emissions in Forest Trees

Assessment of Endocrine Indices as            37
Early-Warning Indicators of
Reproductive Dysfunction in Female
Fish Exposed to Pollutants

Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization        38
in the Channel Catfish

A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental        39
Carcinogenesis

Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immune-       40
assay

Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes     41

Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons       42
by Nitrifying Bacteria

Bioremedation of Xenobiotic Wastes:           43
Selection Pressures on Microbial
Consortia in Biofilm Treatment Systems

Comparative Movement in the Environment       44
of Nuclear and Extranuclear Genetic
Elements in a Microbial System

Biological Reduction of Hexavalent            45
Chromium

Scaling Xenobiotix Pharmacokinetic            46
Models in Fish

Genotoxicity Evaluation of Poly-              47
chlorinated Biphenyls and Their
Metabolites

High Density Culture of Meiobenthos           48
for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic-
Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants
                                    -6-

                                   of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.


R81-7034-01




R81-7196-01




R81-7198-01
R81-7206-01
R81-7217-01
R81-7219-01
R81-7239-01
R81-7252-01
R81-7283-01
R81-7285-01


R81-7302-01
          Title
Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction
on Insects by Selectively Deuterating
2E-Hexen-l-al

A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning
System for Organic Pollution in
Estuarine Systems

Diminished Transport Capacity:  A New
Index of Stress Measured in Mvtilus
edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Blood
Plasma

Temporary Pond Communities as Model
Systems for Evaluting Anthropogenic
Stresses

Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators
and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity
Assessments

Characterization of Stress Proteins
as Indicators of Biological Effects
and Exposure

The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland
Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship
to Biological Endpoints

A Tri-species Indicator of Organic
Enrichment in Estuaries:  Individual,
Population and Community Approaches

Use of Demographic Theory to Determine
Impact of Disease and Chemical
Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam
Population Properties

Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of
Metal Stress in Natural Waters

Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated
Genotoxins in Benthic Fish
Page No
   49
   50
   51
   52
   53
   54
   55
   56
   57
   58
   59
                                    -7-

                              Samary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.
          Title
Page No
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (WATER)
R81-5544-01
R81-5574-01




R81-5701-01




R81-5953-01


R81-5957-01




R81-5990-01
R81-5991-01
R81-6002-01
R81-6050-01
R81-6180-01


R81-6282-01
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-      60
Scale Processes in Organic Contaminant
Transport Through Soil Using Computer
Tomography

Integrated Extraction and Chromatographic     61
System for Monitoring of Trace Organic
Pollutants

Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds          62
Through Polymerization and Binding
to Humic Substances

Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular    63
Adsorbed on Clays

Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of             64
Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in
Ground Water and Water Treatment

Development of Methods For The Analysis       65
of Organic Chloramines and Inorganic
Mono-Chloramine in Natural and
Engineered Systems

Field Screening of Organic Priority           66
Pollutants Using Handheld Ion Mobility
Spectrometry

Theory of Preferential Flow And Its           67
Monitoring In Sandy Soils Overlaying
Aquifers

Theoretical Studies of the Transport          68
of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes
Through Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous
Aquifers

Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus          69
Bond Cleavage

Microscale Kinetic Effects and the            70
Subsurface Transport of Volatile
Organics
                                    -8-

                               Sumary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.
          Title
Pace No
R81-6743-01


R81-7098-01




R81-7137-01




R81-7145-01
R81-7149-01




R81-7160-01




R81-7170-01



R81-7182-01



R81-7276-01




R81-7278-01
Movement of Contaminated Sediments From
the Detroit River Through Lake Erie

Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation,
and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments
in Aquatic Systems

Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic
Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary
Manganese- and Iron-Reducing Bacteria

Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater
Colloids, and Bioturbation on the
Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater
and Estuarine Sediments

A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury
(MeHg) Production in Lacustrine and
Estuarine Sediments

Chemical and Biological Determinants of
Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from
Contaminated Sediments

Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspen-
sion of Soft Bottom Sediment

Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and
Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows

Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at
the Sediment Water Interface in Fresh-
water

Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of
Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine
Sediments
   71
   72
   73
   74
   75
   76
   77
   78
   79
   80
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (AIR)

R81-4876-01
R81-5170-01
Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase
Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long
Pathlength Spectroscopy

Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production
of Hydrogen Peroxide


                -9-

          Sumnary of Awards - 1990
   81
   82

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Grant No.
          Title
Page No
R81-5469-01



R81-5534-01




R81-5871-01
R81-6198-01




R81-6211-01


R81-6329-01

R81-6353-01


R81-6395-01


R81-6434-01

R81-6486-01




R81-6491-01


R81-6559-01


R81-6672-01




R81-6678-01
Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants Into            83
Fog Droplets

Spectroscopic and Photometric Measure-        84
ment of Novel Chemiluminescence and
Flame Systems

An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-         85
Chloromethane-Chloroethane Reaction
Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using
a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser -
Induced Fluorescence Technique

Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobi-          86
phenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran
and Related Compounds

A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical        87
Kinetics in Aqueous Microplets

M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors           88

Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle             89
Distribution

Global Climate Model Development &            90
Sensitivity Experiments

Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors              91

The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer       92
Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations
in the Lower Lake Michigan Basin

Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution         93
Control

Laboratory Investigations of Free             94
Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water

Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle       95
Size Distributions of Trace Organics
in the Ambient Atmosphere

Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on            96
Atmospheric Aerosols
                                    -10-

                               Smnary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.
          Title
Page No
R81-6829-01
Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle
Emissions
   97
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
R81-5040-01



R81-5041-01



R81-5124-01




R81-5483-01



R81-5740-01




R81-5861-01




R81-5883-01



R81-6327-01




R81-6449-01



R81-6459-01



R81-6464-01




R81-6476-01
Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate    98
in Atmospheric Pressure Methane Flames

Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation      99
of Hazardous Wastes

Effect of Reactor Configuration on           100
Stability of Xenobiotic Compound Bio-
degradation in Activated Sludge

Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium          101
Silicate Reagents

Electrostatic Precipitator Performance       102
Improvement with a Barbed Plate
Discharge Electrode

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX         103
with Ammonia over Vanadia/Titania
Catalysts

An Investigation of Mixed Surface Media      104
Filtration

NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization        105
in a Staged N-CFBC.  Phase I:  Cold
Flow Measurements

Control of Disinfection By-Products          106
and Biodegradable Organic Carbon

Destruction of Toxic Compounds by            107
Plasma-Augmented Combustion

Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters        108
by Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled
With Biological and Sorption Processes

Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtra-     109
tion:  Effects of Particle Size
                                    -11-

                              Sunary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.


R81-6490-01


R81-6856-01
R81-6861-01
R81-6873-01
R81-6876-01
R81-6887-01
R81-6927-01
R81-6928-01
R81-6932-01
          Title                        Page No
Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand          110
Filters

An Experimental And Theoretical Study        111
On The Influence Of Methyl Chloride
On The Structure And Extinction Of
Hydrocarbon Flames

Suspension Loading Effects on Coal           112
Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing

Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical   113
Mechanism of the Raprenox Process for No
Reduction In Combustion Products

Ozone Production With Contaminated           114
Electrodes In Electrostatic Air
Cleaners

Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate C2       115
and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in the
Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated
Hazardous Wastes

Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation     116
of Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators:
The Role of Precursors

A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid      117
Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted
Bed Combustor)

A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy        118
Electrons for the Treatment of Poly-
chlorinated Biphenyls in Water,
Wastewater, and Sludge
SUPERFUND

R81-6483-01



R81-6722-01
Novel Bioremediation Strategies for
the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes

Removal of Arsenic from Waste Solutions
and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste
119


120
                                    -12-

                               Stmary of Awards - 1990

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Grant No.
          Title
                                                               Page No
R81-6903-01
R81-6914-01
R81-6922-01
R81-6935-01
R81-7438-01
R81-7440-01


R81-7450-01
Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum        121
for the Bioremediation of PCBs at an
Anaerobic Site and Factors Required
to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic
Biodegradation and Dechlorination

Development of Enzyme Technology for         122
Selective Removal of Phenolic
Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures

The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor            123
Stripping for the Removal of
Contaminants from the Vadose Zone

Removal and Concentration of Pollutants      124
Based on Electrochemically Modulated
Complexation

Heavy Metal Decontamination:  Some Unique    125
Properties and Application Potentials
of Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen
Donor Atoms and Composite Membranes

Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated    126
Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads

Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Water    127
by Ultrafiltration & Precipitation
Index by Principal Investigator's name

Index by Institution
                                             128

                                             140
                                    -13-

                              Sumary of Awards - 1990

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                      ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

                  EPA Project NO:  R81-4702-01


           Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced by the
                       Carcinogen Chromate

institution:                            Principal Investigator
New York University Medical Center      Max Costa


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $561,087
                       SUMMARY

     The  DNA-protein crosslink  is  a lesion  produced by  a wide
variety  of  chemical agents.   The  nature of this  lesion and its
biological  significance  are poorly understood.   Chromate-induced
DNA protein crosslinks are  stable and persistent and probably are
important for  chromate  toxicity and carcinogenicity.   Mechanisms
and specificity of chromate- induced DNA-protein crosslinks will be
determined  as  follows:

     a) Potassium chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslink  formation
     will be studied in  intact cultured human cells  (HeLa) to study
     the  stability  of  the crosslinks  to various  reagents that
     disrupt specific chemical bonds;

     b) Hela cells will  be exposed in vitro to CrCl3 or with K2Cr04
     to determine whether reduction products  or the trivalent form
     of chromium mediate  the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks;

     c) Antibodies will  be developed to study the proteins involved
     in the chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslink; and

     d)  The immunological  reactivity  of the antibodies for the
     protein involved in the crosslink will be utilized to isolate
     specific   classes    of  DNA   sequences   involved   in  the
     crosslinking.
                               -14-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-4750-01


          Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetrachloride and
          Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Virginia Commonwealth University        Michael P. Holsapple


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $221,203

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  focus  of  this  proposal  is  to  test  the  following
hypothesis:   Exposure to  carbon  tetrachloride  (CC14)  and other
structurally  related chlorinated  hydrocarbons  (CH)  results  in
suppression  of  immune  function  and  immunocompetence.    This
hypothesis will be  tested through the completion  of  three major
research objectives:  (1)  By characterizing the effects of CC14 on
immune function and immune  surveillance  in  B6C3F1 mice;  (2)  By
investigating  structure  activity  relationships  of CH  congeners
which are structurally related to CC14 on humoral  immune responses;
and (3) By determining if  additive or synergistic  effects on the
immune system occur following combined exposure to CC14 and other
structurally  similar CH.    These  research  objectives  will  be
addressed utilizing assay systems which assess cellular function.
Studies will include the determination of a comprehensive profile
on the effects of  CC14 on  humoral,  innate and cell mediated immune
responses.   Greatest  emphasis  will be placed  on the  T-dependent
antibody  response  to sRBC,  and assay system which we  have been
found to be most sensitive in detecting chemically-induced immune
perturbations including those mediated by CC14.   This model will
be utilized to assess the immunotoxicological potency of selected
CH alone and in combination with CC14.  To date the immunotoxicity
of CC14 has not been evaluated, however, preliminary data from our
laboratory  demonstrates   that  CC14  can markedly  suppress  both
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
                               -15-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5066-01
        Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes Faecalis

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Ohio State university                   C.  Russell Hille
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $371,833

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The overall goal of the proposed  research  is  to  examine the
biochemical processes whereby arsenite  is oxidized to arsenate and
subsequently methylated,  in order  to  better understand  arsenic
metabolism in  the  biosphere and its environmental significance.
The specific aims of the proposed research are:

     To characterize the arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis
     and its interaction with  azurin and cytochrome  0553.   This
     work will include an analysis  of  the  steady-state and rapid
     kinetics of arsenite oxidase catalysis as  well as the rates
     of  electron  transfer  among   the  three  proteins  and  the
     identification of any complexes formed between them;

     To purify and characterize the enzyme(s)  responsible  for the
     methylation of arsenate  to its  mono- and  dihydroxymethyl
     derivatives.  This aspect of the proposed work will entail a
     steady-state kinetic analysis  of  the enzymes as  well  as an
     examination of  their cofactor  requirements and mechanism of
     action; and

     To characterize the molecular  biology  of  arsenic resistance
     in A.  faecalis.  Specific  aspects  to  be  pursued include a
     determination of the number and organization of genes involved
     in arsenic  resistance  and their localization  (chromosome or
     plasmid), the functioning of the corresponding gene products
     (including  their  inducibility),  and the engineering  of the
     organism in such a way as to  obtain  overexpression of these
     gene products  (either  as  a group or individually) so  as to
     facilitate the protein  chemistry and enzymology studies of the
     system.
                               -16-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5488-01


             Structural Basis of the Hutagenicity and
                   Carcinogenicity of Chemicals

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Case Western Reserve University         Herbert S.  Rosenkranz
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $421,429

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  hypothesis  to  be   investigated   is   based  upon  the
expectation that there is a structural basis to carcinogenesis by
chemicals  - which  albeit  it may  be  subtle  and  difficult  to
elucidate by ordinary  means - can be recognized by the CASE method,
an  artificial   intelligence   structure-activity  system  recently
developed  by  us.     Additionally,  it  is  expected  that  these
structural  features  will  yield  mechanistic  information  when
analyzed  by expert human  intelligence.   Ultimately,  in  future
studies by this or other laboratories, the mechanistic information
can  be tested  experimentally.   It  is  theorized  further  that
differing activities of chemical carcinogens, such as sex,  tissue
or species  specificity may  have  a structural basis which  can be
identified by CASE.   Finally, it is surmized that this method can
recognize    structural    (mechanistic)    similarities    between
carcinogenesis and particular in vitro systems.

     To achieve the aims of  this  proposal,  the  following avenues
of research will be pursued:

     To identify the  structural determinants  responsible for the
carcinogenicity of  chemicals  in  rodents and  in  subsets thereof,
i.e., species,  sex,  and organ-specificity;

     To determine which short-term predictive tests have structural
determinants  similar  to  those  that have   been recognized  for
carcinogenicity  (Aim  #1,  above).   This  should result  in  the
recognition of cellular systems that resemble mechanistically the
process of carcinogenicity and hence should  (a) be more predictive
of carcinogenicity  and  (b)  be useful for mechanistic  studies to
understand the carcinogenic  process;

     To  ascertain   the  prevalence  of  carcinogens  in   a  sample
representative of the "chemical universe."
                               -17-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5580-01

             Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression
                         in Human Cells
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California-San Diego      Michael Karin


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $319,411

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The overall objective of this proposal  is  to  understand the
molecular basis  for  the  regulation of essential and  toxic  trace
metals in human  cells.  The  investigator has chosen  to study the
regulation of the human metallothionein gene family.   The product
of  these genes  are  low  molecular  weight  heavy  metal  binding
proteins which play a central role in maintaining the homeostasis
of essential trace  metal ions, such as Cu and  Zn, and in protection
of various organisms against the toxic effects of ions such as Cd
and Hg.
                               -18-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5604-01

    Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Lovelace Medical Foundation             Ronald D. Ley
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $295,021

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     An understanding of the  role  of  ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
in the etiology of melanoma will be essential to assess the impact
of any potential decrease in stratospheric ozone concentration on
the incidence of melanoma in humans.  Unlike the case with the non-
melanoma skin cancers, it  has been proposed that factors  such as
intensity, duration,  frequency, and  age at time  of  exposure are
more important than a cumulative dose in the induction of cutaneous
melanoma by solar  radiation.   However,  the  ability to test various
exposure regimens  and the influence of age at time of exposure on
the induction of melanoma  has been impossible,  until  now,  by the
lack of a suitable animal model with which  to conduct the studies.

     Researchers observed  recently  that chronic  exposure  of the
South American opossum MondeIphis domestica to  UVR  resulted in a
22%  incidence  of  cutaneous  melanotic  tumors   in  46  surviving
animals,  some  of   the  tumors  have been classified as  malignant
melanoma based on metastasis to lymph nodes.  The  effect of various
UVR exposure regimens on the induction  of melanoma in M.  domestica
will be studied.  Exposure conditions to be tested include:

     1.   dose per exposure;
     2.   frequency of exposure;
     3.   intermittent exposure to  high (sunburning) doses of UVR;
          and,
     4.   age (neonate, juvenile,  adolescent or adult) at time of
          UVR exposure.

     A complete understanding of the role  of UVR exposure  in the
etiology  of  melanoma will  be beneficial  in that activities  or
factors which  increase the risk  of melanoma  can be reduced  or
avoided.
                               -19-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5605-01

 Bulky Metabolite Modification of Transcriptionally Active Genes

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Ohio State University                   George Milo


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $438,443

                        **********

                       SUMMARY

     When human cells receive a  carcinogenic  insult  in  the early
S phase of the cell  cycle, a heightened response to the insult was
observed as evidenced by the  increased  expression  of an abnormal
phenotype.  Moreover, when a non-toxic concentration of  benzamide
(BZ) is  added to  the cells at the  onset of S  phase  followed by
treatment  with a  carcinogen,  the  expression of  the  abnormal
phenotype is inhibited.   Measurement of carcinogen-DNA adducts of
BPDE modified bulk DNA did not show any difference between the BZ
and non-BZ pretreated carcinogen treated samples.   Studies on the
binding of  B[a]P diol  epoxide (BPDE I)  revealed ca.  three times
more binding of BPDE I to the  linker DNA when compared to the core
region of the  chromatin in the presence of BZ (2).  There was equal
binding  to  the linker and  core  DNA when cells in S phase were
treated with BPDE I alone.   The confluent cells in Gi cell arrest
treated  only   with  BPDE   I   also  had  the   carcinogen  bound
preferentially to the linker  region.  These data  suggest that BZ
somehow alters the integrity of the linker and core region of the
DNA  during  replication,  by  masking  the  DNA  sites  that  are
vulnerable  to  the  initiating agent  BPDE I, the modification of
which is necessary for transformation.

     The primary objective of this effort is  to  study the induction
of DNA lesions and  the repair  of  these lesions at specific regions
of  the  chromatin  DNA.    The specific sites of interest  will be
DNasel    hypersensitive    sites    of    carcinogen    adducted
transcriptionally active genes.   The genes of interest to us will
be a-actin, cellular H-ras and c-royc.   The  adducted DNA in these
genes  will be isolated  and  analyzed   by  the  32p_pOStlajDel^ng
technology.     Lastly,  transformation   modifiers   that  alter
transcription  activity  will be  studied  to  observe  what effects
wither  down-   or upregulation of  the genes  does  to  carcinogen
modification of the DNA in the gene sites.
                               -20-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5612-01


             Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Ohio State University                   Steven M. D'Ambrosio
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $505,177

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     DNA damage can cause  structural  changes  that interfere with
the functional integrity of the DNA.  These alterations occurring
in  target  cells  and/or  genes  may  lead  to  the  biological
consequences following exposure to environmental agents.  The focus
has been on understanding  how specific  DNA base alterations; O6-
alkylguanine,   04-alkylthymidine   and   pyrimidine  dimers   are
recognized and processed in the cellular genome in epithelial cells
derived  from  human fetal  liver,  lung  and  intestine.   To  date,
results  indicate  that:  (a) the level of DNA  repair enzymes are
tissue specific and may  be cell type specific;  (b)  although the
mechanism, i.e.,  alkyltransferase,  for  repairing 0^-alkylguanine
is similar to bacterial cell and some  transformed mammalian cells,
the acceptor protein may be regulated differently in normal human
epithelial cells; and  (c)  normal human  epithelial cells actively
repair 04-alkylthymidine by a process that  may be different from
an alkyltransferase mechanism.

     This research will now focus on the  hypothesis  that DNA repair
in  normal   human  epithelial  cells  is  dependent   upon  the
proliferative and differentiated state  of  the cell and the level
of  gene  transcription.    The  objectives will  include:  (a)  the
quantitation and characterization of DNA repair enzymes responsible
for repairing the premutagenic O4-alkylthymidine  in normal human
fetal liver cells.  This will determine whether the mechanism of
repairing  04-alkylthymidine  is  via  an  alkyltransferase,  N-
glycosylase endonuclease or other process.  (b) Determine whether
the repair  of 0-alkylation damage  is regulated in  normal  human
epithelial  cells  as  a   function  of  DNA   replication  and
differentiation and, if so, the signals involved.   (c)  Study how
cellular damage  is processed in  selected transcribing and non-
transcribing genes within the cell.
                              -21-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5866-01
               Investigations on the Mechanism of
              Sunlight-Induced Immune Suppression:
           The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
George Washington University            Edward C. DeFabo


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $436,579

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Ultraviolet  (UV)  irradiation  in vivo  causes a  selective,
systemic immunosuppression.  The researchers will investigate the
mechanism by which this  suppression  is  initiated,  who previously
put  forward  the  hypothesis  that  UVB-induced  suppression  is
initiated by the photoisomerization in skin of urocanic acid (UCA,
de-aminated histidine)  to its cis  isomer.  It is proposed that cis
UCA is  immunoreactive, initiating  events  leading to suppressor T
cell formation.  This hypothesis will be tested further by making
use of a unique strain  of mouse genetically deficient in UCA which
does not  show  UVB-induced suppression.   For those parts  of the
experiment which require ultraviolet B irradiation the investigator
will utilize  a  specialized  light  source  capable  of  generating
narrow bands of UV over a  large size field.  These will be employed
to limit  UVB  radiation to biologically relevant  wavelengths; to
regulate intensity so  as  to  minimize inflammatory effects and to
prevent contamination by other unwanted wavelengths of radiation.
                               -22-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5867-01


                 Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California,               Lois Gold
 at Berkeley

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $302,713
                       SUMMARY

     The  investigators  propose to  analyze  their  Carcinogenic
Potency Database  (CPDB), which contains  results for  over  1,000
chemicals analyzed for carcinogenic potency by a consistent method.
The objectives  are to compare  results  as a  function  of species
(rodent vs.  primate), route  of administration,  and  strain;  to
assess human exposures in order to rank carcinogenic hazards; and
to investigate mechanistic information provided by mutagenicity and
toxicity.    The  rationale is  the  CPDB provides  opportunities  in
investigate correlations in  a large database.   The experimental
methods are essentially straightforward comparisons of carcinogenic
potency  values  grouped  to  investigate  each hypothesis.    The
expected results are a more complete description of the responses
of  experimental animals in  cancer  bioassays and  a  ranking  of
chemicals as potential causes of human cancer.
                               -23-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5915-01
           Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and
               Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
State University of New York,           J.R. Olson
Buffalo
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $562,204

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The objective of this application is to compare the metabolism
and disposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)
and  dibenzofurans   (PCDFs)  in  rat  and  human  hepatocytes  in
suspension culture.   The resulting data will then be employed along
with other information for the development of physiologically based
pharmacokinetic (PB-PK)  models for the various PCDDs and PCDFs in
the  rat  and human.   Seven radioactive  PCDDs  and PCDFs  will be
studied, including:  2,3,7,8-TCDD; 2,3,7,8-TCDF; 1,2,3,4,7-penta-
CDD; 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF.  The proposed research  is divided into
three major  phases.   initially,  freshly isolated  hepatocytes in
suspension culture  from 8-10 week  old male and  female Sprague-
Dawley  rats  and  from  human  surgical  patients will  be  used to
measure:  1) the uptake and subcellular distribution of different
concentrations of the various  labeled PCDDs  and PCDFs;  2)  the
apparent Km  and Vmax values  for  metabolite  formation;  and 3) the
effect of  2,3,7,8-TCDD  pretreatment (in vivo for the  rat and in
vitro for both species) on cytochrome  P-450  induction  and on the
uptake, metabolism and subcellular distribution of selected PCDDs
and  PCDFs.    In  the second  set  of  studies,  the  experimental
parameters necessary to develop  the PB-PK models  for the various
PCDDs and  PCDFs  in  the  rat  and human  will  be obtained  and the
models then constructed.
                               -24-

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                   EPA  Project No:  R81-6557-01


            Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of
                Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
The Johns Hopkins University            Steven R. Kleeberger
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $144,257

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The primary objective  of the proposed research which  is to
investigate the molecular and genetic  mechanisms  which influence
the pulmonary inflammatory response to ozone inhalation.  Pulmonary
inflammation will be assessed following exposure by morphological
examination   and   by   differential   cell   count  and   albumin
concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage  (BAL) fluid.  The specific
aims are:   1) to determine whether strain differences exist between
C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice in the magnitude and time course of the
inflammatory  responses  to   ozone,   and whether  the  inf  locus
determines  these  differences;  2)   to  determine  the  role  of
arachidonic acid metabolites  in the inflammatory response to ozone;
and  3)  to  determine  the  cellular  sources of the  chemotactic
mediators  which contribute  to  susceptibility to  ozone-induced
inflammation. Differences in these mechanisms between C57BL/6J and
C3H/HeJ  mice will  be  evaluated  further  for the  patterns  of
inheritance  among  progeny of crosses  between  the strains.   We
believe  that this   simple   genetic  model  will  be  of  general
usefulness  in  understanding  the  complex  molecular  mechanisms
involved in the  inflammatory response to ozone.
                               -25-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6603-01

               The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth
               Factor in Human Malignant Melanoma
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Texas                     D.  Becker, Ph.D.


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $164,409
                       SUMMARY

     This research  involves  the role of basic  fibroblast  growth
factor (bFGF) in the proliferation and tumor promotion of advanced
stage melanomas.  It seeks to demonstrate bFGF gene expression in
advanced stage melanomas, to determine if insertion of human bFGF
in three  cell types  will enable production  of bFGF  and  growth
independence from exogenous bFGF, and to determine if the synthesis
of bFGF  by human melanocytes  and nevus  cells is  sufficient to
induce signs of malignant progression.   The  significance of this
work is in mitogenic  potency of bFGF in normal human melanocytes
in culture.   Preliminary results indicate:    (a) a melanoma cell
line and four metastatic melanomas express bFGF gene to a greater
extent than normal human melanocytes, and (b) an antisense oligomer
(15-mer) complementary  to bFGF was  taken  up (perhaps by  a non-
specific  mechanism)  by  and   had  reversible,  specific  growth-
inhibitory properties in  melanoma cells.   The investigators have
had preliminary  success  with plasmid  and  retroversal expression
constructs  of  bFGF  and can   propagate  infectious  amphotropic
pSVX(s)bFGF retroviruses.
                               -26-

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                   EPA  Project No:  R81-6825-01


   Development of Rapid, Quantitative In Vitro Carcinogenicity
       Assays  in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Their
                   Relevance to Breast Cancer

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California, Berkeley      Shahnaz Dairkee


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 year                                  $61,845
                       SUMMARY

     The overall  purpose of  the continued  proposed work  is  to
develop  rapid,  quantitative  in  vitro  predictive  assays  for
carcinogenicity in  humans.   This will  be accomplished  by using
markers developed  against normal and transformed  human mammary
epithelial cells in culture.

     To accomplish the above objectives,  several specific  aims will
be targeted.  These  include:  (1)  the development of a quantitative
transformation assay for  detection  of organ-specific carcinogens
and (2) the demonstration of the relevance  of the transformation
event to human  mammary cancer.  These  specific tasks involve:  (1)
the  screening  of  lipophilic  cationic  dyes  fpr  differential
retention in extended  life  (EL)  cultures versus  untreated NHME
cells;  (2)   examination   of  the temporal  relationship  between
treatment, acquisition of dye markers and the percentage of cells
acquiring such  markers; (3) determination of  the specificity of the
transformation assay by treating NHME cells  to known carcinogens
(DMBA and Aflatoxin  B^) and examining the treated cultures at times
after treatment for  specific  markers;  (4) testing the potential of
fluorescent lipophilic dyes to distinguish between normal, benign
and  malignant   breast  tissues;   (5)  development  of  monoclonal
antibody against antigens in tumor  specimens  or breast carcinoma
cell lines; and  (6) using the specific  monoclonal  antibodies  as
screening agents to quantitate the transformation assay.
                               -27-

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                      ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

                  EPA Project No:  R81-4960-01
          Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage Through
                      Plant Plasma Membrane

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California-Davis          T.M.  Murphy


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $113,414
                       SUMMARY

     Increased ion leakage from plant cells is a nearly ubiquitous
response  to  environmental  stresses.   Increased  ion  leakage  is
usually a nonspecific response  to membrane damage or alteration of
ionic gradients.   However,  ultraviolet (UV) stress  results  in a
more specific ion flux,  such that UV-stressed cells lose Potassium
ion  (K+),  but do  not lose other  cytoplasmic  components.   This
suggests that  UV stress affects specific components  of membrane
function, and that an understanding of  the molecular effects of UV
stress may help  elucidate mechanisms of  resistance  to UV stress.
The proposed project is to continue the work on UV effects on ion
flux, particularly to address  the role of  ion channels  in UV-
stimulated K+  efflux.   The  mechanism by  which  UV stress promotes
K+ loss is not known.  The hypotheses proposed are that UV alters
ion  channels  indirectly  by  depolarizing  the  membrane  through
stimulation of anion  efflux, or by synthesis and decay of new K+
channels.  Cells can be  desensitized by translation inhibitors and
by agents which  reduce  glutathione content.   Sulfhydryl reagents
also inhibit UV-induced efflux. The mechanisms of these processes
are unknown.   The  approach  in  the  proposed  experiments is to use
plasmalemma vesicles from Phaseolus leaves and from cultured rose
cells.  The  ability to  prepare purified  plasma membrane vesicles
is a recent advance.  86Rb+  will be used as a tracer of K+ efflux,
and 36C1~ will be used as a tracer of anion efflux.  K+ efflux will
also be linked to  influx of Oxonol V, a fluorescent anion.  These
techniques will  allow the hypotheses to  be  addressed in a simple
system, obviating the problems created by  use of multicompartmental
intact cells or  tissues.
                               -28-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5076-01


     Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from Recombinant
                Bacteria in  an Agricultural  Soil

institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Idaho                     Guy R. Knudson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $39,355

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This project will generate a mathematical and verifiable model
for use in the risk assessment of releasing genetically engineered
microorganisms.  The model will be adaptable and testable for other
microorganisms and/or  gene  sequences proposed  for environmental
release.   It  will be  a necessary  step  in  the  development  of
quantitative  estimates  of  the possibility of gene  transfer  and
possible  adverse  ecological  consequences  following release  of
recombinant microbes.  As such,  it will  be a contribution to  the
methods and protocols  available  to the  scientific community  for
ecological risk assessment.

     The specific objectives of this project are:

1) Further  develop and  validate  a computer  simulation model  to
predict bacterial  survival and plasmid  transfer,  under different
environmental  conditions, in  a rhizosphere  system containing  an
agricultural soil and crop plants.

2)  Quantify  these  gene transfer  events:  conjugative  plasmid
transfer and mobilization of a non-conjugative plasmid, in a three-
tiered  approach  (laboratory conditions,  simple  soil  microcosm,
rhizosphere).   Experiments  will  be done  with well-characterized
"benchmark" plasmids,  two  bacterial species with  agricultural
significance.
                               -29-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5592-01


         Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl Degradation
                 Gene(s) from Pseudomonas Putida

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Oakland University                      Satish K. Walia
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $174,945

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  long  range goal  of  this project  is  to understand  the
molecular mechanisms  of the degradation  of xenobiotics  such  as
chlorinated biphenyl (PCB)  and to develop bacterial technology for
the purpose of the safe disposal of hazardous chemical pollutants
from  the environment.   The  success  in  cloning  Chlorobiphenyl
degradation (cbph) genes puts this  research in  a unique position
to study structural organization, gene order, physical linkage and
location of biological functions of  the cloned DNA by the analysis
of Bal  31 and exonuclease III  deletion mutants, complementation
studies with subcloned  DNA fragments and  transposon mutagenesis.
The   induction   of  PCB  degradation  pathway   by   intermediary
metabolites and other haloaromatic compounds will be determined by
estimating the levels of specific enzymes of  cbph pathway.  Another
important question of the transfer, survival  and  expression of cbph
genes in naturally  occurring bacteria (NOB) in the environment will
be addressed  by transferring the  cbph genes  into  NOB  and  then
measuring   the   levels  of  enzyme  activities  (Chlorobiphenyl
dioxygenase and  3-phenylcatechol  dioxygenase)   and  specific  RNA.
The size  of the  mRNA transcripts will be determined by Northern
blot hybridization, SI mapping and primer  extension analysis.  The
regulatory region,  operator-promoter region,  ribosome binding site,
transcription initiation site and translation  initiation site of
cbph  genes will be  determined by  DNA  sequencing  and  cloning
promoter  region  into promoterless plasmid vector such as pKT 240.
The information obtained from the proposed experiments will aid in
constructing  new  hybrid  pathways   by  fusing   cbph  genes  with
chlorobenzoate degradation genes.
                               •30-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5597-01
        Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the
    Bioavailability  of Aged Organic Contaminants  in  Soil  and
                      Subsurface Materials

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Michigan State University               Stephen A. Boyd


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $136,677
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed project focuses on the role and significance of
sorption/desorption  processes  in  the  biological  processing  of
organic contaminants in soil systems.   The  basic premise is that
bioavailability  of  these organic  contaminants is controlled  by
sorption/desorption processes.    Organic molecules  sorbed to soil
particulates are unavailable to microbes and thus are not subject
to degradation  until  desorption  into the solution phase occurs.
These organic contaminants  may persist for long times  sorbed  to
soil particulates  and are  slowly released  to leach into  water
supplies.

     The project will test the validity of models of biodegradation
of sorbed and dissolved contaminants, assess and compare sorption
of  fresh  vs.  aged  contaminants,  determine  release  of  aged
contaminants,  and  evaluate degradation  rates of  residual  and
freshly added contaminants.
                               -31-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5610-01


         Regulation of Genetic Transfer into and Between
                Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Drexel University                       Michael Gealt
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $531,002

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The introduction  of  genetically modified bacteria  into  the
environment potentiates the  establishment of gene  sequences  not
present in an  ecosystem into a stable microbial population.   At
present the ability to predict the change(s) which will result from
this  introduction  of  DNA is  extremely  limited.    Environmental
conditions affect  the  rate  of  transfer with  aqueous,  highly-
nutritive locales,  such as wastewater, being especially favorable
to  bacterial   genetic  interchange.    Researchers  have  recently
demonstrated that genetically engineered DNA sequences (GEDS) from
laboratory strains  of Escherichia coli do transfer by conjugation
into  indigenous  species in a  (non-sterile) wastewater  treatment
plant microcosm.   In order to develop predictive  models  for gene
transfer into  indigenous bacteria it is necessary to understand how
bacteria regulate the gene transfer process  and how environmental
conditions  affect   this  regulation.    Therefore,  the  proposed
research will  (a)  isolate and analyze chromosomal  genes  involved
in conjugation and transduction, (b) isolate indigenous transducing
phage from wastewater and  demonstrate  the effects of environmental
conditions on  their transfer of GEDS, (c) construct fusion plasmids
of  promotors   critical  to  conjugal  or  transductional  gene
mobilization with  an indicating gene, e.g.,  B-galactosidase,  to
monitor gene activity  as  a function of environmental conditions,
and (d) perform quantitative analysis of the  rates of gene transfer
by  conjugation and  transduction  in  a waste treatment  facility
microcosm, comparing conditions which affect gene  mobilization
rates.
                               -32-

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                  EPA Project NO:  R81-5621-01
      Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism of Polynuclear
                  Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
State University of New York-Buffalo    Harish Sikka
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $334,799
                       SUMMARY

     The overall objective of the proposed  research  is  to obtain
a better  understanding of metabolic  transformations of  PAHS  in
fish.

     The  specific  aims of  the proposed  research are:    (1)  to
elucidate the regio- and stereoselectivity of the liver microsomal
enzymes of control  and 3-MC-treated brown bullhead (a fish species
known to be susceptible to the carcinogenic  action of PAHs) in the
metabolism of BP, chrysene and phenanthrene; (2) to determine the
stereoselectivity involved in the metabolism  of enantiomerically
pure BP, chrysene and phenanthrene dihydrodiols with a bay-region
double bond to their corresponding bay region diol epoxides by the
fish  liver  microsomes;   and  (3)   to  compare  the  regio-  and
Stereoselective metabolism of the PAHs by the fish liver microsomes
with  other  data  published  in  the  literature  for  rat  liver
microsomes.
                               -33-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5921-01
       Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models and
            Bioenergetics  Models for Risk Assessment

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Iowa State University                   Gary Atkinson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $131,981

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The specific objectives of this research are:  (1) to develop
quantitative and  sensitivity behavioral and physiological  tests
that  yield  data  applicable  to  current  optimal  foraging  and
energetics models. Models will predict effect of toxicant exposure
on fish foraging (diet)  and  growth;  (2) to compare the sensitivity
of  cadmium-induced changes   in  mechanistic  measures  of  foraging
(reaction distance, handling time) to more commonly used empirical
measures of foraging (number of prey captured, capture efficiency,
behavioral response to food).
                               -34-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5949-01


           Gaseous  Deposition in  Canopies:   The Role of
                        Epiphytic Lichens

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Arizona State University, Tempe         Thomas H. Nash III
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $270,169
                       SUMMARY

     The studies described in this proposal are  intended to provide
more information on the ability  of  lichens to  intercept both wet
and dry deposition  of air  pollutants, to  search  for  evidence of
phenomena involving surface area interactions,  and to follow the
fate of  leachates from the  lichen to  the soil  media.    It  was
pointed out that lichens are extremely important canopy components
that may contribute as much as 50%  under  some  conditions,  to the
canopy  surface  area.   The  study  will  involve  four genera  of
epiphytic lichens collected  from  the Pacific coastal region.  They
will be exposed, under highly controlled  conditions to  S02, NC>2,
NO, and 03.   Tissue samples  from each of  the  treatments will be
used  to determine  absorption  rate  as   influenced by  specific
environmental conditions; to determine leachability of  ions,  and
to determine dose-response of the lichen species.  Special emphasis
will be placed on Mg leaching.
                               -35-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5995-01
           Environmental Stress and Isoprene Emissions
                         in Forest Trees

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Colorado                  Richard R.  Fall
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $190,390

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The emission of volatile compounds from ecosystems is emerging
as a major environmental issue.  Plants produce a bewildering array
of hydrocarbons and inorganic gases, some of which play important
roles in  atmospheric chemistry.  Despite  the importance of these
compounds, we  know remarkably  little about the  processes which
regulate  the  emissions of  hydrocarbons,  particularly  in  trees,
which are the  major  sources of plant-emitted hydrocarbons.   The
total production  of  hydrocarbons  from vegetation is  thought  to
exceed the emission of anthropogenic hydrocarbons by several orders
of magnitude.   It is  becoming  increasingly clear that, even  in
urban  areas,   plants  emit   more   hydrocarbons  than  does  human
activity.  Many of these hydrocarbons are reactive and contribute
to the production of secondary pollutants, particularly ozone.

     Isoprene is a particularly  important  compound, accounting for
about 40%  of all  plant hydrocarbon emissions.   The  mechanisms  of
production of isoprene  by plants are not known, nor do we know much
about  environmental  factors  which  regulate  emissions.     The
investigators  plan  to  address  the  key  question  of  whether
environmental stress alters isoprene emission.   At the same time,
the  experimental  design will allow much  to  be  learned about the
fundamental mechanisms and regulation of isoprene biosynthesis in
plants.

     The  investigators propose  to use  a  sophisticated real-time
system   in  controlled  environments,  which   allow   continuous
monitoring, simultaneously,  of  isoprene emissions,  gas exchange,
conductance, electron transfer,  and reaction  center turnover.  The
model  plants,   aspen and  red  spruce, will  be  exposed  to  the
following  stressors:   high  temperature, high light,  drought, low
nitrogen,  and  the air  pollutants,  ozone,  sulfur dioxide, nitrous
oxide and  nitrogen dioxide.
                               -36-

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                  EPA  Project No:  R81-6023-01
        Assessment  of  Endocrine  Indices as Early-Warning
        Indicators  of  Reproductive Dysfunction  in Female
                    Fish  Exposed  to Pollutants

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Texas-Austin              Peter Thomas
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $160,440

                        **********
                       SUMMARY
     It is proposed  to determine the chronic  effects  of several
model pollutants on a broad range of indices of  female reproductive
endocrine function, and two reproductive endpoints, ovarian growth
and  hatching  success   in a  marine  teleost,  Atlantic  croaker
(Micropogonias undulatus).  The sites of mercury, naphthalene and
petroleum oil actions  on  the  hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis
and the mechanisms  of chemical interference with hormone secretion,
hormone  metabolism and  hormone  action will  be  compared.    In
addition, the possible  involvement of the mechanism of vitellogenin
uptake by growing oocytes and a novel ovarian metal-binding protein
in the accumulation and sequestration of  heavy metals  by oocytes
will be investigated.

     The purposes of these studies are to (1) understand the nature
of  pollutant-induced  perturbations  of  reproductive  endocrine
function  in  female teleosts and  their  significance in  terms  of
ovarian recrudescence  and hatching  success;  (2)  select promising
reproductive indices for  further  evaluation  in croaker and other
teleost species  as early-warning indices of  a pollutant-induced
decline in the  reproductive success of  natural fish populations.
Thus, the  eventual aims of this  research are to  develop early-
warning  indices of  pollution  damage  to  fish which  accurately
reflect the  potential  long-term hazards  to  the population  as  a
whole,  rather than  those which  may merely  reflect  short-term
impairment  in an  individual,  and  to  provide the  reproductive
toxicity data essential for environmental risk assessments.
                               -37-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6168-01
          Glutatnione Metabolism and Utilization in the
                         Channel Catfish
Institution:
Duke University
Principal Investigator:
Richard T. Di Giulio
Project Period:
3 years
Project Amount:
$192,567
                       SUMMARY

     This  proposal  is  a  three-year  investigation  to  examine
glutathione synthesis and utilization, both as a phase II substrate
and  as  an  antioxidant,  and   its  role  in  protecting  against
chemically-induced tissue injury in the channel catfish.  The three
major objectives of  this study  are  the  following:   (1)  to assess
glutathione's role in protecting against biochemical responses and
tissue  injury  in  catfish  exposed in  vivo  to  chlorothalonil
(glutathione  S-transferase substrate)  and  diquat  (redox  active
prooxidant); (2) to analyze basal activities  and kinetic parameters
for key  enzymes involved  in glutathione  metabolism; and  (3)  to
determine  the  single and  combined  effects  of the  above  two
compounds   on   glutathione   metabolism  and   correlate   these
perturbations to morphological  and functional indices  of tissue
damage.
                               -38-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6277-01


      A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental Carcinogenesis
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Duke University                         Van Beneden, Rebecca J.

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 Years                                 $339,975
                       SUMMARY

     Neoplastic transformations of cells are often associated with
genetic alterations of cellular oncogenes.   Studies  of oncogenes
and tumor production in fish  are proposed which will contribute to
our  understanding of  mechanisms   of  oncogene  activation.    The
characterization of fish oncogenes may also  allow identification
of homologous oncogene sequences in other species, including man.
It is  proposed  that knowledge of  oncogene activation mechanisms
operative in vivo  in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) can also
be  applied to  the development  of a  sensitive  system for  the
detection  of  potentially  harmful  environmental  contaminants.
Proposed  work will  examine  the  mechanism(s)  of activation  of
oncogenes in medaka tumors induced by exposure of medaka to known
carcinogens and potentially carcinogenic aquatic contaminants.  DNA
will be isolated  from tumors and used to transfect  mouse  NIH3T3
cells.   Transforming  genes   identified  by  this  method will  be
characterized as to their expression, sequence homology to known
oncogenes, and their  method  of activation in  tumor  cells.   Cell
lines will be developed from  tumors for in vitro work.  The assays
using medaka as an appropriate non-mammalian model  system will thus
allow the development of new carcinogen tests and the examination
of basic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.
                               -39-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6393-01
           Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Meharry Medical College                 Diane A.  Blake


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $297,563

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The objective  of this project  is  to construct  a  prototype
immunoassay  for  the  monitoring  of heavy metals  in  the  aquatic
ecosystem.    The  contamination of  plants,  animals and  humans  by
trace toxic  elements  poses  a  continuing  and  increasing  threat  to
our environment.   Heavy metals (including cadmium, cobalt, copper,
lead, mercury, and  nickel)  are of particular  concern because  of
their widespread  production  and use, and their subsequent discharge
and persistence  in  the environment.   Most of  the  current methods
available  for   the  assay  of  heavy   metals   require  complex
instrumentation.   In  this proposal,  the  researchers  will develop
a  prototype  assay  which may be  used   at  the  testing site  to
immediately  detect  the presence  of trace heavy metals in aquatic
samples.

     It is proposed to take advantage of the unique properties of
the protein, metallothionein,  to assemble an  immunoassay of very
high sensitivity. Metallothioneins are nonenzymatic, low molecular
weight  proteins  which bind with  very  high  affinity to  a wide
variety  of  mono-  and  divalent  metal  ion.     Polyclonal  and/or
monoclonal antibodies which show specificity  for  specific metal-
metallothionein  complexes   will  be prepared;  the metal  binding
properties of metal-lothionein and  the specificity of the antibody
recognition  event will subsequently be linked  to a colorimetric or
fluorimetric  readout.     A  variety  of   heterogeneous  enzyme
immunoassay  formats will be assembled and assay  parameters will be
optimized.   The final  prototype  assays  will  be assessed  for
sensitivity,  precision,   reproducibility,  specificity,  and  the
effects of interfering substances  present in  normal  aqueous test
solutions.
                               -40-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6467-01


            Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Michigan                  Eugene F. Stoermer

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $256,770

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed investigation is designed to evaluate the present
and future  impact  of the substantial and  continuing  increase in
dissolved inorganic  nitrogen concentration on the composition of
the primary producers in the Great Lakes.  The research is designed
to show whether  or not increased  inorganic nitrogen loading will
change the  composition  of the  phytoplankton flora in  the Great
Lakes.
                               -41-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6531-01


             Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons
                     by Nitrifying Bacteria

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Oregon State University                 Daniel J. Arp
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $372,139

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria use ammonia monooxygenase to
initiate  the  oxidation  of ammonia.    This  enzyme  has  a  broad
substrate range which extends to a number of priority pollutants.
Preliminary results indicate that  several  classes  of chlorinated
hydrocarbons   including    chloromethanes,    chloroethanes    and
chlorinated ethylenes are  oxidized  by  ammonia monooxygenase.   In
many cases, the oxidations lead to dehalogenation reactions.  The
objective of the  proposed research is to  provide  a quantitative
basis upon which  to assess the  usefulness  of nitrifying  bacteria
in bioremediation schemes.  The research will  focus on Nitrosomonas
europaea, a well-studied, autotrophic, nitrifying bacterium.  The
range  and rates  of  halogenated hydrocarbon oxidations  will  be
investigated,  as  will  the reactivity  of ammonia  monooxygenase
towards mixtures of halogenated  hydrocarbons.  The tolerance of N.
europaea to these  hydrocarbon substrates will be quantified.  Other
bacteria  that  are capable of oxidizing  ammonia  (autotrophic  and
heterotrophic nitrifiers  and methylotrophs)  will be investigated
for their ability  to oxidize halogenated hydrocarbons.  The studies
will make use of whole cells which will be incubated with ammonia
(as  co-metabolite) and  a halogenated  hydrocarbon.    Rates  of
substrate depletion and/or product formation will be monitored by
standard analytical techniques  (gas chromatography, high pressure
liquid chromatography, etc).
                               -42-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6701-01
         Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes:  Selection
           Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm
                        Treatment Systems

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Duke University                         Dr. James Bryers
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $223,686

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Use  of enriched  microbial  consortia  in  immobilized  cell
systems  for xenobiotic  compound  detoxification   (i.e.,  on-site
biotreatment reactors or  reclamation  of  contaminated  groundwater
and soil) will  require  a fundamental understanding of  the major
selection pressures  affecting  the survival  and   performance  of
multiple  microbial  populations  in  biofilm  treatment  systems.
Previous experimental work on biofilm development will be extended
here to  investigate  multispecies biofilm  ecodynamics.   Proposed
biofilm research will use a defined mixed consortia,  comprising
several known bacterial species, that collectively biotransform the
known class of xenobiotic compounds, s-Triazines.

     Under  constant   and transient  loading  of  the  xenobiotic
compound, experiments will quantify the  survival  and  performance
of member species in  the consortia.  Biofilms of the consortia will
be cultivated aerobically in (1)  special microscale study reactors
of well-characterized hydrodynamics and controllable environmental
conditions and  (2) within a pilot scale  biofilm treatment system
(i.e.. a fluidized  bed of either contaminated soil or silica sand).
The spatial distribution of consortia members  in a biofilm will be
quantified  with  time  using   several  existing  analyses  (e.g.^
immunofluorescence   and   dual-radio-labelled   tracers,   membrane
phospholipid signatures)  refined for biofilm systems.  The combined
influence  of hydrodynamics,  suspended  cell  concentration,  and
xenobiotic  loading  on  microbial  consortia  ecodynamics will  be
investigated; both experimentally and with  mathematical  models.
This research will increase the general  understanding  of various
selection pressure  effects  on  the  population dynamics   in  any
biofilm treatment system; thus providing a generic means to control
biofilm  processes  and  specifically  increase  our  ability  to
bioremediate soil environments contaminated by organic xenobiotics.
                               -43-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6834-01
     Comparative Movement  in the Environment of Nuclear and
       Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial System

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Texas A&M University                    Neal K.  Van Alfen
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $236,214

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This proposal is for a project to study cytoplasmic gene flow
in filamentous fungi.  The organism to be studied is Crvphonectria
parasitica. the chestnut blight fungus.   It possesses cytoplasmic
genes, in the form of strain-specific double stranded RNA (dsRNA),
that  are  present in  high copy number and  cause a  reduction  of
virulence  in  the pathogen, and  mitochondrial  DNA  (mtDNA).   The
investigators have developed new  methods to study cytoplasmic gene
flow, including probes and colony blot hybridization.  They found
that  dsRNA moves  rapidly within and between  strains of  fungus
although mtDNA does  not,  and concluded that  the  fungal cytoplasm
contains few barriers to gene  flow.

     In this proposal, they will develop methods to identify unique
populations  of  C.   parasitica,  determine  the   extent  to  which
cytoplasmic   gene  flow  occurs  within   and   between   natural
populations, and determine if gene flow can occur between sexually
incompatible  fungal  species.   The  first  phase  of  the work will
determine   how  applicable  the  restriction   fragment   length
polymorphism  (RFLP) method of  identification is in distinguishing
among different strains.   Three sites have  been selected for study:
California, based  on a single  introduction; and two  in  the East
where sexual  reproduction is  known  to occur.  They will examine
both mtDNA and nuclear DNA using  probes.  mtDNA from EP155 will be
screened for probes which identify mtDNA RFLPs.   This will be done
using  EcoRI  cuts.    Nuclear   DNA  RFLPs  will be   identified  by
combining  the data  from  these  subclones  and those from mapping
restriction endonucleases.
                               -44-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6872-01


           Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium


Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Kentucky                  Yi-Tin Wang
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $82,397

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  overall  objective  of  the  proposed  research  is  to
characterize the  reduction of  hexavalent  chromium by  microbial
activities.  Hexavalent chromium  is  highly  toxic  and  is released
to the  environment by a  large  number of industrial  operations.
The potential for biological transformation of hexavalent chromium
to the  less toxic  trivadent  chromium has  been  discovered  only
recently.   Trivalent  chromium  is   less  soluble  in  most  water
systems.  Consequently, great potential exists for ultimate removal
of chromium by biological processes.

     This research  is directed  at gaining a better understanding
of biological  reduction  of hexavalent chromium.   The  effect  of
environmental factors on  the rate  and extent of chromium reduction
will  be  evaluated  using  both  pure   and  mixed  cultures  of
microorganisms.   Environmental  factors  to  be  evaluated  include
redox potential,  temperature, electron donors and acceptors, and
microbial   species.      Analytical   techniques   include   gas
chromatography,   high   pressure   liquid  chromatography,   mass
spectrometry, and atomic  adsorption spectrophotometry.
                               -45-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6879-01
        Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic Models in Fish

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Ohio State University                   William L.  Hayton
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 year                                  $74,244

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The proposal describes a three-year investigation to examine
the  effects  of  fish  body  size  on  the  pharmacokinetics  of
trifluralin,  di-2-ethylphthalate,   and  pentachlorophenol.    The
specific aims are to:  (1) determine binding isotherms for the test
compounds in  blood  and  blood plasma of rainbow trout,  and  in an
aqueous solution of humic acid;  (2)  determine the influence of the
degree of blood binding on the capacity of the rainbow trout gill
to  extract   the  test  compounds from  water;  (3)  determine  the
influence of  blood  binding on the capacity of the  rainbow  trout
gill to eliminate the test compounds from blood perfusing the gill;
(4) extend the consideration of binding effects on gill transport
to binding in the exposure water; i.e., to  humic acids; (5) develop
a  method to  relate  pharmacokinetic model parameters  determined
using  blood  concentration  and  time  kinetics  in  large  fish  to
parameters determined using whole-body level and time kinetics in
small fish;  and  (6) measure  the effective blood  flow through and
water  flow  across  the secondary  lamellae of 5 g  rainbow trout,
sheepshead minnow, fathead minnow, goldfish and bluegill.
                               -46-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6919-01
           Genotoxicity  Evaluation of Polychlorinated
                 Biphenyls and Their Metabolites

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Oakland University                      Satish K. Walia


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $399,076
                       SUMMARY

     Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated
waste provides no assurance that the metabolic intermediates will
not be toxic.  Furthermore, current knowledge of the genotoxicity
of PCBs and  PCB-metabolites is  inconclusive.   Therefore,  the aim
of  this  research  is  to  evaluate the  genotoxicity of  selected
isomers of chlorinated biphenyls and their intermediary metabolites
produced by degradative enzymes of bacteria and of eukaryotes and
of combined enzymes of both systems.  Eight compounds:  2,2',4,4'-
tetrachlorobiphenyl,    2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl,    4,4'-dichloro-
biphenyl, 4-chlorobiphenyl and four bacterial metabolites  of 4-
chlorobiphenyl will be tested  in three genotoxicity assay systems:
bacterial (Salmonella/89 microsome assay),  eukaryotic (Drosophila
Wing-spot test),  and a chimeric (bacterial-eukaryotic) system.  The
eukaryotic system has powerful features not  found in other systems.
This system not only allows the detection of chromosomal and point
mutations, but also exposes the test compounds  to high levels of
metabolic activation in situ.   Besides the normal inducible strain
of  Drosophila,  two  other strains  of  test  animals  one  with
"suppressed"   cytochrome   P-450   enzymes   system   and   another
constitutively over-expressing  P-450 enzymes  system will  also be
included. The third assay will be  a chimeric, bacterial-eukaryotic
system produced by using molecular-genetic constructs where the P-
450 inducible, suppressed and constitutively over-expressed strains
will be made transgenic for chimeric plasmids containing bacterial
PCB-degrading  genes previously cloned  in our  laboratory.    All
extracts  that   are  mutagenic  will  be   fractionated  by  high
performance  liquid  chromatograph, retested for genotoxicity and
characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.
                               -47-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7000-01


        High Density Culture of Meiobenthos for Sediment
    Bioassay and Trophic-Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of South Carolina            Bruce  C.  Coull
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $238,746
                       SUMMARY

     A number of studies have demonstrated the effects of sediment-
bound  pollutants  on the  macrobenthos.    However,  there are  few
studies that have  utilized meiobenthos (benthic invertebrates <1.0
mm in  size)  to determine impacts  on the population  dynamics  of
sediment-dwelling infauna.  The objectives  of  the  proposed study
are twofold.  First,  the  investigators propose to test the utility
of using  two  species  of mono-cultured  meiobenthic  harpacticoid
copepods  (Microarthidion littorale  and  Amphiascus  minutus)  to
determine  the lethal  and  sublethal  (growth  and  reproduction)
effects of  sediment-bound endosulfan (organochlorine pesticide),
hexachlorobiphenyl  (PCB)  and cadmium  (heavy  metal).   Seven-day
static bioassays will be  conducted  on  the adults and copepodites
of each species.

     In the  second phase  of  the  study,  the investigators propose
to use the  PCB  bioassay results  to develop  a methodology  for
estimating trophic-transfer of sublethal levels of sediment-bound
toxicants  through  the  benthos to  juvenile fish using  14C-hexa-
chlorobiphenyl labelled meiobenthic copepods as prey for juvenile
spot.
                               -48-

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                  EPA  Project No:  R81-7034-01
         Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on Insects
            by  Selectively Deuterating  2E-Hexen-l-al

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Kansas State University                 Clifton E.  Meloan
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $229,893
                       SUMMARY

     Insects  rely  on  their  ability  to  detect  chemicals,  via
olfaction, to survive.  This includes locating food, mating, where
to lay eggs, defense, etc.  An  understanding  of the mechanism by
which insects detect chemicals  could be used to  control  many of
their activities and reduce the  use  of pesticides.   According to
the proposer, at least 22 theories of olfaction have been presented
during the  last four  decades.    Wright's  vibrational theory of
olfaction is the most promising  theory to  date.   Wright's theory
states that if combinations of fundamental vibrational frequencies
on incoming molecules match similar vibrational frequencies on the
receptor site, then a resonance transfer of  energy  can initiate the
nerve signal.

     The  investigator  proposes  to  use a  single compound  that
affects more than  one species of  insect, deuterate it extensively,
and see  what effect it has on  those species.  According to the
proposer, if the responses are significantly altered or eliminated
this would indicate that  the effects  due to deuteration are not an
isolated phenomenon with  one specie  of  insect.  If the compound is
then   partially   deuterated,   to   alter   different   frequency
combinations, and the species  differ in their response, then that
would show that combinations of vibrational  frequencies are related
to olfaction.  Based on  previous work, the investigator proposes
to  deuterate  2(E)-hexen-l-al   in   five  positions   and   in  15
combinations and test  it  as a repellent in the American cockroach,
as  an oviposition  stimulant  in  the alfalfa weevil,  and  as an
attractant in the western corn root worm.
                               -49-

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                  EPA Project NO:  R81-7196-01
            A Proposal  for a Microbial Early Warning
        System for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Maine                     Robert H. Findlay
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $222,556
                       SUMMARY

     In estuarine sediments the most common  form of pollution is
organic.  Yet assessing its  impact  is still problematic.  The goal
of this work  is  to  develop a Microbial Early  Warning  System for
Organic Pollution  (MEWSOP).   Specifically, it will evaluate the
response of the microbenthic community to organic loading and will
utilize  sterol  analysis  to  determine  the  origin  of  organic
stressors.

     The approach will be to utilize a suite of lipid-based assays.
For routine environmental monitoring, phospholipid phosphates will
be used to determine total microbial  biomass.    This  technique
provides convenient  and inexpensive estimates of microbial biomass.
If unusual changes in microbial biomass are detected, phospholipid
fatty-acid analysis will be used to determine microbial community
structure.  If the microbial community structure suggests organic
enrichment, sterol analysis will be used to determine its source.
This approach has several advantages: 1)  A single extraction yields
all three lipid fractions, 2) both the stressor and  its effects are
identified, and 3) only when environmental  stress is suspected are
fatty acid and sterol analyses required.

     Development  of  this protocol  will use  salmon  net-pens  as a
monospecific  source  of  organic enrichment.   The  efficacy of this
protocol  will be  determined  by  surveying  organically impacted
estuaries.
                               -50-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7198-01


         Diminished  Transport Capacity:  A New  Index of
     Stress Measured in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
                           Blood  Plasma

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
New England Aquarium Corporation        William Robinson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $163,067
                       SUMMARY

     This proposal  is to  evaluate in  the blue  mussel  (Mytilus
edulis) a novel early-warning  index of  contaminant stress called
the  "Diminished  Transport Capacity"  (DTC).   It  is an  easy and
sensitive measure of  the  ability  of plasma proteins to transport
substances in the blood,  a function analogous to that of mammalian
serum albumin.  Toxic  substances,  including metals, bind weakly to
them as do normal physiological compounds.  The DTC of the plasma
proteins is measured easily and inexpensively with a cadmium ion-
specific  electrode.    At  low  cadmium (Cd) concentrations,  very
little of the total Cd in  the  plasma  is  in the  free ion.  As the
concentration of  Cd is increased, more  of it is  free,  since the
binding sites on the proteins are increasingly occupied.  The index
of diminished transport capacity  (DTC) is based on Cd titrations,
but  represents  the general  ability   of  the  plasma  to  transport
substances, normal or foreign.   Stresses  from  disease  and other
sources cause the proteins to decline, and therefore should cause
diminished transport capacity.
                               -51-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7206-01
         Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems for
                Evaluating Anthropogenic Stresses

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Pennsylvania State University           William A.  Dunson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $184,355
                       SUMMARY

     This two-year study is designed to provide assessment of water
quality on  amphibian breeding  in naturally occurring  temporary
ponds.    The  study  will  provide  a  comprehensive  experimental
demonstration of the effects of long and short  term acidification
on the communities  of  larval amphibians.  The  objectives  of the
study are:

     1.  To monitor  key physical  and  biological parameters in 35
woodland ponds;

     2.  To use a combination of laboratory,  microcosm,  simulated
field, managed mesocosms and naturally occurring woodland ponds to
demonstrate  the  physiological   and   interspecific   effects  of
acidification on selected immature amphibians;

     3.   To  evaluate the  effects  of  short  and  long term  pH
reductions on amphibian communities;

     4.   To  demonstrate  which measured abiotic  parameters can
affect amphibian distributions; and

     5.  To examine  the comparability of the results between the
various sized test systems.
                               -52-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7217-01
       Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and Endpoints
                  in Stream Toxicity Assessments

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Wright State University                 G. Allen Burton


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $188,767
                       SUMMARY

     This  two-year  study   is   designed   to  evaluate  multiple
bioindicators of water quality to determine which are best to use
when evaluating stream sediment  quality.  A triad type approach in
which the results of sediment chemistry, laboratory bioassays with
an array of single species and various in situ ecological endpoints
are measured.  Measurement of habitat is also integrated into the
proposed research.

     The objectives of the proposed research are:

     1.  To determine which indicators or combination of indicators
are best at detecting anthropogenic induced stress;

     2.    To  determine  the advantages  and weaknesses of  each
indicator;

     3.  To compare the  results  of  the  proposed study with those
recently generated by USEPA in the Great Lake region;

     4.  To  determine  the optimal  combination  of  indicators and
endpoints to  routinely detect early stages of  ecosystem stress; and

     5.    Conduct  stream   profile  studies   comparing   among
bioindicator   responses,  chemical  and  physical descriptors  and
ecological endpoints.
                              -53-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7219-01
        Characterization of Stress Proteins as Indicators
               of Biological Effects and Exposure
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
California State University             Brenda M. Sanders
Long Beach

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $199,476

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The stress protein response  (SPR)  is  a  cellular response to
stress which is characterized by  the  preferential  synthesis of a
suite of proteins, referred to as stress proteins,  in response to
a wide variety of  environmental  stressors.  SPR's will be examined
as the basis of indicators for:   (i)  adverse biological effects,
i.e.,  to  diagnose  the  "stress  load"  in  an  organism, which is
designated as a tier  I  indicator;  and,  (ii)  exposure to specific
contaminants, a tier  II  indicator.   To understand  the extent to
which specific characteristics of the response are conserved across
broad phylogenic groups we will  conduct  a comparative study of two
species,  the sea  urchin  Strongvlocentrotus  purpuratus and  the
fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas.  For  each species the study
will:  (1) characterize the response elicited by diverse stressors
which have different mechanisms of toxicity,  and to which the two
species have different sensitivities;  (2) determine to what extent
the response is sustained over time upon continuous exposure; (3)
examine induction of  the  SPR  upon exposure to multiple stressors
simultaneously; (4) determine the reliability of using the SPR as
an  early  warning  for  damage  at  higher  levels  of  biological
organization; and,  (5) carefully analyze the SPR elicited by each
stressor for unique stressor specific induction patterns.
                               -54-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7239-01
       The Evaluation of  Indicators of Wetland Vegetation
      Stress and Their Relationship to Biological Endpoints

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Louisiana State University              Irving A. Mendelssohn
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $192,083
                       SUMMARY

     The impact of anthropogenic stressors on our fragile coastal
and estuarine  environments  is of  major  societal concern.   Man-
induced stressors are generated from many activities including: (1)
dredge  and fill  operations,  (2)  oil  and  gas  exploration  and
drilling, (3)  industrial and  waste  discharge, (4) agricultural and
residential runoff, and (5)  acid rain, to mention a few.  Many of
these stressors have sublethal effects that, while not killing the
plant  community,  gradually  reduce its  vigor  and  productivity.
Techniques that  provide a measure  of stress under a  variety of
conditions are  essential  to  any program  of  environmental impact
assessment.  The early detection of plant stress is imperative if
mitigation is to succeed in saving the habitat.   The overall goal
of this research  is to  evaluate  several methods  of detecting and
quantifying  stress  in  wetland   vegetation  and   to   use  this
information to determine whether  wetland  ecosystems   and  their
vegetation component  are sufficiently stressed  by anthropogenic
agents  to  cause damage.   Specifically researchers will compare
several  types   of physiological  and biochemical  indicators  to
quantify anthropogenic  stress  in wetland  macrophytes  to include:
the adenylate  energy  charge  ratio,  leaf spectral  reflectance,
chlorophyll  fluorescence,  carbon  dioxide  uptake  and  proline
accumulation (for brine stress).  Evaluation of the stress indices
will be conducted in growth  chamber  experiments  with  two wetland
plant   species,  Typha   domingensis   (cattail)   and   Spartina
alterniflora (smooth cordgrass),  each dominant  in  freshwater or
salt marsh habitats, respectively.  The response of the plants will
be monitored  with the  above  stress  indicators  and the results
compared to growth effects.
                               -55-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7252-01
        A  Tri-species  Indicator of Organic Enrichment in
        Estuaries:   Individual, Population and Community
                           Approaches

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
North Carolina State University         Lisa A.  Levin
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $142,364

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  project  will examine  the effects  of  various  forms  of
organic enrichment (sewage effluent, blue-green algae,  fuel oil and
natural marsh sediment) on growth, fecundity,  and population growth
of three common species of estuarine polychaetes frequently found
in enriched  or disturbed environments.   The target  species  are
Capitella sp.  1,  Polvdora ligni,  and  Streblospio  benedicti.   The
aim is to develop a tri-species indicator index  number of organic
enrichment  stress  that  addresses individual,  population,  and
community-level   features.     The  investigator   will  evaluate
individual responses (adult growth rate, size  of eggs/embryos, life
time   fecundity,   C  and  N  content   of  eggs/embryos,  larval
survivorship,  and larval growth rates)  and  population responses
(population  growth rates as  determined by  life  table  response
experiments)  in an  experimental  laboratory setting.   Comparisons
will be made among species  and among  organic treatment  types  to
test the a priori  predictions  of hypotheses.  From the comparisons
among  the species, community-level effects  will be  assessed  by
generation  of a  model  for  assessing  organic-pollution induced
stress.
                               -56-

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                   EPA Project  No:   R81-7283-01
         Use  of  Demographic  Theory to  Determine  Impact  of
            Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft
                 Shell  Clam  Population Properties

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution    James Weinberg
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $210,428

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The objective of this  study  is  to  identify and evaluate the
stress from disease and contamination on a commercially important
bivalve at its population level.   Results will provide a basis for
determining  whether  environmental  impact  is  severe enough  for
society  to  care  about   (i.e.,  an "ecological  endpoint").   The
demographic theory and  experimentation  used in  this  study could
serve as  a  model for how to study  other  commercially  important
species whose  life cycles are perturbed by  disease and chemical
contaminants.

     The  specific problem  to be addressed  is  a  leukemia-like
disease, hematopoietic neoplasia,  that is prevalent in Mya arenaria
from Maine to the Chesapeake Bay.   Being both a filter feeder and
sediment  dweller, M.  arenaria is  sensitive to  both water  and
sediment  quality.   Because M.  arenaria  is  a  major  commercial
species in estuaries, it is important to determine how much of an
impact disease and contamination have in nature on number of clams,
their  sizes,  and on  the  ability  of  populations to  maintain
themselves.
                               -57-

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                  EPA  Project No:  R81-7285-01
       Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress
                        in Natural Waters

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology   Francis M.M.  Morel
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $210,000
                       SUMMARY

     It is proposed to use the phytochelatins of phytoplankton as
indicators of metal pollution and metal stress in natural waters.
These specific metal detoxifying polypeptides are induced in plants
by elevated intracellular concentrations of various trace metals.
Microalgae are  ideal  organisms to monitor  metal pollution since
they accumulate  metals and respond  rapidly to  changes  in their
external  milieu.   The proposed  work encompasses  three  parallel
complementary  efforts:    i)  laboratory physiological  studies  to
establish the quantitative link between phytochelatin synthesis and
metal  stress;  ii)  field studies  to  demonstrate that  elevated
phytochelatin  concentrations  in  situ provide a  measure  of metal
pollution; iii) development of a convenient and sensitive technique
for phytochelatins in natural samples.
                               -58-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7302-01


          Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins
                         in Benthic Fish

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Duke University                         Dr. Richard T. DiGiulio


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $208,015
                       SUMMARY

      The overall goal of this  project  is to provide the basis for
a biomonitoring  strategy for genotoxins in aquatic  systems that
exploits biochemical indices of DNA damage and associated metabolic
disturbances.  The  specific objectives  are:  (1)  to quantify five
responses that provide indices of  DNA  damage  in  two benthic fish
species  in  laboratory   and   field   exposures   to  contaminated
sediments;  (2)  concomitantly,  to  determine correlations  between
indices  of  genotoxicity  and  associated  biochemical  responses
indicative  of  phase  I  metabolism and  oxidative stress;  (3)  to
evaluate the  relative utility of  these responses as  indices  of
exposure,  DNA  damage,  and cellular  stress  in  fish  exposed  to
genotoxic sediments; and (4)  from the information obtained in this
study, to design a practical,  cost-efficient biomonitoring strategy
for sediment-associated genotoxins.  Five  indices of genotoxicity
have been  selected for  this  study—32phosphorous  post-labelling
analysis of hydrophobic xenobiotic-DNA  adducts (PPL), levels of 8-
hydroxydeoxyguanosine in  DNA,  levels  of 5-methyldeoxycytosine  in
DNA, DNA strand  breaks as determined by alkaline  unwinding,  and
flow cytometric analysis of DNA content.  Mechanistically-related
activities of ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase, concentrations of bile
metabolites  of  selected  PAHs,  concentrations  of  reduced  and
oxidized glutathione, and concentrations of malondialdehyde, which
is an index of lipid  peroxidation.  The model organisms for this
project are two related benthic fish species,  the channel catfish
(Ictalurus punctatus) and  the  brown bullhead  (I.  nebulgsus),  and
the Niagara River system will serve as the model aquatic system for
the study.
                              -59-

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            ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (WATER)

                  EPA Project No:  R81-5544-01
          Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-Scale
       Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport Through
                 Soil Using Computer Tomography

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Missouri-Columbia         Stephen H.  Anderson


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $172,463

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This project will investigate the spatial variability of pore-
water velocity, dispersivity and retardation factor on a macropore
scale  using   X-ray  computed  tomography,  a   state-of-the-art
technology in medical and materials  science.  The project will (1)
investigate the suitability of organic contaminants as tracers in
X-ray  computed tomography  studies   in  soil,   (2)  determine  the
frequency distributions for pore-water velocity, dispersivity and
retardation factor on a macropore  scale  in 30 soil cores from each
of two  soils  using  an  organic  contaminant  and  (3)  evaluate the
influence  of  a  range  of   sample   volumes  for  estimating  the
distributions of transport parameters.
                               -60-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5574-01


         Integrated Extraction and  Chromatographic  System
            for Monitoring  of Trace Organic  Pollutants

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Brigham Young University                Milton L. Lee
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $372,621

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Extraction,   fractionation,   cleanup,   and  other   sample
preparation procedures  are  the most time-consuming  steps  in the
analysis of environmental pollutants. Furthermore, the possibility
of sample degradation or loss increases with the number of sample
manipulations.

     It  is   proposed   in  this  study  to   develop  integrated
instrumentation for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection
of specific  target organic analytes at  trace  levels  in  complex
environmental   matrices.     Specifically,   supercritical   fluid
extraction, capillary gas and supercritical fluid chromatography,
and  element-selective   detection  will  be  uniquely  combined  to
facilitate   high   sample   throughput,   high   sensitivity,   and
automation,  while  at   the  same  time  ensuring  maximum  sample
integrity.   Continuous extraction without  sample  concentration,
multiplex  Chromatographic  methods,  and  plasma  emission  based
element-selective detection are the individual elements that will
be studied and combined in this proposed work.

     The expected  product is  specific  analytical instrumentation
and  techniques   for   wide-ranging  application  to  rapid  and
quantitative determination of organic pollutants in environmental
samples.
                               -61-

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                   EPA  Project No:  R81-5701-01
           Detoxication  of Xenobiotic Compounds Through
         Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Pennsylvania State University           Jean-Marc Bollag


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $330,275
                       SUMMARY

     Because no  indication  exists,  to date, of any  immediate or
remote hazards  involved in the  binding  of xenobiotics  to  humus
materials, the use of such binding for detoxification purposes has
potential as a new technology  for managing pollution.  To evaluate
this possibility, a  study will be made of  the  polymerization and
binding of xenobiotics to various humic materials  in the presence
of immobilized oxidoreductive enzymes which mediate  an oxidative
coupling  reaction  through  the formation of free  radicals.   The
feasibility of using the procedures developed in the laboratory to
decontaminate soil, water, and industrial waste waters under field
and industrial conditions will then be determined.   To determine
the mechanisms of detoxication and thus allow designing of optimal
conditions  for  in  situ  detoxication,  the products  formed  by
oxidative coupling or cross-coupling of xenobiotics and humic acid
constituents   will   be   analyzed  using   chromatographic   and
spectroscopic techniques.   The  stability of the  polymerized and
bound xenobiotics will be examined by exposing them to the activity
of various microorganisms and analyzing any released products.
                               -62-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5953-01
           Adsorption and  Photochemistry of Molecular
                           Adsorbed on Clays

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
University of Notre Dame                J.K.  Thomas
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $413,637
                       SUMMARY

     The projected  research is basic  in its concepts,  and will
advance the understanding of  the  photochemistry of environmental
pollutants  on surfaces  found  in the  environment.   Later  the
knowledge gained will be used to suggest adsorption and practical
radiation  methods   for  the removal  of  contaminants  in  natural
materials.  This end-goal will be kept in mind in all fundamental
studies.

     The  basic  concept  of the  study  is  to  chemically  modify
molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces.  The direct parallel being,
contaminants on  soils and in the environment.  The initial approach
is to study the  adsorption of model compounds  (i.e., those similar
to contaminants).   These have been and will further be identified
by discussions with the EPA laboratory.  The second stage will be
the radiation induced destruction of the contaminant  or adsorbed
molecule.   The  primary area  of research here  is  photochemistry
(i.e., eventual use of  sunlight).  However,  the program will be
alerted to  any  new  and  interesting  effects  that  will  certainly
develop during the studies.
                               -63-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5957-01


          Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of Halogenated
    Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water Treatment

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Florida International University        William J.  Cooper
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $34,219
                       SUMMARY

     The  proposed  work  is  an  investigation  of the  homogeneous
abiotic  reactions  of  halogenated organic  compounds.    Specific
compounds  to be  studied  are  1,1-dichloroethane,  1,2-dichloro-
ethane,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,   1,1,2-trichloroethane,  and  1,2-
dichloropropane,  with   additional  compounds   to   be   added  if
necessary.   Reactions  will  be  studied  as  a  function  of  pH,
temperature, ionic strength,  buffer composition,  and presence of
metal ions to completely characterize the behavior of each compound
in the aqueous  environment.   Additional experiments will  examine
the  transformation  of the compounds  in ground waters  and  water
treatment.  The results will be of use in  determining the fate of
halogenated  organic  compounds in ground water  and  other  aqueous
environments, both in  terms  of  specific information obtained for
the  compounds investigated,  and in  developing  general guidelines
for predicting the reactions of halogenated organic compounds.
                               -64-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5990-01
       Development of Methods For The Analysis Of Organic
          Chloramines And  Inorganic Mono-Chloramine in
                 Natural And Engineered Systems

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
State University of New York            James N.  Jensen


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 year                                  $52,185

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     It is  proposed to  do  method development  in two ways  with
approximately equal effort.   In one, organic Chloramines formed by
the  reaction of  free  chlorine  with  organic  nitrogen  will  be
separated by reverse phase  HPLC and  reacted  with  iodide  in  a
postcolumn   derivatization   system.       Detection   will    be
spectrophotometric measurement at 353 run of the triiodate formed.
Organic  Chloramines constitute  the  least  available  and  least
effective form  of  sanitizing  chlorine (monochloramine  and  free
chlorine  being  of  increasing   value),  yet,  methods  generally
employed for measuring available chlorine for drinking, waste, or
cooling water treatments do  not separate  the  organic  chloramine
contribution.   Available chlorine  readings are thus higher  than
concentrations actually available.  Having this method operational
will allow for determination of both the type of organic chloramine
species being formed and the total amount of chlorine represented
by those species.

     The other approach would develop a nonchromatographic method
based upon the Berthelot reaction wherein inorganic chloramine,  a
known intermediate  in the reaction  between ammonia,  hypochlorite
and phenol,  reacts directly with phenoiate anions under controlled,
possibly  catalyzed,  conditions  to  form   a  measurable  colored
complex.  Organic Chloramines cannot react or interfere under these
conditions,   nor  are other water constituents expected  to  cause
undue analytical problems in this indophenol method.

     These  methods are  predicted to  be  faster, cheaper,  more
accurate,  more  selective   and  more   sensitive   than  existing
technology.
                               -65-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5991-01


       Field  Screening of Organic Priority Pollutants Using
               Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Institution:                             Principal Investigator:
New Mexico State University             Gary A.  Eiceman
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $168,725
                       SUMMARY

     Field-screening of organic priority pollutants in industrial
effluent, streams, and water supplies using rapid, sensitive, and
rugged  chemical  analyzers  would   greatly  facilitate  private
compliance and  legal  enforcement of clean water  laws.   Existing
instrumentation based on GC and GC/MS methods are expensive, slow,
and not well-suited for operation by non-specialists.  Ion mobility
spectrometry  (IMS)  is a technology  in which the  sensitivity of
electron capture  detectors  is  combined with selectivity afforded
through ion separation based on gaseous mobility.  Instrumentation
for IMS can be made completely portable (handheld) and has become
highly  refined  for military airborne  vapor  sensing.   However,
response   characteristics    governed   by   atmospheric   pressure
ionization  chemistry  are   not  well-known  for  common  priority
pollutants  and  completely  unexplored  for  even  simple  chemical
mixtures typical of  effluent discharges.  The proposed research is
divided  into  three  phases of   1)  development  of  predictive-
interpretive models for  IMS  response,  2)  creation and refinement
of  interfaces for IMS to aqueous samples for volatile  and semi-
volatile organic  compounds  and to flowing  streams for continuous
monitoring of effluent constituents,  and 3)  field demonstration of
IMS for water screening/monitoring.
                               -66-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6002-01

          Theory of Preferential  Flow And  Its Monitoring
                In Sandy Soils Overlaying  Aquifers

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Cornell University                      Tanuno S. Steenhuis
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $146,450
                       SUMMARY

     It is proposed  to  investigate  experimentally the phenomenon
of flow instability in unsaturated media which can give rise to the
development of preferential flow paths for water in porous media.
This "fingering" pattern has been observed in both the laboratory
and  the  field  and seems  to  arise  from  instabilities  in  flow,
induced by discontinuities between media of  different  hydraulic
conductivities  (specifically  fine  grained over  coarse  grained).
The growth and  behavior  of these  fingers  are strongly influenced
by variations in  initial moisture  content,  matric potential, and
the presence of root hairs, etc.   Previous  work by the Principal
Investigator and his  co-workers  established that the phenomena can
also be induced in a  single homogeneous medium by varying the rate
and position of application of the water.

     The experimental program  will  consist of four phases.  First,
a variable application rate will be  investigated in both 2-D and
3-D chambers.   This phase  of  the work is  intended to observe the
behavior of the fingering  over  the  long term,  specifically their
coalescence to a few preferred flow paths.

     The  second  phase   will  consist of  a  similar  series  of
experiments using  inclined linear  and concave  layered systems to
induce the instabilities;  systems which occur  naturally but have
not been extensively studied.

     The third  phase  will  address the transport  of conservative
tracers during unstable flow,  the output of the experiments being
the effective diffusion  coefficients  for transport of solutes into
micropore structures.

     Finally, flow and solute transport will  be addressed in the
field at existing monitoring sites.  The goal of this phase is to
establish the proper monitoring techniques able to detect the onset
of flow  instabilities  and provide  an "early warning"  when such
preferred channels are developing.

                              -67-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6050-01


       Theoretical Studies of the Transport of Kinetically
           Adsorbing Solutes Through Three-Dimensional
                      Heterogeneous Aquifers

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Illinois                  Albert J. Valocchi


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $152,196

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Realistic cases of groundwater pollution share two important
characteristics.   First,  reactions  such as  adsorption and  ion
exchange are important due  to the enormous solid-water interfacial
area of  natural porous media.   Second, aquifers  exhibit  small-
scale, three-dimensional variability  in permeability.   Although
each of these two phenomena has been examined separately, reactive
solute transport can  be affected  significantly by  interactions
between the processes.  For example, recent field results reported
in the literature indicate that special variability may  lead to
apparent nonequilibrium adsorption behavior even when laboratory-
scale experiments conducted with homogeneous soil samples indicate
that the  reaction is governed by local equilibrium.  Nonequilibrium
effects can be  important in practice,  and  can lead,  for example,
to   greatly   increased  time  requirements   for  pump-and-treat
restoration operations.

     The  overall goal  of  the  proposed research  is  to  enhance
understanding of the transport of reactive pollutants in realistic,
heterogeneous  field   settings.   Particular  objectives  include:
determination of critical adsorption reaction rates for which the
assumption of local chemical equilibrium is valid;  examination of
how these critical rates depend upon the degree of  heterogeneity;
and examination of the relative impacts  of spatial variability and
desorption kinetics upon the performance of pump-and-treat methods
for  aquifer  decontamination.   The research methodology  is based
upon the  development  and use of  theoretical  and numerical models
of fluid  flow and reactive solute transport.
                               -68-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6180-01


       Biotic  and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Purdue University                       John W.  Frost


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $261,278
                       SUMMARY

     Glyphosate and glufosinate are widely used in agriculture as
plant-killing pesticides and are representative of a class of non
esterified organophosphorus molecules  distinguished by a carbon to
phosphorus  (C-P)  bond.    Loosely defined  as  organophosphonates,
these molecules will likely be introduced into the environment in
steadily increasing levels.

     This   proposal   focuses  on   the  potential   pathways   of
environmental  degradation of  organophosphates  by   studying  the
metabolism of these compounds by the bacterium E.  coli both in vivo
and in vitro as a  model  system for their degradation by microbes
in the environment.  The  second part of the study will examine the
chemistry  of  the  carbon-phosphorous  bond  under a variety  of
molecular environments to provide clues to  it's stability and thus
capacity for abiotic breakdown.  This line of research will also
yield  information  for  chemical  modelling  of  more  effective
organophosphate herbicides whose environmental persistence can be
more   accurately   controlled   prior   to   it's  synthesis   and
introduction.
                               -69-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6282-01
          Microscale Kinetic Effects and the Subsurface
                 Transport  of Volatile Organics

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Arizona                   Roger c.  Bales


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $218,963

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Slow mass transport between phases (e.g. , air-water-solid) and
within soil grains  limits the rate of contaminant movement relative
to that  of a mobile fluid  in  many important soil,  sediment and
groundwater situations.  In most observations of slow grain-scale
transfer   (e.g.,  sorption/desorption)  the  cause  of  the  non-
equilibrium behavior is not well known.  The current research uses
model  sorbents  to distinguish  situations  where  chemical  versus
physical  processes are  rate  limiting.    The  research  involves
laboratory column  experiments,  carried  out under water-saturated
and unsaturated  conditions, with substituted-benzene  and  alkyl-
halide  compounds,  and mathematical  modeling  of the  resulting
breakthrough curves.  Experimental variables include: 1) modifying
the sorbent  surfaces with  organic groups  to investigate surface-
reaction  control,   2)   using  granular  sorbents  with  different
internal  porosities to examine immobile-fluid diffusion,  and 3)
having a pure phase present to  study transfer from the non-aqueous
to  aqueous  phase.    Results  at  different  temperatures  give
enthalpies   and   activation  energies;  these   help   provide  a
"mechanistic" understanding of the rate-limiting processes.  One-
dimensional advection-dispersion models are used to describe solute
breakthrough.  Model results test the ability of the "microscale"
kinetic parameters in  the  models  to completely  describe the slow
process, i.e., are  the parameters independent of velocity, moisture
content  and system geometry.   These  results  provide  a better,
quantitative understanding of the importance of microscale physical
versus  chemical  processes  that  are the  rate  limiting  steps in
solute  transfer between  sorbents,  water  and  air  in  soil and
groundwater.    The primary data  products  from this  work are
partition  coefficients  and  enthalpies  for  the  sorption, and rate
coefficients  and activation energies  for  phase-transfer  (e.g.,
sorption and desorption) processes.
                               -70-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6743-01
           Movement of Contaminated Sediments From the
                 Detroit River Through Lake Erie

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Indiana University                      Ronald A. Hites


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $203,900

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The presence of toxic  organic compounds in the Great Lakes is
a major international problem.   This proposal focuses on a part of
this  problem:  the  movement  of  toxic  organic  contaminants  on
sediments from the Detroit  River into Lake Erie.  Previous work in
our laboratory has identified several alkyl phenols coming from a
single, industrial  source  on the Trenton Channel  of  the  Detroit
River.  These compounds will be used as markers  for the movement
of  contaminated   sediment.     Researchers  will   also  develop
information  on  the  total  loadings  and   residence  times  of
contaminated  sediments  in various  parts  of  Lake  Erie.    The
experimental approach is based  on measuring  four different alkyl
phenols in sediment cores from 20-25 locations in  Lake Erie.  These
sediment  cores  will  be obtained  with  the cooperation  of  the
Canadian  government on board  the  C.S.S.  Limnos.   The sediment
samples will be analyzed using a technique which we have developed
based on gas chromatographic mass spectrometry.   This study will
provide  important   information  on  the movement  of  contaminated
sediments in one of the most highly utilized of  the Great Lakes.
This  information,  could,   in turn,  have considerable regulatory
impact.
                               -71-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7098-01
          Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and
     Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic Systems

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California,                Wilbert Lick
  Santa Barbara

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $199,351

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     In  order  to  alleviate  the problem  of contaminated  bottom
sediments and to evaluate possible management alternatives for the
disposal of these sediments,  the resuspension, transport, and fate
of these sediments and their associated contaminants must be known.
The present project is meant to assist in solving this problem; its
objective is to  further develop, extend,  and verify quantitative
numerical models of sediment  and contaminant transport which, with
a  minimal  number   of  parameters   from   laboratory  and  field
experiments, will be valid  for river,  lake, estuarine, and oceanic
waters.   This modeling includes quantitative,  time-  and  space-
dependent descriptions of  the sediment  bed and  its  properties as
well as quantitative, time- and space-dependent descriptions of the
suspended soils concentration.

     The proposed  work is  experimental  and theoretical in nature
and can be categorized as  (a) measurements of the resuspension of
undisturbed  sediments  at  high  shear  stresses;  (b)  laboratory
experiments on  flocculation  and settling  speeds,  especially the
investigation  of  larger  floes  and  the  effects  of organics  on
flocculation;  and  (c)  numerical  modeling,  including  extensive
verification  and comparison of  deterministic  and  probabilistic
modeling for long-term calculations.

     The project emphasizes the  transport  and fate of fine-grained
sediments.  This knowledge  is essential in  predicting the transport
and fate of contaminants, most of which are associated with these
sediments.  The results of  the proposed  work will make significant
contributions  to our understanding of contaminant  flux  at the
sediment-water   interface   and  the   subsequent   transport  of
contaminants away  from this interface.
                               -72-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7137-01
    Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant Compounds
      by  Sedimentary Manganese- and  Iron-Reducing Bacteria

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Medical College of Wisconsin            John J. Lech


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $282,987

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The long-term goals of the proposed research are to understand
the potential roles of manganese- and iron-reducing bacteria in the
transformation  of xenobiotic  compounds  in  anaerobic  sediments.
Since these microbes act as important biogeochemical agents for the
cycling of these metals, we are interested in the metabolism, and
the  regulation  thereof,   of  these  organisms,  with  particular
emphasis on  those factors  which may affect  the ability  of these
microbes  to mediate  the   anaerobic  transformation of  pollutant
chemicals  in their  natural  environments.    The  more  immediate
objectives  will  include the  study  of two  freshwater  estuaries,
Green Bay and the Milwaukee Harbor, with respect to the following:
(1) determination  of the presence and  distribution of  manganese-
and iron-reducing  bacteria in anaerobic sediments and which can
mediate the  transformation  of aromatic  pollutants  either as pure
isolates  or as  microbial  consortia;  (2)  determination of  the
presence and distribution  of bacteria,  within the  sediment zones
of manganese and  iron reduction, which  can mediate the anaerobic
dehalogenation of  halogenated aromatic  pollutants  either as pure
cultures  or  as  microbial  consortia;   (3)   characterization  and
identification  of the  bacteria mediating  these  processes;  (4)
determination of the stoichiometries  linking  aromatic  compound
transformation to manganese and iron reduction; (5) determination
of electron acceptor  versatility of these isolates with respect to
anaerobic pollutant transformation;  and  (6)  determination of the
effect of the presence of alternate carbon substrates on anaerobic
pollutant  transformation.    These  studies,  as  a  whole,  should
provide some valuable insight into the potential transformation of
aromatic pollutants by these metal-reducing bacteria.
                               -73-

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                  EPA Project NO:  R81-7145-01
      Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids, and
         Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in
               Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments
Institution:
Massachusetts Institute of
  Technology

Project Period:
3 years
                                        Principal Investigator:
                                        Philip M. Gschwend
                                        Project Amount
                                        $418,940
                       SUMMARY

     To  evaluate  the  continuing  hazard  posed  by  sedimentary
accumulations of toxic chemicals, there must be identification of
the processes  maintaining their chemical  activities in  surface
sediment layers and enabling their  transport to overlying waters.
For cohesive beds  this  includes  (1)  the  microscale  processes
controlling  sorptive  interchanges  between  solution,  porewater
colloid, and larger  particle  phases  and (2) linkage  of  these to
macroscale  processes,  especially  bioturbation,   which  govern
relative movements of these phases.   Consequently,  it is proposed
to study the rates of release of contaminants from sediments long
exposed to hydrophobic chemicals using a flow interrupt methodology
and to  seek  to  identify critical governing factors.  There also
will be an assessment of the magnitude of sorption coefficients of
Rn-222  to  sediments  and  Pb-210 to colloids  to enable  accurate
interpretation of these natural  tracers  of  bioturbation.   Tracer
techniques using fluorescent materials  applied under bell jars and
monitored for their appearance in the bed will be validated against
the  natural  tracers   for  their   effectiveness   in  indicating
bioturbation processes.   Finally,  a  numerical modeling  routine
which incorporates suitable sorption formulations  (equilibrium or
kinetic) together with  descriptions of relative phase movements,
will be assembled.
                               -74-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7149-01


            A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury  (HeHg)
         Production in Lacustrine and  Estuarine  Sediments

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
The Academy of Natural Sciences         Cynthia Gilmour


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $342,454
                       SUMMARY

     Methylmercury (MeHg) production has been identified as a key
process  in  Hg  bioaccumulation.    The major  objectives of  this
proposed study are 1) to acquire the necessary data and develop a
model for predicting MeHg  production  rates  and concentrations in
lacustrine and  estuarine  sediments and 2) to  develop  methods to
measure net in situ MeHg production and diffusive flux in various
sediments types.

     Researchers  will  conduct  a  comparative  study  of  about 30
lacustrine and estuarine sediments, building on an ongoing project
which examines  the relationships  between certain  biogeochemical
parameters and  MeHg.   The parameters chosen  for examination are
based on the hypothesis that sulfate-reducing bacteria mediate MeHg
production  in  sediments,  and  that factors  which affect  their
metabolism, or which affect Hg speciation influence net methylation
rates.

     Controlled microcosm  studies  will be used to  more carefully
assess the influence of pH, DOC and sulfate on methylation in three
types of ecosystems.  Recently developed analytical techniques will
be used to measure  in situ  MeHg production  and  flux  rates in
sediments.  Method development and initial rate estimation will be
done in intact sediment core microcosms.

     Information  provided  by  this project will  provide critical
information to ongoing  development of  lake and ecosystem models of
Hg bioaccumulation.
                               -75-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7160-01


       Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon
           Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Maryland                  D.P. Weston
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $254,743

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This study is  intended to  provide  an  improved understanding
of the mechanisms and controlling variables of pollutant transfer
from contaminated sediments to deposit-feeding macrofauna, and will
seek to  determine  quantitatively the role of organic  carbon in
mediating bioaccumulation.  The ultimate objective is development
of  a  predictive framework  for assessment  of the potential  for
bioaccumulation of pollutants from sediments.

     The  importance  of  organic  matter   in  bioaccumulation  of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene)
will be evaluated by preparing several sediment mixtures in which
organic content and hydrocarbon concentrations are simultaneously,
and proportionately, manipulated.   The  extent of bioaccumulation
among these treatments  will be  contrasted  with the concentration
of  hydrocarbon within  several  environmental phases  (particle-
associated, the fraction associated  with dissolved organic matter,
and freely dissolved).  This analysis should provide insight into
the  route  and  mechanisms of  pollutant  uptake,  as  well  as  the
predictive  utility  of  such  concentration  data  in  assessing
bioaccumulation potential.

     Digestion and assimilation studies are proposed that use the
same  sediment  mixtures,  but  rather  than  trying  to  predict
bioaccumulation based  on chemical  parameters  alone,  the studies
will examine how the test species  alters its  feeding and digestive
strategies  (and  consequently  hydrocarbon  uptake)  in  response to
varying levels of sediment organic content.  By measuring changes
in assimilation efficiency among the sediment mixtures,  it will be
established  if ingestion is  a significant  route  of hydrocarbon
uptake,  and  if  bioaccumulation  rate varies  directly  with  net
digestive and  absorptive gains.
                               -76-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7170-01

           Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspension
                     of Soft Bottom Sediment

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California, Berkeley      M. Fonda

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $274,340
                        **********

                       SUMMARY

     The  objective  of  the  proposed  research  is  to  develop
mechanistic models to quantify the amount and the extent of flow-
induced  resuspension  of  cohesive  bottom  sediments   in  aquatic
systems.    We  will  focus  on   the  physical-chemical  mechanisms
controlling  soft  sediment  rheology  and  dynamics.    A  combined
analytical-experimental approach  will be adopted  in  this study.
First, we will  examine the nature of  energy  transfer across the
mudline, from water waves and water currents to the fragile surface
sediments.  A recently proposed sideband energy transfer mechanism,
which predicts  significantly larger proportion of frictional energy
transfer to the surface sediments, as compared to earlier models,
will be examined in  the  laboratory.   The  fate of the transferred
energy  and  its  role  in  fluidizing   surface   sediments  and
resuspending them  up into  the  water column will  be measured and
analyzed.  Predictive models will be developed,  relating incoming
wave energy to an expected distribution of  resuspension energy, and
for a given rheology  to an expected fluidization  depth.  The effect
of  salinity changes  on the  fluidization process  will  also  be
investigated.  Lowered salinity due to fresh-salt water exchanges
will weaken the  cohesive structure of the sediments and thus may
accelerate  the  erosional  process.  Controlled  flume  experiments
with gradually  varying water-column salinity will  help quantify
this important  effect, especially for  estuarine  environments.  The
stability problem of water  current flow over a gel-like bottom mud
will  be  studied  both  analytically   and experimentally.    The
objective of the analytical study is to derive a finite amplitude
equation for the evolution of a perturbed mudline interface between
a shear water  current and a compliant  viscoelastic bottom.   The
experimental part  will  be  conducted  to examine  the onset  of
instability, and most importantly the corresponding mixing scales
near the mudline.  Understanding the structure of developed eddies
will help  in determining the sediment  suspension  profile in the
water column.   This  phase  of the study will extend the developed
models  to  account   for   sediment   resuspension   and  depth  of
fluidization due to  both currents and  waves.   Another important
component of the developed  model will  be to quantify the magnitude
of  fluid  flow  induced into  the fluidized  sediments, which  is
critical in assessing redox levels and contaminant release.

                              -77-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7182-01


         Cohesive  Sediment Resuspension and Deposition in
                       Tidal Estuary Flows

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Virginia Institute of Marine            Albert Kuo
  Science

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $218,904

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed research  is directed  toward obtaining a better
understanding of the  physical processes responsible for cohesive
sediment  transport   in  estuaries  and  tidal  bays.    Particular
attention will  be  directed toward experimental,  theoretical and
numerical investigations of  the two primary physical mechanisms for
water column/sediment bed  exchange,  resuspension and deposition.
It  is  anticipated  that this study  will produce  both  a  deeper
understanding  of   these   processes   and  improved  mathematical
parameterizations for their representation in sediment-contaminant
transport models.
                               -78-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7276-01
           Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the
              Sediment Water  Interface  in Freshwater

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Minnesota                 D.L. Swackhamer


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $224,337

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The overall goal of this  research  is  to understand the role
of aerobic  heterotrophic  bacteria in the  recycling  of hydrophic
organic  compounds  (HOCs)  of biodegradation  of natural  organic
matter at the sediment-water interface in the Great Lakes.  Recent
evidence  indicates  that  a  substantial amount of  particulate-
associated HOCs leaving the water column by sedimentation are not
incorporated into the sediments and  are  recycled back to the water
column,  in  the  dissolved phase.   (See  section B. below.)   Thus
permanent burial is  delayed, and  the water column residence time
is increased, allowing for longer  exposures of HOCs to the aquatic
foodchain.

     The  hypothesis  is  that   particulate associated  HOCs  are
released/desorbed (not biodegraded)  from particles at the sediment
water  interface  by decomposers during  the normal course  of the
biodegradation of natural organic matter.   The  final output will
be a model which predicts the  recycling of HOCs to the dissolved
phase as a function of the above variables.

     This project  will use  polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs)  as
model  hydrophic  compounds  and  as representative  contaminants  in
aquatic  systems  and foodchains,  and will  focus on  the sediment
water interface at a site in Lake Superior.
                               -79-

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                  EPA  Project No:  R81-7278-01
          Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological
               Nixing  in  Shallow Marine Sediments

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Case Western Reserve University         G.  Matisoff
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $254,366

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The fate of particle-bound pollutants is closely tied to the
fate of  sediment  particles and their  rates  of burial  in bottom
sediments.  In addition, bottom sediments may  act  as a pollutant
source because post-depositional processes may cause release back
into water.   Mixing  by  macroinvertebrates  is  one of  the  major
processes affecting  the  fate and  transport  of pollutants.   The
proposed work aims to quantify the nature  of mixing processes of
the major macrobenthos  in  shallow subtidal  marine sediments and
their  effects  on  solute   and  particle  transport  and  organic
pollutant degradation.  Hypotheses  to be tested  are:  1) mixing in
subtidal muds  is  dominated by non-local  mixing of  a  few higher
order successional species;  2) mixing rates are  sediment depth- and
particle size-dependent; 3) particle selective feeding influences
contaminant (DDT)  concentration; 4) passive mixing due to fill of
relict burrows by surface sediment is a significant process.  The
approach would involve field  and  laboratory  experiments in which
bioturbation of tracer-layered sediments by eight dominant species
and two major  species assemblages  is  followed by non-destructive
gamma scanning of  particles of different size classes, solutes and
reactive particles.  Bioturbation effects on vertical transport of
DDT  and the  role  of relict  burrows  on  mixing  would  also  be
examined.
                               -80-

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             ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (AIR)

                  EPA Project No:   R81-4876-01


         Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase  Indoor
     Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength Spectroscopy

Institution:                            Principal Investigator
University of California - Los Angeles  Arthur M.  Winer


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $258,567
                       SUMMARY

     In  this  two-year  program,  it  is  proposed  to  assemble  a
simplified, compact  and portable, third-generation  differential
optical  absorption  spectroscopy  (DOAS)  system  and  to  apply  it
toward the following objectives:

      To  measure  simultaneously,  with high  time- and  spatial-
resolution, the short-term peak concentrations  of  NC>2,  HONO, and
HCHO within suitable  selected,  occupied residences over 24 hour
diurnal  cycles,  and  to  correlate  the  resulting  concentration
profiles with  activity patterns  and the influence of environmental
factors such as air exchange rates.

     To investigate  the  utility  of  the DOAS method for identifying
and measuring  other potential  indoor  air pollutants,  including
aromatic and polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons, for which the DOAS
technique has  good sensitivity.

      To  further  investigate   the  mechanisms  of  formation  and
destruction of nitrous acid, and its emissions  from gas appliances.

     Results from this research will  provide critical information
on human  exposure  to  potentially high, short-term levels  of key
air pollutants in typical occupied residences.
                               -81-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5170-01

            Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production
                      of Hydrogen Peroxide


Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
California Institute of Technology      Michael R.  Hoffman

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $280,441

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The photocatalytic oxidation of organic  acids  and aldehydes
to organic peroxides with the coupled reduction of molecular oxygen
to hydrogen peroxide  in aqueous suspensions of small semiconductor
particles, clay and sand particles will  be investigated.  Colloidal
preparations of titanium dioxide,  zinc  oxide,  and hematite will be
used  as  the  primary  focus  of  study  since  these materials  are
chemically stable, readily available, abundant in the environment,
and frequently found  in sand and clay matrices. Oxidation of S(IV)
in clouds and haze aerosol if often  limited by the availability of
hydrogen peroxide (H202).  In addition to the gas phase, H202 may
be  generated  in  the  liquid  phase  within  irradiated  clouds.
Photocatalytic production of  H2O2 on metal oxide and metal silicate
surfaces  has  been  demonstrated.    The researchers  propose  to
investigate  these systems  in  detail  in order  to assess  their
possible  role in the generation of H202  in humid  atmospheres.
Initial studies will  focus on the oxidation of  low molecular weight
organic acids  such as acetate, while subsequent  experiments will
focus on a variety of organic molecules as  electron donors with a
special emphasis on atmospherically  relevant compounds such as the
water soluble aldehydes and ketones.

     The results of this research will allow models for the liquid-
phase production of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides to be
developed.   It  is anticipated  that this  research will  help to
uncover  additional  pathways that  govern  the  fate  of H202  in
atmospheric systems.
                               -82-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5469-01

         Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into Fog Droplets

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Boston College                          Dr. Paul Davidovits

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $325,386

                        **********


                       SUMMARY

     Recent  measurements  have  shown that in  addition to  acid
forming species,  fog droplets in populated areas  often contain high
concentrations of toxic species  among them  volatile organic acids,
aldehydes, alkyl sulfonates, trace metals and pesticides.  It has
also been  shown  that  some  of  the organics  in fog droplets  are
enriched by a factor of several thousands compared to Henry's Law
equilibrium distributions.

     Little  is known  about the  processes  associated  with  the
formation of  toxic  fog.   An understanding of these  processes is
required in order to assess the environmental  effect of the various
sources  of  pollution.    A program  is  proposed to  answer  the
following questions.   How  do  gas-phase pollutants enter  liquid
droplets?   and what  is  the mechanism  of species enrichment in
liquid droplets?

     Central  to answering these questions is a knowledge  of the
mass accommodation coefficient (7) and the desorption coefficient
(7*) for the given species.  The coefficient 7 is the probability
that a molecule which hits the surface enters the bulk liquid and
7'  is  the probability of  the  reverse liquid to  gas  transition.
These  two  are often  the  key  kinetic parameters  determining  the
transfer rate of species between the gas  phase and  the liquid drop.
The  ratio  of  these  two  parameters  determines  the steady state
liquid phase density of the species.

     A technique has been  developed using a controllable  stream of
droplets to measure accurately these parameters.  In the proposed
program, first the mass accommodation and desorption coefficients
of selected representative pollutants will be measured using pure
droplets, acidifed droplets and droplets containing formaldehyde,
methanol, benzene and  metals such as  iron.  Then, the uptake and
desorption measurements for these species  will  be performed with
controlled droplets produced from collected fog  water.  The aim of
the  project  is to  identify what factors  enhance the  uptake of
specific  pollutant  species by atmospheric  droplets   and  what
combinations of species and conditions favor enrichment.

                              -83-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5534-01
        Spectroscopic and Pnotometric Measurement of Novel
               Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Tennessee Technology University         Robert J.  Glinski
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $109,888
                       SUMMARY

     A special chemiluminescence survey  system  will  be assembled
to efficiently and thoroughly survey a large number of potentially
chemiluminescent  reactions  under  a  wide   range   of  reactant
pressures.   In addition,  a  system will  be  assembled  to  inject
chemiluminescence reagents directly into  the  postcombustion zone
of a diffusion flame.  The relatively high radical concentrations
in this zone suggest  that chemiluminescence will occur efficiently
between the reagent and certain radicals.  This work will provide
a basic plan for improving detection methods  for gas-phase sulfur
and selenium compounds as well as yield other data on their basic
participation  in  the  combustion process.   Precise  photometric
measurements will yield absolute photon yields such that ultimate
detection  limits  of future  instrumentation employing the  new
reactions can be quantitatively predicted.
                               -84-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5871-01

 An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-Chloromethane-Chloroethane
    Reaction Rates at Elevated  Temperatures Using  a Modified
     Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced Fluorescence Technique

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Dayton                    Barry Bellinger

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $242,866
                       SUMMARY

     The growing use of  high-temperature  incineration to dispose
of toxic organic wastes has generated an interest in the combustion
of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs).  Emissions of undestroyed feed
material and toxic by-products appear to be kinetically controlled;
thus, the successful modeling of  the process requires knowledge of
the high-temperature gas-phase oxidation mechanisms.  The knowledge
of high-temperature oxidation kinetics  of CHCs  is  sparse because
of  barriers  imposed by  past experimental  techniques.    This  is
particularly   important   at   temperatures  above  480   K  where
experimental data are not presently available.

     Under stoichiometric and oxidative conditions,  hydroxyl (OH)
radical is probably  the dominant species responsible for initiation
of  the  decomposition  of organic  molecules in  high-temperature
combustion environments.   Laboratory  flow reactor  and full-scale
emissions  data have shown  that  the  chlorinated  methanes  and
chlorinated  ethanes  (CM/CEs)  are  among  the  prevalent  high-
temperature  by-products  from the  thermal  oxidation  of  CHCs.
Therefore,  researchers  propose  to  measure  the  high-temperature
reaction  rates of  OH  radicals  with  the  CM/CEs using  a  laser
photolysis/laser-induced  fluorescence technique.  This technique
will be  used  in  conjunction with  a  specially fabricated  high-
temperature quartz test cell  operating under atmospheric pressure,
slow flow, single  reaction conditions.   In the absence of reactant
thermal decomposition,  precise rate constant measurements may be
obtained with this apparatus from ambient temperatures up to 1373
K.
     Acquisition  of the  rate   coefficients  will  significantly
augment knowledge of the high-temperature oxidation  kinetics of
aliphatic CHCs. This high temperature rate data will also be used
to validate or modify currently used calculational techniques for
the  transition  state   theory  of  bimolecular  reaction  rates.
Researchers will also compare these results to other empirical and
semi-empirical models  and  investigate  methods  of  modeling  and
predicting any experimentally observed non-Arrhenius behavior.

                              -85-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6198-01
           Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobiphenyls,
      Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California,                Roger Atkinson
  Riverside

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $137,352
                       SUMMARY

     As a result of human activities, polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's),
polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins  (PCDD's)  and  polychlorodibenzofurans
(PCDF's) are emitted into the environment.  It is recognized that
these chlorinated organics are  transported  primarily through the
atmosphere, where they are partitioned between the gas and particle
phases.  For the PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's present  in the gas phase,
it is expected that photolysis and reaction with the hydroxyl (OH)
radical will lead to  their atmospheric  removal  and  the formation
of  products.    For  regulatory  purposes  and  for health  effects
assessments, it  is essential to have  a  detailed  knowledge of the
atmospheric lifetimes and fates of the PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's.

     To provide the necessary data base concerning the atmospheric
chemistry of gas-phase PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's, the investigators
will carry out a two  year research program involving the following
elements:   (a)  Determination  of the kinetics  of the  gas-phase
reactions  of  OH  and N03  radicals, 03 and N20^ with the  2,2'-
, 3,3'- and 3,5-dichlorobiphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran,
1-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,    9,10-dihydroanthracene,    fluorene,
dibenzothiophene and, possibly,  related nitrogen heterocycles, (b)
Refinement of presently available techniques used to calculate OH
radical  rate  constants for hetero-atom containing  polycyclic
compounds,  based upon  correlation  of  the  rate constants  with
electrophilic substituent constants.  These techniques will be used
to derive  upper  limits  to  the  atmospheric lifetimes  for the more
chlorinated  PCB's,  PCDD's  and  PCDF's  which  are not  presently
amenable to experimental investigation and (c) Investigation of the
products  formed  from  the  atmospherically  important  gas-phase
reactions of the compounds  listed in (a)  above.  The data resulting
from this study will provide a data base  concerning the atmospheric
lifetimes  and  fates  of gas-phase PCB's,  PCDD's and  PCDF's and
related compounds which will  be  critical to the assessments of the
potential health impacts of these compounds.


                               -86-

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                   EPA Project NO:  R81-6211-01
         A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical Kinetics
                      in Aqueous Microplets

Institution:                            Principal Investigator
Aerospace Corporation                   L.R. Martin


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $216,998
                       SUMMARY

     The National  Acid Precipitation Assessment  Program (NAPAP)
will make use of computer models to evaluate control strategies for
pollutants  that  lead  to  acid  deposition.    In  particular,  the
Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) has been constructed to mimic
the  chemical,   physical,   and  meteorological  behavior  of  the
troposphere in the northeastern  part of  the United States for this
purpose. If the model is to make reliable and credible predictions
about  acid  deposition, then  it  must  be based  on a  realistic,
complete and verifiable set of chemical processes.

     A  recent  review  of  RADM  has  identified  several  areas  of
potential weakness in the model.   Two  of those  areas  of interest
are 1) the  completeness and accuracy of the  wet chemical module,
and 2) the difficulty of verification of the wet chemical module.
The wet  chemical  component  is of  central importance  to modeling
acid deposition not only because aqueous chemistry is an important
pathway  for the formation of  acids but  also  because  this pathway
is likely to be the source of any nonlinearities in the model.

     In  the proposal,  questions  are raised about the presently
accepted picture  of  the  chemical kinetics taking place in cloud
droplets.  In the present  treatment of the aqueous chemistry, the
liquid phase is assumed to  have homogeneous  properties, and bulk
chemical kinetics is  assumed to  apply to  the  droplets  (after
corrections  for possible  concentration gradients caused by mass
transfer limitations).   There  are  reasons  to  believe  that  the
presently  accepted  picture  of  a  liquid  phase  with  uniform
properties  may not  be  correct.   Aerosol droplets  have  a  high
surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical reactions taking  place at or
near the phase  boundary may have rates or mechanisms different from
those in the bulk phase.  If  this proves to  be  true,  then a more
complex picture of cloud microphysics  and chemistry will have  to
be considered.   In this proposal experiments will be conducted on
microdroplets to test selected systems  (HCHO/S02 and HN03/S02) for
surface enhanced kinetics.

                              -87-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6329-01
                   M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors
Institution:
Washington State University

Project Period:
3 Years
Principal Investigator:
K.W. HippS

Project Amount:
$172,173
                       SUMMARY

     The  objective of  this  research  is  the  development  of  a
practical  understanding  of  the  basic  physics  and  chemistry
necessary  to  design  and construct  inexpensive, sensitive,  and
selective metal-insulator-metal  (M-I-M) diodes as chemical sensors.
Thus, it  is basic  research strongly tied to  applied technology.
These devices will ultimately be used for both gas  and solution
phase detection applications.  At the heart of these sensors is an
infusible metal  layer  serving as the top electrode  of  the  M-I-M
device.  Migration  of gas or  solution  phase  species  through this
porous metal into the barrier region of  the device produces changes
in the device which are  detected as  electrical  signals.  Special
emphasis  will  be   placed   on  chemical  capture  devices  and/or
thermally cycled reading to improve selectivity.

     The specific goals of the proposed research are:

          1)   To   develop   infusible   M-I-M   diodes   having
               environmentally stable electrodes and useful lives
               of the order of months.

          2)   To develop methods for analyzing tunneling spectra
               obtained in the 77 to 300K temperature range.

          3)   To  initiate  research on  the chemistry and physics
               of  M-I-M  tunnel  diodes containing  chemical  traps
               for use as 'smart fuse'  sensors at T>270K.
                               -88-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6353-01


          Study  of Atmospheric Gas/Particle Distribution

Institution:                            Principal investigator:
Oregon Graduate Center                  James F. Pankow
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $299,257
                       SUMMARY

     This   project   will   seek  to   improve  the   fundamental
understanding  of  gas/particle  partitioning  processes  in  the
atmosphere, particularly as regards  non-urban air masses.  It will
utilize controlled laboratory experiments with representative model
particulate materials  and model sorbates.   It will  examine how
species  sorb  to  and  desorb from particles of:   1)  "soot" and
elemental carbon; 2) clays and silts; 3) ammonium sulfate and sea
salt; and 4) urban particulate matter. These particulate materials
will   be   subjected   to   detailed   physical   and   chemical
characterizations.   Urban particulate  matter has been included
since it is of great interest to investigate how small amounts of
it  (as  may be  present in the  non-urban atmosphere)  affect the
sorption properties  of the other model particulate materials.  The
model sorbate species will include:   1)  alkanes; 2) organic mono-
and diacids; 3)  PAHs; 4) organochlorine compounds; and 5) elemental
mercury.  Single and multiple-sorbent systems will be examined for
additivity of sorption properties.   Other experimental parameters
will include concentration, temperature,  equilibration time, and
relative  humidity.   Measuring  partition constants  at different
temperatures will yield the thermodynamic heats of desorption.  A
study of the effects  of  equilibration time  will reveal important
information concerning the nature  of the  partitioning process,
e.g., the relative roles of adsorption and absorption.
                               -89-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6395-01


   Global Climate Model Development & Sensitivity Experiments
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Columbia University                     R.  Levenson

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 Years                                 $700,000

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This  research  is  needed  to   improve   the   adequacy  and
reliability of a Global Climate Model (GCM).   The objective is to
improve climate simulation and thus allow for better quantitative
analysis of possible future climate change, especially at regional
scales.  The approach used will improve the representation of land-
surface and ocean processes  in the  OKGCM to  incorporate improved
versions of these and other sub-models into the next generation of
the GCM, and to carry out climate change  sensitivity tests with the
improved model at higher resolutions.

     With  previous  support  from EPA we have  developed improved
formulations of land surface  processes and have tested an advanced
ocean model for possible coupling with  an  atmospheric  GCM.  With
these and other improvements the researchers seek to make the GCM
a better tool for studying problems of global importance, such as
climate change, drought, desertification,  and  deforestation.   To
this end the  researchers will carry  out experiments  with the new
GCM of  transient  and doubled  C02 equilibrium climate change, and
investigate the issue of possible drought intensification.  A broad
range of climate parameters generated in  these new simulations will
be made available to the "climate change impact community."
                               -90-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6434-01


                 Phthalocyanine Thin Film  Sensors

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Arizona State University                Veronica Burrows


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $188,964

                        **********

                       SUMMARY

     The proposal  calls for further  study of  metal  substituted
phthalocyanine (Pc) Blodgettt-Langmuir  (B-L)  films  for hazardous
gas  sensor  applications.    The   approach  presented  explores
simultaneously the optical  and electrical  properties of this class
of thin film material.  The  goal  is  to  elucidate the  fundamental
mechanisms responsible for the changes in the electrical properties
of these materials.  Past research has demonstrated that this class
of materials can be deposited on a variety of substrates and that
they have stable chemical physical properties even after repeated
thermal cycling from 77-400K.  The observation of gas  sensitivity
by several  authors  indicate  that the chemical  interactions with
reactive  gases  such  as N02,  H2S,  and  CO tend  to  be  history
dependent and  somewhat  irreproducible.    Rapid  chemisorption and
subsequent transport of active species  into the bulk  of the film
appears to be an important process.

     In light of this,  there are questions about the character of
the  chemisorption sites,  the  effect  of   film  structure  on the
properties and gas response of the films, and the chemical activity
of the various  surface and bulk site,  and the overall reversibility
of the various  processes arising in these interactions.  To address
these  issues,  Professor Burrows  proposes  to  use both  infrared
reflection  absorption  spectroscopy  (IRAS)  and  attenuated total
reflection  spectroscopy (ATR)  to determine  the  nature  of the
surface species on the PC films.  These  results  will be correlated
with   both   in-the-plane   and   through-the-plane   electrical
measurements on these films.

     The goals of the proposed work include:

     1.   determining the degree  of crystallinity  of the B-L films
          using polarized light measurements;
     2.   observing changes in the IR and UV-visible spectra with
          gas uptake;
     3.   Simultaneous measurements of  the electrical properties
          of the films with gas uptake.

                              -91-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6486-01
        The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer Regional
       Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in the Lower Lake
                         Michigan Basin

institution:                             Principal Investigator:
Colorado State University               Walter A.  Lyons


Project Period:                          Project Amount:
1 year                                  $124,362

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The  primary  objective  of  this  research  is  to  develop
techniques that  will  allow for  quantitative  assessments  of  the
impact of a  large  body  of water (in this case  Lake Michigan)  on
the transport, entrapment and  retention  of  photochemical oxidant
precursors.     An  eventual  goal  will be  to  provide  mesoscale
numerical model-derived data  as  input into upgraded  versions  of
the Urban Airshed  Model or other  photochemical grid models  for
application in developing improved ozone  implementation  plans for
the Lower Lake Michigan  Basin  [LLMB].  Large portions of  Illinois,
Indiana, Wisconsin and  Michigan  are  currently  experiencing major
difficulties in attainment of the ozone NAAQS.

     In spite of  reductions in NOx and VOC emissions  in the region,
oxidant standards  still appear to  be in  violation  during certain
summer  synoptic  meteorological  regimes  (stagnant   high  pressure
systems,  frequently  associated with  lake  breezes).   It  is  now
generally assumed  oxidants  and their precursors   are  routinely
"trapped" and "concentrated" over Lake Michigan and other similar
bodies  of water.  Yet  this has never  been investigated  in  any
quantitative  manner.    This  exploratory research  marks  a first
attempt  at  the  application  of a  new generation of  nested-grid
mesoscale numerical  models in a  detailed  investigation  of  the
meteorological factors  contributing  to  the build up  of regional
oxidant  levels  in the LLMB.    It   is  believed   the  resulting
techniques would eventually have  general  applicability  to  most
urban coastal areas,  including the Northeastern US.
                               -92-

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                  EPA  Project No:  R81-6491-01
          Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution Control

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Utah                      Jiri Janata
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $388,000

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Monitoring  of  pollutants   in   air   requires  miniaturized
analytical instrumentation.  The broad objective of this proposal
is to carry out basic research and development of miniature solid
state sensors for a variety of pollutants in air in a broad range
of concentrations.   These  gases  may include  traffic  combustion
products, gasses emitted during industrial production and gaseous
products resulting from the decomposition of waste materials.

     There are two major goals:  (1)  improvement of the structure
of the basic device  and  (2)  optimization  of chemically selective
layers with respect  to their  selectivity  and dynamic range.   The
primary material which will be used in this work is polyaniline
(PAN).   This material  will  serve  as a  host matrix  into  which
binding sites specific to gases of interest will be incorporated.
In the first instance these binding sites will be anionic metallic
and organometallic complexes which will be ion-exchanged into the
polymer.   These  materials  should  provide  selectivity for  the
gas/solid interactions necessary for  any gas  sensors.  The dynamic
range will be tuned in two  ways:  (1) by controlling the density of
the selective binding sites in the PAN through the control of the
degree of  its  protonation/oxidation  and  (2) by  controlling the
operating temperature of individual  sensors.   The latter will be
done  by  the integrated   on-chip semiconductor  heating/cooling
system.
                               -93-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6559-01
            Laboratory  Investigations of Free Radical
                    Chemistry in Cloud Water

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Georgia Tech Research Corporation       Paul H.  Wine
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $353,923

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This research program will use laboratory studies to elucidate
the aqueous phase chemistry  of  a number of free radicals which are
thought to  play  an  important  role  in  the oxidation of  S(IV)  in
cloud water. The radicals of primary interest include OH, H02, 02~
, S03~, S04~,  S05~, Cl, C12-, and  N03.   Emphasis  will be placed
on  direct,  sensitive,   and selective  observation  of  reactive
intermediates,  since only  through such observations can results
with  a unique  interpretation  be  obtained.    The  experimental
methodology  will  couple   radical   production  by  laser  flash
photolysis with time-resolved radical detection by long pathlength
UV-visible  absorption   (very  sensitive)   and   resonance  Raman
spectroscopy (very selective).

     Specific experimental  investigations  which will be undertaken
include kinetics  studies of reactions of the  formaldehyde-S(IV)
adduct (HMSA) with a number of free radicals, kinetics  studies of
potentially important atmospheric reactions  of  chlorine radicals
(Cl  and   Cl2~),   kinetics  studies  of  potentially   important
atmospheric reactions of the SQ$~  radical, and kinetics studies of
free radical reactions  with the  S(IV)  species HS03~  and S032~.
Where appropriate, temperature dependences of reaction rates will
be investigated.
                               -94-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6672-01


           Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle  Size
    Distributions of Trace Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Minnesota                 Peter McMurry


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $266,912
                       SUMMARY

     Improved techniques for measuring gas/particle distributions
and  particulate   size  distributions  of   polycyclic  aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAHs)   ranging  from  2  to  7   ring  compounds  and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)  ranging  in substitution from 1 to
8 chlorines will be developed and applied to atmospheric aerosols.
A new sample extraction  and analysis  procedure involving  the use
of supercritical fluid (C02 and N20) extraction and chromatography
will be developed  and  used to process collected gas  and particle
samples.  This  procedure  reduces  the required  air sample volume by
a factor of 100, and  reduces sample processing times by a factor
of 10 to 30.  Typical sample volumes and sample handling times will
be 0.5 to 5 m3  and 1  to 3 hours,  respectively.

     Gas/particle  distributions  will  be  measured by  using  a new
diffusion  separator   with  polyurethane  foam  (PUF)   adsorber  to
collect gas phase samples and a dichotomous sampler followed by a
PUF adsorber to  collect  total  samples.  The  diffusion separator
will  permit the  separation  of gases  from particles  without
"blowoff," which is a  concern with  filter  separators.  With this
approach the magnitude of sampling artifacts that might occur with
the conventional  filter  plus adsorber method can be evaluated.
This method will  avoid problems of large surface area and uncertain
collection efficiency  that  are  inherent with the  measurement  of
trace organic gases by denuders.

     Measurements of  PAH  and PCB  size  distributions in atmospheric
particles  will  also  be made.    Microorifice  uniform  deposit
impactors (MOUDIs)  will be used for these measurements.  The first
objective will  be to investigate possible  sampling artifacts.  This
will be done by comparing  MOUDI data with  independent,  parallel
measurements of gas/particle distributions.   The second objective
is to determine  whether  trace organic species are preferentially
associated with hygroscopic or hydrophobic particles.
                               -95-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6678-01


     Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on Atmospheric Aerosols
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of North Carolina            Stephen R.  McDow

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 Year                                  $144,996

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Model  predictions  have   consistently   underestimated  the
importance of heterogeneous atmospheric  reactions.   For example,
recent research indicates that heterogeneous reactions lead to more
rapid stratospheric ozone destruction.  In the troposphere two of
the  most  important  reactions,  oxidation  of  sulfur  dioxide  and
nitrogen oxides occur more  rapidly in  the presence of carbonaceous
particle surfaces.  Since many classes of reactions are catalyzed
by  particle  surfaces,  including  many  potential  atmospheric
reactions on  soot surfaces,  it is  important  that heterogeneous
surfaces  be  considered   to  understand  and  accurately  model
atmospheric processes.  The purpose of this work  is  to create a
methodology to  study  rates of heterogeneous  organic reactions on
atmospheric aerosols.  This requires  a thorough investigation of
the effects of aerosol chemical  and physical characteristics which
are known or suspected to affect reaction rates and mechanisms.
                               -96-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6829-01


          inorganic Tracers for Motor vehicle Emissions
Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology   Ilhan Olmez

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 Years                                 $157,602

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Because of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, the traditional
marker elements for emissions  from gasoline-powered vehicles, Pb
and Br, are quickly losing their value for receptor-model studies
of the  sources of atmospheric  particles.   Recently,  studies in
Japan have suggested that huge  amounts  of La and/or Ce are emitted
from vehicles equipped with modern catalytic converters.  Emissions
from a wide range  of vehicles will  be collected, both individually
and collectively in a traffic tunnel, and analyzed for rare earths
and many  other trace  elements  (including Pb and Br)  to identify
those  associated  with  gasoline-powered  vehicles.    Samples  from
ambient,  urban   air   will   be  analyzed  to   search  for  high
concentrations  of the  identified  elements at  locations  heavily
influenced by motor vehicles.   The  ambient data will be treated by
various receptor-modeling methods,  e.g., factor analysis, multiple
linear regression, to  extract  the motor-vehicle component.   The
component developed  will be tested  by performing  chemical  mass
balances on appropriate urban data sets including those generated
in this work.
                               -97-

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                    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

                  EPA Project NO:  R81-5040-01
          Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate in
               Atmospheric Pressure Methane Flames

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California, Los Angeles   Owen Smith


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $158,767

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     A  study  will  be  done  of  the  formation  of  heavy  metal
particulates in flames by introducing solutions of metal acetates
into premixed methane-oxygen-nitrogen flat flames.   The evolution
of  the  particle  size distribution  and number  density will  be
followed by Mie scattering and extinction measurements.  The rates
of  nucleation,  coagulation and  scavenging  (growth from the  gas
phase) will be calculated  from the data and comparison will be made
to  previous  measurements made  in  coal  fired  systems  and  to
calculations based on the  classical theory of nucleation.  Initial
experiments  will  be performed on  cadmium,  since  particulate
emissions  involving  this  element are  thought  to constitute  a
significant  hazard  to  public   health.    Time  permitting,  the
nucleation and growth of zinc and lead may also be examined.

     The goal of the proposed study is to  address some of the key
aspects in which particulate formation in waste incinerators differ
from particulate emissions from  coal  fired systems.  These include
the effect of the local fuel-oxidizer stoichiometry in the region
where the metal  is  volatilized, the  flame  temperature and  the
effect of chlorinated species.  This study  should help to ascertain
the extent to which the reasonably large body  of literature on coal
derived particulates can be applied to waste incineration.
                               -98-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5041-01
            Photocatalytic  and  Sonolytic Degradation
                          of Hazardous Hastes
Institution:
California Institute of
  Technology

Project Period:
2 years
                                        Principal Investigator:
                                        Michael R. Hoffman
                                        Project Amount:
                                        $255,006
                       SUMMARY

     A  study  will   be  conducted  of  the   photochemical   and
sonochemical  transformation  of  selected  toxic  and  hazardous
chemicals.  The redox chemistry of selected organic compounds such
as phenols,  carbonyls, and hydrocarbons in solvent suspensions will
be studied  in  detail using  suspensions  of very  small  colloidal
semiconductor particles  as  photocatalysts.  The build up and decay
of intermediates  will  be   followed  with  conventional  and  time
resolved  absorption  spectroscopy,  and conductivity  techniques.
Quantum yields for the reaction studies will be determined.

     Similar studies  will be conducted  where sonocation is used to
carry out the reaction.   Physical parameters to be studied include
acoustical  frequency, acoustical  intensity,  temperature,  static
pressure,   ambient   gas,   and  effect  of  particulate   matter.
Simultaneous photolysis  and sonolysis in semiconductor suspensions
will  be studied.
                              -99-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5124-01
         Effect of Reactor Configuration on Stability of
     Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation in Activated Sludge

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Clemson University                      C.P.  Leslie Grady
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $127,343
                       SUMMARY

     The purpose of  this  proposal is to explore  the  variability
associated with the removal of xenobiotic organic compounds by the
activated sludge process  in order  to  determine two  things:  the
amount of that variability that  is inherent to the system, and the
impact of system design upon the variability.

     The research will be performed in laboratory-scale activated
sludge reactors operated under carefully controlled conditions in
order to minimize  the  impact of  external factors  on the observed
variability  of xenobiotic compound removal.    The  feed to  the
reactors will be a  complex synthetic feed containing both biogenic
and xenobiotic  constituents.  Parallel  systems  representing both
completely-mixed and plug-flow configurations will be operated with
appropriate  replication  to  allow  statistical  evaluation of  the
variability  associated  with  the  removal of a  target xenobiotic
compound and assessment of the effect of reactor configuration on
that variability.  A second round of experiments will investigate
a second target compound, thereby expanding the generality of the
conclusions.  The biomass will be characterized with respect to the
kinetics of biodegradation of the target compounds as well as with
respect to the microorganisms responsible for that biodegradation,
thereby  establishing how reactor  configuration influences  both
factors.  Finally, dynamic mathematical modeling  studies will be
performed using the  observed kinetics in order  to  choose a  shock
load condition that will allow discrimination between the abilities
of the  two  systems to handle perturbations and the  chosen  shock
load will be applied to observe and quantify those differences.
                              -100-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5483-01
      Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium Silicate Reagents

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Texas at Austin           Gary T. Rochelle
Project Period:                         Project Amount;
2 years                                 $185,643

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The overall objective of this work is to develop low cost duct
injection technology for flue gas desulfurization (FGD).  Advanced
technology  for  FGD is  necessary  to alleviate  acid  rain  and  to
utilize  coal  economically  for  power production.   The  specific
technology  to  be developed utilizes highly  reactive  adsorbents
prepared from lime and fly ash.

     Calcium silicate solids will be prepared by  reacting lime with
fly ash in the  presence of water.  The reactivity of the solids to
S02 will be measured  in  a packed bed reactor system.   The solids
will be further characterized by chemical analysis, by H20 and N2
adsorption and by other methods of solids analysis.

     Previous work has  established  that  solids  prepared  by these
methods are 2 to  10  times more  reactive  than hydrated  lime at 50
to 100°c and 30 to 70% relative  humidity.   Satisfactory solids have
been prepared by reacting 1  part lime with 2  to  5 parts fly ash in
the presence of  liquid water  for  1 hour  at  200°C  or  12  hours at
90°C.   NaOH at  levels  from 0.05  to  0.3 M  reduces the  required
reaction time/temperature.

     Experiments will be performed to optimize temperature, water
concentration,  reactor configuration, NaOH concentration, and other
variables affecting reagent preparation.   Extensive  studies will
be performed on the reaction of the solid reagents with S02, HCl,
and NO  at  30 to  70%  relative  humidity  and  contact times  of ten
seconds to one hour.
                              -101-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5740-01
       Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Improvement
             with a Barbed Plate Discharge Electrode

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Colorado State University               Jane H.  Davidson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $149,392

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed research extends  a prior study of a novel barbed
plate-to-plate electrostatic precipitator to  examine  the effects
of the  barbed plate discharge  electrode  on particle motion  and
deposition, current distribution, and collection efficiency.  Study
of the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator was  initially aimed at
controlling the detrimental effects of the electrically generated
secondary flows and turbulence known to exist in the conventional
wire-to-plate precipitator.   The  design is based on  the concept
that a more uniform distribution of current within the precipitator
flow channel reduces the  scale  of  the  corona induced  gas motions
and thus particle diffusivities.  Earlier work has proven that the
barbed plate electrode  is potentially  beneficial,  but additional
study is required to  clearly define the practical viability of the
barbed  plate-to-plate  precipitator.     The  extent   to  which
performance  gains  can be achieved  depends  on  many  critical
parameters including particle charging, electro-mechanical clamping
of the  precipitated dust layer,   reentrainment  losses,  and  the
formation of back corona,  as well  as particle diffusivities.  The
crucial test  of this  design  is particle collection  efficiency.
Experimental study of the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator will
be expanded  to  include  laser  Doppler  measurements  of particle
motion in the inter-electrode space, detailed current distribution
measurements on the collector plates, particle deposition patterns,
and  quantification of  collection efficiencies  for  a   range  of
particle sizes.  The design of the discharge electrode plate will
be refined to optimize performance.
                              -102-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-5861-01


            Selective  Catalytic Reduction of NOX with
             Ammonia  over  Vanadia/Titania  Catalysts

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Ohio State University                   Umit S.  Ozkan
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $258,449
                       SUMMARY

     Catalytic selective reduction  (SCR)  offers  a powerful post-
combustion pollution  control technique  for  removal of  NOX  from
stationary combustion sources.   In  this  research, NOX is reduced
with ammonia in the presence of oxygen over a catalyst, giving N2
and  HoO.    Among  the  catalysts used  for  selective  catalytic
reduction reaction, vanadia catalysts supported over titania appear
to be especially promising, achieving high activity levels at lower
temperatures and showing resistance to deactivation under stack gas
conditions.   Despite  its importance,  the phenomena  involved in
NOX/NH3  reaction  over  vanadia/titania  catalysts  are  not  well
understood.

     The goal of the  proposed  research program is to investigate
selective catalytic reduction of NOX  with ammonia over ¥205/1102
catalysts  in  the  presence of  oxygen.   The reaction  scheme,  the
nature of catalyst active sites, the  catalyst-support interactions,
the  role  of lattice  and  gas phase oxygen and  the  deactivation
characteristics of the catalyst will be the major focal points to
be examined.   The research  program will  include  preparation of
vanadia/titania catalysts, detailed characterization of catalysts
using  laser  Raman  spectroscopy,   X-ray  diffraction,  scanning
electron microscopy combined with   3-D imaging technique,  energy
dispersive X-ray  analysis,  X-ray photoelectron  spectroscopy  and
mechanistic  studies   including  steady-state  and pulse  reaction
experiments and isotopic  labelling technique.   In  situ laser Raman
spectroscopy will be  used in conjunction with isotopic labelling
technique also for examining the oxygen  exchange characteristics
of the catalysts.
                              -103-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-5883-01


       An  Investigation of Nixed Surface Media Filtration

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Washington                Mark M.  Benjamin


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $197,580
                       SUMMARY

     This proposal reviews filtration practice from a fundamental
and  practical  approach  and  details  the  purpose  and  expected
benefits  of  chemical pretreatment  for particle  destabilization
resulting  in  an  array  of  particle  size  and  zeta  potential
distribution, and of use of dual-tri media  filters  to attempt to
match media  sizes  to particle sizes.   It  proposes to  develop a
"new" mixed  surface  media  filtration made up of  media particles
with different  zeta  potentials to prove media surface potentials
ranges adapt to particle zeta potential ranges  in the same way 2
or  3  media sizes are used to match particle size ranges.   The
researchers suggest  that sand media, which  includes Si02 surface
dominating  the  surface  chemistry  resulting  in  a  significant
negative  surface potential.  Adsorption of  natural  organic acids
is small, but as it  occurs, it would  lower  the  surface potential
further.   Thus, during  filtration, particles  with  positive  or
neutral zeta potential would be optimally removed while those still
with  negative  ZP  would  be  leaked  through.    With time,  the
negatively charged  sand  grains would  be  coated  with neutral  or
positively charged particles,  and the negatively charged particles
could then  be removed more efficiently  (ripening).   Thus,  with
"mixed-surface  media," does  a filter  initially  containing 2/3 *s
negatively charged and 1/3 positively charged media behave better
or worse  than one with the ratio reversed?
                              -104-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6327-01


           NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization in a
         Staged N-CFBC.  Phase I:   Cold Flow Measurements

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of New Hampshire             Ihab H.  Farag
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 year                                  $65,135
                       SUMMARY

     The overall  objectives of  the proposed  investigation are:
 (1)  to experimentally  qualify  and quantify  the  hydrodynamic
characteristics of a two-stage "N" shaped circulating fluidized bed
combustor  (N-CFBC)  with  two  solid  circulation  loops,
 (2) to characterize the residence time, and
 (3) to study  and model  the pressure  profile  in  the  N-CFBC.

     To address the problems of NOX and SOX emission an innovative
staged CFBC is being designed by  the  PI.   It is  a folded-over N-
shaped CFBC design, or  N-CFBC for short, with separate  feeds of
fuel and sorbent.   It consists  of  three chambers: upward riser
combustor,  downward flow combustor and  ash  separator,  and upward
counterflow  sulfur capture  riser.    This  new   design  aims  at
achieving improved combustion, ash separation, and desulfurization
steps.

     A comprehensive program to demonstrate the process on a small
scale is proposed.   Heat,  mass,  and momentum transfer  is quite
complex within the N-CFBC.   The heat  transfer coefficient  is
strongly dependent  on  fluid  mechanics  and  flow  regimes.   Basic
questions of solids and gas  flow specific to the staged design need
to be answered.  The first  phase  of  work  is  the  development of a
cold flow system to study flow patterns,  pressure drops and effects
of system variables.
                              -105-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6449-01
            Control of Disinfection By-products and
                  Biodegradable Organic Carbon

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Texas                     Gerald E. Speitel Jr.
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $223,891
                       SUMMARY

     This  project  will  investigate  ozonation  and  biological
treatment in granular activated carbon (GAC)  beds for the removal
of disinfection  by-product  precursors and biodegradable organic
carbon.  The objectives  include  1) development of relatively rapid
batch  tests  to  allow water   utilities  to   make  preliminary
assessments of the potential of ozonation  and  biodegradation and
2) demonstration  of one  or more  combinations  of  ozonation and
biodegradation in GAC beds,  which produce treated  water that is
biologically stable and has a small potential to form halogenated
disinfection by-products.

     The project  will  involve  detailed evaluation  of  two source
waters, Lake Houston and Lake  Austin.  Lake Houston water  is an
algal-laden, soft reservoir water  containing  relatively higher
concentrations of organic carbon.  The potential for disinfection
by-product  formation is average to somewhat  above  average.   The
water  is   now  treated in  a   conventional  plant  using  alum
coagulation.  Lake Austin water is  a hard  water containing lower
levels of organic carbon than Lake Houston.   Lake Austin  is not as
well  characterized  as  Lake  Houston,  but   average  levels  of
disinfection by-product formation are expected.   The water is now
treated in a conventional plant using lime softening.  These waters
are typical of those treated by many water utilities and study of
them should yield results that are useful to a broad  range of water
utilities.   One  year  of  batch  experiments   and  one  year  of
continuous-flow,  laboratory-scale  column  experiments  will  be
conducted on each water.   In addition,  to  provide information on
rich source waters,  batch studies  will  be conducted  on a  third
water from Florida,  which contains high levels of disinfection by-
product precursors.
                              -106-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6459-01


                Destruction of Toxic Compounds by
                   Plasma-Augmented Combustion

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of California                Robert F. Sawyer


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $256,911
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed project will  investigate  the  destruction rates
and reaction mechanisms of  a  variety  of chlorinated hydrocarbons
in a reactor that consists of a premixed flat flame burner followed
by an rf plasma.  Product gas composition and temperature will be
measured   using  time-of-flight   mass   spectrometry  and   gas
chromatography.   Initial  work  will   focus  on  the model  waste
compounds,  including  dichloromethane,  carbon tetrachloride  and
mono- and di-chlorinated compounds.  Later work will employ single
component wastes, with  single isomer  PCB's cited as  an example.
The  primary objectives  of the  research  are 1)  to achieve  an
understanding  of  the chemistry  involved  in  the destruction  of
chlorinated  organic  compounds  in  the  plasma-augmented  flame
environment and 2) to examine  the  feasibility of using  a plasma-
augmented flame for the incineration of toxic wastes.
                              -107-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6464-01
         Treatment of Textile Dye Haste Haters By Means
          of Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological
                      and  Sorption Processes

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute          Donald L. Michelsen
  and State University

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                      $266,526

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Treatment of textile wastes centers on end-of-the-pipe using
typically combinations  of aerobic degradation plus  flocculation
(settling).    Recently,  anaerobic treatment  as  well  as  chemical
reducing agents have proved effective at  color elimination.   The
primary objective of this  research is to evaluate a combination of
chemical reducing  agents plus  aerobic  degradation or  adsorbent
removal for treating typical high volume dye wastes—Indigo "Blue
Jan" Vat Dye, Reactive Dye Blue  19 and  Disperse  Dye 79.   Initial
criteria will center on  BOD, TOC,  TSS and color.   The testing will
involve comparing biodegradation  (sequential batch reactor)  with
and  without  decolorization  using   reducing agents.    Also  a
comparison will  be  made  of adsorption  removal  with  and without
decolorization using reducing  agents.   A technical and  economic
feasibility study will be  completed.  Subsequently continuous flow
bench  scale  testing of  promising optimum  combinations  will  be
conducted  using  traditional   evaluation  parameters.     However,
attention will  be directed toward  degradation  of dye  breakdown
constituents  through the  process.    Analytical  techniques  will
include GC/MS, UV and visible scanning spectrophotometer  and thin
layer chromatograph.
                              -108-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6476-01


          Ripening  in Water  and Wastewater Filtration:
                     Effects  of Particle Size

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Texas                     Desmond F. Lawler
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $243,819
                       SUMMARY

     The overall objective of this research is to develop a
better understanding of the phenomenon of ripening in filters
used for water and wastewater treatment.  This investigation will
be done by studying, both mathematically and experimentally, the
changes in particle size distributions and head loss as functions
of time and depth in deep bed filtration.

     The specific objectives of this research are as follows:

     1.  To study, experimentally, the effects of several
         independent variables on filtration ripening (removal,
         as measured by particle size distributions, and pressure
         development) for typical applications in both drinking
         water and municipal wastewater treatment, and

     2.  To improve the mathematical modeling of filter ripening,
         both by extending an existing mathematical model from
         its current limitation to monodisperse suspensions to
         consider heterodisperse suspensions and by considering a
         stochastic modeling approach; the improvements in
         mathematical modeling will reflect mechanisms of
         particle behavior observed in the results of the
         experimental work done to meet the first objective.

     The independent variables to be investigated include
filtration velocity, media size, particle concentration, degree
of particle destabilization, media depth, and type of particle.
The type of particle refers to the choices of different influent
suspensions to be used, two from typical drinking water
applications and one from the most common wastewater application.
                              -109-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6490-01
           Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand Filters

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Cornell University                      Richard I.  Dick
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $282,017

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Federal  drinking  water   standards   regulate  cyst-forming
protozoan pathogens and chlorinated organic compounds.   Slow sand
filters offer the potential of concurrent removal of both pathogens
and trihalomethane precursors.

     Slow sand filtration is  a  very  old water treatment process,
but basic mechanistic understanding of factors establishing process
performance are not well developed.  Although the schmutzdecke on
slow  sand  filters  is  widely  considered  to be  necessary  foi;
effective particle removal there is evidence to the contrary.   It
is  hypothesized  that both  organic  carbon  removal  and  particle
removal are dependent on biofilm development within  the filter bed;
however, this has not been well documented.

     In this research,  the removal  of organic carbon and particles
will be carefully documented as functions of filter  depth.  Results
will be  interpreted with the  aid of  a model in  which  particle
removal is considered to occur on filtration media ripened by the
presence of biofilm.  Biofilm development, in turn, is a function
of the concentration of microbial energy sources.   Results of the
fundamental research on basic  mechanisms  controlling performance
of slow sand  filters will be  used  to test concepts for improving
filter performance  in the laboratory and in surface water treatment
plants.
                              -110-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6856-01
          An Experimental And Theoretical Study On The
          Influence Of Methyl Chloride On The Structure
              And  Extinction Of Hydrocarbon  Flames

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Illinois At Chicago       Ishwar K. Puri
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $231,967
                       SUMMARY

     The thermal destruction of municipal, hazardous and
biomedical wastes is rapidly becoming a promising waste
management technique.  Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) pose
practical problems during the incineration process because of
their well-known inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion and role in
pollutant formation.  Studies have shown that gas phase
combustion including that containing CHCs is characterized by
considering the coupled effects of fluid dynamics, transport
processes and chemical kinetics.  Researchers propose a study on
laminar flames composed of methane/methyl chloride flames
experiencing fluid dynamic stretch.  The results of this study
are expected to be helpful in modelling turbulent combustion of
the sort that occurs in practical incinerators and in developing
engineering charts that can describe limits of incinerator
operation in terms of the oxygen content and fluid flowrate.
Several flame configurations will be studied including
nonpremixed, premixed and partially premixed situations and
comparisons of the results made under similar circumstances.
                              -Ill-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6861-01
           Suspension Loading Effects on Coal Nitrogen
                  Conversion During (PF) Firing

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Stanford University                     Stephen Niksa
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $132,435

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This project will examine the formation of NOX from nitrogen
liberated from  tars  as they are  converted  to soot in  fuel  rich
conditions.    Fuel  rich conditions exist when  burning  pulverized
coal in  dense suspensions but no  data  is  available for  the NOX
yields in  these regions.   Experiments  will  be  conducted  in  a
radiant  flow reactor  in which  there  is  no  convection and  no
conduction  of heat  thus  eliminating temperature  and  gas  phase
concentration gradients in the  reactor.  This system will be ideal
for studying  secondary chemistry,  even  at high particle loadings
in the reactor.

     Specifically the following factors will be pursued;

     (1)   The impact of tar conversion into  soot on fuel-nitrogen
          evolution;

     (2)   The breakthrough of  all  nitrogen bearing species through
          external flame zones;

     (3)   The assignment  of  the optional fuel equivalence  ratio
          for minimizing NO formation during the initial stages of
          combustion.
                              -112-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6873-01


       Proposal  for Investigation of the Chemical Mechanism
 of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction in Combustion Products

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Stanford University                     C.T. Bowman
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $143,241

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     A research program  is proposed to  investigate  the chemical
mechanism of the RAPRENOX process for reducing NOX emissions from
stationary  combustion  sources.    The  RAPRENOX  process,  which
involves injection of crystalline cyanuric acid particles into hot
combustion  products  to  initiate a  reaction  sequence  which  can
remove in excess of 80% of  the NO in the product stream, currently
is under development.  It appears to be an economically-attractive
alternative  to  current  exhaust  gas  treatment  methods such  as
Selective Catalytic Reduction and Thermal De-N0x.  At the present
time,  the  kinetic parameters  and products  of  several critical
reactions in the RAPRENOX chemical mechanism are poorly known, and
more  precise information  is needed to  assist  in  the  further
development of RAPRENOX.  Researchers will obtain this information
in  a  series of  experiments  in  a shock tube,  using laser-based
optical diagnostic techniques.   The kinetic data obtained will be
incorporated into a detailed chemical model for RAPRENOX, and the
model  will  be   used  to  investigate  ways  to  improve  process
performance.
                              -113-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6876-01
         Ozone Production With Contaminated Electrodes
                  In Electrostatic Air Cleaners

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Colorado State University               Jane H.  Davidson
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
1 year                                  $73,867

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Ozone emissions from electrostatic air  cleaners  are a major
source of indoor  air pollution.   Industrial  experience indicates
that ozone formation in corona discharges increases substantially
with even minimal electrode  contamination.  Prior studies of ozone
production in air cleaners have completely overlooked this effect.
The proposed work will  first  establish  the relationship of ozone
generation to  electrode contamination in typical  electronic  air
cleaner geometries.  The effects of electrode geometry, material,
and temperature, discharge  polarity,  current level,  air humidity
and temperature, as well as particle  size  and concentration will
be considered.  Ozone concentration measurements will be correlated
with scanning electron  microscopy  studies of contamination growth,
structure and chemical composition.

     Once the effect of electrode  contamination on ozone formation
is established, methods of ozone control will be explored.
                              -114-

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                  EPA Project NO:  R81-6887-01
         Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate Cj and C4
       Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal Destruction
                 of Chlorinated Hazardous Hastes

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Dayton                    Philip H.  Taylor
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $277,576

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The proposed project will  investigate  the  thermal pyrolysis
of  Co  and  C4  Chlorocarbons,  with  the  primary  objectives  of
identifying the  reaction channels  leading to  the formation  of
chlorinated aromatic  and polynuclear  aromatic  compounds  and  of
developing  elementary  reaction  models.     This   is   a  fairly
fundamental research project;  however,  the data obtained  in the
study will  contribute  to the chemistry  data  base needed  in the
development of effective hazardous waste incineration technologies.
The experiments will be carried out in an existing capillary flow
reactor and will employ on-line  GC/MS techniques  to  identify and
quantify stable species with molecular weights in the range 16  to
500.  Off-line techniques will be employed in an attempt to measure
extractable higher molecular weight species.  The complex pyrolysis
reaction process will be modelled to assist in data interpretation.
                              -115-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6927-01
      Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation of Dioxins
       and Furans in Incinerators:   The Role of Precursors

institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute        Elmar R.  Altwicker
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $175,241
                       SUMMARY

     The  research  proposes to  test the  hypothesis  that  in  the
presence of high concentrations  of potential precursors to dioxins
and furans the low  temperature vaporization of carbon is inhibited
or  prevented,  thus  precluding  solid-solid phase  formation  of
dioxins and  furans  for  carbon  and chloride salts.   The research
intends to  use  carbon-13  and  an  inorganic  chlorine-37  salt  to
determine the source carbon and  chlorine in the dioxins and furans
formed.   Experimentally, air and  synthetic  flue  gas  with various
concentrations   of   the  dioxin  precursors   chlorobenzene   and
chlorophenol will be passed over  a  fixed  bed or  half-bed reactor
made of carbon-13 doped flyash and chlorine-37 salt at temperatures
between 200-400°C.   MS  and GC-MS  instruments  will  be  used  to
identify  the dioxin and  furans  and  the  presence  of  carbon-13  and
chlorine-37 in  the dioxins  and  furans.  The  research is proposed
to examine potential municipal solid waste incinerators operating
or design modification to minimize formation of dioxins.
                              -116-

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                  EPA Project NO:  R81-6928-01
          A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid Fuels
          Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed Combustor)

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute        E.R. Altwicker
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $363,938
                       SUMMARY

     The objectives of the proposed research are a) the development
of a model that describes and predicts the combustion of solid fuel
particles in a draft tube spouted bed combustor and b) the conduct
of laboratory experiments on a variety of particles to both verify
the  model  and  investigate  the  behavior  of heterogeneous  fuel
(refuse derived fuel) particles.
                              -117-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6932-01
         A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy Electrons
          for the Treatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
                in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Florida International University        William J.  Cooper
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $294,206
                       SUMMARY

     The purpose of  this  project is to evaluate the  use  of high
energy electron irradiation of water,  wastewater,  and sludge for
the removal and destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's).
Preliminary investigations have  shown  that  high energy electrons
and gamma rays degrade PCB's.   Previous studies have shown a dose
of 400 krad to  be  sufficient  to disinfect  sewage  sludge.   Other
experiments   have   shown   removal   of   trichloroethene   and
tetrachloroethene (99.99%) at  400 krad.

     The investigators intend  to examine the effectiveness of the
electron beam in removing PCB's from aqueous  solutions, to identify
the products of the reactions, and to examine the significance of
halogen ions (from salt water  intrusion into Miami wastewater) in
the  reactions.    The  existing   facility  accepts  potable  water,
secondary chlorinated wastewater, and anaerobically  digested sludge
at flow rates up to 160 gal/min, as well as batch water from tank
trucks.

     Three PCB's  as well  as  pentachlorphenyl,  biphenyl,  1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene and  one  commercial  PCB  will  be examined for
removal efficiency  and  for reaction byproducts in aqueous matrices.
Seven  other halogenated  aromatic compounds will be  examined for
removal efficiency.  An economic analysis will also be conducted.
The general approach will be to compare the removal of individual
compounds in the presence and  absence of a mixture  of compounds to
simulate  environmental mixtures of  PCB's.   The data  on  removal
efficiency will  be obtained  at  four irradiation  doses  in three
aqueous matrices varying  from potable  water to sludge.   Parallel
laboratory experiments will be  conducted  to simulate high energy
electron  beam  irradiation  using  Fenton's  reagent   (to  produce
hydroxyl radical).   The proposed project complements, but does not
overlap, an existing project  funded by NSF.


                              -118-

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                            SUPERFUND

                  EPA  Project No:  R81-6483-01
             Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the
                  Degradation of Alkylbenzenes

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
New York University Medical Center      L.Y. Young
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $426,255

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This  study  proposes  to   develop   aerobic   and  anaerobic
biodegradation  strategies for  the  remediation of  alkylbenzene
contaminated soils  and groundwaters.  The objectives are  1)  to
develop and optimize enrichment cultures on benzene, ethylbenzene,
toluene  &  xylenes  under aerobic  and 3  anaerobic conditions  -
denitrifying,  sulfidogenic  and   methanogenic;   2)   to   isolate
alkylbenzene  resistant  organisms   under   aerobic  and  anaerobic
conditions; 3)  to determine the rates and extent  of degradation and
to establish the stoichiometry of hydrocarbon oxidation coupled to
reduction of the inorganic electron acceptor;  4)  to isolate pure
cultures  active  on  selected  hydrocarbons;  and  5)  to  treat
alkylbenzene contaminated soils and waters in  laboratory studies
with the pure  and enriched cultures and evaluate  the  efficacy of
treatment.   Analytical procedures include  large bore capillary gas
chromatography, high  pressure liquid chromatography,  UV  spectro-
photometry and  mass spectrometry  for hydrocarbon  and metabolite
detection;  gas  chromatography for C02, N2,  N20, CH4 production; wet
chemistry  for   nitrate,  nitrite  and  sulfate   analyses.    These
aromatic hydrocarbons are genotoxic at low  concentrations and toxic
to  humans   and   other  members   of  the   environment   in  high
concentrations.  This proposal seeks to take advantage of aerobic
and anaerobic populations with desired degradative capabilities and
use them to treat  contaminated regions thereby reducing the health
and environmental risks posed by these sites.  Most other methods
merely transfer the hazard away  from the  site,  while  microbial
bioremediation can  generate  complete detoxification  to  harmless
endproducts by mineralization of the chemical and it is generally
less costly.
                              -119-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6722-01


        Removal  of Arsenic  from Waste Solutions and  from
                   Copper Smelter Solid Waste

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
Montana College of Mineral              Larry G.  Twidwell
  Science and Technology

Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $85,737

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This  project  has  two  purposes.   The  first  purpose  is  to
determine  whether  or  not  the  magnetic  ferrite  precipitation
technique will result in essentially  complete stripping of arsenic
and other  specified metals from  aqueous  waste solutions  and  to
determine  if the  precipitated solids  (containing arsenic)  are
suitable  for outdoor  storage,  i.e., meet  TCLP criteria.   Past
research has shown that the commonly used process for stabilizing
arsenic by precipitation as  calcium arsenate produces a solid that
is not stable in conventional chemical ponds because carbon dioxide
in the air converts the calcium arsenate (and calcium arsenite) to
calcium carbonate  with the  concurrent release  of  arsenic  to the
pond environment.   The  long-term stability of  another commonly used
arsenic   storage   compound,  ferric   arsenate,  has   also  been
questioned.   The  second purpose  is  to determine whether  or not
arsenic can be removed  from  copper smelter flue  dust and acid plant
blow-down   sludge   by   volatilization   of  elemental   arsenic.
Preliminary work has shown that elemental  arsenic can be recovered
from flue dust with 99.9% efficiency.
                              -120-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6903-01


          Use  of  Hudson River Sediment  Inoculum  for  the
     Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and Factors
            Required to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic
                Biodegradation and Oechlorination

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
New York State Department               G-Yull Rhee, Ph.D.
of Health
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $255,351

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     Recent investigations have shown that PCBs are anaerobically
dechlorinated and  also  biodegraded in the laboratory.   There is
also  circumstantial   evidence  suggesting  that  they   may  be
reductively dechlorinated in reduced layers of sediments in nature.
In light of the laboratory findings, it is highly important to find
whether  and  how   dechlorination  and   biodegradation   can  be
artificially induced and/or enhanced.   So far there  are  no cost-
effective detoxification techniques.   As  a measure of containment,
the most heavily  PCB-contaminated sediments of the  Hudson River
were  dredged  and  encapsulated with  clay at  Moreau,  N.Y.   Our
preliminary investigation of the dredged  sediments revealed little
sign of biodegradation.  However,  the containment facility offers
an   ideal   environment   for   anaerobic   bioremediation,   since
encapsulation would create a  reduced environment, and it  can be
readily  combined   with  anaerobic   biological  processes   for
detoxification.   The present  proposal will therefore investigate
(1)  whether reductive dechlorination and biodegradation  can be
induced  and/or  enhanced in  encapsulated dredged  sediments  by
introducing active  inoculum of Hudson River  sediments,  (2)  what
factors are essential for their induction or enhancement, and (3)
what biodegradation products  are.  The  results of this  study are
essential   for    the    development   of   cost-effective   and
environmentally-sound bioremediation technology of PCBs.  They are
also important for  a better understanding of the environmental fate
of  PCBs   and  other   chlorinated  aromatic   pollutants.    This
information  is  critical in  formulating  rational  environmental
policies.
                              -121-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6914-01


         Development of Enzyme Technology for Selective
      Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of North Carolina            Michael  D.  Aitken
at Chapel Hill


Project Period:                          Project  Amount:
2 years                                 $204,000

                        **********

                       SUMMARY

The purposes of the project are to:

     1.   Compare reaction products from the oxidation of phenolic
         pollutants by a variety of oxidizing enzymes.
     2.   Evaluate  the  extent   of  detoxification  achieved  by
         enzymatic treatment of phenolic pollutants using microblal
         bioassays.
     3.   Evaluate the potential feasibility of the process.

The  enzymes to be  evaluated  are  chloroperoxidase,  horseradish,
peroxidase,  ligninase,  manganese  peroxidase,   and  polyphenol
oxidase.    All  five  enzymes  are  expected  to  oxidize  phenolic
substrates.  The horseradish peroxidase is to serve as a benchmark
enzyme to compare with previous research.

The  specific  priority pollutants  to be  tested will  include  2-
chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol,  2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol,  2-
nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol and phenol.

The  use  of enzymes is expected  to be  of value  in the following
situations.

     1.  Removing target compounds prior to biological treatment,
         especially  compounds  that  could be  inhibitory to the
         biological treatment process.
     2.  Treating industrial wastes prior to release to municipal
         treatment systems.
     3.  Removing  regulated organics  from  dilute  waste streams
         where biological treatment may not be expedient.
     4.  Final polishing of waste  streams.
     5.  Treatment of wastes generated  infrequently or in isolated
         locations; and
     6.  Regeneration of solvents  to selectivity remove hazardous
         pollutants.

                              -122-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-6922-01


       The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor Stripping for the
          Removal  of  Contaminants  from  the Vadose  Zone

Institution:                            Principal Investigator;
Michigan State University               Susan J. Hasten


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
3 years                                 $223,371
                       SUMMARY

     Subsurface vapor extraction  (or  soil  venting)  has been used
to remove volatile chemicals from the vadose zone.  Though useful
where the chemical contaminants are volatile, soil venting cannot
be used where the  contaminants  are not readily volatilized, either
because  they are  non-volatile,  are  sorbed  to  the  soil  or  are
trapped in the pore structure of the soils.

     This project  will investigate modifying the conventional vapor
extraction system by using ozone  in place  of air.   Such a system
would be useful where conventional technology is not effective or
as a final clean-up step before site closure.  Preliminary research
has shown the effectiveness of  ozone in oxidizing chlorinated VOCs
in soil  slurries  and in  solutions containing high concentrations
of humic acid.

     Laboratory studies are  necessary to  determine  the potential
of ozone to oxidize chemical contaminants present in soils.  Column
studies will be performed to determine the rates at and extent to
which the chemicals are oxidized.  Product  identification will also
be performed using GC/MS and HPLC.   The results will be modelled
using a transport  model in which competitive chemical kinetics have
been incorporated.  The  economics of such a  system  will  also be
evaluated.
                              -123-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-6935-01
        Removal and Concentration of Pollutants Based on
            Electrochemically Nodulated Complexation

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Colorado                  Richard D.  Noble


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $205,325

                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     This   project  will   include   both   experimentation   and
mathematical analysis of the water-soluble metalloporphyrin ligands
which undergo reversible complexation reactions with a variety of
nitrogen and sulfur-containing heterocyclic organic compounds.  The
complexation  reactions   allow   the  hydrophobic  bases   to   be
selectively  extracted  into  aqueous  solutions  containing  the
metalloporphyrins.  By electrochemically changing  the  oxidation
state of the metal ion, the magnitude of the complexation between
metalloporphytin  and   base can  be  changed  by many  orders  of
magnitude.   The reaction  provides  a mechanism for  separating  the
base into the aqueous extracting phase, and for concentrating  the
base  in a  second hydrophobic phase.   The binding  form  of  the
metalloporphyrin can be regenerated by returning the metal ion to
its original  oxidations  state in a  second  electrochemical step.
Researchers have previously demonstrated the ability of the process
to  extract  nitrogen  heterocycles,  such  as  isoquinoline  and
aminonapthalenes  from  one hydrocarbon phase,  and to concentrate
them in a second phase.

     This  project will pursue  the  separation process  in three
areas:   1)   to   synthesize  and   characterize  a  variety   of
metalloporphyrin  derivatives;  2) explore  several  configurations
for  operating the  process in  a continuous  fashion,  and  3)  to
explore the use of the process  for the removal of  nitrogen  and
sulfur-containing  compounds from polluted  water and gas streams.
Investigators feel that the process has  the potential to be useful
for a variety of environmental and industrial separation processes.
                              -124-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7438-01
           Heavy Metal Decontamination:  Some Unique
            Properties and Application Potentials of
             Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor
                  Atoms and Composite Membranes

Institution:                             Principal Investigator
Lehigh University                       Arup K.  Sengupta


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $181,164
                       SUMMARY

     The removal of heavy metal  ions  from  solutions,  sludges and
soils is to  be examined using nitrogen-donor,  chelating  resins.
The  P.I.  plans  to   characterize  three   relatively  unstudied
commercial chelating resins  and to take advantage of some of their
novel properties for heavy metal  recovery.

     The P.I. will examine the  removal of cadmium, lead and nickel
by bis-picolylamine  and polyvinylpyridine resins as a function of
pH,   as   well   as   of   nitro-triacetate   and   ortho-phthalate
concentrations.  Phthalate and  nitrilo-triacetate were selected to
represent strongly coordinating metal ligands which  may be found
in wastewaters. These studies will delineate under what conditions
the resins can be reasonably used to recover the heavy metals.

     Membrane  encapsulated   resins,   such   as  Chelex  100  which
contains the iminodiacetate  functionality and Dow XFS 43084 which
contains the N- ( 2-hydroxypropyl )  picolylamine functionality, will
be tested under various conditions for the ability to specifically
remove and recover  lead and cadmium oxides from  sludge and soil
samples.   In addition  the simultaneous recovery of both Pb+2 and
Cr04~2  (from  lead  chromate)  and  Pb+2  and  As02~3  (from  lead
aresenate insoluble  salts)  will be  attempted with the Dow resins.

     Finally,  the   novel chelating   resins will  be  tested  to
alleviate  some of  the  problems  encountered  in using  electric
currents to  concentrate heavy metal  ions  from soils.   Problems
currently exist because hydroxide ion accumulates near the cathodes
to which cationic heavy metals are  attracted under the passage of
current through soils.   The  disposition  of macroporous membranes
containing chelating  ion exchange resins  between the  anode and
cathode will test the  theory that metal  ions  will be adsorbed on
the membrane bound resins before they encounter the  high pH zone
near the cathode and are precipitated.

                              -125-

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                   EPA Project No:  R81-7440-01
         Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water
                 Using Immobilized Biomass Beads

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Utah                      Edward Trujillo
Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $195,867
                        **********
                       SUMMARY

     The overall  objective  of the  research  proposed is  to  help
improve and develop the removal of  heavy  metals  from wastewaters
using biosorption  on  immobilized biomass  beads.   These  biomass
beads, developed by the U.S.  Bureau of Mines Research  Center in
Salt Lake City, have been  found to be very selective for hazardous
heavy metals,  such as Zn and Cd,  even in the presence of relatively
high concentrations of calcium and  magnesium, and  can reduce the
concentrations of these hazardous metal ions in wastewater streams
to well below the minimum  drinking water standards.  The beads are
very inexpensive, can be used  in various configurations and can be
regenerated, thus the heavy metals can be concentrated,  recovered
and removed from the superfund site.   Some metal manufacturers have
expressed  an  interest in using  the recovered  metals  in  their
processes.

     In   some   preliminary   work   researchers   have   developed
multicomponent   mathematical   models  that   can  describe   the
equilibrium, kinetic,  and, for early breakthrough periods, fixed-
bed  adsorption patterns  of  the  biomass  beads  for   some  raining
wastewater streams.  The research proposed here is to improve the
design  and capacity of  the  biomass beads to  develop a better
understanding of the mechanisms involved in the biosorption process
using  mathematical models  that  can  also be  used  to  predict
performance.

     The benefits of this research will be a better understanding
of the  immobilized biomass  beads with a  resulting improvement in
the  system for  removing heavy metals from contaminated  waters at
various superfund sites.   This research is directed more toward the
engineering aspect of the  biosorption and  to see if the technology
can be extended to  other wastewaters with different  heavy metal and
ionic compositions.


                              -126-

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                  EPA Project No:  R81-7450-01
            Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Hater
               by  Dltrafiltration  & Precipitation

Institution:                            Principal Investigator:
University of Oklahoma                  Sherril D.  Christian


Project Period:                         Project Amount:
2 years                                 $189,996
                       SUMMARY

     The goal of this research is to develop an efficient process
for removing toxic anions such as chromate from dilute wastewater
streams.  A cationic polyelectrolyte will  be  added to the stream
to sequester chromate or other multivalent  anions such as selenate
or arsenate.   The  resulting mixture will be passed  through an
ultrafilter.   Permeate  from the  ultrafilter will  be water of
substantially improved purity and the retentate will consist of a
small volume in which the polyelectrolyte-chromate mixture will be
concentrated.  Further  treatment of  the  retentate  via a chromate
precipitation process will result in a solid waste to be disposed
of and a polyelectrolyte solution which can be recycled for reuse.
                              -127-

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                   Index by Principal Investigator
Aitken,
Michael D.
Altwicker,
E.R.
Altwicker,
Elmar R.
Anderson,
Stephen H.
Arp,
Daniel J.
Atkinson,
Gary
Atkinson,
Roger
Bales,
Roger C.
Becker,
D.
                               ********
North Carolina, University of, -Chapel Hill,
"Development of Enzyme Technology
for Selective Removal of Phenolic
Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures"

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
"A Novel Fluid/Particle System for
Solid Fuels Combustion (Draft
Tube Spouted Bed Combustor)"

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
"Low Temperature, Heterogeneous
Formation of Dioxins and Furans
in Incinerators:  The Role of
Precursors"

Missouri, University of, -Columbia,
"Non-Destructive Evaluation of
Macropore-Scale Processes in Organic
Contaminant Transport Through
Soil Using Computer Tomography"

Oregon State University,
"Degradation of Halogenated Hydro-
carbons by Nitrifying Bacteria"

Iowa State University,
"Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological
Foraging Models and Bioenergetics
Models for Risk Assessment"

California, University of, -Riverside,
"Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichloro-
biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin,
Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds"

Arizona, University of,
"Microscale Kinetic Effects and the
Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organics"

Texas, University of,
"The Role of Basic Fibroblast
Growth Factor In Human Malignant
Melanoma"
                                                         Page
122
117
116
 60
 42
 34
 86
 70
 26
                                 128

                            Sumary of Awards - 1990

-------
Benjamin,
Mark M.
Blake,
Diane A.
Bollag,
Jean-Marc
Bowman,
C.T.
Boyd,
Stephen A.
Bryers,
James
Burrows,
Veronica

Burton,
G. Allen
Christian,
Sherril D.
Cooper,
William J.
Washington, University of,
"An investigation of Mixed Surface
Media Filtration"

Meharry Medical College,
"Quantitation of Heavy Metals by
Immunoassay"

Pennsylvania State University,
"Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds
Through Polymerization and Binding
to Humic Substances"

Stanford University,
"Proposal for Investigation of the
Chemical Mechanism of the Raprenox
Process for No Reduction In
Combustion Products"

Michigan State, University of,
"Influence of Sorption/Desorption
Processes on the Bioavailability of
Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil
and Subsurface Materials"

Duke University,
"Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes:
Selection Pressures on Microbial
Consortia in Biofilm Treatment
Systems"

Arizona State University,
"Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors"

Wright State University,
"Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators
and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity
Assessments"

Oklahoma, University of,
"Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground
Water by Ultrafiltration & Precipitation"

Florida International University,
"A Pilot Scale Study Using High
Energy Electrons for the Treatment
of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in
Water, Wastewater, and Sludge"
Page

 104



  40



  62
 113
  31
  43
  91
  53
 127
 118
                                 129

                           Sumary of Awards - 1990

-------
Cooper,
William J.
Costa,
Max
Coull,
Bruce C.
Dairkee,
Shahnaz
Florida International University,
"Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of
Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in
Ground Water and Water Treatment"

New York University Medical Center,
"Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced
by the Carcinogen Chromate"

South Carolina, University of,
"High Density Culture of Meiobenthos
for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic-
Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants"

California, University of, -Berkeley,
"Development of Rapid, Quantitative
In Vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in
Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and
Their Relevance to Breast Cancer"
D'Ambrosio, Ohio State University,
Steven M.   "Fate of DNA Damage in Human
            Fetal Cells"

Davidovits, Boston College,
Paul        "Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into
            Fog Droplets"

Davidson,   Colorado State University,
Jane H.     "Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
            Improvement with a Barbed Plate
            Discharge Electrode"

Davidson,   Colorado State University,
Jane H.     "Ozone Production with Contaminated
            Electrodes in Electrostatic Air
            Cleaners"

DeFabo,     George Washington University,
Edward C.   "Investigations on the Mechanism
            of Sunglight-Induced  Immune
            Suppression: The Impact of
            Stratospheric Ozone Depletion"
Page

  64
  14
  48
  27
                                               21
                                                83
                                               102
                                               114
                                                22
                                  130


                            Suanary of Awards - 1990

-------
Dellinger,
Barry
Dick,
Richard I.
DiGiulio,
Richard T.
DiGiulio,
Richard T.
Dunson,
William A.
Eiceman,
Gary A.
Fall,
Richard R.
Farag,
Ihab H.
Findlay
Robert H.
Fonda,
M.
Dayton, University of,
"An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-
Chloromethane-Chloroethane Reaction
Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using
a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser -
Induced Fluorescence Technique"

Cornell University,
"Role of Organic Carbon in Slow
Sand Filters"

Duke University,
"Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated
Genotoxins in Benthic Fish"

Duke University,
"Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization
in the Channel Catfish"

Pennsylvania State University,
"Temporary Pond Communities as Model
Systems for Evaluating Anthropogenic
Stresses"

New Mexico State University,
"Field Screening of Organic Priority
Pollutants Using Handheld Ion
Mobility^Spectrometry"
Page

  85
 110
  59
  38
  52
  66
Colorado, University of,
"Environmental Stress and Isoprene
Emissions in Forest Trees"

New Hampshire, University of,
"NOx, SOx and Solid Waste
Minimization in a Staged N-CFBC.
Phase I:  Cold Flow Measurements"

Maine, University of,
"A Proposal for a Microbial Early
Warning System for Organic Pollution
in Estuarine Systems"

California, University of, Berkeley,
"Flow-Induced Fluidization and
Resuspension of Soft Bottom Sediment"
  36
 105
  50
  77
                                 131


                           Sumary of Awards - 1990

-------
Frost,      Purdue University,
John W.     "Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus
            Bond Cleavage"

Gealt,      Drexel, University of,
Michael     "Regulation of Genetic Transfer into
            and Between Indigenous Bacteria in
            Wastewater"

Gilmour,    Academy of Natural Sciences, The,
Cynthia     "A Biogeochemical Model for Methyl-
            mercury Production in Lacustrine and
            Estuarine Sediments"
                                               32
                                               75
Glinski,    Tennessee Technology University,
Robert J.   "Spectroscopic and Photometric
            Measurement of Novel Chemiluminescence
            and Flame Systems"

Gold,       California, University of, Berkeley,
Lois        "Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests"

Grady,      Clemson University,
C.P. Leslie "Effect of Reactor Configuration on
            Stability of Xenobiotic Compound
            Biodegradation in Activated Sludge"
                                               84
Gschwend,
Philip M.
Hayton,
William L.
Hille,
C. Russell
Hipps,
K.W.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
"Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater
Colloids, and Bioturbation on the
Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater
and Estuarine Sediments"

Ohio State University,
"Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic
Models in Fish"

Ohio State University,
"Metabolism of Arsenicals by
Alcaligenes Faecalis"

Washington State University,
"M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors"
                                               23


                                              100
74
46
16
88
                                 132

                            Sumary of Awards - 1990

-------
Kites,
Ronald A.
Hoffman,
Michael R.
Hoffman,
Michael R.
Holsapple,
Michael P.
Janata,
Jiri
Jensen,
James N.
Karin,
Michael
Kleeberger,
Steven R.
Knudson,
Guy R.
Kuo,
Albert
Indiana University,
"Movement of Contaminated Sediments
From the Detroit River Through
Lake Erie"

California Institute of Technology,
"Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production
of Hydrogen Peroxide"

California Institute of Technology,
"Photocatalytic and Sonolytic
Degradation of Hazardous Wastes"

Virginia Commonwealth University,
"Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetra-
chloride and Structurally Related
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons"

Utah, University of,
"Solid State Sensors for Air
Pollution Control"

New York, State University of,
"Development of Methods for the
Analysis of Organic Chloramines
and Inorganic Mono-Chloramine In
Natural and Engineered Systems"

California, University of, -San Diego,
"Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression
in Human Cells"

John Hopkins University, The
"Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms
of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation"

Idaho, University of,
"Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer
from Recombinant Bacteria in an
Agricultural Soil"

Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
"Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and
Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows"
Page

  71
  82
  99
  15
  93
  65
  18
  25
  29
  78
                                 133

                                of Awards - 1990

-------
Lawler,
Desmond F.
Texas, University of,
"Ripening in Water and Wastewater
Filtration:  Effects of Particle
Size"
Page

 109
Lech,       Wisconsin, Medical College of,                 73
John J.     "Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic
            Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary
            Manganese- and Iron-Reducing Bacteria"

Lee,        Brigham Young University,                      61
Milton L.   "Integrated Extraction and Chromato-
            graphic System for Monitoring of
            Trace Organic Pollutants"

Levenson,   Columbia University,                           90
R.          "Global Climate Model Development &
            Sensitivity Experiments"

Levin,      North Carolina State University,               56
Lisa A.     "A Tri-species Indicator of Organic
            Enrichment in Estuaries:  Individual,
            Population and Community Approaches"

Ley,        Lovelace Medical Foundation                    19
Ronald D.   "Melanoma Induction by Environmental
            Ultraviolet Radiation"

Lick,       California, University of, -Santa Barbara,     72
Wilbert     "Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation,
            and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments
            in Aquatic Systems"

Lyons,      Colorado State University,                     92
Walter A.   "The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon
            Summer Regional Oxidant Precursor
            Concentrations in the Lower Lake
            Michigan Basin"

Martin,     Aerospace Corporation,                         87
L.R.        "A Search for Surface Enhanced
            Chemical Kinetics in Aqueous
            Microplets"
                                  134

                            Saury of Awards - 1990

-------
Masten,
Susan J.
Matisoff,
G.
McDOW,
Stephen R.
McMurry,
Peter
Meloan,
Clifton E.
Michigan State University,
"The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor
Stripping for the Removal of
Contaminants from the Vadose Zone"

Case Western Reserve University,
"Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of
Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine
Sediments"

North Carolina, University of,
"Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on
Atmospheric Aerosols"

Minnesota, University of,
"Gas/Particle Distributions and
Particle Size Distributions of Trace
Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere"

Kansas State University,
"Testing Wright's Theory of
Olfaction on Insects by Selectively
Deuterating 2E-Hexen-l-al"
Mendelssohn Louisiana State University,
Irving A.   "The Evaluation of Indicators of
            Wetland Vegetation Stress and Their
            Relationship to Biological Endpoints"
Michelsen,
Donald L.
Mi lo,
George
Morel,
Francis,
M.M.

Murphy,
T.M.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute &
State University,
"Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters
by Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled
With Biological and Sorption Processes"

Ohio State University,
"Bulky Metabolite Modification of
Transcriptionally Active Genes"

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
"Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators
of Metal Stress in Natural Waters"

California, University of, -Davis,
"Mechanism of UVB induced Ion
Leakage Through Plant Plasma Membrane"
Page

 123
  80
  96
  95
  49
                                               55
 108
  20
  58
  28
                                 135

                            "IHHIIM of Awards - 1990

-------
Nash, III
Thomas H.
Niksa,
Stephen
Noble,
Richard D.
Olmez,
Ilhan
Olson,
J.R.
Ozkan,
Umit S.
Pankow,
James F.
Puri,
Ishwar K.
Rhee,
G-Yull
Arizona State University, Tempe,
"Gaseous Deposition in Canopies:
Role of Epiphytic Lichens"
The
Stanford University,
"Suspension Loading Effects on Coal
Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing"

Colorado, University of,
"Removal and Concentration of Pollutants
Based on Electrochemically Modulated
Complexation"

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
"Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle
Emissions"

New York, State University of, -Buffalo
"Metabolism of Polychlorinated
Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the
Rat and Human"

Ohio State University,
"Selective Catalytic Reduction of
NOX with Ammonia over Vanadia/
Titania Catalysts"

Oregon Graduate Center,
"Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle
Distribution"

Illinois, University of, -Chicago,
"An Experimental and Theoretical Study
on the Influence of Methyl Chloride on
the Structure and Extinction of
Hydrocarbon Flames"

New York State Department of Health,
"Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum
for the Bioremediation of PCBs at
an Anaerobic Site and Factors Required
to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic
Biodegradation and Dechlorination"
Page

  35



 112



 124
             97
             24
            103
             89
            111
            121
                                  136

                            Sunnary of Awards - 1990

-------
Robinson,   New England Aquarium Corporation,
William     "Diminished Transport Capacity:
            A New Index of Stress Measured in
            Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
            Blood Plasma"

Rochelle,   Texas, University of, -Austin,
Gary T.     "Flue Gas Desulfurization by
            Calcium Silicate Reagents"

Rosenkranz, Case Western Reserve University,
Herbert S.  "Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity
            and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals"

Sanders,    California State University, -Long Beach,
Brenda M.   "Characterization of Stress Proteins as
            Indicators of Biological Effects and
            Exposure"

Sawyer,     California, University of,
Robert F.   "Destruction of Toxic Compounds by
            Plasma-Augmented Combustion"

Sengupta,   Lehigh University,
Arup K.     "Heavy Metal Decontamination:  Some
            Unique Properties and Application
            Potentials of Chelating Polymers
            with Nitrogen Donor Atoms and
            Composite Membranes"

Sikka,      New York, State University of, -Buffalo,
Harish      "Regie- and Stereoselective Metabolism
            of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
            by Fish"

Smith,      California, University of, -Los Angeles,
Owen        "Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide
            Particulate in Atmospheric Pressure
            Methane Flames"

Speitel, Jr Texas, University of,
Gerald E.   "Control of Disinfection By-Products
            and Biodegradable Organic Carbon"
Page

  51
 101
  17
  54
 107
 125
  33
  98
 106
                                 137

                           Sunary of Awards - 1990

-------
Steenhuis,
Tammo S.
Stoermer,
Eugene F.
Swackhamer
D.L.
Taylor,
Philip H.
Thomas,
J.K.
Thomas,
Peter
Trujillo,
Edward
Twidwell,
Larry G.
Valocchi,
Albert J.
Cornell University,
"Theory of Preferential Flow and its
Monitoring in Sandy Soils Overlaying
Aquifers"

Michigan, University of,
"Effects of Nitrate Loading on
Great Lakes"

Minnesota, University of,
"Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at
the Sediment Water Interface in
Freshwater"

Dayton, University of,
"Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate
C2 and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in
the Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated
Hazardous Wastes"

Notre Dame, University of,
"Adsorption and Photochemistry of
 Molecular Adsorbed on Clays"

Texas, University of, -Austin,
"Assessment of Endocrine Indices as
Early-Warning Indicators of Reproductive
Dysfunction in Female Fish Exposed to
Pollutants"

Utah, University of,
"Removal of Heavy Metals from
Contaminated Water Using
Immobilized Biomass Beads"

Montana College of Mineral Science
and Technology,
"Removal of Arsenic from waste Solutions
and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste"

Illinois, University of,
"Theoretical Studies of the Transport
of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes
Through Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous
Aquifers"
Page

  67
  41
  79
 115
  63
  37
 126
 120
  68
                                 138

                            Suwry of Aranis - 1990

-------
Van Alfen   Texas A&M University,
Neal K.     "Comparative Movement in the Environ-
            ment of Nuclear and Extranuclear
            Genetic Elements in a Microbial
            System"

Van Beneden Duke University,
Rebecca J.  "A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental
            Carcinogenesis"

Walia,      Oakland University,
Satish K.   "Genotoxicity Evaluation of Poly-
            chlorinated Biphenyls and Their
            Metabolites"

Walia,      Oakland University,
Satish K.   "Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl
            Degradation Gene(s) from Pseudomonas
            Putida"

Wang,       Kentucky, University of,
Yi-Tin      "Biological Reduction of Hexavalent
            Chromium"

Weinberg,   Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
James       "Use of Demographic Theory to Determine
            Impact of Disease and Chemical
            Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam
            Population Properties"

Weston,     Maryland, University of,
D.P.        "Chemical and Biological Determinants
            of Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from
            Contaminated Sediments"

Wine,       Georgia Tech Research Corporation,
Paul H.     "Laboratory Investigations of Free
            Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water"

Winer,      California, University of, -Los Angeles,
Arthur M.   "Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase
            Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long
            Pathlength Spectroscopy"

Young,      New York University Medical Center,
L.Y.        "Novel Bioremediation Strategies for
            the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes"
 39
 47
 30
 45
 57
 76
 94
 81
119
                                 139

                           Sunary of Awards - 1990

-------
                         Index  by Institution

                               ********
                                                              Page
Academy of Natural Sciences, The, Gilmour, Cynthia             75
     "A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury
     Production in Lacustrine and Estuarine Sediments"

Aerospace Corporation, Martin, L.R.                            87
     "A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical Kinetics
     in Aqueous Microplets"

Arizona State University, Burrows, Veronica                    91
     "Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors"

Arizona State University, Tempe, Nash, III, Thomas H.          35
     "Gaseous Deposition in Canopies:  The Role of
     Epiphytic Lichens"

Arizona, University of. Bales, Roger C.                        70
     "Microscale Kinetic Effects and the Subsurface
     Transport of Volatile Organics"

Boston College, Davidovits, Paul                               83
     "Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into Fog Droplets"

Brigham Young University, Lee, Milton L.                       61
     "Integrated Extraction and Chromatographic
     System for Monitoring of Trace Organic Pollutants"

California State University, -Long Beach, Sanders, Brenda M.   54
     "Characterization of Stress Proteins as
     Indicators of Biological Effects and Exposure"

California, University of, Sawyer, Robert F.                  107
     "Destruction of Toxic Compounds by Plasma-
     Augmented Combustion"

California, University of, -Berkeley, Dairkee, Shahnaz         27
     "Development of Rapid, Quantitative In Vitro
     Carcinogenicity Assays in Human Mammary
     Epithelial Cells and Their Relevance to
     Breast Cancer"

California, University of, -Berkeley, Fonda, M.                77
     "Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspension
     of Soft Bottom Sediment"
                                 140


                            Sunmary of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

California, University of, -Berkeley, Gold, Lois               23
     "Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests"

California, University of, -Davis, Murphy, T.M.                28
     "Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage Through Plant
     Plasma Membrane"

California, University of, -Los Angeles, Smith, Owen           98
     "Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate in
     Atmopsheric Pressure Methane Flames"

California, University of, -Los Angeles, Winer, Arthur M.      81
     "Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase Indoor
     Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength
     Spectroscopy"

California, University of, -Riverside, Atkinson, Roger         86
     "Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobiphenyls,
     Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related
     Compounds"

California, University of, -San Diego, Karin, Michael          18
     "Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human
     Cells"

California, University of, -Santa Barbara, Lick, Wilbert       72
     "Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and
     Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic
     Systems"

California Institute of Technology, Hoffman, Michael R.        82
     "Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production of
     Hydrogen Peroxide"

California Institute of Technology, Hoffman, Michael R.        99
     "Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation
     of Hazardous Wastes"

Case Western Reserve University, Matisoff, G.                  80
     "Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological
     Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments"

Case Western Reserve University, Rosenkranz, Herbert S.        17
     "Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity and
     Carcinogenicity of Chemicals"
                                 141

                           Summary of Awards - 1990

-------
Clemson University, Grady, C.P. Leslie                        100
     "Effect of Reactor Configuration on Stability of
     Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation in
     Activated Sludge"

Colorado State University, Davidson, Jane H.                  102
     "Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
     Improvement with a Barbed Plate Discharge
     Electrode"

Colorado State University, Davidson, Jane H.                  114
     "Ozone Production with Contaminated Electrodes
     in Electrostatic Air Cleaners"

Colorado State University, Lyons, Walter A.                    92
     "The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer
     Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in
     the Lower Lake Michigan Basin"

Colorado, University of, Fall, Richard R.                      36
     "Environmental Stress and Isoprene Emissions in
     Forest Trees"

Colorado, University of, Noble, Richard D.                    124
     "Removal and Concentration of Pollutants Based on
     Electrochemically Modulated Complexation"

Columbia University, Levenson, R.                              90
     "Global Climate Model Development &
     Sensitivity Experiments"

Cornell University, Dick, Richard I.                          110
     "Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand Filters"

Cornell University, Steenhuis, Tammo S.                        67
     "Theory of Preferential Flow and its Monitoring
     in Sandy Soils Overlaying Aquifers"

Dayton, University of, Dellinger, Barry                        85
     "An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-Chloromethane-
     Chloroethane Reaction Rates at Elevated Temperatures
     Using a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced
     Fluorescence Technique"
                                 142

                            "iIIIHI MI of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

Dayton, University of, Taylor, Philip H.                      115
     "Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate C2 and C4
     Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal
     Destruction of Chlorinated Hazardous Wastes"

Drexel, University of, Gealt, Michael                          32
     "Regulation of Genetic Transfer into and Between
     Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater"

Duke University, Bryers, James                                 43
     "Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes:  Selection
     Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm
     Treatment Systems"

Duke University, DiGiulio, Richard T.                          59
     "Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins in
     Benthic Fish"

Duke University, DiGiulio, Richard T.                          38
     "Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization in the
     Channel Catfish"

Duke University, Van Beneden, Rebecca J.                       39
     "A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental
     Carcinogenesis"

Florida International University, Cooper, William J.          118
     "A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy
     Electrons for the Treatment of Polychlorinated
     Biphenyls in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge"

Florida International University, Cooper, William J.           64
     "Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of Halogenated
     Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water
     Treatment"

George Washington University, DeFabo, Edward C.                22
     "Investigations on the Mechanism of Sunlight-
     Induced Immune Suppression:  The Impact of
     Stratospheric Ozone Depletion"

Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Wine, Paul H.               94
     "Laboratory Investigations of Free Radical
     Chemistry in Cloud Water"
                                 143

                           Suamary of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

Idaho, University of, Knudson, Guy R.                           29
     "Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from
     Recombinant Bacteria in an Agricultural Soil"

Illinois, University of, Valocchi, Albert J.                   68
     "Theoretical Studies of the Transport of
     Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes Through Three-
     Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifers"

Illinois, University of, -Chicago, Puri, Ishwar K.            Ill
     "An Experimental and Theoretical Study on the
     Influence of Methyl Chloride on the Structure
     and Extinction of Hydrocarbon Flames"

Indiana University, Kites, Ronald A.                           71
     "Movement of Contaminated Sediments From
     the Detroit River Through Lake Erie"

Iowa State University, Atkinson, Gary                          34
     "Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models
     and Bioenergetics Models for Risk Assessment"

Johns Hopkins University, The, Kleeberger, Steven R.           25
     "Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of
    Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation"

Kansas State University, Meloan, Clifton E.                    49
     "Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on
     Insects by Selectively Deuterating
     2E-Hexen-l-al"

Kentucky, University of, Wang, Yi-Tin                          45
     "Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium"

Lehigh University, Sengupta, Arup K.                          125
     "Heavy Metal Decontamination:  Some Unique
     Properties and Application Potentials of
     Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor
     Atoms and Composite Membranes"

Louisiana State University, Mendelssohn, Irving A.             55
     "The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland
     Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship
     to Biological Endpoints"
                                 144

                           Sunnary of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Paoe

Lovelace Medical Foundation, Ley, Ronald D.                    19
     "Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet
     Radiation"

Maine, University of, Findlay, Robert H.                       50
     "A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning System
     for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems"

Maryland, University of, Weston, D.P.                          76
     "Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon
     Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments"

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Gschwend, Philip M.     74
     "Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids,
     and Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in
     Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments"

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Morel, Francis, M.M.    58
     "Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress
     in Natural Waters"

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Olmez, Ilhan            97
     "Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle Emissions"

Meharry Medical College, Blake, Diane A.                       40
     "Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay"

Michigan State University, Boyd, Stephen A.                    31
     "Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the
     Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil
     and Subsurface Materials"

Michigan State University, Masten, Susan J.                   123
     "The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor Stripping for
     the Removal of Contaminants from the Vadose Zone"

Michigan, University of, Stoermer, Eugene F.                   41
     "Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes"

Minnesota, University of, McMurry, Peter                       95
     "Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle
     Size Distributions of Trace Organics in the
     Ambient Atmosphere"

Minnesota, University of, Swackhamer, D.L.                     79
     "Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the
     Sediment Water Interface in Freshwater"
                                 145

                           Sumary of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

Missouri, University of, -Columbia, Anderson, Stephen H.       60
     "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-Scale
     Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport
     Through Soil Using Computer Tomography"

Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology,            120
Twidwell, Larry G.
     "Removal of Arsenic from Waste Solutions and
     from Copper Smelter Solid Waste"

New England Aquarium Corporation, Robinson, William            51
     "Diminished Transport Capacity:  A New Index
    of Stress Measured in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca:
     Bivalvia) Blood Plasma"

New Hampshire, University of, Farag, Ihab H.                  105
     "NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization in a
     Staged N-CFBC.  Phase I: Cold Flow Measurements"

New Mexico State University, Eiceman, Gary A.                  66
     "Field Screening of Organic Priority Pollutants
     Using Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry"

New York State Department of Health, Rhee, G-Yull             121
     "Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum for the
     Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and
     Factors Required to Induce and Enhance
     Anaerobic Biodegradation and Dechlorination"

New York University Medical Center, Costa, Max                 14
     "Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced by the
     Carcinogen Chromate"

New York University Medical Center, Young, L.Y.               119
     "Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the
     Degradation of Alkylbenzenes"

New York, State University of, Jensen, James N.                65
     "Development of Methods for the Analysis of
     Organic Chloramines and Inorganic Mono-
     Chloramine in Natural and Engineered Systems"

New York, State University of, -Buffalo, Sikka, Harish         33
     "Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism of
     Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish"
                                 146

                                of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

New York, State University of, -Buffalo, Olson, J.R.           24
     "Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and
     Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human"

North Carolina State University, Levin, Lisa A.                56
     "A Tri-species Indicator of Organic Enrichment in
     Estuaries:  Individual, Population and Community
     Approaches"

North Carolina, University of, McDow, Stephen R.               96
     "Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on Atmospheric
     Aerosols"

North Carolina, University of, -Chapel Hill, Aitken,          122
Michael D.
     "Development of Enzyme Technology for Selective
     Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous
     Mixtures"

Notre Dame, University of, Thomas, J.K.                        63
     "Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular
     Adsorbed on Clays"

Oakland University, walia, Satish K.                           47
     "Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polychlorinated
     Biphenyls and Their Metabolities"

Oakland University, Walia, Satish K.                           30
     "Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl
     Degradation Gene(s) from Pseudomonas Putida"

Ohio State University, D'Ambrosio, Steven M.                   21
     "Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells"

Ohio State University, Hayton, William L.                      46
     "Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic Models in Fish"

Ohio State University, Hille, C. Russell                       16
     "Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes
     Faecalis"

Ohio State University, Milo, George                            20
     "Bulky Metabolite Modification of Trans-
     criptionally Active Genes"

Ohio State University, Ozkan, Umit S.                         103
     "Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX with
     Ammonia over Vanadia/Titania Catalysts"

                                 147

                           Stonary of Awards - 1990

-------
Oklahoma, University of, Christian, Sherril D.                127
     "Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Water by
     Ultrafiltration & Precipitation"

Oregon Graduate Center, Pankow, James F.                       89
     "Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle Distribution"

Oregon State University, Arp, Daniel J.                        42
     "Degradation of Haolgenated Hydrocarbons
     by Nitrifying Bacteria"

Pennsylvania State University, Bollag, Jean-Marc               62
     "Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds Through
     Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances"

Pennsylvania State University, Dunson, William A.              52
     "Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems
     for Evaluating Anthropogenic Stresses"

Purdue University, Frost, John w.                              69
     "Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus Bond
     Cleavage"

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Altwicker, E.R.             117
     "A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid
     Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed
     Combustor)"

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Altwicker, Elmar R.         116
     "Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation of
     Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators:  The Role
     of Precursors"

South Carolina, University of, Coull, Bruce C.                 48
     "High Density Culture of Meiobenthos for
     Sediment Bioassay and Trophic-Transfer
     of Sediment-Bound Toxicants"

Stanford University, Bowman, C.T.                             113
     "Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical Mechanism
     of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction In
     Combustion Products"

Stanford University, Niksa, Stephen                           112
     "Suspension Loading Effects on Coal Nitrogen
     Conversion During  (PF) Firing"
                                 148

                            Suanary of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

Tennessee Technology University, Glinski, Robert J.            84
     "Spectroscopic and Photometric Measurement of
     Novel Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems"

Texas A&M University, Van Alfen, Neal K.                        44
     "Comparative Movement in the Environment of Nuclear
     and Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial
     System"

Texas, University of, Becker, D.                               26
     "The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in
     Human Malignant Melanoma"

Texas, University of, Lawler, Desmond F.                       109
     "Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtration:
     Effects of Particle Size"

Texas, University of, Speitel, Jr., Gerald E.                 106
     "Control of Disinfection By-Products and
     Biodegradable Organic Carbon"

Texas, University of, -Austin, Rochelle,  Gary T.              101
     "Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium
     Silicate Reagents"

Texas, University of, -Austin, Thomas, Peter                   37
     "Assessment of Endocrine Indices as  Early-Warning
     Indicators of Reproductive Dysfunction in Female
     Fish Exposed to Pollutants"

Utha, University of, Janata, Jiri                              93
     "Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution Control"

Utah, University of, Trujillo, Edward                         126
     "Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated
     Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads"

Vriginia Commonwealth University, Holsapple, Michael P.        15
     "Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetrachloride and
     Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons"

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Kuo, Albert              78
     "Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and  Deposition
     in Tidal Estuary Flows"
                                 149

                           Samsay of Awards - 1990

-------
                                                              Page

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University,            108
Michelsen, Donald L.
     "Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters by Means of
     Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological and
     Sorption Processes"

Washington, university of, Benjamin, Mark M.                  104
     "An Investigation of Mixed Surface Media
     Filtration"

Washington State University, Hipps, K.W.                       88
     "M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors"

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Weinberg, James            57
     "Use of Demographic Theory to Determine Impact
    of Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft
    Shell Clam Population Properties"

Wisconsin, Medical College of, Lech, John J.                   73
     "Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant
     Compounds by Sedimentary Manganese- and Iron-
     Reducing Bacteria"

Wright State University, Burton, G. Allen                      53
     "Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and
     Endpoints in Stream Toxicity Assessments"
                                 150

                            "mailMI of Awards - 1990

-------