United States Environmental Protection Agency Research And Development (RD-675) 21R-1004 January 1991 FY1990 Annual Report Of The Research Grant Program Printed on Recycled Paper V EPA 21R- 1004 ^ c.2 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Profile of the FY '90 Fiscal Year Research Grants Program 2 Available Documents 2 V Summary of Awards 3 V* v Environmental Health 4 v {' Environmental Biology 5 Environmental Chemistry & Physics Water 8 H Environmental Chemistry & Physics Air 9 Environmental Engineering 11 Super fund 12 Index by Principal Investigator Name 13 Index by Institutions 13 ------- INTRODUCTION The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for implementing laws designed to mitigate or prevent environmental pollution. Central to the execution of its responsibility is the need for reliable scientific and technical information and easy access to the American community of scientists and engineers. Recognizing this need the Agency established an exploratory research program whose objectives are: To have the environmental research community aware of and working on problems of interest to EPA; To promote close interaction and mutual awareness between EPA researchers and the environmental research community; To provide general support to the research community for work on fundamental environmental research, thereby promoting a solid foundation of knowledge and a cadre of scientific and technical personnel in the environmental sciences. The Office of Exploratory Research (OER) meets these objectives by managing a program of research through grants to qualified investigators and by operating a system of peer review for competitively selecting and awarding research projects in environmental chemistry, physics, engineering, biology and health science. Topics supported include the identification and characterization of hazardous substances, intermedia transport, and fate of pollutants (all media), human and ecological risk assessment, incineration, emission reduction, and wastewater treatment. Investigator-initiated research applications are received in response to an annual general solicitation and special solicitations called "Request for Applications" (RFA). The RFA is a mechanism by which proposals are solicited for a one-time competition in a well defined high priority research area. Grants from both mechanisms are selected on the basis of technical merit, and the contribution toward a balanced research program. The grants selection process uses a dual system of review. Ad Hoc panels, chaired by scientists or engineers from outside EPA, meet approximately twice annually to discuss reviews of each proposal, which are conducted by at least three experts in the relevant field. Project progress is reported in technical reports or by the publication of scientific papers in peer reviewed journals. Grantees may be required to participate in EPA sponsored workshops and seminars which feature work accomplishments from their projects. -1- ------- A PROFILE OF THE FT 1990 RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM In FY 1990, the Grants Program received 16.1 million dollars under its general appropriation, which represented 7.4% of ORD's non-Superfund extramural budget. In addition, 2.2 million dollars of Superfund monies were allocated to engineering studies of hazardous substances at Superfund sites. The Research Grants Staff received a total of 612 applications (both Superfund and general appropriation). Of this total, 209 were approved for funding by peer review panels and 156 were awarded as grants, giving an overall passing rate (applications approved to applications received) of 34%, and a funding rate (grants funded to applications received) of 25%. Approximately 75% of the applications approved for funding in FY 1990 by technical review panels received some level of support. Grants are currently funded at an average of 106 thousand dollars per year, have an average project period of 2.4 years, and a maximum project period of 3 years. In FY 1990, over 100 refereed journal articles were published by grantees supported all or in part by the Research Grants Program. AVAILABLE DOCUMENTS The following documents related to the Research Grants Program may be obtained by writing to: Research Grants Staff U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RD-675) 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20460 Solicitation for Research Grant Proposals - 1991 Exploratory Research Grants - September 1990 United States Environmental Protection Agency - Application Kit for Assistance (Research or Demonstration Assistance) The application kit is also available from: Grants Operation Branch Grants Administration Division (PM-216F) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 -2- ------- SUMMARY OF AWARDS FOR FT-1990 The following collection of abstracts pertains to research grants awarded by OER during the fiscal year 1990. Additional information on any individual project may be obtained from OER upon request by writing to: Virginia Broadway Environmental Protection Agency RD-675 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 -3- ------- OFFICE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY SUMMARY OF AWARDS - 1990 Grant No. ENVIRONMRNTAT. R81-4702-01 R81-4750-01 R81-5066-01 R81-5488-01 R81-5580-01 R81-5604-01 R81-5605-01 R81-5612-01 R81-5866-01 R81-5867-01 R81-5915-01 Title Altered DNA-Protein Binding induced by the Carcinogen Chromate Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetra- chloride and Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes Faecalis Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human Cells Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation Bulky Metabolite Modification of Transcriptionally Active Genes Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells Investigations on the Mechanism of Sunlight-Induced Immune Suppression: The impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human Page No 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 -4- SuBBary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. R81-6557-01 R81-6603-01 R81-6825-01 Title Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Human Malignant Melanoma Development of Rapid, Quantitative In vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Their Relevance to Breast Cancer Page No 25 26 27 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY R81-4960-01 R81-5076-01 R81-5592-01 R81-5597-01 R81-5610-01 R81-5621-01 R81-5921-01 R81-5949-01 Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage Through Plant Plasma Membrane Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from Recombinant Bacteria in an Agricultural Soil Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl Degradation Genets) from Pseudomonas Putida Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil and Subsurface Materials Regulation of Genetic Transfer Into and Between Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models and Bioenergetics Models for Risk Assessment 28 29 30 31 Gaseous Deposition in Canopies: Role of Epiphytic Lichens The 32 33 34 35 -5- Samary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. R81-5995-01 R81-6023-01 R81-6168-01 R81-6277-01 R81-6393-01 R81-6467-01 R81-6531-01 R81-6701-01 R81-6834-01 R81-6872-01 R81-6879-01 R81-6919-01 R81-7000-01 Title Page No Environmental Stress and Isoprene 36 Emissions in Forest Trees Assessment of Endocrine Indices as 37 Early-Warning Indicators of Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Fish Exposed to Pollutants Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization 38 in the Channel Catfish A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental 39 Carcinogenesis Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immune- 40 assay Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes 41 Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons 42 by Nitrifying Bacteria Bioremedation of Xenobiotic Wastes: 43 Selection Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm Treatment Systems Comparative Movement in the Environment 44 of Nuclear and Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial System Biological Reduction of Hexavalent 45 Chromium Scaling Xenobiotix Pharmacokinetic 46 Models in Fish Genotoxicity Evaluation of Poly- 47 chlorinated Biphenyls and Their Metabolites High Density Culture of Meiobenthos 48 for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic- Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants -6- of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. R81-7034-01 R81-7196-01 R81-7198-01 R81-7206-01 R81-7217-01 R81-7219-01 R81-7239-01 R81-7252-01 R81-7283-01 R81-7285-01 R81-7302-01 Title Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on Insects by Selectively Deuterating 2E-Hexen-l-al A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning System for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems Diminished Transport Capacity: A New Index of Stress Measured in Mvtilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Blood Plasma Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems for Evaluting Anthropogenic Stresses Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity Assessments Characterization of Stress Proteins as Indicators of Biological Effects and Exposure The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship to Biological Endpoints A Tri-species Indicator of Organic Enrichment in Estuaries: Individual, Population and Community Approaches Use of Demographic Theory to Determine Impact of Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam Population Properties Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress in Natural Waters Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins in Benthic Fish Page No 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 -7- Samary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. Title Page No ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (WATER) R81-5544-01 R81-5574-01 R81-5701-01 R81-5953-01 R81-5957-01 R81-5990-01 R81-5991-01 R81-6002-01 R81-6050-01 R81-6180-01 R81-6282-01 Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore- 60 Scale Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport Through Soil Using Computer Tomography Integrated Extraction and Chromatographic 61 System for Monitoring of Trace Organic Pollutants Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds 62 Through Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular 63 Adsorbed on Clays Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of 64 Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water Treatment Development of Methods For The Analysis 65 of Organic Chloramines and Inorganic Mono-Chloramine in Natural and Engineered Systems Field Screening of Organic Priority 66 Pollutants Using Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry Theory of Preferential Flow And Its 67 Monitoring In Sandy Soils Overlaying Aquifers Theoretical Studies of the Transport 68 of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes Through Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifers Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus 69 Bond Cleavage Microscale Kinetic Effects and the 70 Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organics -8- Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. Title Pace No R81-6743-01 R81-7098-01 R81-7137-01 R81-7145-01 R81-7149-01 R81-7160-01 R81-7170-01 R81-7182-01 R81-7276-01 R81-7278-01 Movement of Contaminated Sediments From the Detroit River Through Lake Erie Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic Systems Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary Manganese- and Iron-Reducing Bacteria Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids, and Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury (MeHg) Production in Lacustrine and Estuarine Sediments Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspen- sion of Soft Bottom Sediment Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the Sediment Water Interface in Fresh- water Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (AIR) R81-4876-01 R81-5170-01 Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength Spectroscopy Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide -9- Sumnary of Awards - 1990 81 82 ------- Grant No. Title Page No R81-5469-01 R81-5534-01 R81-5871-01 R81-6198-01 R81-6211-01 R81-6329-01 R81-6353-01 R81-6395-01 R81-6434-01 R81-6486-01 R81-6491-01 R81-6559-01 R81-6672-01 R81-6678-01 Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants Into 83 Fog Droplets Spectroscopic and Photometric Measure- 84 ment of Novel Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical- 85 Chloromethane-Chloroethane Reaction Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced Fluorescence Technique Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobi- 86 phenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical 87 Kinetics in Aqueous Microplets M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors 88 Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle 89 Distribution Global Climate Model Development & 90 Sensitivity Experiments Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors 91 The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer 92 Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in the Lower Lake Michigan Basin Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution 93 Control Laboratory Investigations of Free 94 Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle 95 Size Distributions of Trace Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on 96 Atmospheric Aerosols -10- Smnary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. Title Page No R81-6829-01 Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle Emissions 97 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING R81-5040-01 R81-5041-01 R81-5124-01 R81-5483-01 R81-5740-01 R81-5861-01 R81-5883-01 R81-6327-01 R81-6449-01 R81-6459-01 R81-6464-01 R81-6476-01 Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate 98 in Atmospheric Pressure Methane Flames Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation 99 of Hazardous Wastes Effect of Reactor Configuration on 100 Stability of Xenobiotic Compound Bio- degradation in Activated Sludge Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium 101 Silicate Reagents Electrostatic Precipitator Performance 102 Improvement with a Barbed Plate Discharge Electrode Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX 103 with Ammonia over Vanadia/Titania Catalysts An Investigation of Mixed Surface Media 104 Filtration NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization 105 in a Staged N-CFBC. Phase I: Cold Flow Measurements Control of Disinfection By-Products 106 and Biodegradable Organic Carbon Destruction of Toxic Compounds by 107 Plasma-Augmented Combustion Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters 108 by Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological and Sorption Processes Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtra- 109 tion: Effects of Particle Size -11- Sunary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. R81-6490-01 R81-6856-01 R81-6861-01 R81-6873-01 R81-6876-01 R81-6887-01 R81-6927-01 R81-6928-01 R81-6932-01 Title Page No Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand 110 Filters An Experimental And Theoretical Study 111 On The Influence Of Methyl Chloride On The Structure And Extinction Of Hydrocarbon Flames Suspension Loading Effects on Coal 112 Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical 113 Mechanism of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction In Combustion Products Ozone Production With Contaminated 114 Electrodes In Electrostatic Air Cleaners Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate C2 115 and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated Hazardous Wastes Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation 116 of Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators: The Role of Precursors A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid 117 Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed Combustor) A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy 118 Electrons for the Treatment of Poly- chlorinated Biphenyls in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge SUPERFUND R81-6483-01 R81-6722-01 Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes Removal of Arsenic from Waste Solutions and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste 119 120 -12- Stmary of Awards - 1990 ------- Grant No. Title Page No R81-6903-01 R81-6914-01 R81-6922-01 R81-6935-01 R81-7438-01 R81-7440-01 R81-7450-01 Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum 121 for the Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and Factors Required to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic Biodegradation and Dechlorination Development of Enzyme Technology for 122 Selective Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor 123 Stripping for the Removal of Contaminants from the Vadose Zone Removal and Concentration of Pollutants 124 Based on Electrochemically Modulated Complexation Heavy Metal Decontamination: Some Unique 125 Properties and Application Potentials of Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor Atoms and Composite Membranes Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated 126 Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Water 127 by Ultrafiltration & Precipitation Index by Principal Investigator's name Index by Institution 128 140 -13- Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EPA Project NO: R81-4702-01 Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced by the Carcinogen Chromate institution: Principal Investigator New York University Medical Center Max Costa Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $561,087 SUMMARY The DNA-protein crosslink is a lesion produced by a wide variety of chemical agents. The nature of this lesion and its biological significance are poorly understood. Chromate-induced DNA protein crosslinks are stable and persistent and probably are important for chromate toxicity and carcinogenicity. Mechanisms and specificity of chromate- induced DNA-protein crosslinks will be determined as follows: a) Potassium chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslink formation will be studied in intact cultured human cells (HeLa) to study the stability of the crosslinks to various reagents that disrupt specific chemical bonds; b) Hela cells will be exposed in vitro to CrCl3 or with K2Cr04 to determine whether reduction products or the trivalent form of chromium mediate the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks; c) Antibodies will be developed to study the proteins involved in the chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslink; and d) The immunological reactivity of the antibodies for the protein involved in the crosslink will be utilized to isolate specific classes of DNA sequences involved in the crosslinking. -14- ------- EPA Project No: R81-4750-01 Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetrachloride and Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Institution: Principal Investigator: Virginia Commonwealth University Michael P. Holsapple Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $221,203 ********** SUMMARY The focus of this proposal is to test the following hypothesis: Exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CC14) and other structurally related chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH) results in suppression of immune function and immunocompetence. This hypothesis will be tested through the completion of three major research objectives: (1) By characterizing the effects of CC14 on immune function and immune surveillance in B6C3F1 mice; (2) By investigating structure activity relationships of CH congeners which are structurally related to CC14 on humoral immune responses; and (3) By determining if additive or synergistic effects on the immune system occur following combined exposure to CC14 and other structurally similar CH. These research objectives will be addressed utilizing assay systems which assess cellular function. Studies will include the determination of a comprehensive profile on the effects of CC14 on humoral, innate and cell mediated immune responses. Greatest emphasis will be placed on the T-dependent antibody response to sRBC, and assay system which we have been found to be most sensitive in detecting chemically-induced immune perturbations including those mediated by CC14. This model will be utilized to assess the immunotoxicological potency of selected CH alone and in combination with CC14. To date the immunotoxicity of CC14 has not been evaluated, however, preliminary data from our laboratory demonstrates that CC14 can markedly suppress both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. -15- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5066-01 Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes Faecalis Institution: Principal Investigator: Ohio State university C. Russell Hille Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $371,833 ********** SUMMARY The overall goal of the proposed research is to examine the biochemical processes whereby arsenite is oxidized to arsenate and subsequently methylated, in order to better understand arsenic metabolism in the biosphere and its environmental significance. The specific aims of the proposed research are: To characterize the arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis and its interaction with azurin and cytochrome 0553. This work will include an analysis of the steady-state and rapid kinetics of arsenite oxidase catalysis as well as the rates of electron transfer among the three proteins and the identification of any complexes formed between them; To purify and characterize the enzyme(s) responsible for the methylation of arsenate to its mono- and dihydroxymethyl derivatives. This aspect of the proposed work will entail a steady-state kinetic analysis of the enzymes as well as an examination of their cofactor requirements and mechanism of action; and To characterize the molecular biology of arsenic resistance in A. faecalis. Specific aspects to be pursued include a determination of the number and organization of genes involved in arsenic resistance and their localization (chromosome or plasmid), the functioning of the corresponding gene products (including their inducibility), and the engineering of the organism in such a way as to obtain overexpression of these gene products (either as a group or individually) so as to facilitate the protein chemistry and enzymology studies of the system. -16- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5488-01 Structural Basis of the Hutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals Institution: Principal Investigator: Case Western Reserve University Herbert S. Rosenkranz Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $421,429 ********** SUMMARY The hypothesis to be investigated is based upon the expectation that there is a structural basis to carcinogenesis by chemicals - which albeit it may be subtle and difficult to elucidate by ordinary means - can be recognized by the CASE method, an artificial intelligence structure-activity system recently developed by us. Additionally, it is expected that these structural features will yield mechanistic information when analyzed by expert human intelligence. Ultimately, in future studies by this or other laboratories, the mechanistic information can be tested experimentally. It is theorized further that differing activities of chemical carcinogens, such as sex, tissue or species specificity may have a structural basis which can be identified by CASE. Finally, it is surmized that this method can recognize structural (mechanistic) similarities between carcinogenesis and particular in vitro systems. To achieve the aims of this proposal, the following avenues of research will be pursued: To identify the structural determinants responsible for the carcinogenicity of chemicals in rodents and in subsets thereof, i.e., species, sex, and organ-specificity; To determine which short-term predictive tests have structural determinants similar to those that have been recognized for carcinogenicity (Aim #1, above). This should result in the recognition of cellular systems that resemble mechanistically the process of carcinogenicity and hence should (a) be more predictive of carcinogenicity and (b) be useful for mechanistic studies to understand the carcinogenic process; To ascertain the prevalence of carcinogens in a sample representative of the "chemical universe." -17- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5580-01 Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human Cells Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California-San Diego Michael Karin Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $319,411 ********** SUMMARY The overall objective of this proposal is to understand the molecular basis for the regulation of essential and toxic trace metals in human cells. The investigator has chosen to study the regulation of the human metallothionein gene family. The product of these genes are low molecular weight heavy metal binding proteins which play a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of essential trace metal ions, such as Cu and Zn, and in protection of various organisms against the toxic effects of ions such as Cd and Hg. -18- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5604-01 Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation Institution: Principal Investigator: Lovelace Medical Foundation Ronald D. Ley Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $295,021 ********** SUMMARY An understanding of the role of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the etiology of melanoma will be essential to assess the impact of any potential decrease in stratospheric ozone concentration on the incidence of melanoma in humans. Unlike the case with the non- melanoma skin cancers, it has been proposed that factors such as intensity, duration, frequency, and age at time of exposure are more important than a cumulative dose in the induction of cutaneous melanoma by solar radiation. However, the ability to test various exposure regimens and the influence of age at time of exposure on the induction of melanoma has been impossible, until now, by the lack of a suitable animal model with which to conduct the studies. Researchers observed recently that chronic exposure of the South American opossum MondeIphis domestica to UVR resulted in a 22% incidence of cutaneous melanotic tumors in 46 surviving animals, some of the tumors have been classified as malignant melanoma based on metastasis to lymph nodes. The effect of various UVR exposure regimens on the induction of melanoma in M. domestica will be studied. Exposure conditions to be tested include: 1. dose per exposure; 2. frequency of exposure; 3. intermittent exposure to high (sunburning) doses of UVR; and, 4. age (neonate, juvenile, adolescent or adult) at time of UVR exposure. A complete understanding of the role of UVR exposure in the etiology of melanoma will be beneficial in that activities or factors which increase the risk of melanoma can be reduced or avoided. -19- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5605-01 Bulky Metabolite Modification of Transcriptionally Active Genes Institution: Principal Investigator: Ohio State University George Milo Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $438,443 ********** SUMMARY When human cells receive a carcinogenic insult in the early S phase of the cell cycle, a heightened response to the insult was observed as evidenced by the increased expression of an abnormal phenotype. Moreover, when a non-toxic concentration of benzamide (BZ) is added to the cells at the onset of S phase followed by treatment with a carcinogen, the expression of the abnormal phenotype is inhibited. Measurement of carcinogen-DNA adducts of BPDE modified bulk DNA did not show any difference between the BZ and non-BZ pretreated carcinogen treated samples. Studies on the binding of B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE I) revealed ca. three times more binding of BPDE I to the linker DNA when compared to the core region of the chromatin in the presence of BZ (2). There was equal binding to the linker and core DNA when cells in S phase were treated with BPDE I alone. The confluent cells in Gi cell arrest treated only with BPDE I also had the carcinogen bound preferentially to the linker region. These data suggest that BZ somehow alters the integrity of the linker and core region of the DNA during replication, by masking the DNA sites that are vulnerable to the initiating agent BPDE I, the modification of which is necessary for transformation. The primary objective of this effort is to study the induction of DNA lesions and the repair of these lesions at specific regions of the chromatin DNA. The specific sites of interest will be DNasel hypersensitive sites of carcinogen adducted transcriptionally active genes. The genes of interest to us will be a-actin, cellular H-ras and c-royc. The adducted DNA in these genes will be isolated and analyzed by the 32p_pOStlajDel^ng technology. Lastly, transformation modifiers that alter transcription activity will be studied to observe what effects wither down- or upregulation of the genes does to carcinogen modification of the DNA in the gene sites. -20- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5612-01 Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells Institution: Principal Investigator: Ohio State University Steven M. D'Ambrosio Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $505,177 ********** SUMMARY DNA damage can cause structural changes that interfere with the functional integrity of the DNA. These alterations occurring in target cells and/or genes may lead to the biological consequences following exposure to environmental agents. The focus has been on understanding how specific DNA base alterations; O6- alkylguanine, 04-alkylthymidine and pyrimidine dimers are recognized and processed in the cellular genome in epithelial cells derived from human fetal liver, lung and intestine. To date, results indicate that: (a) the level of DNA repair enzymes are tissue specific and may be cell type specific; (b) although the mechanism, i.e., alkyltransferase, for repairing 0^-alkylguanine is similar to bacterial cell and some transformed mammalian cells, the acceptor protein may be regulated differently in normal human epithelial cells; and (c) normal human epithelial cells actively repair 04-alkylthymidine by a process that may be different from an alkyltransferase mechanism. This research will now focus on the hypothesis that DNA repair in normal human epithelial cells is dependent upon the proliferative and differentiated state of the cell and the level of gene transcription. The objectives will include: (a) the quantitation and characterization of DNA repair enzymes responsible for repairing the premutagenic O4-alkylthymidine in normal human fetal liver cells. This will determine whether the mechanism of repairing 04-alkylthymidine is via an alkyltransferase, N- glycosylase endonuclease or other process. (b) Determine whether the repair of 0-alkylation damage is regulated in normal human epithelial cells as a function of DNA replication and differentiation and, if so, the signals involved. (c) Study how cellular damage is processed in selected transcribing and non- transcribing genes within the cell. -21- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5866-01 Investigations on the Mechanism of Sunlight-Induced Immune Suppression: The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Institution: Principal Investigator: George Washington University Edward C. DeFabo Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $436,579 ********** SUMMARY Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in vivo causes a selective, systemic immunosuppression. The researchers will investigate the mechanism by which this suppression is initiated, who previously put forward the hypothesis that UVB-induced suppression is initiated by the photoisomerization in skin of urocanic acid (UCA, de-aminated histidine) to its cis isomer. It is proposed that cis UCA is immunoreactive, initiating events leading to suppressor T cell formation. This hypothesis will be tested further by making use of a unique strain of mouse genetically deficient in UCA which does not show UVB-induced suppression. For those parts of the experiment which require ultraviolet B irradiation the investigator will utilize a specialized light source capable of generating narrow bands of UV over a large size field. These will be employed to limit UVB radiation to biologically relevant wavelengths; to regulate intensity so as to minimize inflammatory effects and to prevent contamination by other unwanted wavelengths of radiation. -22- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5867-01 Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Lois Gold at Berkeley Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $302,713 SUMMARY The investigators propose to analyze their Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB), which contains results for over 1,000 chemicals analyzed for carcinogenic potency by a consistent method. The objectives are to compare results as a function of species (rodent vs. primate), route of administration, and strain; to assess human exposures in order to rank carcinogenic hazards; and to investigate mechanistic information provided by mutagenicity and toxicity. The rationale is the CPDB provides opportunities in investigate correlations in a large database. The experimental methods are essentially straightforward comparisons of carcinogenic potency values grouped to investigate each hypothesis. The expected results are a more complete description of the responses of experimental animals in cancer bioassays and a ranking of chemicals as potential causes of human cancer. -23- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5915-01 Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human Institution: Principal Investigator: State University of New York, J.R. Olson Buffalo Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $562,204 ********** SUMMARY The objective of this application is to compare the metabolism and disposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in rat and human hepatocytes in suspension culture. The resulting data will then be employed along with other information for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models for the various PCDDs and PCDFs in the rat and human. Seven radioactive PCDDs and PCDFs will be studied, including: 2,3,7,8-TCDD; 2,3,7,8-TCDF; 1,2,3,4,7-penta- CDD; 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF. The proposed research is divided into three major phases. initially, freshly isolated hepatocytes in suspension culture from 8-10 week old male and female Sprague- Dawley rats and from human surgical patients will be used to measure: 1) the uptake and subcellular distribution of different concentrations of the various labeled PCDDs and PCDFs; 2) the apparent Km and Vmax values for metabolite formation; and 3) the effect of 2,3,7,8-TCDD pretreatment (in vivo for the rat and in vitro for both species) on cytochrome P-450 induction and on the uptake, metabolism and subcellular distribution of selected PCDDs and PCDFs. In the second set of studies, the experimental parameters necessary to develop the PB-PK models for the various PCDDs and PCDFs in the rat and human will be obtained and the models then constructed. -24- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6557-01 Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation Institution: Principal Investigator: The Johns Hopkins University Steven R. Kleeberger Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $144,257 ********** SUMMARY The primary objective of the proposed research which is to investigate the molecular and genetic mechanisms which influence the pulmonary inflammatory response to ozone inhalation. Pulmonary inflammation will be assessed following exposure by morphological examination and by differential cell count and albumin concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The specific aims are: 1) to determine whether strain differences exist between C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice in the magnitude and time course of the inflammatory responses to ozone, and whether the inf locus determines these differences; 2) to determine the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the inflammatory response to ozone; and 3) to determine the cellular sources of the chemotactic mediators which contribute to susceptibility to ozone-induced inflammation. Differences in these mechanisms between C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice will be evaluated further for the patterns of inheritance among progeny of crosses between the strains. We believe that this simple genetic model will be of general usefulness in understanding the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response to ozone. -25- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6603-01 The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Human Malignant Melanoma Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Texas D. Becker, Ph.D. Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $164,409 SUMMARY This research involves the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the proliferation and tumor promotion of advanced stage melanomas. It seeks to demonstrate bFGF gene expression in advanced stage melanomas, to determine if insertion of human bFGF in three cell types will enable production of bFGF and growth independence from exogenous bFGF, and to determine if the synthesis of bFGF by human melanocytes and nevus cells is sufficient to induce signs of malignant progression. The significance of this work is in mitogenic potency of bFGF in normal human melanocytes in culture. Preliminary results indicate: (a) a melanoma cell line and four metastatic melanomas express bFGF gene to a greater extent than normal human melanocytes, and (b) an antisense oligomer (15-mer) complementary to bFGF was taken up (perhaps by a non- specific mechanism) by and had reversible, specific growth- inhibitory properties in melanoma cells. The investigators have had preliminary success with plasmid and retroversal expression constructs of bFGF and can propagate infectious amphotropic pSVX(s)bFGF retroviruses. -26- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6825-01 Development of Rapid, Quantitative In Vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Their Relevance to Breast Cancer Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Berkeley Shahnaz Dairkee Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $61,845 SUMMARY The overall purpose of the continued proposed work is to develop rapid, quantitative in vitro predictive assays for carcinogenicity in humans. This will be accomplished by using markers developed against normal and transformed human mammary epithelial cells in culture. To accomplish the above objectives, several specific aims will be targeted. These include: (1) the development of a quantitative transformation assay for detection of organ-specific carcinogens and (2) the demonstration of the relevance of the transformation event to human mammary cancer. These specific tasks involve: (1) the screening of lipophilic cationic dyes fpr differential retention in extended life (EL) cultures versus untreated NHME cells; (2) examination of the temporal relationship between treatment, acquisition of dye markers and the percentage of cells acquiring such markers; (3) determination of the specificity of the transformation assay by treating NHME cells to known carcinogens (DMBA and Aflatoxin B^) and examining the treated cultures at times after treatment for specific markers; (4) testing the potential of fluorescent lipophilic dyes to distinguish between normal, benign and malignant breast tissues; (5) development of monoclonal antibody against antigens in tumor specimens or breast carcinoma cell lines; and (6) using the specific monoclonal antibodies as screening agents to quantitate the transformation assay. -27- ------- ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY EPA Project No: R81-4960-01 Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage Through Plant Plasma Membrane Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California-Davis T.M. Murphy Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $113,414 SUMMARY Increased ion leakage from plant cells is a nearly ubiquitous response to environmental stresses. Increased ion leakage is usually a nonspecific response to membrane damage or alteration of ionic gradients. However, ultraviolet (UV) stress results in a more specific ion flux, such that UV-stressed cells lose Potassium ion (K+), but do not lose other cytoplasmic components. This suggests that UV stress affects specific components of membrane function, and that an understanding of the molecular effects of UV stress may help elucidate mechanisms of resistance to UV stress. The proposed project is to continue the work on UV effects on ion flux, particularly to address the role of ion channels in UV- stimulated K+ efflux. The mechanism by which UV stress promotes K+ loss is not known. The hypotheses proposed are that UV alters ion channels indirectly by depolarizing the membrane through stimulation of anion efflux, or by synthesis and decay of new K+ channels. Cells can be desensitized by translation inhibitors and by agents which reduce glutathione content. Sulfhydryl reagents also inhibit UV-induced efflux. The mechanisms of these processes are unknown. The approach in the proposed experiments is to use plasmalemma vesicles from Phaseolus leaves and from cultured rose cells. The ability to prepare purified plasma membrane vesicles is a recent advance. 86Rb+ will be used as a tracer of K+ efflux, and 36C1~ will be used as a tracer of anion efflux. K+ efflux will also be linked to influx of Oxonol V, a fluorescent anion. These techniques will allow the hypotheses to be addressed in a simple system, obviating the problems created by use of multicompartmental intact cells or tissues. -28- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5076-01 Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from Recombinant Bacteria in an Agricultural Soil institution: Principal Investigator: University of Idaho Guy R. Knudson Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $39,355 ********** SUMMARY This project will generate a mathematical and verifiable model for use in the risk assessment of releasing genetically engineered microorganisms. The model will be adaptable and testable for other microorganisms and/or gene sequences proposed for environmental release. It will be a necessary step in the development of quantitative estimates of the possibility of gene transfer and possible adverse ecological consequences following release of recombinant microbes. As such, it will be a contribution to the methods and protocols available to the scientific community for ecological risk assessment. The specific objectives of this project are: 1) Further develop and validate a computer simulation model to predict bacterial survival and plasmid transfer, under different environmental conditions, in a rhizosphere system containing an agricultural soil and crop plants. 2) Quantify these gene transfer events: conjugative plasmid transfer and mobilization of a non-conjugative plasmid, in a three- tiered approach (laboratory conditions, simple soil microcosm, rhizosphere). Experiments will be done with well-characterized "benchmark" plasmids, two bacterial species with agricultural significance. -29- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5592-01 Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl Degradation Gene(s) from Pseudomonas Putida Institution: Principal Investigator: Oakland University Satish K. Walia Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $174,945 ********** SUMMARY The long range goal of this project is to understand the molecular mechanisms of the degradation of xenobiotics such as chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and to develop bacterial technology for the purpose of the safe disposal of hazardous chemical pollutants from the environment. The success in cloning Chlorobiphenyl degradation (cbph) genes puts this research in a unique position to study structural organization, gene order, physical linkage and location of biological functions of the cloned DNA by the analysis of Bal 31 and exonuclease III deletion mutants, complementation studies with subcloned DNA fragments and transposon mutagenesis. The induction of PCB degradation pathway by intermediary metabolites and other haloaromatic compounds will be determined by estimating the levels of specific enzymes of cbph pathway. Another important question of the transfer, survival and expression of cbph genes in naturally occurring bacteria (NOB) in the environment will be addressed by transferring the cbph genes into NOB and then measuring the levels of enzyme activities (Chlorobiphenyl dioxygenase and 3-phenylcatechol dioxygenase) and specific RNA. The size of the mRNA transcripts will be determined by Northern blot hybridization, SI mapping and primer extension analysis. The regulatory region, operator-promoter region, ribosome binding site, transcription initiation site and translation initiation site of cbph genes will be determined by DNA sequencing and cloning promoter region into promoterless plasmid vector such as pKT 240. The information obtained from the proposed experiments will aid in constructing new hybrid pathways by fusing cbph genes with chlorobenzoate degradation genes. •30- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5597-01 Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil and Subsurface Materials Institution: Principal Investigator: Michigan State University Stephen A. Boyd Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $136,677 SUMMARY The proposed project focuses on the role and significance of sorption/desorption processes in the biological processing of organic contaminants in soil systems. The basic premise is that bioavailability of these organic contaminants is controlled by sorption/desorption processes. Organic molecules sorbed to soil particulates are unavailable to microbes and thus are not subject to degradation until desorption into the solution phase occurs. These organic contaminants may persist for long times sorbed to soil particulates and are slowly released to leach into water supplies. The project will test the validity of models of biodegradation of sorbed and dissolved contaminants, assess and compare sorption of fresh vs. aged contaminants, determine release of aged contaminants, and evaluate degradation rates of residual and freshly added contaminants. -31- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5610-01 Regulation of Genetic Transfer into and Between Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater Institution: Principal Investigator: Drexel University Michael Gealt Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $531,002 ********** SUMMARY The introduction of genetically modified bacteria into the environment potentiates the establishment of gene sequences not present in an ecosystem into a stable microbial population. At present the ability to predict the change(s) which will result from this introduction of DNA is extremely limited. Environmental conditions affect the rate of transfer with aqueous, highly- nutritive locales, such as wastewater, being especially favorable to bacterial genetic interchange. Researchers have recently demonstrated that genetically engineered DNA sequences (GEDS) from laboratory strains of Escherichia coli do transfer by conjugation into indigenous species in a (non-sterile) wastewater treatment plant microcosm. In order to develop predictive models for gene transfer into indigenous bacteria it is necessary to understand how bacteria regulate the gene transfer process and how environmental conditions affect this regulation. Therefore, the proposed research will (a) isolate and analyze chromosomal genes involved in conjugation and transduction, (b) isolate indigenous transducing phage from wastewater and demonstrate the effects of environmental conditions on their transfer of GEDS, (c) construct fusion plasmids of promotors critical to conjugal or transductional gene mobilization with an indicating gene, e.g., B-galactosidase, to monitor gene activity as a function of environmental conditions, and (d) perform quantitative analysis of the rates of gene transfer by conjugation and transduction in a waste treatment facility microcosm, comparing conditions which affect gene mobilization rates. -32- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-5621-01 Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish Institution: Principal Investigator: State University of New York-Buffalo Harish Sikka Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $334,799 SUMMARY The overall objective of the proposed research is to obtain a better understanding of metabolic transformations of PAHS in fish. The specific aims of the proposed research are: (1) to elucidate the regio- and stereoselectivity of the liver microsomal enzymes of control and 3-MC-treated brown bullhead (a fish species known to be susceptible to the carcinogenic action of PAHs) in the metabolism of BP, chrysene and phenanthrene; (2) to determine the stereoselectivity involved in the metabolism of enantiomerically pure BP, chrysene and phenanthrene dihydrodiols with a bay-region double bond to their corresponding bay region diol epoxides by the fish liver microsomes; and (3) to compare the regio- and Stereoselective metabolism of the PAHs by the fish liver microsomes with other data published in the literature for rat liver microsomes. -33- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5921-01 Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models and Bioenergetics Models for Risk Assessment Institution: Principal Investigator: Iowa State University Gary Atkinson Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $131,981 ********** SUMMARY The specific objectives of this research are: (1) to develop quantitative and sensitivity behavioral and physiological tests that yield data applicable to current optimal foraging and energetics models. Models will predict effect of toxicant exposure on fish foraging (diet) and growth; (2) to compare the sensitivity of cadmium-induced changes in mechanistic measures of foraging (reaction distance, handling time) to more commonly used empirical measures of foraging (number of prey captured, capture efficiency, behavioral response to food). -34- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5949-01 Gaseous Deposition in Canopies: The Role of Epiphytic Lichens Institution: Principal Investigator: Arizona State University, Tempe Thomas H. Nash III Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $270,169 SUMMARY The studies described in this proposal are intended to provide more information on the ability of lichens to intercept both wet and dry deposition of air pollutants, to search for evidence of phenomena involving surface area interactions, and to follow the fate of leachates from the lichen to the soil media. It was pointed out that lichens are extremely important canopy components that may contribute as much as 50% under some conditions, to the canopy surface area. The study will involve four genera of epiphytic lichens collected from the Pacific coastal region. They will be exposed, under highly controlled conditions to S02, NC>2, NO, and 03. Tissue samples from each of the treatments will be used to determine absorption rate as influenced by specific environmental conditions; to determine leachability of ions, and to determine dose-response of the lichen species. Special emphasis will be placed on Mg leaching. -35- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5995-01 Environmental Stress and Isoprene Emissions in Forest Trees Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Colorado Richard R. Fall Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $190,390 ********** SUMMARY The emission of volatile compounds from ecosystems is emerging as a major environmental issue. Plants produce a bewildering array of hydrocarbons and inorganic gases, some of which play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. Despite the importance of these compounds, we know remarkably little about the processes which regulate the emissions of hydrocarbons, particularly in trees, which are the major sources of plant-emitted hydrocarbons. The total production of hydrocarbons from vegetation is thought to exceed the emission of anthropogenic hydrocarbons by several orders of magnitude. It is becoming increasingly clear that, even in urban areas, plants emit more hydrocarbons than does human activity. Many of these hydrocarbons are reactive and contribute to the production of secondary pollutants, particularly ozone. Isoprene is a particularly important compound, accounting for about 40% of all plant hydrocarbon emissions. The mechanisms of production of isoprene by plants are not known, nor do we know much about environmental factors which regulate emissions. The investigators plan to address the key question of whether environmental stress alters isoprene emission. At the same time, the experimental design will allow much to be learned about the fundamental mechanisms and regulation of isoprene biosynthesis in plants. The investigators propose to use a sophisticated real-time system in controlled environments, which allow continuous monitoring, simultaneously, of isoprene emissions, gas exchange, conductance, electron transfer, and reaction center turnover. The model plants, aspen and red spruce, will be exposed to the following stressors: high temperature, high light, drought, low nitrogen, and the air pollutants, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide. -36- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6023-01 Assessment of Endocrine Indices as Early-Warning Indicators of Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Fish Exposed to Pollutants Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Texas-Austin Peter Thomas Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $160,440 ********** SUMMARY It is proposed to determine the chronic effects of several model pollutants on a broad range of indices of female reproductive endocrine function, and two reproductive endpoints, ovarian growth and hatching success in a marine teleost, Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). The sites of mercury, naphthalene and petroleum oil actions on the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and the mechanisms of chemical interference with hormone secretion, hormone metabolism and hormone action will be compared. In addition, the possible involvement of the mechanism of vitellogenin uptake by growing oocytes and a novel ovarian metal-binding protein in the accumulation and sequestration of heavy metals by oocytes will be investigated. The purposes of these studies are to (1) understand the nature of pollutant-induced perturbations of reproductive endocrine function in female teleosts and their significance in terms of ovarian recrudescence and hatching success; (2) select promising reproductive indices for further evaluation in croaker and other teleost species as early-warning indices of a pollutant-induced decline in the reproductive success of natural fish populations. Thus, the eventual aims of this research are to develop early- warning indices of pollution damage to fish which accurately reflect the potential long-term hazards to the population as a whole, rather than those which may merely reflect short-term impairment in an individual, and to provide the reproductive toxicity data essential for environmental risk assessments. -37- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6168-01 Glutatnione Metabolism and Utilization in the Channel Catfish Institution: Duke University Principal Investigator: Richard T. Di Giulio Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $192,567 SUMMARY This proposal is a three-year investigation to examine glutathione synthesis and utilization, both as a phase II substrate and as an antioxidant, and its role in protecting against chemically-induced tissue injury in the channel catfish. The three major objectives of this study are the following: (1) to assess glutathione's role in protecting against biochemical responses and tissue injury in catfish exposed in vivo to chlorothalonil (glutathione S-transferase substrate) and diquat (redox active prooxidant); (2) to analyze basal activities and kinetic parameters for key enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism; and (3) to determine the single and combined effects of the above two compounds on glutathione metabolism and correlate these perturbations to morphological and functional indices of tissue damage. -38- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6277-01 A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental Carcinogenesis Institution: Principal Investigator: Duke University Van Beneden, Rebecca J. Project Period: Project Amount: 3 Years $339,975 SUMMARY Neoplastic transformations of cells are often associated with genetic alterations of cellular oncogenes. Studies of oncogenes and tumor production in fish are proposed which will contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of oncogene activation. The characterization of fish oncogenes may also allow identification of homologous oncogene sequences in other species, including man. It is proposed that knowledge of oncogene activation mechanisms operative in vivo in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) can also be applied to the development of a sensitive system for the detection of potentially harmful environmental contaminants. Proposed work will examine the mechanism(s) of activation of oncogenes in medaka tumors induced by exposure of medaka to known carcinogens and potentially carcinogenic aquatic contaminants. DNA will be isolated from tumors and used to transfect mouse NIH3T3 cells. Transforming genes identified by this method will be characterized as to their expression, sequence homology to known oncogenes, and their method of activation in tumor cells. Cell lines will be developed from tumors for in vitro work. The assays using medaka as an appropriate non-mammalian model system will thus allow the development of new carcinogen tests and the examination of basic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. -39- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6393-01 Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay Institution: Principal Investigator: Meharry Medical College Diane A. Blake Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $297,563 ********** SUMMARY The objective of this project is to construct a prototype immunoassay for the monitoring of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem. The contamination of plants, animals and humans by trace toxic elements poses a continuing and increasing threat to our environment. Heavy metals (including cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, and nickel) are of particular concern because of their widespread production and use, and their subsequent discharge and persistence in the environment. Most of the current methods available for the assay of heavy metals require complex instrumentation. In this proposal, the researchers will develop a prototype assay which may be used at the testing site to immediately detect the presence of trace heavy metals in aquatic samples. It is proposed to take advantage of the unique properties of the protein, metallothionein, to assemble an immunoassay of very high sensitivity. Metallothioneins are nonenzymatic, low molecular weight proteins which bind with very high affinity to a wide variety of mono- and divalent metal ion. Polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies which show specificity for specific metal- metallothionein complexes will be prepared; the metal binding properties of metal-lothionein and the specificity of the antibody recognition event will subsequently be linked to a colorimetric or fluorimetric readout. A variety of heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay formats will be assembled and assay parameters will be optimized. The final prototype assays will be assessed for sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, specificity, and the effects of interfering substances present in normal aqueous test solutions. -40- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6467-01 Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Michigan Eugene F. Stoermer Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $256,770 ********** SUMMARY The proposed investigation is designed to evaluate the present and future impact of the substantial and continuing increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration on the composition of the primary producers in the Great Lakes. The research is designed to show whether or not increased inorganic nitrogen loading will change the composition of the phytoplankton flora in the Great Lakes. -41- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6531-01 Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons by Nitrifying Bacteria Institution: Principal Investigator: Oregon State University Daniel J. Arp Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $372,139 ********** SUMMARY Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria use ammonia monooxygenase to initiate the oxidation of ammonia. This enzyme has a broad substrate range which extends to a number of priority pollutants. Preliminary results indicate that several classes of chlorinated hydrocarbons including chloromethanes, chloroethanes and chlorinated ethylenes are oxidized by ammonia monooxygenase. In many cases, the oxidations lead to dehalogenation reactions. The objective of the proposed research is to provide a quantitative basis upon which to assess the usefulness of nitrifying bacteria in bioremediation schemes. The research will focus on Nitrosomonas europaea, a well-studied, autotrophic, nitrifying bacterium. The range and rates of halogenated hydrocarbon oxidations will be investigated, as will the reactivity of ammonia monooxygenase towards mixtures of halogenated hydrocarbons. The tolerance of N. europaea to these hydrocarbon substrates will be quantified. Other bacteria that are capable of oxidizing ammonia (autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifiers and methylotrophs) will be investigated for their ability to oxidize halogenated hydrocarbons. The studies will make use of whole cells which will be incubated with ammonia (as co-metabolite) and a halogenated hydrocarbon. Rates of substrate depletion and/or product formation will be monitored by standard analytical techniques (gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, etc). -42- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6701-01 Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes: Selection Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm Treatment Systems Institution: Principal Investigator: Duke University Dr. James Bryers Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $223,686 ********** SUMMARY Use of enriched microbial consortia in immobilized cell systems for xenobiotic compound detoxification (i.e., on-site biotreatment reactors or reclamation of contaminated groundwater and soil) will require a fundamental understanding of the major selection pressures affecting the survival and performance of multiple microbial populations in biofilm treatment systems. Previous experimental work on biofilm development will be extended here to investigate multispecies biofilm ecodynamics. Proposed biofilm research will use a defined mixed consortia, comprising several known bacterial species, that collectively biotransform the known class of xenobiotic compounds, s-Triazines. Under constant and transient loading of the xenobiotic compound, experiments will quantify the survival and performance of member species in the consortia. Biofilms of the consortia will be cultivated aerobically in (1) special microscale study reactors of well-characterized hydrodynamics and controllable environmental conditions and (2) within a pilot scale biofilm treatment system (i.e.. a fluidized bed of either contaminated soil or silica sand). The spatial distribution of consortia members in a biofilm will be quantified with time using several existing analyses (e.g.^ immunofluorescence and dual-radio-labelled tracers, membrane phospholipid signatures) refined for biofilm systems. The combined influence of hydrodynamics, suspended cell concentration, and xenobiotic loading on microbial consortia ecodynamics will be investigated; both experimentally and with mathematical models. This research will increase the general understanding of various selection pressure effects on the population dynamics in any biofilm treatment system; thus providing a generic means to control biofilm processes and specifically increase our ability to bioremediate soil environments contaminated by organic xenobiotics. -43- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6834-01 Comparative Movement in the Environment of Nuclear and Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial System Institution: Principal Investigator: Texas A&M University Neal K. Van Alfen Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $236,214 ********** SUMMARY This proposal is for a project to study cytoplasmic gene flow in filamentous fungi. The organism to be studied is Crvphonectria parasitica. the chestnut blight fungus. It possesses cytoplasmic genes, in the form of strain-specific double stranded RNA (dsRNA), that are present in high copy number and cause a reduction of virulence in the pathogen, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The investigators have developed new methods to study cytoplasmic gene flow, including probes and colony blot hybridization. They found that dsRNA moves rapidly within and between strains of fungus although mtDNA does not, and concluded that the fungal cytoplasm contains few barriers to gene flow. In this proposal, they will develop methods to identify unique populations of C. parasitica, determine the extent to which cytoplasmic gene flow occurs within and between natural populations, and determine if gene flow can occur between sexually incompatible fungal species. The first phase of the work will determine how applicable the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method of identification is in distinguishing among different strains. Three sites have been selected for study: California, based on a single introduction; and two in the East where sexual reproduction is known to occur. They will examine both mtDNA and nuclear DNA using probes. mtDNA from EP155 will be screened for probes which identify mtDNA RFLPs. This will be done using EcoRI cuts. Nuclear DNA RFLPs will be identified by combining the data from these subclones and those from mapping restriction endonucleases. -44- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6872-01 Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Kentucky Yi-Tin Wang Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $82,397 ********** SUMMARY The overall objective of the proposed research is to characterize the reduction of hexavalent chromium by microbial activities. Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic and is released to the environment by a large number of industrial operations. The potential for biological transformation of hexavalent chromium to the less toxic trivadent chromium has been discovered only recently. Trivalent chromium is less soluble in most water systems. Consequently, great potential exists for ultimate removal of chromium by biological processes. This research is directed at gaining a better understanding of biological reduction of hexavalent chromium. The effect of environmental factors on the rate and extent of chromium reduction will be evaluated using both pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms. Environmental factors to be evaluated include redox potential, temperature, electron donors and acceptors, and microbial species. Analytical techniques include gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. -45- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6879-01 Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic Models in Fish Institution: Principal Investigator: Ohio State University William L. Hayton Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $74,244 ********** SUMMARY The proposal describes a three-year investigation to examine the effects of fish body size on the pharmacokinetics of trifluralin, di-2-ethylphthalate, and pentachlorophenol. The specific aims are to: (1) determine binding isotherms for the test compounds in blood and blood plasma of rainbow trout, and in an aqueous solution of humic acid; (2) determine the influence of the degree of blood binding on the capacity of the rainbow trout gill to extract the test compounds from water; (3) determine the influence of blood binding on the capacity of the rainbow trout gill to eliminate the test compounds from blood perfusing the gill; (4) extend the consideration of binding effects on gill transport to binding in the exposure water; i.e., to humic acids; (5) develop a method to relate pharmacokinetic model parameters determined using blood concentration and time kinetics in large fish to parameters determined using whole-body level and time kinetics in small fish; and (6) measure the effective blood flow through and water flow across the secondary lamellae of 5 g rainbow trout, sheepshead minnow, fathead minnow, goldfish and bluegill. -46- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6919-01 Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Metabolites Institution: Principal Investigator: Oakland University Satish K. Walia Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $399,076 SUMMARY Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated waste provides no assurance that the metabolic intermediates will not be toxic. Furthermore, current knowledge of the genotoxicity of PCBs and PCB-metabolites is inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the genotoxicity of selected isomers of chlorinated biphenyls and their intermediary metabolites produced by degradative enzymes of bacteria and of eukaryotes and of combined enzymes of both systems. Eight compounds: 2,2',4,4'- tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl, 4,4'-dichloro- biphenyl, 4-chlorobiphenyl and four bacterial metabolites of 4- chlorobiphenyl will be tested in three genotoxicity assay systems: bacterial (Salmonella/89 microsome assay), eukaryotic (Drosophila Wing-spot test), and a chimeric (bacterial-eukaryotic) system. The eukaryotic system has powerful features not found in other systems. This system not only allows the detection of chromosomal and point mutations, but also exposes the test compounds to high levels of metabolic activation in situ. Besides the normal inducible strain of Drosophila, two other strains of test animals one with "suppressed" cytochrome P-450 enzymes system and another constitutively over-expressing P-450 enzymes system will also be included. The third assay will be a chimeric, bacterial-eukaryotic system produced by using molecular-genetic constructs where the P- 450 inducible, suppressed and constitutively over-expressed strains will be made transgenic for chimeric plasmids containing bacterial PCB-degrading genes previously cloned in our laboratory. All extracts that are mutagenic will be fractionated by high performance liquid chromatograph, retested for genotoxicity and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. -47- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7000-01 High Density Culture of Meiobenthos for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic-Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants Institution: Principal Investigator: University of South Carolina Bruce C. Coull Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $238,746 SUMMARY A number of studies have demonstrated the effects of sediment- bound pollutants on the macrobenthos. However, there are few studies that have utilized meiobenthos (benthic invertebrates <1.0 mm in size) to determine impacts on the population dynamics of sediment-dwelling infauna. The objectives of the proposed study are twofold. First, the investigators propose to test the utility of using two species of mono-cultured meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods (Microarthidion littorale and Amphiascus minutus) to determine the lethal and sublethal (growth and reproduction) effects of sediment-bound endosulfan (organochlorine pesticide), hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB) and cadmium (heavy metal). Seven-day static bioassays will be conducted on the adults and copepodites of each species. In the second phase of the study, the investigators propose to use the PCB bioassay results to develop a methodology for estimating trophic-transfer of sublethal levels of sediment-bound toxicants through the benthos to juvenile fish using 14C-hexa- chlorobiphenyl labelled meiobenthic copepods as prey for juvenile spot. -48- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7034-01 Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on Insects by Selectively Deuterating 2E-Hexen-l-al Institution: Principal Investigator: Kansas State University Clifton E. Meloan Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $229,893 SUMMARY Insects rely on their ability to detect chemicals, via olfaction, to survive. This includes locating food, mating, where to lay eggs, defense, etc. An understanding of the mechanism by which insects detect chemicals could be used to control many of their activities and reduce the use of pesticides. According to the proposer, at least 22 theories of olfaction have been presented during the last four decades. Wright's vibrational theory of olfaction is the most promising theory to date. Wright's theory states that if combinations of fundamental vibrational frequencies on incoming molecules match similar vibrational frequencies on the receptor site, then a resonance transfer of energy can initiate the nerve signal. The investigator proposes to use a single compound that affects more than one species of insect, deuterate it extensively, and see what effect it has on those species. According to the proposer, if the responses are significantly altered or eliminated this would indicate that the effects due to deuteration are not an isolated phenomenon with one specie of insect. If the compound is then partially deuterated, to alter different frequency combinations, and the species differ in their response, then that would show that combinations of vibrational frequencies are related to olfaction. Based on previous work, the investigator proposes to deuterate 2(E)-hexen-l-al in five positions and in 15 combinations and test it as a repellent in the American cockroach, as an oviposition stimulant in the alfalfa weevil, and as an attractant in the western corn root worm. -49- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-7196-01 A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning System for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Maine Robert H. Findlay Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $222,556 SUMMARY In estuarine sediments the most common form of pollution is organic. Yet assessing its impact is still problematic. The goal of this work is to develop a Microbial Early Warning System for Organic Pollution (MEWSOP). Specifically, it will evaluate the response of the microbenthic community to organic loading and will utilize sterol analysis to determine the origin of organic stressors. The approach will be to utilize a suite of lipid-based assays. For routine environmental monitoring, phospholipid phosphates will be used to determine total microbial biomass. This technique provides convenient and inexpensive estimates of microbial biomass. If unusual changes in microbial biomass are detected, phospholipid fatty-acid analysis will be used to determine microbial community structure. If the microbial community structure suggests organic enrichment, sterol analysis will be used to determine its source. This approach has several advantages: 1) A single extraction yields all three lipid fractions, 2) both the stressor and its effects are identified, and 3) only when environmental stress is suspected are fatty acid and sterol analyses required. Development of this protocol will use salmon net-pens as a monospecific source of organic enrichment. The efficacy of this protocol will be determined by surveying organically impacted estuaries. -50- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7198-01 Diminished Transport Capacity: A New Index of Stress Measured in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Blood Plasma Institution: Principal Investigator: New England Aquarium Corporation William Robinson Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $163,067 SUMMARY This proposal is to evaluate in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) a novel early-warning index of contaminant stress called the "Diminished Transport Capacity" (DTC). It is an easy and sensitive measure of the ability of plasma proteins to transport substances in the blood, a function analogous to that of mammalian serum albumin. Toxic substances, including metals, bind weakly to them as do normal physiological compounds. The DTC of the plasma proteins is measured easily and inexpensively with a cadmium ion- specific electrode. At low cadmium (Cd) concentrations, very little of the total Cd in the plasma is in the free ion. As the concentration of Cd is increased, more of it is free, since the binding sites on the proteins are increasingly occupied. The index of diminished transport capacity (DTC) is based on Cd titrations, but represents the general ability of the plasma to transport substances, normal or foreign. Stresses from disease and other sources cause the proteins to decline, and therefore should cause diminished transport capacity. -51- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7206-01 Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems for Evaluating Anthropogenic Stresses Institution: Principal Investigator: Pennsylvania State University William A. Dunson Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $184,355 SUMMARY This two-year study is designed to provide assessment of water quality on amphibian breeding in naturally occurring temporary ponds. The study will provide a comprehensive experimental demonstration of the effects of long and short term acidification on the communities of larval amphibians. The objectives of the study are: 1. To monitor key physical and biological parameters in 35 woodland ponds; 2. To use a combination of laboratory, microcosm, simulated field, managed mesocosms and naturally occurring woodland ponds to demonstrate the physiological and interspecific effects of acidification on selected immature amphibians; 3. To evaluate the effects of short and long term pH reductions on amphibian communities; 4. To demonstrate which measured abiotic parameters can affect amphibian distributions; and 5. To examine the comparability of the results between the various sized test systems. -52- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7217-01 Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity Assessments Institution: Principal Investigator: Wright State University G. Allen Burton Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $188,767 SUMMARY This two-year study is designed to evaluate multiple bioindicators of water quality to determine which are best to use when evaluating stream sediment quality. A triad type approach in which the results of sediment chemistry, laboratory bioassays with an array of single species and various in situ ecological endpoints are measured. Measurement of habitat is also integrated into the proposed research. The objectives of the proposed research are: 1. To determine which indicators or combination of indicators are best at detecting anthropogenic induced stress; 2. To determine the advantages and weaknesses of each indicator; 3. To compare the results of the proposed study with those recently generated by USEPA in the Great Lake region; 4. To determine the optimal combination of indicators and endpoints to routinely detect early stages of ecosystem stress; and 5. Conduct stream profile studies comparing among bioindicator responses, chemical and physical descriptors and ecological endpoints. -53- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7219-01 Characterization of Stress Proteins as Indicators of Biological Effects and Exposure Institution: Principal Investigator: California State University Brenda M. Sanders Long Beach Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $199,476 ********** SUMMARY The stress protein response (SPR) is a cellular response to stress which is characterized by the preferential synthesis of a suite of proteins, referred to as stress proteins, in response to a wide variety of environmental stressors. SPR's will be examined as the basis of indicators for: (i) adverse biological effects, i.e., to diagnose the "stress load" in an organism, which is designated as a tier I indicator; and, (ii) exposure to specific contaminants, a tier II indicator. To understand the extent to which specific characteristics of the response are conserved across broad phylogenic groups we will conduct a comparative study of two species, the sea urchin Strongvlocentrotus purpuratus and the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. For each species the study will: (1) characterize the response elicited by diverse stressors which have different mechanisms of toxicity, and to which the two species have different sensitivities; (2) determine to what extent the response is sustained over time upon continuous exposure; (3) examine induction of the SPR upon exposure to multiple stressors simultaneously; (4) determine the reliability of using the SPR as an early warning for damage at higher levels of biological organization; and, (5) carefully analyze the SPR elicited by each stressor for unique stressor specific induction patterns. -54- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7239-01 The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship to Biological Endpoints Institution: Principal Investigator: Louisiana State University Irving A. Mendelssohn Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $192,083 SUMMARY The impact of anthropogenic stressors on our fragile coastal and estuarine environments is of major societal concern. Man- induced stressors are generated from many activities including: (1) dredge and fill operations, (2) oil and gas exploration and drilling, (3) industrial and waste discharge, (4) agricultural and residential runoff, and (5) acid rain, to mention a few. Many of these stressors have sublethal effects that, while not killing the plant community, gradually reduce its vigor and productivity. Techniques that provide a measure of stress under a variety of conditions are essential to any program of environmental impact assessment. The early detection of plant stress is imperative if mitigation is to succeed in saving the habitat. The overall goal of this research is to evaluate several methods of detecting and quantifying stress in wetland vegetation and to use this information to determine whether wetland ecosystems and their vegetation component are sufficiently stressed by anthropogenic agents to cause damage. Specifically researchers will compare several types of physiological and biochemical indicators to quantify anthropogenic stress in wetland macrophytes to include: the adenylate energy charge ratio, leaf spectral reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence, carbon dioxide uptake and proline accumulation (for brine stress). Evaluation of the stress indices will be conducted in growth chamber experiments with two wetland plant species, Typha domingensis (cattail) and Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), each dominant in freshwater or salt marsh habitats, respectively. The response of the plants will be monitored with the above stress indicators and the results compared to growth effects. -55- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7252-01 A Tri-species Indicator of Organic Enrichment in Estuaries: Individual, Population and Community Approaches Institution: Principal Investigator: North Carolina State University Lisa A. Levin Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $142,364 ********** SUMMARY The project will examine the effects of various forms of organic enrichment (sewage effluent, blue-green algae, fuel oil and natural marsh sediment) on growth, fecundity, and population growth of three common species of estuarine polychaetes frequently found in enriched or disturbed environments. The target species are Capitella sp. 1, Polvdora ligni, and Streblospio benedicti. The aim is to develop a tri-species indicator index number of organic enrichment stress that addresses individual, population, and community-level features. The investigator will evaluate individual responses (adult growth rate, size of eggs/embryos, life time fecundity, C and N content of eggs/embryos, larval survivorship, and larval growth rates) and population responses (population growth rates as determined by life table response experiments) in an experimental laboratory setting. Comparisons will be made among species and among organic treatment types to test the a priori predictions of hypotheses. From the comparisons among the species, community-level effects will be assessed by generation of a model for assessing organic-pollution induced stress. -56- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7283-01 Use of Demographic Theory to Determine Impact of Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam Population Properties Institution: Principal Investigator: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution James Weinberg Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $210,428 ********** SUMMARY The objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the stress from disease and contamination on a commercially important bivalve at its population level. Results will provide a basis for determining whether environmental impact is severe enough for society to care about (i.e., an "ecological endpoint"). The demographic theory and experimentation used in this study could serve as a model for how to study other commercially important species whose life cycles are perturbed by disease and chemical contaminants. The specific problem to be addressed is a leukemia-like disease, hematopoietic neoplasia, that is prevalent in Mya arenaria from Maine to the Chesapeake Bay. Being both a filter feeder and sediment dweller, M. arenaria is sensitive to both water and sediment quality. Because M. arenaria is a major commercial species in estuaries, it is important to determine how much of an impact disease and contamination have in nature on number of clams, their sizes, and on the ability of populations to maintain themselves. -57- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7285-01 Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress in Natural Waters Institution: Principal Investigator: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Francis M.M. Morel Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $210,000 SUMMARY It is proposed to use the phytochelatins of phytoplankton as indicators of metal pollution and metal stress in natural waters. These specific metal detoxifying polypeptides are induced in plants by elevated intracellular concentrations of various trace metals. Microalgae are ideal organisms to monitor metal pollution since they accumulate metals and respond rapidly to changes in their external milieu. The proposed work encompasses three parallel complementary efforts: i) laboratory physiological studies to establish the quantitative link between phytochelatin synthesis and metal stress; ii) field studies to demonstrate that elevated phytochelatin concentrations in situ provide a measure of metal pollution; iii) development of a convenient and sensitive technique for phytochelatins in natural samples. -58- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7302-01 Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins in Benthic Fish Institution: Principal Investigator: Duke University Dr. Richard T. DiGiulio Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $208,015 SUMMARY The overall goal of this project is to provide the basis for a biomonitoring strategy for genotoxins in aquatic systems that exploits biochemical indices of DNA damage and associated metabolic disturbances. The specific objectives are: (1) to quantify five responses that provide indices of DNA damage in two benthic fish species in laboratory and field exposures to contaminated sediments; (2) concomitantly, to determine correlations between indices of genotoxicity and associated biochemical responses indicative of phase I metabolism and oxidative stress; (3) to evaluate the relative utility of these responses as indices of exposure, DNA damage, and cellular stress in fish exposed to genotoxic sediments; and (4) from the information obtained in this study, to design a practical, cost-efficient biomonitoring strategy for sediment-associated genotoxins. Five indices of genotoxicity have been selected for this study—32phosphorous post-labelling analysis of hydrophobic xenobiotic-DNA adducts (PPL), levels of 8- hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA, levels of 5-methyldeoxycytosine in DNA, DNA strand breaks as determined by alkaline unwinding, and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. Mechanistically-related activities of ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase, concentrations of bile metabolites of selected PAHs, concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and concentrations of malondialdehyde, which is an index of lipid peroxidation. The model organisms for this project are two related benthic fish species, the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the brown bullhead (I. nebulgsus), and the Niagara River system will serve as the model aquatic system for the study. -59- ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (WATER) EPA Project No: R81-5544-01 Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-Scale Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport Through Soil Using Computer Tomography Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Missouri-Columbia Stephen H. Anderson Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $172,463 ********** SUMMARY This project will investigate the spatial variability of pore- water velocity, dispersivity and retardation factor on a macropore scale using X-ray computed tomography, a state-of-the-art technology in medical and materials science. The project will (1) investigate the suitability of organic contaminants as tracers in X-ray computed tomography studies in soil, (2) determine the frequency distributions for pore-water velocity, dispersivity and retardation factor on a macropore scale in 30 soil cores from each of two soils using an organic contaminant and (3) evaluate the influence of a range of sample volumes for estimating the distributions of transport parameters. -60- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5574-01 Integrated Extraction and Chromatographic System for Monitoring of Trace Organic Pollutants Institution: Principal Investigator: Brigham Young University Milton L. Lee Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $372,621 ********** SUMMARY Extraction, fractionation, cleanup, and other sample preparation procedures are the most time-consuming steps in the analysis of environmental pollutants. Furthermore, the possibility of sample degradation or loss increases with the number of sample manipulations. It is proposed in this study to develop integrated instrumentation for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of specific target organic analytes at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. Specifically, supercritical fluid extraction, capillary gas and supercritical fluid chromatography, and element-selective detection will be uniquely combined to facilitate high sample throughput, high sensitivity, and automation, while at the same time ensuring maximum sample integrity. Continuous extraction without sample concentration, multiplex Chromatographic methods, and plasma emission based element-selective detection are the individual elements that will be studied and combined in this proposed work. The expected product is specific analytical instrumentation and techniques for wide-ranging application to rapid and quantitative determination of organic pollutants in environmental samples. -61- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5701-01 Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds Through Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances Institution: Principal Investigator: Pennsylvania State University Jean-Marc Bollag Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $330,275 SUMMARY Because no indication exists, to date, of any immediate or remote hazards involved in the binding of xenobiotics to humus materials, the use of such binding for detoxification purposes has potential as a new technology for managing pollution. To evaluate this possibility, a study will be made of the polymerization and binding of xenobiotics to various humic materials in the presence of immobilized oxidoreductive enzymes which mediate an oxidative coupling reaction through the formation of free radicals. The feasibility of using the procedures developed in the laboratory to decontaminate soil, water, and industrial waste waters under field and industrial conditions will then be determined. To determine the mechanisms of detoxication and thus allow designing of optimal conditions for in situ detoxication, the products formed by oxidative coupling or cross-coupling of xenobiotics and humic acid constituents will be analyzed using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The stability of the polymerized and bound xenobiotics will be examined by exposing them to the activity of various microorganisms and analyzing any released products. -62- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5953-01 Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular Adsorbed on Clays Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Notre Dame J.K. Thomas Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $413,637 SUMMARY The projected research is basic in its concepts, and will advance the understanding of the photochemistry of environmental pollutants on surfaces found in the environment. Later the knowledge gained will be used to suggest adsorption and practical radiation methods for the removal of contaminants in natural materials. This end-goal will be kept in mind in all fundamental studies. The basic concept of the study is to chemically modify molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces. The direct parallel being, contaminants on soils and in the environment. The initial approach is to study the adsorption of model compounds (i.e., those similar to contaminants). These have been and will further be identified by discussions with the EPA laboratory. The second stage will be the radiation induced destruction of the contaminant or adsorbed molecule. The primary area of research here is photochemistry (i.e., eventual use of sunlight). However, the program will be alerted to any new and interesting effects that will certainly develop during the studies. -63- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5957-01 Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water Treatment Institution: Principal Investigator: Florida International University William J. Cooper Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $34,219 SUMMARY The proposed work is an investigation of the homogeneous abiotic reactions of halogenated organic compounds. Specific compounds to be studied are 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloro- ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,2- dichloropropane, with additional compounds to be added if necessary. Reactions will be studied as a function of pH, temperature, ionic strength, buffer composition, and presence of metal ions to completely characterize the behavior of each compound in the aqueous environment. Additional experiments will examine the transformation of the compounds in ground waters and water treatment. The results will be of use in determining the fate of halogenated organic compounds in ground water and other aqueous environments, both in terms of specific information obtained for the compounds investigated, and in developing general guidelines for predicting the reactions of halogenated organic compounds. -64- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5990-01 Development of Methods For The Analysis Of Organic Chloramines And Inorganic Mono-Chloramine in Natural And Engineered Systems Institution: Principal Investigator: State University of New York James N. Jensen Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $52,185 ********** SUMMARY It is proposed to do method development in two ways with approximately equal effort. In one, organic Chloramines formed by the reaction of free chlorine with organic nitrogen will be separated by reverse phase HPLC and reacted with iodide in a postcolumn derivatization system. Detection will be spectrophotometric measurement at 353 run of the triiodate formed. Organic Chloramines constitute the least available and least effective form of sanitizing chlorine (monochloramine and free chlorine being of increasing value), yet, methods generally employed for measuring available chlorine for drinking, waste, or cooling water treatments do not separate the organic chloramine contribution. Available chlorine readings are thus higher than concentrations actually available. Having this method operational will allow for determination of both the type of organic chloramine species being formed and the total amount of chlorine represented by those species. The other approach would develop a nonchromatographic method based upon the Berthelot reaction wherein inorganic chloramine, a known intermediate in the reaction between ammonia, hypochlorite and phenol, reacts directly with phenoiate anions under controlled, possibly catalyzed, conditions to form a measurable colored complex. Organic Chloramines cannot react or interfere under these conditions, nor are other water constituents expected to cause undue analytical problems in this indophenol method. These methods are predicted to be faster, cheaper, more accurate, more selective and more sensitive than existing technology. -65- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5991-01 Field Screening of Organic Priority Pollutants Using Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry Institution: Principal Investigator: New Mexico State University Gary A. Eiceman Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $168,725 SUMMARY Field-screening of organic priority pollutants in industrial effluent, streams, and water supplies using rapid, sensitive, and rugged chemical analyzers would greatly facilitate private compliance and legal enforcement of clean water laws. Existing instrumentation based on GC and GC/MS methods are expensive, slow, and not well-suited for operation by non-specialists. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technology in which the sensitivity of electron capture detectors is combined with selectivity afforded through ion separation based on gaseous mobility. Instrumentation for IMS can be made completely portable (handheld) and has become highly refined for military airborne vapor sensing. However, response characteristics governed by atmospheric pressure ionization chemistry are not well-known for common priority pollutants and completely unexplored for even simple chemical mixtures typical of effluent discharges. The proposed research is divided into three phases of 1) development of predictive- interpretive models for IMS response, 2) creation and refinement of interfaces for IMS to aqueous samples for volatile and semi- volatile organic compounds and to flowing streams for continuous monitoring of effluent constituents, and 3) field demonstration of IMS for water screening/monitoring. -66- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6002-01 Theory of Preferential Flow And Its Monitoring In Sandy Soils Overlaying Aquifers Institution: Principal Investigator: Cornell University Tanuno S. Steenhuis Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $146,450 SUMMARY It is proposed to investigate experimentally the phenomenon of flow instability in unsaturated media which can give rise to the development of preferential flow paths for water in porous media. This "fingering" pattern has been observed in both the laboratory and the field and seems to arise from instabilities in flow, induced by discontinuities between media of different hydraulic conductivities (specifically fine grained over coarse grained). The growth and behavior of these fingers are strongly influenced by variations in initial moisture content, matric potential, and the presence of root hairs, etc. Previous work by the Principal Investigator and his co-workers established that the phenomena can also be induced in a single homogeneous medium by varying the rate and position of application of the water. The experimental program will consist of four phases. First, a variable application rate will be investigated in both 2-D and 3-D chambers. This phase of the work is intended to observe the behavior of the fingering over the long term, specifically their coalescence to a few preferred flow paths. The second phase will consist of a similar series of experiments using inclined linear and concave layered systems to induce the instabilities; systems which occur naturally but have not been extensively studied. The third phase will address the transport of conservative tracers during unstable flow, the output of the experiments being the effective diffusion coefficients for transport of solutes into micropore structures. Finally, flow and solute transport will be addressed in the field at existing monitoring sites. The goal of this phase is to establish the proper monitoring techniques able to detect the onset of flow instabilities and provide an "early warning" when such preferred channels are developing. -67- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6050-01 Theoretical Studies of the Transport of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes Through Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifers Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Illinois Albert J. Valocchi Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $152,196 ********** SUMMARY Realistic cases of groundwater pollution share two important characteristics. First, reactions such as adsorption and ion exchange are important due to the enormous solid-water interfacial area of natural porous media. Second, aquifers exhibit small- scale, three-dimensional variability in permeability. Although each of these two phenomena has been examined separately, reactive solute transport can be affected significantly by interactions between the processes. For example, recent field results reported in the literature indicate that special variability may lead to apparent nonequilibrium adsorption behavior even when laboratory- scale experiments conducted with homogeneous soil samples indicate that the reaction is governed by local equilibrium. Nonequilibrium effects can be important in practice, and can lead, for example, to greatly increased time requirements for pump-and-treat restoration operations. The overall goal of the proposed research is to enhance understanding of the transport of reactive pollutants in realistic, heterogeneous field settings. Particular objectives include: determination of critical adsorption reaction rates for which the assumption of local chemical equilibrium is valid; examination of how these critical rates depend upon the degree of heterogeneity; and examination of the relative impacts of spatial variability and desorption kinetics upon the performance of pump-and-treat methods for aquifer decontamination. The research methodology is based upon the development and use of theoretical and numerical models of fluid flow and reactive solute transport. -68- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6180-01 Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage Institution: Principal Investigator: Purdue University John W. Frost Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $261,278 SUMMARY Glyphosate and glufosinate are widely used in agriculture as plant-killing pesticides and are representative of a class of non esterified organophosphorus molecules distinguished by a carbon to phosphorus (C-P) bond. Loosely defined as organophosphonates, these molecules will likely be introduced into the environment in steadily increasing levels. This proposal focuses on the potential pathways of environmental degradation of organophosphates by studying the metabolism of these compounds by the bacterium E. coli both in vivo and in vitro as a model system for their degradation by microbes in the environment. The second part of the study will examine the chemistry of the carbon-phosphorous bond under a variety of molecular environments to provide clues to it's stability and thus capacity for abiotic breakdown. This line of research will also yield information for chemical modelling of more effective organophosphate herbicides whose environmental persistence can be more accurately controlled prior to it's synthesis and introduction. -69- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6282-01 Microscale Kinetic Effects and the Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organics Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Arizona Roger c. Bales Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $218,963 ********** SUMMARY Slow mass transport between phases (e.g. , air-water-solid) and within soil grains limits the rate of contaminant movement relative to that of a mobile fluid in many important soil, sediment and groundwater situations. In most observations of slow grain-scale transfer (e.g., sorption/desorption) the cause of the non- equilibrium behavior is not well known. The current research uses model sorbents to distinguish situations where chemical versus physical processes are rate limiting. The research involves laboratory column experiments, carried out under water-saturated and unsaturated conditions, with substituted-benzene and alkyl- halide compounds, and mathematical modeling of the resulting breakthrough curves. Experimental variables include: 1) modifying the sorbent surfaces with organic groups to investigate surface- reaction control, 2) using granular sorbents with different internal porosities to examine immobile-fluid diffusion, and 3) having a pure phase present to study transfer from the non-aqueous to aqueous phase. Results at different temperatures give enthalpies and activation energies; these help provide a "mechanistic" understanding of the rate-limiting processes. One- dimensional advection-dispersion models are used to describe solute breakthrough. Model results test the ability of the "microscale" kinetic parameters in the models to completely describe the slow process, i.e., are the parameters independent of velocity, moisture content and system geometry. These results provide a better, quantitative understanding of the importance of microscale physical versus chemical processes that are the rate limiting steps in solute transfer between sorbents, water and air in soil and groundwater. The primary data products from this work are partition coefficients and enthalpies for the sorption, and rate coefficients and activation energies for phase-transfer (e.g., sorption and desorption) processes. -70- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6743-01 Movement of Contaminated Sediments From the Detroit River Through Lake Erie Institution: Principal Investigator: Indiana University Ronald A. Hites Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $203,900 ********** SUMMARY The presence of toxic organic compounds in the Great Lakes is a major international problem. This proposal focuses on a part of this problem: the movement of toxic organic contaminants on sediments from the Detroit River into Lake Erie. Previous work in our laboratory has identified several alkyl phenols coming from a single, industrial source on the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River. These compounds will be used as markers for the movement of contaminated sediment. Researchers will also develop information on the total loadings and residence times of contaminated sediments in various parts of Lake Erie. The experimental approach is based on measuring four different alkyl phenols in sediment cores from 20-25 locations in Lake Erie. These sediment cores will be obtained with the cooperation of the Canadian government on board the C.S.S. Limnos. The sediment samples will be analyzed using a technique which we have developed based on gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. This study will provide important information on the movement of contaminated sediments in one of the most highly utilized of the Great Lakes. This information, could, in turn, have considerable regulatory impact. -71- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7098-01 Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic Systems Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Wilbert Lick Santa Barbara Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $199,351 ********** SUMMARY In order to alleviate the problem of contaminated bottom sediments and to evaluate possible management alternatives for the disposal of these sediments, the resuspension, transport, and fate of these sediments and their associated contaminants must be known. The present project is meant to assist in solving this problem; its objective is to further develop, extend, and verify quantitative numerical models of sediment and contaminant transport which, with a minimal number of parameters from laboratory and field experiments, will be valid for river, lake, estuarine, and oceanic waters. This modeling includes quantitative, time- and space- dependent descriptions of the sediment bed and its properties as well as quantitative, time- and space-dependent descriptions of the suspended soils concentration. The proposed work is experimental and theoretical in nature and can be categorized as (a) measurements of the resuspension of undisturbed sediments at high shear stresses; (b) laboratory experiments on flocculation and settling speeds, especially the investigation of larger floes and the effects of organics on flocculation; and (c) numerical modeling, including extensive verification and comparison of deterministic and probabilistic modeling for long-term calculations. The project emphasizes the transport and fate of fine-grained sediments. This knowledge is essential in predicting the transport and fate of contaminants, most of which are associated with these sediments. The results of the proposed work will make significant contributions to our understanding of contaminant flux at the sediment-water interface and the subsequent transport of contaminants away from this interface. -72- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7137-01 Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary Manganese- and Iron-Reducing Bacteria Institution: Principal Investigator: Medical College of Wisconsin John J. Lech Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $282,987 ********** SUMMARY The long-term goals of the proposed research are to understand the potential roles of manganese- and iron-reducing bacteria in the transformation of xenobiotic compounds in anaerobic sediments. Since these microbes act as important biogeochemical agents for the cycling of these metals, we are interested in the metabolism, and the regulation thereof, of these organisms, with particular emphasis on those factors which may affect the ability of these microbes to mediate the anaerobic transformation of pollutant chemicals in their natural environments. The more immediate objectives will include the study of two freshwater estuaries, Green Bay and the Milwaukee Harbor, with respect to the following: (1) determination of the presence and distribution of manganese- and iron-reducing bacteria in anaerobic sediments and which can mediate the transformation of aromatic pollutants either as pure isolates or as microbial consortia; (2) determination of the presence and distribution of bacteria, within the sediment zones of manganese and iron reduction, which can mediate the anaerobic dehalogenation of halogenated aromatic pollutants either as pure cultures or as microbial consortia; (3) characterization and identification of the bacteria mediating these processes; (4) determination of the stoichiometries linking aromatic compound transformation to manganese and iron reduction; (5) determination of electron acceptor versatility of these isolates with respect to anaerobic pollutant transformation; and (6) determination of the effect of the presence of alternate carbon substrates on anaerobic pollutant transformation. These studies, as a whole, should provide some valuable insight into the potential transformation of aromatic pollutants by these metal-reducing bacteria. -73- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-7145-01 Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids, and Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments Institution: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Project Period: 3 years Principal Investigator: Philip M. Gschwend Project Amount $418,940 SUMMARY To evaluate the continuing hazard posed by sedimentary accumulations of toxic chemicals, there must be identification of the processes maintaining their chemical activities in surface sediment layers and enabling their transport to overlying waters. For cohesive beds this includes (1) the microscale processes controlling sorptive interchanges between solution, porewater colloid, and larger particle phases and (2) linkage of these to macroscale processes, especially bioturbation, which govern relative movements of these phases. Consequently, it is proposed to study the rates of release of contaminants from sediments long exposed to hydrophobic chemicals using a flow interrupt methodology and to seek to identify critical governing factors. There also will be an assessment of the magnitude of sorption coefficients of Rn-222 to sediments and Pb-210 to colloids to enable accurate interpretation of these natural tracers of bioturbation. Tracer techniques using fluorescent materials applied under bell jars and monitored for their appearance in the bed will be validated against the natural tracers for their effectiveness in indicating bioturbation processes. Finally, a numerical modeling routine which incorporates suitable sorption formulations (equilibrium or kinetic) together with descriptions of relative phase movements, will be assembled. -74- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7149-01 A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury (HeHg) Production in Lacustrine and Estuarine Sediments Institution: Principal Investigator: The Academy of Natural Sciences Cynthia Gilmour Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $342,454 SUMMARY Methylmercury (MeHg) production has been identified as a key process in Hg bioaccumulation. The major objectives of this proposed study are 1) to acquire the necessary data and develop a model for predicting MeHg production rates and concentrations in lacustrine and estuarine sediments and 2) to develop methods to measure net in situ MeHg production and diffusive flux in various sediments types. Researchers will conduct a comparative study of about 30 lacustrine and estuarine sediments, building on an ongoing project which examines the relationships between certain biogeochemical parameters and MeHg. The parameters chosen for examination are based on the hypothesis that sulfate-reducing bacteria mediate MeHg production in sediments, and that factors which affect their metabolism, or which affect Hg speciation influence net methylation rates. Controlled microcosm studies will be used to more carefully assess the influence of pH, DOC and sulfate on methylation in three types of ecosystems. Recently developed analytical techniques will be used to measure in situ MeHg production and flux rates in sediments. Method development and initial rate estimation will be done in intact sediment core microcosms. Information provided by this project will provide critical information to ongoing development of lake and ecosystem models of Hg bioaccumulation. -75- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7160-01 Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Maryland D.P. Weston Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $254,743 ********** SUMMARY This study is intended to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms and controlling variables of pollutant transfer from contaminated sediments to deposit-feeding macrofauna, and will seek to determine quantitatively the role of organic carbon in mediating bioaccumulation. The ultimate objective is development of a predictive framework for assessment of the potential for bioaccumulation of pollutants from sediments. The importance of organic matter in bioaccumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene) will be evaluated by preparing several sediment mixtures in which organic content and hydrocarbon concentrations are simultaneously, and proportionately, manipulated. The extent of bioaccumulation among these treatments will be contrasted with the concentration of hydrocarbon within several environmental phases (particle- associated, the fraction associated with dissolved organic matter, and freely dissolved). This analysis should provide insight into the route and mechanisms of pollutant uptake, as well as the predictive utility of such concentration data in assessing bioaccumulation potential. Digestion and assimilation studies are proposed that use the same sediment mixtures, but rather than trying to predict bioaccumulation based on chemical parameters alone, the studies will examine how the test species alters its feeding and digestive strategies (and consequently hydrocarbon uptake) in response to varying levels of sediment organic content. By measuring changes in assimilation efficiency among the sediment mixtures, it will be established if ingestion is a significant route of hydrocarbon uptake, and if bioaccumulation rate varies directly with net digestive and absorptive gains. -76- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7170-01 Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspension of Soft Bottom Sediment Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Berkeley M. Fonda Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $274,340 ********** SUMMARY The objective of the proposed research is to develop mechanistic models to quantify the amount and the extent of flow- induced resuspension of cohesive bottom sediments in aquatic systems. We will focus on the physical-chemical mechanisms controlling soft sediment rheology and dynamics. A combined analytical-experimental approach will be adopted in this study. First, we will examine the nature of energy transfer across the mudline, from water waves and water currents to the fragile surface sediments. A recently proposed sideband energy transfer mechanism, which predicts significantly larger proportion of frictional energy transfer to the surface sediments, as compared to earlier models, will be examined in the laboratory. The fate of the transferred energy and its role in fluidizing surface sediments and resuspending them up into the water column will be measured and analyzed. Predictive models will be developed, relating incoming wave energy to an expected distribution of resuspension energy, and for a given rheology to an expected fluidization depth. The effect of salinity changes on the fluidization process will also be investigated. Lowered salinity due to fresh-salt water exchanges will weaken the cohesive structure of the sediments and thus may accelerate the erosional process. Controlled flume experiments with gradually varying water-column salinity will help quantify this important effect, especially for estuarine environments. The stability problem of water current flow over a gel-like bottom mud will be studied both analytically and experimentally. The objective of the analytical study is to derive a finite amplitude equation for the evolution of a perturbed mudline interface between a shear water current and a compliant viscoelastic bottom. The experimental part will be conducted to examine the onset of instability, and most importantly the corresponding mixing scales near the mudline. Understanding the structure of developed eddies will help in determining the sediment suspension profile in the water column. This phase of the study will extend the developed models to account for sediment resuspension and depth of fluidization due to both currents and waves. Another important component of the developed model will be to quantify the magnitude of fluid flow induced into the fluidized sediments, which is critical in assessing redox levels and contaminant release. -77- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7182-01 Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows Institution: Principal Investigator: Virginia Institute of Marine Albert Kuo Science Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $218,904 ********** SUMMARY The proposed research is directed toward obtaining a better understanding of the physical processes responsible for cohesive sediment transport in estuaries and tidal bays. Particular attention will be directed toward experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations of the two primary physical mechanisms for water column/sediment bed exchange, resuspension and deposition. It is anticipated that this study will produce both a deeper understanding of these processes and improved mathematical parameterizations for their representation in sediment-contaminant transport models. -78- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7276-01 Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the Sediment Water Interface in Freshwater Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Minnesota D.L. Swackhamer Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $224,337 ********** SUMMARY The overall goal of this research is to understand the role of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the recycling of hydrophic organic compounds (HOCs) of biodegradation of natural organic matter at the sediment-water interface in the Great Lakes. Recent evidence indicates that a substantial amount of particulate- associated HOCs leaving the water column by sedimentation are not incorporated into the sediments and are recycled back to the water column, in the dissolved phase. (See section B. below.) Thus permanent burial is delayed, and the water column residence time is increased, allowing for longer exposures of HOCs to the aquatic foodchain. The hypothesis is that particulate associated HOCs are released/desorbed (not biodegraded) from particles at the sediment water interface by decomposers during the normal course of the biodegradation of natural organic matter. The final output will be a model which predicts the recycling of HOCs to the dissolved phase as a function of the above variables. This project will use polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as model hydrophic compounds and as representative contaminants in aquatic systems and foodchains, and will focus on the sediment water interface at a site in Lake Superior. -79- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7278-01 Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological Nixing in Shallow Marine Sediments Institution: Principal Investigator: Case Western Reserve University G. Matisoff Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $254,366 ********** SUMMARY The fate of particle-bound pollutants is closely tied to the fate of sediment particles and their rates of burial in bottom sediments. In addition, bottom sediments may act as a pollutant source because post-depositional processes may cause release back into water. Mixing by macroinvertebrates is one of the major processes affecting the fate and transport of pollutants. The proposed work aims to quantify the nature of mixing processes of the major macrobenthos in shallow subtidal marine sediments and their effects on solute and particle transport and organic pollutant degradation. Hypotheses to be tested are: 1) mixing in subtidal muds is dominated by non-local mixing of a few higher order successional species; 2) mixing rates are sediment depth- and particle size-dependent; 3) particle selective feeding influences contaminant (DDT) concentration; 4) passive mixing due to fill of relict burrows by surface sediment is a significant process. The approach would involve field and laboratory experiments in which bioturbation of tracer-layered sediments by eight dominant species and two major species assemblages is followed by non-destructive gamma scanning of particles of different size classes, solutes and reactive particles. Bioturbation effects on vertical transport of DDT and the role of relict burrows on mixing would also be examined. -80- ------- ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY (AIR) EPA Project No: R81-4876-01 Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength Spectroscopy Institution: Principal Investigator University of California - Los Angeles Arthur M. Winer Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $258,567 SUMMARY In this two-year program, it is proposed to assemble a simplified, compact and portable, third-generation differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system and to apply it toward the following objectives: To measure simultaneously, with high time- and spatial- resolution, the short-term peak concentrations of NC>2, HONO, and HCHO within suitable selected, occupied residences over 24 hour diurnal cycles, and to correlate the resulting concentration profiles with activity patterns and the influence of environmental factors such as air exchange rates. To investigate the utility of the DOAS method for identifying and measuring other potential indoor air pollutants, including aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, for which the DOAS technique has good sensitivity. To further investigate the mechanisms of formation and destruction of nitrous acid, and its emissions from gas appliances. Results from this research will provide critical information on human exposure to potentially high, short-term levels of key air pollutants in typical occupied residences. -81- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5170-01 Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide Institution: Principal Investigator: California Institute of Technology Michael R. Hoffman Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $280,441 ********** SUMMARY The photocatalytic oxidation of organic acids and aldehydes to organic peroxides with the coupled reduction of molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in aqueous suspensions of small semiconductor particles, clay and sand particles will be investigated. Colloidal preparations of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and hematite will be used as the primary focus of study since these materials are chemically stable, readily available, abundant in the environment, and frequently found in sand and clay matrices. Oxidation of S(IV) in clouds and haze aerosol if often limited by the availability of hydrogen peroxide (H202). In addition to the gas phase, H202 may be generated in the liquid phase within irradiated clouds. Photocatalytic production of H2O2 on metal oxide and metal silicate surfaces has been demonstrated. The researchers propose to investigate these systems in detail in order to assess their possible role in the generation of H202 in humid atmospheres. Initial studies will focus on the oxidation of low molecular weight organic acids such as acetate, while subsequent experiments will focus on a variety of organic molecules as electron donors with a special emphasis on atmospherically relevant compounds such as the water soluble aldehydes and ketones. The results of this research will allow models for the liquid- phase production of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides to be developed. It is anticipated that this research will help to uncover additional pathways that govern the fate of H202 in atmospheric systems. -82- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5469-01 Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into Fog Droplets Institution: Principal Investigator: Boston College Dr. Paul Davidovits Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $325,386 ********** SUMMARY Recent measurements have shown that in addition to acid forming species, fog droplets in populated areas often contain high concentrations of toxic species among them volatile organic acids, aldehydes, alkyl sulfonates, trace metals and pesticides. It has also been shown that some of the organics in fog droplets are enriched by a factor of several thousands compared to Henry's Law equilibrium distributions. Little is known about the processes associated with the formation of toxic fog. An understanding of these processes is required in order to assess the environmental effect of the various sources of pollution. A program is proposed to answer the following questions. How do gas-phase pollutants enter liquid droplets? and what is the mechanism of species enrichment in liquid droplets? Central to answering these questions is a knowledge of the mass accommodation coefficient (7) and the desorption coefficient (7*) for the given species. The coefficient 7 is the probability that a molecule which hits the surface enters the bulk liquid and 7' is the probability of the reverse liquid to gas transition. These two are often the key kinetic parameters determining the transfer rate of species between the gas phase and the liquid drop. The ratio of these two parameters determines the steady state liquid phase density of the species. A technique has been developed using a controllable stream of droplets to measure accurately these parameters. In the proposed program, first the mass accommodation and desorption coefficients of selected representative pollutants will be measured using pure droplets, acidifed droplets and droplets containing formaldehyde, methanol, benzene and metals such as iron. Then, the uptake and desorption measurements for these species will be performed with controlled droplets produced from collected fog water. The aim of the project is to identify what factors enhance the uptake of specific pollutant species by atmospheric droplets and what combinations of species and conditions favor enrichment. -83- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5534-01 Spectroscopic and Pnotometric Measurement of Novel Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems Institution: Principal Investigator: Tennessee Technology University Robert J. Glinski Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $109,888 SUMMARY A special chemiluminescence survey system will be assembled to efficiently and thoroughly survey a large number of potentially chemiluminescent reactions under a wide range of reactant pressures. In addition, a system will be assembled to inject chemiluminescence reagents directly into the postcombustion zone of a diffusion flame. The relatively high radical concentrations in this zone suggest that chemiluminescence will occur efficiently between the reagent and certain radicals. This work will provide a basic plan for improving detection methods for gas-phase sulfur and selenium compounds as well as yield other data on their basic participation in the combustion process. Precise photometric measurements will yield absolute photon yields such that ultimate detection limits of future instrumentation employing the new reactions can be quantitatively predicted. -84- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5871-01 An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-Chloromethane-Chloroethane Reaction Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced Fluorescence Technique Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Dayton Barry Bellinger Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $242,866 SUMMARY The growing use of high-temperature incineration to dispose of toxic organic wastes has generated an interest in the combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). Emissions of undestroyed feed material and toxic by-products appear to be kinetically controlled; thus, the successful modeling of the process requires knowledge of the high-temperature gas-phase oxidation mechanisms. The knowledge of high-temperature oxidation kinetics of CHCs is sparse because of barriers imposed by past experimental techniques. This is particularly important at temperatures above 480 K where experimental data are not presently available. Under stoichiometric and oxidative conditions, hydroxyl (OH) radical is probably the dominant species responsible for initiation of the decomposition of organic molecules in high-temperature combustion environments. Laboratory flow reactor and full-scale emissions data have shown that the chlorinated methanes and chlorinated ethanes (CM/CEs) are among the prevalent high- temperature by-products from the thermal oxidation of CHCs. Therefore, researchers propose to measure the high-temperature reaction rates of OH radicals with the CM/CEs using a laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. This technique will be used in conjunction with a specially fabricated high- temperature quartz test cell operating under atmospheric pressure, slow flow, single reaction conditions. In the absence of reactant thermal decomposition, precise rate constant measurements may be obtained with this apparatus from ambient temperatures up to 1373 K. Acquisition of the rate coefficients will significantly augment knowledge of the high-temperature oxidation kinetics of aliphatic CHCs. This high temperature rate data will also be used to validate or modify currently used calculational techniques for the transition state theory of bimolecular reaction rates. Researchers will also compare these results to other empirical and semi-empirical models and investigate methods of modeling and predicting any experimentally observed non-Arrhenius behavior. -85- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6198-01 Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobiphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Roger Atkinson Riverside Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $137,352 SUMMARY As a result of human activities, polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's), polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD's) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF's) are emitted into the environment. It is recognized that these chlorinated organics are transported primarily through the atmosphere, where they are partitioned between the gas and particle phases. For the PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's present in the gas phase, it is expected that photolysis and reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical will lead to their atmospheric removal and the formation of products. For regulatory purposes and for health effects assessments, it is essential to have a detailed knowledge of the atmospheric lifetimes and fates of the PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's. To provide the necessary data base concerning the atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's, the investigators will carry out a two year research program involving the following elements: (a) Determination of the kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of OH and N03 radicals, 03 and N20^ with the 2,2'- , 3,3'- and 3,5-dichlorobiphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, 1-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, fluorene, dibenzothiophene and, possibly, related nitrogen heterocycles, (b) Refinement of presently available techniques used to calculate OH radical rate constants for hetero-atom containing polycyclic compounds, based upon correlation of the rate constants with electrophilic substituent constants. These techniques will be used to derive upper limits to the atmospheric lifetimes for the more chlorinated PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's which are not presently amenable to experimental investigation and (c) Investigation of the products formed from the atmospherically important gas-phase reactions of the compounds listed in (a) above. The data resulting from this study will provide a data base concerning the atmospheric lifetimes and fates of gas-phase PCB's, PCDD's and PCDF's and related compounds which will be critical to the assessments of the potential health impacts of these compounds. -86- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-6211-01 A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical Kinetics in Aqueous Microplets Institution: Principal Investigator Aerospace Corporation L.R. Martin Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $216,998 SUMMARY The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) will make use of computer models to evaluate control strategies for pollutants that lead to acid deposition. In particular, the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) has been constructed to mimic the chemical, physical, and meteorological behavior of the troposphere in the northeastern part of the United States for this purpose. If the model is to make reliable and credible predictions about acid deposition, then it must be based on a realistic, complete and verifiable set of chemical processes. A recent review of RADM has identified several areas of potential weakness in the model. Two of those areas of interest are 1) the completeness and accuracy of the wet chemical module, and 2) the difficulty of verification of the wet chemical module. The wet chemical component is of central importance to modeling acid deposition not only because aqueous chemistry is an important pathway for the formation of acids but also because this pathway is likely to be the source of any nonlinearities in the model. In the proposal, questions are raised about the presently accepted picture of the chemical kinetics taking place in cloud droplets. In the present treatment of the aqueous chemistry, the liquid phase is assumed to have homogeneous properties, and bulk chemical kinetics is assumed to apply to the droplets (after corrections for possible concentration gradients caused by mass transfer limitations). There are reasons to believe that the presently accepted picture of a liquid phase with uniform properties may not be correct. Aerosol droplets have a high surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical reactions taking place at or near the phase boundary may have rates or mechanisms different from those in the bulk phase. If this proves to be true, then a more complex picture of cloud microphysics and chemistry will have to be considered. In this proposal experiments will be conducted on microdroplets to test selected systems (HCHO/S02 and HN03/S02) for surface enhanced kinetics. -87- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6329-01 M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors Institution: Washington State University Project Period: 3 Years Principal Investigator: K.W. HippS Project Amount: $172,173 SUMMARY The objective of this research is the development of a practical understanding of the basic physics and chemistry necessary to design and construct inexpensive, sensitive, and selective metal-insulator-metal (M-I-M) diodes as chemical sensors. Thus, it is basic research strongly tied to applied technology. These devices will ultimately be used for both gas and solution phase detection applications. At the heart of these sensors is an infusible metal layer serving as the top electrode of the M-I-M device. Migration of gas or solution phase species through this porous metal into the barrier region of the device produces changes in the device which are detected as electrical signals. Special emphasis will be placed on chemical capture devices and/or thermally cycled reading to improve selectivity. The specific goals of the proposed research are: 1) To develop infusible M-I-M diodes having environmentally stable electrodes and useful lives of the order of months. 2) To develop methods for analyzing tunneling spectra obtained in the 77 to 300K temperature range. 3) To initiate research on the chemistry and physics of M-I-M tunnel diodes containing chemical traps for use as 'smart fuse' sensors at T>270K. -88- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6353-01 Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle Distribution Institution: Principal investigator: Oregon Graduate Center James F. Pankow Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $299,257 SUMMARY This project will seek to improve the fundamental understanding of gas/particle partitioning processes in the atmosphere, particularly as regards non-urban air masses. It will utilize controlled laboratory experiments with representative model particulate materials and model sorbates. It will examine how species sorb to and desorb from particles of: 1) "soot" and elemental carbon; 2) clays and silts; 3) ammonium sulfate and sea salt; and 4) urban particulate matter. These particulate materials will be subjected to detailed physical and chemical characterizations. Urban particulate matter has been included since it is of great interest to investigate how small amounts of it (as may be present in the non-urban atmosphere) affect the sorption properties of the other model particulate materials. The model sorbate species will include: 1) alkanes; 2) organic mono- and diacids; 3) PAHs; 4) organochlorine compounds; and 5) elemental mercury. Single and multiple-sorbent systems will be examined for additivity of sorption properties. Other experimental parameters will include concentration, temperature, equilibration time, and relative humidity. Measuring partition constants at different temperatures will yield the thermodynamic heats of desorption. A study of the effects of equilibration time will reveal important information concerning the nature of the partitioning process, e.g., the relative roles of adsorption and absorption. -89- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6395-01 Global Climate Model Development & Sensitivity Experiments Institution: Principal Investigator: Columbia University R. Levenson Project Period: Project Amount: 3 Years $700,000 ********** SUMMARY This research is needed to improve the adequacy and reliability of a Global Climate Model (GCM). The objective is to improve climate simulation and thus allow for better quantitative analysis of possible future climate change, especially at regional scales. The approach used will improve the representation of land- surface and ocean processes in the OKGCM to incorporate improved versions of these and other sub-models into the next generation of the GCM, and to carry out climate change sensitivity tests with the improved model at higher resolutions. With previous support from EPA we have developed improved formulations of land surface processes and have tested an advanced ocean model for possible coupling with an atmospheric GCM. With these and other improvements the researchers seek to make the GCM a better tool for studying problems of global importance, such as climate change, drought, desertification, and deforestation. To this end the researchers will carry out experiments with the new GCM of transient and doubled C02 equilibrium climate change, and investigate the issue of possible drought intensification. A broad range of climate parameters generated in these new simulations will be made available to the "climate change impact community." -90- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6434-01 Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors Institution: Principal Investigator: Arizona State University Veronica Burrows Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $188,964 ********** SUMMARY The proposal calls for further study of metal substituted phthalocyanine (Pc) Blodgettt-Langmuir (B-L) films for hazardous gas sensor applications. The approach presented explores simultaneously the optical and electrical properties of this class of thin film material. The goal is to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the changes in the electrical properties of these materials. Past research has demonstrated that this class of materials can be deposited on a variety of substrates and that they have stable chemical physical properties even after repeated thermal cycling from 77-400K. The observation of gas sensitivity by several authors indicate that the chemical interactions with reactive gases such as N02, H2S, and CO tend to be history dependent and somewhat irreproducible. Rapid chemisorption and subsequent transport of active species into the bulk of the film appears to be an important process. In light of this, there are questions about the character of the chemisorption sites, the effect of film structure on the properties and gas response of the films, and the chemical activity of the various surface and bulk site, and the overall reversibility of the various processes arising in these interactions. To address these issues, Professor Burrows proposes to use both infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR) to determine the nature of the surface species on the PC films. These results will be correlated with both in-the-plane and through-the-plane electrical measurements on these films. The goals of the proposed work include: 1. determining the degree of crystallinity of the B-L films using polarized light measurements; 2. observing changes in the IR and UV-visible spectra with gas uptake; 3. Simultaneous measurements of the electrical properties of the films with gas uptake. -91- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6486-01 The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in the Lower Lake Michigan Basin institution: Principal Investigator: Colorado State University Walter A. Lyons Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $124,362 ********** SUMMARY The primary objective of this research is to develop techniques that will allow for quantitative assessments of the impact of a large body of water (in this case Lake Michigan) on the transport, entrapment and retention of photochemical oxidant precursors. An eventual goal will be to provide mesoscale numerical model-derived data as input into upgraded versions of the Urban Airshed Model or other photochemical grid models for application in developing improved ozone implementation plans for the Lower Lake Michigan Basin [LLMB]. Large portions of Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan are currently experiencing major difficulties in attainment of the ozone NAAQS. In spite of reductions in NOx and VOC emissions in the region, oxidant standards still appear to be in violation during certain summer synoptic meteorological regimes (stagnant high pressure systems, frequently associated with lake breezes). It is now generally assumed oxidants and their precursors are routinely "trapped" and "concentrated" over Lake Michigan and other similar bodies of water. Yet this has never been investigated in any quantitative manner. This exploratory research marks a first attempt at the application of a new generation of nested-grid mesoscale numerical models in a detailed investigation of the meteorological factors contributing to the build up of regional oxidant levels in the LLMB. It is believed the resulting techniques would eventually have general applicability to most urban coastal areas, including the Northeastern US. -92- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6491-01 Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution Control Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Utah Jiri Janata Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $388,000 ********** SUMMARY Monitoring of pollutants in air requires miniaturized analytical instrumentation. The broad objective of this proposal is to carry out basic research and development of miniature solid state sensors for a variety of pollutants in air in a broad range of concentrations. These gases may include traffic combustion products, gasses emitted during industrial production and gaseous products resulting from the decomposition of waste materials. There are two major goals: (1) improvement of the structure of the basic device and (2) optimization of chemically selective layers with respect to their selectivity and dynamic range. The primary material which will be used in this work is polyaniline (PAN). This material will serve as a host matrix into which binding sites specific to gases of interest will be incorporated. In the first instance these binding sites will be anionic metallic and organometallic complexes which will be ion-exchanged into the polymer. These materials should provide selectivity for the gas/solid interactions necessary for any gas sensors. The dynamic range will be tuned in two ways: (1) by controlling the density of the selective binding sites in the PAN through the control of the degree of its protonation/oxidation and (2) by controlling the operating temperature of individual sensors. The latter will be done by the integrated on-chip semiconductor heating/cooling system. -93- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6559-01 Laboratory Investigations of Free Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water Institution: Principal Investigator: Georgia Tech Research Corporation Paul H. Wine Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $353,923 ********** SUMMARY This research program will use laboratory studies to elucidate the aqueous phase chemistry of a number of free radicals which are thought to play an important role in the oxidation of S(IV) in cloud water. The radicals of primary interest include OH, H02, 02~ , S03~, S04~, S05~, Cl, C12-, and N03. Emphasis will be placed on direct, sensitive, and selective observation of reactive intermediates, since only through such observations can results with a unique interpretation be obtained. The experimental methodology will couple radical production by laser flash photolysis with time-resolved radical detection by long pathlength UV-visible absorption (very sensitive) and resonance Raman spectroscopy (very selective). Specific experimental investigations which will be undertaken include kinetics studies of reactions of the formaldehyde-S(IV) adduct (HMSA) with a number of free radicals, kinetics studies of potentially important atmospheric reactions of chlorine radicals (Cl and Cl2~), kinetics studies of potentially important atmospheric reactions of the SQ$~ radical, and kinetics studies of free radical reactions with the S(IV) species HS03~ and S032~. Where appropriate, temperature dependences of reaction rates will be investigated. -94- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6672-01 Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle Size Distributions of Trace Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Minnesota Peter McMurry Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $266,912 SUMMARY Improved techniques for measuring gas/particle distributions and particulate size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from 2 to 7 ring compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ranging in substitution from 1 to 8 chlorines will be developed and applied to atmospheric aerosols. A new sample extraction and analysis procedure involving the use of supercritical fluid (C02 and N20) extraction and chromatography will be developed and used to process collected gas and particle samples. This procedure reduces the required air sample volume by a factor of 100, and reduces sample processing times by a factor of 10 to 30. Typical sample volumes and sample handling times will be 0.5 to 5 m3 and 1 to 3 hours, respectively. Gas/particle distributions will be measured by using a new diffusion separator with polyurethane foam (PUF) adsorber to collect gas phase samples and a dichotomous sampler followed by a PUF adsorber to collect total samples. The diffusion separator will permit the separation of gases from particles without "blowoff," which is a concern with filter separators. With this approach the magnitude of sampling artifacts that might occur with the conventional filter plus adsorber method can be evaluated. This method will avoid problems of large surface area and uncertain collection efficiency that are inherent with the measurement of trace organic gases by denuders. Measurements of PAH and PCB size distributions in atmospheric particles will also be made. Microorifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs) will be used for these measurements. The first objective will be to investigate possible sampling artifacts. This will be done by comparing MOUDI data with independent, parallel measurements of gas/particle distributions. The second objective is to determine whether trace organic species are preferentially associated with hygroscopic or hydrophobic particles. -95- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6678-01 Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on Atmospheric Aerosols Institution: Principal Investigator: University of North Carolina Stephen R. McDow Project Period: Project Amount: 1 Year $144,996 ********** SUMMARY Model predictions have consistently underestimated the importance of heterogeneous atmospheric reactions. For example, recent research indicates that heterogeneous reactions lead to more rapid stratospheric ozone destruction. In the troposphere two of the most important reactions, oxidation of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides occur more rapidly in the presence of carbonaceous particle surfaces. Since many classes of reactions are catalyzed by particle surfaces, including many potential atmospheric reactions on soot surfaces, it is important that heterogeneous surfaces be considered to understand and accurately model atmospheric processes. The purpose of this work is to create a methodology to study rates of heterogeneous organic reactions on atmospheric aerosols. This requires a thorough investigation of the effects of aerosol chemical and physical characteristics which are known or suspected to affect reaction rates and mechanisms. -96- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6829-01 inorganic Tracers for Motor vehicle Emissions Institution: Principal Investigator: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ilhan Olmez Project Period: Project Amount: 2 Years $157,602 ********** SUMMARY Because of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, the traditional marker elements for emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles, Pb and Br, are quickly losing their value for receptor-model studies of the sources of atmospheric particles. Recently, studies in Japan have suggested that huge amounts of La and/or Ce are emitted from vehicles equipped with modern catalytic converters. Emissions from a wide range of vehicles will be collected, both individually and collectively in a traffic tunnel, and analyzed for rare earths and many other trace elements (including Pb and Br) to identify those associated with gasoline-powered vehicles. Samples from ambient, urban air will be analyzed to search for high concentrations of the identified elements at locations heavily influenced by motor vehicles. The ambient data will be treated by various receptor-modeling methods, e.g., factor analysis, multiple linear regression, to extract the motor-vehicle component. The component developed will be tested by performing chemical mass balances on appropriate urban data sets including those generated in this work. -97- ------- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING EPA Project NO: R81-5040-01 Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate in Atmospheric Pressure Methane Flames Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California, Los Angeles Owen Smith Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $158,767 ********** SUMMARY A study will be done of the formation of heavy metal particulates in flames by introducing solutions of metal acetates into premixed methane-oxygen-nitrogen flat flames. The evolution of the particle size distribution and number density will be followed by Mie scattering and extinction measurements. The rates of nucleation, coagulation and scavenging (growth from the gas phase) will be calculated from the data and comparison will be made to previous measurements made in coal fired systems and to calculations based on the classical theory of nucleation. Initial experiments will be performed on cadmium, since particulate emissions involving this element are thought to constitute a significant hazard to public health. Time permitting, the nucleation and growth of zinc and lead may also be examined. The goal of the proposed study is to address some of the key aspects in which particulate formation in waste incinerators differ from particulate emissions from coal fired systems. These include the effect of the local fuel-oxidizer stoichiometry in the region where the metal is volatilized, the flame temperature and the effect of chlorinated species. This study should help to ascertain the extent to which the reasonably large body of literature on coal derived particulates can be applied to waste incineration. -98- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5041-01 Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation of Hazardous Hastes Institution: California Institute of Technology Project Period: 2 years Principal Investigator: Michael R. Hoffman Project Amount: $255,006 SUMMARY A study will be conducted of the photochemical and sonochemical transformation of selected toxic and hazardous chemicals. The redox chemistry of selected organic compounds such as phenols, carbonyls, and hydrocarbons in solvent suspensions will be studied in detail using suspensions of very small colloidal semiconductor particles as photocatalysts. The build up and decay of intermediates will be followed with conventional and time resolved absorption spectroscopy, and conductivity techniques. Quantum yields for the reaction studies will be determined. Similar studies will be conducted where sonocation is used to carry out the reaction. Physical parameters to be studied include acoustical frequency, acoustical intensity, temperature, static pressure, ambient gas, and effect of particulate matter. Simultaneous photolysis and sonolysis in semiconductor suspensions will be studied. -99- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5124-01 Effect of Reactor Configuration on Stability of Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation in Activated Sludge Institution: Principal Investigator: Clemson University C.P. Leslie Grady Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $127,343 SUMMARY The purpose of this proposal is to explore the variability associated with the removal of xenobiotic organic compounds by the activated sludge process in order to determine two things: the amount of that variability that is inherent to the system, and the impact of system design upon the variability. The research will be performed in laboratory-scale activated sludge reactors operated under carefully controlled conditions in order to minimize the impact of external factors on the observed variability of xenobiotic compound removal. The feed to the reactors will be a complex synthetic feed containing both biogenic and xenobiotic constituents. Parallel systems representing both completely-mixed and plug-flow configurations will be operated with appropriate replication to allow statistical evaluation of the variability associated with the removal of a target xenobiotic compound and assessment of the effect of reactor configuration on that variability. A second round of experiments will investigate a second target compound, thereby expanding the generality of the conclusions. The biomass will be characterized with respect to the kinetics of biodegradation of the target compounds as well as with respect to the microorganisms responsible for that biodegradation, thereby establishing how reactor configuration influences both factors. Finally, dynamic mathematical modeling studies will be performed using the observed kinetics in order to choose a shock load condition that will allow discrimination between the abilities of the two systems to handle perturbations and the chosen shock load will be applied to observe and quantify those differences. -100- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5483-01 Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium Silicate Reagents Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Texas at Austin Gary T. Rochelle Project Period: Project Amount; 2 years $185,643 ********** SUMMARY The overall objective of this work is to develop low cost duct injection technology for flue gas desulfurization (FGD). Advanced technology for FGD is necessary to alleviate acid rain and to utilize coal economically for power production. The specific technology to be developed utilizes highly reactive adsorbents prepared from lime and fly ash. Calcium silicate solids will be prepared by reacting lime with fly ash in the presence of water. The reactivity of the solids to S02 will be measured in a packed bed reactor system. The solids will be further characterized by chemical analysis, by H20 and N2 adsorption and by other methods of solids analysis. Previous work has established that solids prepared by these methods are 2 to 10 times more reactive than hydrated lime at 50 to 100°c and 30 to 70% relative humidity. Satisfactory solids have been prepared by reacting 1 part lime with 2 to 5 parts fly ash in the presence of liquid water for 1 hour at 200°C or 12 hours at 90°C. NaOH at levels from 0.05 to 0.3 M reduces the required reaction time/temperature. Experiments will be performed to optimize temperature, water concentration, reactor configuration, NaOH concentration, and other variables affecting reagent preparation. Extensive studies will be performed on the reaction of the solid reagents with S02, HCl, and NO at 30 to 70% relative humidity and contact times of ten seconds to one hour. -101- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5740-01 Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Improvement with a Barbed Plate Discharge Electrode Institution: Principal Investigator: Colorado State University Jane H. Davidson Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $149,392 ********** SUMMARY The proposed research extends a prior study of a novel barbed plate-to-plate electrostatic precipitator to examine the effects of the barbed plate discharge electrode on particle motion and deposition, current distribution, and collection efficiency. Study of the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator was initially aimed at controlling the detrimental effects of the electrically generated secondary flows and turbulence known to exist in the conventional wire-to-plate precipitator. The design is based on the concept that a more uniform distribution of current within the precipitator flow channel reduces the scale of the corona induced gas motions and thus particle diffusivities. Earlier work has proven that the barbed plate electrode is potentially beneficial, but additional study is required to clearly define the practical viability of the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator. The extent to which performance gains can be achieved depends on many critical parameters including particle charging, electro-mechanical clamping of the precipitated dust layer, reentrainment losses, and the formation of back corona, as well as particle diffusivities. The crucial test of this design is particle collection efficiency. Experimental study of the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator will be expanded to include laser Doppler measurements of particle motion in the inter-electrode space, detailed current distribution measurements on the collector plates, particle deposition patterns, and quantification of collection efficiencies for a range of particle sizes. The design of the discharge electrode plate will be refined to optimize performance. -102- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5861-01 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX with Ammonia over Vanadia/Titania Catalysts Institution: Principal Investigator: Ohio State University Umit S. Ozkan Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $258,449 SUMMARY Catalytic selective reduction (SCR) offers a powerful post- combustion pollution control technique for removal of NOX from stationary combustion sources. In this research, NOX is reduced with ammonia in the presence of oxygen over a catalyst, giving N2 and HoO. Among the catalysts used for selective catalytic reduction reaction, vanadia catalysts supported over titania appear to be especially promising, achieving high activity levels at lower temperatures and showing resistance to deactivation under stack gas conditions. Despite its importance, the phenomena involved in NOX/NH3 reaction over vanadia/titania catalysts are not well understood. The goal of the proposed research program is to investigate selective catalytic reduction of NOX with ammonia over ¥205/1102 catalysts in the presence of oxygen. The reaction scheme, the nature of catalyst active sites, the catalyst-support interactions, the role of lattice and gas phase oxygen and the deactivation characteristics of the catalyst will be the major focal points to be examined. The research program will include preparation of vanadia/titania catalysts, detailed characterization of catalysts using laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with 3-D imaging technique, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mechanistic studies including steady-state and pulse reaction experiments and isotopic labelling technique. In situ laser Raman spectroscopy will be used in conjunction with isotopic labelling technique also for examining the oxygen exchange characteristics of the catalysts. -103- ------- EPA Project No: R81-5883-01 An Investigation of Nixed Surface Media Filtration Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Washington Mark M. Benjamin Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $197,580 SUMMARY This proposal reviews filtration practice from a fundamental and practical approach and details the purpose and expected benefits of chemical pretreatment for particle destabilization resulting in an array of particle size and zeta potential distribution, and of use of dual-tri media filters to attempt to match media sizes to particle sizes. It proposes to develop a "new" mixed surface media filtration made up of media particles with different zeta potentials to prove media surface potentials ranges adapt to particle zeta potential ranges in the same way 2 or 3 media sizes are used to match particle size ranges. The researchers suggest that sand media, which includes Si02 surface dominating the surface chemistry resulting in a significant negative surface potential. Adsorption of natural organic acids is small, but as it occurs, it would lower the surface potential further. Thus, during filtration, particles with positive or neutral zeta potential would be optimally removed while those still with negative ZP would be leaked through. With time, the negatively charged sand grains would be coated with neutral or positively charged particles, and the negatively charged particles could then be removed more efficiently (ripening). Thus, with "mixed-surface media," does a filter initially containing 2/3 *s negatively charged and 1/3 positively charged media behave better or worse than one with the ratio reversed? -104- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6327-01 NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization in a Staged N-CFBC. Phase I: Cold Flow Measurements Institution: Principal Investigator: University of New Hampshire Ihab H. Farag Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $65,135 SUMMARY The overall objectives of the proposed investigation are: (1) to experimentally qualify and quantify the hydrodynamic characteristics of a two-stage "N" shaped circulating fluidized bed combustor (N-CFBC) with two solid circulation loops, (2) to characterize the residence time, and (3) to study and model the pressure profile in the N-CFBC. To address the problems of NOX and SOX emission an innovative staged CFBC is being designed by the PI. It is a folded-over N- shaped CFBC design, or N-CFBC for short, with separate feeds of fuel and sorbent. It consists of three chambers: upward riser combustor, downward flow combustor and ash separator, and upward counterflow sulfur capture riser. This new design aims at achieving improved combustion, ash separation, and desulfurization steps. A comprehensive program to demonstrate the process on a small scale is proposed. Heat, mass, and momentum transfer is quite complex within the N-CFBC. The heat transfer coefficient is strongly dependent on fluid mechanics and flow regimes. Basic questions of solids and gas flow specific to the staged design need to be answered. The first phase of work is the development of a cold flow system to study flow patterns, pressure drops and effects of system variables. -105- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6449-01 Control of Disinfection By-products and Biodegradable Organic Carbon Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Texas Gerald E. Speitel Jr. Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $223,891 SUMMARY This project will investigate ozonation and biological treatment in granular activated carbon (GAC) beds for the removal of disinfection by-product precursors and biodegradable organic carbon. The objectives include 1) development of relatively rapid batch tests to allow water utilities to make preliminary assessments of the potential of ozonation and biodegradation and 2) demonstration of one or more combinations of ozonation and biodegradation in GAC beds, which produce treated water that is biologically stable and has a small potential to form halogenated disinfection by-products. The project will involve detailed evaluation of two source waters, Lake Houston and Lake Austin. Lake Houston water is an algal-laden, soft reservoir water containing relatively higher concentrations of organic carbon. The potential for disinfection by-product formation is average to somewhat above average. The water is now treated in a conventional plant using alum coagulation. Lake Austin water is a hard water containing lower levels of organic carbon than Lake Houston. Lake Austin is not as well characterized as Lake Houston, but average levels of disinfection by-product formation are expected. The water is now treated in a conventional plant using lime softening. These waters are typical of those treated by many water utilities and study of them should yield results that are useful to a broad range of water utilities. One year of batch experiments and one year of continuous-flow, laboratory-scale column experiments will be conducted on each water. In addition, to provide information on rich source waters, batch studies will be conducted on a third water from Florida, which contains high levels of disinfection by- product precursors. -106- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6459-01 Destruction of Toxic Compounds by Plasma-Augmented Combustion Institution: Principal Investigator: University of California Robert F. Sawyer Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $256,911 SUMMARY The proposed project will investigate the destruction rates and reaction mechanisms of a variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a reactor that consists of a premixed flat flame burner followed by an rf plasma. Product gas composition and temperature will be measured using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. Initial work will focus on the model waste compounds, including dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and mono- and di-chlorinated compounds. Later work will employ single component wastes, with single isomer PCB's cited as an example. The primary objectives of the research are 1) to achieve an understanding of the chemistry involved in the destruction of chlorinated organic compounds in the plasma-augmented flame environment and 2) to examine the feasibility of using a plasma- augmented flame for the incineration of toxic wastes. -107- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6464-01 Treatment of Textile Dye Haste Haters By Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological and Sorption Processes Institution: Principal Investigator: Virginia Polytechnic Institute Donald L. Michelsen and State University Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $266,526 ********** SUMMARY Treatment of textile wastes centers on end-of-the-pipe using typically combinations of aerobic degradation plus flocculation (settling). Recently, anaerobic treatment as well as chemical reducing agents have proved effective at color elimination. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate a combination of chemical reducing agents plus aerobic degradation or adsorbent removal for treating typical high volume dye wastes—Indigo "Blue Jan" Vat Dye, Reactive Dye Blue 19 and Disperse Dye 79. Initial criteria will center on BOD, TOC, TSS and color. The testing will involve comparing biodegradation (sequential batch reactor) with and without decolorization using reducing agents. Also a comparison will be made of adsorption removal with and without decolorization using reducing agents. A technical and economic feasibility study will be completed. Subsequently continuous flow bench scale testing of promising optimum combinations will be conducted using traditional evaluation parameters. However, attention will be directed toward degradation of dye breakdown constituents through the process. Analytical techniques will include GC/MS, UV and visible scanning spectrophotometer and thin layer chromatograph. -108- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6476-01 Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtration: Effects of Particle Size Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Texas Desmond F. Lawler Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $243,819 SUMMARY The overall objective of this research is to develop a better understanding of the phenomenon of ripening in filters used for water and wastewater treatment. This investigation will be done by studying, both mathematically and experimentally, the changes in particle size distributions and head loss as functions of time and depth in deep bed filtration. The specific objectives of this research are as follows: 1. To study, experimentally, the effects of several independent variables on filtration ripening (removal, as measured by particle size distributions, and pressure development) for typical applications in both drinking water and municipal wastewater treatment, and 2. To improve the mathematical modeling of filter ripening, both by extending an existing mathematical model from its current limitation to monodisperse suspensions to consider heterodisperse suspensions and by considering a stochastic modeling approach; the improvements in mathematical modeling will reflect mechanisms of particle behavior observed in the results of the experimental work done to meet the first objective. The independent variables to be investigated include filtration velocity, media size, particle concentration, degree of particle destabilization, media depth, and type of particle. The type of particle refers to the choices of different influent suspensions to be used, two from typical drinking water applications and one from the most common wastewater application. -109- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6490-01 Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand Filters Institution: Principal Investigator: Cornell University Richard I. Dick Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $282,017 ********** SUMMARY Federal drinking water standards regulate cyst-forming protozoan pathogens and chlorinated organic compounds. Slow sand filters offer the potential of concurrent removal of both pathogens and trihalomethane precursors. Slow sand filtration is a very old water treatment process, but basic mechanistic understanding of factors establishing process performance are not well developed. Although the schmutzdecke on slow sand filters is widely considered to be necessary foi; effective particle removal there is evidence to the contrary. It is hypothesized that both organic carbon removal and particle removal are dependent on biofilm development within the filter bed; however, this has not been well documented. In this research, the removal of organic carbon and particles will be carefully documented as functions of filter depth. Results will be interpreted with the aid of a model in which particle removal is considered to occur on filtration media ripened by the presence of biofilm. Biofilm development, in turn, is a function of the concentration of microbial energy sources. Results of the fundamental research on basic mechanisms controlling performance of slow sand filters will be used to test concepts for improving filter performance in the laboratory and in surface water treatment plants. -110- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6856-01 An Experimental And Theoretical Study On The Influence Of Methyl Chloride On The Structure And Extinction Of Hydrocarbon Flames Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Illinois At Chicago Ishwar K. Puri Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $231,967 SUMMARY The thermal destruction of municipal, hazardous and biomedical wastes is rapidly becoming a promising waste management technique. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) pose practical problems during the incineration process because of their well-known inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion and role in pollutant formation. Studies have shown that gas phase combustion including that containing CHCs is characterized by considering the coupled effects of fluid dynamics, transport processes and chemical kinetics. Researchers propose a study on laminar flames composed of methane/methyl chloride flames experiencing fluid dynamic stretch. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in modelling turbulent combustion of the sort that occurs in practical incinerators and in developing engineering charts that can describe limits of incinerator operation in terms of the oxygen content and fluid flowrate. Several flame configurations will be studied including nonpremixed, premixed and partially premixed situations and comparisons of the results made under similar circumstances. -Ill- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6861-01 Suspension Loading Effects on Coal Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing Institution: Principal Investigator: Stanford University Stephen Niksa Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $132,435 ********** SUMMARY This project will examine the formation of NOX from nitrogen liberated from tars as they are converted to soot in fuel rich conditions. Fuel rich conditions exist when burning pulverized coal in dense suspensions but no data is available for the NOX yields in these regions. Experiments will be conducted in a radiant flow reactor in which there is no convection and no conduction of heat thus eliminating temperature and gas phase concentration gradients in the reactor. This system will be ideal for studying secondary chemistry, even at high particle loadings in the reactor. Specifically the following factors will be pursued; (1) The impact of tar conversion into soot on fuel-nitrogen evolution; (2) The breakthrough of all nitrogen bearing species through external flame zones; (3) The assignment of the optional fuel equivalence ratio for minimizing NO formation during the initial stages of combustion. -112- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6873-01 Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical Mechanism of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction in Combustion Products Institution: Principal Investigator: Stanford University C.T. Bowman Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $143,241 ********** SUMMARY A research program is proposed to investigate the chemical mechanism of the RAPRENOX process for reducing NOX emissions from stationary combustion sources. The RAPRENOX process, which involves injection of crystalline cyanuric acid particles into hot combustion products to initiate a reaction sequence which can remove in excess of 80% of the NO in the product stream, currently is under development. It appears to be an economically-attractive alternative to current exhaust gas treatment methods such as Selective Catalytic Reduction and Thermal De-N0x. At the present time, the kinetic parameters and products of several critical reactions in the RAPRENOX chemical mechanism are poorly known, and more precise information is needed to assist in the further development of RAPRENOX. Researchers will obtain this information in a series of experiments in a shock tube, using laser-based optical diagnostic techniques. The kinetic data obtained will be incorporated into a detailed chemical model for RAPRENOX, and the model will be used to investigate ways to improve process performance. -113- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6876-01 Ozone Production With Contaminated Electrodes In Electrostatic Air Cleaners Institution: Principal Investigator: Colorado State University Jane H. Davidson Project Period: Project Amount: 1 year $73,867 ********** SUMMARY Ozone emissions from electrostatic air cleaners are a major source of indoor air pollution. Industrial experience indicates that ozone formation in corona discharges increases substantially with even minimal electrode contamination. Prior studies of ozone production in air cleaners have completely overlooked this effect. The proposed work will first establish the relationship of ozone generation to electrode contamination in typical electronic air cleaner geometries. The effects of electrode geometry, material, and temperature, discharge polarity, current level, air humidity and temperature, as well as particle size and concentration will be considered. Ozone concentration measurements will be correlated with scanning electron microscopy studies of contamination growth, structure and chemical composition. Once the effect of electrode contamination on ozone formation is established, methods of ozone control will be explored. -114- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-6887-01 Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate Cj and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated Hazardous Hastes Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Dayton Philip H. Taylor Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $277,576 ********** SUMMARY The proposed project will investigate the thermal pyrolysis of Co and C4 Chlorocarbons, with the primary objectives of identifying the reaction channels leading to the formation of chlorinated aromatic and polynuclear aromatic compounds and of developing elementary reaction models. This is a fairly fundamental research project; however, the data obtained in the study will contribute to the chemistry data base needed in the development of effective hazardous waste incineration technologies. The experiments will be carried out in an existing capillary flow reactor and will employ on-line GC/MS techniques to identify and quantify stable species with molecular weights in the range 16 to 500. Off-line techniques will be employed in an attempt to measure extractable higher molecular weight species. The complex pyrolysis reaction process will be modelled to assist in data interpretation. -115- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6927-01 Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation of Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators: The Role of Precursors institution: Principal Investigator: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Elmar R. Altwicker Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $175,241 SUMMARY The research proposes to test the hypothesis that in the presence of high concentrations of potential precursors to dioxins and furans the low temperature vaporization of carbon is inhibited or prevented, thus precluding solid-solid phase formation of dioxins and furans for carbon and chloride salts. The research intends to use carbon-13 and an inorganic chlorine-37 salt to determine the source carbon and chlorine in the dioxins and furans formed. Experimentally, air and synthetic flue gas with various concentrations of the dioxin precursors chlorobenzene and chlorophenol will be passed over a fixed bed or half-bed reactor made of carbon-13 doped flyash and chlorine-37 salt at temperatures between 200-400°C. MS and GC-MS instruments will be used to identify the dioxin and furans and the presence of carbon-13 and chlorine-37 in the dioxins and furans. The research is proposed to examine potential municipal solid waste incinerators operating or design modification to minimize formation of dioxins. -116- ------- EPA Project NO: R81-6928-01 A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed Combustor) Institution: Principal Investigator: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute E.R. Altwicker Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $363,938 SUMMARY The objectives of the proposed research are a) the development of a model that describes and predicts the combustion of solid fuel particles in a draft tube spouted bed combustor and b) the conduct of laboratory experiments on a variety of particles to both verify the model and investigate the behavior of heterogeneous fuel (refuse derived fuel) particles. -117- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6932-01 A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy Electrons for the Treatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge Institution: Principal Investigator: Florida International University William J. Cooper Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $294,206 SUMMARY The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of high energy electron irradiation of water, wastewater, and sludge for the removal and destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Preliminary investigations have shown that high energy electrons and gamma rays degrade PCB's. Previous studies have shown a dose of 400 krad to be sufficient to disinfect sewage sludge. Other experiments have shown removal of trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene (99.99%) at 400 krad. The investigators intend to examine the effectiveness of the electron beam in removing PCB's from aqueous solutions, to identify the products of the reactions, and to examine the significance of halogen ions (from salt water intrusion into Miami wastewater) in the reactions. The existing facility accepts potable water, secondary chlorinated wastewater, and anaerobically digested sludge at flow rates up to 160 gal/min, as well as batch water from tank trucks. Three PCB's as well as pentachlorphenyl, biphenyl, 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene and one commercial PCB will be examined for removal efficiency and for reaction byproducts in aqueous matrices. Seven other halogenated aromatic compounds will be examined for removal efficiency. An economic analysis will also be conducted. The general approach will be to compare the removal of individual compounds in the presence and absence of a mixture of compounds to simulate environmental mixtures of PCB's. The data on removal efficiency will be obtained at four irradiation doses in three aqueous matrices varying from potable water to sludge. Parallel laboratory experiments will be conducted to simulate high energy electron beam irradiation using Fenton's reagent (to produce hydroxyl radical). The proposed project complements, but does not overlap, an existing project funded by NSF. -118- ------- SUPERFUND EPA Project No: R81-6483-01 Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes Institution: Principal Investigator: New York University Medical Center L.Y. Young Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $426,255 ********** SUMMARY This study proposes to develop aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation strategies for the remediation of alkylbenzene contaminated soils and groundwaters. The objectives are 1) to develop and optimize enrichment cultures on benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene & xylenes under aerobic and 3 anaerobic conditions - denitrifying, sulfidogenic and methanogenic; 2) to isolate alkylbenzene resistant organisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions; 3) to determine the rates and extent of degradation and to establish the stoichiometry of hydrocarbon oxidation coupled to reduction of the inorganic electron acceptor; 4) to isolate pure cultures active on selected hydrocarbons; and 5) to treat alkylbenzene contaminated soils and waters in laboratory studies with the pure and enriched cultures and evaluate the efficacy of treatment. Analytical procedures include large bore capillary gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, UV spectro- photometry and mass spectrometry for hydrocarbon and metabolite detection; gas chromatography for C02, N2, N20, CH4 production; wet chemistry for nitrate, nitrite and sulfate analyses. These aromatic hydrocarbons are genotoxic at low concentrations and toxic to humans and other members of the environment in high concentrations. This proposal seeks to take advantage of aerobic and anaerobic populations with desired degradative capabilities and use them to treat contaminated regions thereby reducing the health and environmental risks posed by these sites. Most other methods merely transfer the hazard away from the site, while microbial bioremediation can generate complete detoxification to harmless endproducts by mineralization of the chemical and it is generally less costly. -119- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6722-01 Removal of Arsenic from Waste Solutions and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste Institution: Principal Investigator: Montana College of Mineral Larry G. Twidwell Science and Technology Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $85,737 ********** SUMMARY This project has two purposes. The first purpose is to determine whether or not the magnetic ferrite precipitation technique will result in essentially complete stripping of arsenic and other specified metals from aqueous waste solutions and to determine if the precipitated solids (containing arsenic) are suitable for outdoor storage, i.e., meet TCLP criteria. Past research has shown that the commonly used process for stabilizing arsenic by precipitation as calcium arsenate produces a solid that is not stable in conventional chemical ponds because carbon dioxide in the air converts the calcium arsenate (and calcium arsenite) to calcium carbonate with the concurrent release of arsenic to the pond environment. The long-term stability of another commonly used arsenic storage compound, ferric arsenate, has also been questioned. The second purpose is to determine whether or not arsenic can be removed from copper smelter flue dust and acid plant blow-down sludge by volatilization of elemental arsenic. Preliminary work has shown that elemental arsenic can be recovered from flue dust with 99.9% efficiency. -120- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6903-01 Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum for the Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and Factors Required to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic Biodegradation and Oechlorination Institution: Principal Investigator: New York State Department G-Yull Rhee, Ph.D. of Health Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $255,351 ********** SUMMARY Recent investigations have shown that PCBs are anaerobically dechlorinated and also biodegraded in the laboratory. There is also circumstantial evidence suggesting that they may be reductively dechlorinated in reduced layers of sediments in nature. In light of the laboratory findings, it is highly important to find whether and how dechlorination and biodegradation can be artificially induced and/or enhanced. So far there are no cost- effective detoxification techniques. As a measure of containment, the most heavily PCB-contaminated sediments of the Hudson River were dredged and encapsulated with clay at Moreau, N.Y. Our preliminary investigation of the dredged sediments revealed little sign of biodegradation. However, the containment facility offers an ideal environment for anaerobic bioremediation, since encapsulation would create a reduced environment, and it can be readily combined with anaerobic biological processes for detoxification. The present proposal will therefore investigate (1) whether reductive dechlorination and biodegradation can be induced and/or enhanced in encapsulated dredged sediments by introducing active inoculum of Hudson River sediments, (2) what factors are essential for their induction or enhancement, and (3) what biodegradation products are. The results of this study are essential for the development of cost-effective and environmentally-sound bioremediation technology of PCBs. They are also important for a better understanding of the environmental fate of PCBs and other chlorinated aromatic pollutants. This information is critical in formulating rational environmental policies. -121- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6914-01 Development of Enzyme Technology for Selective Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures Institution: Principal Investigator: University of North Carolina Michael D. Aitken at Chapel Hill Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $204,000 ********** SUMMARY The purposes of the project are to: 1. Compare reaction products from the oxidation of phenolic pollutants by a variety of oxidizing enzymes. 2. Evaluate the extent of detoxification achieved by enzymatic treatment of phenolic pollutants using microblal bioassays. 3. Evaluate the potential feasibility of the process. The enzymes to be evaluated are chloroperoxidase, horseradish, peroxidase, ligninase, manganese peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. All five enzymes are expected to oxidize phenolic substrates. The horseradish peroxidase is to serve as a benchmark enzyme to compare with previous research. The specific priority pollutants to be tested will include 2- chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 2- nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol and phenol. The use of enzymes is expected to be of value in the following situations. 1. Removing target compounds prior to biological treatment, especially compounds that could be inhibitory to the biological treatment process. 2. Treating industrial wastes prior to release to municipal treatment systems. 3. Removing regulated organics from dilute waste streams where biological treatment may not be expedient. 4. Final polishing of waste streams. 5. Treatment of wastes generated infrequently or in isolated locations; and 6. Regeneration of solvents to selectivity remove hazardous pollutants. -122- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6922-01 The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor Stripping for the Removal of Contaminants from the Vadose Zone Institution: Principal Investigator; Michigan State University Susan J. Hasten Project Period: Project Amount: 3 years $223,371 SUMMARY Subsurface vapor extraction (or soil venting) has been used to remove volatile chemicals from the vadose zone. Though useful where the chemical contaminants are volatile, soil venting cannot be used where the contaminants are not readily volatilized, either because they are non-volatile, are sorbed to the soil or are trapped in the pore structure of the soils. This project will investigate modifying the conventional vapor extraction system by using ozone in place of air. Such a system would be useful where conventional technology is not effective or as a final clean-up step before site closure. Preliminary research has shown the effectiveness of ozone in oxidizing chlorinated VOCs in soil slurries and in solutions containing high concentrations of humic acid. Laboratory studies are necessary to determine the potential of ozone to oxidize chemical contaminants present in soils. Column studies will be performed to determine the rates at and extent to which the chemicals are oxidized. Product identification will also be performed using GC/MS and HPLC. The results will be modelled using a transport model in which competitive chemical kinetics have been incorporated. The economics of such a system will also be evaluated. -123- ------- EPA Project No: R81-6935-01 Removal and Concentration of Pollutants Based on Electrochemically Nodulated Complexation Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Colorado Richard D. Noble Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $205,325 ********** SUMMARY This project will include both experimentation and mathematical analysis of the water-soluble metalloporphyrin ligands which undergo reversible complexation reactions with a variety of nitrogen and sulfur-containing heterocyclic organic compounds. The complexation reactions allow the hydrophobic bases to be selectively extracted into aqueous solutions containing the metalloporphyrins. By electrochemically changing the oxidation state of the metal ion, the magnitude of the complexation between metalloporphytin and base can be changed by many orders of magnitude. The reaction provides a mechanism for separating the base into the aqueous extracting phase, and for concentrating the base in a second hydrophobic phase. The binding form of the metalloporphyrin can be regenerated by returning the metal ion to its original oxidations state in a second electrochemical step. Researchers have previously demonstrated the ability of the process to extract nitrogen heterocycles, such as isoquinoline and aminonapthalenes from one hydrocarbon phase, and to concentrate them in a second phase. This project will pursue the separation process in three areas: 1) to synthesize and characterize a variety of metalloporphyrin derivatives; 2) explore several configurations for operating the process in a continuous fashion, and 3) to explore the use of the process for the removal of nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds from polluted water and gas streams. Investigators feel that the process has the potential to be useful for a variety of environmental and industrial separation processes. -124- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7438-01 Heavy Metal Decontamination: Some Unique Properties and Application Potentials of Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor Atoms and Composite Membranes Institution: Principal Investigator Lehigh University Arup K. Sengupta Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $181,164 SUMMARY The removal of heavy metal ions from solutions, sludges and soils is to be examined using nitrogen-donor, chelating resins. The P.I. plans to characterize three relatively unstudied commercial chelating resins and to take advantage of some of their novel properties for heavy metal recovery. The P.I. will examine the removal of cadmium, lead and nickel by bis-picolylamine and polyvinylpyridine resins as a function of pH, as well as of nitro-triacetate and ortho-phthalate concentrations. Phthalate and nitrilo-triacetate were selected to represent strongly coordinating metal ligands which may be found in wastewaters. These studies will delineate under what conditions the resins can be reasonably used to recover the heavy metals. Membrane encapsulated resins, such as Chelex 100 which contains the iminodiacetate functionality and Dow XFS 43084 which contains the N- ( 2-hydroxypropyl ) picolylamine functionality, will be tested under various conditions for the ability to specifically remove and recover lead and cadmium oxides from sludge and soil samples. In addition the simultaneous recovery of both Pb+2 and Cr04~2 (from lead chromate) and Pb+2 and As02~3 (from lead aresenate insoluble salts) will be attempted with the Dow resins. Finally, the novel chelating resins will be tested to alleviate some of the problems encountered in using electric currents to concentrate heavy metal ions from soils. Problems currently exist because hydroxide ion accumulates near the cathodes to which cationic heavy metals are attracted under the passage of current through soils. The disposition of macroporous membranes containing chelating ion exchange resins between the anode and cathode will test the theory that metal ions will be adsorbed on the membrane bound resins before they encounter the high pH zone near the cathode and are precipitated. -125- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7440-01 Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Utah Edward Trujillo Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $195,867 ********** SUMMARY The overall objective of the research proposed is to help improve and develop the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters using biosorption on immobilized biomass beads. These biomass beads, developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines Research Center in Salt Lake City, have been found to be very selective for hazardous heavy metals, such as Zn and Cd, even in the presence of relatively high concentrations of calcium and magnesium, and can reduce the concentrations of these hazardous metal ions in wastewater streams to well below the minimum drinking water standards. The beads are very inexpensive, can be used in various configurations and can be regenerated, thus the heavy metals can be concentrated, recovered and removed from the superfund site. Some metal manufacturers have expressed an interest in using the recovered metals in their processes. In some preliminary work researchers have developed multicomponent mathematical models that can describe the equilibrium, kinetic, and, for early breakthrough periods, fixed- bed adsorption patterns of the biomass beads for some raining wastewater streams. The research proposed here is to improve the design and capacity of the biomass beads to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the biosorption process using mathematical models that can also be used to predict performance. The benefits of this research will be a better understanding of the immobilized biomass beads with a resulting improvement in the system for removing heavy metals from contaminated waters at various superfund sites. This research is directed more toward the engineering aspect of the biosorption and to see if the technology can be extended to other wastewaters with different heavy metal and ionic compositions. -126- ------- EPA Project No: R81-7450-01 Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Hater by Dltrafiltration & Precipitation Institution: Principal Investigator: University of Oklahoma Sherril D. Christian Project Period: Project Amount: 2 years $189,996 SUMMARY The goal of this research is to develop an efficient process for removing toxic anions such as chromate from dilute wastewater streams. A cationic polyelectrolyte will be added to the stream to sequester chromate or other multivalent anions such as selenate or arsenate. The resulting mixture will be passed through an ultrafilter. Permeate from the ultrafilter will be water of substantially improved purity and the retentate will consist of a small volume in which the polyelectrolyte-chromate mixture will be concentrated. Further treatment of the retentate via a chromate precipitation process will result in a solid waste to be disposed of and a polyelectrolyte solution which can be recycled for reuse. -127- ------- Index by Principal Investigator Aitken, Michael D. Altwicker, E.R. Altwicker, Elmar R. Anderson, Stephen H. Arp, Daniel J. Atkinson, Gary Atkinson, Roger Bales, Roger C. Becker, D. ******** North Carolina, University of, -Chapel Hill, "Development of Enzyme Technology for Selective Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures" Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed Combustor)" Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation of Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators: The Role of Precursors" Missouri, University of, -Columbia, "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-Scale Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport Through Soil Using Computer Tomography" Oregon State University, "Degradation of Halogenated Hydro- carbons by Nitrifying Bacteria" Iowa State University, "Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models and Bioenergetics Models for Risk Assessment" California, University of, -Riverside, "Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichloro- biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds" Arizona, University of, "Microscale Kinetic Effects and the Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organics" Texas, University of, "The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor In Human Malignant Melanoma" Page 122 117 116 60 42 34 86 70 26 128 Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Benjamin, Mark M. Blake, Diane A. Bollag, Jean-Marc Bowman, C.T. Boyd, Stephen A. Bryers, James Burrows, Veronica Burton, G. Allen Christian, Sherril D. Cooper, William J. Washington, University of, "An investigation of Mixed Surface Media Filtration" Meharry Medical College, "Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay" Pennsylvania State University, "Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds Through Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances" Stanford University, "Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical Mechanism of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction In Combustion Products" Michigan State, University of, "Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil and Subsurface Materials" Duke University, "Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes: Selection Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm Treatment Systems" Arizona State University, "Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors" Wright State University, "Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity Assessments" Oklahoma, University of, "Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Water by Ultrafiltration & Precipitation" Florida International University, "A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy Electrons for the Treatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge" Page 104 40 62 113 31 43 91 53 127 118 129 Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Cooper, William J. Costa, Max Coull, Bruce C. Dairkee, Shahnaz Florida International University, "Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water Treatment" New York University Medical Center, "Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced by the Carcinogen Chromate" South Carolina, University of, "High Density Culture of Meiobenthos for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic- Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants" California, University of, -Berkeley, "Development of Rapid, Quantitative In Vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Their Relevance to Breast Cancer" D'Ambrosio, Ohio State University, Steven M. "Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells" Davidovits, Boston College, Paul "Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into Fog Droplets" Davidson, Colorado State University, Jane H. "Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Improvement with a Barbed Plate Discharge Electrode" Davidson, Colorado State University, Jane H. "Ozone Production with Contaminated Electrodes in Electrostatic Air Cleaners" DeFabo, George Washington University, Edward C. "Investigations on the Mechanism of Sunglight-Induced Immune Suppression: The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion" Page 64 14 48 27 21 83 102 114 22 130 Suanary of Awards - 1990 ------- Dellinger, Barry Dick, Richard I. DiGiulio, Richard T. DiGiulio, Richard T. Dunson, William A. Eiceman, Gary A. Fall, Richard R. Farag, Ihab H. Findlay Robert H. Fonda, M. Dayton, University of, "An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical- Chloromethane-Chloroethane Reaction Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced Fluorescence Technique" Cornell University, "Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand Filters" Duke University, "Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins in Benthic Fish" Duke University, "Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization in the Channel Catfish" Pennsylvania State University, "Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems for Evaluating Anthropogenic Stresses" New Mexico State University, "Field Screening of Organic Priority Pollutants Using Handheld Ion Mobility^Spectrometry" Page 85 110 59 38 52 66 Colorado, University of, "Environmental Stress and Isoprene Emissions in Forest Trees" New Hampshire, University of, "NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization in a Staged N-CFBC. Phase I: Cold Flow Measurements" Maine, University of, "A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning System for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems" California, University of, Berkeley, "Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspension of Soft Bottom Sediment" 36 105 50 77 131 Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Frost, Purdue University, John W. "Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage" Gealt, Drexel, University of, Michael "Regulation of Genetic Transfer into and Between Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater" Gilmour, Academy of Natural Sciences, The, Cynthia "A Biogeochemical Model for Methyl- mercury Production in Lacustrine and Estuarine Sediments" 32 75 Glinski, Tennessee Technology University, Robert J. "Spectroscopic and Photometric Measurement of Novel Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems" Gold, California, University of, Berkeley, Lois "Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests" Grady, Clemson University, C.P. Leslie "Effect of Reactor Configuration on Stability of Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation in Activated Sludge" 84 Gschwend, Philip M. Hayton, William L. Hille, C. Russell Hipps, K.W. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids, and Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments" Ohio State University, "Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic Models in Fish" Ohio State University, "Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes Faecalis" Washington State University, "M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors" 23 100 74 46 16 88 132 Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Kites, Ronald A. Hoffman, Michael R. Hoffman, Michael R. Holsapple, Michael P. Janata, Jiri Jensen, James N. Karin, Michael Kleeberger, Steven R. Knudson, Guy R. Kuo, Albert Indiana University, "Movement of Contaminated Sediments From the Detroit River Through Lake Erie" California Institute of Technology, "Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide" California Institute of Technology, "Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation of Hazardous Wastes" Virginia Commonwealth University, "Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetra- chloride and Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" Utah, University of, "Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution Control" New York, State University of, "Development of Methods for the Analysis of Organic Chloramines and Inorganic Mono-Chloramine In Natural and Engineered Systems" California, University of, -San Diego, "Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human Cells" John Hopkins University, The "Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation" Idaho, University of, "Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from Recombinant Bacteria in an Agricultural Soil" Virginia Institute of Marine Science, "Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows" Page 71 82 99 15 93 65 18 25 29 78 133 of Awards - 1990 ------- Lawler, Desmond F. Texas, University of, "Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtration: Effects of Particle Size" Page 109 Lech, Wisconsin, Medical College of, 73 John J. "Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary Manganese- and Iron-Reducing Bacteria" Lee, Brigham Young University, 61 Milton L. "Integrated Extraction and Chromato- graphic System for Monitoring of Trace Organic Pollutants" Levenson, Columbia University, 90 R. "Global Climate Model Development & Sensitivity Experiments" Levin, North Carolina State University, 56 Lisa A. "A Tri-species Indicator of Organic Enrichment in Estuaries: Individual, Population and Community Approaches" Ley, Lovelace Medical Foundation 19 Ronald D. "Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation" Lick, California, University of, -Santa Barbara, 72 Wilbert "Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic Systems" Lyons, Colorado State University, 92 Walter A. "The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in the Lower Lake Michigan Basin" Martin, Aerospace Corporation, 87 L.R. "A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical Kinetics in Aqueous Microplets" 134 Saury of Awards - 1990 ------- Masten, Susan J. Matisoff, G. McDOW, Stephen R. McMurry, Peter Meloan, Clifton E. Michigan State University, "The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor Stripping for the Removal of Contaminants from the Vadose Zone" Case Western Reserve University, "Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments" North Carolina, University of, "Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on Atmospheric Aerosols" Minnesota, University of, "Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle Size Distributions of Trace Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere" Kansas State University, "Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on Insects by Selectively Deuterating 2E-Hexen-l-al" Mendelssohn Louisiana State University, Irving A. "The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship to Biological Endpoints" Michelsen, Donald L. Mi lo, George Morel, Francis, M.M. Murphy, T.M. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, "Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters by Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological and Sorption Processes" Ohio State University, "Bulky Metabolite Modification of Transcriptionally Active Genes" Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress in Natural Waters" California, University of, -Davis, "Mechanism of UVB induced Ion Leakage Through Plant Plasma Membrane" Page 123 80 96 95 49 55 108 20 58 28 135 "IHHIIM of Awards - 1990 ------- Nash, III Thomas H. Niksa, Stephen Noble, Richard D. Olmez, Ilhan Olson, J.R. Ozkan, Umit S. Pankow, James F. Puri, Ishwar K. Rhee, G-Yull Arizona State University, Tempe, "Gaseous Deposition in Canopies: Role of Epiphytic Lichens" The Stanford University, "Suspension Loading Effects on Coal Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing" Colorado, University of, "Removal and Concentration of Pollutants Based on Electrochemically Modulated Complexation" Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle Emissions" New York, State University of, -Buffalo "Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human" Ohio State University, "Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX with Ammonia over Vanadia/ Titania Catalysts" Oregon Graduate Center, "Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle Distribution" Illinois, University of, -Chicago, "An Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Influence of Methyl Chloride on the Structure and Extinction of Hydrocarbon Flames" New York State Department of Health, "Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum for the Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and Factors Required to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic Biodegradation and Dechlorination" Page 35 112 124 97 24 103 89 111 121 136 Sunnary of Awards - 1990 ------- Robinson, New England Aquarium Corporation, William "Diminished Transport Capacity: A New Index of Stress Measured in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Blood Plasma" Rochelle, Texas, University of, -Austin, Gary T. "Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium Silicate Reagents" Rosenkranz, Case Western Reserve University, Herbert S. "Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals" Sanders, California State University, -Long Beach, Brenda M. "Characterization of Stress Proteins as Indicators of Biological Effects and Exposure" Sawyer, California, University of, Robert F. "Destruction of Toxic Compounds by Plasma-Augmented Combustion" Sengupta, Lehigh University, Arup K. "Heavy Metal Decontamination: Some Unique Properties and Application Potentials of Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor Atoms and Composite Membranes" Sikka, New York, State University of, -Buffalo, Harish "Regie- and Stereoselective Metabolism of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish" Smith, California, University of, -Los Angeles, Owen "Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate in Atmospheric Pressure Methane Flames" Speitel, Jr Texas, University of, Gerald E. "Control of Disinfection By-Products and Biodegradable Organic Carbon" Page 51 101 17 54 107 125 33 98 106 137 Sunary of Awards - 1990 ------- Steenhuis, Tammo S. Stoermer, Eugene F. Swackhamer D.L. Taylor, Philip H. Thomas, J.K. Thomas, Peter Trujillo, Edward Twidwell, Larry G. Valocchi, Albert J. Cornell University, "Theory of Preferential Flow and its Monitoring in Sandy Soils Overlaying Aquifers" Michigan, University of, "Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes" Minnesota, University of, "Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the Sediment Water Interface in Freshwater" Dayton, University of, "Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate C2 and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated Hazardous Wastes" Notre Dame, University of, "Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular Adsorbed on Clays" Texas, University of, -Austin, "Assessment of Endocrine Indices as Early-Warning Indicators of Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Fish Exposed to Pollutants" Utah, University of, "Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads" Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology, "Removal of Arsenic from waste Solutions and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste" Illinois, University of, "Theoretical Studies of the Transport of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes Through Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifers" Page 67 41 79 115 63 37 126 120 68 138 Suwry of Aranis - 1990 ------- Van Alfen Texas A&M University, Neal K. "Comparative Movement in the Environ- ment of Nuclear and Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial System" Van Beneden Duke University, Rebecca J. "A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental Carcinogenesis" Walia, Oakland University, Satish K. "Genotoxicity Evaluation of Poly- chlorinated Biphenyls and Their Metabolites" Walia, Oakland University, Satish K. "Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl Degradation Gene(s) from Pseudomonas Putida" Wang, Kentucky, University of, Yi-Tin "Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium" Weinberg, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, James "Use of Demographic Theory to Determine Impact of Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam Population Properties" Weston, Maryland, University of, D.P. "Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments" Wine, Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Paul H. "Laboratory Investigations of Free Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water" Winer, California, University of, -Los Angeles, Arthur M. "Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength Spectroscopy" Young, New York University Medical Center, L.Y. "Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes" 39 47 30 45 57 76 94 81 119 139 Sunary of Awards - 1990 ------- Index by Institution ******** Page Academy of Natural Sciences, The, Gilmour, Cynthia 75 "A Biogeochemical Model for Methylmercury Production in Lacustrine and Estuarine Sediments" Aerospace Corporation, Martin, L.R. 87 "A Search for Surface Enhanced Chemical Kinetics in Aqueous Microplets" Arizona State University, Burrows, Veronica 91 "Phthalocyanine Thin Film Sensors" Arizona State University, Tempe, Nash, III, Thomas H. 35 "Gaseous Deposition in Canopies: The Role of Epiphytic Lichens" Arizona, University of. Bales, Roger C. 70 "Microscale Kinetic Effects and the Subsurface Transport of Volatile Organics" Boston College, Davidovits, Paul 83 "Entry of Gas Phase Pollutants into Fog Droplets" Brigham Young University, Lee, Milton L. 61 "Integrated Extraction and Chromatographic System for Monitoring of Trace Organic Pollutants" California State University, -Long Beach, Sanders, Brenda M. 54 "Characterization of Stress Proteins as Indicators of Biological Effects and Exposure" California, University of, Sawyer, Robert F. 107 "Destruction of Toxic Compounds by Plasma- Augmented Combustion" California, University of, -Berkeley, Dairkee, Shahnaz 27 "Development of Rapid, Quantitative In Vitro Carcinogenicity Assays in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Their Relevance to Breast Cancer" California, University of, -Berkeley, Fonda, M. 77 "Flow-Induced Fluidization and Resuspension of Soft Bottom Sediment" 140 Sunmary of Awards - 1990 ------- Page California, University of, -Berkeley, Gold, Lois 23 "Analysis of Animal Cancer Tests" California, University of, -Davis, Murphy, T.M. 28 "Mechanism of UVB Induced Ion Leakage Through Plant Plasma Membrane" California, University of, -Los Angeles, Smith, Owen 98 "Formation of Heavy Metal Oxide Particulate in Atmopsheric Pressure Methane Flames" California, University of, -Los Angeles, Winer, Arthur M. 81 "Time-Resolved Measurements of Gas-Phase Indoor Air Pollutants by In-Situ Long Pathlength Spectroscopy" California, University of, -Riverside, Atkinson, Roger 86 "Atmospheric Chemistry of Dichlorobiphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran and Related Compounds" California, University of, -San Diego, Karin, Michael 18 "Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human Cells" California, University of, -Santa Barbara, Lick, Wilbert 72 "Resuspension, Deposition, Flocculation, and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Aquatic Systems" California Institute of Technology, Hoffman, Michael R. 82 "Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide" California Institute of Technology, Hoffman, Michael R. 99 "Photocatalytic and Sonolytic Degradation of Hazardous Wastes" Case Western Reserve University, Matisoff, G. 80 "Laboratory Radiotracer Studies of Biological Mixing in Shallow Marine Sediments" Case Western Reserve University, Rosenkranz, Herbert S. 17 "Structural Basis of the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Chemicals" 141 Summary of Awards - 1990 ------- Clemson University, Grady, C.P. Leslie 100 "Effect of Reactor Configuration on Stability of Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation in Activated Sludge" Colorado State University, Davidson, Jane H. 102 "Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Improvement with a Barbed Plate Discharge Electrode" Colorado State University, Davidson, Jane H. 114 "Ozone Production with Contaminated Electrodes in Electrostatic Air Cleaners" Colorado State University, Lyons, Walter A. 92 "The Impact of Lake Michigan Upon Summer Regional Oxidant Precursor Concentrations in the Lower Lake Michigan Basin" Colorado, University of, Fall, Richard R. 36 "Environmental Stress and Isoprene Emissions in Forest Trees" Colorado, University of, Noble, Richard D. 124 "Removal and Concentration of Pollutants Based on Electrochemically Modulated Complexation" Columbia University, Levenson, R. 90 "Global Climate Model Development & Sensitivity Experiments" Cornell University, Dick, Richard I. 110 "Role of Organic Carbon in Slow Sand Filters" Cornell University, Steenhuis, Tammo S. 67 "Theory of Preferential Flow and its Monitoring in Sandy Soils Overlaying Aquifers" Dayton, University of, Dellinger, Barry 85 "An Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical-Chloromethane- Chloroethane Reaction Rates at Elevated Temperatures Using a Modified Laser Photolysis/Laser - Induced Fluorescence Technique" 142 "iIIIHI MI of Awards - 1990 ------- Page Dayton, University of, Taylor, Philip H. 115 "Kinetic Studies of Key Intermediate C2 and C4 Chlorocarbons Implicated in the Thermal Destruction of Chlorinated Hazardous Wastes" Drexel, University of, Gealt, Michael 32 "Regulation of Genetic Transfer into and Between Indigenous Bacteria in Wastewater" Duke University, Bryers, James 43 "Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Wastes: Selection Pressures on Microbial Consortia in Biofilm Treatment Systems" Duke University, DiGiulio, Richard T. 59 "Biomarkers for Sediment-Associated Genotoxins in Benthic Fish" Duke University, DiGiulio, Richard T. 38 "Glutathione Metabolism and Utilization in the Channel Catfish" Duke University, Van Beneden, Rebecca J. 39 "A Molecular Bioassay for Environmental Carcinogenesis" Florida International University, Cooper, William J. 118 "A Pilot Scale Study Using High Energy Electrons for the Treatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge" Florida International University, Cooper, William J. 64 "Homogeneous Abiotic Hydrolysis of Halogenated Ethanes and Propanes in Ground Water and Water Treatment" George Washington University, DeFabo, Edward C. 22 "Investigations on the Mechanism of Sunlight- Induced Immune Suppression: The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion" Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Wine, Paul H. 94 "Laboratory Investigations of Free Radical Chemistry in Cloud Water" 143 Suamary of Awards - 1990 ------- Page Idaho, University of, Knudson, Guy R. 29 "Quantitative Modeling of Gene Transfer from Recombinant Bacteria in an Agricultural Soil" Illinois, University of, Valocchi, Albert J. 68 "Theoretical Studies of the Transport of Kinetically Adsorbing Solutes Through Three- Dimensional Heterogeneous Aquifers" Illinois, University of, -Chicago, Puri, Ishwar K. Ill "An Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Influence of Methyl Chloride on the Structure and Extinction of Hydrocarbon Flames" Indiana University, Kites, Ronald A. 71 "Movement of Contaminated Sediments From the Detroit River Through Lake Erie" Iowa State University, Atkinson, Gary 34 "Fish Behavior Tests, Ecological Foraging Models and Bioenergetics Models for Risk Assessment" Johns Hopkins University, The, Kleeberger, Steven R. 25 "Genetic Susceptibility and Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation" Kansas State University, Meloan, Clifton E. 49 "Testing Wright's Theory of Olfaction on Insects by Selectively Deuterating 2E-Hexen-l-al" Kentucky, University of, Wang, Yi-Tin 45 "Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium" Lehigh University, Sengupta, Arup K. 125 "Heavy Metal Decontamination: Some Unique Properties and Application Potentials of Chelating Polymers with Nitrogen Donor Atoms and Composite Membranes" Louisiana State University, Mendelssohn, Irving A. 55 "The Evaluation of Indicators of Wetland Vegetation Stress and Their Relationship to Biological Endpoints" 144 Sunnary of Awards - 1990 ------- Paoe Lovelace Medical Foundation, Ley, Ronald D. 19 "Melanoma Induction by Environmental Ultraviolet Radiation" Maine, University of, Findlay, Robert H. 50 "A Proposal for a Microbial Early Warning System for Organic Pollution in Estuarine Systems" Maryland, University of, Weston, D.P. 76 "Chemical and Biological Determinants of Hydrocarbon Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments" Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Gschwend, Philip M. 74 "Impact of Sorption Kinetics, Porewater Colloids, and Bioturbation on the Transport of Pollutants in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments" Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Morel, Francis, M.M. 58 "Algal Phytochelatins as Indicators of Metal Stress in Natural Waters" Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Olmez, Ilhan 97 "Inorganic Tracers for Motor Vehicle Emissions" Meharry Medical College, Blake, Diane A. 40 "Quantitation of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay" Michigan State University, Boyd, Stephen A. 31 "Influence of Sorption/Desorption Processes on the Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soil and Subsurface Materials" Michigan State University, Masten, Susan J. 123 "The Use of Ozone in In-Situ Vapor Stripping for the Removal of Contaminants from the Vadose Zone" Michigan, University of, Stoermer, Eugene F. 41 "Effects of Nitrate Loading on Great Lakes" Minnesota, University of, McMurry, Peter 95 "Gas/Particle Distributions and Particle Size Distributions of Trace Organics in the Ambient Atmosphere" Minnesota, University of, Swackhamer, D.L. 79 "Microbial Recycling of Contaminants at the Sediment Water Interface in Freshwater" 145 Sumary of Awards - 1990 ------- Page Missouri, University of, -Columbia, Anderson, Stephen H. 60 "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Macropore-Scale Processes in Organic Contaminant Transport Through Soil Using Computer Tomography" Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology, 120 Twidwell, Larry G. "Removal of Arsenic from Waste Solutions and from Copper Smelter Solid Waste" New England Aquarium Corporation, Robinson, William 51 "Diminished Transport Capacity: A New Index of Stress Measured in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Blood Plasma" New Hampshire, University of, Farag, Ihab H. 105 "NOx, SOx and Solid Waste Minimization in a Staged N-CFBC. Phase I: Cold Flow Measurements" New Mexico State University, Eiceman, Gary A. 66 "Field Screening of Organic Priority Pollutants Using Handheld Ion Mobility Spectrometry" New York State Department of Health, Rhee, G-Yull 121 "Use of Hudson River Sediment Inoculum for the Bioremediation of PCBs at an Anaerobic Site and Factors Required to Induce and Enhance Anaerobic Biodegradation and Dechlorination" New York University Medical Center, Costa, Max 14 "Altered DNA-Protein Binding Induced by the Carcinogen Chromate" New York University Medical Center, Young, L.Y. 119 "Novel Bioremediation Strategies for the Degradation of Alkylbenzenes" New York, State University of, Jensen, James N. 65 "Development of Methods for the Analysis of Organic Chloramines and Inorganic Mono- Chloramine in Natural and Engineered Systems" New York, State University of, -Buffalo, Sikka, Harish 33 "Regio- and Stereoselective Metabolism of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Fish" 146 of Awards - 1990 ------- Page New York, State University of, -Buffalo, Olson, J.R. 24 "Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Rat and Human" North Carolina State University, Levin, Lisa A. 56 "A Tri-species Indicator of Organic Enrichment in Estuaries: Individual, Population and Community Approaches" North Carolina, University of, McDow, Stephen R. 96 "Heterogeneous Organic Reactions on Atmospheric Aerosols" North Carolina, University of, -Chapel Hill, Aitken, 122 Michael D. "Development of Enzyme Technology for Selective Removal of Phenolic Pollutants from Aqueous Mixtures" Notre Dame, University of, Thomas, J.K. 63 "Adsorption and Photochemistry of Molecular Adsorbed on Clays" Oakland University, walia, Satish K. 47 "Genotoxicity Evaluation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Metabolities" Oakland University, Walia, Satish K. 30 "Molecular Biology of Chlorobiphenyl Degradation Gene(s) from Pseudomonas Putida" Ohio State University, D'Ambrosio, Steven M. 21 "Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells" Ohio State University, Hayton, William L. 46 "Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetic Models in Fish" Ohio State University, Hille, C. Russell 16 "Metabolism of Arsenicals by Alcaligenes Faecalis" Ohio State University, Milo, George 20 "Bulky Metabolite Modification of Trans- criptionally Active Genes" Ohio State University, Ozkan, Umit S. 103 "Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX with Ammonia over Vanadia/Titania Catalysts" 147 Stonary of Awards - 1990 ------- Oklahoma, University of, Christian, Sherril D. 127 "Removal of Toxic Anions from Ground Water by Ultrafiltration & Precipitation" Oregon Graduate Center, Pankow, James F. 89 "Study of Atmospheric Gas/Particle Distribution" Oregon State University, Arp, Daniel J. 42 "Degradation of Haolgenated Hydrocarbons by Nitrifying Bacteria" Pennsylvania State University, Bollag, Jean-Marc 62 "Detoxication of Xenobiotic Compounds Through Polymerization and Binding to Humic Substances" Pennsylvania State University, Dunson, William A. 52 "Temporary Pond Communities as Model Systems for Evaluating Anthropogenic Stresses" Purdue University, Frost, John w. 69 "Biotic and Abiotic Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage" Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Altwicker, E.R. 117 "A Novel Fluid/Particle System for Solid Fuels Combustion (Draft Tube Spouted Bed Combustor)" Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Altwicker, Elmar R. 116 "Low Temperature, Heterogeneous Formation of Dioxins and Furans in Incinerators: The Role of Precursors" South Carolina, University of, Coull, Bruce C. 48 "High Density Culture of Meiobenthos for Sediment Bioassay and Trophic-Transfer of Sediment-Bound Toxicants" Stanford University, Bowman, C.T. 113 "Proposal for Investigation of the Chemical Mechanism of the Raprenox Process for No Reduction In Combustion Products" Stanford University, Niksa, Stephen 112 "Suspension Loading Effects on Coal Nitrogen Conversion During (PF) Firing" 148 Suanary of Awards - 1990 ------- Page Tennessee Technology University, Glinski, Robert J. 84 "Spectroscopic and Photometric Measurement of Novel Chemiluminescence and Flame Systems" Texas A&M University, Van Alfen, Neal K. 44 "Comparative Movement in the Environment of Nuclear and Extranuclear Genetic Elements in a Microbial System" Texas, University of, Becker, D. 26 "The Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Human Malignant Melanoma" Texas, University of, Lawler, Desmond F. 109 "Ripening in Water and Wastewater Filtration: Effects of Particle Size" Texas, University of, Speitel, Jr., Gerald E. 106 "Control of Disinfection By-Products and Biodegradable Organic Carbon" Texas, University of, -Austin, Rochelle, Gary T. 101 "Flue Gas Desulfurization by Calcium Silicate Reagents" Texas, University of, -Austin, Thomas, Peter 37 "Assessment of Endocrine Indices as Early-Warning Indicators of Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Fish Exposed to Pollutants" Utha, University of, Janata, Jiri 93 "Solid State Sensors for Air Pollution Control" Utah, University of, Trujillo, Edward 126 "Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water Using Immobilized Biomass Beads" Vriginia Commonwealth University, Holsapple, Michael P. 15 "Immunotoxicology by Carbon Tetrachloride and Structurally Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Kuo, Albert 78 "Cohesive Sediment Resuspension and Deposition in Tidal Estuary Flows" 149 Samsay of Awards - 1990 ------- Page Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 108 Michelsen, Donald L. "Treatment of Textile Dye Waste Waters by Means of Chemical Reduction Coupled With Biological and Sorption Processes" Washington, university of, Benjamin, Mark M. 104 "An Investigation of Mixed Surface Media Filtration" Washington State University, Hipps, K.W. 88 "M-I-M Diodes as Solid State Sensors" Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Weinberg, James 57 "Use of Demographic Theory to Determine Impact of Disease and Chemical Contaminants on Soft Shell Clam Population Properties" Wisconsin, Medical College of, Lech, John J. 73 "Anaerobic Transformation of Aromatic Pollutant Compounds by Sedimentary Manganese- and Iron- Reducing Bacteria" Wright State University, Burton, G. Allen 53 "Evaluation of Multiple Bio-indicators and Endpoints in Stream Toxicity Assessments" 150 "mailMI of Awards - 1990 ------- |