EPA-600/2-75-065^
December 1975
Environmental Protection  Technology Series
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                                                          Em^mj^J^s&^^i La|oraj|r|

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         geologicalResearch
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          DCioeconomic Environmental Studies

           ias	een	asi!§R5a	to	the	ENVIRONMENTAL1 PROTECTll
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                                          EPA-600/2-75-065
                                          December 19.75
                AN ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMATIC

                SEWER FLOW SAMPLERS - 1975
                           by

                    Philip E. £helley
                  George A.  Kifkpatrick

     EG&G WASHINGTON ANALYTICAL SERVICES  CENTER, INC.
               Rockville,  Maryland   20850
                 Contract  No.  68-03-0409
                     Project Officer

                     Hugh E. Masters
            Storm  and Combined Sewer Section
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory (Cincinnati)
                Edison, New Jersey  08817
       MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
           OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
          U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                CINCINNATI, OHIO  45268
                     EERU-TfX
RECEIVED
 APR 1 a 1989
 EERU-TIX

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                            75-
                            ,'<. 
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                        FOREWORD
 Man and his  environment must be protected from the ad-
 verse  effects  of pesticides, radiation, noise,and other
 forms  of pollution,  and the unwise management of solid
 waste.   Efforts  to protect the environment require a
 focus  that  recognizes the interplay between the components
 of  our  physical  environment—air,  water, and land.  The
 Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory contributes
 to  this  multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged.


     •   studies  on the effects of  environmental
         contaminants  on the biosphere,  and

     •   a search for  ways to prevent contamination
         and  to recycle valuable resources.

 The  deleterious  effects  of storm and combined sewer over-
 flows upon the nation's  waterways -have  become of increasing
 concern  in recent  times.   Efforts  to alleviate  the problem
 depend upon  accurate  characterization of these  flows  in
 both a quantity  and quality sense.   This report  presents  a'
 state-of-the-art survey  of automatic wastewater  sampling
 devices  that might be  appropriate  for the  quality  measure-
ment of  stormwater and  combined  sewer flows  as well  as  other
wastewater discharges,  and will  be  of interest  to  those who
have a requirement for  the characterization  of such  flows
                                    Louis W. Lefke
                                    Acting Director
                                    Municipal Environmental
                                    Research Laboratory
                            iii

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                     PREFACE
This report represents a revision and update of an earlier
report, "An Assessment of Automatic Sewer Flow Samplers,"
published as Environmental Protection Technology Series
Report No. EPA-R2-73-261, June 1973, which is hereby super-
seded.  The major areas of change are in the descriptions
of commercially available equipment, which have been re-
vised to reflect equipment changes and new offerings that
have appeared since the preparation of the original report
in the fall of 1972.  Additional project experience and re-
views of custom designed samplers have also been given, and
some modifications have been made to other portions of the
text to reflect new material.  As a result, over 80 percent
of the present report represents new or revised content as
compared to its predecessor.

Mention should be made of a collateral effort reported in
"Design and Testing of a Prototype Automatic Sewer Sampling
System*" which is to be published soon as an Environmental
Protection Technology Series Report.  It describes the de-
sign implementation of a new, improved prototype automatic
sampling system specifically intended for storm and com-
bined sewers.  Covered also are the results of preliminary
field testing of the prototype device as well as extensive
controlled laboratory testing using synthetic sewage flows.
The results of side-by-side comparative testing of the pro-
totype device and four popular commercial designs is also
given, and should be of  interest to the reader of the
present report.
                             xv

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                        ABSTRACT
A brief review  of  the  characteristics of storm and combined
sewer flows  is  given followed by a general discussion of the
purposes for  and requirements of a sampling program.   The
desirable  characteristics  of  automatic sampling equipment
are set forth and  problem  areas  are outlined.

A compendium  of 82 model classes covering over 200 models of
commercially  available and custom designed automatic  sam-
plers is given with descriptions and characterizations of
each unit  presented along  with an evaluation of its suit-
ability for a storm and/or combined sewer application.

A review of field  experience  with automatic sampling  equip-
ment is given covering problems  encountered and lessons
learned.   A technical  assessment of the state-of-the-art in
automatic  sampler  technology  is  presented, and design guides
for development of a new,  improved automatic sampler  for use
in storm and  combined  sewers  are given.

This report was submitted  in  partial fulfillment of Contract
Number 68-03-0409  under the sponsorship of the Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory (formerly the National
Environmental Research Center),  Office of Research and De-
velopment, United  States Environmental P.rotection Agency.
Work was completed in  February,  1975.
                              v


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                         CONTENTS
Section

    I

   II

  III
   IV
   VI
 VII
VIII
                                               Page
 CONCLUSIONS  ...............      JL

 RECOMMENDATIONS  .............      5

 INTRODUCTION ............  ...      6

 Purpose and Scope  ............      7
 General Character of Sewage  .......      7
 Flow Modes  ................      g
 Variability of  Pollutant Concentration  .  .    11

 REQUIREMENTS AND PURPOSES OF SAMPLING   .  .    15

 Common  Properties and Constituents ....    15
 Type of Sample  ..... .........    ^7
 Adequacy of A Sampling Program ......    18
 Specific Sampling Purposes and
  Requirements  ...... ........    22

 DESIRABLE EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS  ...    27

 Equipment Requirements ..........    27
 Desirable Features  ........ ....    29
 Problem Areas   .......  .......    31

 REVIEW  OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
 AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS  ........... .      33

 Introduction  .  .  ..........  ...    33
 Descriptive  Forms  and Evaluations   ....    42

 REVIEW  OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS .  .  . .   245

 Introduction  ...............   245
Descriptive  Forms  and Evaluations   ....   245


EXPERIENCE WITH  COMBINED SEWER
SAMPLERS .................   295
                            vii

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                    CONTENTS CCont'd)

Section                                                 Pa8e
   IX     STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT   	    307
          Sampler Intake Assessment   	    307
          Gathering Method Assessment   	    321
          Sample Transport Assessment   	    323
          Sample Capacity and Protection
            Assessment	    327
          Controls and  Power Assessment   	    331
    X     REFERENCES	    333


                         FIGURES

Numb er                                                  •Pa§e
   1      Runoff Quantity and Quality Data,
            Bloody Run  Sewer Watershed 	     21
   2      BIF  Sanitrol  Flow - Ratio  Model 41
            Sampler   .	     50
   3      BVS  Model  PP-100  Sampler 	     58
   4      BVS  Model  SE  and  SPE  Series Sampler  ...     66
   5      Collins Model 42  Composite Sampler ....     73
   6      Collins Model 40  Composite Sampler ....     77
   7      ISCO Model 1392  Sampler	     96
   8      Lakeside  Trebler  Model T-2 Sampler ....    114
   9      Markland  Model 1301  Portable Sampler .  . .    121
   10      Markland  "Duckbill"  Sampler Intake ....    123
   11      Phipps  and Bird  Dipper-Type Sampler  .  . .    163
   12      Quality  Control  Equipment Company Model
             CVE Sampler	    181
   13      Quality  Control  Equipment Company Model
             CVE II  Sampler	   185
   14       SERCO Model NW-3 Sampler	    194
   15       Sirco Series B/ST-VS Sampler 	    219
                              viii

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                     FIGURES  (Cont'd)

Number                                                  Pag<
  16      AVCO  Inclined  Sequential  Sampler 	    247
  17      Rohrer Automatic Sampler  	    257
  18      Weston Automatic Sampler  	    261
  19      NEAR  Sewer  Sampler	    277
  20      Freeman Automatic Sampler Module 	    281
  2.1      PS 69 Pumping  Sampler	    285
  22      EG&G  Prototype Automatic  Sewer  Sam-
            pling System Schematic  	    292
  23      Velocity Contours at Sampling
            Station	    308
  24      Sediment Distribution  at  Sampling
            Station	    310
  25      Region of Validity  of  Stokes' Law   ....    312
  26      Effect of Temperature  on Maximum
            Particle  Size	    313
  27      Sampler Intake Orientations Tested  ....    315
  28      Effect of Sampling  Velocity on  Repre-
            sentativeness of  Suspended Solids   .  .  .    316
  29      Effect of Lateral Orientation of
            Sample Intake  .	    318
                         TABLES
Number
   1
   2
   4
   5
Characteristics of Urban Stormwater
Properties and Constituents of
  Sewage 	  ,
          Automatic Wastewater Sampler
            Manufacturers  	
Sampler Characteristic Summary Matrix,
Effect of Shape Factor on Hydraulic
  Size	
Ratio of Composite Sample Concentra-
  tion to Actual Concentration .  .  .  .
 16

 34
 39

325

330
                             ix

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        INDEX OF COHMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS
                                                       Page
Bestel-Dean Mark II	    43
Bestel-Dean Crude Sewage Sampler  	    46
BIF Sanitrol Flow-Ratio Model 41  	    49
Brailsford Model DC-F and DU2	    52
Brailsford Model EVS .	    55
BVS Model PP-100	    57
BVS Model PE-400	    61
BVS Model PPE-400	    65
Chicago "Tru Test"	  •  •    69
Collins Model 42 Composite Sampler  	    72
Collins Model 40 Composite Sampler	    76
EMA Model 200	    79
ETS Fieldtec Sampler Model FS-4   	    82
Horizon Model S7570	    84
Horizon Model S7576  	    86
Horizon Model S7578  	    88
Hydraguard Automatic Liquid Sampler   	    90
Hydra-Numatic Composite Sampler   	    93
ISCO Model 1392	    95
ISCO Model 1480	    99
ISCO Model 1580	   102
Kent Model SSA	   105
Kent Model SSB	   107
Kent Model SSC	   HO
Lakeside Trebler Model  T-2  	   113
Manning Model S4000   	   117
                             x

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     INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
                                                        Paee
Markiand  Model  1301	   120
Markland  Model  101	   125
Markiand  Model  102	   128
Markland  Model  104T	   131
Nalco Model  S-100	   135
Nappe Porta-Positer Sampler  	   138
Nappe Series  46  Liquid  Sampler	   141
Noascono  Automatic  Shift  Sampler 	   144
N-CON Surveyor  II Model	   147
N-CON Scout  II Model	   149
N-CON Sentry  500 Model	   152
N-CON Sentinel Model	   155
N-CON Trebler Model	   157
Peri Pump Model  704	,	   160
Phipps and Bird  Dipper-Type	   162
Protech Model CG-110  	   165
Prptech Model CG-125  	   168
Protech Model CG-125FP	   171
Protech Model CEG-200   .	   174
Protech Model CEL-300   	  	   177
QCEC Model CVE	   180
QCEC Model CVE II	   184
QCEC Model E	   188
Rice Barton Effluent Sampler  	   190
Serco Model NW-3	   193
Serco Model TC-2	   197
Sigmamotor Model WA-1	   200
Sigmamotor Model WAP-2  	   202
Sigmamotor Model WM-3-24  	  	   205
                             XI

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   INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
Sigraamotor Model WA-5		   208
Sigmamotor Model WAP-5 	   211
Sigmamotor Model WM-5-24 	   215
Sirco Series B/ST-VS	   218
Sirco Series B/IE-VS	   222
Sirco Series B/DP-VS	   225
Sirco Model MK-VS	   228
Sonford Model HG-4	   231
Streamgard Discrete Sample Attachment
  Model DA-24S1	   233
TMI Fluid Stream Sampler 	   235
TMI Mark 3B Model Sampler	   237
TRI-AID Sampler Series 	   240
Williams Oscillamatic Sampler   	   243
                             Xll

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            INDEX OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS
AVCO Inclined  Sequential Sampler 	   246
Springfield Retention  Basin Sampler  	   250
Milk River Sampler	   252
Envirogenics Bulk Sampler  	   254
Rohrer Automatic Sampler 	   256
Weston Automatic Sampler 	   260
Pavia-Byrne Automatic  Sampler  	  	   264
Rex Chainbelt, Inc. Automatic Sampler  	   267
Colston Automatic Sampler  	   270
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Model II   	   273
NEAR Sewer Sampler	   276
Freeman Automatic Sampler  	   280
PS-69 Pumping  Sampler   .....  	   284
RECOMAT Sampler  	   288
EG&G Prototype Sewer Sampler  	   291
                           xiii

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                  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The cooperation and support of the commercial manufacturers
and suppliers of automatic liquid sampling equipment and
their representatives is acknowledged with sincere thanks.
They supplied information about their current products and
proposed new developments, took time to answer questions
and provide operational insights, and made the preparation
of much of this report possible.  All equipment illustra-
tions were provided by the respective manufacturers, and
appreciation for their use in this report is hereby
acknowledged.

The encouragement, cooperation, and support of users of
automatic samplers, including EPA Surveillance and Analysis
Division personnel (and especially Messrs. W. J. Keffer -
Region VII, M. D. Lair - Region IV, and F. P. Nixon - Re-
gion II), is deeply appreciated.  They freely gave of their
time to discuss problems with individual pieces of equip-
ment, to provide insights into many difficulties of field
use, and to share their views on where equipment improve-
ments were desired.

The support of this effort by the Storm and Combined Sewer
Section (Edison, New Jersey) of the EPA Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, and especially
Mr. Richard Field and Mr. Hugh E. Masters, Project Officers,
for their guidance, suggestions and inputs, and thorough
manuscript review is acknowledged with gratitude.
                             xiv

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                      SECTION I

                     CONCLUSIONS
An automatic  liquid  sampler  is  one tool of several com-
monly employed  for the  characterization of a flow
stream.  Its  selection  must  be  based upon consideration
of the overall  sampling program to be undertaken, the
characteristics  of the  flows to be sampled, the physi-
cal characteristics  of  the  sampling sites, and the sam-
ple analyses  that are available and desired.

In view of  the  large number  of  highly variable param-
eters associated with the storm and combined seWer ap-
plication,  no single automatic  sampler can exist that
is universally  applicable with  equal efficacy.  Some
requirements  are conflicting, and a careful series of
trade-off studies is required in order to arrive at a
"best" selection for a  particular program.  Such a
selection may not be well suited for a different pro-
gram, and a systems  approach is required for either the
selection or  design  of  automatic ^.sampling equipment for
storm and combined sewer application.

The proper  selection of sampling sites can be as impor-
tant as the selection of sampling methods and equipment.
A clear understanding of the data requirements and ulti-
mate use is necessary as is  a familiarity with the sewer
system to be  examined.

Over 40 prospective  manufacturers of automatic liquid
sampling equipment were contacted.   Although some omis-
sions undoubtedly have  been  made,  it is felt that all
major principles and techniques commercially available
today have been  included.  These automatic samplers
have been individually  described and evaluated for ap-
plication in  a  storm and/or  combined sewer sampling
program.  Most  of the units  surveyed were not designed
for such use, and many  manufacturers do not recommend
them for such applications.

Although certain commercially available automatic sam-
plers may be  suitable for certain storm and/or combined
sewer sampling  programs, no  single  unit appears emi-
nently suitable for  such an  application.   Improvements
in intake design, sample intake and transport velocity,
line sizes, and sample  capacity appear warranted.

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A number of custom designed, one-of-a-kind automatic
samplers were reviewed and evaluated for application
in a storm and/or combined sewer sampling program.
Although, some of these embodied fairly clever innova-
tions, they were generally tailored around local pecu-
liarities of the application site or program.  None
was deemed ideally suited for broad scale use as a
storm or combined sewer sampling unit.

Field experience with automatic sampling equipment was
reviewed with emphasis on recent EPA projects.  Leaks
in vacuum operated units; faulty automatic starters;
inlet blockage and line plugging; limited suction lift;
low transport velocities; complicated electrical sys-
tems; and failures of timers, micro-switches, relays
and contacts, and reed switches were among the diffi-
culties frequently encountered.

There is a plethora of sampling devices available in
the marketplace today.  These automatic samplers are
of various designs and capabilities and incorporate
both good and poor features.  There are numerous
claims  (and counter-claims) made by the various manu-
facturers and their representatives, including limited
data in certain instances, as to the efficacy of one
particular piece of equipment (i.e., design  approach)
or another.  The present state of affairs can be sum-
marized as follows:

  (a)  Comparisons of water quality data gathered
      using different commercially available sam-
      plers demonstrate without question that there
      can be marked differences in results obtained
      with different types of equipment;

  (b)  Different wastewater  flow characteristics  call
      for different equipment requirements in order
      to assure representative sampling;

  (c)  The results of manual  sampling are extremely
      methodologically dependent, and data strongly
      indicate  that they may  or may not be repre-
      sentative of the wastewater flow  in question;
      and

  (d)  No satisfactory way has yet been  developed  to
      meaningfully and uniformly  evaluate the per-
      formance  capabilities  of automatic sample
      collection systems.

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 9.  One of the greatest problem areas  is  in  the  design  of
     a sampler intake that can  gather a representative sam-
     ple, even in a stratified  flow  condition,  and  at the
     same time be relatively invulnerable  to  clogging or
     damage due to solids or debris  in  the  flow stream.
     Separate considerations are required  for  intakes to
     be used for sampling floatables  (especially  oil and
     grease) or coarser bottom  solids including bed load.
     Some generally desirable sampler intake  characteris-
     tics include:

     (a)  Sample intake velocity should  equal  or  exceed
          the velocity of the stream being  sampled;

     (b)  Intake geometry such  as diameter, beveled in-
          side or outside, radiused, etc.,  is  not crit-
          ical insofar as sampling representativeness
          is concerned;

     (c)  Gravity filled intakes usually have  a varying
          sample intake velocity which  is undesirable
          in most instances; and

     (d)  The sampler intake should prevent ingestion
          of unwanted material  that could clog  or damage
          other portions of the sampler.

10.  Selection of the sample gathering method  to be used is
     more site dependent than any other design  attribute.
     The requirement to minimize obstructions  to the flow
     eliminates most mechanical and forced  flow designs
     from consideration.  The suction lift  gathering method
     appears to offer the most  advantages and  flexibility
     overall.   The pumping portion of the unit  should be
     separable from the remainder of the device for use  at
     sites that exceed the recommended  lift of  the pump.
     The first flow of suction  lift devices should be re-
     turned to waste unless it  is part of a large sample.

11.  All sample transport lines should be large enough to
     minimize clogging,  yet small enough to assure adequate
     transport velocity for the largest suspended solids to
     be sampled.   For the storm and combined sewer applica-
     tion, minimum line sizes of 0.95-1.27  cm  (3/8-1/2 in.)
     inside diameter appear desirable.  Minimum transport
     velocities of 0.6-0.9 m/s  (2-3 fps) would  appear war-
     ranted.  The sampling train should be  free of internal
     constrictions due to valves, fittings, etc., and have
     a minimum of twists and bends.  It is desirable for
     the sample to be carried under pressure all the way to
     its container.

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12.  Composite samplers cannot represent the  time history
     of a storm event, and consequently, discrete samplers
     are more often desired.  The quantity of  sample  re-
     quired is dependent upon the subsequent  analyses  to
     be performed, but at least a liter is generally  de-
     sired.  The sample containers should either be easy
     to clean or disposable.  Provision for cooling the
     samples until they can be taken to the laboratory
     should be included.  Immersion-proof construction is
     advantageous.

13.  The sampler should be capable of accepting automatic
     start signals from some external sensor.   It should
     have an internal timer and also be capable of being
     paced by an external flowmeter.  For composite sam-
     plers particularly, the sample volume should be  con-
     stant and not vary with lift, water level, etc.
     Solid-state electronics appear desirable.

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                   SECTION II

                 RECOMMENDATIONS
There  is  an  urgent  need for determining the capabilities
of various types  of sample collection systems to gather
representative  samples  of wastewater flows over a wide
range  of  characteristics.  This must be done under con-
trolled conditions  if  results are to be quantified in
any way other than  as  relativistic comparisons.  It is
recommended  that  a  number of sample collection systems
of the types that represent the majority of present day
equipment be assembled  and tested under controlled
laboratory conditions  representing a wide range of
wastewater flow characteristics.

There  is at present no  well-defined manual sampling
protocol.  It is  recommended that equipment and proce-
dures be developed  that will allow representative sam-
ples to be gathered from a variety of sites under a wide
range of wastewater flow characteristics.

There are no specific guides to aid a would-be pur-
chaser of automatic wastewater  sampling equipment
generally available at  the present time.   It is recom-
mended that performance specifications and standard
testing and acceptance  procedures be developed for a
number of classes of wastewater,  including stormwater
and combined sewage.

Representative  sampling of bed  load and floatables
(including oil  and  grease)  continues to be an  extremely
difficult problem.   It  is  recommended that a program to
develop equipment that  is  suitable for these purposes
be initiated in the near  future.

In view of the potential  for  increase in commercially
available equipment  and changes and  improvements  intro-
duced by manufacturers  subsequent  to  the publication  of
this  report,  it is  recommended  that  it  be  updated  in
two years.

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                        SECTION  III

                       INTRODUCTION


       'By a small sample we  may  judge of the whole.

                                Cervantes  (1605)
Since the very beginnings  of  primitive man's existence he
has been faced with  the  necessity to sample, his first
experiences probably  being in the area of food and water
selection.  The need  to  sample arises from a data require-
ment that is necessary in  order to make some judgmental
decision and presumes the  unavailability of the whole.  If
the data which are  to be derived from the sample are to be
efficacious in terms  of  the judgmental decision to be made
however, it is necessary that the sample be truly represent-
ative of the whole,  at least  insofar as those parameters
which are of interest are  concerned.  It is this require-
ment, which arises  from  the nature of the data sought, that
must be the overriding consideration in any sampling effort.

As the civilization  of man continued, the exigencies of
social awareness  and community led to cooperative sampling
and judgmental decisions affecting others as well as the
sampler himself.  In particular, man's requirement for water
to maintain his existence  and his concern for the quality of
this water have partially  shaped the course of history and
given rise to more  formal  sampling programs for the common
good.  The records  of ancient civilizations attest to the
difficulties man  has experienced in obtaining an adequate
supply of water,  protecting its quality, dealing with sedi-
ment transport in natural  water courses, and the like.  An
excellent historical review of water sampling, especially as
related to suspended sediment, is given in  (1).  Suffice it
to note here that despite  the fact that the first sampling
for water quality is lost  in the antiquity  of man's develop-
ment, it was not  until  the early part of the nineteenth cen-
tury that documentation  can be found of the formal sampling
efforts of Gorsse and Subuors in the Rhone  River in 1808 and
1809.

From such humble  beginnings,  reinforced by  technology and
man's increased  awareness  of his environment and his need to
protect it, have  arisen  even more demanding requirements for
water sampling programs  and for equipment  to carry them out.
Today a large number of  companies have been formed to pro-
duce sampling equipment, and it is to their products  that
much of the present report will be directed.

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 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

 This report is  intended  to  present a current review of  the
 state-of-the-art and  assessment of sampling equipment and
 techniques.  Particular  emphasis has been placed on auto-
 matic liquid samplers which are commercially available  today
 in the American marketplace.   These are described and eval-
 uated in terms  of  their  suitability for use in storm or com-
 bined sewer applications.   However, a sampling device which
 is suitable for such  applications will most likely suffice
 for any other municipal  wastewater application as well.   By
 collecting and presenting such a review it is hoped that
 shortcomings and limitations  of these devices for such ap-
 plications can be  overcome  and that this  report can serve as
 a springboard for  the development of new  and/or improved de-
 vices.   In order to assess  the probable effectiveness of an
 existing device for sampling  sewage in storm sewers and/or
 combined sewers, or to select  criteria for the design of a
 new or  improved device,  consideration of  the character of
 such sewers and sewage is essential.   Questions to be con-
 sidered are:  What are their  general characteristics?  What
 are the usual flow modes found in such sewers?   How do the
 pollutant  materials carried in the  sewers  vary  with time and
 location?

 GENERAL CHARACTER OF SEWAGE

 Knowledge  of the character of  the urban environment  leads
 one to  the  expectation that stormwater draining from it  will
 be  of poor  quality.  Washings  from  the  sidewalks,  streets,
 alleys,  and catch basins are a  part  of  the  runoff  and  in-
 clude significant  amounts of human  and  animal refuse.  In
 industrial  areas,  chemicals, fertilizers,  coal,  ores,  and
 other products  are  stockpiled  exposed  to rainfall,  so  that  a
 significant quantity of  these materials appears  in  the run-
 off.  Extreme quantities of  organic materials such  as  leaves
 and  grass cuttings  often appear in  storm sewers.   In  the
 fall, such  sewers  at times  become almost completely  filled
with leaves.  Often during  storms large boards,  limbs, rock
 and  every imaginable kind of debris appear in the  sewers
probably as  a result of  breaks in the sewers and/or  acces-
sory equipment  designed  to  screen out the larger items.  One
of  the heaviest  pollution loads is that of eroded silts  and
sediments washed from  the land surface.  Much of this is
from construction areas  where  the land has been disturbed
prior to completion of streets and buildings and re-
establishment of plant life.   Finally, a significant amount
of solids found  in  storm  runoff originates as dustfall from
air pollution.  According to studies made  in Chicago (2)
about 3 percent of  the total solids load has its source in
dustfall.

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General observation of  the polluted  nature  of  storm runoff^
from urban areas is supported by  a number of  studies made in
several large cities in  the United States,  and in Oxney,
England; Moscow and Leningrad,  U.S.S.R.; Stockholm, Sweden;
and Pretoria, South Africa.  In (2)  the  American Public
Works Association states,  "Stormwater  runoff  has been found
in many instances to be  akin to sanitary sewage in its pol-
lutional characteristics  and in a few  instances some param-
eters of pollution are  even greater".  Table  1, which is
taken from (5), contains  selected data on the characteris-
tics of urban stormwater.

In some areas, sewers classed as  storm sewers are, in fact,
sanitary or  industrial  waste sewers  due  to  unauthorized and
various other connections made  to them.  This condition may
become  so aggravated that a continuous flow of sanitary sew-
age flows into the receiving stream.  Wastes  from various
commercial and industrial enterprises  are  often diverted to
these so-called storm sewers.   A rather  common pollutant is
the flushings from oil  tanks.

Combined sewers are  designed and constructed to carry both
stormwater and sanitary sewage  and/or  industrial wastes.
Therefore, sewage  in  them has  all the  pollutional aspects
of storm runoff as described  above,  but  also includes the
pollution load of  domestic wastes.

Where industrial wastes are contributed  also,  a very  complex
sewage, with respect  to both  varied flow rate  and pollution
load, is created.  The  task of  sampling  and analyzing this
creation with reasonable accuracy becomes  an extremely dif-
ficult  one.

Because of normal  leaks at joints,  pipe breaks, loss  of  man-
hole  covers, and  other  unplanned openings to them,  separate
sanitary sewers  often carry large flows  of storm  runoff
and/or  infiltrate.   This usually occurs in sections  of high
ground  water level,  or  where the sewer  line is  constructed
in,  or  adjacent  to,  a stream bed.  Under such  conditions,
these  sewers have  much the same  character as  combined sew-
ers,  and require  the same types  of  sampling equipment and
methods.

FLOW MODES

Storm sewers, during periods of  no  rainfall,  often carry a
small but  significant flow.  This may be flow  from ground
water,  or  "base flow",  which gains  access,to  the  sewer  from
unpaved stream courses.  Such  base  flow may  appear as runoff
 from parks  or from suburban areas where there  are open
 drains  leading to the storm sewer.

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     TABLE  1.   Characteristics of Urban Stormwater*
           Characteristic
   BOD5




   COD  (mg/1)




   TSS  (mg/1)




   TS  (mg/1)




   Volatile TS  (mg/1)




   Settleable solids  (ml/1)




   Organic N  (mg/1)
   Soluble P04  (mg/1)




   Total P04  (mg/1)




   Chlorides  (mg/1)




   Oils (mg/1)




   Phenols (mg/1)




   Lead (mg/1)




   Total coliforms (no./lOO ml)




   Fecal coliforms (no./lOO ml)




   Fecal streptocci (no./lOO ml)






*  Taken from Reference 5 .




   With highway deicing.
Range of Values




   1->700




   5-3,100




   2-11,300




 450-14,600




  12-1,600




 0.5-5,400




 0.1-16




 0.1-2.5




 0.1-10




 0.1-125




   2-25,000f




   0-110




   0-0.2




   0-1.9




 200-146 x 106




  55-112 x 106




 200-1.2 x 106

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Unfortunately, much of the  flow  in  storm  sewers  during peri-
ods of no rainfall is composed of domestic  sewage  and/or in-
dustrial wastes.  Where municipal ordinances  concerning
connections to sewers are not rigidly  enforced,  it appears
to be reasonably certain that unauthorized  connections to
storm sewers will appear.   In some  cases,  the runoff from
septic tanks is carried to  them.  Connections for  the dis-
charge of swimming pools, foundation  drains,  sump  pumps,
cooling water, and pretreated industrial  process water to
storm sewers are permitted  in many  municipalities, and con-
tribute to flow during periods of no  rainfall.

Storm runoff is the excess  rainfall which runs  off the
ground surface after losses  resulting  from infiltration to
ground water, evaporation,  transpiration  by vegetation, and
ponding occur.  A small portion  of  the rainfall is held in
depression storage, resulting from  small  irregularities in
the land surface.  The quantity,  or rate  of flow,  of such
runoff varies with intensity, duration, and areal  distribu-
tion of rainfall; character of the  soil and plant  life;
season of the year; size, shape,  and  slope of drainage
basin, and other factors.   Ground seepage loss  varies during
the storm, becoming less as  the  ground absorbs  the water.
The period of time since the previous, or antecedent, rain-
fall significantly affects  the storm  runoff.

In general, storm runoff is  intermittent  in accordance with
the rainfall pattern for the area.  It is also  highly vari-
able from storm to storm and during a particular storm.

The design capacity of storm sewers is based on the flow due
to a storm occurring, on the average,  once in a selected
number of years (recurrence interval). Usually a recurrence
interval not  greater than  10 years  is  selected for the de-
sign of underground storm  sewers.   As  a result, the design
capacity of the sewer is exceeded at  comparatively frequent
intervals, resulting in  surcharging and flooding of the
overlying surface.

Flow in combined sewers  during periods of no rainfall is
called dry-weather  flow.   This  is the flow of sanitary sew-
age and/or Industrial wastes,  and often includes infiltrated
ground water.  As the sewer is  designed,  dry-weather  flow
generally includes  only  a  small  portion of the total  sewer
capacity, on  the order  of  10%  in the  larger sewer sizes.
However, due  to overloading in  many rapidly developing
areas, the dry-weather  flow sometimes requires a much larger
percentage of  total  capacity.   The  storm runoff portion of
the flow in combined  sewers is  as described above for storm
                              10

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 sewers.  However, the design capacity  for  carrying  storm
 runoff is probably less than is usually  provided  for  storm
 sewers.

 Sewers for intercepting dry-weather  flow from  a system of
 combined sewers for transport to a point for treatment or
 disposal have been designed for enough capacity to  include
 a portion of the stormwater in the system.  In the  United
 States, this interceptor capacity ranges from  two to  four
 times the dry-weather flow.  A weir  or other regulating
 device controls the flow of ^sewage to the  interceptor  by
 diverting the flow above a pre-selected  stage  to an over-
 flow line.   The excess flows, or overflows, are carried to
 some external channel, such as a creek or  river.  Thus,  raw
 sewage is carried to the streams with storm runoff during
 periods of  rainfall.

 VARIABILITY OF POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION

 The  pollutant concentration in storm and combined sewers is
 highly variable,  both with respect to the  time and with  the
 position in the sewer cross-section.   This is  true during
 periods  of  no rainfall as  well as  during storm runoff
 periods,  but  usually  to  a  lesser extent.

 Variability with  Time

 Probably  the  most  constant character  of pollutants occurs
 in storm  sewers when  all flow is base flow derived from
 ground water.   Because of  the slow movement of  water through
 the  ground,  changes  in concentration  of pollutants occur
 only  during relatively long time periods.  Where  unauthor-
 ized  connections  of  domestic  sewage and industrial waste
 lines  to  storm  sewers  are  found, rapid fluctuations  of
 concentration with time  may occur.  The domestic  sewage
 constituent varies with  time  of  day,  with season  of  the
year,  and probably over  long-term  periods.   Industrial
wastes vary with specific  processes and industries.   Very
 rapid  changes may occur  with  plant  shift  changes  and with
process dynamics.  Conditions  on weekends and holidays may
be very different from those  on regular work days.

Observation and experience  have demonstrated that  the  heav-
iest  concentration of  suspended solids  during periods  of
storm  runoff usually occurs during  the  early part  of the
storm.  At this time,  the  stage is  rising and accumulated
dry-weather solid residue  is being  flushed  from the  sewers
                             11

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and washed and eroded from the tributary  land  areas.   As
runoff recedes, the sewer and land area surfaces  exposed  to
flow are reduced, the flow velocities which  serve to  flush
and erode are decreased, and the more easily dislodged sol-
ids have been acted upon.  Thus, suspended material  is re-
duced in concentration.  This pattern of  variation may not
be followed during a period of storm runoff  which immedi-
ately follows a previous storm runoff period because  the
land surface and sewer  lines are relatively  clean.

Pollutants derived from point sources, such  as those  from
stockpile drainage, vary at the  sampling  location with time
of travel from the source to the point of observation.  Max-
imum concentration may  occur after the peak  of storm runoff.
It is conceivable that  there would be no  contribution from
some point sources during a specific storm because of areal
variation of rainfall in the basin.

The variability of concentration of pollutants in combined
sewer dry-weather flow  is similar  to that of storm sewers
having unauthorized connections  of domestic  sewage and/or
industrial waste lines. The fluctuations in domestic sewage
and industrial waste  concentration are  discussed above.

Variability with Position In the Sewer  Cross-Section

Many factors influence  the variability  of composition with
position in the  sewer cross-section.  Among  them are:

(a)  Turbulent flow  (as opposed  to laminar)  which occurs at
the velocities and with the boundary  conditions found in
sewers, is particularly high during  periods  of storm runoff.
A  description  of these  two  states  of  flow is given by Chow
(3), as follows:

     "Depending  on the  effect  of viscosity relative to
     inertia,  the  flow  may be  laminar,  turbulent, or
     transitional.   In  laminar  flow,  the water particles
     appear to move  in  definite  smooth  paths,  or  stream-
     lines, and  infinitesimally  thin layers  of fluid
     seem  to  slide over adjacent layers.   In turbulent
     flow, the water  particles  move  in  irregular  paths
     which are neither  smooth  nor  fixed but  which in
     the  aggregate still represent the  forward motion
     of the entire stream."

 (b)  Varying  velocities within the section,  with  higher
velocities near  the  surface  and lower  velocities  near  the
bottom.   Average velocity in  the vertical is at  about
                             12

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 0.6  depth.   Velocities are higher  near,the center of  the
 Pipe  or  conduit than near the  outer boundaries.  Such veloc-
 ity  distributions are generally  characteristic of open-
 channel  flow conditions, but are not all necessarily valid
 when  the sewer becomes surcharged.

 (c)   The tendency for flows transporting materials of dif-
 ferent density,  and having different temperatures, to remain
 separate from each other for quite  some  distance following
 their convergence.                                        &

 (d)  The  fact that substances in solution may well behave
 independently of suspended particles.  Little is known of
 the lateral  dispersion of solutions  in sewage.   Conversions
 from solution to suspension,  and the reverse,  would occur
 under some conditions.

 (e)  Vertical drops,  chutes,  or hydraulic jumps  a short  dis-
 tance upstream  from the  section which will produce violent
 turbulence,  resulting in  improved distribution  of suspended
 solids in the cross-section.

 Suspended solids heavier  than  water have  their  lowest  con-
 centrations near the  surface,  and the concentration  in-
 creases  with  depth.   Near the  bottom of  the sewer may  occur
 a   bed load   composed almost  entirely of heavier  solids.
 This  may   slide" along the bottom or, with insufficient  flow
 velocity, may rest  on the bottom.   As the velocity and tur-
 bulence  increase,  the  "bed load"  may be picked up  and  sus-
 pended in the sewage.

 At  the beginning of storm runoff, as water picks  up solids
 which  have accumulated in the  sewer upstream during periods
 of  no  rainfall, the flow  may be composed  largely  of sewage
 solids, or "bed load", which appears to be pushed ahead by
 the water.                                                 J

 Suspended materials lighter than water,  such  as oils and
 greases,  float on the surface,  as do leaves,  limbs, boards,
 bottles,  and  cloth and paper materials.   Other small  light
particles are moved randomly within  the flow  by turbulence
These  may be  well distributed in the cross-section without
significant effect of variable velocity within the section.

Larger, heavier suspended and floating  solids  tend to move
to the outside of a horizontal curve  as a result of centrif-
ugal inertia  force.  Particles with  a specific gravity much
less than  1.00 may  tend to move toward  the inside of the
curve.  Because  the effect of curvature on flow  often con-
tinues downstream a considerable distance,  it  is  probable
that a normal  distribution of suspended matter is  not  found
                             13

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on a curve,
widths.
            or downstream  for  a  distance of several sewer
Incoming sewage  from  an  upstream lateral with different
density and temperature  may  not  mix well, and often flows
for long distances without  combining with the main body of
the sewer.  The  appearance  may be of two streams flowing
side-by-side,  each with  different quality characteristics.
A sample taken from  either  stream is not representative of
the entire  stream  character.
                              14

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                       SECTION IV

         REQUIREMENTS  AND  PURPOSES  OF SAMPLING


 Sampling of  sewage  is  performed to satisfy various purposes
 and requirements.   These  include the planning,  design and
 operation of facilities for  the control  and treatment of
 sewage; the  enforcement of water quality standards and ob-
 jectives; and general  research  to  increase our  knowledge of
 the characterization  of sewage.

 Development  of a program  of  sampling is  presently  based on
 a Ixmited number of properties  and constituents  for  which
 analyses are made.  The type of  sample collected depends on
 the purpose of the program,  and  on both  technical  and eco-
 nomic considerations.

 COMMON PROPERTIES AND CONSTITUENTS

 Although the constituents  of sewage  include most substances
 known to man, there are a  limited number of measurements
 made to determine the more common properties and constitu-
 ents.   Most  of  these are shown in Table 2, which is  taken
 rrom (4).

 It  is  a practical impossibility either to perform instant
 analyses of  a sample on the spot or to completely and un-
 equivocally  preserve it for subsequent examination.  Pre-
 servative techniques can only retard the  chemical and
 biological changes  that inevitably continue following ex-
 traction of  the  sample from its  parent source.   In  the
 former  case,  changes  occur that  are a function of the phys-
 ical conditions  - metal cations  may precipitate  as  hydrox-
 ides or  form  complexes  with  other constituents;  cations or
 anions may change valence  states under certain reducing or
 oxidizing conditions;  constituents  may dissolve  or  volatize
 with time, and so on.   In  the latter case,  biological
 changes  taking place may change  the valence state of  an
 element  or radical;  soluble constituents  may be  converted
 to organically bound materials in cell structures;  cell
 lysis may result  in  release of cellular material  into solu-
 tion, etc.  Preservation methods  are generally limited to
 pH control,  chemical addition, and  refrigeration.   Recommen-
 dations  for preservation of samples  according  to  the  meas-
 urement  analysis  to be  performed  are given  in Table 2.

Figures  given for sample size are generally  large.  For  ex-
ample, much smaller samples are needed with  use of  various
systems of automatic analysis.  The  Technicon Auto-Analyzer
                             15

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-------
requires samples  of  less  than  30  ml,  and is recommended for
total alkalinity,  chloride,  cyanide,  fluoride, total hard-
ness, nitrogen  (ammonia),  nitrogen (Kjeldahl), nitrogen
(nitrate - nitrite), phosphorus,  sulfate,  COD, and others.

TYPE OF SAMPLE

The type of sample collected depends  on  a  number of factors
such as the rate  of  change of  flow and of  the character of
the sewage, the accuracy  required,  and the availability of
funds for conducting the  sampling  program.   All samples col-
lected, either manually or with automatic  equipment, are in-
cluded in the following types:

     1.  Manual "grab" samples which  are obtained by
         dipping a container into  the sewer and bring-
         ing up a sample  of wastewater.  Containers
         are sometimes devised to  grab a sample at  a
         stationary depth or so that  a sample  inte-
         grated from bottom to top  of the  stream is
         collected.  Water flows gradually  into the
         container as it passes through the  flow.

     2.   Automatic "grab", or discrete, samples  which
         are collected at selected  intervals,  and  each
         sample is retained separately for  analysts.
         Usually each sample is collected at a  single
         point  in  the sewer cross-section.   However, in
         a  few  instances  samplers  with multiple  ports
         have been used to allow simultaneous  collec-
         tion from several points  in the  cross-section.

     3.   Simple  composite samples,  which  are made up of
         a  series  of  smaller  samples (aliquots)  of con-
         stant  volume (Vc) collected at regular  time in-
         tervals  (Tc)  and combined in a single container.
         The series of  samples  is  collected over a se-
         lected  time  period,  such  as 24 hours, or during
         a  period  of  storm runoff,  for example.  The sim-
        ple composite  represents  the  average condition
        of the waste during  the period only if the
        flow is constant.
    4.
Flow-proportional composite  samples,  which are
collected in relation  to  the  flow  volume  dur-
ing the period of compositing,  thus indicating
the^"average" waste condition during  the
period.  One of two ways  of  accomplishing this
is to collect samples  of  equal  volume (Vc),  but
at time intervals (Tv) that  are inversely pro-
portional to the volume of flow.   That  is,  the
                             17

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         time  interval between samples is reduced as the
         volume of  flow increases,  and a greater total
         sample volume is collected.   Flow proportioning
         can also be achieved by increasing the volume
         of each sample collected in proportion to the
         flow (Vv), but keeping the time interval be-
         tween samples constant (Tc).

         Manually composited samples which are obtained,
         where recording flow records are available,
         from fixed volume "grab",  or discrete, samples
         collected at known times and proportioned man-
         ually to produce a flow proportioned composite
         s amp1e.
         Sequential composite
         posed of a series of
         each of which is held
         tainer.  For example,
         collected during a 1-
         posited for the hour
         composite is made up
         composites.
samples, which are com-
short-period composites,
 in an individual con-
 each of several samples
•hour period may be com-
  The 24-hour sequential
from the individual  1-hour
ADEQUACY OF A SAMPLING PROGRAM

The adequacy of a sampling program  depends  largely  on  the
optimum selection of sampling sites.   Both  the  program cost
and its effectiveness in  collecting samples  representative
of the character of sewer flows  are seriously affected by
the care exercised in site selection.   Similarly,  the  kinds
of samplers selected determine  the  adequacy  of  the  program
with respect to obtaining suitable  data for  the needs  of
the particular sampling program.

In most cases, use of mathematical  statistical  analysis for
determining the probable  errors  in  the data obtained by
sewer sampling is not practical.  A single "grab  sample of
1 liter, even in dry-weather flows, is not necessarily indi-
cative of  the average character of  the flow. With respect
to an instant of time,  the  indicated character  of the  sewage
may vary with the point  in  the  cross-section from which it
was "grabbed".  One must  consider the universe  of sewage
volumes represented by  the  sample.   At the instant of  sam-
pling, it  may be all  the  liters of  sewage in the cross-
section at that instant.   But,  if the sewage is not
thoroughly mixed, we  know that  the  sample is biased, that
is, it may represent  only a portion of the 1-liter samples
in  the cross-section,  possibly  only those near the surface
of  the flow.
                              18

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 In periods of storm runoff, it is known, if only by obser-
 vation,  that the character of the sewage is continually
 changing,  possibly with great rapidity.  There, then, be-
 comes  no single universe represented by the "grab" sample.
 Instead, there is an infinite number, of universes, and the
 single  grab  sample is without meaning in determining the
 character  of the sewage.  A similar situation exists in the
 case of  sewers carrying industrial wastes.  The variability
 of  flow  and  of quality parameters during periods of storm
 runoff are illustrated in figure 1, wherein quantity and
 quality  data for a storm on the Bloody Run sewer watershed
 at  Cincinnati, Ohio,  are graphically presented.

 It  becomes apparent,  then,  that a large number of samples
 is  required  to adequately characterize the character of
 sewage in  a  combined  sewer  during and immediately after a
 storm  event,  particularly if  the character is  to be related
 to  flow  rate.   Compositing  the samples in  proportion to
 flow rate may  determine  the average character  of the sewage
 during the period  of  compositing.   However,  it does nothing
 to  describe  the  pattern  of  changes  which may occur during
 that period.                                             5

Awareness of the general  character  of  sewer  flows  and  of
flow modes in  storm sewers  and  combined sewers,  and knowl-
edge of  the variability  of  pollutant  concentration,  leads  to
an understanding of how best  to  select  sites for sampling.
Some of  the considerations  in making  such  selections are-
     1.
Maximum  accessibility and safety -
on busy  streets  should be avoided
shallow  depths with  manhole steps
dition are  desirable.   Sites with
surcharging and/or submergence by
water should be  avoided if possibl
locations which  may  tend to invite
                                           - Manholes
                                           if possible;
                                           in good  con-
                                           a history of
                                           surface
                                           e.  Avoid
                                            vandalism.
     2.
Be sure that  the  site  provides  the  information
des.ired — Familiarity with  the sewer  system
is necessary.  Knowledge  of  the existence of
inflow or outflow between the sampling point
and point of  data use  is  essential.

Make certain  the site  is  far enough  downstream
from tributary inflow  to  ensure mixing of the
tributary with the main sewer.

Locate in a straight length of  sewer,  at  least
six sewer widths below bends.
                             19

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     5.   Locate at a point of maximum turbulence, as
         found in sewer sections of greater roughness
         and of probable higher velocities.  Locate
         just downstream from a drop or hydraulic jump,
         if possible.

     6.   In all cases, consider the cost of installation.
         balancing cost against effectiveness  in pro-
         viding the data needed.

Presently available sewage samplers have a  great variety  of
characteristics with respect to size of sample collected,
lift capability, type of sample collected  (discrete  or  com-
posite) , material of construction,  and numerous  other both
good and poor features.  A number  of considerations  in
selection of a sampler are:

     1.   Rate of change of sewage  conditions

     2.   Frequency of change of sewage conditions

     3.  Range of sewage  conditions

     4.  Periodicity  or randomness of  change

     5.  Availability of  recorded  flow data

     6.  Need  for determining  instantaneous conditions,
         average  conditions,  or both

     7.  Volume  of  sample required

     8.  Need  for preservation of  sample

     9.  Estimated  size  of suspended  matter

     10.  Need  for  automatic  controls  for  starting and
         stopping

     11.  Need  for mobility or for a permanent
         installation

     12.  Operating  head requirements.

 Because of the variability in the  character of storm and/or
 combined sewage, and because of the many physical diffi-
 culties in collecting samples to  characterize the sewage,
 precise characterization is not practicable,  nor is it pos-
 sible.   In recognition of this fact, one must guard against
 embarking  on an excessively detailed sampling program, thus
                              20

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            140
                   2300
2330
        2*»00
                                          0030
           800



           700
           500
         *—*



         § 1»00
           300




           200



           100
                                            COO
                  BOD
                   2300    2330    2400     0030
                  2300
2330
      2^00
                                        0030
 Figure 1.   Runoff Quantity  and Quality  Data,

            Bloody  Run  Sewer Watershed*



Taken from Reference  19
                         21

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increasing costs, both for sampling  and  for  analyzing the
samples, beyond costs that can be  considered sufficient for
conducting a program which is adequate for  the intended
purpose.

A careful study of costs  should  be made  prior to commencing
a program of sampling, balancing cost  against the number of
samples and analyses required for  adequate  characterization
of the wastewater.  As the program progresses, current study
of the  results being obtained may  make it reasonable to re-
duce or increase  the number  of  samples collected.

The unit cost  of  handling and analyzing  samples can often be
reduced by careful planning  and scheduling of field work,
and by  coordination with  laboratory  requirements.  If the
volume  of samples is large,  and the  program is to continue
over a  long time  period,  consideration should be given to
use of  equipment  for automatic  analyses  and in-situ monitor-
ing.  A number of equipment  types and methods, such as spe-
cific ion electrodes and  probes, are available for these
purposes.  As  an  example, approximately 15 samples per hour
can be  analyzed  for  chloride,  using the Technicon Auto-
Analyzer.  Samples  of  only 4 ml volume are required.  Cau-
tion is needed in selecting  equipment suitable for a series
of parameters  for which  analyses are to be made.  With some
equipment,  the time  required for making necessary adjust-
ments between  each of  a  series   of tests may  counteract the
rapidity  of making analyses  for a single parameter.

SPECIFIC  SAMPLING PURPOSES AND  REQUIREMENTS

Sampling  programs are set up for various purposes for  which
the  requirements are not necessarily  the same.   That  is,
parameters  important to  one kind  of project  may  not  be
needed  for  another project having a different objective.
As  an  example, parameters of interest for  operation  of
facilities  for control and treatment  of  stormwater  and/or
 combined  sewage may be more limited in  number than  those
needed  for  planning and  design  of the facilities.   In the
 operation stage, experience at  the  particular location and
with the unique  facilities, may have  demonstrated a more
 limited sampling need.   On the  other  hand,  where stormwater
 is  combined with industrial wastes, analyses for additional
 parameters may be required.

 A number of physical, chemical, combinations of physical-
 chemical, and biological methods  have been considered in
 the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution  Control Program of
                               22

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 the EPA for treatment of stormwater and  combined  sewage.   In
 most cases, some type of control such as reduction  of  in-
 stantaneous peak flows is essential for  practical applica-
 tion of treatment methods.  These include storage facilities
 of many types,  flow regulation and routing, and remote  flow
 and overflow sensing and telemetering.

 Specific processes which have been investigated are  (5):

 Physical -  (1)  Fine mesh screening; (2) Micros trainer;
 (3)  Screening/Dissolved-air flotation; (4) High-rate single-
 dual-   or tri-media filtration; (5) Swirl and helical separa-
 tion;  (6)  Tube  settlers;  etc.

 Chemical -  (1)  Coagulant  and polyelectrolyte aids for sedi-
 mentation,  filtration,  flotation and microstraining; (2)
 Chemical oxidation and  use of  ozone for oxidation; and
 (3)  Disinfection — chlorination,  ozonation, high rate ap-
 plication,  on-site generation,  and  use of combined halogens
 (chlorine and iodine)  and chlorine  dioxide.

 Physical-Chemical - (1)  Screening  plus dissolved-air flota-
 tion with flotation aids;  (2)  Screening - chemical floc-
 culation -  sedimentation  -  high-rate filtration;  (3)
 Powdered and granular activated carbon adsorption; (4)  Chem-
 ical flocculation - tube  sedimentation -  tri-media filtra-
 tion; and (5) Screening -  coagulation  -  high rate  dual-media
 filtration.

Biological  - (1)  High-rate  plastic  and rock  media  trickling
tilters;  (2) Bio-adsorption  (contact stabilization);
 (3) Stabilization  ponds;  (4) Rotating  biological  contactor;
and  (5)  Deep-tank  aerobic and anaerobic  treatment.

For planning and  designing  such  facilities and processes,
and for  testing  their impact on  receiving streams,  sampling
tor certain basic wastewater parameters is essential.   In
general  these include:

     1-  Biochemical oxygen demand  (BOD)  - Used to determine
         the relative oxygen requirement  of  the wastewater.
         Data from BOD tests are used  for the development
         of engineering criteria for the  design of waste-
         water treatment plants.

     2-   Chemical oxygen demand  (COD) - Provides addi-
         tional  information concerning the oxygen re-
         quirement of wastewater.  It provides an
         independent measurement of organic matter in
                             23

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    the sample, rather than being a substitute
    for the BOD test.  For combined sewer over-
    flows and stormwater, COD may be more repre-
    sentative of oxygen demand in a receiving
    stream because of the presence of metals and
    other toxicants which are relatively non-
    biodegradable .

3.  Total oxygen demand  (TOD) - A recently devel-
    oped test to measure the organic content of
    wastewater in which  the organics are converted
    to stable end products in a platinum-catalyzed
    combustion chamber.  The test can be performed
    quickly, and results have been correlated with
    the COD in certain locations.

4.  Total organic carbon (TOG) - Still  another
    means of measuring the organic matter present
    in water which has found increasing use  in  re-
    cent times.  The  test is especially applicable
    to small concentrations  of organic  matter.

5.  Chloride - One of  the major  anions  in water
    and sewage.  The  concentration in  sewage may
    be increased by  some industrial wastes,  by
    runoff  from streets  and  highways where  salt
    is used  to control ice formation,  salt  water
    intrusion  in  tidal areas,  etc.  A  high  chlo-
    ride content  is  injurious  to vehicles  and
    highway  structures,  and  may  contaminate water
    supplies near  the highway.

6.  Nitrogen Series  - A  product  of microbiologic
    activity,  is  an  indicator  of sewage pollution,
    or pollution  resulting  from  fertilizers, auto-
    mobile  exhausts,  or  other  sources.   Its presence
    may  require  additional  amounts  of  chlorine, or
    introduction  of  a nitrogen fixation process,  in
    order  to produce a free  chlorine  residual in
    control of bacteria.

 7.  pH -  The logarithm of the  reciprocal of hydro-
    gen  ion activity.  State regulations often
    prescribe  pH limits  for  effluents  from indus-
    trial  waste treatment plants.   Provides a con-
    trol in chemical and biological treatment
    processes  for wastewater.
                         24

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      8.
      9.
     10.
Solids  (Total,  Suspended.  Volatile,  and
Settleable) - Usually  represent a large frac-
tion of  the pollutional  load  in combined
sewage.  Inorganic  sediments,  in a physical
sense, are major pollutants,  but also serve
as the transporting  or catalytic agents that
may either expand or reduce  the severity of
other forms of  pollution (6).

Oil and  Grease  - Commonly  found in sanitary
sewage,  but also appear  in industrial wastes
as a result of  various industrial processes.
Present  a serious problem  of  removal in waste-
water treatment facilities.

Bacterial Indicators (Total Coliform,  Fecal
Coliform, Fecal Streptococcus)  - Indicate the
level of bacterial contamination.
Where  more  exotic wastes are combined with stormwater and
sanitary  sewage,  additional treatment facilities may be
required  for  the  removal of industrial byproducts and
nutrients such  as cyanide,  fluoride, metals, pesticides,
nitrogen, phosphorus,  sulfate and sulfide.  For planning
and  design  of such treatment facilities, additional analyses
are  required  in accordance  with the pollutant material
expected  in the wastewater.  This may, in turn, require
significant expansion  of the sampling program.

Sampling  and  analyses  of wastewater are necessary to the
satisfactory  operation of treatment plants.   Pollutants in
the  incoming  storm sewer or combined sewer are compared with
those  in  the  effluent  from  the treatment plant to determine
the  effectiveness of the treatment process.   Additionally,
sampling  of the receiving stream before and  after treatment/
control system  installation indicates the benefits gained
from the  installation.   Knowledge of the concentration of
pollutants  entering the  plant can be used also to make ad-
justments to  the  treatment  process as required.  Continuous
monitoring  of the stream below the treatment/control facil-
ity  is important  to facility operation.   Depending on the
type or types of  treatment  process used,  the number of
parameters  required for  sampling and analyses is usually
less than those required for planning and design.   For exam-
ple, where  treatment consists only of sedimentation and
chlorination, analyses  for  oxygen demand, suspended solids,
bacterial indicators,  and for chlorine residual may be suf-
ficient.  If chemicals are  used  to assist the sedimentation
process, determination of pH may be needed.   The sampling
program can be  determined largely in accordance with previ-
ous experience  and knowledge of  the pollutants found.
                              25

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Sampling programs should start long before installation  of
combined sewer overflow and stormwater  treatment/control
facilities to establish the objectives  of the  facilities and
to provide necessary design and operation criteria.  A much
longer time period for sampling may be  required  than antici-
pated because of the need to sample during periods  of storm
runoff, which may be few in drought years.

In some cases, the availability of historical  quality data
may provide a basis for prediction of future character for
planning and design purposes.  Dependence on such predicted
data is not sufficient, and collection  of current data is
required to verify predictions and, later, to  measure facil-
ity effectiveness.

Programs of sampling and analyses of wastewater  in  storm
and/or combined sewers are frequently used for the  enforce-
ment of water quality standards or objectives.  Such pro-
grams provide information leading to the  source  of  various
types of pollution.  Often, the wastewater is  continually
monitored to check on compliance with pollution  control  laws
and regulations.  The range of different  parameters to be
measured for these purposes is continually expanding with
the development of new processes.  There  appears to be no
limit to future analytical requirements.
                              26

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                          SECTION V

             DESIRABLE  EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Having  reviewed  some of  the vagaries of the storm and com-
bined sewer  sampling problem in the preceding sections, it
is intuitively obvious  that a single piece of equipment can-
not exist  that is  ideal  for all sampling programs in all
storm and  combined sewer flows of interest.  One can, how-
ever, set  down some general requirements for sampling equip-
ment that  is  to  be used  in the storm or combined sewer
application.

EQUIPMENT  REQUIREMENTS

The success  of an  automatic sampler in gathering a repre-
sentative  sample starts  with the design of the sampler in-
take.   This  obviously will be dependent upon conditions at
the particular site where the sample is to be extracted.
If one  is  fortunate enough to have a situation where the
sewer flow is homogeneous with respect to the parameters
being sampled, then a simple single point of extraction for
the sample will  be adequate.  In the more typical case, how-
ever, there  is a spatial variation in the concentration of
the particular constituent that is to be examined as part
of a sampling program, and then the sampling intake must be
designed so  that the sample which is gathered will be nearly
representative of  the actual flow.  Several different designs
have been utilized in an attempt to meet this objective.
However, none can  be considered as ideal or universally ap-
plicable.  In a  rather comprehensive study reported in (7),
the characteristics of the sampler orifice geometry were ex-
amined with particular regard to the ability of the sampler
to gather a representative sample of suspended solids.  Among
parameters varied  were size of orifice,  shape of orifice and
intake velocity.   All orifices were located in a vertical
plate forming part of the wall of the test section of the
flume which was  used for this study.  The sample flow was
therefore extracted at right angles to the stream flow.  The
major conclusion that was  reached by the investigators was
that, as far as  suspended  solids were concerned, the geometry
of the orifice at  most played a secondary role and that the
most representative samples  were obtained when the sampler
intake tube velocity was  equal to the free stream velocity.
In situations where flow velocity gradients are strongly
present, this observation  must be taken into account in the
design of a proper  sampler intake.
                              27

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The automatic sampler must be  capable  of  lifting  the  sample
to a sufficient height to allow  its  utilization over  a rather
wide range of operating heads.   It would  appear that  a mini-
mum sample lift of 3 meters  or so is almost mandatory in
order to give a fairly wide  range of applicability.   It is
also important that the sample size  not be a  function of
the sample lift; that is, the  sample size should  not  become
significantly less as the sample lift  increases.

The sample line size must be large enough to  give assurances
that there will be no plugging or clogging anywhere within
the sampling train.  However,  the line size must  also be
small enough so that complete  transport of suspended  solids
is assured.  Obviously, the  velocities in any vertical sec-
tion of the sampling train must  well exceed  the settling
velocity of the maximum size particle  that is to  be  sampled.
Thus, the sample flow rate and line  size  are  connected and
must be approached together  from design considerations.

The sample capacity that is  designed into the piece  of
equipment will depend upon the subsequent analyses that the
sample is to be subjected to and the volumetric requirements
for conducting these analyses.   However,  in  general,  it is
desirable to have a fairly large quantity of  material on
hand, it being safer to err  on the side of collecting too
much rather than too little.  For discrete samples,  500 m£
is frequently the bare minimum,  and  a  liter  or more  is often
desirable.  For composite samples, at  least  4 liters  and
preferably more should be collected.

The controls on the automatic  sampler  should  allow some
degree of freedom in the operation and utilization of the
particular piece of equipment.   A built-in timer  is  desir-
able to allow preprogrammed  operation  of  the  equipment.
Such operation would be particularly useful,  for  example,
in characterizing the buildup  of pollutants  in the early
stages of storm runoff.  However,  the  equipment  should also
be capable of taking signals from  some flow  measuring device
so that flow proportional operation  can be  realized.   It is
also desirable that the equipment be able to  start up auto-
matically upon signal from some  external  device  that might
indicate the onset of storm  flow phenomena  such  as an ex-
ternal rain gauge, flow height gauge,  etc.   Flexibility in
operation is very desirable.

A power source will be  required  for  any automatic sampler.
It may take the form of a battery  pack or clock  type spring
motor that is integral  to the  sampler  itself.  It may be
                              28

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pressurized gas,  air pressurized from  an  external source, or
electrical  power,  depending upon the availability at the
site.

In  addition to being able to gather a  representative sample
from  the  flow, the sampling equipment  must  also  be capable
of  transporting the sample without pre-contamination or
cross-contamination from earlier samples  or  aliquots and of
storing  the gathered sample in some suitable way.  As was
noted  in  section  IV, chemical preservation  is required for
certain parameters that may be subject  to later  analyses,
but refrigeration  of the sample is also required and is
stated as the  best single means of preservation.

DESIRABLE FEATURES

In  addition to the foregoing requirements of automatic sam-
pling  equipment,  there are also certain desirable features
which  will  enhance the utility and value  of  the  equipment.
For example,  the  design should be such  that  maintenance and
troubleshooting are relatively simple  tasks.   Spare parts
should be readily  available and reasonably priced.   The
equipment design  should be such that the  unit has maximum
inherent  reliability.   As a general rule, complexity in
design should  be  avoided even at the sacrifice of a certain
degree of flexibility  of operation.  A  reliable  unit that ,
gathers a reasonably representative sample most  of  the time
is much more  desirable than an extremely  sophisticated com-
plex unit that gathers a very representative sample 10 per-
cent of the time,  the  other 90 percent  of the time  being
spent  undergoing  some  form of repair due  to  a malfunction
associated  with its complexity.

It is  also  desirable that the cost of the equipment be as
low as practical both  in terms of acquisition as  well as
operational and maintenance costs.   For example,  a  piece of
equipment that requires 100 man-hours to  clean after each
24 hours  of operation  is very undesirable.   It is  also
desirable that the unit be capable of unattended  operation
and remaining  in  a standby condition for extended periods
of time.

The sampler should be  of sturdy construction  with a minimum
of parts exposed  to the sewage or to the highly humid,  cor-
rosive atmosphere  associated directly with the sewer.   It
should not  be  subject  to corrosion or the possiblity of sam-
ple contamination  due  to its materials  of construction.   The
sample containers  should be capable of  being  easily  removed
and cleaned; preferably they should be  disposable.
                             29

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For portable automatic wastewater  samplers,  the  list of
desirable features is even longer.   In  a  recent  EPA publica-
tion (8), a number of features  of  an "ideal" portable sam-
pler are given based upon sampler  comparison studies and
over 90,000 hours of field experience.  Included were:

        Capability for AC/DC  operation  with  adequate
        battery energy storage  for 120-hour  operation
        at 1-hour sampling intervals.

     •  Suitable for suspension in a standard manhole
        and still provide access  for inspection  and
        sample removal.

        Total weight including  batteries  under 18 kilo-
        grams (40 pounds).

     •  Sample collection interval adjustable from
        10 minutes to 4  hours.

        Capability for collecting  both  simple and flow-
        proportional composite  samples.

        Capable of collecting a single  9.5A  (2.5 gal)
        sample and/or collecting  500 m£ (0.13 gal)
        discrete samples in  a minimum of  24  containers.

     •  Capability for multiplexing repeated aliquots
        into discrete bottles (i.e., sequential  composite).

        Intake hose liquid velocity adjustable from 0.61
        to 3 m/sec (2.0  to 10 fps) with dial setting.

        Minimum lift of  6.1  meters (20  feet).

     •  Explosion proof.

     •  Watertight exterior  case to protect  components in
        the event of rain or submersion.

        Exterior case  capable of being  locked and with
        lugs for attaching steel cable  to prevent tamp-
        ering and provide some  security.

        No metal parts  in contact with  waste source or
        samples.
                              30

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         An integral sample container compartment  capable
         of maintaining samples at 4°C  (39°F)  for  a  period
         of 24 hours at ambient temperatures up  to 38°C
         (100°F).

         With the  exception of the intake hose,  capable  of
         operating in a temperature range between  -10  to
         40°C (14  to 104°F).

         Purge cycle before and after each collection  inter-
         val and sensing mechanism to purge in event of
         plugging  during sample collection and then  collect
         complete  sample.

         Capable of  being  repaired in the field.

PROBLEM  AREAS

The sampler by its  design must have a maximum probability
of successful operation in the very hostile storm and com-
bined sewer environment.   It should offer every reasonable
protection against  obstruction or clogging of the sampling
ports .and,  within the sampler itself, of the sampling train.
It is in a very vulnerable position if it offers  any signif-
icant obstruction to the  flow because of the large debris
which are  sometimes found in such waters.  The unit must be
capable  of  operation under the full range of flow conditions
which are  peculiar  to storm  and combined sewers and this
operation  should  be unimpeded by the movement of  solids  with-
in the fluid  flow.   If the unit is to be designed for opera-
tion in  a  manhole,  it almost certainly should be  capable of
total immersion or  flooding  during adverse storm  conditions
which very  frequently cause  surcharging in many manhole
areas.   It  is also  necessary that the unit be able to with-
stand and  operate under freezing ambient conditions, and
that it  be  able to  withstand the high flow velocities and
the associated high momentums found in storm and  combined
sewer flows.

Probably one  of the most  significant problem areas lies  in
the attempt  to gather a sample that is  representative of
low as well  as high specific gravity suspended solids.   The
different momentum  characteristics call for differing ap-
proaches in  sampler intake design and in intake velocities.
Another  problem area arises  in a sampling program where  it
is desirable  to sample floatable solids and materials such
as oils  and  greases  as well  as very coarse bottom solids
and bed  load  proper.
                               31

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For samples which are to be analyzed for  constituents which
require chemical fixing soon after the sample  is  collected,
there are other problems.  Although it is  true  that  the  re-
quired amount of fixing agent could be placed  in  the sample
container prior to placing it in the field,  for composite
samples in particular, where the eventual  total sample  is
built up of smaller aliquots gathered over an  extended
period of time, the initial high concentrations of  the
fixing agent as it becomes mixed with the  early aliquots
may well be such as to render the entire  sample unsuitable
for its intended purpose.

The precision of the analyses that the sample  is  to  be  sub-
jected to should also be kept in mind by  the designer of the
equipment.  For example, in (4) it is noted  that  86  analysts
in 58 laboratories analyzed natural water  samples plus  an
exact increment of biodegradable organic  compounds.   At  a
mean value of 2.1 and 175 milligrams per  liter  BOD,  the
standard deviation was plus or minus 0.7  and 26 milligrams
per liter, respectively.  This points out  again the  need for
the designer to look at the left as well  as  the right of the
decimal point.

Finally, the materials of construction used  in the  sampling
train may well create problems.  Absorption  of  certain  pol-
lutants by these materials  (especially those of the  sample
container with its longer contact time) may  well  result  in a
non-representative sample.  The problem is compounded by the
fact that no single material is ideally suited for  use  with
all possible pollutants.
                             32

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                           SECTION  VI

      REVIEW OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE  AUTOMATIC  SAMPLERS
INTRODUCTION

Although some types of automatic  liquid  sampling  equipment
have been available commercially  for  some  time, project
engineers continue to design custom sampling  units  for their
particular projects due to a lack of  commercial availability
of suitable equipment.  In the  last few  years, however,
there has been a proliferation  of commercial  sampling equip-
ment designed for various applications.  In  the present sur-
vey, after a preliminary screening, over 40  prospective
sampler manufacturers were contacted.  Although a few of
these companies were no longer  in business,  it was  much more
typical that new companies were being  formed  and  existing
companies were adding automatic sampling equipment  to their
product lines.  In addition to  their  standard product lines,
most manufacturers of automatic sampling equipment  provide
special adaptations of their equipment or  custom  designs to
meet unique requirements of certain projects.  Some designs
which began in this way have become standard  products, and
this can be expected to continue.

The products themselves are rapidly changing  also.   Not only
are improvements being made as  field  experience is  gathered
with new designs, but attention is also  being paid  to certain
areas that have heretofore been largely  ignored.   For example,
one company is introducing sampling probes that allow gather-
ing oil or various other liquids  from  the  flow surface; solid-
state electronics are being used  more  and  more in sampler
control subsystems; new-type batteries are offering extended
life between charges and less weight;  and  so  on.   Table 3
lists the names and addresses of  32 manufacturers who are
known to offer standard lines of  automatic wastewater sam-
pling equipment.  In view of the  burgeoning nature  of this
product area, it is inevitable that some omissions  have been
made.  Obviously, it would be presumptive  to  state  that this
survey is complete in every detail.  Any manufacturers that
have possibly been overlooked or  that have (or plan to)  in-
troduce new models or changes to  existing  ones are  urged to
communicate details about their equipment  to  the  USEPA Proj-
ect Officer and/or the authors, at the addresses  indicated
on the title page of this report,  so that  they can  be in-
cluded in future updates of this  work.

In order to facilitate the reader's comparison of the 71 de-
scriptions that are presented covering over 200 models of
                              33

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 TABLE 3.  AUTOMATIC WASTEWATER SAMPLER MANUFACTURERS
Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North,
Worsley
Manchester, England M28 5QW
BIF Sanitrol
P.O. Box 41
Largo, Florida
33546
Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York  10580

Brandywine Valley Sales Co.
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, PA  19344

Chicago Pump Division
FMC Corporation
622 Diversey Parkway
Chicago, Illinois  60614

Collins Products Co.
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas  77351

Environmental Marketing
Associates
3331 Northwest Elmwood Dr.
Corvallis, Oregon  97330
ETS Products
12161 Lackland Road
St. Louis, Missouri
     63141
Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
3120 Production Drive
Fairfield,  Ohio   45014

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North  Oak Park Drive
Chicago,  Illinois 60648

Hydra-Numatic Sales Co.
65 Hudson Street
Hackensack,  NJ  07602
Hydraguard Automatic
Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon  97355

Instrumentation Specialties
Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505

Kent Cambridge Instrument
Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York  10562

Lakeside Equipment Corp.
1022 East Devon Avenue
Bartlett, Illinois  60103

Manning Environmental Corp.
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California  98061

Markland Specialty Eng. Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario  (Canada)

Nalco Chemical Company
180 N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois   60601

Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York  10519

N-Con Systems Company
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801

Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois  62234
                               34

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TABLE 3.  AUTOMATIC WASTEWATER SAMPLER MANUFACTURERS (Cont'd)
Peri Pump Company, Ltd.
180 Clark Drive
Kenmore, New York  14223

Phipps and Bird, Inc.
303 South 6th Street
Richmond, Virginia  23205

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, PA  19355

Quality Control Equipment
Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315

Rice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 1086
Worcester, MA  01601

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B. C. (Canada)

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, MN  55071

Testing Machines, Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York  11701

Tri-Aid Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester, New York  14610

Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 4365, North Annex
San Fernando, California  91342
                              35

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automatic samplers, a common  format  has  been designed.   A
few words about the headings  of  this format  are in order.
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Identifies the particular  sampler
model that is being  considered.   In
some instances several models  are
described under the  same general
heading.  This occurs when there
does not appear to be a fundamental
difference in the basic principles
of operation, but rather,  the  manu-
facturer has chosen  to give sepa-
rate designations based upon the
addition of certain  features such
as refrigeration, a  weatherproof
case, etc.

Lists the company that supplies the
particular model in  question,  its
address, and its telephone number.

Describes the part of the  sampler
that actually extracts fluid from
the stream being sampled.   It  may
be, for example, a supplied custom
designed intake probe, a dipping
bucket or scoop, etc.  However,
many of the samplers do not provide
any form of intake other than  the
end of a tube through which a  sam-
ple is to be transported to the
equipment.

Addresses the method for gathering
the sample and transporting it to
its container.  Three basic cate-
gories are identified:  Mechanical,
where dippers, scoops, etc., are
utilized; Suction Lift, employing
either evacuated vessels,  vacuum
pump, or mechanical  pump;  and
Forced Flow, utilizing pneumatic
ejection, a submerged pump,  etc.

Addresses the maximum practical
vertical lift that the particular
piece of equipment is capable  of in
operation.
                             36

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Line  Size:
Sample  Flow  Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Cons truction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
 Describes the minimum line diameter
 of  the sampling train wherever it
 may occur in the particular piece
 of  equipment.  Due to the presence
 of  tube fittings, screens, valves,
 etc.,  in some designs, it does not
 necessarily represent maximum
 particle size.

 Gives  the flow  rate of the sample
 as  it  is  being  transported within
 the sampling train of the .piece of
 equipment in question.

 Addresses the size of the sample
 that is  being collected.   In the
 case of  composite samplers,  the
 aliquot  size is  also given.

 Addresses those  controls  within the
 sampler  that can be utilized to
 vary its  method  of operation.   For
 example,  built-in timers,  inputs
 from external flowmeters,  etc.

 Gives  power  source or sources  that
 may be utilized  to operate the
 equipment.

 Addresses the type of cooling  that
 may be  available to provide  pro-
 tection  to  collected samples.

 Primary  attention here has been
 devoted  to  the sampling train
 proper,  although certain  other
 materials such as  case construction
 are also  noted.

 The overall  package is described
here in order to  give the  reader a
 general feel  for  the size  of the
 unit.  For  those  units which might
be  considered portable, a  weight  is
 also given.   For  units that  are de-
signed for fixed  installations  only,
 this fact is  also  noted.
                              37

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Base Price:
General Comments:
                              The base price of the unit is given
                              here.  Certain options or accessories
                              that may be of general interest are
                              also included with their prices.
                              Prices given are generally those
                              quoted for January 1975 delivery.
                              Because of the economic conditions
                              prevalent at that time, however,
                              many manufacturers recommend checking
                              with them, even for estimating or
                              planning purposes.

                              Here any additional comments that are
                              felt to be pertinent to the particular
                              piece of equipment in question are
                              given.  This includes any additional
                              descriptions that are felt necessary
                              in order to understand better the
                              operating principles that are involved
                              Also included are certain performance
                              claims that may be made by the
                              manufacturer.

An overall matrix, which summarizes the detailed descriptions to
facilitate comparisons, is presented in Table 4.  There are several
column headings for each sampler model (or class of models).
"Gathering Method" identifies the actual method used  (mechanical,
forced flow, suction lift) and type (peristaltic-, vacuum-,
centrifugal-pump, etc.).  Depending upon the gathering method em-
ployed, the sample flow rate may vary while a sample  is being
taken, vary with parameters such as lift, etc.  Therefore, the
"Flow Rate" column typically lists the upper end of the range for
a particular piece of equipment and values significantly less may
be encountered in a field application.  "Lift" indicates the maxi-
mum vertical distance that is allowed between the sampler  intake
and the remainder of the unit (or at least its pump in the case of
suction lift devices).

"Line Size" indicates the minimum line diameter of the sampling
train.  "Sample Type" indicates which type or types of sample, as
identified in section IV, the unit  (or series) is capable  of gath-
ering.  Not all types can necessarily be taken by all units in a
given model class; e.g., an optional controller may be required to
enable taking a TvVc type sample, etc.  The "Installation"  column
is used to indicate if  the manufacturer considers the unit  to be
portable or if it is primarily intended for a fixed installation.
"Cost Range" indicates  either the approximate cost for a typical
unit or the lowest price for a basic model and a higher price re-
flecting the addition of options  (solid state controller,  battery,
                             38

-------
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refrigerator,  etc.)  that  might  enhance the utility of the device.
Finally, the "Power"  column  is  used to indicate whether line cur-
rent  (AC), battery  (DC),  or  other  forms of power (e.g., air pres-
sure) are required  for  the unit to operate.

In general, the commercially available automatic samplers have been
designed for a particular type  of  application.   In the present work,
however, they  are being considered for application in a storm or
combined sewer setting.   Because of the vagaries of such an applica-
tion as outlined in  Sections III and IV of this report, it is al-
together possible that  a  particular unit may be quite well suited
for one particular application  and totally unsuitable for use in
another.  It is not  the intention  of this report to endorse any
particular piece of  equipment.   Rather,  they are being compared and
evaluated for  their  suitability in general in a storm or combined
sewer application.   This  evaluation takes the form of 12 points
which are addressed  for each model sampler that has been considered.
They are as follows:
      1.


      2.

      3.


      4.



      5.


      6.

      7.


      8.



      9.



     10.
Obstruction or  clogging  of  sampling ports, tubes, and
pumps.                                             •„'••

Obstruction of  flow.

Operation under  the  full range  of  flow conditions
peculiar to storm  and  combined  sewers.

Operation unimpeded  by the  movement of solids such
as sand, gravel  and  debris  within  the fluid flow; >
including durability.

Operation automatic  (during storm  conditions),  un-
attended, self-cleaning.                           ,;

Flexibility of operation allowed by control system.

Collection of samples  of floatable materials, oilsri
and grease, as well  as coarser  bottom solids.

Storage, maintenance and protection of collected
samples from damage  and  deterioration as  well as
the sample train and containers from precontamination.

Amenability to installation and operation in  con-
fined and moisture laden places such as sewer
manholes.

Ability to withstand total  immersion or flooding
during adverse flow  conditions.
                                 41

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11.  Ability to withstand and operate under freezing
     ambient conditions.

12.  Ability to sample over a wide range of operating
     head conditions.

DESCRIPTIVE FORMS AND EVALUATIONS

The descriptive forms and evaluations,  as  discussed  above,
are presented in the following pages  for various  commer-
cially available automatic  samplers.  The  arrangement  is
alphabetical, and an index  is provided  on  pages  x through
xii.
                             42

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler  Intake;


Gathering Method



Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
BESTEL-DEAN  MARK II

Bestel-Dean  Limited
92 Worsley Road  North,  Worsley
Manchester,  England M28 5QW
Phone   FARNWORTH 75727

End  of  6.10m (20 ft)  long suction
tube installed to suit  by user.

Suction lift (from a Watson-
Marlow  type  MHRK fixed  speed
flow inducer).

6.10m (20 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4") I.D.

Approximately 690 m£ per  minute.

Composites adjustable size
aliquots from 5  m£ to 2 liters in
an external  user-supplied sample
container.   With optional port-
able bottler, the unit  takes
24-250  m£ discrete samples.

Sample  timer which controls
sample  volume is  adjustable from
1 to 4  minutes,  interval  timer
from 5  to 60 minutes, and purge
timer from 1 to  4 minutes, all
being controlled  by  a solid state
unit having  three adjustable
timers.   The sampling cycle can
be initiated by  a test  button,
by the  internal  pre-set timer,
or by remote pulse from an ex-
ternal  flowmeter.

115/230 VAC  or 12  VDC.

None.

Casing  and base  are reinforced
fiberglass,  tubing  is neoprene.
                             43

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price;

General Comments
                      61 x 37 x 28 cm (24x14.5x11 in.)
                      in operational state; weight
                      is 10.65 kgs (23.5 Ibs) less
                      battery; portable unit.  Bottler
                      is 30.5 cm (12 in.) H x 38 cm
                      (15 in.) dia.

                      Unknown.

                      Unit is also designed to work as
                      a discrete sampler when used in
                      conjunction with the Bestel-Dean
                      portable bottler unit.  All con-
                      trols are front panel, solid
                      state.  Unit is fully portable.
                      Battery unit and sample container
                      must be supplied by  user.
Bestel-Dean  Mark  II  Evaluation

  1.   Sampler should  be relatively free from clogging.

  2.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting  of
intake line.
  3.   Unit  should operate reasonably well over entire range
      of  flow conditions.

  4.   Movement of solids should not affect operation
      adversely.

  5.   No  automatic starter.  At start of each cycle, pump
      operates in reverse to clear line of previous sample
      to  help minimize cross contamination and offer a sort
      of  self cleaning.

  6.   Unit  can take fixed-time interval samples or flow
      proportional composite samples or discrete samples
      with  optional bottler.

  7.   Unit  does not appear suitable for collecting either
      floatables or coarser bottom solids.

  8.   No  sample collector provided.  Unit can be connected
      to  the optional Bestel-Dean bottler unit.  Cross-
      contamination should be small.

  9.   Unit  should be able  to operate in a manhole
      environment.
                              44

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10.

11.


12.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Unit does not appear suited for operation in freezing
ambients.


Maximum lift of 6.1m (20 ft) does not place great
operating restriction on unit.
                           45

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Designation:

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake:




Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;




Controls:
 Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials
 Basic Dimensions;
BESTEL-DEAN CRUDE SEWAGE SAMPLER

Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North, Worsley
Manchester, England, M28 5QW
Phone  FARNWORTH 75727

End of 6.10m  (20 ft) long  suction
tube fitted with a special de-
flector and strainer and in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift  from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.

6.10m  (20 ft) maximum  lift.

1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

Unknown.

Collects  either  24 discrete
250 m£ samples or a  25 liter
composite made up of  250 m&
aliquots.

Cycle  timer is adjustable  for
settings  from 0-4-1/2  hours with
minimum  time  setting  of 12 min-
utes.  Purge  timer  can be  set
for up to 13-1/2 minutes with  a
minimum  of  30 seconds.  May also
be paced  by an  external flow-
meter .

240 VAC

None .

The pipework  system  with valves
and sample container are plastic.
Casing is weatherproof sheet
steel  with an epoxy  resin coating
Pump  rotor is stainless steel and
stator is nitrile  rubber.

 76  x  76  x 107 cm (30x30x42 in.).
Designed for  fixed installation.
                               46

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Base Price:
general Comments:
                            Unknown.

                            Discharge line should be located
                            downstream from suction line to
                            prevent possible contamination of
                            new sample.   On installations
                            where flow integrating equipment
                            does not have available a suit-
                            able pulsing contact, a load-free
                            impulse device which can be
                            adapted to any flowmeter is op-
                            tionally available.   A solid
                            state electronic power unit is
                            available as an option for use
                            with the impulse unit.  Standard
                            equipment is set to  take a 250 m&
                            volume  aliquot.   Other volumes,
                            between 250  mA and  100 m£ -,  can
                            be  supplied  by special order.
                            Thermostat for heater is op-
                            tionally available.

Bestel-Dean Crude Sewage Sampler Evaluation

 1.  The deflector and strainer will help prevent blockage
     and unit does not appear  at all vulnerable  to  clogging
     due to large I.D. piping  and  choke-free valve  design.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will  depend upon user mounting of
     intake line.

 3.  Unit should operate reasonably well  under all  flow
     conditions.
4.
5.
6.
     Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
     affect operation adversely.

     No  automatic starter;  purging action before each sample
     should clear the sampler of  any fluid left from the
     previous sample.

     Unit  can take either fixed time interval samples paced
     by  a  built-in timer or flow  proportional samples paced
     by  an external flowmeter.
7.  Unit does not appear suitable for  collecting  either
    floatable or coarser bottom solids.
                            47

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 8.   Unit offers reasonable sample protection, but offers
     no refrigeration.

 9.   Unit is intended for permanent outdoor installation,
     but is not designed for confined space or manhole
     operation.

10.   Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   An electrical heater is mounted inside the case and
     can be manually switched on or thermostatically con-
     trolled for operation during freezing conditions.

12.   Maximum lift of 6.10m (20 ft) does not place a severe
     operating restraint on unit.
                             48

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sampler Intake:

 Gathering Method


 Sample Lift;

 Line  Size



 Sample Flow Rate:

 Sample Capacity;



 Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
 BIF SANITROL FLOW-RATIO MODEL  41

 BIF Sanitrol
 P.O. Box 41
 Largo, Florida  33540
 Phone (813) 584-2157

 Dipping bucket

 Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
 chain drive.

 41 cm (16 in.)  to 4.9m (16 ft)

 2.5 cm (1 in.)  O.D. tube connects
 collection funnel to sample
 container

 Not applicable

 Dipping  bucket  holds 30 mA (1 oz)j
 user supplies sample composite
 container to suit.

 Sampling cycle  can  either be
 started  at  fixed,  selected inter-
 vals from a built-in timer (15,
 7.5,  3.75,  or 1.88  minutes)  or in
 response to signals from an exter-
 nal  flowmeter.

 115  VAC

 Separate automatic  refrigerated
 sample compartment  with two
 3-85.  (1  gal) jugs available.

 Dipper and  funnel are  stainless
 steel; sprockets  and chain are
 stainless steel;  enclosure is
 fib erglass.

Upper portion is  approximately  24  x
 24 x 20  cm  (9x9x8 in.);  lower  por-
 tion is  24  x 10 cm  (9x4  in.);  fixed
 installation.

$545 with 41 cm (16 in.) mild  steel
 chain plus  $40 per  foot  (0.3m)  for
additional  length.  $595 with  16"
stainless steel chain plus $50  per
foot (0.3m) for additional length.
                             49

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General  Comments:         Manufacturer  states  unit was de-
                          signed to .sample  raw or effluent
                          wastes.  A heavy  duty model is
                          available for  applications  where
                          mixed wastes  are  present such as
                          a paper mill where wood chips and
                          fiber are present in waste  liquid,


BIF Sanitrol 'Flow-Rat'io Model 41 Evaluation

 1.  Clogging  of sampling train is unlikely;  however, the.
     exposed  chain-sprocket line is vulnerable to jamming
     by  rags,  debris,  etc.

 2.  Unit provides  a rigid obstruction  to  flow.

 3.  Unit should operate over full range of flows.

 4.  Movement  of solids could jam unit.

 5.  No  automatic starter;  no self cleaning features.

 6.  Collects  fixed size aliquots paced by built-in  timer
     and composites them in a suitable  container.

 7.  Does not  appear well suited for collecting  either
     floatables  or  coarser  bottom solids.

 8.  No  sample  collector provided.   Optional  refrigerated
     sample container  is available.

 9.  Unit is capable of manhole operation.

10.  Unit cannot withstand  total immersion.

11.  Unit is not suitable for prolonged operation in
     freezing  ambients.

12.  4.9m (16  ft) maximum lift puts some restriction  on
     operating head  conditions.
                             51

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;




Line  Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity:


Controls;



Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials




 Basic Dimensions;



 Base Price;

 General Comments;
BRAILSFORD MODEL DC-F

Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York  10580
Phone (914) 967-1820

End of 1.8m (6 ft) long sampling
tube; weighted and fitted with
50 mesh strainer.

Suction lift by positive displace-
ment pump.

Pump is capable of 3m  (10 ft) lift
but manufacturer  recommends  that
lift be restricted to  0.9 to  2.1m
(3  to 7 ft).

0.48 cm (3/16  in.) I.D.

Adjustable  from about  1.6 to  9.8 m&
(0.1 to 0.6  cu in.)  per minute.

Pump output  is collected  in a 7.6&
(2  gal) jug.

Pump stroke  is adjustable by means
of  a slotted  yoke on the  piston
rod.  On/Off  Switch.

6  VDC dry cell battery

None

 Stainless steel,  teflon,  vinyl,
polyethylene; case is laminated
Formica-wood construction,  plastic
 rain boot.

 48 x 30.5 x 24 cm (19x12x9.5 in.)
weighs  8.5 kg (19 Ibs) empty;
 portable.

 $296.

 Pump is valveless oscillating cyl-
 inder type.  No  lubrication  is re-
 quired for the life of the unit.
 Driven by a brushless D.C. motor of
                              52

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                          patented design with a service life
                          in excess of 3,000 hours.  Continu-
                          ous running pump is automatically
                          shut off when sample jug is full.

                          Model EP is an explosion proof unit
                          that is basically similar to the
                          DC-F except for the housing.  It
                          also provides the pressure of a
                          10 cm (4 in.) water column on the
                          sample to prevent the loss of vola-
                          tile fractions or dissolved gases.
                          A choice of 3.8£ (1 gal)  sample
                          containers (rectangular can or pol-
                          yethylene bottle)  is available.
                          Price is $373.

                          A Model DU-2 is also available at
                          $373.   It is essentially  a
                          Model DC-F with the addition of an
                          electronic timing  circuit which can
                          set  the pumping rate for  a sample
                          frequency of between 1.75 and
                          13 minutes.   An optional  head de-
                          tector  is available for use  with  a
                          weir  to  achieve a  form  of flow pro-
                          portional sampling.   Plugging in
                          the head detector  disconnects  the
                          timing  circuit.  The head detector
                          is basically an array of  magnetic
                          switches connected  to a series
                          string  of resistors  and sealed
                          within  an insulating  strip.   A
                          float containing a  magnet slides  up
                          and down the  strip  as the water
                          level changes,  thereby  altering the
                          resistance in the circuit and,
                          hence,  the pumping  rate.  Price of
                          the head  detector is $98.  The DU-2
                          can also  be paced by an external
                          flowmeter which provides  momentary
                          contact  closures at  a rate propor-
                          tional to flow.
Brailsford Model DC-F Evaluation

 1.   50 mesh strainer on end of sampling tube might be
     prone to clogging.

 2.   Minimal obstruction of flow.
                             53

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 3    Should  operate  reasonably well under all flow condi-
     tions,  but  low  intake  velocity will affect representa-
     tives of  sample at  high flow rates.

 4.   Movement  of solids  should not hamper operation.

 5.   Continuous  flow unit,  no automatic starter, no other
     self  cleaning features.

 6.   Unit  collects a continuous, low flow rate stream of
     sample  and  composites  it in a 7.6£ (2 gal) jug.
     Model DU-2  offers several composite type options.

 7.   Unsuitable  for  collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom  solids.

 8.   No refrigerator.  Continuous flow eliminates cross
     contamination.

 9.   Appears fairly well suited for manhole operation.

10.   Cannot  withstand immersion.

11.   Not suited for operation in freezing environments.

12.   Recommended lift of 1.2m  (4 ft) puts restriction on
     use of unit.
                              54

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 Designation:

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler  Intake:




 Gathering  Method

 Sample Lift;

 Line  Size;

 Sample Flow Rate;


 Sample Capacity;



 Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;



Basic Price:
 BRAILSFORD MODEL EVS

 Brailsford and Company, Inc.
 Milton Road
 Rye,  New York  10580
 Phone (914) 967-1820

 End of 3.7m (12 ft) long sampling
 tube  fitted with a molded plastic
 inlet scoop-strainer to help pre-
 vent  blockage by rags,  paper, etc.

 Suction lift by vacuum pump.

 3.7m  (12 ft)  maximum.

 0.48  (3/16 in.) I.D.

 Depends  upon lift,  but  under 5 m£
 per minute.

 A  3.8£ (1  gal)  composite sample is
 accumulated from small  adjustable
 size  aliquots.

 A  control  switch permits the choice
 of  four  timing  intervals which will
 cause  a  3.8SL  (1 gal) sample  to be
 collected  in  either 8,  16,  24 or
 48  hours.   The  unit may also be
 paced  by the  head  detector  de-
 scribed  under Model DC-F or  an ex-
 ternal flowmeter.

 115 VAC  or  12 VDC  electricity.

 None

 Sampling train  is all plastic;  case
 is  laminated Formica-wood
 construction.

 30.5 x 23 x 48  cm  (12 x 9 x  19  in.);
weighs 8.5 kg (19 Ibs)  empty;
portable.

$520 115 VAC
$627 with N. Cad battery
$672 with N. Cad battery and
AC power unit.
                             55

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General Comments;
Unit was designed for flows with a
high percentage of suspended solids
or where volatiles are present.
Sample never passes through pump or
valves or orifices which could be-
come clogged.  In operation, a
small vacuum pump evacuates air
from a small metering chamber to
which the sample bottle and inlet
tube are connected.  When  chamber
is filled to a predetermined level,
a magnetic sensing switch  stops  the
pump and opens a vacuum relief
valve so a portion of the  sample
flows into the jug and the re-
mainder backflushes the inlet tube.
Brailsford Model  EVS  Evaluation

  1.   Specially  designed inlet scoop-strainer may help
      prevent  blockage.   Rest of sample train should be
      free  from  clogging.

  2.   Minimal  obstruction of flow.

  3.   Should  operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
      tions,  but fairly  low intake velocities could affect
      representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

  4.   Movement of  solids should not hamper operation.

  5.   No automatic starter - backflushing of inlet tube at
      end of  each  cycle  provides a self cleaning function
      of sorts.

  6.   Unit collects a fixed time interval or flow propor-
      tional  composite in a one gallon jug.

  7.   Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
      bottom solids.

  8.   No refrigerator.  Backflushing will help reduce
      cross contamination.

  9.   Appears well suited for manhole  operation.

 10.   Unit cannot withstand  immersion.

 11.   Not suitable for  operation  in  freezing ambients.

 12.   Maximum lift of 3.7m  (12  ft) puts  some restrictions
      on use of unit.

                               56

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 jJesignation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sampler  Intake
 Gathering  Method:
S amp1e Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow  Rate
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
 BVS MODEL PP-100

 Brandywine Valley Sales Company
 20 East Main Street
 Honey Brook, Pennsylvania  19344
 Phone (215)  273-2841

 Plastic cylindrical sampling probe
 which is gravity filled.  A row of
 small holes  around the circum-
 ference near the bottom forms an
 inlet screen;  weighted base.

 Forced flow  due to pneumatic
 ejection.

 Up to 85m (280 ft);  requires one
 pound of pressure for every 0.6m
 (2 ft)  of  vertical lift.

 0.3 cm (1/8  in.)  I.D.

 Depends  upon pressure setting and
 lift.

 Sample  chamber volume is 50 m£;
 sample  composited in 9.5A (2.5 gal)
 jug in  standard model or 5.75,
 (1.5  gal)  jug  in  refrigerated model.

 Pressure  regulator connecting gas
 supply  is  set  between 0.35  and
 9.8 kg/sq  cm (5 and  140  psi)  de-
 pending  upon lift required;  sampling
 interval  timer is adjustable to  al-
 low from 2 seconds to 60 minutes to
 elapse between aliquots;  manual  on/
 off switch standard.   Optional con-
 trol  package accepts  signals  from
 external flow  meter  or  totalizer.

One 6.8 kg (15  Ib) can of refriger-
ant is standard gas  source;  12 VDC
or  117 VAC required  for  refrigerated
models or flow  proportional  control
option.

Model PPR-100  offers  an  absorption
refrigerator cooled  sample  case.
                             57

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          Figure 3.  BVS Model PP-100 Sampler




Photograph Courtesy of Brandywine Valley Sales Company
                          58

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Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling probe  is PVC  standard,
teflon or stainless  steel  available;
plastic sampling  line  standard,
teflon available; polyethylene sam-
ple container;  Armorhide finished
aluminum case.

Non-refrigerated  - 35.6 x  35.6
x 53.3 cm (14x14x21  in.);  refriger-
ated - 43.2 x 55.9 x 43.2  cm (17
x 22 x 17 in.); both models  portable,

$853 for basic  unit  including 50  m&
sampling probe, one  6.8 kg (15 Ib)
cylinder of R-12, and  3-6.1m
(20 ft) lengths of tubing.   Re-
frigerated model  PPR-100 is  $1150.
Add $100 for winterizing system;
$275 for solid  state control pack-
age for flow proportional
operation.

Timing circuits are  controlled by
fluidic and pneumatic  components.
Absorption refrigerator has  no
moving parts.   After each  aliquot
is gathered, the  inlet strainer of
the sampling probe is  purged by
vent pressure from timing  valve.
Two year parts  and labor warranty.
Alternate sampling probes  available
include a surface sampling probe
for surface oil,  vertical  stratum
sampling probe  for sampling  at 15 cm
(6 in.) depth intervals, and float
mounted probes  for sample  quantity
accuracy that is  independent of
head .
BVS Model PP-100 Evaluation

 1.  Sampling probe is vulnerable  to  blockage of a number
     of sampling ports at one  time by paper,  rags, plastic,
     etc.  Sampling train is unobstructed 0.3 cm (1/8 in.)
     I.D. tube which should pass small solids.   No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Obstruction to flow will  depend  upon user  mounting of
     intake.
                              59

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 3.   Sampling chamber will fill immediately following intake
     screen purge at end of previous cycle.  Circulation of
     flow through chamber would appear to be limited, re-
     sulting in a sample not necessarily representative of
     conditions in the sewer at the time of the next trig-
     gering signal.

 4.   Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.   No automatic starter.  A self-cleaning feature for the
     intake screen is accomplished by using vent pressure
     from the timing valve to purge it.

 6.   Collects fixed size aliquots at either preset time
     intervals or paced by external flowmeter if equipped
     with control option, and composites them in a suitable
     container.

 7.   Special sampling probe available for surface oil sam-
     pling, etc.; appears unsuitable for sampling coarser
     bottom solids.

 8.   Automatic refrigerated sample compartment available,
     but sample size is reduced.  Some cross-contamination
     appears likely.

 9.   Unit appears capable of manhole operation.

10.   Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
     immersion.

11.   Optional winterizing kit is available  for use in very
     cold ambients.

12.   Unit has a very wide range of operating head condi-
     tions.  High lifts will result in faster depletion of
     gas supply.
                              60

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake

Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;




Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
BVS MODEL  PE-400

Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main  Street
Honey Brook,  Pennsylvania  19344
Phone (215) 273-2841

PVC screen over pump inlet.

Forced flow from submersible pump.

9.8m (32 ft)  maximum.

1.3 cm (1/2 in.)  I.D.  inlet hose.

3.8-7.6 £pm (1-2  gpm)  typical.

Aliquot volume  is a function of the
preset diversion time;  sample com-
posited in 9.5& (2.5 gal)
container.

Unit operates  on a continuous flow
principle,  returning uncollected
flow to waste.   Sample  is pumped
through a  stainless steel, non-
clogging diverter valve.   Upon
receiving  a signal from either the
built-in timer  or an external flow-
meter, the unit diverts the flow
for a preset  period of  time (adjust-
able from  0.02  to 1.0  seconds) to
the sample container.

When operating  in the  timed sam-
pling mode, the sampling  frequency
•rate is continuously adjustable
from 0.2 seconds  to 60  hours.  When
operating  in  the  flow-proportional
mode the sampler  is triggered
directly by the external  flow meter.

115 VAC electricity.

Model PER-400 is  refrigerated, but
case is not weather-proof.
                              61

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Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
 General Comments:
Sampling train, PVC, stainless
steel, plastic, polyethylene, cab-
inet is aluminum with Armorhide
finish.

Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6
x 53.3 cm (14 x 14 x 21 in.); re-
frigerated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm
(21 x 23 x 38 in.); both models
portable.

$1,500 including 6.1m  (20ft)  of
2.1 cm (13/16 in.) OD x 1.3  cm
(1/2 in.) ID nylon reinforced plas-
tic inlet tubing, 6.1m  (20 ft) of
3.5 cm (1-3/8 in.) OD x 2.5  cm
(1 in.) ID nylon reinforced  plastic
tubing for waste return, clamps,
pump support ^bracket, pump
strainer, pump with  llm  (36  ft)
cord,  and flow proportional  connec-
tion cable.  For refrigerator add
$300;  for 30 day strip  chart re-
corder add $260.  Model PE-500 at
$1,700 is similar but  designed for
high  flow rates  and  solids  sizes
to  1.9 cm  (3/4 in.)  and does not
include pump,  tubing,  clamps or
sample container.   Model PE-600  at
$1,950 is similar  to Model  PE-500
but has dual-solenoid  diversion
valve  and passes  solids  to  4.4  cm
 (1.75  in.).

 Submersible  pump  has magnetic
 drive,  is  self-priming.   Manufac-
 turer  claims design will  handle
 solids to  0.95 cm (3/8 in.)  diam-
 eter.   Model SE-400 is a  refriger-
 ated  version designed  for  fixed
 installations  and priced at $3,000.
 It is  housed in  a 66 x 76  x 122  cm
 (26x30x48  in.)  weather-proof case
 on 20 cm (8  in.)  legs  with a ther-
 mostatically controlled heater,
 vent  system to control moisture,
 and manual  sample take-off line.
 Model SE-800 is  similar to SE-400
 but can take 24-500 m£ discrete
 samples  or a 19£ (5 gal)  composite
                              62

-------
                          sample.   It has an inkless strip-
                          chart event recorder and is priced
                          at $5,650.   Model SE-500 is similar
                          to PE-500 with additional features
                          of SE-400 and is priced at $3,200;
                          Model SE-600 is similar to PE-600
                          with additional features of SE-400
                          except 19£ (5 gal) sample container
                          and is priced at $3,600.  SE prices
                          include  installation, start-up, and
                          operator training by BVS.  Two-year
                          warranty on parts and labor for all
                          models.   Life-time warranty on
                          sample diversion valve.

BVS Model PE-400  Evaluation

 1.  Large sampling  screen  over pump inlet can tolerate
     blockage of  a number of ports  and still function.
     Pump and tubing should be free  from clogging.

 2.  Submersible  pump  and screen  present an obstruction to
     the flow.

 3.  Should be capable  of operation  over the full range of
     flows.

 4.  Movement of  small  solids  should not affect  operation;
     large objects could  damage (or  even physically  destroy)
     the in-water portion unless  special protection  is
     provided by  user.

 5.  No automatic starter since designed for continuous
     flow.  Continuous  flow serves  a self-cleaning  function
     of all except line from diverter  to sample  bottle.

 6.  Collects spot samples  paced  either by built-in  timer
     or external  flowmeter  and  composites  them in a  suit-
     able container.   SE-800 collects  24 discrete samples.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection of  either floatables
     or coarser bottom  solids.

 8.  Automatic refrigerated sample compartment available.
     Cross-contamination  should not  be too great.

 9.  Portable unit appears  capable of  manhole  operation.

10.  Cannot withstand  total  immersion.
                             63

-------
11.  Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with winter-
     izing kit.

12.  Upper lift limit of 9.8m (32 ft) does not ,pose a great
     restriction on operating head conditions.
                              64

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
BVS MODEL PPE-400

Brandywine Valley  Sales  Company
20 East Main  Street
Honey Brook,  Pennsylvania   19344
Phone (215) 273-2841

Plastic cylindrical sampling
probe which is gravity filled.
A row of small holes  around the
circumference near the bottom
forms an inlet screen; weighted
base.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Up to 85m (280 ft); requires  one
pound of pressure  for every
0.6m (2 ft) of vertical  lift.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Depends upon pressure setting and
lift.

Sample chamber volume is 50 m&;
sample composited  in  9.5&
(2.5 gal) container.

Pressure regulator connecting gas
supply is set between 0.35  and
9.8 kg/sq cm  (5 and 140  psi)
depending upon lift required;
0.5 to 100 second  sample dura-
tion; otherwise similar  to
Model PE-400.

115 VAC plus pressurized gas
supply.

Model PPER-400 is  refrigerated,
but case is not weatherproof.

Sampling probe is PVC standard;
teflon and stainless  steel  are
available.  Plastic sampling  line
standard; teflon is available;
                             65

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,'.,'i-	i, "lit ;••
,.	 ;	 i •)	-,""	:d!!i' '!'!
'•.'•.!:-i'^,l:^i '>•-••,
        Figure 4.   BVS Model SE and  SPE Series Sampler

    Photograph Courtesy of  Brandywine Valley Sales  Company
                                66

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
Polyethylene sample container;
Armorhide finished aluminum
case.

Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6 x
53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refrig-
erated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm
(21x23x28 in.); both models
portable.

Basic unit handling up to 0.3 cm
(1/8 in.) solids is $1,450;
Model PPE-500 for solids up to
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) is $1,600;
Model PPE-600 for solids up to
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) is $1,750;
Model PPE-700 for solids up to
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) is $2,000;
add $300 for refrigerated version,
Stationary (SPE) models with fea-
tures of the SE-400 (except for
flow-regulating valves and manual
sample take-off line) are about
$1,600 more than comparable PPE
models.
General Comments:
Basic unit is similar  to PE-400
but utilizes pressure  to lift  the
sample as does model PP-100.
BVS Model PPE-400 Evaluation

 1.  Sampling probe is vulnerable  to  blockage of a number
     of sampling parts at  one  time by paper,  rags, plastic,
     etc.  Sampling train  is unobstructed 0.3 cm (1/8 in.)
     I.D. tube which should pass small solids.   No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Obstruction to flow will  depend  upon user  mounting of
     intake.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill  immediate'ly following in-
     take screen purge at  end  of previous cycle.  Circula-
     tion of flow through  chamber  would appear  to be limited,
     resulting in a sample not necessarily representative of
     conditions in the sewer at  the time of the next trig-
     gering signal.
                              67

-------
 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.  A self-cleaning feature  for  the
     intake screen is accomplished by using vent pressure
     from the timing valve to purge it.

 6.  Collects fixed size aliquots at either preset time
     intervals or paced by external flowmeter  option  and
     composites them in a suitable container.

 7.  Special sampling probe available for surface oil
     sampling, etc.; appears unsuitable for sampling  coarser
     bottom solids.

 8.  Automatic refrigerated sample compartment  available.
     Some cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Unit appears capable of manhole operation.
                                                      t
10.  Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
     immersion.

11.  Optional winterizing kit is available for  use in very
     cold climates.

12.  Unit has a very wide range of operating head condi-
     tions.  High lifts will result in faster  depletion  of
     gas supply.
                            68

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
S amp1e Lift;

Line Size;




Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls :
Power Source:
CHICAGO  "TRU  TEST"

Chicago  Pump  Division
FMC Corporation
622 Diversey  Parkway
Chicago,  Illinois   60614
Phone  (312) 327-1020

Provided  by users  a screen with
maximum  openings  of 1.3 cm (0.5 in.)
recommended;  sampler has standard
5 cm (2  in.)  pipe  inlet.

External  head to  provide flow
through  a sampling  chamber from
which  a  rotating  dipper extracts
a sample  aliquot  and transfers it
to a funnel where  it is gravity
fed to a  composite  bottle.

Not applicable.

Smallest  line in  sampling train is
the one  connecting  the funnel to
the sample bottle;  it appears to
be about  2.5  cm (1  in.).

Recommended flow  rate through sam-
pler is 95 to 190  £pm (25 to 50 gpm)
with 133  &pm  (35  gpm) as optimum.
Minimum velocity  in inlet line,
5 cm (2 in.)  diameter recommended,
should be  0.6m (2  ft) per second.
Below 95  &pm  (25  gpm) fungus growth
and settling  in sampling chamber
will affect the sample quality.

Sampling  dipper collects a 25 m£
sample; a  7.6£ (2  gal) composite
container  is  provided.

Constant  rate sampling (between 3
and 20 samples  per  hour)  is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional  sampling provided by
either transmitter  control or
totalizer  control  from external
flow measuring device.

110 VAC electricity.
                              69

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Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Automatic refrigerator  to  maintain
samples at 4° to 10°C is available.

Bisphenol polyester  resin,  poly-
propylene, stainless steel,  and
polyethylene; case is laminated
fiberglass.

49 x 53 x 132 cm (19 x  21
x 52 in.); designed  for fixed
installation.

$2,600 non-refrigerated.
$3,200 refrigerated.

Sampling chamber has adjustable
weir plates to  regulate the sewage
level.  Manufacturer recommends
that intake line be  limited to
15.2m (50 ft) or less in length.
Chicago "Tru Test" Evaluation

 1.  Should be  free  from clogging.   Sampling intake must be
     designed by user.

 2.  Sampler itself  offers  no flow  obstruction.

 3.  Should operate  well over entire range of flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids  should not  hamper operation.

 5.  Designed for  continuous  operation; no automatic
     starter.   Continuous flow serves a self cleaning
     function and  should minimize cross-contamination.

 6.  Can collect either  flow  proportional or fixed  time
     interval composites.

 7.  Ability to  collect  samples of  floatables and coarser
     bottom solids will  depend upon design of sampling
     intake.

 8.  Automatic  refrigeration  maintains samples at 4° to
     10°C.  Offers good  sample protection and freedom from
     precontamination; sample composite bottle is sealed
     to funnel  with  hose clamps.

 9.  Not designed  for  confined space or manhole operation.
                             70

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10.  Cannot withstand  total  immersion.

11.  Does not appear capable of  prolonged exposure to
     extremely cold ambient  conditions.

12.  Operating head is provided  by user.
                             71

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Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size:




Sample Flow Rate:



Sample Capacity;




Controls:
COLLINS MODEL 42 COMPOSITE SAMPLER

Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas  77351
Phone  (713) 327-4200

Provided by user.

External head to cause sample  to
flow continuously through a
standpipe assembly until two,
three-way valves are energized,
whereupon incoming and return
flows are blocked and the sample
trapped in the standpipe drains
into the collection container.

Not applicable.

The smallest passage is 0.2  cm
(3/32 in.) in the solenoid valve;
0.5 cm (3/16 in.) with optional
ball valve.

As provided by user; minimum of
3.8 Apm (1 gpm)  at a minimum
pressure of 0.14 kg/sq cm  (2 psi).

Fixed size  (normally 6 m&) ali-
quots are composited in a  9.5£
(2.5 gal) collapsible plastic
container.

Constant rate sampling  (normally
one aliquot every 70-80 seconds)
is controlled by built-in  timer;
flow proportional operation
achieved by connecting  to  ex-
ternal flow totalizer providing
either a contact closure or  a
pulse  (24 VDC, 115 VDC, or
115 VAC), or to  a 0.2 to 1.1 kg/
sq cm  (3 to 15 psi) pressure
source proportional to  flow
depth  (linear, 1/2, 3/2, and 5/2
exponent laws available).
                               72

-------
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73

-------
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
115 VAC

Available as an option.

Sampling train would appear to be
plastic, stainless steel, and
brass.  Casing is corrosive-
resistant fiberglass.  The re-
frigerated model has a baked
enamel-covered steel enclosure
with plastic interior.

Weatherproof enclosures for re-
frigerator models are 76 x 61 x
183 cm  (30x24x72 in.); designed
for fixed installation.

$985; add $16 for refrigerator;
$610 for refrigerator in weather-
proof enclosure; $210 for ball
valve model; and $27 for delay
relay,  $300 for predetermined
counter, or $630 for integrating
flow proportional operation.

A standpipe assembly accurately
measures the amount of sample
taken.  Flow is maintained in a
turbulent state to keep solids
suspended.  Sample through sampler
continuously purges out system
where sample pulse switch is in
off position.  Sampler was orig-
inally  designed to take samples
from pressurized systems such as
pipelines.  A wood or angle iron
frame is optionally available for
mounting the sampler, pump, and
motor.  In the refrigerated
Model 42, the electronics and
standpipe assembly is mounted on
top of  the refrigerator with the
collection tube running inside.
The refrigerated model is non-
explosionproof and housing should
be provided for it.  A thermo-
stat-controlled heater is op-
tionally available for cold
weather operation.
                              74

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 Collins  Model  42  Evaluation

  1.   Should  be relatively free from clogging, but even
      the ball  valve  model could experience difficulty with
      some flows unless  an intake screen is provided by user
      Continuous flow helps to remove particle buildup.
      Sampling  intake must be designed by user.
  2

  3,


  4.

  5,
 8.


 9.

10.

11.
Sampler  itself  offers  no  flow obstruction.

Should operate  reasonably well over entire  range of
flow conditions.

Movement of  small  solids  should not hamper  operation.

No automatic starter since it is designed for contin-
uous flow.  This serves as a  self-cleaning  function
and should minimize cross-contamination.

Collects fixed-size aliquots  from a continuous flow
triggered by a  preset  timer or external flowmeter and
composites them in a suitable container.  Represent-
ativeness of sample will  be a function  of intake which
is not a part of this  unit.

Ability to collect samples  of floatables  and  coarser
bottom solids will depend  upon design of  sampling
intake.

Refrigeration available as  an option.   Due  to contin-
uous flow, cross-contamination should be  minimized.

Not designed for manhole  operation.

Cannot withstand total immersion.

Not suited for  prolonged  operation  in extremely  cold
climates unless provided with  optional  heating element.
12.  Operating head is provided by user.
                             75

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size;




Sample Flow Rate;




Sample Capacity;




Controls;



Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction  Materials

Basic Dimensions;

Base Price:
COLLINS MODEL 40 COMPOSITE SAMPLER

Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas  77351
Phone  (713) 327-4200

Provided by user.

External head to provide contin-
uous flow through the sampler.
A portion of this flow is
diverted to a metering standpipe
from which it is periodically
dumped into the sample container.

Not applicable.

The smallest passage is 0.2  cm
(3/32 in.) in the solenoid valve;
0.5 cm (3/16 in.) with optional
ball valve.

User must provide a minimum
pressure of 0.14 kg/sq cm  (2 psi)
for a flow of 3.8-7.6  &pm
(1-2 gpm).

Fixed size  (normally 3 m£) ali-
quots are composited in a  9.5&
(2.5 gal) collapsible  plastic
container.

Same as Model 42 except built-in
timer normally  triggers every
30  seconds.

115 VAC

Available as an option.

Same as Model 42.

Same as Model 42.

$835;  all add-ons priced  same
as  Model 42.
                               76

-------
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               77

-------
General Comments;
This unit uses a single three-
way valve and a vertical stand-
pipe through which a portion of
the continuous flow from an
external pump or other pressure
source is circulated before going
to drain.  Otherwise it is simi-
lar to Model 42 and will not be
separately evaluated.
                              78

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler  Intake:



 Gathering  Method


 Sample Lift;

 Line  Size;

 Sample Flow Rate:

 Sample Capacity;


 Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
 EMA MODEL 2QQ

 Environmental Marketing Associates
 3331 Northwest Elmwood Drive
 Corvallis,  Oregon  97330
 Phone  (503)  752-1541

 Perforated  end of suction pipe
 attached  to an adjustable
 mounting  bracket.

 Forced  flow from solenoid activa-
 ted piston.

 Less  than 0.9m (1 ft).

 0.95  cm (3/8  in.) I.D.

 Unknown

 21  mJl aliquots  are composited
 in  a  suitable container.

 Aliquots  can  be taken at  in-
 tervals from  2  to 30  minutes
 paced by  an adjustable timer, or
 as  paced  by an  external flowmeter.

 110 VAC or  12 V.DC

 Sample  container  is housed in an
 insulated chest that  allows  for
 ice cooling.

 Housing is  PVC, piston is  lucite,
 and piston  shaft  is aluminum.

 Basic model appears to be  about
 107 cm  (3.5 ft) high.

Model 200 ac  -  $199
Model 200 dc  -  $249 (without
battery)
Model 200 dc  floating  - $456
 (without battery)
                              79

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General Comments;
A battery operated floating model
is available mounted on a pontoon
float.  Unit must be mounted at
point of sampling since it is not
designed to discharge to higher
elevations.  The sampler is fur-
nished with an adjustable mount-
ing bracket that supports both
the sampler and sample container.
EMA Model 200 Evaluation
 1.  Sampler intake  is vulnerable  to  blockage by rags or
     debris.  A 0.95  cm  (3/8  in.)  sampling train has a
     fitting obstruction at point  of  attachment to main
     housing.

 2.  Unit offers  a rigid obstruction  to flow.

 3.  Sampling chamber will  fill immediately following dis-
     charge  of previous  aliquot.,  a part of this coming from
     undischarged sample.   Circulation of flow through
     chamber would appear  to  be limited, resulting in a
     sample  not necessarily representative of conditions
     in the  sewer at the time of  the  next triggering signal.
     Representativeness  of  suspended  solids is also ques-
     tionable.

 4.  Movement of  small  solids should  not affect operation;
     large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
     the unit unless special  protection is provided by user.

 5.  No automatic starter;  an intake  purge of sorts is pro-
     vided by the design which allows the piston to force
     some of the  sample  back  out of the inlet ports at the
     beginning  of each  stroke.

 6.  Collects fixed  size aliquots (volume may vary with flow
     depth)  paced by a.  built-in timer or external flowmeter
     and composites  them in a suitable container.

 7.  Does not appear suitable for collecting either float-
     ables or coarser bottom  solids.

 8.  No refrigeration,  some sample protection provided by
     insulated  chest.  Cross-contamination appears very
     likely. Limited lift may require placing sampler in
     a vulnerable location.
                               80

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 9.  Unit would appear capable  of manhole  operation.
     Limitations will depend on user  installation  of  mount-
     ing brackets.

10.  Unit cannot tolerate submersion.

11.  Not suited for operation in freezing  ambients.

12.  The unit is extremely limited in range of  operational
     head conditions and does not appear suitable  for flows
     with varying depths.
                           81

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Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;




Controls;




Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;



Base Price:
ETS FIELDTEC SAMPLER MODEL FS-4

ETS Products
12161 Lackland Road
St. Louis, Missouri  63141
Phone (314) 878-1703

Plastic inlet strainer installed
to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

8.8m (29 ft) maximum.
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. typical.

Approximately 1.2&  (1/3 gal) per
hour depending on tube size used.

Continuous flow from pump  se-
quentially fills 12 individual
3.8)1 (1 gal) sample containers
over a 24-hour period.

On/off switch.  A kit is avail-
able for changing the timing se-
quence (time period represented
in one bottle).

115 VAC

None.

Sampling train is all plastic;
frame and  case are  aluminum with
enamel finish.

46 x 112 x 53 cm  (18x44x21 in.);
weighs approximately 32 kg
(70 Ibs);  portable.

$1,095; time conversion kit is
$16.
                             82

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 General Comments;
                      Refrigeration or heating acces-
                      sory available.  Motor and pump
                      can Be easily removed to a remote
                      location.  Ptimp will discharge up
                      to 14m (46 ft) head.  A synchro-
                      nous timing motor pulls a nylon
                      rider holding the discharge tube
                      along a track over a distribu-
                      tion tray to fill bottles.
ETS  Fieldtec  Model  FS-4 Evaluation

 1
 5

 6
 8

 9



10.

11,


12.
 Unit  should  be  relatively free from plugging or clog-
 ging  due  to  inlet  strainer and peristaltic pump
 design.

 Obstruction  of  flow will depend upon user mounting
 of intake.

 Should operate  reasonably well under all flow condi-
 tions, but low  intake  velocity could affect sample
 representativeness  at  high flow rates.

 Movement  of  solids  within the  fluid flow should not
 affect operation adversely.

 No automatic starter;  no self-cleaning  feature.

 Unit  takes 12 individual gallon samples over a 24-hour
 period.
 7.  Unit does not appear suitable  for  collecting either
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers reasonable sample protection.

Unit is not designed for manhole  operation;  however,
motor and pump assembly can be  detached  for  use  in
manholes.

Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Optional heater should allow unit to withstand freezing
ambients.

Unit should be able to sample over a wide  range  of
operating head conditions.
                            83

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Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size:



Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;



Controls:
 Power Source;


 Sample Refrigerator:

 Construction Materials



 Basic Dimensions;
HORIZON MODEL S7570

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
p ump .

9m  (30  ft) maximum.

Varies  from 0.08 to 0.8 cm
(0.0315 to 0.313 in.)  I.D.,
depending upon pump head  chosen.

Depends upon lift and  pump  head
chosen, but typically  under
100  mJl  per minute.

Collects a grab  sample whose
size depends upon pump running
time.

On/off  switch  plus  power  selec-
tion switch for  internal  battery
operation, AC  operation,  12 VDC
operation,  recharge on 12 VDC,
or  recharge on AC.

Internal battery,  12  VDC, or
115 VAC.

None.

Sampling  train is  uninterrupted
Tygon tube;  silicone or other
 tube materials available.

Approximately  30 x 20 x 18 cm
 (12x8x7 in.);  weighs 7.7 kg
 (17 Ibs);  portable.
                             84

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Base Price:
General Comments:
Approximately $411 for a complete
unit; S7570 is $335, pump head is
$40, tubing is typically $21 for
a 15.2m (50 ft) coils and intake
weight is $15.

Actually a field sampling pump
rather than a complete system.
Horizon Model S7570 Evaluation

 1.  Without a screen, intake is vulnerable  to  pluggingj
     unbroken tube and peristaltic pump  should  be  relatively
     free from clogging.

 2.  Obstruction to flow is minimal.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under  all flow condi-
     tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
     sample representativeness at high flow  rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper  operation.

 5.  Designed for attended use only.

 6.  Unit takes mechanical grab samples.

 7.  Unit does not appear suitable for collecting  float-
     ables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Sample protection provided by user.

 9.  Unit can operate in manhole environment.

10.  Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Since designed for attended use, freezing  ambients
     present no great problem.

12.  Unit should operate reasonably well over a wide range
     of operating head conditions.
                            85

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate:



Sample Capacity;




Controls:
Power  Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic  Dimensions;



Base Price;
HORIZON MODEL S7576

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 Nortn. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone  C312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

9m  (30 ft) maximum.

Varies from 0.08 to 0.8 cm
(0.0315 to 0.313 in.)  I.D.  de-
pending upon pump head chosen.

Depends upon lift and  pump  head
chosen, but typically  under
100  m& per minute.

Collects aliquots  (whose  size
depends upon pump running time)
every  15 minutes and  composites
them in a user  supplied container.

On/off switch plus  timer  that
controls duration of  pump run  as
a percentage of  15  minutes.

115  VAC

None.

Sampling train  is uninterrupted
Tygon  tube;  silicone  or other
tube materials  available.

Approximately  30 x  20 x 18 cm
 (12x8x7  in.); weighs  4 kg (9 Ibs);
portable.

Approximately  $216  for a  complete
unit;  S7576  is  $140,  pump head is
 $40, tubing  is  typically  $21 for
 a  15.2m  (50  ft)  coil, and intake
weight is  $15.
                               86

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General  Comments:
                       User must supply sample container
                       and protection to complete this
                       unit,
Horizon Model  S7576  Evaluation

 1.  Without a screen,  intake is vulnerable to plugging;
     unbroken  tube and  peristaltic pump should be relatively
     free from clogging.
 2

 3
.Obstruction  to  flow  is  minimal.

Should operate  reasonably  well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly  low intake velocity could affect
sample representativeness  at high flow rates.
 4.  Movement of  solids  should not hamper operation.

 5.  No automatic starter;  no  self-cleaning features.

 6.  Unit takes adjustable,  fixed-size aliquots and
     composites them  in  a  user supplied container.

 7.  Unit does not appear  suitable for collecting floatables
     or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Sample protection provided by user.

 9.  Unit can operate in manhole environment.

10.  Unit cannot  withs.tand  total immersion.

11.  Not suited for operation  in freezing ambients.

12.  Unit should  operate reasonably well  over  a wide range
     of operating head conditions.
                              87

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;




Controls:
 Power  Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials
 Basic Dimensions:
HORIZON MODEL S7578

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

9m  (30  ft) maximum.

0.49 cm (0.192 in.) I.D.

Depends upon lift, but  typically
under 100 m& per minute.

Collects adjustable size  aliquots
(30, 89, or 118 m£) and  compos-
ites them in a 9.7£  (2.5  gal)
container.

Time intervals at which  unit
samples are switch  selectable
for once every 15 minutes,  once
every 30 minutes,  or  continu-
ously;  aliquot size  is  switch
selectable.

Internal battery,  115  VAC charger.

None.

Sampling  train  is  uninterrupted
Tygon  tube  (silicone  or other
tube materials  available);  sample
container  is  polyethylene;  case
is  ABS  plastic.

Approximately  41 x 23 x 56 cm
 (16x9x22  in.);  weighs 12.6 kg
 (28 Ibs);  p6rtable.
                              88

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Base Price;

General Comments:
                       $595.   Battery charger is $68.

                       Tube  directs  any accidental over-
                       flow  outside  the case to prevent
                       damage.
Horizon Model S7578 Evaluation

 1.  Without a screen,  intake is  vulnerable to plugging;
     unbroken tube and  peristaltic  pump  should be relatively
     free from clogging.

 2.  Obstruction to flow is minimal.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under  all  flow condi-
     tions, but fairly  low intake velocity could  affect
     sample representativeness at high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should not  hamper  operation.

 5.  No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.

 6.  Unit takes adjustable fixed  size aliquots and compos-
     ites them in a suitable container.

 7.  Unit does not appear suitable  for collecting float-
     ables or coarser bottom solids.
 8

 9

10

11

12,
No refrigeration; cross-contamination  appears  likely.

Unit can operate in manhole environment.

Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.

Unit should operate reasonably well over  a wide  range
of operating head conditions.
                              89

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            Designation;

            Manufacturer:




            Sampler Intake;


            Gathering Method;


            Sample Lift:


            Line Size;

            Sample Flow  Rate;

            Sample Capacity;



            Controls:
            Power  Source;




            Sample Refrigerator;

            Construction Materials:



            Basic  Dimensions;
HYDRAGUARD AUTOMATIC LIQUID SAMPLER

Automatic Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon  97355
Phone   (503) 258-2628

End of  rigid metal metering
chamber.

Forced  flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Depends upon pressure, but  in
excess  of 9m (30 ft).

0.6 cm  (0.25 in.) I.D. (standard).

Depends upon pressure  and  lift.

Aliquots of volume proportional
to flow depth  are composited  in
a user—supplied container.

Sampling interval is adjustable
via a needle valve.  An  optional
electronic  control unit  is  avail-
able to operate sampler  from
flowmeter  contacts.

Regulated  1.4  kg/sq  cm (20 psi)
air supply.  115 VAC. required
with optional  electronic control
unit.

None .

Sampling  train is  all  stainless
steel,  inlet valve  is  rubber;
control unit  is  cast aluminum.

Depends upon model,  but  all are
under  91  cm (36  in.) long and
will  pass  through  a  15 cm (6  in;)
diameter  opening.
.
                                           90

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Base Price:
General Comments;
Model HP-1  (aliquot  size  linear
with flow depth)  is  $246;
Model HP-2  (HP-1  with  enlarged
sample  chamber, lines,  and  inlet
hole) is $286; FP Series  (ali-
quot size characterized for depth
in Parshall  flume or weirs)  is
$379; FPE Series  (FP series  with
enlarged sample chamber,  lines,
and inlet hole) is $401;  Model A-l
(adjustable  aliquot  size  is  inde-
pendent of flow depth)  is $286;
air compressor is $140; portable
air tank with pressure  regulator
is $76.

At the  start of sampling  cycle,
liquid  flows through the  inlet
port, displacing  the inlet  valve,
and rises in the  sample chamber
and outlet tube,  to  the height of
liquid  flowing through  the  flume
or weir.  Air pressure, in  the
control chamber of the  control
relay, holds a diaphragm  over  the
air supply port.  This  pressure
bleeds  to atmosphere through a
needle valve.  When  the pressure
in the  control chamber bleeds  low
enough, the diaphragm moves  away
from the air inlet port,  allowing
air to enter the  sample chamber.
Air pressure exerted on the  liquid
in the sample chamber will  seal
the inlet valve,  and force  the
sample out the outlet tube,  to the
sample container.  As air enters
the sample chamber,  some air flows
through the check valve (in  the
control relay) into  the control
chamber.  When air pressure  in the
control chamber is equal to  the
pressure in the operating chamber,
a spring forces the  diaphragm  back
over the air inlet.  The air is
now shut off, and the sample again
rises in the sample  chamber, ready
for the next cycle.
                             91

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Hydraguard Liquid Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Single small sample inlet hole would appear vulnerable
     to blockage unless user provides a screen; remainder
     of sample train should be clog-free.

 2.  Sample intake presents a rigid obstruction to  the
     flow.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
     charge of previous aliquot.  Circulation  of flow
     through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
     in a sample not necessarily representative of  condi-
     tions in the sewer at the time of next triggering.
     Representativeness is also questionable at high flow
     rates.

 4.  Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
     large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
     the unit unless special protection is provided by  user.
 5

 6
 8.


 9,

10,

11.

12,
No automatic starter; no self-cleaning feature.

Collects either variable size aliquots at  constant
time intervals or constant size aliquots paced by an
external flowmeter, and composites  them in a  user-
supplied container.

Appears unsuitable for collection of  either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
No refrigeration available.
appears likely.
Cross-contamination
Unit appears suitable for manhole  operation.

Will not withstand total immersion.

Should be operable in freezing  ambients.

Should be very little restriction  on  operating  head
conditions.
                             92

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler  Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift:

Line Size:

Sample Flow  Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
HYDRA-NUMATIC COMPOSITE SAMPLER

Hydra-Numatic Sales Company
65 Hudson  Street
Hackensack,  New Jersey  07602
Phone  (201)  489-4191

End  of  suction tube installed to
suit by user.

Suction lift from centrifugal pump.

Up to 4.6m (15 ft).

1.3  cm  (1/2  in.)  I.D.

5.7  £pm (1.5 gpm).

Aliquot size is adjusted (based
upon anticipated flow  rates where
external flowmeter  is  to be em-
ployed)  to fill the 195, (5 gal)
composite  container in 24 hours.

Sampler receives  signals from ex-
ternal  flow  meter through a primary
relay and  clock system, the clock
serving as a memory-collecting
impulses representing  a given flow •
at which time  a known, pre-set vol-
ume  of  sample  is  drawn.  The volume
of sample  is controlled by a finely
calibrated clock which opens a
free-port  solenoid  valve for a pre-
set  time, period thereby diverting
the  flow to  the sample container.
A built-in timer  can be used to
pace the sampler  when  no flow meter
is available.   It  can  either be
programmed if  rough estimates of
daily flow variations  are known or
function as  a  fixed time interval
pacer.

115 VAC  electricity.

None
                              93

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Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
Polyethylene sample container,
Tygon sampling lines with bronze
fittings and connections, bronze
valves and pump, stainless steel
available as alternate; cabinet is
stainless steel.

91 x 33 x 91 cm (36x13x36 in.);
portable.

$1800.
Hydra-Numatic Composite Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Fairly large line size and "non-clog"  pump  should  give
     freedom from clogging; manufacturer  recommends  unit
     for streams with high solids content.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will  depend  upon way  user mounts
     intake tube.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well over  all flow conditions

 4.  Solids in the fluid flow  should  not  impede  operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.  Continuous  flow serves a self-
     cleaning function.

 6.  Unit collects aliquots paced by  external  flowmeter or
     built-in timer and composites them in  a suitable
     container.

 7.  Collection of samples of  floatables  and bottom  solids
     would require specially designed intake by  user.

 8.  No refrigeration available;  sample would  appear to be
     reasonably well protected from damage.

 9.  Unit appears capable of operation  in a high humidity
     environment, but is too large to pass  down  a standard
     manhole.

10.  Unit cannot withstand total  immersion.

11.  Unit appears able to tolerate freezing ambients,  at
     least for moderate periods of time.

12.  Lift limit of 4.6m (15 ft) poses some  restrictions on
     use of unit.
                              94

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Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;



Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
ISCO MODEL  1392

Instrumentation  Specialties  Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska   68505
Phone  (402)  799-2441

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four  rows of  five
0.3 cm  (1/8  in.) holes evenly
spaced  around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic  pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum  lift;  96% de-
livery  at 2.4m (8 ft), 80%  at  5.5m
(18 ft).

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.5 £pm (0.4  gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample  size  can be.-switch selected
from 40 ml  to 460 m£  at 0.9m (3  ft)
lift.   28-500 m£ plastic sample
bottles (350 m£ glass bottles  with
special base optional) are provided
and are used for collecting .dis-
crete samples or up to four-sample
sequential  composites when used
with the optional multiplexer.  Al-
ternately,  if the sample bottles
are removed, a single composite
sample of up to 26.5& (7 gal)  may
be collected directly in a single
container in the base section.

The time interval between collec-
tions can be varied in 1/2 hour in-
crements from 1/2 to  6 hours;
optional timers can be varied  in
15 minute increments  to 3 hours or
in 10 minute increments to 2 hours.
All use a clock mechanism rather
than a repeat cycle timer.   Connec-
tions for an external flowmeter
(ISCO Model 1470 only) to collect
samples on the basis  of stream flow
                             95

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          Figure 7.  ISCO Model  1392 Sampler
Photograph courtesy  of  Instrumentation Specialities  Co.,  Inc,
                              96

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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
rate are provided.  An  optional
automatic starter based on  flow
depth is also available.

115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery,  or
internal NiCad or sealed  lead-acid
battery.

Has ice cavity for  cooling; will
maintain samples up to  22°C  (40°F)
below ambient for at least  24  hours.

All plastic construction  including
insulated case, tubing,  and sample
bottles; stainless  steel  hardware.

49.5 cm (19.5 in.)  diameter x  53  cm
(21 in.)H; weighs 18.1  kg (40  Ibs);
portable.

$1,095; add $130 for NiCad  or  $50
for lead-acid batteries,  $100  for
multiplexer, $22 for optional
timers.  Glass bottle version  is
$1,121.  Model 1640 automatic
starter is $125.

Sampler will withstand  accidental
submersion for short periods of
time.   All electrical and mechani-
cal components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in a
water-tight housing that  contains a
regeneratable dessicant.  Manufac-
turer claims peristaltic  pump  tubing
can fill more than  80,000 sample
bottles before requiring  replace-
ment.   At least 100-460 m£ samples
may be taken on a single  18-hour
battery charge.  A rotating "clog-
proof" funnel delivers  samples to
the distributer plate which channels
them to their individual  bottles.
After each sample the pump automat-
ically reverses itself  to purge
intake tube and minimize  cross-
contamination.  Operator  may man-
ually trigger unit for  individual
test sample or purge at any stage
of operation.
                             97

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ISCO Model 1392 Evaluation

 1.   Strainer could be vulnerable unless oriented prop-
     erly; the unobstructed 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside
     diameter sampling line, peristaltic pump, and "non-
     clog" funnel should pass small solids without
     difficulty.

 2.   Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting
     of intake.

 3.   Should operate reasonably well under all flow
     conditions.

 4.   Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
     affect operation adversely.

 5.   Optional automatic starter actuates sampling cycle
     when flow depth reaches a preset value.  Backflush-
     ing after taking each sample provides a self-cleaning
     function of sorts.

 6.   Unit collects up to 28 discrete samples (or sequen-
     tial composites with optional multiplexer) or a
     large single composite.  Can be paced by either
     built-in timer or external flowmeter.

 7.   Unit does not appear suitable for collection of
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.   Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case
     has ice cavity which will keep samples up to 22°C
     (40°F) below ambient for 24 hours.

 9.   Unit comes with a harness for suspending it in.
     manholes.

10.   Unit can withstand total immersion  for short periods
     of time.

11.   Unit would not appear to function well after pro-
     longed exposure to freezing ambients.

12.   Unit should be able to sample over  a wide range of
     operating head conditions.
                            98

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Designation!

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power  Source:
 Sample  Refrigerator;
IS CO MODEL 1480

Instrumentation Specialties  Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone  (402) 799-2441

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of  five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Not applicable.

Uniform aliquots of about  7 m&
are composited  in a 11.45,  (3 gal)
container  (standard) or 18.9£
(5  gal) container  (optional).   The
base itself can be used to  collect
38$, (10 gal) samples and  can be
replaced by a 571  (15  gal)  poly-
olefin barrel for larger  sample
requirements.

Solid state electronics allow
sample  collection rate to  be
varied  continuously from  0.2 li-
ters per day to 10.4 liters per
hour in timed mode; may also be
paced by ISCO Model 1470  flow-
meter.  Optional automatic starter
also available.

115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery,  or
internal NiCad  or  sealed  lead-
acid battery.

Base has 2.5 cm (1  in.)  foamed-
in—place insulation and  ice cavity
                              99

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Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
that will keep a 11.4£  (3  gal)
sample below 13°C  (55°F) for  over
24 hours in a 56°C  (100°F)
environment.

All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sam-
ple container; stainless steel
hardware.

48 cm (19 in.) diameter x  65  cm
(25.5 in.) H; weighs 14 kg
(31 Ibs); portable.

$645; $130 for NiCad or $50 for
lead-acid battery;  Model 1640
automatic starter  is $125.

Sampler will withstand  accidental
submersion for short periods  of
time.  All electrical and mechan-
ical components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in
a water-tight housing that con-
tains a regenerable dessicant.
Model 1480 is not  designed to pro-
vide true proportions of heavy
suspended solids due to its inter-
mittent pumping action.  The
peristaltic pump turns  in  one-
half revolution increments with
two rollers pinching the tubing
at the end of each  movement so
that the sample will not drain
back through the intake.

The optional Model  1470 flowmeter
enables the sampler to  collect a
composite based on  the volume of
passing fluid rather than  on  time.
Flowmeters other than ISCO are not
suited for use with the Model 1480
sampler.  Up to 151£ (40 gal) of
sample may be taken on an  18 hour
battery charge.
                             100

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ISCO Model 1480 Evaluation

 1.  Strainer could be vulnerable unless oriented  properly;
     the unobstructed 0.64 cm  (1/4 in.) inside  diameter
     sampling line allows the passage of solids9 but  the
     intermittent pumping action is not likely  to  gather
     anything.large enough to clog unit.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will depend upon user  mounting of
     intake.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under most  flow condi-
     tions, but unit is not recommended by manufacturer and
     should not be used in flows with any appreciable amount
     of heavy suspended solids, even at low flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids within the fluid flow should  not
     affect operation adversely.

 5.  Optional automatic starter; no self-cleaning  features;
     cross-contamination appears very likely.

 6.  Collects fixed size aliquots paced by either  a built-in,
     timer or external flowmeter and compo.sites them  in a
     suitable container.

 7.  Unit does not appear suitable for collection  of  coarser
     bottom solids or floatables.

 8.  Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case has
     ice cavity which will keep a 11.45- (3 gal) sample below
     13°C (55°F) for over 24 hours in a 56°C  (100°F)  environ-
     ment .

 9.  Unit comas with harness for suspending it  in  manholes.

10.  Unit can withstand total immersion for short  periods
     of time.

11.  Unit cannot withstand freezing temperatures.

12.  Unit should be able to sample over a wide  range  of
     operating head conditions.
                             101

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
Controls;
ISCO MODEL 1580

Instrumentation Specialties  Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone   (402) 799-2441

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced  around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.4 4pm (0.37 gpm) depending
upon lift.

Adjustable size aliquots (between
40 and  600 m4) are composited  in
a 11.44 (3 gal) container  (stand-
ard) or 18.94 (5 gal) container
(optional).  The base itself can
be used to collect 384 (10 gal)
samples and can be replaced  by a
574 (15 gal) polyolefin barrel
for larger sample requirements.

Sample  aliquot size is switch
selectable in eight increments
from 40 to 600 m4; sampling  fre-
quency  can be adjusted from  2.5
to 320 minutes when operating  in
the timed mode.  A switch multi-
plies the volume that is trans-
mitted by an external flowmeter
by a factor of from 1 to 9 when
used in the flow mode.  Any  flow-
meter that provides a contact
closure at fixed volumetric
intervals can be used.
                             102

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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
                           115  VAC,  12 VDC auto battery, or
                           internal  NiCad or sealed lead-
                           acid battery.

                           Base has  2.5 cm (1 in.) foamed-
                           in-place  insulation and ice
                           cavity  that will keep a 11.45-
                           (3 gal) sample below 13°C (55°F)
                           for  over  24 hours in a 56°C
                           (lOOT) environment.

                           All  plastic construction including
                           insulated case, tubing, and sample
                           container;  stainless steel hard-
                           ware .

                           48 cm (19 in.)  diameter x 65 cm
                           (25.5 in.)  H;  weighs 14 kg
                           (31  Ibs);  portable.

                           $750;  $130  for NiCad or $50 for
                           lead-acid battery; Model 1640
                           automatic starter is $125.

                           Sampler will withstand accidental
                           submersion  for short periods of
                           time.  All  electrical and mechan-
                           ical components are waterproofed;
                           the  programming unit is sealed in
                           a water-tight  housing that con-
                           tains a regenerable dessicant.
                           The  intake  line is purged before
                           and  after each aliquot is taken
                           to help minimize cross-contamina-.
                           tion and  ensure that the sample is
                           representative of the time at
                           which it  was taken.  The optional
                           automatic starter allows the unit
                           to be activated when the flow
                           depth reaches  some predetermined
                           level.

ISCO Model 1580 Evaluation

 1.   Strainer could be vulnerable unless  oriented properly;
     the unobstructed 0.64 cm  (1/4  in.)  inside diameter
     sampling line and peristaltic  pump  should pass small
     solids without difficulty.
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
                             103

-------
 2,   Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting
     of  intake.

 3.   Should operate reasonably well under all flow
     conditions.

 4.   Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
     affect operation adversely.

 5.   Optional automatic starter; purging before and after
     each aliquot is taken provides a self-cleaning action
     of  sorts and should help minimize cross-contamination.

 6.   Collects predetermined size aliquots paced by either
     a built-in timer or external flowmeter and composites
     them in a suitable container.

 7.   Unit does not appear suitable for collection of coarser
     bottom solids or floatables.

 8.   Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case
     has ice cavity which will keep a 11. 4£  (3 gal) sample
     below 13°C (55°F) for over 24 hours in a 56°C (100°F)
     environment.

 9.   Unit comes with harness for suspending it in manholes.

10.   Unit can withstand total immersion for short periods
     of  time.

11.   Unit would not appear to function well after prolonged
     exposure to freezing ambients *

12.   Unit should be able to sample over a wide range of
     operating head conditions.
                             104

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler  Intake:


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
KENT MODEL  SSA

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73  Spring Street
Ossining, New  York  10562
Phone   (914) 941-8100

Plastic  strainer  at  end of 7.6m
(25 ft)  suction tube.

Suction  lift from peristaltic
pump .

Up  to  4.9m  (16 ft).

0.6 cm (1/4 in.)  I.D.

Up  to  150 mH per  minute depending
upon lift.

Collects 24 discrete samples  of up
to  177  (or  473) m£ over a period
of  6,  12, or 24 hours.

Spring-driven  clock  triggers  unit
at  one hour intervals;  other
timing mechanisms  are  available to
allow  a  sample to  be taken at 15
or  30 minute intervals.   Sample
volume is determined by forward
pump run time  which is  adjustable
to  compensate  for  lift  and flow
depth.

12 VDC lead-acid battery,  115 VAC
or  220 VAC.

None.

Sampling train  is all plastic;
totally enclosing glass  reinforced
plastic case available.

45.7 cm  (18 in.) diameter  by
40.6 cm  (16 in!) H; weighs  24.4 kg
(54 Ibs); portable.
                             105

-------
Base Price;               $1,240.

General Comments;         On signal, pump  starts  and  runs  in
                          reverse  to clear tubing of  fluid,
                          then runs forward for a pre-set
                          time to  deliver  sample  to con-
                          tainer,  after which  it  again re-
                          verses to purge  pump and tubing
                          of fluid.  A complete cycle takes
                          from 2 to 5  minutes  depending
                          upon lift and the quantity  of
                          sample desired.

Kent Model SSA Evaluation

 1.  Peristaltic action  of  pump should reduce  probability
     of clogging.

 2.  Obstruction of  flow will  depend upon  way  user mounts
     intake.

 3.  Should  operate  reasonably well under  all  flow condi-
     tions,  but  fairly -low  intake  velocity could  affect
     representativeness  of  sample  at high  flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids  should not hamper  operation.

 5.  No automatic  starter.   At start  of  each cycle pump
     operates in reverse to clear  line of  previous sample
     to help minimize cross-contamination  and  offer a sort
     of self cleaning.

 6.  Unit  collects 24 discrete samples at  preset  time
     intervals.  Representativeness  of sample  will depend
     upon  user mounting  of  intake  tube.

 7.  Unit  does not appear  suitable for collection of
     floatables  or coarser  bottom  solids.

 8.  No refrigeration.   Reasonably good sample protection.
     Cross—contamination should  be small.

 9.  Designed  to operate in manhole  environment.

 10.  Cannot  withstand total immersion.

 11.  Not  suited  for operation in freezing  ambients.

 12.  Maximum lift  of 4.9m  (16 ft)  places  some restriction
     on use of  unit.
                             106

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler  Intake;


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
KENT MODEL SSB

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73  Spring  Street
Ossining,  New York  10562
Phone   (914)  941-8100

Fine gauze filter at end of
suction  tube.

Suction  lift  from peristaltic
pump.

Up  to  4m (13  ft) .

0.6 cm (1/4 in.)  I.D.

Less than  200  m£  per minute
depending  upon lift.

Collects aliquots  of pre-set size
and either composites  them hourly
(standard,  30  and  15 minute in-
tervals  optional)  in one of 24
discrete 500 m£  containers or in
a single 20£ bottle.

Rheostat on continuously running
pump motor  controls  speed which,
together with  lift and  a 0-60 sec-
ond diverter timer,  determines
aliquot  size.   In  the  24 bottle
version, the bottles  are mounted
on a rotating  turntable that
indexes hourly  (standard,  30, or
15 minute  intervals  optional).
Aliquot  interval  is  either con-
trolled by an  external  flowmeter
(rate  or totalized signal)  or by
an adjustable  interval  timer.

115 VAC; 240 VAC.

None.

Sampling train  is plastic  except
for diverter which may  be  stain-
less steel; cabinet  is  sheet
metal.
                            107

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Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
                          38 x. 38 x 87 cm  U-5.xl5:x34  in.);
                          weighs 30 kg C66 Ibs);  designed
                          for fixed installation.

                          $2,354.

                          Unit is not recommended for  flows
                          that are high  in suspended solids.
                          In operation,  the  discharge  from
                          the continuously running pump  is
                          directed to a  tippler mechanism
                          that normally  returns the  flow to
                          waste  downstream from the  intake.
                          On signal the  tippler mechanism
                          diverts the flow to  the sample
                          discharge line for a predetermined
                          time period.   Manufacturer recom-
                          mends  changing pump  tubing every
                          two weeks and  "regular" cleaning
                          of the tippler mechanism.

Kent Model SSB Evaluation

 1.  Peristaltic action of pump  and gauze  filter  should
     reduce probability of clogging.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will depend  upon  way  user mounts
     intake.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under  all  flow condi-
     tions, but fairly low intake velocity could  affect
     representativeness of sample at  high  flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper  operation.

 5.  No automatic  starter.   Continuous  flow  will  offer a
     sort of self  cleaning.  The 24 bottle unit would
     appear very difficult to clean in  the field.

 6.  Unit collects  either  24 sequential  composite samples
     made up of a  number of  individual  aliquots  or a single
     composite sample as paced by  either an  external flow-
     meter or by an internal timer.   Representativeness  of
     sample will depend upon user mounting of  intake tube.

 7.  Unit does not  appear  suitable  for  collection of float-
     ables or coarser bottom solids.
                             108

-------
 8.  No refrigeration.  Reasonably good sample protection.
     Cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Not designed to operate in manhole environment.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.

12.  Maximum lift of 4m (13 ft) places some restriction on
     use of unit.
                            109

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:




Sample Intake;
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line  Size:
Sample  Flow  Rate:

Sample  Capacity;


Controls:
 Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator:

 Construction Materials


 Basic Dimensions:



 Base Price:
KENT MODEL SSC

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York  10562
Phone  (914) 941-8100

Fine strainer at end of suction
tube which must be immersed  at
least 5 cm  (2 in.) below  the
surface of  the liquid  to  prevent
pump from drawing air.

Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.

Up to 5m  (16.4 ft).

2.5  cm (1 in.) I.D.

Up to 33  &pm depending upon  lift.

Collects  either  24 discrete  280  m£
samples or  a 20£  composite  sample.

Sample interval  is either con-
trolled by  external  flowmeter  or
fixed at  15, 30,  or  60 minutes  by
interval  timer.   A 0-300  second
delay timer is used  to control
pump running time  to  assure  that
a  full 280  m£  aliquot  is  taken.

115  VAC;  240 VAC.

None.

Sampling  train is  rubber, plastic,
and  stainless  steel.

76 x 125  x  81  cm (30x49x32 in.);
weighs  80 kg (176 Ibs); designed
for  fixed installation.

 $2,354.
                             110

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General  Comments:
                      On signal, the pump starts and
                      its discharge is directed to a
                      tipping bucket, the force of the
                      jet being sufficient to hold the
                      tippler in an upright position
                      so that its overflow discharges
                      back into the flow stream.  After
                      a preset time the pump stops and
                      the weight of the sample in the
                      tippler causes it to overbalance
                      and discharge its contents into
                      the sample container.  In the
                      24 bottle version,  the turntable
                      carrying the bottles then rotates
                      to present a fresh  container for
                      the next sample.  The unit must
                      be mounted adjacent to the chan-
                      nel from which the  samples are
                      to be taken with the tippler over-
                      flow directed back  into the
                      channel.   The pump  must be primed
                      with water upon installation or
                      at any time when it does not con-
                      tain residual effluence.  Manu-
                      facturer states that tippler
                      mechanism must be cleaned regu-
                      larly.
Kent Model SSC Evaluation
 1.


 2.


 3.


 4.

 5.

 6.
Should be relatively  free  from  clogging  due to large
line size; Moyno pump will handle  suspended solids.

Obstruction of flow will depend upon  way user mounts
intake.

Should operate well over the  entire range of  flow
conditions.

Movement of solids should  not hamper  operation.

No automatic starter.  No  self-cleaning  function.

Can collect external flowmeter  or  built-in timer
paced samples-either sequential or composite.
Representativeness of sample will  depend in part
upon user mounting of intake tube.  Decanting  tippler
                            111

-------
     design could lead to artificial enhancement of sus-
     pended solids.

 7.   Unsuitable for  collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom solids without specially designed intake by
     user.

 8.   No refrigeration.  Fair sample protection.  Cross-
     contamination appears likely.

 9.   Not well suited for confined space or manhole
     operation.

10.   Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Not suited for  operation in freezing ambients.

12.   Maximum lift of 5m  (16.4 ft) and necessity for mounting
     adjacent to flow stream place restrictions on use  of
     unit.
                              112

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler Intake:

 Gathering Method;
Sample  Lift;

Line  Size;


Sample  Flow Rate:

Sample  Capacity:
Controls:
Power S ource:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
 LAKESIDE TREBLER MODEL  T-2

 Lakeside Equipment Corporation
 1022 East Devon Avenue
 Bartlett, Illinois  60103
 Phone (312)  837-5640

 Specially designed scoop.

 Mechanical;  rotating scoop  tra-
 verses  entire depth of  flow;  as
 scoop is rotated out of flow  the
 sample  drains by gravity through
 the  hub and  into a composite  sample
 3 ar.

 Unit  must be in flow stream.

 1.3  cm  (1/2  in.) diameter pipe con-
 nects hub to sample container.

 Not  applicable.

 Scoop is shaped to gather a volume
 of sample that is proportional to
 the  channel  flow; can vary typically
 from  300 to  600 m£ when installed in
 a Parshall flume.

 Timer can be used to trigger  sam-
 pling cycle  at any desired interval
 of a  1  hour  period.

 115 VAC electricity.

 Automatic refrigerator available
 which maintains sample temperature
 at approximately 4°C.

 Cast  aluminum frame,  steel
 sprockets  and chain  drive,  plexi-
 glass or  cast aluminum scoop,
 plastic  pipe,  poly'ethylene sample
 bottle.

Approximately  0.6-0.9m (2-3  ft) of
head  room  above flume  is required.
 Other dimensions depend  upon size
 of flume.  Refrigerator  case is
 76 x  61  x  91  cm (30  x  24 x  36  in.)-
Fixed installation.
                              113

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     Figure  8.   Lakeside  Trebler Model T-2  Sampler
Photograph  courtesy of  Lakeside Equipment  Corp
                                114

-------
Base  Price:
General  Comments
                         $688 with plexiglass scoop.
                         $962 with timer.
                         Add $615 for refrigerator.

                         Without timer the unit  takes
                         30 samples per hour.  For  accurate
                         sampling the unit must  operate  in
                         conjunction with a Parshall flume
                         or weir.  For raw sewage or in-
                         dustrial wastes with high  settle-
                         able solids count a Parshall  flume
                         is recommended.  Daily  inspection
                         and weekly cleaning is  recommended,
Lakeside Trebler  Model T-2 Evaluation

 1.  Scoop  is  not likely to pick up any solids  large  enough
     to clog sample line.

 2.  Scoop  presents an obstruction over the entire depth  of
     flow during  sampling  cycle.

 3.  Scoop  must be designed for range of flows  anticipated
     in conjunction with flume.  This range has certain
     limitations.

 4.  Movement  of  solids could interfere with scoop rotation;
     abrasive  wear on  plexiglass scoop could be high.

     No automatic starter;  no self cleaning features.

     Collects  a sample for. compositing from throughout the
     entire depth of flow  that is proportional  to depth and
     hence  flow rate through the flume.

 7.  Will afford  some  capability of sampling floatables
     as well as bottom solids.

 8.  Standard  unit  has  no  sample container.  Optional
     refrigerator  would appear to offer reasonable
     protection.

 9.  Designed  for  operation in the flow stream but requires
     a Parshall flume  for  best operation which would rule
     out most  manholes.

10.  Unit  cannot withstand  total immersion.
5

6
                             115

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              11.   Unit is not designed  to operate  in  freezing ambients




              12.   Unit must be in flow  stream  to  function.
                                           116
-

-------
 Designation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sampler  Intake;



 Gathering  Method:

 Sample Lift;

 Line  Size;

 Sample Flow Rate;


 Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
 MANNING MODEL S4000

 Manning Environmental Corporation
 120 DuBois  Street
 P.O.  Box 1356
 Santa Cruz,  California  98061
 Phone  (408)  427-0230

 Weighted intake at end of 6.7m
 (22 ft)  sampling tube installed
 to  suit  by  user.

 Section  lift  by vacuum pump.

 Up  to 6.7m  (22  ft) .

 0.95  cm  (3/8  in.)  I.D.

 Up  to 3.8 £pm (1 gpm)  depending
 upon  lift.

 Standard unit takes  24 discrete
 samples  adjustable  in size between
 50  and 500 m£.   Options  allow for
 collecting sequential composite
 samples  made  up of  up to 5 ali-
 quots  each or for  filling up  to
 4 bottles in  immediate succession.

 Unit may be paced by  the contact
 closure  output  of an  external
 flowmeter or  by an optional in-
 ternal quartz crystal  timer whose
 interval can  be set at 15  or
 30 minutes or 1, 2, 3, 4,  6,  8,
 12 or 24 hours.  Sample  size  is
 adjustable (±20  mJt) by position-
 ing end of syphon in metering
 chamber.  Optional features al-
 low sampler to  be switch select-
 able to take multiple  samples  in
 one bottle or the same sample
 in multiple bottles.   There are
manual controls  for bottle ad-
vance and for one complete test
 cycle.

12 VDC non-spillable wet-cell
battery.
                            117

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Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
                          An ice compartment is provided
                          in the base to facilitate sample
                          cooling.

                          Sampling train is all plastic
                          except for intake; case is molded
                          plastic with stainless steel hard-
                          ware .

                          48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 57 cm
                          (22.5 in.) H; weighs 16 kg
                          (35 Ibs); portable.

                          $1,290.

                          Sampler may be manually started
                          or actuated by an external device
                          such as a liquid level or rain
                          gage.  Cycle begins with com-
                          pressor purging metering chamber
                          and intake line with air for
                          15 seconds.  A solenoid valve then
                          inverts the compressor lines to
                          create a vacuum in the metering
                          chamber and liquid is drawn up
                          until it is full as detected by
                          an electronic sensor.  The sole-
                          noid valve then reverses and the
                          metering chamber is again pres-
                          surized forcing the excess sample
                          back out the intake hose.  A
                          pinch valve opens, permitting the
                          premeasured sample remaining to
                          be forced into the sample bottle,
                          and then closes, permitting purge
                          to continue for 10 seconds.  Unit
                          automatically recycles through
                          purge  twice, if required.

Manning Model S4000 Evaluation

 1.  Should be fairly free  from  clogging due to  lack of
     bends in sample train  and high pressure purging
     feature.

 2.  Obstruction of flow  will depend upon  user  mounting  of
     intake.
                             118

-------
 3.  Should operate well over th_e  entire  range  of  flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper  operation.

 5.  Automatic starter available.  Power  purge  serves  a
     self-cleaning function.  Cross-contamination  should
     be minimal.

 6.  Collects external flowmeter or internal  timer paced
     samples and deposits them in  individual  containers one
     at a time or collectively in multiple groups  (optional)
     Sample representativeness will depend upon user mount-
     ing of intake.

 7.  Unsuitable for collection of  floatables  or coarser
     bottom solids without specially designed intake by
     user.

 8.  Unit affords good sample protection;  insulated case has
     ice cavity which will provide cooling for  a limited
     time.  High pressure purge should offer  reasonable
     protection against cross-contamination.

 9.  Designed to operate in manhole area.

10.  Unit appears capable of withstanding  accidental,  short-
     time submersion.

11.  Unit would not appear to function well after  prolonged
     exposure to freezing ambients.

12.  Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place too severe
     a restriction on use of the unit.
                            119

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow  Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls;
                                   MODEL  130 1
 Power  Source;



 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials
 Basic Dimensions;
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone   (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample  cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced  flow due  to pneumatic
ejection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies  with pressure and  lift.

Composites  75-m£ aliquots  into  a
7.6JI (2 gal) bottle.

Solid state clock allows  selecting
intervals between aliquots  of
15  to 60 minutes.  Optional  con-
troller allows  pacing  from ex-
ternal  flowmeter.

Compressed  air  bottle  plus  two
6-volt, dry-cell lantern
batteries .

None

Standard intake housing is aluminum
alloy;  stainless steel and PVC  are
available  as  alternates.   Standard
"duckbill"  is  EPT;  Buna-N and Viton
are available.   Tygon tubing, stain-
less steel  or  plastic fittings,
polyethylene  sample  bottle,  fiber-
glass  case.

Sample  intake is 7.3 cm (2.875  in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5 in.) H;
case is 43 x  30 x 71 cm (17xl2x
 28 in.); weighs 27.2 kg (60 Ibs) ;
portable .
                              120

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 Figure 9.  Markland Model 1301 Portable  Sampler




Illustration Courtesy of Markland Specialty  Ltd.




                       121

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Base Price:
General Comments
                          $1095; add $135 for  stainless
                          steel or PVC intake,  $20  for Viton
                          "duckbill", $100 for  flow propor-
                          tional adapter; all  prices include
                          air freight and duty.

                          The heart of the sampler  is the
                          patented rubber "duckbill" in  the
                          sample intake housing.   It is
                          round on the bottom  and  flattens
                          out to a flaired top  where the
                          opening is simply  a  slit.  When
                          the intake is vented to  atmos-
                          phere, the hydrostatic  liquid  head
                          forces a sample up through the
                          vertical inlet and through the
                          "duckbill" slit, which  acts like
                          a  screen  (the lips can  only open
                          a  limited amount), until the
                          pressure is equalized.   When air
                          pressure is applied  to  raise the
                          sample the "duckbill" lips close
                          (acting as a  check valve), and the
                          squeezing-shut progresses down-
                          wards toward  the bottom inlet
                          expelling ahead  (in a sort of
                          milking action)  any contained
                          solids which  fall  back  into the
                          stream due to gravity.

Markland Model 1301  Evaluation

 1.  Sampler intake  should be  free  from clogging;  "duckbill"
     will not pass any  solids  large  enough  to clog sample
     line; relatively high discharge pressure will also help
     prevent clogging.

 2.  Sampler intake  presents a  rigid  obstruction to  the flow,

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately  following dis-
     charge of previous aliquot,  resulting in a sample not
     necessarily  representative of  conditions in the sewer
     at  the time  of  the next triggering signal.  Represen-
     tativeness is also questionable  at high flow  rates.

 4.  Movement of  large  objects  in  the  flow  could damage or
     even physically destroy the  sampler  intake.
                             122

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                                                    Blow Compressed Air
                                                    To Eject Sample
                                                    Vent To Permit Sampler
                                                    To Refill Itself
                                                    Sample Out
                    SAMPLE
                     INLET
     Figure 10.   Markland "Duckbill"  Sampler  Intake

Illustration  Courtesy  of Markland Specialty  Engineering Ltd
                                123

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 5.   Unit has automatic starter but no self-cleaning
     features.

 6.   Collects spot samples at either preset  time  intervals
     or paced by an external flowmeter and composites  them
     in a suitable container.

 7.   Appears unsuitable for collection of either  floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.

 8.   No refrigeration is provided.  Gross-contamination
     appears likely.

 9.   Unit is designed for manhole operation.

10.   Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Should be able to operate in freezing ambients  for
     some period of time.

12.   With a fully charged gas bottle, lifts  in  excess  of
     18.3m (60 ft) should be obtainable, putting  very  little
     restriction on operating head  conditions.
                             124

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Designation;

Manufacturer
Sampler Intake:



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity:


Controls:




Power Source:



Sample Refrigerator;




Construction Materials:
PARKLAND' MOD'EL  101

Markland Specialty  Engineering  Ltd.
Box 145
Etobieoke, Ontario  (Canada)
Phone   (416)  625-0930

Small gravity filled sample  cham-
ber equipped  with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet  control.

Forced  flow due to  pneumatic
ej ection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm (1/4  in.) I.D.

Varies  with pressure and  lift.

Composites 75-m£ aliquots  into  a
7.6SL (2 gal)  bottle.

A cycle timer with  field  adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30,  or  60  min-
utes .

Plant air for Model 101;  Model  2101
includes air  compressor and  motor;
110 VAC.

0.17 cu m  (6  cu ft) automatic
refrigerator  to hold either  a 7.6
or 18.9£ (2 or  5 gal)  bottle avail-
able .

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N  and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample  bottle.
                              125

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General  Comments
Sample intake is 7.3 cm  (2.875  in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm  (5  in.)  H;
wall-mounted control box  is
15 x 10 x 15 cm (6x4x6 in.);  fixed
installation.

$594 for Model 101  including  con-
trol box, remote sampling intake,
air filter, regulator  and pressure
gauge, 100 feet of  tubing,  and
2 gallon sample collection bot-
tle; $634 for Model 2101  including
control box, remote sampling  in-
take, air compressor and  motor,
100 feet of tubing,  and  2 gallon
sample collection bottle; add
$135 for stainless  steel  or PVC
intake, $20 for Viton  "duckbill",
$335 for refrigerator,  $11 for
5 gallon sample container;  all
prices include air  freight and
duty.  Model 300 discrete 24  bot-
tle attachment is  $795.

The heart of the sampler  is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing.   It is
round on the bottom and  flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is  simply  a slit.  When
the intake  is vented to  atmos-
phere, the  hydrostatic liquid head
forces a sample up  through the
"duckbill"  slit, which acts like
a screen  (the  lips  can only open
a limited amount),  until the  pres-
sure  is  equalized.   When air
pressure is  applied to raise  the
sample,  the "duckbill" lips close
 (acting  as  a  check valve), and the
squeezing-shut  progresses down-
wards  toward  the bottom  inlet
expelling  ahead  (in a  sort of
milking  action)  any contained
solids which  fall  back into the
stream  due  to  gravity.
                              126

-------
Marklarid Model 101 Evaluation

 1.  Sampler intake should be free  from  clogging;  "duck-
     bill" will not pass any solids  large  enough  to clog
     sample line; relatively high discharge  pressure will
     also help prevent clogging.

 2.  Sampler intake presents a rigid  obstruction  to the
     flow.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill  immediately  following dis-
     charge of previous aliquot, resulting in  a sample not
     necessarily representative  of  conditions  in  the sewer
     at the time of the next triggering  signal.   Represen-
     tativeness is also questionable  at  high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of large objects in the flow could  damage or
     even physically destroy the sampler intake.

 5.  Has no automatic start or self-cleaning features.

 6.  Collects spot samples at preset  time  intervals and
     composites them in a suitable  container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection of  either  floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Automatic refrigeration is  available  as an option.
     Cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Unit is not designed for manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
     some period of time.

12.  Lifts in excess of 18.3m (60 ft)  should be obtainable,
     putting very little restriction  on  operating  head
     conditions.
                            127

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls;




Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;




Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MARKLAND MODEL 102

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone  (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.6JI (2 gal) bottle.

A cycle timer with field adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30,  or 60 min-
utes .

Plant air plus 110 VAC.

0.17 cu m (6 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a
7.6 or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel  or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.

Sample intake is 7.3 cm  (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm  (5  in.) H;
wall-mounted control box is
25 x 13 x 30 cm (10x5x12 in.);
fixed installation.
                             128

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Base Price:
General Comments
$894,  Includes  control  box,  re-
mote sampling  intake,  air  filter,
regulator and  pressure gaxige,
100 feet of  tubing,  and  2  gallon
sample collection  bottle.   Add
$135 for stainless  steel or PVC
intake, $20  for  Viton  "duckbill",
$325 for refrigerator, $10 for
5 gallon sample  container.  All
prices include air  freight and
duty.  Model 300 discrete  24 bot-
tle attachment is  $795.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber  "duckbill" in the
sample intake  housing.  It is
round on the bottom and  flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply  a slit.   When
the intake is  vented to  atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid
head forces  a  sample up  through
the vertical inlet  and through the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like a
screen (the  lips can only  open a
limited amount), until the pres-
sure is equalized.   When air
pressure is  applied to raise the
sample the "duckbill"  lips close
(acting as a check  valve), and
the squeezing-shut  progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead  (in a  sort of
milking action)  any contained
solids which fall  back into the
stream due to  gravity.  The con-
trol box has a pinch valve on the
sample line  which  squeezes it
closed and keeps the sample in-
take housing filled with pressur-
ized air between aliquot ejections
This feature is  useful when sam-
pling liquids  with  high  solids
content which  would tend to settle
out in the intake  while  waiting to
be ejected.  Also,  the air™ press"ur-
ization provides a  reverse air
                              129

-------
                          purge back through  the  "duckbill"
                          thereby providing a  sort  of  self
                          cleaning action should  any solids
                          build up in  the "duckbill" inlet.
                          The manufacturer recommends  this
                          model in particular  for raw
                          sewage or liquids with  solids
                          content over  200 PPM.

Markland Model 102 Evaluation

 1.  Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duckbill"
     will not pass any solids large enough to  clog  sample
     linej relatively high discharge pressure  will  also
     help prevent clogging.

 2.  Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction  to the  flow.

 3.  Representativeness of sample is questionable at high
     flow rates.

 4.  Movement of large objects in the  flow could  damage  or
     even physically destroy the sampler intake.

 5.  Has no automatic starter.  Reverse air purge through
     "duckbill" provides a sort of self-cleaning  action.

 6.  Collects spot samples at preset time intervals and
     composites them in a suitable container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection of either  floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Automatic refrigeration is available as  an option.
     Cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Unit is not designed for manhole  operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
     some period of time.

12.  Lifts in excess of 18.3m  (60 ft)  should  be obtainable,
     putting very little restriction on operating head
     conditions.
                              130

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
MARYLAND MODEL 10 4T

Markland Specialty Engineering  Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone  (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample  cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm  (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-m£ aliquots into  a
7.61 (2 gal) bottle.

Solid state predetermining digital
counter accepts signals from an
external flowmeter to gather sam-
ples proportional to flow.   Op-
tional solid state clock allows
sampling at predetermined time
intervals.

Plant air for Model 104T;
Model 2104T includes air compressor
and motor; 110 VAC.

0.17 cu m (16 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either  a 7.6
or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna—N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings., polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.
                             131

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Basic Di.jiiensi.ons ;
Base Price;
General Comments:
Sample intake is 7,3  cm  C2,875  in.)
diameter x 12,7 cm  C5  in.)  H;
fixed installation.

$1094 for Model 104T  including  con-
trol box, remote sampling  intake,
air filter, regulator  and  pres-
sure gauge, 100 feet  of  tubing,
and 2 gallon sample collection
bottle; $1134 for Model  2104T in-
cluding control box,  remote sam-
pling intake, air compressor and
motor, 100 feet of  tubing,  and
2 gallon sample collection bottle.
Add $135 for stainless steel or
PVC intake, $20 for Viton  "duck-
bill", $335 for refrigerator,
$10 for 5-gallon sample  container,
and $215 for plug-in  solid state
clock module.  All  prices  include
air freight and duty.  Model 300
discrete 24 bottle  attachment is
$795.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing.   It is round
on the bottom and flattens out  to
a flaired top where the  opening is
simply a slit.  When  the intake is
vented to atmosphere,  the  hydro-
static liquid head  forces  a sample
up through the vertical  inlet and
through the "duckbill" slit, which
acts like a screen  (the  lips can
only open a limited amount)  until
the pressure is equalized.   When
air pressure is applied  to raise
the sample, the "duckbill" lips
close (acting as a  check valve),
and the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the  bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a  sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.   The two
digit counter, when connected to
                              132

-------
                          an external flow.meter providing
                          dry contact pulsing  closed momen-
                          tarily with, frequency proportional
                          to flow, counts down from the  pre-
                          set point to  zero.   When zero  is
                          reached, the  sampling circuit
                          latches in and extracts an aliquot
                          while simultaneously resetting the
                          counter back  to the  reset point.
                          Pulses received while the aliquot
                          is being ejected  are counted
                          without loss.

Markland Model 1Q4T Evaluation

 1.  Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duckbill"
     will not pass any solids large enough  to  clog sample
     line; relatively high discharge pressure  will also  help
     prevent clogging.

 2.  Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction  to the
     flow.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately following  dis-
     charge of previous aliquot, resulting  in  a sample not
     necessarily representative of conditions  in  the sewer
     at the time of the next triggering signal.   Represen-
     tativeness is also questionable at high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of large objects in the flow  could  damage  or
     even physically destroy the sampler intake.

 5.  Has no automatic start or- self-cleaning features.

 6.  Collects spot samples at either preset time  intervals
     with clock option or paced by an external flowmeter
     and composites them in a suitable  container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection  of either  floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.

 8=  Automatic refrigeration is available as an option.
     Cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Unit is not designed for manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.
                             133

-------
11.  Sh.ould be able  to  operate in. freezing aaubients for
     some period of  time.

12.  Lifts in excess  of 18.3m C60 ft)  should be obtainable
     putting very  little restriction on operating head
     conditions.
                             134

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:
MALCO MODEL  S-TOO

Nalco Chemical  Company
180 N, Uichigan Avenue          ,
Chicago,  Illinois   60601
Phone   (312)  887-7500

End of  1.3 cm (1/2  in.)  standard
garden  hose.

Forced  flow  from submersible pump.

Up to 7.6m (25  ft).

1.3 cm  (1/2  in.) garden  hose.

28.4 Jipm  (7.5 gpm)  at  6m (20 ft).

Aliquot volume  between 50  to
900 m&  is a  function of  the  preset
diversion time  (from 0.6 to  6.0
seconds); composited in  user-
supplied  container.

Can be  used  for either automatic
or manual collection of  samples.
May be  operated from a relay
tripped by an external flowmeter
or level  switch contact  or by  a
built-in  interval timer  that can
be set  from  3 minutes  to 150 min-
utes .

115 VAC

None.

Plastic or rubber hose lines;
cases  are plastic.

Control box  is  29 x 22 x 25  cm
(11.5x8.5x10 in.) and  weighs
4.5 kg  (10 Ibs); carrying case is
52 x 20 x 41 cm (20.5x8x16 in.)
and weighs 12.2 kg  (27 Ibs);
portable.
                            135

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Base Price;               Not available at  time  of writing.

General Comments;         Can be used portably or installed
                          permanently in  one  location.
                          Inlet connection  to  the pump  is  a
                          standard  female garden hose  fit-
                          ting; outlet  connection is  a
                          standard  male garden hose  fitting.
                          Sample container  must  be provided
                          by user.   Unit  has  a pre-flush
                          before each sample  diversion  to
                          help assure representative  flow,
                          and drainage  after  each sample
                          interval  helps  keep  system  clean
                          and free  of cross-contamination.

Nalco Hodel S-100 Evaluation

 1.  Small screen over  pump intake  will help  prevent  clog-
     ging as will high  flow rate; solenoid  valve could  be
     vulnerable  to plugging.

 2.  Submersible pump offers obstruction  to flow.

 3.  Should be capable  of operation over  the  full  range of
     flows.

 4.  Movement of small  solids should not  hamper  operation;
     large objects could  damage  (or even  physically  destroy)
     pump unless special  protection is  provided  by  user.

 5.  No automatic starter,  Gravity draining  serves  as a
     self-cleaning function and  should  help minimize cross-
     contamination.   Pre-flush  feature  will also help.

 6.  Collects spot samples paced  either by  a  built-in timer
     or external flowmeter and  composites them in a user-
     supplied container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for  collection  of either floatables
     or coarser  bottom  solids.

 8.  Sample  container and protection must be supplied by
     user.

 9.  Unit  is capable of manhole operation.
                             136

-------
10.  Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Unit is not suited for prolonged operation in freezing
     ambients.

12.  7.5m (25 ft) maximum lift does not place a great
     operating  restriction on unit.
                            137

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:



Gathering Method;



Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate!




Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power  Source:
 Sample  Refrigator;
NAPP'K PORTA^POSITER SAMPLER

Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York  10519
Phone  (914) 277-3085

Provided by user; sampler has
0.64cm Cl/4 in.) NPT male hose
fitting.

Suction lift from self-priming
positive displacement pump with
flexible impeller.

1.8m (6 ft) maximum.

Line from petcock to sample  con-
tainer appears  to be about 0.64  cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.

Pump delivers up to 11.4  £pm
(3 gpm).  Flow  through by-pass  to
sample container depends  upon  pet-
cock setting.

Adjustable  size aliquots  (20 to
240 m&) are composited  in a  3.85-
(1 gal) container.

The pump is  operated once every
15 minutes  for  a period  of  20  sec-
onds.  A cycle  progress  indicator
informs the operator of  the  time
to next sample. There  is also a
manual advance  to the next  sample.

Model PPAC  is 115 VAC;  Model PPD
is 12 VDC and Model PPU  is  115 VAC
or 12 VDC.   The 12 VDC  power must
be supplied by  the user  and  is
usually a wet-cell battery.

None.
                             138

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Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
                           Sample train is bronze, brass,
                           Buna-N,  and polyethylene.  Casing
                           is 16  gauge steel with, baked
                           enamel finish.

                           Basic  unit is 24 x 22 x 34 cm
                           (9.5x8.5x13.5 in.); Models PPAC
                           and PPD weigh 10.4 kg (23 Ibs);
                           Model  PPU weighs 11.8 kg (26 Ibs);
                           portable.

                           PPAC-4  $225.
                           PPD-4    $245.
                           PPU-4    $285.

                           At the end of each sampling cycle,
                           both inlet and  exhaust are grav-
                           ity drained.  This drainage pro-
                           vides  a  sort of backwashing to
                           help prevent clogging.  Model PPU
                           is provided with two interchange-
                           able power cords; models PPAC and
                           PPD have permanent power cords.
                           A  sample intake strainer is avail-
                           able as  an option at $12.50, and
                           a  mounting base is available at
                           $10.00.   1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
                           polyethylene hose is available at
                           $1.50  per  foot.

Nappe Porta-Positer Model  PPAC Evaluation

 1.  Unit would not appear to be vulnerable to clogging,
     especially with use of  optional strainer, except
     perhaps at the petcock.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
     intake line and use of  optional strainer.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well  under all flow condi-
     tions.  Although line velocity  is high enough to
     transport suspended solids  reasonably well, the tee
     branch and throttling effect  of the  petcock bypass
     valve may affect sample representativeness.
                             139

-------
 4.   Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.   No automatic starter.  Gravity fall of liquid inclines
     when pump stops will pro-vide a self-cleaning action
     of sorts.

 6.   Unit collects a simple composite sample over a  4  to
     48 hour period.  The 15-minute aliquot gathering  fre-
     quency is non-adjustable.

 7.   Unsuitable for collection of samples of floatables or
     coarser bottom solids without specially designed  intake
     by user.

 8.   No refrigeration; case offers some sample protection.
     Small amount of cross-contamination might be experi-
     enced .

 9.   Unit appears capable of manhole operation.

10.   Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Not ideally suited for operation in freezing ambient
     conditions.

12.   Maximum  lift of 1.8m (5  ft) puts restrictions  on  use
     of unit.
                             140

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sampler  Intake;
 Gathering  Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sampler Flow  Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator
 NAPPE SERIES 46" LIQUID SAMPLER

 Nappe Corporation
 Croton Falls Industrial Complex
 Route 22
 Croton Falls,  New York  10519
 Phone  (914) 277-3085

 Provided by user; sampler has
 0.95  cm (3/8 in.) NPT female
 pipe  inlet.

 Suction lift from self-priming
 pump  with flexible impeller.

 To  4.6m (15 ft)  suction;  to 6m
 (20 ft)  discharge.

 0.95  cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

 Pump  delivers  up  to  13.2  £pm
 (3.5  gpm).

 Adjustable  size  aliquots  are
 composited  in  a  11.4£ (3  gal)
 sample  container.

 Sampler  can be triggered  by an
 adjustable  timer  which  sets the
 frequency between samples  or by
 an external flowmeter for  flow-
 proportional sampling.  Pump is
 programmed  for one of three
 cycles  depending  upon sample re-
 quirements .

 115 VAC.

Refrigeration is  available  and
 consists of a chilling  coil
immersed in the sample  container.
The compressor is  housed in a
compartment on top of the main
sample cabinet.   Temperature  con-
trol is by  an expansion valve  that
is factory  set at  7°C (45°F).
                            141

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Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General  Comments
                         Pump is stainless  steel with
                         neoprene impeller.   Solenoid  is
                         stainless  steel  and  neoprene.
                         Sample container is  polyethylene.
                         Hoses are  reinforced neoprene.
                         Sampler cabinet  is primed  alumi-
                         num finished  in  baked enamel.
                         Hinges are stainless steel;  lock
                         is brass.

                         Non-refrigerated - 39 x 34
                         x  102  cm  (15.4x13.5x40.1  in.);
                         Refrigerated  - 39  x  34 x  130 cm
                          (15.4x13.5x51.1 in.); Shipping
                         weight  is  91  kg (200 Ibs);
                          designed  for  fixed installation.

                          $1100  to  $1800 depending  upon
                          options.

                          The  pump  is programmed for one of
                          three  cycles.  For  lifts  up to
                          3m (10 ft), the pump operates for
                          30 seconds prior  to  and during the
                          sample diversion;  for lifts from
                          3  to 4.6m (10 to  15  ft),  the pump
                          runs continuously and is protected
                          by a pressure sensor; and for
                          lifts  over 4.6m (15  ft),  the pump
                          is located outside  the cabinet,
                          alongside the sampling point and
                          runs continuously.   The electrical
                          programmer is housed on the
                          cabinet door  and  is hinged  to
                          permit access.  Sealed disconnect
                          couplings are used  on  the refrig-
                          eration lines to  permit cleaning
                          of coils.  For  situations where
                          the sampling  point  is  not access-
                          ible to the  sampler, an optional
                          submersible  pump  is available.

Nappe Series 46 Liquid Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Unit would not appear  to be vulnerable to clogging,
     except at hose fittings and solenoid valve.
                              142

-------
 4

 5,
 8,


 9.

10.

11.


12.
 Obstruction  of  flow will depend upon user mounting of
 intake  line.

 Should  operate  reasonably well under all flow condi-
 tions .

 Movement  of,  solids  should not hamper operation.

 No automatic  starter.   Gravity fall of liquid in lines
 when pump  stops  will provide a sort of self-cleaning
 action.   Pump runs  30  seconds before extraction of
 each sample,  keeping lines  reasonably clear.

 Can collect  either  timer or flowmeter paced samples
 and composites  them in a 11. 4£ (3 gal) container.  A
 manual  test  switch  operates the solenoid valve and
 the self-priming pump.

 Unsuitable for  collection of  samples of floatables
 and coarser bottom  solids without specially designed
 intake  by user.

 Refrigeration is  available  as an  option.  Cross-
 contamination should not be a large problem.

 Unit not designed for  manhole operation.

 Cannot withstand  immersion.

 Thermostatically  controlled heater  allows  operation
 in freezing ambients.

Maximum lift of  6m  (20  ft)  does not place  severe
 restrictions on  use  of  unit.
                           143

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line  Size;

Sample Flow  Rate;

Sample Capacity;
 Controls;




 Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials
 Basic Dimensions
 Base Price;
NOASCONO AUTOMATIC SHIFT SAMPLER

Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois  62234
Phone   (618) 344-3706

End of  0.48 cm  (3/16 in.) I.D.
suction tube installed  to suit
by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

Up to  9m  (30 ft).

0.48 cm (3/16  in.)  I.D.

Up to  8 m£  per  minute.

Ten  user-supplied wide  mouth,
3.8&  (1 gal) jars are  sequentially
filled from continuously  running
pump;  one jar  requires  8  hours
to  fill.

On/off switch.   Speed  regulation
is  accomplished by  a variable pump
pulley and with a two-step motor
pulley.

 110  VAC.

 None.

 Sampler box is "Benelex", plywood,
 and stainless  steel.  Sampling
 train is Mayon, teflon, and
 Tygon.  Other parts are bronze
 and plastic.

 41 x  122 x 56  cm (16x48x22 in.);
 weighs 39 kg (87 Ibs); portable.

 Not available  at time  of writing.
                              144

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General Comments;          Manufacturer claims that
                           construction of box will ensure
                           corrosion-free operation and will
                           enable  sampler to operate at sub-
                           zero  temperatures with the addi-
                           tion  of  user-supplied heater.
                           Box cover  is insulated with
                           styrofoam  blanket.   Box is
                           designed to  hold 10 wide-mouth
                           3.7£  (1  gal)  sample jars which
                           must  be  supplied by the user.  A
                           threaded stainless  steel driving
                           shaft and  plastic trough are used
                           to deliver sample to jars sequen-
                           tially.  Manufacturer notes that
                           samples  will not be representative
                           as regards solids content.

Noascono Automatic Shift Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Obstruction or clogging will  depend  upon user in-
     stallation of intake  line; peristaltic pump can
     tolerate solids, but  tubing is  rather small.

 2.  Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
     intake line.
 3.



 4.


 5.

 6.



 7.


 8.
Should operate over all flow-conditions  but  extremely
low intake velocity will affect  representativeness of
sample at all flow rates.

Movement of solids within the  fluid  flow should not
affect operation adversely.

No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.

Unit sequentially fills user supplied sample  con-
tainers from very small, continuous  stream.   Pump
speed is adjustable.

Unit does not appear suitable  for  collecting  either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.

Unit offers some sample protection,  but  offers  no
refrigeration.
                            145

-------
 9.   Not designed for confined space or manhole operation

10.   Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Unit offers reasonable protection for operation in
     freezing ambients due to insulated box cover if
     heating element is installed by user.  Intake line
     could freeze unless also protected.

12.   Maximum lift of 9m (30 ft) does not place much
     operating restriction on unit.
                            146

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler Intake;


 Gathering Method


 Sample Lift;

 Line Size;


 Sample Flow Rate;

 Sample Capacity;
 Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;



Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;


Base Price:


General Comments:
 N-CON SURVEYOR II MODEL

 N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
 308 Main Street
 New Rochelle, New York  10801
 Phone (914) 235-1020

 End of 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) sampling
 tube installed to suit by user.

 Suction lift by self-priming flexi-
 ble impeller pump.

 1.8m (6 ft) maximum.

 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. line con-
 nects diverter to sample container.

 20 Upm (5  gpm).

 Aliquot  size adjustable from ap-
 proximately 150  mH to 5000 m£;  com-
 posited  in  user  supplied  container,
 7.6£ (2  gal)  jug  to  208SL  (55 gal)
 drum.

 Timer  may be  set  to  collect  from
 3  to 20  samples per  hour;  may also
 be paced by either pulse  duration
 or totalizer  signals  from external
 flowmeter.

 115  VAC.

 115  VAC/12  VDC refrigerator  which
 can  hold either one  7.6&  (2  gal) or
 two  3.8£ (1 gal)  bottles  available.

 Sampling train is  PVC, nylon, epoxy
 resin, and  Buna-N.

 28 x 20 x 25 cm (11 x  8 x  10  in);
weighs 6.8  kg  (15  Ibs); portable.

 $290; add $280 for refrigerator,
 $20 for flow proportional hook-up.

When sample is to be collected, the
self-priming pump operates for a
preset period of time which deter-
mines the volume of the sample.
                            147

-------
                         Approximately 15% of  the  pump's
                         throughput is diverted to the  sam-
                         ple receiver by a fluidic diverter.
                         When the pump stops  the  fall  of
                         liquid level in the  exhaust  line
                         backwashes to help prevent  clogging,
                         User must supply reinforced  garden
                         hose lines for sample intake  and
                         return and sample container.
N-Con Surveyor II Model Evaluation

 1.  Unit would not appear  to  be  vulnerable to clogging,
     except possibly at diverter  fittings.

 2.  Will depend upon way user mounts  end  of sampling
     tube.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under  all flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement  of solids should not  hamper  operation.

 5.  No  automatic starter.   Fall  of liquid in exhaust line
     when pump  stops will backwash  giving  a sort of self-
     cleaning  action.

 6.  Can collect either  timer  or  flowmeter paced samples
     and composite  them  in  a suitable container.  Repre-
     sentativeness  of  sample will depend upon user mounting
     of  intake tube.

 7  Unsuitable for collection of samples  of  floatables  and
     coarser  bottom solids  without specially  designed
     intake by user.

 8.  Automatic refrigerator available as option.  Small
     amount  of cross  contamination might be  experxenced.

 9.  Should  be able to operate in manhole  enviroment.

 10.   Cannot  withstand immersion.

 11.  Not ideally suited for operation in freezing ambients.

 12.  Maximum lift of 6 feet limits  location of  unit.
                             148

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler Intake;




 Gathering  Method:

 Sample  Lift;

 Line  Size;

 Sample  Flow Rate;

 Sample  Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
 N-CON SCOUT II MODEL

 N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
 308 Main Street
 New Rochelle, New York  10801
 Phone (914) 235-1020

 Plastic strainer approximately
 5 cm (2 in.)  diameter x 20 cm
 (8 in.) long  and perforated
 with 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.

 Suction lift  by peristaltic pump.

 Up to 5.5  m (18 ft).

 0.64 cm (1/4  in.)  I.D.

 150 m£  per minute.

 Aliquot size  is adjustable via a
 solid state timer  to  suit  hydrau-
 lics of installation  and  sampling
 programs;  composited  in a  3.8£
 (1 gal)  container.

 All solid  state controller in
 moisture-proof  enclosure has func-
 tion switch for test,  reset and
 set,  and purge  selection  (before,
 after,  or  both  before  and  after
 sample  collection), sample volume
 setting knob* on/off  switch,  and
 samples per hour switch (1,  2,  4,
 or  8  per hour or one  sample every
 1,  2, or 3  hours).  Float  switch
 automatically shuts unit off  when
 sample  container is full.   Unit
 may  also be paced by any flow to-
 talizer providing a momentary con-
 tact  closure every preset  number
 of  gallons.

 115 VAC or  internal 12  VDC  solid-
 gel battery.

 115 VAC/12 VDC  refrigerator which
 can hold either one 7.6£ (2 gal)
 or two 3.8£ (1  gal) bottles
available.
                            149

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Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling train PVC, silicone
rubber, polyethylene; case is
compression molded fiberglass,
stainless steel hardware.

36 x 15 x 43 cm (14 x 6 x 17 in.);
weighs 10 kg (22 Ibs); portable.

$575; solid-gel battery is $42,
charger is $38, automatic refrig-
erator is $280.

Optional refrigerator is
absorption-type, measures 43
x 43 x 38 cm (17 x 17 x  15 in.),
and weighs 9.5 kg  (21 Ibs).  Case
is weatherproof.
N-Con  Scout  II  Model  Evaluation

  1.  Peristaltic  action of pump should reduce probability
     of  clogging.

  2.  Obstruction  of  flow will depend upon way user mounts
     intake.

  3.  Should  operate  reasonably well over all flow condi-
     tions,  but fairly low intake velocity could affect
     representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

  4.  Movement of  solids should not hamper operation.

  5.  No  automatic starter.  Three purge modes are switch-
      selectable to help minimize cross-contamination and
      offer a sort of self-cleaning.

  6.   Unit collects preset size aliquots at either preset
      time intervals  or as paced by external flowmeter and
      composites them in container.  Representativeness of
      sample will depend upon user mounting of intake tube.

  7.   Unit does not appear suitable for collecting float-
      ables or coarser bottom solids.

  8.   Refrigeration optional.  Reasonably  good sample pro-
      tection (container is connected  only to pump).  Cross-
      contamination should be small.

  9.   Designed to operate  in manhole environment.
                              150

-------
10.

11.

12.
Cannot withstand total immersion.


Not suited for operation in freezing environments.

Maximum lift of 5.5m (18 ft) places small restriction
on use of unit.
                           151

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method!

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;




Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
N-CON SENTRY 500 MODEL

N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Plastic strainer approximately
5 cm (2 in.) diameter x 20 cm
(8 in.) long and perforated with
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift by peristaltic pump.

Up to 5.5m  (18 ft).

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

150 m& per minute.

Collects 24 sequential composite
500 m£ samples made up of  from 2,
4, or 8 individual aliquots over a
period of 3 to 72 hours.

Same as Scout II Model plus bottles
per hour switch adjustable from
8 bottles per hour to 1 bottle in
3 hours.

115 VAC or  internal 12 VDC solid-
gel battery.

Available as option.

Same as Scout II, but glass sample
jars (clear styrene optional) and
aluminum case with baked-on syn-
thetic enamel finish.

37 x 37 x 56 cm  (14.5 x 14.5
x  22 in.);  weighs 17.7 kg  (39 Ibs)
portable.

$1,125; solid-gel battery  is $42,
charger is  $38.
                            152

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General Comments:
Similar in operation to the Scout
Model except for capability to
collect discrete samples.  Sampler
automatically shuts off after
24th bottle is filled.  Twin doors
provide easy access at both front
and rear of case.  Sample distri-
bution tray slides out for easy
cleaning without disturbing other
components.  A second pump head
may be easily field installed, pro-
viding the ability to collect a
single as well as sequential compos-
ite sample simultaneously or to
sample at different levels in the
flow or from two different sources
simultaneously.
N-Con Sentry 500 Model Evaluation

 1.  Peristaltic action of pump should reduce probability
     of clogging.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
     intake.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
     tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
     representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.  Three purge modes are switch-
     selectable to help minimize cross-contamination and
     offer a sort of self-cleaning.

 6.  Unit collects 24 sequential composite samples made up
     of 2 to 8 individual aliquots at preset time intervals
     or as paced by external flowmeter.  Representativeness
     of sample will depend upon user mounting of intake
     tube.

 7.  Unit does not appear suitable for collection of
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Refrigeration optional.  Reasonably good sample protec-
     tion.  Cross-contamination should be small.

 9.  Designed to operate in manhole environment.
                             153

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10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Not suited for operation in.freezing environments.

12.  Maximum lift of 5.5m (18 ft) places small restriction
     on use of unit.
                            154

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
N-CON SENTINEL MODEL

N-Con Systems Company,  Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York   10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Provided by user; sampler  has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head to provide flow
through a sampling  chamber from
which an oscillating  dipper (after
McGuire and Stormgaard)  extracts
a sample aliquot and  transfers  it
to a funnel where it  is  gravity
fed to a composite  bottle.

Not applicable.

Smallest line in sampling  train is
the one connecting  the  funnel  to
the sample bottle;  it appears  to
be about 2.5 cm  (1  in.).

38 to 189 £pm (10 to  50  gpm).

Sampling dipper  collects a 25  mZ
aliquot; a 7.6£  (2  gal)  composite
container is provided.

Constant rate sampling  (between 3
and 20 samples per  hour) is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional composites  are col-
lected by connecting  to  the elec-
trical output of a  pulse duration
or integrating external  flowmeter.

115 VAC

Automatic refrigerator  to  maintain
sample at 4° to  10°C  is  available.
Construction Materials;   PVC and polyethylene,
Basic Dimensions:
56 x  71  x  147  cm  (22  x 28
x  58  in.).  Designed for fixed in-
stallation.  Weighs  83.9  kg
(185  Ibs).
                            155

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Base Price:
General Comments:
Around $2,600 with refrigerator.

Manufacturer claims representative
samples assured due to design of
sample chamber which causes
thorough mixing of liquid before
it flows over adjustable weir.
N-Con Sentinel Model Evaluation

 1.  Should be free from  clogging.   Sampling intake must be
     designed by  user.

 2.  Sampler itself offers  no  flow  obstruction.

 3.  Should operate well  over  entire range of flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of  solids should not  hamper operation.

 5.  Designed for continuous  operation;  no automatic
     starter.  Continuous flow serves a self cleaning
     function and should  minimize cross contamination.

 6.  Can  collect  either flow  proportional or fixed time
     interval composites.  Representativeness of sample
     will be a function of  sample intake which is not a
     part of this unit.

 7.  Collection  of floatables  and coarser bottom solids
     will depend  upon  design  of  sampling intake.

 8.  Automatic refrigeration  maintains samples at 44° to
     10°C.  Offers good sample protection and freedom from
     precontamination.

 9.  Not  designed for  confined space or manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand  total immersion.

11.  Does not appear  capable  of  prolonged exposure to
     extremely  cold ambient conditions.

12.  Operating head is  provided  by user.
                             156

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line SIze;


Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
N-CON TREBLER  MODEL

N-Con Systems  Company,  Inc.
308 Main  Street
New Rochelle,  New  York   10801
Phone (914)  235-1020

Specially  designed scoop.

Mechanical;  oscillating scoop is
lowered into the channel traversing
entire depth of  flow,  then returned
to its raised  position,  draining
the collected  sample by gravity
through a  swivel fitting coaxial
with the hub into  a sample
container.

Unit must  be in  flow stream.

1.3 cm (1/2  in.) diameter  pipe
connects hub to  sample  container.

Not applicable.

Scoop is shaped  to gather  a  volume
of liquid  that 'is  proportional to
the channel  flow;  can vary typi-
cally from 200 to  600 m£ when
installed  in a Parshall  flume.

Electric timer may be set  to  take
from 3 to  20 samples per hour.

115 VAC electricity

Automatic  refrigerator  available
which provides 4°  to 10°C  sample
storage.

Cast aluminum  frame and  cover;
PVC scoop, plastic pipe.

Approximately  0.6  to 0.9m  (2  to
3 ft) of headroom  is required.
Other dimensions depend  upon  size
of flume or weir.  Refrigerator
case is 61 x 66 x  76 cm  (24 x 26
x 30 in.).  Designed for fixed
installation.
                             157

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Base Price;

General Comments;
$1,050; add  $300  for  refrigerator.

Drive mechanism and control  pro-
grammer are  totally enclosed and
weatherproof, with no  exposed
chains or sprockets.   Oscillating
action of scoop permits  installa-
tion in smaller weir  boxes  and man-
holes and lessens  the chances of
fouling with rags, etc.,  or  being
damaged by floating debris.   Must
operate in conjunction with  a weir
or Parshall  flume.
N-Con Trebler Model  Evaluation

 1.  Scoop is not  likely to pick up any solids large enough
     to  clog sample  line.

 2.  Scoop presents  an obstruction over the entire depth of
     flow  during  sampling cycle.

 3.  Scoop must be designed for range of flows anticipated
     in  conjunction  with flume.  This range has certain
     limitations.

 4.  Movement of  solids could interfere with scoop rotation;
     abrasive wear on rigid, high impact PVC scoop should
     not be  too  great.

 5.  No  automatic starter; no self cleaning features.

 6.  Collects a  sample for compositing from throughout  the
     entire  depth of flow that is proportional to depth  and
     hence flow  rate through the flume.

 7.  Will  afford  some capability of sampling floatables  as
     well  as bottom solids.

 8.  Standard unit has no sample container.  Optional
     refrigerator would appear to offer reasonable
     protection.

 9.  Designed  for operation in the flow stream, but  requires
     a Parshall  flume for best operation which would rule
     out most manholes.

 10.  Unit  cannot withstand  total immersion.
                               158

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11.  Unit is not designed to operate in freezing ambients




12.  Unit must be in flow stream to function.
                            159

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Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:
Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity:
Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
PERI PUMP MODEL 704

The Peri Pump Company Ltd.
180 Clark Drive
Kenmore, New York  14223
Phone   (716) 875-7955

Weighted screen at end of 1.8m
(6 ft)  long suction tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

Designed to operate between 1.2
and 1.8m (4 and 6 ft); Manufac-
turer claims, however, that pump
is capable of lifting over 7.6m
(25 ft) although at reduced out-
put .

Appears to be about 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.

Approximately 160 m£ per minute.

Fixed size  (approx. 40 m£) ali-
quots are taken every 15 minutes
and composited in a 3.8&  (1 gal)
container.

On/off  switch.

Two 12  VDC dry-cell batteries.

None

Sample  train is PVC and  silicon.
Case is aluminum with rubber
sealed  door and epoxy-sealed
controls and is painted  with  an
acrylic lacquer.

49 x 37 x 30 cm  (16x12x10  in.);
weighs  11.3 kg  (25  Ibs);  portable

Not available at time of writing.
                             160

-------
General Comments;         An overflow  tube  is  connected to
                          the  container  in  case the unit is
                          left  longer  than  24  hours.   Ali-
                          quot  size  is a function of  lift.

Peri Pump Model 704 Evaluation

 1.  Peristaltic action of pump  should reduce  probability
     of clogging.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will  depend upon user mounting of
     intake.

 3.  Should operate reasonably  well  under all  flow condi-
     tions, but fairly low intake velocity  could affect
     representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should  not affect operation
     adversely.

 5.  No automatic starter; no  self-cleaning features.

 6.  Unit takes fixed time interval  samples paced by  a
     built-in timer and composites them  in  a suitable
     container.

 7.  Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Unit offers reasonable sample protection, but offers
     no refrigeration.  Cross-contamination appears very
     likely.

 9.  Unit is designed for manhole operation.

10.  Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Unit cannot withstand freezing  ambients.

12.  Designed for operation at  between 1.2  and 1.8m (4 and
     6 ft)  lift, which limits  location of unit.  Greater
     lifts  are possible but with reduced aliquot size.
                            161

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method!


Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
PHIPPS AND BIRD DIPPER-TYPE

Phipps and Bird, Inc.
303 South 6th Street
Richmond, Virginia  23205
Phone (703) 644-5401

Dipping bucket.

Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.

Up to 3m (10 ft) standard, longer
on special order.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Dipping bucket holds 200 mH; user
supplies sample composite container
to suit.

Sampling cycle can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals from a built-in timer
(15 minutes) or in response to
signals from an external inte-
grating flowmeter.  Test switch.

115 VAC or 12 VDC electricity.

Optional refrigerator, with wide
mouth sample intake (to match
sampler discharge trough) leading
to custom sampler container, will
maintain sample between 4-10°C.

Dipper and funnel are stainless
steel; sprockets and chain are
steel (stainless available),
supports are angle iron.

Lower portion of unit will pass
through a 30.5 cm (12 in.) diameter
opening; base is 41 x 61 cm (16 x
24 in.) and entire unit will pass
through a 76 cm (30 in.) diameter
opening; unit extends 0.9m (3 ft)
above base.  Fixed installation.
                            162

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   Figure 11.  Phipps  and Bird Dipper-Type Sampler
Bhotograph courtesy of  Pljipps and Bird,  Inc
                              163

-------
Base Price;
General Comments
$725; $1,145 in stainless steel;
$1,980 for explosion proof version:
$2,450 for explosion proof version
in stainless steel; refrigerator
is $325.

Manufacturer states unit was de-
signed to sample trash laden
streams where it is not possible
to operate a pump.  A circuit
breaker prevents damage if unit
becomes jammed.
Phipps  and Bird  Dipper-Type Evaluation

 1.   Clogging  of sampling train is unlikely;  however, the
      exposed chain-sprocket drive is vulnerable to jamming
      by  rags,  debris,  etc.

 2.   Unit provides  a rigid  obstruction to flow.

 3.   Unit should operate over full range of flows.

 4.   Movement  of solids could jam unit.

 5.   No automatic starter;  no self-cleaning features.
  6.   Collects  fixed size aliquots paced by built-in timer
      or  external flowmeter and composites them in a suit-
      able container.

  7.   Does not  appear well suited for collecting either.
      floatables or coarser bottom solids.

  8.   No  sample collector provided.

  9.   Unit is capable of manhole operation.

 10.   Unit is not weatherproof; cannot withstand total
      immersion.

 11.   Unit is not suitable for prolonged operation in
      freezing ambients.

 12.   Unit would appear impractical for very long lifts  (say
      above 18.3m (60 ft).
                             164

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
PROTEGH MODEL CG-110

Protech., Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania   19355
Phone  (215) 644-4420

Plastic sampling  chamber  (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows  of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.)  diameter  ports
around the circumference.
Weighted bottom caps are -avail-
able to keep the  intake screen
off the bottom.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum  is 9.1m  (30  ft).

0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Less than 1 £pm;  depends upon
pressure setting  and lift.

Sample chamber volumes  of  25, 50,
75, or 100 m£; composited  in  user
supplied container.

Sampling frequency is determined
by a built-in ratemeter and
fluidic accumulator timing cir-
cuit.  Sampling interval adjust-
able from 2 to 60 minutes.  On-off
valve for control of external
pressure source.  Standard 50 m£
sample chamber has removable
25 m£ plug.

Requires external pressure source
such as refrigerant type of
propellant, nitrogen or compressed
air .

Available as an option.
                             165

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Construction Materials;    All  components in sampling train
                           are  TFE  resins,  PVC,  and nylon.
                           Case is  heavy duty aluminum with
                           baked vinyl finish.

                           33 x 23  x 30 cm (13x9x12 in.);
                           weighs 7.3 kg (16 Ibs); portable.

                           $485.

	           Model is explosion proof.  No
                           battery  or electrical lines
                           needed.   Propellant consumption
                           is approximately equivalent to
                           150-170  samples per 0.45 kg (1 Ib)
                           of R-12  refrigerant.   Optionally
                           available are TFE sample chamber
                           and  tubing for sampling oily or
                           sticky liquids, puncturing valve
                           for  propellant in sealed refrig-
                           erant cans, short unweighted
                           bottom cap for sample chamber,
                           and  a portable refrigerator.

Protech Model  CG-110  Evaluation

 1.  Sampling  train is  unobstructed 0.32 cm  (1/8 in.) I.D.
     passageway which will pass small solids.  No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Obstruction  to flow will  depend upon user mounting  of
     intake.

 3.  Sampling  chamber will fill immediately  following dis-
     charge  of previous aliquot.  Circulation of flow
     through  chamber  would appear to be limited, resulting
     in a  sample  not  necessarily representative of condi-
     tions  in  the sewer at the time of the next triggering
     signal.   Representativeness is also questionable at
     high  flow rates.

 4.  Movement  of  solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.  A self-cleaning  feature  of sorts
     in the  sampling  chamber is accomplished by the  two-way
     flushing  action which occurs during each filling and
     pressurizing cycle.
                             166

-------
 6.  Collects spot samples  at preset  time  intervals and
     composites them in a suitable  container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection  of  either floatable
     materials or coarser bottom  solids.

 8.  Portable refrigerator  available  as  an option to refrig-
     erate sample containers.  Some cross-contamination
     appears likely.

 9.  Designed for manhole operation.

10.  Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
     immersion.

11.  Unit is not suited for  operation in freezing ambients.

12.  Upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does  not  pose a
     severe restriction on  operating  head  conditions.
                            167

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line  Size:

Sample Flow  Rate:


Sample Capacity;
 Controls:
 Power Source:
PROTECH MODEL CG-125

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania  19355
Phone (215) 644-4420

Plastic sampling chamber  (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around  the circumference.  Weighted
bottom  caps are available to keep
the intake screen off the bottom.

Forced  flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 9.1m  (30 ft).

0.32 cm (1/8  in.) I.D.

Less than  1 &pm  (1/4  gpm);  depends
upon pressure setting and lift.

Sample  chamber volumes  from 25  to
250 ml  available; sample  composited
in suitable  container,  5.8&
 (1.5 gal)  jug available.

Sampling  frequency  is determined
by metering  gas  pressure  (via  a
rotometer  with a vernier  needle
valve  and  two float  balls)  into a
surge  tank until a  preset pressure,
normally  1 kg/sq cm (15 psi),  is
reached,  whereupon  a pressure  con-
 troller releases  the gas, a
 0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi) differential,
 to  the sample chamber forcing  the
 sample up  to the sample bottle and
 blowing the lines  clear.   The
 higher the gas flow rate the
 higher the sampling frequency.
 Sampling  frequency  is adjustable
 from two  minutes to one hour.

 Three  0.45 kg (1 Ib) cans of re-
 frigerant on a common manifold
 inside the case is  standard; com-
 pressed air or nitrogen can also
 be used.
                             168

-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Portable  refrigerator  (110  VAC  or
12 VDC) with  capacity  for one 5.8£
(1.5 gal)  or  two  3.8£  (1 gal) sam-
ple containers  available.

All components  in sampling  train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum,  gas  valves and
fittings  are  of brass  and copper.

33 x 25 x  43  cm (13 x  10 x  17 in.)
standard;  deep  case large enough
to hold a  5.8£  (1.5 gal) sample
container  and winterizing kit is
available.  Standard unit weighs
14 kg  (31  Ibs)  total;  portable.

$695 for basic unit including 50 mH
sample chamber, 6  cans  of refriger-
ant, and  two  9m (30 ft) lengths of
tubing.  Add  $75  for deep case;
$140 for winterizing kit; $20 for
100 m£ or  $80 for  250  m£ sample
chamber;  $275 for  refrigerator.
Two high-lift, to  91m  (300  ft),
models are available;  CG-170 at
$870 offers continuously adjustable
lift, while CG-190 at  $890  has con-
vertible high/low  lift.

Standard model is  explosion proof,
no battery or electrical power is
required.  Manufacturer claims unit
will sample up to  1/8"  diameter
solids.  Check valve in sample
chamber is self-cleaning.   Self-
cleaning feature  is accomplished by
the two-way flushing action which
occurs during each filling  and
pressurizing cycle.  A  flow split-
ter provides 1 to  2, 1  to 1, or
2  to 1 ratio of sample  flow to
waste return flow.  Three cans of
refrigerant allow  taking up to
250 aliquots.   Winterizing  is ac-
complished using strip heaters op-
erated by an automatic  temperature
control.
                            169

-------
4,

5,
Protech Model CG-125 Evaluation

 1.  Sampling train is unobstructed 0.32 cm  (1/8 in.) I.D.
     passageway which will pass small solids.  No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
     intake.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately  following dis-
     charge of previous aliquot.  Circulation of flow
     through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
     in a sample not necessarily representative of  condi-
     tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
     signal.  Representativeness is also questionable at
     high flow rates.

     Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

     No automatic starter.  A self-cleaning  feature of sorts
     in the sampling chamber is accomplished by the two-way
     flushing action which occurs during each filling and
     pressurizing cycle.

 6.  Collects spot  samples at preset  time intervals and
     composites  them in a suitable container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection  of either  floatable
     materials or coarser bottom  solids.

 8.  Refrigeration  is  available as an option.   Deep case
     version offers reasonable  sample protection.   Some
     cross-contamination  appears  likely.

 9.  Unit  is designed  for manhole  operation.

 10.  Case  is weatherproof but will not  withstand  total
     immersion.

 11.  Can  operate in freezing  ambients if  fitted with
     optional winterizing kit.

 12.  Standard upper lift  limit  of 9.1m (30  ft)  does not
     pose  a great  restriction on  operating  head conditions;
     high  lift  versions  have  virtually no  restriction.
                            170

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
PROTECH MODEL CG-125FP

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania  19355
Phone  (215) 644-4420

Plastic sampling chamber  (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows  of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference.  Weighted
bottom caps are available to  keep
the intake screen off the bottom.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 9.1m  (30  ft).

0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Less than 1 £pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.

Sample chamber volumes from 25 to
250 m£ available; sample composited
in suitable container, 5.8£
(1.5 gal) jug available.

Can take samples at preset time
intervals in same way as
Model CG-125.  For flow propor-
tional sampling a normally closed,
solenoid operated valve in the gas
inlet opens momentarily on receiv-
ing an impulse from an external
flow registering device.  The sam-
pling frequency is determined by
the frequency and duration of
these impulses and the rotometer
setting.  Thus the intermittent
flow signal impulses are translated
into fluidic impulses that are ac-
cumulated in the surge tank which
serves as a totalizer.  If the flow
proportional signal is supplied by
a totalizer and it is desired to
take one sample per impulse, a
solid state timer is available
                             171

-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;

Basic Price;



General  Comments
which will hold the solenoid open
long enough to accumulate the
necessary pressure.

115 VAC or 6 VDC; three 0.45 kg
(1 Ib) cans of refrigerant on a
common manifold inside the case is
standard; compressed air or nitro-
gen can also be used.

Optional as with CG-125.

All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case  is aluminum, gas valves and
fittings are of brass and copper.

Same  as Model  CG-125.

$925  for basic unit; add  $250  for
solid  state  timer,  other  acces-
sories priced  as  for Model CG-125.

Basically a  flow  proportional
version  of Model  CG-125.   Com-
pletely  portable  in battery  ver-
sion.  Control solenoid  is
certified by UL  for use  in hazard-
ous  areas.
 Protech Model CG-125FP Evaluation

  1.   Sampling train is unobstructed 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
      passageway which will pass small solids.   No pump to
      clog.

  2.   Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
      intake.

  3.   Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
      charge of previous aliquot.  Circulation of flow
      through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
      in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
      tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
      signal.   Representativeness is also questionable at
      high flow rates.

  4.   Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
                             172

-------
 5.  No automatic starter.  A self-cleaning feature of sorts
     in the sampling chamber is accomplished by the two-way
     flushing action which occurs during each filling and
     pressurizing cycle.

 6.  Collects spot samples at either preset time intervals
     or paced by an external flowmeter and composites them
     in a suitable container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Refrigeration is available as option.  Some cross-
     contamination appears likely.  Deep case version offers
     reasonable sample protection.

 9.  Unit is designed for manhole operation.

10.  Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
     immersion.

11.  Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with op-
     tional winterizing kit.

12.  Standard upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does not
     pose a great restriction on operating head conditions.
                            173

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity:




Controls:
 Power Source;
PROTEGE MODEL CEG 200

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania   19355
Phone   (215) 644-4420

Plastic 250 mH sampling chamber
with 4  removable 50 m&  plugs.

Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 16.8m (55  ft).

Smallest line is 0.32  cm (1/8  in.)
I.D.

Less than  1 £pm  (1/4  gpm);  depends
upon pressure setting  and lift.

Aliquots taken by  250  m& sample
chamber with  4 removable 50 m&
plugs  are  composited  in a 5.8£
(1.5 gal)  sample  container.

Sampling interval  and  duration
are  controlled individually
(6 seconds to  60  hours) from panel
with visible  countdown.  Samples
can  be taken  by  propellant from
an external pressure  source, or
by internal air  compressor for
continuous use  or standby.
Accepts signals  by preset timer
or from external  flowmeter signal.
Purging time  is  controllable via
sample duration  timer.  Higher
lift than  standard is  available
by resetting  internal  pressure
regulator.

115  VAC and propellant  from an
external  pressure source such  as
nitrogen,  compressed air, or
refrigerant.
                              174

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 Sample  Refrigerator:
Construction  Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
 Noiseless absorption type avail-
 able as an option with capacity
 for one 5.8& (1.5 gal) or two
 3.8& (1 gal) sample containers.
 An aluminum stand is also avail-
 able to support the refrigerator
 on a shelf below the sampler.
 Stationary models accommodate the
 refrigerator within cabinet.

 All components  in sampling train
 are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
 Case is aluminum.

 Portable - 33 x 48 x 43 cm
 (13x19x17 in.), weighs 18 kg
 (40 Ibs)  total; Stationary indoor-
 69  x 66 x 127 cm (27x26x50 in.),
 weighs  107 kg (235 Ibs) total;
 Stationary outdoor - 76 x 66 x
 152 cm  (30x26x60 in.),  weighs
 118 kg  (260  Ibs) total.

 $1,345  (portable),  $1,990 (sta-
 tionary indoor), and $2445
 (stationary  outdoor);  all include
 250 mJl  sample chamber,  15.2m
 (50 ft)  each of 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
 O.D.  and  1.3 cm (1/2 in.)  O.D.
 tubing,  and  5.8£ (1.5  gal)  sample
 container.   For portable  model
 add  $275  for refrigerator,  $140
 for  winterizing kit, and  $75 for
 aluminum  stand  to  hold  sampler
 above container or  refrigerator.

Manufacturer claims  unit  has  high-
 solids  capability  for  sampling
 industrial and  sewage wastes.
 Sample  lines  are purged of  liquid
 after each sample  is taken.   A
seven-day  programming  clock  for
stationary models programs  opera-
tion in selected 15-minute  incre-
ments;  available at  $195.
                             175

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Protech Model CEG 200 Evaluation

 1.  Sampling tra,in is unobstructed 0.32  cm  (1/8  in.)  I.D.
     passageway which will pass small  solids.   No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Obstruction to flow will  depend upon user  mounting of
     intake.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately  following  dis-
     charge of previous aliquot.   Circulation  of  flow
     through chamber would appear  to be  limited,  resulting
     in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
     tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
     signal.  Representativeness is also  questionable  at
     high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.   Self-cleaning in the  sampling
     chamber is somewhat  accomplished  by  the two-way
     flushing action which occurs  during  each  filling  and
     pressuring cycle.

 6.  Collects spot  samples at  either preset  time  intervals
     or paced by an external flowmeter and composites  them
     in a suitable  container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for  collection of either floatable
     materials or  coarser bottom  solids.

 8.  Portable top-opening, absorption-type refrigerator
     available as  an  option  to maintain sample compartment
     at desired temperature.  Some cross-contamination
     appears likely.

 9.  Portable unit  can  be used for manhole operation.

 10.  Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
     immersion.

 11.  Can  operate  in freezing ambients  if fitted with  op-
     tional  winterizing  kit.

 12.  Upper  lift  limit of  16.8m (55 ft) poses little
     restriction  on operating head conditions.
                             176

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Designation;

Manufacturer :
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
 PROTECH MODEL CEL-300

 Protech,  Inc.
 Roberts Lane
 Malvern,  Pennsylvania  19355
 Phone  (215)  644-3854

 Plastic cylindrical (about
 10  cm  diameter x 20 cm long)
 screen perforated with over
 500-0.5 cm (3/16 in.)  diameter
 ports  over pump inlet.

 Forced flow from submersible pump.

 Standard  maximum is 9.1m (30 ft.)

 1.3 cm (1/2  in.)  I.D.  inlet hose.

 3.8 to 7.6 £pm (1 to 2 gpm)
 recommended.

 Aliquot volume (2 to 65 m&) is a
 function  of  the preset diversion
 time;  5.8& (1.5 gal)  composite
 container  is  standard.

 Unit operates on continuous-flow
 principle,  returning the un-
 collected  sample to waste.   Sample
 is pumped  through a non-clogging
 flow-diverter type chamber.  Upon
 receiving  a  signal from either an
 external  flow registering device
 or the built-in timer, the  unit
 diverts the  flow for a preset pe-
 riod of time  (adjustable from
 0.06 to 1.0  second)  to the  sample
 container.  When  operating  in the
 timed  sampling  mode,  the sampling
 frequency  can be  set  for 1, 2,  or
 5 minutes.  When  operating  in the
 flow-proportional mode the  sampler
may accept either a timed pulse
 signal  which  can  be accumulated
 (totalized) by  the built-in timer,
or a single  totalized  signal
whereupon  the  sampler  will  be
fired  directly.
                            177

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Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:




Construction Materials




Basic Dimensions;
Base Price;
 General  Comments:
115 VAC.

Available as an option in portable
model.  Stationary models have
automatic refrigerated sample
compartment.

Sampling train; PVC, nylon,  stain-
less steel, and TFE resins;  case
is aluminum with baked vinyl
finish.

Portable -  33 x 48 x 43  cm  (13
x 19 x  17 in.), weighs 31.8  kg
(70 Ibs) total; Stationary  in-
door -  69 x 66 x 127 cm  (27  x  26
x 50 in.), weighs 113 kg (250  Ibs)
total;  Stationary outdoor -  76
x 66 x  152  cm  (30 x 26 x 60  in.),
weighs  125  kg  (275 Ibs)  total.

$1,495  portable, $2,205  stationary
indoor, $2,750 stationary outdoor;
all include lira  (36 ft)  of  1.3  cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose,  6.1m
(20 ft) of  2.5 cm  (1 in.) waste
return  hose, clamps, submersible
magnetic-drive pump, motor,  and
sample  container.  Alternative
pumps are direct-drive  submersible
(add $10) ,  flexible-impeller
positive-displacement  (add  $25),
progressive-cavity positive-
displacement  (add  $185), open-
impeller  centrifugal  (add $145),
and closed-impeller  centrifugal
(add  $175).

Model DEL-400S  is  essentially  sim-
ilar  except that  it  takes up to
24  discrete samples  in  separate
500 mH  containers.   It  is housed
in  a  stationary  outdoor cabinet
measuring  76  x 81  x  183 cm   (30
x 32  x  72  in.)  and total weight is
154 kg  (340 Ibs).   Aluminum cabinet
version weighs 93  kg  (205 Ibs).
Standard  model costs  $3,995 and
aluminum  version is.$4,765.
                              178

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 Protech Model CEL-300 Evaluation

  1.   Large sampling screen chamber over pump inlet can
      tolerate blockage of a number of ports and still func-
      tion.  Pump and tubing should be free from clogging.

  2.   Submersible pump and screen present an obstruction to
      the flow.
  3.
 9

10

11,


12,
 Should be capable of operation over the full range of
 flow conditions.

 Movement  of small solids should not affect operation;
 large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
 the  in-water portion unless special protection is pro-
 vided by  user.

 No automatic starter since designed for continuous
 flow.   Continuous flow serves a self cleaning function
 of all except line from diverter to sample bottle.

 Collects  spot samples  paced either by built-in timer
 or .external  flowmeter  and  composites them in a
 suitable  container.  DEL-400  collects 24 discrete
 samples.

 Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
 materials  or coarser bottom solids.

 Absorption  type refrigerator  available as  an option in
 portable version.   Stationary units  have automatic
 refrigerated  sample  compartment.   Cross-contamination
 should not be too  great.

 Portable unit is  designed  for manhole  operation.

 Cannot withstand  total  immersion.

 Can operate  in freezing  ambients  unless  fitted with  op-
 tional winterizing kit.

Upper lift limit of  9.1m (30  ft)  does  not  pose a  great
restriction on operating head  conditions.
                            179

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Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow  Rate;


Sample Capacity;




Controls:
Power  Source;

Sample Refrigerator;




Construction Materials



Basic  Dimensions;


Base Price:
QCEC MODEL CVE

Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315
Phone (515) 285-3091

End of suction line installed to
suit by user.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

6m  (20 ft.) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I . D .
Depends upon lift, but under  3
(0.8 gpm) .
Adjustable aliquots  of  from  20  to
50 mH are composited in a  1.9£
(1/2 gal) jug  (standard) or  3.85,
(1 gal) jug  (optional).

Sampling cycles  can  either be
started at fixed,  selected inter-
vals by a built-in timer or  in
response to  signals  .from an  ex-
ternal flowmeter.

115 VAC standard;  12 VDC optional.

Standard model has insulated case
with built-in  ice  chamber; auto-
matic refrigeration  is  available
as an option.

Sampling train is  tygon, polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and  glass;
case is fiberglass.

38 x 38 x  61 cm  (15  x 15 x 24 in.)
portable .

$570 for base  unit with timer only,
Add  $175 for control to allow
pacing  by  external flowmeter,  $250
for  mechanical refrigeration,  $35
for  electric heater.
                              180

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     Figure  12.   Quality Control  Equipment Company
                    Model CVE  Sampler
Photograph  courtesy of Quality  Control Equipment Company
                             181

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General Comments;
Unit was developed by Dow Chemical
and is manufactured under license.
It uses a patented vacuum system
which delivers a volumetrically
controlled sample on signal.   Liq-
uid is lifted through suction  tube
into a sample chamber (which is
connected to the sample  container)
with a float check valve.   When  the
chamber is filled to the desired
level it is automatically closed  to
vacuum, the pump shuts o-ff, and  the
sample is forcibly drawn into  the
sample container.  The suction line
drains by gravity to the source.
An  option provides an 5.6 kg/sq  cm
(80 psi) blow-down of the sampling
train just prior  to  sampling assur-
ing that no old material remains
in  the submerged  lower  end  of  the
suction tube,  helps  clean the  lines
of  any accumulations which  might
clog  or plug,  and provides  a fresh
air purge  of  the  entire  system.
 QCEC  Model CVE Evaluation

  1.   Should be relatively free from clogging due  to  lack  of
      bends and fittings in sample train and optional
      5.6 kg/sq cm (80 psi) purging feature.

  2.   Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
      end of sampling tube.

  3.   Should operate fairly well over the entire  range  of
      flow conditions.

  4.   Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

  5.   No automatic starter.  Optional purge  serves a  self-
      cleaning function.

  6.   Can collect samples paced by either built-in timer or
      external flowmeter and composite  them  in  a  suitable
      container.  Representativeness of  sample  will  depend
      upon user mounting of intake tube.

  7.   Unit does not  appear suitable  for  collection of float-
      ables or coarser bottom  solids.
                              182

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10

11


12.
Standard  unit  has  insulated sample container with, ice
chamber;  automatic refrigeration is optional.  Appears
to offer  good  sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.

Unit would  appear  to function satisfactorily in a
manhole environment.

Cannot withstand total  immersion.

Thermostatically controlled heater is available for
applications in freezing  ambients.

Maximum lift of 6m (20  ft)  does not place too severe a
restriction on use of- the unit.
                            183

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power  Source;
 Sample  Refrigerator:
 Construction Materials
QCEC MODEL CVE II

Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 50315
Phone  (515) 285-3091

End of suction line installed  to
suit by user.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

6m  (20 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Adjustable up to 3 £pm  (0.8  gpm).

Adjustable aliquots of  from  20 to
50  mJl are composited  in a 3. 8&
(1  gal) jug.

New all solid state control  sys-
tem with interval timing module
will accept  signals from external
flowmeters and perform  its  own
integration  to provide  flow  pro-
portional sampling.   It will also
accept external  time  pulse  signals,
or  signals from  sampling switches,
or  operate on a  straight timed
interval basis.  Sample flow rate
is  also adjustable.

115 VAC standard; 12  VDC optional,
including internal  gel-cell
battery.

Standard model has  insulated case
with built-in  ice  chamber;  auto-
matic  refrigeration is  available
as  an  option.

Sampling  train  is  tygon,  polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and  glass;
case  is fiberglass.
                             184

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      Figure 13.   Quality Control Equipment Company
                   Model  CVE II Sampler

Photograph courtesy  of Quality Control Equipment  Company

                           185

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments:
                          About  43 x  38 x  51  cm
                          (17x15x20 in.);  portable.

                          Approximately $1,000 for  basic
                          unit.

	          This unit is  essentially  an im-
~proved version  of  the  older CVE.
                          Its  internal  battery will last up
                          to 4 days on  a  single  charge.   Up
                          to two weeks  operation is possible
                          with automotive  type batteries.
                          Unit has built-in  charger.  The
                          new  solid state  control system
                          allows the  double  blow-down fea-
                          ture to operate  in all control
                          modes.  Sample  intake  velocity is
                          now  adjustable.   In both  the
                          standard  case and  a specially
                          designed  housing for  suspension
                          in manholes,  the sample container
                          and  battery are easily removable
                          from the  top.

 QCEC Model  CVE  II  Evaluation

  1.  Should be  relatively free from clogging due to lack
     of  bends and  fittings  in  sample  train and optional
     5.6 kg/sq  cm  (80 psi)  purging  feature.

  2.  Obstruction of flow will  depend  upon way user mounts
     end of sampling tube.

  3.  Should operate fairly  well  over  the  entire range of
     flow conditions; sample  intake velocity is adjustable.

  4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

  5.  May be triggered by external signal.  Optional purge
     serves a self-cleaning function.

  6.  Can collect  samples paced by either built-in  timer  or
     external flowmeter and composite them in a suitable
     container.  Representativeness of sample will  depend
     upon user  mounting of  intake tube.

  7.  Unit does  not appear suitable for collection  of  float-
     ables  or  coarser bottom solids.
                             186

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10

11,


12,
Standard unit has insulated sample container with ice
chamber; automatic refrigeration .is optional.  Appears
to offer good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.

Unit would appear to function satisfactorily in a
manhole environment.

Cannot withstand total immersion.

Thermostatically controlled heater is available for
applications in freezing environments.

Maximum lift of 6m (20 ft) does not place too severe
a restriction on use of the unit.
                            187

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
QCEC MODEL E

Quality Control Equipment  Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315
Phone (515) 285-3091

Dipping bucket.

Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.

To suit; manufacturer claims  no
reasonable limit  to working depth.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Dipping bucket holds 60 m&; user
supplies sample composite  con-
tainer to suit.

Sampling cycles can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals by a built-in timer or in
response to signals from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.

115 VAC Electricity

None

Dipper is stainless steel;
sprockets and  chain are corrosion-
resistant cast iron (stainless
available), supports are provided
by user.

Upper unit is  20  x 39 x 36 cm
(8 x 15.5 x 14 in.); lower unit  is
7.6 x 11.4 cm  (3  x 4.5 in.).

$965 plus $25  per foot beyond 6';
add $400 for stainless steel
sprockets and  chain plus $45  per
foot beyond 61, $175 for control  to
allow pacing by external flowmeter.
                             188

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General Comments:
Manufacturer states  that  unit  was
designed as a permanently installed
sampler for the most  difficult ap-
plications such as packing houses,
steel mills, pulp mills,  and
municipal applications.   Unit  must
be custom installed  by  user.   Min-
imum water depth required is
10 cm (4 in.) .
QCEC Model E Evaluation

 1.  Clogging of sampling  train is  unlikely; however, the
     exposed chain-sprocket  drive is vulnerable to jamming
     by rags, debris,  etc.

 2.  Unit provides a  rigid obstruction to flow.

 3.  Unit should operate over  full  range of flows.

 4.  Movement of solids could  jam or physically damage unit.

 5.  No automatic starter; no  self  cleaning features.

 6.  Collects fixed size aliquots paced by built-in timer
     or external flowineter and  composites them in a suit-
     able container.

 7.  Does not appear well suited for collecting either
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  No sample collector provided.

 9.  Unit is capable  of manhole operation.

10.  Unit is weatherproof; cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Unit is not suitable for  prolonged operation in
     freezing ambients.

12.  Unit would appear impractical  for very long lifts,  say
     above 18m (60 ft).
                             189

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Designation;

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
RICE BARTON EFFLUENT SAMPLER
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
Rice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 1086
Worcester, Massachusetts
Phone  (617) 752-2821
01601
Base Price:
Open end of rigid pipe extending
from below expected low water
level to above sample container.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

Around 3.7m (12 ft) maximum.

Smallest line appears to be about
2.5 cm (1 in.)

Will vary with lift.

Adjustable size aliquots of from
200 to 500 m£ are composited in
a user-supplied container.

Panel offers selection of manual,
timed sequence, or automatic
remote modes.  Timing cycles can
be varied from one to ten minutes,
or longer if necessary.

110 VAC.

None.

Sampling train has all non-
corrosive effluent contact
surfaces.

Draw pipe, sample discharge tube
and valve unit are sample lift
plus about 0.9m  (3 ft) long;
motor, pump, and control unit
appear to be about 0.6 x 0.1 x
0.9m (2x1x3 ft); appears best
suited for fixed installations.

Not available at time of writing.
                              190

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General Comments;
Large diameter sample draw pipe
is normally pressurized with  zero
effluent level.  On signal, an
air control valve is shifted  to
vacuum and the effluent rises in
the draw pipe until the sample
discharge pipe is full.  A liquid
probe contact signal shifts the
air control valve to pressure»
leaving sample discharge pipe
full.  Timer signal opens sample
discharge valve and sample is dis-
charged to container.  Valve
closes and unit is ready for  next
cycle.  Unit was designed for sam-
pling of effluents with high
solids content.
Rice Barton Effluent Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Only the sample discharge valve  offers  any vulnerabil-
     ity to clogging.

 2.  Draw pipe offers a rigid obstruction to flow.

 3.  Should operate reasonably well over  all flow conditions
     Representativeness may be questionable  at high flow
     rates.

 4.  Movement of small solids should  not  hamper operation;
     large objects could  damage  (or even  physically destroy)
     the intake pipe.

 5.  Accepts remote triggering;  no self-cleaning features.

 6.  Unit essentially collects aliquots at fixed time
     periods and composites them in a user-supplied
     container.

 7.  Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatables,,
     or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  No refrigeration.  Sample protection must be provided
     by user.  Cross-contamination appears likely.

 9.  Unit is not designed for manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.
                             191

-------
11.  Should be able to operate in freezing  ambients  for
     some period of time.

12.  Maximum lift of 3.7m  (12 ft) puts  some restriction  on
     use of unit.
                            192

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
SERCO MODEL NW-3

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn.  55071
Phone (612) 459-6065

24-0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. vinyl
sampling lines are connected to in-
dividual ports in a stainless steel
sampling head (approx 10 cm dia)
and protected by a stainless steel
shroud.

Suction lift from vacuum in
evacuated sample bottles.

0.9m (3 ft) standard; sample size
reduced as lift increases; about
3m (10 ft) appears practical upper
limit. .

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside, diameter.

Varies with filling time, atmos-
pheric pressure, bottle vacuum,
sample lift, etc.

24-473 mJl French square glass
bottles are provided.  Sample
sizes up to 400 m& can be obtained
depending upon lift, bottle vacuum
and atmospheric pressure; 200 m£
is typical.

A spring driven clock via a change-
able gearhead rotates an arm which
trips line switches at a predeter-
mined time interval triggering
sample collection.  Sampling in-
tervals of 2, 3, or 8 hours and
5, 10 or 30 minutes are available
in addition to the standard one
hour interval.

Spring driven clock.

Has ice cavity for cooling:
                             193

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                         Figure 14.   SERCO Model NW-3 Sampler
Photograph courtesy  of Sonford Products Corp
                            194

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions :
Base Price:
                     Aluminum case with rigid poly-
                     styrene insulation; aluminum
                     bottle rack;  glass bottles with
                     rubber stoppers and rubber lines
                     through switch plate, plastic
                     connectors and vinyl lines to
                     stainless steel sampling head.

                     39  x  3.9 x 68  cm (15.5 x 15.5
                     x  26.8 in.) empty weight is 25 kg
                     (55 Ibs;  portable.

                     $920  including vacuum pump.
Serco Model HW-3 Evaluation

 1.  Sampling head  is  vulnerable to blockage of a number of
     sampling ports  at  one  time by paper, rags, plastic,
     etc.  Sampling  train  is  an unobstructed 0.64 cm
     (1/4 in.) passageway which will pass small solids.
     No pump to clog.

 2.  Sampling head  and  shroud are simply dangled in the
     flow stream to  be  sampled.  No rigid obstruction.

 3.  Low sampling velocities  make representativeness of
     samples questionable  at  high flow rates.  Length of
     protective shroud  limits immersion to about 0.3m (1 ft)
     before vinyl sampling  tubes are exposed to flow.

 4.  Sampling head would appear to be vulnerable to clog-
     ging if in bed  load.   Stainless steel shroud offers
     good protection against  movement of solids in flow
     stream.
 6

 7,
Optional automatic  starter  available which allows
remote starting by  either clock or float mechanism.
Otherwise must be started manually.  No self cleaning
features.  Proper cleaning  of all 24 sampling lines
would be difficult  and  time consuming in the field.

Collects discrete samples at preset times-.

Appears unsuitable  for  collection of samples of either
floatable materials  or  coarser bottom solids.
     Provision  for  ice  cooling affords some sample protec-
     tion for a  limited  time.   Limited lift may require
                             195

-------
     placing sampler case  in  a  vulnerable location.   Use of
     individual sampling lines  eliminates cross  contamina-
     tion possibility.

 9.  Unit will pass through a 51  cm (20  in.)  diameter cir-
     cle.  Case has base opening  where sampling  line bridle
     emerges.  Should be capable  of manhole operation.

10.  Case will fill with fluid  if submerged.   Spring clock
     and drive mechanism then becomes  vulnerable,  especially
     if fluid contains solids.

11.  No standard provision for  heating case.   Freezing of
     sampling lines appears a distinct possibility.

12.  Practical upper lift  limit of 3m  (10 ft)  poses  re-
     strictions on operating  head conditions.
                             196

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Designation!

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
SERCO MODEL TC-2

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn.  55071
Phone (612) 459-6065

Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm  (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head  to provide flow
through a sample reservoir from
which a mechanical arm actuated by
an air cylinder with a dipper cup
extracts a sample aliquot and
transfers it to a funnel where it
is gravity fed to a composite
bottle.

Not applicable.

Smallest line  in sampling train is
the one connecting the funnel to
the tube leading to the sample
bottle; it appears to be about
2 cm (3/4 in.).

Recommended flow rate through
sampler is 38  to 47 &pm  (10  to
15 gpm).  Reservoir is designed
so that sufficient velocity  and
turbulence will prevent settling
or separation.

Sampling dippers are available  in
either 10 or 20 m£ capacity; a  two
gallon sample  composite container
is provided.

Takes samples  either on  signal
from a preset  timer or from  signals
originating from an external
flowmeter.

115 VAC electrical plus  low  pres-
sure plant air.

Automatic refrigeration  unit
thermostatically controlled  to
maintain  sample  temperature  at
4° to 10°C.
                             19;

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Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments
Sampling arm is all brass and
stainless steel; dipper cup  is
plastic; cabinet is stainless
steel with zinc plated framing and
porcelain interior.

97 x 61 x 88 cm (38 x 24 x 35 in.)
plus sampling arm which extends
up 60 cm (23.5 in.) and back about
0.3m (1 ft).  Designed for fixed
installation.

$2,495

A permanent installation for con-
tinuous composite sampling.  The
actual sampling device is simply
an open cup which is large enough
to permit sampling all sizes of
suspended solids normally encoun-
tered in wastewater flows.  Because
the cup is emptied by turning it
over completely, the entire sample
is removed and there is little
likelihood of solids being retained
in the cup.
Serco Model TC-2 Evaluation

 1.  Should be free from clogging.  Sampling  intake  must  be
     designed by user.

 2.  Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.

 3.  Should operate well over entire range  of  flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  Designed for continuous operation; no  automatic
     starter.  Continuous flow serves  a self  cleaning
     function and should minimize cross-contamination.

 6.  Can collect either flow proportional composite  or
     fixed time interval composite.  Representativeness
     of sample will be a function of sampling  intake
     which is not a part of this unit.

 7.  Collection of floatables and coarser bottom  solids will
     depend upon design of sampling intake.
                             198

-------
 8.  Automatic refrigeration maintains samples at 4° to
     10°C.  Offers good sample protection and freedom from
     precontamination.

 9.  Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Not designed for use in freezing ambient conditions.

12.  Operating head is provided by user.
                            199

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Designation;

Manufacuter:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
STGMAHOTOR MODEL WA-1

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York
Phone (716) 735-3616
                                               14105
Base Price:
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.

6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

60 m£ per minute.

Adjustable size aliquots of from
60 to 1,800 m£ are composited  in
a 5.8& (2.5 gal) sample container.

Built-in timer triggers unit once
every 30 minutes.  Model WA-2  has
an adjustable timer allowing sam-
pling interval to be set from  1 to
30 minutes.

115 VAC.  Model WD-1 comes with a
N. Cad battery pack and charger.

None.  Model WA-2R has an auto-
matic refrigeration unit for cool-
ing sample compartment.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is ABS plastic.

WA-1, WA-2, WD-1, WD-2 - 34 x  25
x 36 cm  (13.5 x 10 x 14 in.)
WA-2R -  53 x 53 x 86 cm (21 x  21
x 34 in.);
weights  are WA-1 8.2 kg (18 Ibs)
WA-2 8.6 kg  (19 Ibs), WD-1 12.7 kg
(28 Ibs),
WD-2 13.2 kg (29 Ibs), WA-2R
40.8 kg  (90 Ibs); all portable.

$430 WA-1; $600 WD-1
$480 WA-2; $650 WD-2; $730 WA-2R
                             200

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General Comments:
                     Charge time for battery operated
                     models is 16 hours.  On model WA-2R
                     the  pump automatically purges the
                     tubing at the end of each sampling
                     cycle to help prevent bacterial
                     growth in the line.
Sigmamotor Model WA-1  Evaluation

 1.  Obstruction or  clogging  will  depend upon user installa-
     tion of intake  line;  the peristaltic pump can tolerate
     solids but the  0.3  cm (1/8  in.)  I.D. tubing size is
     rather small.

 2.  Obstruction of  flow will depend  upon user mounting of
     intake line.

 3.  Should operate  reasonably well under all flow condi-
     tions, but fairly low intake  velocity could affect
     representativeness  of sample  at  high flow rates.

 4.  Movement of solids  within the fluid flow should not
     affect operation  adversely.

 5.  No automatic starter.  Only the  refrigerated model
     has an automatic purging feature for self-cleaning.

 6.  Unit takes fixed  time interval samples•paced by a
     built-in timer  and  composits  them in a  suitable
     container.

 7.  Unit does not appear  suitable for collecting either
     floatables or coarser bottom  solids.
 8.



 9.

10.

11.

12.
Units offer reasonable sample protection;  a  refriger-
ated model is available to maintain  sample at  a  pre-
set temperature.

Unit appears capable of manhole operation.

Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients.

Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place  a  great
operating restriction on unit.  All  but  the  refriger-
ated model will pass through a standard  manhole.
                             201

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Designation;

Hanufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
SIGHAMOTOR MODEL WAP-2

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.

6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

60 mA per minute

Unit takes a 5.8H  (2.5 gal)
composite sample.

Models WAP-2, WAP-2R and ¥DP-2
vary the number of  samples in
response to a varying signal  from
a. user-supplied flow transmitter.
The unit will deliver a 30 second
sample (nominally  30 m£) every
4 minutes at a maximum signal
strength, every 8 minutes at  one-
half signal strength, etc.  Models
WAPP-2, WAPP-2R and WAPP-2
respond to a switch closure from
an external flow meter and take
an adjustable size  aliquot vari-
able from 36 to 640 cc per switch
closure.

Models WAP-2, WAP-2R, WAPP-2R and
WDPP-2 operate on  115 VAC.  Models
WDPP-2 and WDP-2 operate on
115 VAC or 12 VDC  and are supplied
with a NiCad battery pack and
charger.

None.  Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R
have an automatic  refrigeration
unit for cooling sample compart-
ment .
                             202

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Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
                      Sample train is tygon and poly-
                      ethylene.  Case is ABS plastic.

                      Models WAP-2, WAPP-2, WDP-2 and
                      WDPP-2 are 34 x 30 x 37 cm
                      (13.5x10x14.5 in.);
                      Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R are
                      53 x 56 x 86 cm (21x22x34 in.);
                      weights are
                      WAP-2 and WAPP-2    8.6 kg (19 Ibs),
                      WAP-2R and WAPP-2R 44.5 kg (98 Ibs),
                      WDP-2 and WDPP-2   13.2 kg
                      (29 Ibs); portable.
Base Price:
General Comments:
                      WAP-2   $650
                      WAPP-2  $500
                      WDP-2   $820
                                          WAP-2R   $870
                                          WAPP-2R  $800
                                          WDPP-2   $700
                      All  models  come with 1.8m (6 ft)
                      of 3-wire cord; charge time for
                      battery  operated models is
                      16 hours.   A winterizing kit is
                      available at.$95 to allow effect-
                      ive  operation at temperatures to
                      -23°C  (-10°F).   A stainless steel
                      strainer anchor intake is avail-
                      able,  at $15,  to prevent plugging
                      of sampling tubes.
Sigmamotor Model WAP-2 Evaluation
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
Obstruction or clogging will  depend  upon user in-
stallation of intake  line  and use  of the optional
strainer intake.  The peristaltic  pump  can tolerate
solids but the tubing size  is rather small.

Obstruction of flow will depend  upon user mounting
of intake lines and/or use  of optional  strainer intake

Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake  velocity could  affect
representativeness of sample  at  high flow rates.

Movement of solids within the fluid  flow should not
affect operation adversely.
                            203

-------
10,

11,

12
No automatic starter.  No self-cleaning features.
Small amount of cross-contamination is possible.

Unit takes composite samples paced by external flow-
meter .

Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.

Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
and deterioration.  Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R have
refrigerated units to store samples.

All but refrigerated units appear capable  of manhole
operation.

Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Unit cannot withstand freezing  ambients unless
winterized.

Lift of 6.7m  (22  ft)  does  not  place  a  severe  operating
restriction on  unit.  All  but  the refrigerated models
will pass  through a  standard manhole.
                            204

-------
 Designation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sampler  Intake;


 Gathering Method


 Sample Lift;

 Line Size;

 Sample Flow Rate:

 Sample Capacity;


 Controls;



 Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
 SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-3-24

 Sigmamotor,  Inc.
 14  Elizabeth Street
 Middleport,  New York  14105
 Phone   (716)  735-3616

 End  of  7.6m (25 ft) long suction
 tube installed  to suit by user.

 Suction  lift  from nutating-type
 peristaltic  pump.

 6,7m (22  ft)  maximum lift.

 0.3  cm  (1/8  in.) I.D.

 60 m£ per minute

 Unit takes  24 discrete 450  m£
 samples.

 Sampling  frequency adjustable
 from one  every  ten minutes  to  one
 every hour.

 115  VAC for models WM-2-24,  WM-3-
 24 and WM-1-24R;  12 VDC  or  115 VAC
 for  Model WM-4-24,  which comes
 with a wet-type lead-acid battery
 (35  amp hours capacity)  and
 charger;  12 VDC or 115 VAC  for
 Model WM-2-24 which comes with a
 NiCad battery pack and charger.

 None.  Model  WM-1-24R  has an auto-
 matic refrigerated case  for
 entire sampler  and collection  unit,

 Sample train  is. tygon  and poly-
 ethylene; tygon and  glass for
Model WM-2-24.

WM-3-24 and WM-4-24  are
 61 x 37 x 64  cm (20x14.5x25  in.);
WM-2-24 is 37 x 34  x 62  cm
 (14.5x13.5x24.5  in.);  and WM-1-24R
 is 53 x 56 x  86  cm (21x22x34 in.).
                             205

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Base Price;
General Comments
Weights are WM-2-24 and WM-3-24,
16.3 kg (36 Ibs); WM-4-24,  25.4 kg
(56 Ibs); and WM-1-24R, 56.7  kg
(125 Ibs).  Portable.

WM-3-24    $975    WM-4-74   $1,075
WM-2-24    $1,200  WM-1-24R $1,525

Ten meters (10  ft) of  3—wire  re-
tractable power cord  is supplied
with WM-3-24  and WM-4-24;  1.8m
(6 ft) of 3-wire power cord is
supplied with WM-1-24R.   At the
end of each sampling  cycle, the
pump automatically reverses,
purging the sample line and
tending to make each  sample com-
pletely discrete.  On Models  WM-3-
24 and WM-4-24, the  sample line
feeds  into a  funnel  attached to  a
rotating  nozzle which is  auto-
matically positioned  to  fill the
next sample  container. A one-
piece  deep-drawn plastic  distribu-
tion plate is used  to route the
sample from  the nozzle to the
containers, which  are in  a
rectangular  array.   On Models WM-
1-24R  and WM-2-24,  an indexing
arm positions the  pump discharge
tubing sequentially  over  each
filling  nozzle, each of which is
connected by  a separate piece of
tubing to its individual  sample
container.   Model  WM-4-24 is
supplied  with a 6  amp automatic
battery  charger which adjusts
 charging  rate to battery  condi-
 tion.  This  may be left connected
 for  trickle  charge.   Charge time
 is  3-1/2  to  4-1/2  hours.   Charge
 time  for  the NiCad battery pack
 of  Model WM-2-24 is  16 hours.  A
winterizing  kit for Models WM-3-
 24  and WM-4-24 is  available,  at
 $95,  for effective operation  to
 temperatures of -23°C (-10°F).
                               206

-------
                           A strainer-anchor is available
                           for $15.  to prevent plugging of
                           sampling  tubes.

Sigmamotor Model WM-3-24  Evaluation

 1.  Obstruction or  clogging will depend upon user in-
     stallation of intake line and  use of  the optional
     strainer  intake.   The peristaltic pump can tolerate
     solids but the  tubing size is  rather  small.

 2.  Obstruction of  flow  will depend upon  user mounting
     of intake line.
 3.



 4.


 5.



 6.



 7.


 8.



 9.


10.

11.


12.
Should operate  reasonably  well under all flow condi-
tions but  fairly  low  intake  velocity could affect
representativeness  of sample at high flow rates.

Movement of solids  within  the fluid flow should not
affect operation  adversely.

No automatic starter.   At  the end  of each cycle the
pump automatically  reverses,  purging the sample line
to help prevent cross-contamination.

Unit takes 24 discrete  samples at  preset time in-
tervals paced by  a  built-in  timer  and deposits them
in individual containers.

Unit does not appear  suitable for  collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.

Unit offers reasonable  sample protection;  Model WM-1-
24R has a refrigerator  unit  to maintain  samples at
a preset temperature.

Models WM-2-24, WM-3-24 and  WM-4-24 appear capable of
manhole operation,  but  Model  WM-1-24R does not.

Unit cannot withstand total  immersion.

Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients  unless
winterized.

Maximum lift of 6.7m  (22 ft)  does  not place a great
operating restriction on units.  All but the refrig-
erated model will pass  through a standard  manhole.
                           207

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line  Size;




Sample  Flow Rate;

Sample  Capacity;
 Controls:
 Power Source:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WA-5

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long  suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum  lift with
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) with 0.95 cm  (318 in.)
tubing; 1.5m (5 ft) with  1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) tubing.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.  standard.
Also available  in 0.5 cm
(3/16  in.), 0.95  cm (3/8  in.),
or  1.3 cm  (1/2  in.)  I.D.

80  mJl  per minute.

Adjustable  size  aliquots  are
composited  in  a  19£ (5  gal)  sam-
ple container.   Aliquots  for
Model  WA-5  are  from 80  m£ to
2400 m£; Model  WD-5 from 80 m£
to  4800 m&  and  Model WA-5R from
60  to  1800  m&.

Adjustable  timer for Models WA-5
and WA-5R  allows  sampling interval
to  be  set  from one to thirty min-
utes,  and  for  Model WD-5 from
one to 60  minutes.

115 VAC  for Models WA-5  and
WA-5R; 115 VAC or 12 VDC for
Model WD-5.  WD-5 comes with a
wet type  lead-acid battery
 (35 amp-hours capacity)  and
 charger.
                              208

-------
 Sample Refrigerator:
 Construction Materials
Basic  Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
                      None.  Model  WA-5R has  an auto-
                      matic refrigeration unit for
                      cooling sample  compartment.

                      Sample train  is  tygon,  and poly-
                      ethylene;  case  is  fiberglass.

                      Models WA-5 and  WD-5  are
                      51 x 37. x  64  cm  (20x14.5x25  in.);
                      Model WA-5R is  53  x 56  x 150 cm
                      (21x22x59  in.);  weights are
                      WA-5 18.1  kg  (40 Ibs),  WD-5
                      27.2 kg (60 Ibs),  WA-5R 56.7 kg
                      (125 Ibs); all portable.

                      $750 WA-5
                      $900 WD-5
                      $990 WA-5R

                      Unit comes with  3m  (10  ft) of
                      3-wire retractable  power  cord;
                      Model WA-5R comes with  1.8m  (6  ft)
                      of 3-wire power  cord.   A  6-amp
                      automatic battery  charger  is
                      included with Model WD-5.  Unit
                      adjusts  charging rate to battery
                      condition.  Charge  time  is 3-1/2
                      to 4-1/2 hours and may  be  con-
                      nected for trickle  charge.   A
                      winterizing kit  is  available for
                      Models WA-5 and WD-5, at $95, for
                      effective operation to  tempera-
                      tures of -23°C (-10°F).   A stain-
                      less  steel strainer-anchor intake
                      is available for $15 to prevent
                      plugging  of sampling tubes.
Sigmamotor Model WA-5 Evaluation
 1.
 2.
Obstruction or  clogging  will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake  line  and use of the optional
strainer intake.   The unobstructed sampling line and
the peristaltic pump  should  tolerate solids fairly
well.

Obstruction of  flow will depend  upon user mounting of
intake line and/or use of  optional strainer intake.
                            209

-------
 3.   Should  operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
     tions,  but  fairly low intake velocity could affect
     representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

 4.   Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
     affect  operation adversely.

 5.   No  automatic starter; no self-cleaning feature.

 6.   Unit takes  simple composite samples paced by a built-
     in  timer.

 7.   Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
     floatable or coarser bottom solids.

 8.   Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
     and deterioration.  Model WA-5R has a refrigeration
     unit to store sample.

 9.   Models  ¥A-5 and WD-5 appear capable of manhole
     operation;  Model WA-5E. does not.

10.   Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients  unless
     winterized.

12.   Lift capacity will depend  upon tubing size.  All  but
     the refrigerated model will pass  through a  standard
     manhole.
                             210

-------
 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler  Intake;


 Gathering Method


 Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
 SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WAP-5

 Sigmamotor, Inc.
 14 Elizabeth Street
 Middleport, New York  14105
 Phone  (716) 735-3616

 End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
 tube installed to suit by user.

 Suction lift from finger-type
 peristaltic pump.

 5.5m (18  ft) maximum lift with
 0.64cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
 (10 ft) with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
 tubing;  1.5m (5 ft) with 1.3 cm
 (1/2 in.)  tubing.

 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.  standard.
 Also available in 0.5 cm
 (3/16 in.),  0.95 cm (3/8 in.),
 or  1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) I.D.

 80  m£ per  minute; other  flows de-
 pending on tubing size.
 Model WAC-5R is 13  m£ per minute
 at  maximum signal.

 Adjustable size aliquots are
 composited in  a 19£ (5 gal)  sam-
 ple container.   Aliquots for
 Models WAP-5,  WAP-5R and WDP-5
 are to 40  m£.   For  Models WAPP-5,
 WAPP-5R and  WDPP-5,  aliquot  is
 640 m£, and  for Model WAC-5R,
 flow is continuous.

Models WAP-5» WAP-5R, and WDP-5
vary the number  of  samples in
response to a varying signal  from
a user supplied  transmitter.   The
units will deliver  a 30-second
sample every 4 minutes at maximum
signal strength, every 8  minutes
at one-half strength, etc.
                           211

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Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
 Construction Materials:
 Basic Dimensions:
 Base Price;
 General Comments:
Models WAPP-5, WAPP-5R, and
WDPP-5 respond to a switch clo-
sure from an external flowmeter
and take an adjustable size aliquot.
Model WAC-5R varies flow rate  in
proportion to strength of external
signal.

Models WAP-5, WAP-5R, WAPP-5,
WAPP-5R and WAC-5R  operate  on
115 VAC.  Models WDP-5 and
WDPP-5 operate on 115  VAC  or
12 VDC and are equipped with  a
wet type  lead-acid  battery
 (35 amp-hours  capacity)  and
 charger.

None.  Models  WAP-5R,  WAPP-5R
 and WAC-5R have  an  automatic
 refrigeration unit  for cooling
 sample compartment.

 Sample train is  tygon and poly-
 ethylene.   Case  is  fiberglass.

 Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5,   and
 WDPP-5 are
 51 x 37 x 64 cm (20x14.5x25 in.);
 Models WAP-5R, WAPP-5R, and
 WAC-SR are 53 x 56 x 124 cm
 (21x22x49 in.).   Weights are
 WAP-5 and WAPP-5   18.6 kg  (42 Ibs),
 WDP-5 and WDPP-5   27.2 kg  (60 Ibs),
 WAP-5R, WAPP-5R, and WAC-5R 44.4 kg
 (98 Ibs); all portable.
 WAP-5   $850,
 WAPP-5  $780,
 WDP-5   $$1,050,
 WAC-5R  $1,215
WAP-5R
WAPP-5R
WDPP-5
$1,100
$1,080
$  980
 Models WAP-5,  WAPP-5,  WDP-5 and
 WDPP-5 come  with  3m (10 ft)
 of  3-wire  retractable  cord.
 Models WAP-5R  and WAPP-5R come
 with  1.8  cm  (6 ft)  of  3-wire
 cord.  Charge  time for battery-
 operated  models is 3-1/2 to
                               212

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                           4-1/2  hours.   A winterizing kit
                           is  available  for Models  WAP-5,
                           WAPP-5, WDP-5 and WDPP-5 at $95
                           for  effective operation  to tempera-
                           tures  of  -23"C (-10°F).   A stain-
                           less steel  strainer-anchor intake
                           is  available  at $15  to prevent
                           plugging  of sampling  tubes.
                           Model  WAC-5R  is a continuous  sam-
                           pler with flow rate  directly  pro-
                           portional to  a 4-20  milliamp
                           input  signal.
Sigmamotor Model WAP-5 Evaluation
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
 8.
9.
 Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user instal-
 lation  of  intake line,  and use of the optional
 strainer  intake.  The unobstructed sampling line and
 the  peristaltic pump should tolerate solids fairly
 well.

 Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
 intake  line and/or use  of optional strainer intake.

 Should  operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
 tions,  but  fairly  low intake velocity could affect
 representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

 Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
 affect  operation adversely.

 No automatic starter; no self-cleaning  or purging
 feature.

 Unit takes  composite  samples  paced by an external
 flowmeter.

 Unit does not  appear  suitable for  collecting either
 floatable or coarser  bottom  solids.

 Unit offers reasonable  sample protection from damage
 and  deterioration.  Models WAP-5R,  WAPP-5R and
WAC-5R have refrigerator units  to  store  samples.

Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5  and WDPP-5  appear  capable
of manhole  operation.
                            213

-------
10.

11.

12.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.

Lift capacity will depend upon tubing  size.   All
but the refrigerated models will pass  through a
standard manhole.
                            214

-------
 Designation:

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler  Intake:


 Gathering  Method:


 Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;


Controls;



Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
 SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-5-24

 Sigmamotor, Inc.
 14  Elizabeth Street
 Middleport, New York  14105
 Phone  (716) 735-3616

 End of  7.6m (25 ft) long suction
 tube installed to suit by user.

 Suction lift from finger-type
 peristaltic pump.

 5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
 (10 ft)  lift with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
 tubing;  and 1.5m (5 ft)  lift with
 1.3 cm  (1/2 in.)  tubing;

 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
 Also available in 0.5 cm
 (3/16 in.),  0.95  cm (3/8 in.),
 and 1.3  cm (1/2 in.)  I.D.

 80  mX, per  minute.

 Unit  takes  24  discrete 450-mJl
 samples.

 Sampling frequency  adjustable
 from one every ten  minutes  to one
 every hour.

 115  VAC  for  Model WM-5-24 and
WM-5-24R;  12 VDC  or  115  VAC  for
Model WM-6-24,  which  comes with
a wet-type  lead acid  battery
 (35  amp hours  capacity)  and
charger.

None.  Model WM-5-24R has an
automatic refrigeration  unit for
cooling sample  compartment.

Sample train is tygon  and poly-
ethylene; case  is fiberglass.
                             215

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Basic Dimensions:
Basic Price;
General Comments
Hodels WM-5-24 and WM-6-24  are
51 x 37 x 64 cm  (20x14.5x25  in.);
Model WM-5-24R is 53 x 56 x  150  cm
(21x22x59 in.),  Weights are:
WM-5-24 20.0 kg  (44 Ibs), WM-6-24
27.2 kg (60 Ibs), WM-5-24R  56.7  kg
(125 Ibs); portable.

WM-5-24   $1,225.
WM-6-24   $1,325.
WM-5-24R  $1,775.

A 3m (10 ft) length of 3-wire  re-
tractable power  cord is  supplied
with Models WM-5-24 and  WM-6-24;
1.8m (6 ft) of 3-wire power cord
is supplied for  Model WM-5-24R.
At the end of  each  cycle,  the  pump
automatically  reverses,  purging
the sample line  and tending to
make each sample completely dis-
crete.  Sample line feeds  into a
funnel attached  to  a rotating
nozzle which is  automatically
positioned to  fill  the next sam-
ple container.   A one-piece deep-
drawn plastic  distribution plate
is used to route the sample from
the nozzle to  the containers,
which are in a rectangular array.
Model WM-6-24  comes with a 6-amp
automatic battery charger  which
adjusts to battery  condition auto-
matically.  This may be  left
connected for  trickle  charge.
Charge  time is 3-1/2  to  4-1/2 hours
A winterizing  kit is  available for
Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 at $95
for effective  operation  to temper-
atures  of -10°F.  A stainless
steel  strainer-anchor  intake is
available at  $15 to prevent plug-
ging  of  sampling tubes.
                               216

-------
Sigmamotor Model  WM-5-24  Evaluation

 1.  Obstruction  or  clogging will depend upon user in-
     stallation of intake line and use of optional strainer
     intake.   The unobstructed sampling line and the peri-
     staltic  pump should  tolerate solids fairly well.

 2.  Obstruction  of  flow  will depend upon user mounting of
     intake line  and/or use  of the optional strainer intake.

 3.  Should operate  reasonably well under all flow condi-
     tions; however,  fairly  low intake velocity could affect
     representativeness of sample at high flow rates.

 4.  Movement  of  solids within the fluid flow should not
     affect operation  adversely.

 5.  No automatic starter; at the end of each cycle the
     pump automatically reverses,  purging the sample line
     to help  prevent  cross-contamination.

 6.  Unit takes 24 discrete  samples  at preset time intervals
     paced by  a built-in  timer and deposits them in indi-
     vidual containers.

 7.  Unit does not appear  suitable for collecting either
     floatables or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  Unit offers  reasonable  sample protection from damage
     and deterioration.   Model WM-5-24R has a refrigeration
     unit to maintain  samples  at  a preset temperature.

 9.  Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 appear capable  of manhole
     operation.   Model WM-5^-24R does  not.

10.  Unit cannot  withstand total  immersion.

11.  Unit cannot  withstand freezing  ambients  unless
     winterized.

12.  Lift capacity will depend  upon  tubing  size.   All but
     the refrigerated model will pass  through a  standard
     manhole.  .".''"
                            217

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:




Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;


Line  Size;


Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
 Controls:
 Power Source:
 Sample Refrigerator;
SIRCO SERIES B/ST-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321

Weighted end of 7.6m (25 ft) sam-
pling tube installed to suit by
user.  May also sample from 2 or
3 different points.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m (22 ft) vertical and
30.5m (100 ft) horizontal.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.)  I.D. standard,
larger sizes available.

Up to 12  Sips (3.2  gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample volume  is adjustable between
10 to 1000 m£  (repeatable  to within
±0.5 m£); either composited in  7.6,
11.4, or  18.9&  (2,  3,  or 5  gal)
jars or sequential or  discrete  in
either 12 or 24 jars of  either
1/2  or 1  liter  capacity.

"Metermatic" chamber  (adjustable)
controls  sample volume.  Available
with built-in  timer for  preset
time inteveral (3  min  to 45 hr)
sampling  or for connection to  ex-
ternal flowmeter  for  flow  propor-
tional sampling or both.   Purge
timer, automatic  jar  full  shut-off.

Either 110  VAC or  12  VDC  level  zinc
or  nickel cadmium battery  or  com-
bination.

Available with thermostatically
controlled  refrigerated  sample
 compartment.
                             218

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        Figure  15.   Sirco Series  B/ST-VS Sampler
Photograph  courtesy of Sirco  Controls Company
                             219

-------
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
PVC sampling tube, weatherproof
steel enclosure standard; all
stainless steel construction
available.

Sampler only - 41 x 36 x 81 cm
(16 x 14 x 32 in.), weighs 45 kg
(100 Ibs); Sampler with con-
tainer - 41 x 36 x 163 cm (16
x 14 x 64 in.) weighs 68 kg
(150 Ibs); Refrigerated model -
58 x 71 x 152 cm  (23 x 28 x 60 in.),
weighs 91 kg  (200 Ibs); designed  for
fixed installation.

Varies, depending upon what com-
bination of features are desired,
from under $1,900 to over $3,000.

Signal from flowmeter or timer
starts vacuum/compressor pump as
well as purge timer.  Compressor
side of pump purges sample pick-up
tube until purge  timer times  out.
Sequence changes  and vacuum side
of pump evacuates metering chamber
and draws sample  in to the desired
capacity.  After  obtaining the de-
sired amount  of sample, the com-
pressor side  of pump is used  to
forcibly discharge sample from
metering chamber  into sample
collector.

Should plugging of the sample
pick-up tube  occur, an automatic
timer switch  uses the compressor
side to blow  out  the  tube.  This
sequence repeats  itself  as often
as needed to  obtain the  exact
amount of sample  required.  Purging
also takes place  before  and after
each sample is  taken.

Manufacturer  states this  unit is
especially designed to sample un-
treated raw sewage or high  con-
sistency  industrial waste  as  it  is
capable of taking solids  up  to  3/8"
in  diameter including  rags,  fibers,
                              220

-------
                         and similar.  The only wetted parts
                         are the sample tubing and volume
                         control chamber.
Sirco Series B/ST-VS Evaluation

 1.  Should be relatively free from clogging due to lack of
     bends and fittings in sample train and high pressure
     purging feature.

 2.  Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
     the end of the sampling tube.

 3.  Should operate well over the entire range of flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  Automatic starter available.  Power purge serves a
     self-cleaning function.  Cross-contamination should be
     minimal.

 6.  Can collect external flowmeter or built-in timer paced
     samples either discrete, sequential, or composite.
     Representativeness of sample will depend upon user
     mounting of intake tube.

 7.  Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom solids without specially designed intake by
     user .

 8.  Automatic refrigeration (adjustable temperature)
     available.  Offers good sample protection and freedom
     from precontamination.

 9.  Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Thermostatically controlled heaters and fans are
     available for applications in freezing ambients.

12.  Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place too severe
     a restriction on use of the unit.
                            221

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Designation:

Manufacturer;




Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size;




Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample  Refrigerator:
SIRCO SERIES B/IE-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321

5 cm (2 in.) -I.D. guide pipe  for
sampling cup with perforations  in
lower end to maximum flow level.

Mechanical; a weighted sampling
cup is lowered through a guide
pipe into the effluent by a hoist
mechanism powered by a reversing
gear motor.  At  the upper travel
stop the cup empties sample into
a sample container by gravity.

Up to 61m (200 ft).

Smallest line in sampling train
appears to be about 0.95 cm
(3/8 in.) tube connecting collec-
tion funnel to sample reservoir.

Not applicable.

Sample cup has 100 m£ capacity;
either composited in 7.6, 11.4  or
18.9£  (2, 3, or  5 gal) jars or  se-
quential in either 12 or 24 jars  of
either 1/2 or 1  liter capacity.

Available with built-in  timer for
pre-set time interval sampling  or
for connection to external  flow-
meter  for flow proportional
sampling or both.

Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.

Available with thermostatically
controlled  refrigerated  sample
compartment.
                             222

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Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
PVC sampling cup and guide tube,
weatherproof steel enclosure
standard; all stainless steel con-
struction available.

About 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.5m  (2 x 2 x
5 ft); designed for fixed
installation.

Varies from under $1,500 to around
$3,000 depending upon features
desired.
General Comments:
This unit was designed for high
lift applications.  According to
the manufacturer it is not recom-
mended for high consistency in-
dustrial effluent or raw sewage
where large pieces of fiber, rags
papers, etc. are present.
Sirco Series B/IE-VS Evaluation

 1.  Cup in guide pipe appears susceptible to sticking and
     clogging.  Guide pipe perforations are vulnerable to
     obstruction and clogging.

 2.  The 5 cm (2 in.) inside diameter guide pipe must pass
     completely through the flow stream to be sampled pre-
     senting a serious rigid obstruction to flow.

 3.  Does not appear capable of uniform operation over full
     range of flow conditions.

 4.  Solids could collect in guide pipe and hamper cup
     travel.

 5.  No automatic starter.  No self cleaning features.

 6.  Can collect flowmeter or timer paced samples either
     sequential or composite.  Representativeness of sample
     will be dependent upon conditions at end of guide tube
     but appear highly variable and questionable.

 7.  Not suitable for collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom solids.

 8.  Automatic refrigerator (adjustable temperature) avail-
     able.  Offers good sample protection but vulnerable to
     cross contamination in sequential mode.
                            223

-------
 9.  Not designed to operate in manholes.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Thermostatically controlled heaters and fans are
     available for applications in freezing ambients.

12.  61m (200 ft) lift gives this unit virtually
     unrestricted use.
                           224

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
SIRCO SERIES B/DP-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321

Provided by user.  Sampler has  5  cm
(2 in.) inlet pipe.

External head to provide flow
through sampler and back to  sewer.
On signal a liquid diverter  mecha-
nism is energized and sample is
drawn into a metering chamber.
After the desired amount of  sample
is obtained, a solenoid pinch valve
at the bottom of the metering cham-
ber is actuated and the sample  is
discharged by gravity into the  sam-
ple jar.

Not applicable.

Smallest line size appears to be
about 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) tube lead-
ing to sample jar.

Depends upon user's installation;
no recommended minimum.

Sample metering chamber adjustable
from 50 to 500 m£ (500 to 1000 m£
optional); either composited in
7.6, 11.4, or 18.9£ (2, 3, or 5 gal)
jars or sequential in either 12 or
24 jars of either 1/2 or 1 liter
capacity.

Available with built-in timer for
pre-set time interval (3 min to
45 hrs) sampling or for connection
to external flowmeter for flow pro-
portional sampling or both.  Auto-
matic jar full shut-off.

Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC 'lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.
                             225

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Sample Refrigerator;



Construction Materials:




Basic Dimensions:

Base Price:



General Comments:
Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
component.

Sampling train is stainless steel
and plastic; weatherproof steel
enclosure standard; all stainless
steel construction available.

Same as B/ST-VS.

Varies from under $1,600 to around
$3,000 depending upon features
desired.

This unit was designed for instal-
lations where the sampler must be
some distance, say more than
100 feet, from the sample pick-up
point.  It is recommended by the
manufacturer for treated sewage or
final effluent.
Sirco Series B/DP-VS Evaluation

 1.  Diverter mechanism could be subject to  clogging  (manu-
     facturer only recommends unit for treated  sewage  or
     final effluent).  Sampling intake must  be  designed by
     user.

 2.  Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.

 3.  Should be capable of operating  over entire range  of
     flow conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper  operation.

 5.  No automatic starter.   Continuous flow  serves  a
     self-cleaning function  and should reduce  cross-
     contamination .

 6.  Can collect flowmeter or timer  paced  samples  either  dis-
     crete, sequential, or composite.  Representativeness of
     sample will depend upon design  of sampling intake which
     is not a part of this unit.

 7.  Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom solids.
                             226

-------
 8.  Automatic refrigerator  (adjustable temperature)  avail-
     able.  Offers good sample protection but  vulnerable  to
     slight cross-contamination in sequential  mode.

 9.  Specifically designed for installation  remote  from
     sample pick-up point.  Not suitable for manhole
     operation.

10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Thermostatically controlled heater and  fans  are
     available for applications in freezing  ambients.

12.  Operating head is provided by user.
                            227

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Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SIRCO MODEL MK-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321

Weighted end of sampling tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m (22 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 6 &ps (1.6 gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample volume adjustable between
25 to 500 m& (repeatable to within
±0.5 m£) ; composited in 15.1£
(4 gal) container or sequential or
discrete in 24 500 m& containers.

Adjustable chamber slide electrode
controls sample volume.  Built-in
timer allows adjusting sample cycle
from 3 minutes to 45 hours.  Option
allows pacing by external flowmeter.
Automatic shut-off.

110 VAC or-12 VDC lead-acid or nickel
cadmium battery.

Ice compartment allows some sample
cooling.  Automatic refrigerator
available.

Sample train is PVC, plexiglass,
and stainless steel.  Case is weather-
proof aluminum.

41 x 41 x 56 cm  (16 x 16 x 22 in.);
weighs 16.8 kg (37 Ibs) without
battery.  Portable.

Around $1,300 and up depending upon
features desired.
                              228

-------
General Comments:
Signal from timer  starts vacuum/
compressor pump.   Compressor  side
of pump purges sample  intake  tube,
sequence changes and vacuum side
of pump evacuates  metering chamber
and draws desired  amount of sample.
Compressor side of pump then  dis-
charges sample into sample con-
tainer.  Should plugging of the
sampling tube occur, the pump  is
switched to the compressor side to
blow out the tube.  This sequence
is repeated until  the  desired
amount of sample is collected.
Purging also takes place before
and after each sample  is taken.

Manufacturer states that the  unit
is especially designed to sample
untreated raw sewage or high  con-
sistency industrial waste contain-
ing rags, fibers,  etc.

A low cost Model MK-5, which  col-
lects up to 150 adjustable size
(25 to 150 m£) aliquots and com-
posites them in a  3.8& (1 gal)
jug,  is also available.  It does
not have power-purge but uses
similar controls as MK-VS units.
Measuring 43 x 25 x 56 cm
(17 x 10 x 22 in.) and weighing
19 kg (42 Ibs), the unit can lift
up to 6m (20 ft) through its
0.64 cm (1/4 in.)  I.D. intake  tube.
Sirco Model MK-VS Evaluation

 1.   Should be fairly free from clogging due to lack of
     bends and fittings in sample train and high pressure
     purging feature.

 2.   Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
     the end of the sampling tube.

 3.   Should operate equally well over the entire range of
     flow conditions.
                            229

-------
 4.  Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

 5.  Automatic starter available.  Power purge serves  a  self-
     cleaning function.  Cross-contamination should be
     minimal.

 6.  Can collect external flowmeter or built-in timer  paced
     samples either composite or discrete or sequential.
     Representativeness of sample will depend upon user
     mounting of intake tube.

 7.  Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
     bottom solids without special designed intake by
     user.

 8.  Unit affords good sample protection; case has ice cavity
     which will provide cooling for a limited time; automatic
     refrigerator available.  High pressure purge features
     should offer reasonable protection against cross-
     contamination.

 9.  Designed to operate in manhole area.

10.  Cannot be totally immersed.

11.  Cannot withstand freezing ambient.

12.  Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place a severe re-
     striction on use of unit.
                             230

-------
 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler  Intake;


 Gathering  Method
Sample Lift:



Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

S amp 1 e C ap a c i t y :



Controls;




Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
 SONFORD MODEL HG-4

 Sonford Products Corporation
 100  East Broadway, Box B
 St.  Paul Park,  Minn.   55071
 Phone  (612)  459-6065

 Parabolic port  in a 1.9 cm (3/4 in.)
 I.D. rigid tube.

 Mechanical;  sampling  tube is
 rotated down into the flow where it
 fills  through the port by gravity;
 an electric  motor rotates the tube
 up and the sample flows by gravity
 into the container.

 Telescoping  sampling  tubes may be
 adjusted to  reach down to 53 cm
 (21 in.)  from the bottom of sampler.

 1.9 cm (3/4  in.)  I.D.

 Varies with  tube angle.

 Varied aliquot  sizes  of 10, 20 or
 30 m£  are composited  in a single
 3.8JI (1 gal)  container.

 Sampling cycle  may be triggered at
 preset  time  intervals  from built-in
 electrical timer  or on signal from
 external  flowmeter.

 110 VAC standard;  battery
 optional.

 Has ice  cavity  for cooling.

 Aluminum outer  case with rigid
 ins ulation.

 33 x 31  x 33  cm  (13 x  12 x 13 in.)
plus clearance  for oscillating sam-
 pling  tube which  varies depending upon
 telescoping  adjustment.   Portable.

 $325 electric;  $495 with battery.
                              231

-------
Sonford Model HG-4 Evaluation
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
 8.
 9.
Does not appear capable of sampling  a  particle large
enough to clog it; could be  affected by  rags  or paper;
no pump to clog.

Sampling tube presents a flow  obstruction during
sampling period only.

Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
samples questionable  at high flow  rates.   Does not
appear tolerant of variable  depth  flows.

Unless mounted so that sampling  tube oscillates in
flow direction, large solids could cause damage.
Appears susceptible to fouling by  stringy materials
which could wrap around sampling tube.
No provision for automatic  starting.
features.
No self-cleaning
Collects fixed size samples  at  either preset time in-
tervals or on signal  from  external  flowmeter and
composites them  in a  single  container.

Appears unsuitable for  collection of samples of either
floatable materials or  coarser  bottom solids.

Provision for ice cooling  affords some sample  protec-
tion for a limited time.   Limited lift may require
placing sampler  in a  vulnerable location.   Cross con-
tamination appears very likely.

Unit has a small case but  requires  clearance for
oscillating sampling  tube.   Case has unsealed  opening
for movement of  same.
10.  Unit cannot  tolerate  submersion.

11.  No standard  provision for heating case.  Ice buildup
     in sampling  tube  appears  a real possibili-ty.

12.  Limited  lift and  restrictions on liquid level varia-
     tions severely  limit  range of operating head conditions
                             232

-------
Designation;
Manufacturer
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;


Base Price;

General Comments:
STREAMGARD  DISCRETE SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT  HODEL DA-24SI

Fluid Kinetics,  Inc.
3120 Production  Drive
Fairfield,  Ohio   45014
Phone   (513)  874-5120

Not applicable.

Pump or  liquid  composite sampler
provided by user.

Not applicable.

0.6 cm  (1/4 in.)  I.D.

Not applicable.

Twenty-seven, 473-mJl bottles  are
sequentially  filled at hourly
intervals.

None.

Spring driven clock.

Refrigerated  sample storage
optional.

Sampling train is  all  plastic,
mostly PVC; case  is aluminum  with
epoxy paint finish.

48 x 30  x 50  cm  (18x12x20  in,);
portable.

$775.

This unit is  actually  a  sample
delivery subsystem rather  than  a
complete sampler.   The sample con-
tainer tray slides  easily  out of
the cabinet and the tray cover,
which has a carrying handle,  seals
the containers when snapped into
position.   Since  the  tray  is  pro-
vided with  segmented  dividers,
                            233

-------
individual bottles may be removed
during the sampling period without
disturbing the sequence of the
other containers.  Since it is not
a complete sampler, no evaluation
will be given.
   234

-------
 Designation;

 Manufacturer:
 Sample  Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;



Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
 TMI  FLUID STREAM SAMPLER

 Testing  Machines,  Inc.
 400  Bayview Avenue
 Amityville,  New York  11701
 Phone  (516)  842-5400

 Stainless steel hollow cylindrical
 body with a  2.5 cm (1  in.)  inlet
 and  mounted  submerged  in the stream
 either on four  legs  mounted to a
 bottom plate or suspended from above
 if in a  weir or flume.

 Forced flow  due to pneumatic
 ej ection.

 Over 7.6m (25 ft); depends  upon air
 pressure.

 1.3  cm (1/2  in.) O.D.

 Depends  upon air pressure and
 lift.

 Aliquots  of  approximately 1/2  liter
 are  composited  in  a  suitable con-
 tainer provided by user.

 User must provide  air pressure
 regulator if plant air  supply  is
 not  regulated;  sampling  interval
 timer is  adjustable  to  allow from
 one minute to one month  to  elapse
 between  aliquots; manual  on-off
 switch.

 Compressed air  supply of  at  least
 1.4 kg/sq cm  (20 psi),  7  kg/sq  cm
 (100 psi) maximum; 110 VAC.

None

 Stainless steel and  plastic.

Largest  element will be user sup-
plied sample container; sampling
intake 10 x  23 x 20  cm
 (4x9x8 in.); timing controller
30 x 18  x 38 cm (12  x 7 x 15 in.).
                            235

-------
Base Price;

General Comments:
Around $800.

Sampler developed by International
Paper Company for use in the paper
industry for checking the loss of
useable fiber in effluent, taking
consistency samples, etc.  Sampler
has performed well in flows to
6,800 £pm (1800 gpm) and consis-
tencies to 3.5%.
TMI Fluid Stream Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Sampler should be free from  clogging.

 2.  Sampler intake offers rigid  obstruction  to  flow.

 3.  Sampling chamber will fill immediately following  end
     of previous sample.  Circulation  through chamber  would
     appear to be limited, resulting in  a  sample not neces-
     sarily representative of  conditions in the  sewer  at
     the time of next triggering  signal.

 4.  Movement of small solids  should not affect  operation;
     large objects could damage  (or  even physically  destroy)
     the in-water portion unless  special protection  is pro-
     vided by user.

 5.  No automatic starter; no  self-cleaning features.

 6.  Collects fixed size spot  samples  and  composites  them
     in a suitable container;  a three  minute  cycle interval
     will deliver approximately  230£  (60 gal) in 24  hours.

 7.  Unsuitable  for collection of either floatables  or
     coarser bottom solids without special intake designed
     by user.

 8.  Sample container provided by user.

 9.  Not designed for manhole  operation.

 10."  Cannot withstand total  immersion.

 11.  Unit should be capable  of operation in freezing
     ambients.

 12.  Upper  lift  limit determined by air supply pressure.
                             236

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler  Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift :
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
 TMI MARK 3B  MODEL SAMPLER

 Testing  Machines,  Inc.
 400 Bayview  Avenue
 Amityville,  New York  11701
 Phone  (516)  842-5400

 Twelve 0.64  cm (1/4  in.)  I.D.  vinyl
 sampling lines are connected to
 individual ports in  a stainless steel
 sampling head  (approx.  10 cm dia)
 fitted with  a  stainless steel filter
 having approximately 930  0.3 cm
 (1/8 in.) diameter holes.

 Suction  lift from vacuum  in evac-
 uated sample bottles.

 Sample size  reduced  as  lift in-
 creases;  3m  (10  ft)  appears practi-
 cal upper limit  with 592  m£ (20 oz)
 bottles.

 0.3 cm (1/8  in.)  I.D.

 Varies with  filling  time,  atmos-
 pheric pressure,  bottle vacuum,
 sample lift, etc.

 12 "Medicine Flat" glass  bottles
 are provided.   Sample sizes up  to
 400 m& can be  obtained  depending
 upon lift, bottle vacuum  and  at-
mospheric pressure;  300 m£  is
 typical.

A spring driven  clock rotates an
 arm which trips  line switches at a
 predetermined  time interval trig-
 gering sample  collection.   Sampling
 intervals of 1/2  to  8 hours are
 available.

 Spring driven  clock.

None.

PVC coated,  light alloy case with;
glass  bottles  with rubber  stoppers
and rubber lines through  switch
                             237

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Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
plate, plastic connectors and vinyl
lines to stainless steel sampling
head.

37 cm (14.5 in.) diameter x  66  cm
(26 in.), empty weight is 14.5  kg
(32 Ibs); portable.

$595 including vacuum pump.
Mark 4B model has 24 bottles at
$685 for 592 mX, (20 oz) size and
$695 for 1 liter size.

This unit was originally developed
by the Water Pollution Research
Laboratory in England and is manu-
factured by North Hants Engineering
Co. Ltd. under license from  the
National Research Development
Corporation.
TMI Mark 3B Model Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Sampling head is vulnerable  to blockage  of  a number
     of sampling ports at one  time by  paper,  rags,  plastic,
     etc.  Sampling train is an unobstructed  0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
     passageway which will  pass small  solids.  No pump to
     clog.

 2.  Sampling head and shroud  are simply  dangled in the
     flow stream to be sampled.   No rigid obstruction.

 3.  Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
     samples questionable at high flow rates.  Vinyl sam-
     pling tubes are exposed to flow.

 4.  Sampling head would appear to be  vulnerable to clog-
     ging if in bed load.   Stainless  steel filter offers
     some protection against movement  of  solids  in flow
     stream.

 5.  No automatic starter;  clocks allow setting  a time
     delay before sampling  commences.   No self-cleaning
     features.  Proper cleaning of all 24 sampling lines
     would be difficult and time  consuming in the field.

 6.  Collects discrete samples at preset  times from a fixed
     point intake only.
                              238

-------
 7.  Appears unsuitable  for  collection  of  samples  of either
     floatable materials  or  coarser  bottom solids.

 8.  No sample refrigeration.  Limited  lift  may  require
     placing sampler case  in a vulnerable  location.   Use of
     individual sampling  lines eliminates  cross-contamina-
     tion possibility.

 9.  Unit will pass through  a 38 cm  (15  in.) diameter circle.
     Case has base opening where sampling  line bridle
     emerges.

10.  Case will fill with fluid if submerged.  Spring clock
     and drive mechanism then becomes vulnerable, especially
     if fluid contains solids.

11.  No standard provision for heating case.  Freezing  of
     sampling lines appears  a distinct possibility.

12.  Practical upper lift limit of 3m (10  ft) poses  re-
     strictions on operating head conditions.
                            239

-------
Designation;

Manuf act-urer;




Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line  Size;



Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;




Controls:
 Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;


 Construction Materials
TRI-AIP SAMPLER SERIES

Tri-Ald Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester, New York  14610
Phone  (716) 461-1660

End of suction tube installed  to
suit by user; manufacturer recom-
mends using a large area  screen
with openings approximately
0.16 cm (1/16 in.) smaller than
intake tube I.D.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

Up to 7.6m  (25 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in,) I.D.  standard;
1.3  cm (1/2 in.), or  1.9  cm
(3/4 in.) I.D. optional.

500  m& per minute.

Adjustable  size  aliquots  (based
upon diversion time  of  continuous
flow from pump)  are  composited in
a  suitable  container.

Two  built-in adjustable timers
control sample interval (3  to
40 minutes)  and  diversion time
 (3 to  40  seconds);  alternately,
unit may  be paced by external
flowmeter.

115  VAC.

Available as  option for foot-mount
models .

 Sample train is  tygon,  silicone,
PVC; case is fiberglass for
portable  models, weatherproof
 steel  for wall and  foot-mount
models.
                              240

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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments:
                      38 x 25 x 51 cm (15x10x20 in.)
                      for basic unit without sample
                      container; typical foot-mount
                      outdoor model is 91 x 51 x 173 cm
                      (36x20x68 in.); weights are
                      15.9 kg (35 Ibs) and up.

                      $650 either portable or wall mount
                      for use with external Tri-Aid con-
                      troller; add $115 for 1.3 cm
                      (1/2 in.) I.D. tubing, $160 for
                      built-in timer, $60 for foot mount

                      Units are usually sold in con-
                      junction with flowmeters (and
                      possibly on-line moniters)  as a
                      complete system.  Diverter valve
                      is  solenoid-actuated, three-way
                      squeeze-tube type.
Tri-Aid Sampler Series Evaluation;
 1.


 2.


 3.



 4.

 5.



 6.



 7.


 8.
Peristaltic action  of  pump  and  relatively large line
size should reduce  probability  of  clogging.

Obstruction of flow will  depend upon user design and
mounting of intake.

Should operate reasonably well  over  all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low  intake  velocity could  affect
representativeness  of  sample  at high flow rates.

Movement of solids  should not hamper operation.

No automatic starter since  it is continuous  flow type;
this will provide some self-cleaning and help minimize
cross-contamination.

Unit collects preset size aliquots as paced  by either
built-in timer or external  flowmeter and composites
them in a user-supplied container.

Unit does not appear suitable for  collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom  solids.

User must provide sample  containers  and protection
for basic unit; automatic refrigeration optional.
                             241

-------
 9.   Not specifically designed for manhole operation.
     Portable units could Be so used with proper
     precautions.

10.   Cannot withstand total immersion.

11.   Not suited for prolonged operation in freezing
     ambients.

12.   Maximum lift of 7.6m (25 ft) does not place  great
     restriction on use of unit.
                            242

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 Designation;

 Manufacturer;




 Sampler Intake;


 Gathering Method

 Sample  Lift;

 Line  Size;


 Sample  Flow  Rate;

 Sample  Capacity;



 Controls;



 Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;


Base Price:
 WILLIAMS OSCTLLAMATIG SAMPLER

 Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
 P.O.  Box 4365, North Annex
 San Fernando, California  91342
 Phone  (213) 896-9585

 Small diameter slitted strainer
 installed to suit by user.

 Suction lift from diaphragm pump.

 Up  to 3.6m (12 ft).

 Appears to be 0.64  cm (1/4 in.)
 I.D.  or larger.

 60  m£ per minute  maximum.

 Composite container  must be
 supplied  by user.   Sample  volume
 is  about  one m£ per  stroke.

 Sampling  rate may be adjusted
 from  one  sample per  second to one
 every 10  minutes  during  operation.

 Can be  operated from any air  or
 gas supply  of 1.8 kg/sq  cm (25  psi)
 or more or  from a self-contained
 C02 bottle.

 None.

 Sampling  train is PVC, viton, and
 stainless steel.

Not in a  case; largest item is
 gas bottle.

$438;  includes pump, mounting
bracket,  tubing with strainer and
fittings, and 6.8 kg (15 Ibs)
CO  bottle.
                             243

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General Comments;         Maximum  discharge  head  is  36.6m
	~                   (120  ft).   The  only moving part
                           is  a  viton  diaphragm  which is
                           operated by a pneumatic oscilla-
                           tor to  create variable  sample
                           frequency.

Williams Oscillamatic  Sampler Evaluation

 1.   Should be  relatively  free  from clogging.

 2.   Obstruction of  flow will depend  upon user  mounting  of
      intake.

 3.   Low sampling velocities  make representativeness of
      samples  questionable  at  high flow rates.

 4.   Movement of solids should  not affect operation
      adversely.

 5.   No automatic starter.  No  self-cleaning feature.
      Cross-contamination appears likely.

 6.   Unit  takes continuous composite samples paced by the
      Oscillamatic pulse controller and composites them in
      a user-supplied container.

  7.   Unit  does not appear suitable for collecting either
      floatables or coarser bottom  solids.

  8.   No refrigeration.  No sample  collector provided.

  9.   Unit appears suitable for manhole operation; however,
      mounting may prove difficult.

 10.   Unit cannot withstand submersion.

 11.   Unit does  not appear suitable for use  in  freezing
      ambient conditions.

 12.   Lift limit of 3.7m (12  ft)  places some restrictions on
      use of  unit.
                              244

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                         SECTION VII

             REVIEW OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS
 INTRODUCTION

 As  was  noted in section VI, it has been the practice  of
 many  project engineers to custom design one-of-a-kind sam-
 plers for  use in their projects due to a lack of  availabil-
 ity of  suitable commercial equipment.  In this section
 several examples of such equipment are reviewed.   Inasmuch
 as  there is  no  dearth of examples, it was necessary to be
 rather  selective in order to keep the overall size of this
 report  within manageable bounds.  Several practical consid-
 erations also favor less than 100 percent coverage.   For
 example, no  attempt has been made to dig back into history
 in  order to  examine older concepts and notions.   It is felt
 that  any good features in older designs, having proved
 themselves to be effective,  would be incorporated in  pres-
 ent day  equipment.   Furthermore, the major emphasis has
 been placed  in  recent EPA project experience.

 DESCRIPTIVE  FORMS AND EVALUATIONS

 The same description and evaluation formats that were  used
 for reviewing the commercially available samplers in  sec-
 tion VI  are  used here with one exception.   For these  custom
 designed one-of-a-kind samplers,  prices  in terms of today's
 dollars  are  generally not  available and,  furthermore,   the
 inevitable engineering changes that one  would introduce in
building equipment  following  a prototype would have cost
impacts  that  are not  easily  assessed.

The samplers  have been given  names  to  correspond with
either the developer  or  the project location.   The descrip-
tive forms and  evaluations presented  on  the following  pages
are arranged  roughly  in  chronological  order of development,
and an index  is  provided on page  xiii.
                            245

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Designation:

Project Location;

EPA Report No.:

Samp1er Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow  Rate;
Sample  Capacity;
 Controls:
 Power  Source:

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials
AVCO INCLINED SEQUENTIAL SAMPLER

Tulsa, Oklahoma

11034 FKL 07/70

Inlet tube passes  through  an
aluminum tube which is hinged  at
the top of the storm drainage
structure and has  a polyethylene
float at the other end where  the
inlet tube terminates with a  sam-
pling probe.

Suction lift from  peristaltic
pump .

Not stated, but probably under 6m
(20 ft.).

0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) I.D.

Not stated, but must be  fairly low
for inclined sequential  filling
scheme  to be meaningful.

Unit  sequentially  fills  a  60  m!L
sample  bottle,  then a  2,000 ml
sample  bottle,  and repeats this
6  times, i.e.,  until  it  has filled
six 6Q-m£ and  six  2,000-mJl bottles;
then  it collects  a composite sample
in a  18.95-  (5  gal) overflow bottle.

A  limit switch on  the  hinged float
arm starts  the pump when the flow
level exceeds  a preset value.
When  the flow  level  subsides the
pump  is shut  off.

12 VDC  marine  battery.

None .

Polypropylene  pick-up  tube, tygon
and polyethylene  connecting tubes,
polyethylene  bottles;  aluminum
frame,  wood case.
                             246

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                                                   13
                                                   
-------
Basic Dimensions
General Comments:
                           Bottle  rack is  71 x 15 x 41 cm
                           (28x6x16  in.).   Both semi-
                           stationary and  portable configura-
                           tions were assembled.

                           A  pressure box  in the flow and con-
~~~nected  to a Foxboro water pressure
                           recorder  was used.  Components in-
                           cluded  a  Col^e-Parmer Masterflex
                           tube pump, Model No. 7015 and a
                           Terado  power inverter (Allied
                           No.  21f4499).  The sequential fill-
                           ing  of  the sample bottles is simply
                           performed by arranging their inlet
                           tubes  in  order  along an inclined
                           manifold e

AVCO  Inclined  Sequential Sampler  Evaluation

 1.   Clogging  is  likely in samples  with high solids content
      due  to  numerous 0.3 cm (1/8  in.) obstructions in
      sampling  train unless a filter is used; sampling probe
      points  downstream and is  near  the surface due to float,
      but  could possibly be affected by paper, plastic, etc.

 2.   Float  and arm will be completely submerged in a full
      pipe flow situation and present an obstruction to flow.

 3.   Unit should  operate over  full  range of flows, but low
      sample flow  rate makes representativeness questionable
      for  high  stream flows.

 4.   Movement  of  solids in the flow stream  could hamper
      operation.

 5.   Unit starts  automatically when flow level rises above
      a preset  height; no self cleaning features.

 6.   Sequentially fills sample bottles from output  of a
      continuously running pump.  Flow  rate  provides  the
      only timing  function.  Samples will be representative
      of the near-surface water at  best.

 7.   Unit may collect some floatables  but  is  totally un-
      suited for collecting coarser  bottom  solids.

 8.   No refrigeration.  Some  cross-contamination  is  guaran-
      teed due to  filling  stem arrangement,  especially  for
      60-m& bottles.
                              248

-------
 9.  Unit does not appear ideally  suited  for manhole
     operation.

10.  Unit cannot withstand  total immersion.

11.  Unit is unsuitable for use in freezing  ambients.

12.  A 15 to 20 foot lift limit puts  slight  restriction on
     operating head conditions.
                           249

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Designation;


Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;


Line Size;




Sample Flow  Rate;

Sample Capacity:
 Controls;




 Power  Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;



 Construction Materials:
SPRINGFIELD RETENTION BASIN
SAMPLER

Springfield, 111.

11023 - - - 08/70.

End of 280m (920 ft.) long influent
line suspended 15 cm (.6 in.) below
water surface from a float.

Suction lift from a screw rotor
pump .

Less than 4.3m (14 ft.) required
in this application.

3.8 cm (1.5 in.) diameter lagoon
influent sample  intake line,
10 cm  (4 in.) diameter lagoon  ef-
fluent sample intake line.

Approximately 15 £pm (4 gpm).

Intake lines diacharged into
61£  (16 gal) sampling  tanks.   A
constant volume  aliquot was  ob-
tained each 30 minute.s and
composited  in a  18.95.  (5  gal)
container.

A Lakeside  Trebler  scoop  sampler
was used  to remove  aliquots  from
sampling  tanks.   See discussion
of  that sampler  for details.

115 VAC electricity.

Automatic  thermostatically  con-
trolled refrigerators  were  used  to
house  sample  containers.

ABS  plastic intake  lines, PVC sam-
ple bottles,  sampling  tank appears
to  be  metal,  pump materials not
given.
                              250

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Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Components are distributed within
a general purpose equipment build-
ing; fixed installation.

Moyno pumps operating on a con-
tinuous basis were used to provide
sample flow through a 618, (16 gal)
sampling tank.  Two samplers were
constructed, one for the lagoon
influent and one for the effluent.
Since the Lakeside Trebler sampler
is evaluated elsewhere, no further
evaluation of this installation
will be made.
                             251

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Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:




Sample  Lift;

Line  Size;
 Sample  Flow Rate:

 Sample  Capacity:
 Controls:
MILK RIVER SAMPLER

Grosse Point Woods, Mich.

11023 FED 09/70

Overflow system  influent  sampler
intake was simply inlet of  sub-
mersible pump  suspended beyond
the bar screens  within the  transi-
tion structure between sewer  and
wet well.  Effluent sampler intake
was four 2.5 cm  (1 in.) vertical
suction lines  spaced  evenly along
the 64m (210 ft.) long effluent
weir which drew  their samples from
points between the skimming baffle
and weir at a  depth above the
bottom of the  baffle  and  just below
the outlet weir.

Forced flow from submerged  pump
for influent sampler; suction lift
from centrifugal pump for effluent
sampler.

Not stated.

Except for  2.5 cm (1  in.) diameter
inlet lines leading  to  effluent
sampler header,  all  sampling lines
were 5  cm  (2  in.)  diameter.

Not stated.

Samplers  collect adjustable grab
samples  from  the continuously
flowing  5  cm  (2  in.)  pipe streams,
composite  them for  variable
periods  and hold them in a re-
frigerated  compartment for periods
up  to  about  three hours.

The size  of  each grab sample is
controlled  externally.   Otherwise,
the sampling  program is  controlled
by  a  continuous  punched  paper  tape
                              252

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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
program which varies  the  collec-
tion  time of each  composite,  the
number of grab  samples  in each
composite, and  each of  the varia-
bles  from one sampling  time to
another.

115 VAC electricity.

Automatic thermostatically con-
trolled refrigerated  sample
compartments.

Metal, plastic, and wood  were  used
in construction; no details were
given.

Indoor portion  of  sampler is large,
perhaps 1.8x0.9x1.5m  (6x3x5 ft.)
or so; fixed installation.

This unit apparently  functioned
fairly well on  the project  for
which it was designed.  Since  it
is a custom designed, fixed in-
stallation unit no complete
evaluation will be made.
                             253

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Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
 Sample Lift;


 Line Size;

 Sample Flow Rate;

 Sample Capacity;

 Controls;

 Power Source;

 Sample Refrigerator;

 Construction Materials

 Basic Dimensions;
ENVIROGENICS BULK SAMPLER

San Francisco, California

11024 FKJ 10/70

A metal container resembling  an
inverted roadside mail box  approx-
imately 37 cm  (14.5  in.) long and
36 cm (14 in.) deep  with a  15 cm
(6 in.) radius; hinged covers at
each end are mechanically  connected
to function integrally upon ac-
tivation of an air  cylinder.

Mechanical; the sampler  intake
assembly is designed to  fit a
special support structure  which
must be installed  in the manhole
chosen for  sampling.  It  is
lowered to  the bottom of  the
invert whereupon  the covers are
closed thereby trapping  a  plug of
the  combined  sewage inside the
sampler.   The filled sampler was
then raised by winch to  the
surface.

Depth  of manhole  in question.  No
real limit.

Not  applicable.

Not  applicable.

Roughly  34& (9 gal) maximum.

Manually  operated.

 Compressed air.

 None.

 Aluminum.

 37 x 31 x 36  cm (14.5x12x14  in.)
 plus brackets and  supporting
 structure, etc.
                              254

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Envirogenics Bulk  Sampler  Evaluation

 1.  Unit should be  free from clogging except for possibil-
     ity of large  debris interfering with flap closure.

 2.  Unit will  completely  obstruct  flow the instant the
     covers are closed, but  will  clear as raised.

 3.  Since sampler must be designed for the specific manhole
     invert size in  which  it is  to  be used, it is suitable
     for all flow  conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids in flow will not affect operation
     except where  a  significant bed load would prevent
     sampler from  coming to  rest  on the invert.
 8,

 9.



10.


11.

12.
     Unit is manually operated.
     by the running sewage.
                             Cleaning is accomplished
Sampler removes a "plug"  of  the  sewage flow covering
the entire flow cross-section.

Unit should sample both floatables  and coarser bottom
solids.

Unit is not suitable  for  sample  storage.

Unit is designed for  manhole operation,  but also re-
quires clear area above manhole  for hoist and
personnel.

Unit operates totally immersed;  if  manhole is sur-
charging sample might be  less  representative.

Unit should operate in freezing  ambients.

Unit is indifferent to operating head  conditions.
                            255

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Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;


Line Size;




Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;




Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Sandusky, Ohio

11022 ECV 09/71

Not clearly stated but presumably
the end of the suction line
mounted in the overflow conduit
just beyond the leaping weir.

Suction lift from diaphragm pump.

Not stated but probably good for
at least 6m (20 ft.).

Smallest line would  appear to be
the one connecting the diverter
head to the sample container, but
size is not given.

Not stated but presumably rather
large.

Unit collects 24 0.47£ (1 pt.)
discrete samples plus a flow pro-
portional composite  of up to 18.9&
(5 gal).

Sampling is automatically started
when the leaping weir diverts flow
into the overflow flume.  Discrete
samples were collected every
5 minutes paced by a built-in
timer adjustable from 5 to 60 min-
utes.  Constant volume composite
aliquots are added for each
37,854£  (10,000 gal) of flow
through  the overflow flume.

115 VAC  electricity.

None

Not stated.

None given but a fixed installation
located  in a building specially
erected  for the project.
                             256

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85§

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General Comments:
                    The pump produces a continuous  flow
                    of sewage through the sampling
                    header pipe and back to the  sewer.
                    Two taps are provided to allow  con-
                    tinuous flow through diversion
                    nozzles for the individual and  com-
                    posite sample collection stations
                    and return to sewer.  When it is
                    desired to collect a sample, a
                    solenoid is actuated operating  a
                    linkage which mechanically rotates
                    the diversion nozzle causing the
                    flow to enter a chamber connected
                    to the sample bottle rather  than
                    the sewer return.  A spring  assures
                    return of the diversion nozzle  to
                    its original position after  the
                    sample is taken.  The time of sole-
                    noid activation governs the  size
                    of the sample.  The 24 discrete
                    sample bottles are mounted on a
                    turntable which indexes upon each
                    sampling cycle to place an empty
                    bottle under the filling spout.
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Should be relatively  free  from  clogging.

 2.  Unit would not appear  to offer  any  significant obstruc-
     tion to flow.

 3.  Unit should be operable over  the full range of flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids in  the  flow  should not hamper
     operations.
 5


 6
 8.
Automatic operation.
cleaning function.
Continuous flow serves a self
Collects 24 discrete  samples  at  pre-set  time intervals
and a flow proportional  composite.

Ability to collect  floatables  and  coarser bottom
solids will depend  upon  details  of  sampling intake.

No refrigeration, but otherwise  unit  would appear to
afford reasonable sample protection.
                             258

-------
 9.  Unit was not designed for manhole operation.

10.  Unit cannot withstand total immersion.

11.  Unit would appear capable of operation  in  freezing
     ambients.

12.  Relatively high lift should allow operation over  a
     fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
                           259

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Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;

Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
WESTON AUTOMATIC  SAMPLER

Washington, B.C.

11024 EXF 08/70

Details of intake to  submersible
sewage pump and of  sampling  head
to vacuum-charged sampler  not
stated.

Forced flow to a  retention tank
by a sewage pump  anchored  to the
sewer floor,  thence,  by  vacuum,
from the retention  tank  to sample
bottles.

Not stated.

Not stated.

Not stated.

Collects 24 discrete  samples.

Wastewater is pumped  continuously
to the retention  tank.   The  vacuum
tank is triggered by  the increased
back-pressure of  a  bubbler line
resulting from the  increased depth
of sewer flow.  The discrete in-
terval is adjusted  by an electric
timer to a minimum period  of
5 minutes.

115 VAC electricity.

Sample bottles, sampling lines,
and control switches  installed in
a refrigerated enclosure.

Not stated.

The wastewater retention tank, the
refrigerated  sampler, and  the
piping are all housed in 2.1 x 1.6
x 2.0m (7x5.2x6.5 ft.) metal shed.
                             260

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General  Comments:
A submersible, heavy-duty manually-
controlled sewage  pump  delivers
wastewater continuously to a reten-
tion tank having a normal retention
time of less  than  1 minute.   The
pump is anchored to the sewer bottom
in a metal cage.

During a storm, an increase  of
water depth in the sewer applies
back pressure to an air-bubbling
system, thus  activating a mercury
switch and triggering  the system
which collects samples  from  the
retention tank.  The 24 sample
bottles are vacuum charged prior
to the storm by use of  a portable
vacuum pump.  The  bottles are in a
fixed position in  the  refrigerated
enclosure, and each sample is drawn
into its bottle by vacuum when a
control switch is  released by a
tripper arm operated in conjunction
with a timer.
Weston Automatic  Sampler Evaluation

 1.  The submersible  pump anchored to the bottom of the
     sewer is often clogged  by solid wastes such as cans,
     rags, wire,  wood chips,  tree stems, gravel, sand, etc,

 2.  The submersible  pump with its metal cage and angle
     iron braces  offers  a significant obstruction to flow.

 3.  Pump stoppages have occurred during low-intensity
     storms, probably because of insufficient water depth
     in the sewer.

 4.  Movement of  heavy solids has caused severe damage to
     the equipment, to the extent that pumps have washed
     away.

 5.  Automatic operation of  sampler above retention tank.
     Continuous flow  from pump to retention tank assists
     in self cleaning.

 6.  Collects 24  discrete samples at preset time intervals.
     Synchronized recorded flow data permit flow propor-
     tional compositing.   Samples are collected from a
     single elevation in the  sewer.
                              262

-------
     Ability of unit  to collect  floatables  or coarser
     bottom solids will depend upon  elevation of pump
     intake.
 9

10
Refrigerated sample container  protects  samples from
damage and deterioration.   Continuous  flow from sewer
to retention tank will help minimize  crossr-
contamination.  Sampling head  and  lines may be
susceptible to precontamination.

Unit was not designed for manhole  operation.

Unit cannot operate under a condition  of total
immersion.
11.  Not suitable for  operation  under  freezing ambient
     conditions.  Could be made  to  operate during freezing
     weather by heating the metal  shed housing the unit.

12.  Relatively high discharge pressure would allow
     operation over a  wide range of operating head
     conditions.
                            263

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Designation;

Project Location;


EPA Proj ect No.;


Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
PAVIA-BYRNE AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

New Orleans (Lake Pontchartrain),
Louisiana

11020 FAS. Final report  should  be
available soon.

Saran wrapped, galvanized  sheet
metal air diffuser about 76  cm
(30 in.) long, placed about  20  cm
(8 in.) below the water  surface.
Polyethylene tubing from intake
to sampler.

Positive displacement, screw type,
Moyno or Aberdenffer pump  operated
with a 0.56 KW (3/4 HP) motor.

Maximum suction lift about 6m
(20 ft.).

Minimum 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) line from
canal to sampler.  Intake  pipe  to
sampler manifold 1.9 cm  (3/4 in.).
Manifold to each row of  sampler
bottles, 1.3 cm (1/2 in.).   Line
from solenoid valve to sampler,
0.64 cm (1/4 in.).

Under 11.4 £pm (3 gpm).

Unit collects 36 discrete  samples
in bottles of about 1.2& (40 oz)
capacity each.

Sampler operation initiated  with
manually operated switch.   Filling
of sample bottles controlled by a
motor driven timer, through  relays,
to a solenoid valve at each  sample
bottle.  Time interval between
sample collections not stated.

Sample pump operates through a
220 volt, 60 Hz, external  power
source.  Electrical control  equip-
ment is on a 120 volt, 60  Hz,
power source.
                             264

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Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
                           Sample bottles, solenoid valves  to
                           each bottle, and sampler manifold,
                           are installed in a Shaefer Cooler
                           Model MC-1600, with cooling units
                           built in its walls.

                           Sampler piping and fittings are  of
                           PVC.  Grating and supports within
                           the cooler are aluminum.

                           Outside dimensions of cooler in
                           which sampler is installed are
                           about 79 x 155 x 89 cm
                           (31x61x35 in.).  All equipment is
                           installed in a 1.8 x 2.4m (6x8 ft.)
                           shed.

                           The pump produces a continuous
                           flow of sewage to the sampler.
                           When the sampler has been placed
                           in  operation, individual solenoid
                           valves from the sampler manifold
                           are opened one at a time to the
                           36  sample bottles by an electri-
                           cally operated timer.  A combina-
                           tion standpipe and overflow line
                           is  used to maintain pressure on  the
                           solenoid valves.

Pavia-Byrne Automatic  Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Most clogging would be at the air diffuser inlet.  Its
     extent would depend on the size and shape of openings
     in the diffuser.

 2.  The air diffuser  intake  would present some obstruction
     of flow, depending on where it is placed in the sewer.
     This would not be significant in the very large canal
     where the existing samplers have been installed.

 3.  Probably would operate at the full range of flow
     conditions, except at very low stages, when the air
     diffuser may not provide satisfactory inlet conditions.

 4.  Damage to the air diffuser  intake may occur in storm
     or combined sewers of high  flow velocity and heavy
     debris load.
                             265

-------
 5.   Operation is automatic after initial startup at  the
     beginning of a storm.  Continuous flow promotes  self
     cleaning.

 6.   Representativeness of sample depends on placement .and
     configuration of the air diffuser intake.  Discrete
     samples of uniform size collected at constant  time
     intervals.  Flow proportional compositing not  possible
     unless time-synchronized with a recording flow meter.

 7.   Does not collect floatable material because the  intake
     is set below the water surface.

 8.   Cooled sample container protects samples from  damage
     and deterioration.  Continuous flow from sewer to
     sampler minimizes precontamination.

 9.   Unit was not designed for manhole operation.

10.   Not designed to operate under total immersion  or
     flooding.

11.   Continuous flow and insulated cooler would help  permit
     continued operation under ambient freezing.

12.   Relatively high lift would allow operation over  a
     fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
                            266

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 Designation;


 Project Location!

 EPA Project No. ;


 Sampler Intake;


 Gathering Method:
 Sample  Lift;

 Line  Size;


 Sample  Flow Rate;

 Sample  Capacity;


 Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
 REX CHAINBELT. INC. AUTOMATIC
 SAMPLER~

 Kenosha, Wisconsin

 11023 EKC.   Final report should be
 available soon.

 Pipe drilled with 0.63 to 0.95 cm
 (1/4 to 3/8 in.)  holes.

 Uses a "Hushpuppy" positive pres-
 sure pump.   Cost  of pump about $30.
 Operates only during a 2-3 minute
 purging period and during actual
 filling of  sample bottle.

 Suction lift about 4.6m (15 ft.).

 1.3  cm (1/2 in.)  Tygon tubing and
 garden hose.

 Approximately 11.4 £pm (3 gpm).

 Unit collects 18  discrete samples
 in bottles  of 1-liter  capacity.

 Sampler  operation  started by
 manually operated  control.   There-
 after,  flow to  sample  bottles is
 regulated by  an electric  timer
 and  solenoid  valve.  Time interval
 between  filling of bottles  can be
 adjusted between 3 minutes  and
 one  hour.

 Not  stated.

 None provided.

 Sampling lines  are composed  of
 Tygon  tubing  and garden hose;
pump is plastic and Buna  N.

Not stated.
                             267

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General Comments;         After manual  starting,  the pump
                          runs for  2  to  3  minutes to purge
                          the sampler lines.   The pump then
                          operates  only  while each sample
                          bottle  is filled through a re-
                          volving solenoid valve  regulated
                          by an  electric timer.   Apparently,
                          the pump  operation  is  stopped
                          automatically  after 18  sample
                          bottles have been filled.

Rex Chainbelt Automatic  Sampler  Evaluation

 1.  Experience has been only in  sewage which has been
     comminuted and passed  through  a grit chamber, but
     unit should be fairly  free  from clogging.

 2.  The pipe sampler  intake would  present some obstruction
     of flow, the  extent of obstruction depending on the
     method used for maintaining  the position of  the pipe
     in the flow.

 3.  Does not collect  enough  samples at short time inter-
     vals to include  the entire  storm period at many
     locations.

 4.  Operation  impediment by  the movement of solids will
     depend on  the method used  for  installation of the
     sampler intake pipe.

 5.  Operation  is  automatic after initial startup at the
     beginning  of  a storm.   Self cleaning limited to
     initial purging  of  lines.

 6.  Representatitiveness of  sample depends on placement,
     and  specifications  of  the  intake pipe.  Discrete
     samples of uniform size  are collected at constant
     time intervals.   Flow  proportional compositing not
     possible unless  time-synchronized with a recording
     flow meter.

 7.  Unit could provide some capability for floatables  and
     bottom  solids depending upon positioning and  length
     of  sampler pipe.

 8.  No  provision for refrigeration  of  samples provided.
     Purging  of lines prior to sample collection  serves  to
     reduce  precontamination; cross-contamination will
     probably  occur.
                             268

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 9.

10.


11.

12.
Unit was not designed for manhole  operation.

Not designed to operate under  total  immersion or
flooding.

Unit not designed to operate under freezing conditions

Relatively high lift would  allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating  head  conditions.
                           269

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Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;




Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line  Size:
 Sample  Flow Rate;
 Sample Capacity;
 Controls:
COLSTON AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Durham, North Carolina

EPA-670/2-74-096.

Direct intake to sump pump  set  on
piling at stream bed.   Intake
from sampling flume  is  a  standard
Serco Model NW-3 sampling head.

Water pumped from stream  to
sampling flume with  an  Enpo-
Cornell sump pump, Model  No. 150A.
Pump is placed inside a 61  x 46 cm
(24x18 in.) metal box,  all  within a
woven wire frame.  A standard Serco
Model NW~3 vacuum sampler  gathers
samples from the 91  x 27  cm
(36x10.5 in.) Plexiglas flume.

About 3.3m  (11 ft.)  from  the pump
to  the sampling  flume.  No  lift
from the flume to the Serco sampler

Line from pump to flume is  3.8 cm
(1.5 in.) fire hose. Serco sam-
pler lines  are 0.63  cm  (1/4 in.)
inside diameter.

Flow rate from pump  to  flume is
about  189 £pm  (50  gpm).  Flow rate
from flume  to  Serco  sampler is
variable.

24-500 m& bottles  are  provided in
the Serco sampler.   Actual sample
sizes  are about  400  m£.

Operation of  pump  starts  and stops
when float  in  an offstream  stil-
ling well reaches  specified stages.
For Serco Model  NW-3 sampler
controls,  see  page 193.
                               270

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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials:
Pump operates on  110  VAC.   Serco
sampler is powered with  a  spring
driven clock.

None provided.

Sampling train composed  of fire
hose, Plexiglas flume, stainless
steel sampling head,  vinyl lines,
and glass bottles with rubber
stoppers.
Basic Dimensions:
Colston Automatic Sampler
Not a concentrated unit.
sampler 39 x 39 x 68  cm
(15.5x.5.5x26.7 in.).
                                                     Serco
 1.  Because of large diameter  hose from the pump to the
     sampling flume, and  continuous flow during the period
     of operation, clogging  is  infrequent.   Experience has
     been in an urban stream which  has  the  characteristics
     of a storm sewer.

 2.  The pump and covering,  as  placed  on the stream bed,
     would create a significant obstruction to flow,
     particularly in a sewer of ordinary dimensions.

 3.  May not operate during  very low flows, depending upon
     height of pump inlet above stream  bed.

 4.  Heavy bed loads could render the pump  inoperable.

 5.  Pump starts and stops automatically in accordance
     with specified water stages.   Continuous  flow to
     sampling flume provides self cleaning, but the Serco
     sampler has no self  cleaning features.

 6.  Collects discrete samples  at preset times from a
     fixed point intake only.   Flow proportional
     compositing is possible when time  is synchronized
     with recording flow measurement equipment.

 7.  Unsuitable for collection  of samples of floatables
     or coarser bottom solids.

 8.  No refrigeration provided.  Use of  individual sam-
     pling lines in the Serco sampler eliminates cross-
     contamination possibility.
                           271

-------
 9.  Not designed for operation in sewer manholes  or
     other confined spaces.

10.  Not operable under conditions of  total  immersion  or
     flooding.

11.  Would not operate under freezing  conditions.

12.  Sample lift of about  3.3m  (11 ft.)  to  the  sampling
     flume, and a potential lift  of  3m (10  ft.)  for  the
     Serco sampler, indicates capability for operation
     under a fairly wide range  of operating  head
     conditions.
                            272

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 Designation;

 Project Location:

 EPA Report No .;

 Sampler Intake;




 Gathering Method;

 Sample  Lift;


 Line  Size;

 Sample  Flow Rate;


 Sample  Capacity;



 Controls:
Power Source:

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
 ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER MODEL II

 To be used in Akron, Ohio

 None

 Not clearly stated but presumably
 the end of the 5 cm (2 in.) I.D.
 suction line mounted directly in
 the flow stream to be sampled.

 Suction lift from diaphram pump.

 Not stated but probably good for
 at least 6.1m (20 ft).

 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

 Depends upon lift;  could exceed
 76 &pm C20 gpm) .

 Unit  collects  twenty-four 1.9&
 (1/2  gal)  discrete  samples  plus an
 18.9&  (5  gal)  composite.

 Has  a  provision  for auto.matic
 starting.   Discrete samples and
 composite  aliquots  can be collected
 every  5  minutes  paced  by  a  built-
 in  timer  adjustable from  5  to
 60  minutes.  Switches  automatically
 stop diversion to composite bottle
 when  it  is  full  and shut  sampler
 off when  last  discrete bottle  has
 been filled.

 115 VAC

None

Tygon and PVC  tubing;  aluminum
diverter, nozzle, etc.; "Nalgene"
sample bottles;  aluminum  frame.

137 x 76 x  150 cm (54  x 30
x 59 in.) including mounting dolly.
Can be wheeled about,  but appears
 too heavy to lift without
assistance.
                             273

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General Comments;
The pump produces a continuous
flow of sewage through the sam-
pler diverter and back to the
sewer.  Two solenoids are pro-
vided to allow diversion of flow
to either the discrete or com-
posite sample container for a
preset time period.  They tip a
nozzle inside a diversion chamber
and thus direct the flow as com-
manded by the timing cams.  The
nozzle is spring loaded to return
to its null position which directs
flow back to the sewer.  A rotat-
ing nozzle is indexed over one of
24 funnels, each connected by a
piece of 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D. ty-
gon tubing to one of the wide
mouth discrete sample bottles
which are in a rectangular array.
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Model  II  Evaluation

 1.  Should be relatively  free  from clogging,  except per-
     haps the tubes  connecting  the distribution funnels to
     the discrete  sample bottles.

 2.  Unit would not  appear to offer any  significant obstruc-
     tion to flow.

 3.  Units should  be operable over the full range of flow
     conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids in the  flow should not hamper
     operations, except for possible diaphram wear.

 5.  Capable of automatic  operation.  Continuous flow
     serves a self cleaning function.

 6.  Collects 24 discrete  samples  at preset time intervals
     and a simple  composite.

 7.  Ability to collect floatables and coarser bottom
     solids will depend upon details of  sampling intake.

 8.  No refrigeration, but otherwise unit would appear to
     afford reasonable sample protection.

 9.  Unit was not  designed for  manhole operation.
                             274

-------
10.  Unit cannot withstand total immersion.


11.  Unit would appear capable of operation in freezing
     ambients.


12.  Relatively high lift should allow operation over a
     fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
                        275

-------
Designation:

Project Location:


EPA Report No.:


Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:
Sample  Lift;



Line  Size;




Sample  Flow Rate:

Sample  Capacity;




 Controls:
NEAR SEWER SAMPLER

Tested at San Jose Water Pollution
Control Plant.

None.  Not developed  under  EPA
sponsorship.

Small hole approximately 1.3  cm
(1/2 in.) diameter in the  side of a
traversing pick-up tube.

Mechanical;  pick-up  tube with
piston is lowered  and fills
through intake  near  its  lower end
as  it traverses the  stream to be
sampled.  Sample is  ejected
through a hole  near  the  top of the
tube by raising the  piston inside
the tube.

Will depend  upon pick-up tube
length; 2.4m (8 ft)  would  appear to
be  a practical  maximum.

Smallest  line (possibly  1/2")
would appear to be the one con-
necting  the  sample bottle to  the
pick-up  tube outlet.

Not applicable.

Developer simply states that
 either  a  composite sample or  a
number  of discrete samples can
be provided.

 An upper piston was  added  to  allow
 varying the quantity  of samples
 gathered during the  stream depth
 traverse in a  controlled way.   It
 is activated by a water surface
 sensor located  on the bottom  of
 the pick-up tube.  The water
 sensor provides the  capability
 (in conjunction with a small
 memory and  logic unit) of  gather-
 ing flow-proportional samples,  at
 least to the extent  that  flow is
                              276

-------
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                     277

-------
Power Source;



Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials:

Basic Dimensions;
 General  Comments;
proportional to water depth..
Otherwise samples could be paced
by a timer or arranged to accept
signals from an external flowmeter.

Basic unit could be battery
powered.  External controls  could
require alternating current.

None

Stainless steel and plastic.

Will depend upon  length  of  pick-up
tube; say approximately  0.3  x 0.3
x  2.4m  (1x1x8  ft)  plus  a sample
container rack.   Unit  must  be
mounted in manhole or  otherwise^
near the  flow  stream.   Basic unit
would appear  to weigh  13-18  kg
 (30-40  Ibs).

Sampler  is  out of the  main flow
except when taking a  sample.
Developer claims  sampler can pick-
up a  representative  sample of
surface  oil film.   Both an initial
model  and an improved  prototype
have  been fabricated and tested to
 demonstrate the basic  concepts
 involved, but the -unit has not
been  made commercially available
 as yet.   A patent has  been granted
 for the sampler and its concept.
 Any requests for further informa-
 tion should be directed to:

   S.  B.  Spangler, Vice President
   Nielsen Engineering & Research,
     Inc .
   850 Maude Avenue
   Mountain View, California   94040
   Telephone (415) 968-9457
 NEAR Sewer Sampler Evaluation

  1   Pick-up  tube might  collect  debris  (rags,  paper,  etc.)
      during traverse which  could clog inlet port;  otherwise
      should be  relatively free  from clogging.
                              278

-------
 8,
 9

10

11,


12.
 Pick-up tube offers a rigid obstruction  to  flow  while
 sample is actually being collected.

 Unit would appear vulnerable to damage due  to  Strouhal
 vibration at high flow rates.

 Movement of large objects in the flow at  the time  a
 sample is being taken could damage or even  physically
 destroy the pick-up tube assembly.

 Prototype does  not have an automatic start  feature.
 No  self cleaning.   Cross contamination appears very
 likely.

 Prototype is amenable to several types of control
 systems,  but none has been demonstrated as yet.

 Preliminary test results indicate a capability of
 collecting surface oil films.   Unit is unsuitable
 for  collecting  coarse bottom solids.

 Sample  container case not  designed".  Since unit
 mounts  in  manhole  near flow  surface,  samples are
 vulnearable,  and refrigeration  does not  appear
 reasonable.

 Unit is designed for  manhole operation.

 Unit cannot  withstand  total  immersion.

 Unit would  appear  to have  difficulty  operating  in
 freezing ambients.

Unit has design  capability of operating over a  fairly
wide range of operating head conditions.
                            279

-------
Designation:

Project Location:

EPA Repor-t No.;

Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;
 Saoole Lift;

 Line Size:




 Sample Flow Rate;

 Sample Capacity;;
  Controls;
  Power Source;  .

  Sample Refrigerator;

  Construction Materials:
•FREEMAN AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Columbia, Maryland

None

Provided by user.

External head  to provide  flow  to
sampling equipment  shed.   Fluidic
diverters  are  controlled  by  sole-
noid  valves by timer  signals and
divert  flow to discrete  sample
containers, the flow  otherwise
returning  to waste.

Not applicable.

The. smallest  passage  in the sam-
pling train is the 0.63 x 0.63 cm
 (0.25 x 0.25  in.)  throat of the
 diverter.

 5.7 &pm (1.5   gpm).

 Modularized construction allows
 as many 0.9£  (1 qt) discrete  sam-
 ple  containers to  be used as  de-
 sired.  For this installation,
 6  modules were arranged  vertically
 in a single cascade, and two  cas-
 cades  were employed.

 Timer-actuated solenoid  valves
 open and  close the diverter con-
 trol ports causing a sample to be
 taken  at  preset time intervals.
 Volume of  sample  is  adjusted  by
 positioning the vent tube in  the
 sample jar.

 110  VAC

 None

 PVC  pipe, fluidic diverters molded
  from PVC, sample  containers are
  glass  Mason  jars, metal and ply-
 wood frame.
                               280

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                            Diverter Control Ports
      Diverter
     Inlet
          Fluidic Divp.rter
          Valve
     Standpipe
                      Mason Jar
                                                      Bypass Diverter
                                                      Outlet
Bottle Fill
Diverter Outlet
                                                     Bottle Fill
                                                     Fitting
                                                 Bottle Vent
                                                 Tube
                                                     Shelf
                                                      Sample Flow Out
      Figure 20.   Freeman Automatic  Sampler Module

Sketch courtesy  of Peter A.  Freeman Associates,  Inc.
                                281

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Basic Dimensions
General Comments
Each 6 module cascade appears
to be about 0.5 x 0.3 x 1.5m
(1.5 x 1 x 5 ft).  Minimum height
of a module is 15.2 cm (6 in.)
head required for diverter opera-
tion plus sample bottle height.

The complete absence  of moving
parts in the flow stream  is  a
distinct advantage.   With the  use
of a bias orifice in  one  control
port, only one  control line  need
be blocked to obtain  diversion.
The possibility  of  using  such  an
arrangement with the  control lines
sequenced vertically  in  a timing
jar  that is  fed  fluid by  a  cali-
brated wick would allow  a sampler
with  absolutely  no  moving parts
and  requiring no power  other than
from  the  fluid  flow itself.
 Freeman Automatic Sampler Evaluation

  1.   Should be free from clogging.  Sampling intake must be
      designed by user.

  2.   Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.

  3.   Should operate well over entire range of flow
      conditions.

  4.   Movement of solids should not hamper operation.

  5.   Continuous flow serves a self cleaning function.  No
      cross—contamination.

  6.   Collects adjustable size (up to 1  liter) discrete
      samples at preset  time intervals.

  7.   Ability to collect  samples  of  floatables and  coarser
      bottom solids will  depend upon  design  of sampling
      intake.

  8.   No refrigerator.   Adequate  sample  protection  for this
      installation.

  9.  Not  designed  for  manhole operation as  presently
      configured.
                             282

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10.  Cannot withstand total immersion.




11.  Unit should be able to operate in freezing ambients.



12.  Operating head is provided by user.
                          283

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Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report Mo.;


Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity:




Controls:
 Power Source:
 Sample Refrigerator:

 Construction Materials
PS-69 PUMPING SAMPLER

Columbia, Maryland

None.  Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.

Provided by user.

Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.

6.1m  (20 ft) recommended maximum.

Pump will pass 0.5  cm  (3/16  in.)
solids.

Approximately 26 Jlpm  (7 gpm) .

Adjustable size discrete samples
are  collected in seventy-two 0.5£
(1 pt) glass bottles  or 0.9)1 (1 qt)
plastic  containers.

Sample size  is adjusted by
potentiometer setting;  under timer
operation samples may  be  taken as
often as every 2 minutes  or  as
infrequently as one a  day; may be
paced by optional  stage-discharge
computer or  external flowmeter.
Has  automatic starter and  event
marker.

36 VDC (three 12V  automobile
batteries of 55  amp-hr.  capacity
or greater)  for  pump motors; one
standard D  dry  cell battery  for
clock.

None.

Intake tubing  is  user-supplied;
pump is  Buna-N,  stainless  steel,
 carbon and  ceramic; also  PVC and
vinyl in sampling  train.
                              284

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                         Diverter Nozzle
                               Sample Funnel
        Distribution '^w
           Tubing	.--•;.;-, L
                                         Time Clock

                                    (Back side of plate)
                                            Sample
                                           Container
                                            Drawer
Figure  21.  PS  69 Pumping Sampler
                     285

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Basic Dimensions;
General Comments:
96 .x 147 x 183 cm  (38x58x72  in.);
weighs 77 kg  (170  Ibs) without
batteries or  tubing; designed for
fixed installation.

This sampler  was designed  for
sediment transport  studies  in
rivers.  A typical  cycle begins
with a small  pump  taking water
from a backflush barrel and back-
flushing the  intake, priming the
line and removing  any  grass or
trash from the intake  proper.
This operation continues until  a
bottom float  in  the barrel drops.
When the large  (sampling)  pump
starts, a solenoid on  the  back-
flush barrel  closes the back-
flush pump intake  and  the
distribution  arm advances  one
hole.  The sampling pump  feeds
into a solenoid  operated  diverter
that normally feeds the  backflush
tank.  About  20  seconds  after the
sampling pump starts,  the  diverter
switches for  a preset  period and
the sample  is routed via  the dis-
tributer arm and an individual
plastic hose  to  the next  sample
container.   The  sampling pump is
shut off when the top  float in
the backflush barrel lifts.  A
smaller, portable version desig-
nated  PS-73  and taking 36  discrete
samples  is  also available.  Any
requests  for further information
 should be  directed to:

    John V.  Skinner
    Hydrologist-in-Charge
    Federal Inter-Agency
       Sedimentation Project
    St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
       Laboratory
    Hennepin  Island  and Third Ave.
       S.E.
    Minneapolis, Minnesota   55414
                              286

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 PS-69  Pumping Sampler Evaluation

  1.   Should be relatively free from clogging, except
      perhaps the tubes connecting the distribution fun-
      nels  to the discrete sample bottles.

  2.   Obstruction to flow will depend upon way user designs
      and installs sampler intake.

  3.   Unit  should be operable over the full range of flow
      conditions.

  4.  Movement of  solids  should not hamper operation.

  5.  Automatic starter;  backflush of intake and inlet line
     provides partial self-cleaning.

  6.  Collects 72  discrete samples (either 0.5£ or 0.95,)
     paced  by interval timer,  optional proportional fre-
     quency controller (stage-discharge computer),  or
     external flowmeter.

  7.  Ability to  collect  floatables or coarser bottom solids
     will depend  upon details  of  sampling intake, but any-
     thing  larger than 0.5  cm  (3/16  in.)  will jam pump.

  8.  No refrigeration, but  otherwise unit would appear to
     offer  reasonable sample protection when  installed in
     recommended  shelter.

  9.  Unit was  not  designed  for manhole operation.

10.  Unit cannot  withstand  total  immersion.

11.  The use  of a  heated  shelter  is  recommended  for  cold-
     weather  operation.

12.  Relatively high  lift should  allow operation over  a
     fairly wide  range of operating  head  conditions.
                           287

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Designation;

Project Location!


EPA Report No.:


Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line  Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity:
 Controls:
 Power Source;
RECOMAT SAMPLER

Paris, France (Department De
Seine Saint-Denis)

None.  Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.

Four 120 m& tanks, each with  an
8 cm (5/16 in.) diameter hole
in the bottom and protected by
a plastic bell, which  can be
positioned vertically  anywhere
within the flow stream.

Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ej ection,

10m  (33  ft) maximum.

Smallest line is  0.6 mm  (1/4  in.).

Depends  upon pressure  and  lift.

Collects 24 sequential composite
samples  (,1«6& maximum) made  up
of an  undisclosed (but fixed)
number of  aliquots of  less  than
120  m& per  intake.

The  design  is  such  that  it  takes
5 minutes  to  collect  each  sequen-
tial composite  sample.  The  only
control  is  an  operator setting
 (n)  that causes  the  sampler  to
fill the first  n  bottles one after
the  other  (essentially continuous
operation),  after which the  re-
maining  24-n  bottles  are filled
at  10 minute  time intervals.
Thus,  the  total  sampling period
 can  range  from 2  to  4 hours.

 Electricity required for air
 compressor motor  and refrigerator.
                              288

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 Sample Refrigerator:
 Construction Materials
Basic  Dimensions:
General Comments:
                      Entire sample distribution
                      and storage assembly  is  inside
                      an automatic refrigerator set
                      to maintain a 4°C internal
                      temperature.

                      Sampling train is plastic and
                      rubber,

                      Sample intake is 8 cm  C3,1  in.)
                      diameter x 15 cm (5,9  in.)  H;
                      control  box is 60 x 30 x 80  cm
                      (23.6x11.8x31.5 in,);  refrig-
                      erator is 100 x 100 x  120 cm
                      C39,4x39,4x47,2 in,);  each
                      compressor is 50 x 50 x 20  cm
                      (19.7x19.7x7.9 in,); fixed
                      installation.

                      This  sampler was designed by
                      RECOMAT  to meet specifications
                      written  by Coyne and Bellier
                      consulting engineers.  Each  in-
                      take  is  gravity filled, via  its
                      bottom hole,  through an elastic
                      rubber truncated cone inside its
                      tank.  The release of air pres-
                      sure  pinches  the edges of the
                      rubber hole and forces the sample
                      up  the line,  thr.ough the distri-
                      bution arm, and into the sample
                      container.   Due to air losses
                      associated with the  rubber cones
                      (and  piping),  due in part to
                      failure  to shut off  because of
                      obstruction by heavy particles,
                      only  500  m£ or so of sample is
                      typically obtained (rather than
                      the 1.6£  design capacity).   A
                      separate  air  compressor is  used
                      to move  the distribution arm.
RECOMAT Sampler Evaluation

 1.
 2.
Should be relatively free  from  clogging except for
possibly the elastic rubber  cone  in  the intake.

Sampler intakes and supporting  structure present a
rigid obstruction to the flow.
                            289

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 8.


 9.

10,

11,


12,
     Sampling chamber will fill immediately following
     discharge of previous aliquot, but the use of several
     aliquots to obtain each sample minimizes adverse ef-
     fects of this.   Representativeness is questionable at
     high flow rates.

     Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
     even physically destroy the sampler intakes.  Small
     solids could prevent rubber intake cone from sealing,
     resulting in reduced or no sample from that intake.

     Apparently has no automatic start or self-cleaning
     features.

     Collects sequential composite samples made up of a
     number of aliquots of possibly varying size,

     Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
     materials or coarser bottom solids.
                          Cross-contamination  appears


Unit is not designed for manhole operation,
Automatic refrigeration.
likely.
Cannot withstand total immersion.

Should be able to operate in freezing  ambients  for
its 2-4 hour duty cycle life.

Maximum lift of 10m  (33 ft) puts  little  restriction
on operating head conditions but  is  less  than in
many pneumatic ejection designs.
                            290

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Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;


Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity
Controls:
EG&G PROTOTYPE SE¥ER  SAMPLER

Rockville, Maryland

EPA-670/2-75-XXX  to be  issued
soon.

Four intakes of present config-
uration can be located  anywhere
within the flow stream..  Presently
consists of 4 plastic nozzles,
each with three 0.5 cm  (3/16 in.)
diameter ports in  line  with the
flow, mounted to  a streamlined
stainless steel strap around the
inside periphery  of the sewer
pipe.

Suction lift from  separate  high
capacity 3-rotor  peristaltic pump
heads for each intake,  driven by
a common electric  motor through
keyed connecting  shafts.

Submersible pump  box  is designed
to be located within  3m (10 ft)  or
so of the flow.   Discharge  heads
of over 15m (50 ft) are possible.

Smallest line is  0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
I.D.

9,5 £pm (.2.5 gpm)  through each
line for 37.9 Jlpm (10 gpm)  total
flow in present configuration.

Collects 12 discrete  2£ CO,53 gal)
samples per storage module.

May be set to take a  sample as
often as every minute or as in-
frequently as once every 9  hours,
in 200 millisecond increments when
paced by internal  timer;  may also
be paced by suitable  external
flowmeter; has automatic start
connection; all solid state
design.  Backflush and  blowdown
                             291

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292

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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
time periods  are  also  adjustable.
Can Be programmed or run manually
in any fashion  for test  purposes.

110 VAC electricity.

Entire sample distribution and
storage assembly  can be  fitted
with an insulated,  refrigerated
cover, but none is  provided at
present.

Sampling  train  is PVC,  tygon,
silicone, plexiglass,  and  poly-
ethylene ,

Not an integrated unit.  Largest
components are  a  standard
55-gallon drum,  and  distributor
and storage assembly which is
approximately 1.2m (4  ft)  in
diameter  and  0.9m (3 ft) H;  elec-
tronics box is  47 x 39 x 30 cm
(18.5x15.5x12 in.); fixed
installation.

This automatic  sampler is  a
prototype design  incorporating
several previously  untried
features  in five  modular sub-
systems,  including  all solid-
state electronics,  a clock to
allow time-of-day correlation,
high sample intake  and transport
velocities, large high-capacity
peristaltic pumps  and  fluidic
diverters avoiding  any moving
parts in  the  sampling  train,
return of the first flow to  waste,
fresh water or  chemical  purge  and
backflush and high  pressure  air
blowdown after each sample is
taken,  multilevel  sample intakes
with non-intrusive mounting, and
large sample  capacity with the
quantity of each  sample  determined
by weight.  The modular  subsystem
                             293

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                          approach allows  the basic  design
                          implementation to Be  tailored  to
                          suit a wide variety of  sampling
                          program and site requirements.

EG&G Prototype Sewer Sampler Evaluation

 1.  Should be relatively free from  clogging due  to  design
     of intake, lack of  constrictions and  moving  parts  in
     the sampling train, the fact that the sample flows
     under pressure from the pump all the  way to  the sample
     container, and the  backflush and blowdown  features.

 2.  Non-intrusive intake ring presents virtually no ob-
     struction to the flow.

 3.  Should be capable of operating  over  the  entire  range
     of flow conditions.

 4.  Movement of solids  should not hamper  operations.

 5.  Has connection for  automatic starting on  signal from
     external sensor,  Backflush, purge,  and  blowdown self-
     cleaning features should minimize  cros&-contamination,

 6.  Collects discrete samples from  a multi-level intake
     paced by built-in timer  or  external  flowmeter.

 7.  Separate intake  designs  required for sampling floatables
     or coarser bottom solids,

 8.  No refrigeration in present form.

 9.  Submersion proof pump  box  is  designed to  operate in  a
     surcharged manhole; intake  can  be  installed in  entry
     line  to manhole  in  less  than  15 minutes;  no other sub-
     systems are  intended  to  be  down in the manhole; trans-
     former  isolated  to  prevent  shock hazard if pump box  is
     physically destroyed  by  accident.

 10.  Manhole  components  can withstand complete immersion.

 11.  Freshwater  tank  would require  heater or antifreeze for
     cold  weather  operation.   Collected samples would freeze
     if  left  for  prolonged periods  without a heated  cover.

 12.  Combined  lift  of over 18m (60  ft)  puts little  restric-
     tion  on operating head conditions.
                              294 .

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                      SECTION VIII

         EXPERIENCE WITH COMBINED SEWER SAMPLERS
 In order to assess the efficacy of both  standard commer-
 cially available samplers and custom  engineered units in
 actual field use, a survey of recent  EPA projects in the
 storm and combined sewer pollution control  area was con-
 ducted.   Final reports were obtained  where  available, but
 for some projects only interim reports existed and, in a
 few instances, telephone conversations had  to  be relied on.
 In each  project, the research and development  contract or
 grant was for an activity which also  required  determination
 of water quality.  No projects had been  undertaken solely
 to compare or evaluate samplers for use  in  storm and com-
 bined sewers.

 STRAINER/FILTER TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

 Reference 9 is the final report for a project  to examine
 strainer/filter treatment of combined sewer  overflows.
 Although automatic sampling equipment was not  used in this
 project,  several interesting observations were  made.   It is
 stated in the  conclusions that "this  feasibility study  has
 shown that  sampling methods commonly  used in evaluating the
 effect of combined sewer overflows on receiving  streams
 cannot be considered reliable.  The results  indicate  that
 most  of  the calculated loads that are based  on  automatic
 sampling  stations have most likely understated  the actual
 case".   Particular criticism is  leveled  against  the small
 diameter,  low  velocity probes  which are  characteristic  of
 most  present-day automatic  sampling units.   In  this project
 the sampling was performed  manually by a technician at  the
 overflow  site.   Samples were taken at 15-minute  intervals
 during the  first 2 hours  of flow and thereafter  at
 30-minute  intervals  for 2 hours.   The samples were discrete
 in nature,  not  composites over each time interval,  and  were
 taken  in  two quantities:  a)  a 7.6£ (2 gal)  sample taken
with  a 3.8£  (1  gal)  pail, and  b)  a 3.8SL  (1 gal)  sample
 taken  with  a 0.5& (1  pt)  wide  mouth cup.   The samples were
brought  to  the  analytical laboratory within 6 hours of  the
 initial  sampling  time.

 It is  noted on  page  18  that  visual observation of  several
overflows  conclusively  showed  the  presence of fresh human
feces  (larger  than one-half  inch)  and whole  pieces  of toilet
paper.  Samples  were  also collected using a  wire mesh screen
                             295

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with one-quarter inch  openings.   Comparison of  the suspended
solids in the usual pail  samples  with those collected on
wire mesh strainers consistently  showed a variation in par-
ticle size.  Only when a  sample was  taken at the surface of
the flowing stream did the  maximum particle size obtained
with the pail equal that  found with  the wire mesh strainer.

In one instance a set  of  samples  was taken by two people
simultaneously at the  same  surface depth.  The  pail sample
was found to have consistently higher values than the scoop
sample for each variable  tested.   These variables included
BOD, COD, suspended solids,  total solids, volatile solids
and settleable solids. In  some  instances the analyses of
the scoop obtained samples  resulted  in values less than
half of  those obtained from pail-collected samples.
Although whole sections of  toilet paper were noted in the
overflow, the sampling technique  used did not produce or
yield any paper in the samples.

STREAM POLLUTION  ABATEMENT  FROM  COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.

Reference 10 contains  the results of a detailed engineering
investigation and comprehensive  technical study to evaluate
the pollution effects  from combined sewer overflows on the
Sandusky River at Bucyrus,  Ohio.   The overflows from many
storms were  sampled  during the study period  to determine
the quality  of the overflow and  pollution loads.  For about
6 months samples  were  collected  manually.  After
February 1,  1969, Serco automatic samplers, Model NW-3,
were  installed in the  instrument shelters at the  overflows.
These samplers  collected  a 300 ml sample every 5  minutes
for 2 hours  during  overflow.  If the overflow continued
longer  than  2 hours,  samples were collected manually at
less  frequent intervals.

It  is noted  on page  15 that an automatic starter  was devised
for the  samplers  that  started the clocks when the water
level reached a  pre-determined height behind the  weirs.  The
samplers could  therefore be left unattended  prior to and
during  an  overflow.   The samplers required  a vacuum  to be
maintained  in  the sample bottles.   Because  the  samplers
would  lose  vacuum after 1 or 2 days, they had to  be  in-
stalled in  the  24 hours preceeding  the  overflow.

Except  for  these comments regarding difficulty with  auto-
matic starters  and  vacuum leaks, no  other  in-service related
problems were  mentioned.
                              296

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 CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY UNDERWATER STORAGE

 Reference 11 contains the results of a  demonstration  proj-
 ect for the control of pollution by underwater  storage.   A
 pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated  to assess
 the feasibility of providing.a facility  for  the collection,
 treatment, storage and final disposition of  storm overflow
 from a combined sewer system.  A Serco Model NW-3 automatic
 sampler was located at the Parshall Flume.   It  was  found  to
 be  inadequate for the requirements of the testing laborator-
 ies.   The sampling quantities required were  four times
 greater than that originally contemplated.  As  a result,
 samples were taken partly with the automatic sampler,  but
 primarily by hand.  No other comments of the suitability  of
 this  sampler for its application or experience  with it were
 made.

 ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER OVERFLOW PROBLEMS

 Reference 12  contains the results of an engineering investi-
 gation of sewer overflow problems in Roanoke, Virginia.
 Both  manual and automatically gathered samples  were obtained
 during storm events  to assess the quality of sewer overflows
 and  storm runoff.   Serco automatic samplers were used  in
 this  program.   The problems  encountered during  sampling
 primarily involved the equipment.  It is noted  on page 149
 that  the  automatic samplers  worked rather well, except that
 some  precautions  had to  be taken.  In the streams the nozzle
 could  not be  rested  on the bottom,  or sand and  grit would be
 drawn  in  the  sample  bottle.   Rags from the sanitary sewers
 would  block several  of the tube openings during a 24-hour
 sampling  program.   Occasionally a clock would stop and a
 complete  rainfall  would  be missed.   The automatic starting
 devices proved  to  be inadequate;  therefore,  the samplers
 had to  be  started  manually at the beginning  of  each rain-
 fall which  proved  to be  time-consuming.

MICROSTRAINING  AND DISINFECTION OF  COMBINED  SEWER OVERFLOWS

 Reference 13  contains  the  results of  an investigation of
microstraining  and disinfection of  combined  sewer overflows.
On page 20  it is noted that  composite  samples of the raw and
 strained water  were  extracted automatically  by two  N-Con
Surveyor  model  samplers  and  stored  in  refrigerated  contain-
ers.  The  samplers were  adjusted  to withdraw portions  of
the flows  at a  fixed rate  every 6 minutes.   The only com-
ments made  about the  sampling equipment  were that composite
sampling  is not so representative of  variations  within a
storm and  discrete samples would  be more desirable,  and a
complaint  about the  low  suction lift which restricted
operations.
                            297

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In Phase II of this project  reported in (14)  automatic
vacuum-type discrete samplers  (Serco Model SG-15)  were used.
The samplers collected  discrete  300  m£  samples of  influent
and effluent every 2 minutes.  The data on organic content
and coliform from 14 storms  were rendered useless  due to
improper sterilization  of  the  samplers  in the field.  Sam-
pler failures were noted but not discussed.

STORMWATE" POLLUTION FROM  URBAN  LAND ACTIVITY

Reference 15 presents  the  results of an investigation of
the pollution concentrations and loads  from storm water
runoff in an urban area of Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Standard proce-
dures for manual sampling  were used when baseline samples or
stormwater runoff samples  were collected.  The stationary
automatic sampling method  was  used when a time series of
samples was desired.   The  sampling apparatus employed was
unique and custom-designed for this project by the  contrac-
tor.  Five semi-stationary automatic sampling stations and
three portable automatic samplers were fabricated and used
in this project.  The  only problems noted were due  to van-
dalism.  Several of  the semi-stationary sampling stations
were broken open and  some  of the equipment was damaged.
This caused important  data losses on some watersheds.

RETENTION BASIN  CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

Reference 16  contains  an evaluation of the control  of com-
bined sewer overflows  by retention in an open basin in
Springfield,  Illinois.   It is  interesting  to note that the
instrumentation  subcontract cost was $31K, while the sub-
contract  for  construction of the basin itself only  cost
$77K.  A  rather  large scale fixed installation, automatic
sampling  system  was  designed for this project.  Originally
10 cm  (4  in.)  diameter influent  and effluent  sampling lines
were used.  Pumps  took suction from the  sampling lines and
discharged  in the  sampling tanks.  A Trebler  scoop-type  sam-
pler was  provided  in each tank to take the samples.   Samples
of equal  volume  were taken at 30-minute  intervals with  the
automatic  samplers  and composited over a  24-hour period
The  composite bottles were located  in  a  refrigerator and
were kept  under  mechanical refrigeration  at  all times.

Problems  were experienced with operation  of  the samplers
during  early  months of the operation.  This  was particularly
 true  of  the  influent sampler.   The  influent  sampling line
was  over  274m (900  ft) long.  It was concluded  that this
10  cm  (4  in.)  diameter line was  much too  large  for  the  size
pump  taking  suction from  it and,  as  a  result,  considerable
                              298

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 amounts of solids settled in  the  line.   This provided a non-
 representative sample of the  influent.   There were also
 difficulties associated with  the  location of the influent
 sampler probe.  As a solution,  the  10  cm (4 in.) influent
 sampling line was replaced with a 3.8  cm (1.5 in.) diameter
 line.   This provided better velocities  in the line and
 minimized settling of solids  in it.  A listing of mainte-
 nance  items required over a 1-year  period of operation is
 given  on page 31.  It is noted  that  there was one instance
 of^repair on the flowmeter, seven instances of influent sam-
 pling  line repair, one instance of  effluent sampling pump
 repair, one instance of influent sampler motor burnout and
 replacement, three instances  of repair  for both pumps, and
 eight  instances when the influent sampling line needed to be
 unclogged.

 CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

 Reference 17 contains the results of a  study of flocculant
 treatment and disinfection of combined  sewer overflows at
 Grosse  Point Woods,  Michigan.   It is noted on page 48 that
 one  of  the  most difficult problems was  that of sampling.
 Flow rates  varied from 8.6 to 69.4  cu m  (305 to 2,450 cu  ft.)
 per  second.   Influent sewage depths varied from 0.6  to 5.2m
 (2 to 17 ft.)  with no dry well available  for positive head
 devices,  and a representative effluent  sample had  to be
 obtained from an inaccessible weir approximately 64m
 (210 ft.)  in length.

 All  main sampling lines  in the final design were 5 cm (2  in.)
 in diameter  and flowed constantly during  the. sampling
 period.   Because of  the  importance of sampling,  automatic
 samplers  were  designed and  constructed specifically  for work
 on this  project.   These  samplers were designed  to  collect
 adjustable  grab samples  from the continuously  flowing 5 cm
 (2 in.)  pipe stream,  composite them for various  periods,
 and  hold  them  in a refrigerated compartment  for  periods up
 to about  3 hours.  No discussion of  problems  encountered
with these sampling  devices  was given.

 COMBINED  SEWER  TEMPORARY  UNDERWATER STORAGE  FACILITY

Reference 18  contains the  results  of a demonstration  of the
feasibility  of  utilizing  a  temporary underwater  storage
facility  as  a means  o.f abating pollution resulting from
storm overflow  from  a combined sewer.  Conclusion number  5
is especially  interesting:   "The samplers utilized on  the
project are  not  recommended  for the  sampling of  sewage  from
                             299

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combined sewers.  A more advanced  and  efficient  sampling
method should be developed  for  future  programs."  On
page 32 it is noted that "the required volume per sample
was 1,020 mJl to perform all required analyses.   The standard
Serco Model NW-3 automatic  sampler would collect approxi-
mately 330 m£ of sample per bottle when operated with a
1.5m  (5 ft) lift, and  66 cm (26 in.) mercury internal vacuum
and an atmospheric pressure of  76  cm  (30 in.) mercury.  There-
fore, it was necessary to  fill  four bottles at a time for
adequate sample volume".   A newly  designed and fabricated
tripper arm was installed  on the Serco sampler.   The
tripper arm simultaneously  actuated four sampling line
switches.  A 15-minute gearhead was utilized for the tests
to provide a sampling  interval  that would not overtax the
field laboratory beyond  its capacity.

URBAN RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS

Reference 19 is an  interim report on  investigations for the
refinement of  a comprehensive EPA stormwater management
model in which  urban  runoff characteristics are to be de-
picted.  As a  part  of  this program, automatic equipment for
sequential sampling  of water quality  was installed for  five
separate sewer  locations  in the Bloody Run Sewer Water  Shed
in  Cincinnatti, Ohio.   N-Con Sentry Sequential Effluent
Samplers were  used  in  this program.  The large amount of
data  given  in  the  report indicates a generally satisfactory
collection  of  samples  but  no operational comments  are given.

IN-SEWER  FIXED SCREENING OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

Reference  20  reports  on a project  to examine the  feasibility
of  in-sewer  fixed  screening of  combined  sewer overflows.   As
a part  of  this effort, a field  sampling  and  analysis  program
supplemented  with  laboratory studies was  conducted to  char-
acterize  combined  sewage contributory  to  combined  sewer
overflows,  and to  ascertain the removal  of  floatables  and
solid materials that could be  effected  by  the placement of
 the screening devices in these  systems.   For this  program
 special sampling equipment and  supporting  structures  were
 designed and  manufactured  in order to  assure representative
 collection of combined sewage  samples.   The  equipment con-
 sisted of two types of samplers:   a bulk liquid sampler and
 a screening sampler.  Both  employed the same support  struc-
 ture and the same sampling manhole.   These are  essentially
 bulk grab samplers which allowed  removal of  an  entire 30.5 cm
 (1 ft)  long section of combined sewage flow in  the sewer.
 The sampler is lowered by  hand and raised "by a  winch.  Sam-
 ples were collected on an  hourly  basis.   No comments  are
                                300

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 made about the operational experience with  these  samplers,
 but apparently no difficulties were encountered.

 STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION SOURCES  AND ABATEMENT

 Reference 21 is a report on a study of six  urban  Drainage
 basins within the city of Atlanta which were served by  com-
 bined and separated setters.  As a part of the effort  to
 determine the major pollution sources during storm events,
 automatic sampling devices were used.  The  Serco  Model NW-3-
 Sampling Device was used, but several difficulties are indi-
 cated.  On page 4 several interesting conclusions are noted:
  Samples collected by automatic sampling devices  tended to
 freeze in the sampling tubes during cold weather.  Further-
 more,  the location of these vacuum operated devices at safe
 heights  above peak flow levels limited the  volume of samples
 that  could be collected."  "The automatic triggering device
 utilized during this  study was not reliable.  Dampness
 deteriorates electrical contacts and solenoids causing
 failure  of apparently well insulated parts.  The  consequent
 necessity for manual  triggering of the automatic  samplers
 reduces  their usefulness and indicates the need for an im-
 proved triggering device."  "No significant differences
 exist  between water quality analyses of simultaneous samples
 obtained by  grab  and  automatic sampling techniques."

 STORM  WATER  PROBLEMS  AND CONTROL IN SANITARY SEWERS

 Reference 22  is a report of an engineering investigation
 which  was conducted on stormwater infiltration into sani-
 tary sewers  and associated problems in the East Bay
 Municipal Utility District with assistance from the cities
 of  Oakland and  Berkeley,  California.   Grab samples were
 collected with  a  rope and a bucket.   Wet  weather samples
were collected with an Edison  Lever Action Diaphragm Pump
with a 3.8 cm  (1.5  in.)  suction line.   Two types  of  portable
 samplers  were  used  for dry weather flow;  the Hinde Effluent
 Sampler  which has  a positive displacement pump  with  a 6m
 (20 ft.)  lift and  an  N-Con Surveyor automatic composite
 sampler.   The only  real  difficulty encountered  in using
 the automatic samplers was  that the suction tubing was so
 small  that stringy  and  large size  material tended to  plug
 the lines.  This  problem was circumvented by placing  a
20-mesh  galvanized wire  fabric  stilling well around  the
ends of  the suction tubes.  Also,  it was  not possible  to
obtain samples automatically at  one  location because  its
 7.3m (24  ft.) depth exceeding  the  lift  capacity  of the sam-
plers.   It is noted on page 61  that  the results  of the anal-
yses which were conducted  on the  samples  gathered with the
automatic sampling equipment were  somewhat  erratic.
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UNDERWATER STORAGE OF COMBINED SEWER  OVERFLOWS

Reference 23 is a report of  a demonstration  study  of off-
shore underwater temporary storage  of storm  overflow from
a combined sewer.  It is interesting  to  note that  one of
the recommendations given on page  3 is that, 'collection
of grab samples of all  flows should be used  liberally to
confirm results from automatic samplers."  The  sampling
program included grab samples for  the dry  weather  flow,
individually timed samples and composite samples of the
storm overflow from the combined sewer drainage area,
composite samples of effluent from the storage  tanks, and
grab samples of bay water at the outfall.  At the  time of
design no sampler was commercially available to do the re
quired job and at the same  time  secure a representative
composite sample.  Therefore a sampler was designed and
constructed  especially  for  this  program.  No operational
data regarding this sampler  are  given but apparently no
great difficulties were encountered.

MAXIMIZING STORAGE  IN  COMBINED  SEWER SYSTEMS

Reference 24 is  a report on maximizing storage in combined
sewer systems  in  the  municipality of Metropolitan Seattle.
Programmed automatic-refrigerated samplers were designed
and built as a part  of  the  demonstration grant to simplify
the sample collection tasks.  These were manufactured  by
Sirco and were their  Sewer-Test  Vary-Sampler models.   The
report  notes that,  "the connotation  of the  term 'automatic
is  somewhat  deceiving;  considerable manual  effort is in-
volved  in  collecting  samples,  replacing bottles and  testing
and repairing the various electrical  components".   Origi-
nally  the  samplers  were supervised,  maintained and  serviced
by  different personnel.  On the newly designed samplers,
 there was  a  6-month period  during which the  samplers were
broken  in  and various parts changed  or modified.  A single
 technician was assigned supervisory,  service and  maintenance
 responsibility for each of  the  automatic  samplers  and, since
 then,  performance has been  satisfactory.

 A number of  sampler problems were  encountered  including the
 electrical system which was quite  complicated,  the  wiring
 which was  difficult to maintain,  instances  of  inadequate
 fuses,  and failures of timers,  microswitches,  relays and
 reed  switches.  It is  also  noted  that despite  an  automatic
 purging feature, the 0.95 cm (3/8  in.)  diameter sampling
 tubes often became clogged  with rags and  other debris  and
 required constant checking.  During  periods of extremely
 high flows,  the sampler tubes were often  flushed  over  emer-
 gency overflow weirs and left hanging high  and dry when the
 flow subsided.
                              302

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 After the reporter's  extensive history with the use of these
 samp.lers, two of  the  conclusions  were especially noteworthy
  Samplers and recorders  to  be  effective require regular sur-
 veillance and maintenance.   The smallest failures can reduce
 valuable data to  a  level  that  is  unuseable for certain sta-
 tiscal analyses."   "The best sampling equipment is generally
 the least complex,  is portable, does  not require lines,
 constrictions, or bends,  and is not likely to become damaged
 when submerged (a large order)."

 OTHER EPA PROJECTS

 Among EPA projects  surveyed  for which final reports  are not
 available is a project (EPA  No. 11023 FAT)  for the construc-
 tion,  operation and evaluation  of a stormwater detention and
 chlorxnation station to treat  combined  sewer overflows  on
 the Charles  River in Boston, Massachusetts.   Operation  of
 the station  commenced in  early  summer of  1970.   Two  Pro-Tech
 Inc.,  Discrete Flow Samplers, Model DEL-240,  are installed  '
 for obtaining discrete samples of inflow  to  the plant.
 These  can be adjusted to  sample at various  time intervals
 from 1 minute to  24 hours.   In a recent  telephone  conversa-
 tion with the engineer in charge of the  facility,  it was
 learned  that numerous troubles were experienced with the
 samplers  during  early operation.  After various  adjustments
 and modifications  by the manufacture,  the samples  operated
 satisfactorily.   The specific nature  of  the  troubles
 experienced  was not discussed.

 In  a. project (EPA  No.  11023 FAS) for  the chlorination of  a
 large  volume of stormwater draining  to Lake Pontchartrain
 in  Louisiana,  seven samplers were  designed and  constructed
 specifically for  the project.  Difficulty was experienced
 with solenoid  operation  of a brass valve.  Apparently
 satisfactory operation was attained  after redesigning'the
 valve  in  PVC.  Initially,  a telephone  tone was  used to start
 and  stop  the samplers.   This method  of actuation did not
 prove  to  be  satisfactory  and was discontinued.  Information
 concerning these samplers  was obtained by telephone conver-
 sation with  the project  engineer.

 In a project  (EPA  No.  14-12-24)  for  the demonstration of a
method of treating municipal sewage  with a deviced termed a
 rotating biological contactor", Serco automatic samplers
were used for sampling in  the treatment plant.  Apparently,
under the controlled plant conditions, performance of the
sewer samplers was satisfactory.   A  "rotating belt sampler",
custom built for the project, was  used to sample wet  weather
tlows to  the plant.  Samples  were  obtained "by means  of  a
                             303

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mechanical sampler installed in a drop manhole  In  the
street   A series of sampling  cups was driven along  a  belt
to collect 250 ml samples  about every  15 minutes during  the
combined flow.  The sampler was actuated by  the flow meas-
uring device and was stopped by a limit switch  when  the
first sample reached the  drive system  near the  top of  the
manhole.  Records collected for the  project  show that  the
device operated on 18  days during periods  of fairly  small
flow, usually under 283  Ips  (75 gps) .

In a grant project  (EPA  No.  11023 DXC)  for the  characteriza-
tion and treatment of  combined sewer overflows  in  San
Francisco, California, a unique partially  hand  sampling
device was used.  A 30.5 cm  (12  in.) pipe  core   set in pipe
guides,  is dropped  to  the bottom  of  the channel with its
cover open.   Thus a partially  integrated  sample is forced
into the pipe.   The  cover is  then closed  and the sample is
surfaced by  means of  compressed air.

In  a grant project  (EPA No.  11020 FAX) to demonstrate system
control  of  combined  sewer overflows  in a large urban area,
an  automatic sampler  manufactured by Rock and  Taylor o£
Birmingham,  England,  was used.  Megator Corporation,
Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania, is  distributor of the sampler.
It  is  of suction type with a maximum lift of 5.5m (1« rt;
operating  on a 12-volt battery or 120 VAC.  Performance  o±
 this  sampler was continually  troubled by blockage due to
papers,  rags, disposable  diapers, etc.  Such troubles are
 described  in project  reports  during most months of  opera-
 tion.   After a period of  freezing during  the winter,  use of
 the automatic sampler was discontinued, and hand  sampling
was substituted.

 In a grant project (EPA No. Y-005141) the Rochester Pure
 Waters District has the overall responsibility for  a  compre-
 hensive, on-going combined sewer overflow abatement program
 in Rochester, New York.   District is  directing its  efforts
 towards an abatement  program  for the  combined  .sewer over-
 flows within its system,  under which, management  and  control
 of the  total system can be identified, characterized,  mod-
 eled  designed, and demonstrated.   The program is intended
 to tie  together all aspects of collection,  transmission,  and
 treatment of combined sewage  under  a  central control  and
 management  system.  Within  the total  program is a subprogram
 for overflow monitoring and characterization.   Measurements
 are being made  at  thirteen  overflows  and  four  interceptors.
  The  samplers  installed at each overflow location were
  factured by Sigmamotor and are similar to their Model WM-5-24
  Modifications in the sampler package were necessary to meet
  the  head conditions at each location.  For those overflow
                               304

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 conduits  that  are  more  than 6m (20 ft) underground, the sam-
 pler pump  is installed  in a JIG waterproof box within 3m
 (10 ft) of  the minimum  overflow level.  The pump pushes the
 sample to  an above-ground location where the sample bottles
 are stored  in  a refrigerator.   A relay which accepts the
 4-20 ma signal from  the flowmeter probe at each outfall is
 used to start  the  sampler automatically when the signal in-
 creases to  approximately  4.2 ma.   This is  intended to coordi-
 nate the starting  of  the  sampler  with the  first measurable
 amount of overflow.   Samples are  collected at 15 minute in-
 tervals unless  the pumping  distance is such that suction and
 purge times of  greater  than 15  minutes are necessary.

 RECAPITULATION

 In fairness to  present  day  equipment,  it must be pointed out
 that some of the above  cited complaints stem from equipment
 designs of up  to six years  ago,  and many commercial manu-
 facturers, properly benefitting from field experience,  have
 modified or otherwise improved  their products'  performance.
 The would-be purchaser  of commercial automatic  samplers
 today,  however, should  keep in mind the design  deficiencies
 that led to the foregoing complaints when  selecting a par-
 ticular unit for his application.

 Although  not in the storm and combined  sewer  area,  the  field
 experience of the EPA Region VII  Surveillance and  Analysis
 Division  recently reported (8)  must  be  mentioned.   Their
 experience,  involving over 90,000 hours  use of  some 50 com-
 mercial automatic liquid samplers of 15 makes and models
 has  indicated that  the mean sampler  failure rate is  approxi-
 mately  16  percent with a range  of 4 percent to  40 percent
 among types.   They  have found that  the  ability  of an ex-
 perienced  team  to gather a complete  24-hour composite sample
 is  approximately 80 percent. When one  factors  in the pos-
 sibility of  mistakes  in installation, variations in person-
 nel  expertise,  excessive changes in lift, surcharging, and
 winter  operation, it  is  small wonder that projects  on which
 more than  50  or 60  percent of  the desired data were success-
 tully gathered  using  automatic  samplers were, until recently
 in  the minority.

 In  their report (8)  the  writers  summarize a long and exten-
 sive history  of field  experience with portable automatic
 liquid samplers,  give  operational problems  encountered on
 a make and model basis,  offer valuable tips on the instal-
 lation and operation  of  sampling equipment, and present
 comparison data of  different  commercial units used on a
side-by-side basis.   They  noted  variations  in data trace-
able to differences in equipment performance ranging (at
best) from ±9 to  24 percent.  In some instances  differences
                             305

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in total suspended solids levels were over 300 percent.
Such findings re-emphasize the need for careful equipment
selection if flows high in suspended solids are to be
sampled.

In recently completed controlled laboratory testing  supported
by the EPA (32), four different types of  automatic samplers
manufactured by four different companies  were  tested on  a
side-by-side basis with known flow parameters  (particle  den-
sity, size, and concentration and flow velocity and  depth).
As a typical example, in  a flow mixture of water  and a syn-
thetic organic suspended  solid  (specific  gravity  - 1.06,-
grain size 10 mesh >_ d >.  12 mesh) at a 300 ppm concentration
and a velocity of 0.6 m/s (2 fps), analysis of samples taken
by the commercial samplers indicated that sample  representa-
tiveness varied from 25 percent low  to over 400 percent  high.
Similar results were obtained at a concentration  of  600  ppm,
and the results are especially  significant because  these
conditions should allow for  "easy" sampling.   With  finer
(120 mesh > d > 140 mesh), heavier  (specific  gravity - 2.b5)
suspended lolids, the performance  of commercial samplers was
even poorer - the concentration generally being grossly
understated.

The  commercial  sampler  testing  discussed  above,  although
just scratching the  surface,  clearly points  out the  need for
more controlled laboratory testing  and for the development
of performance  specifications  for  automatic  wastewater sam-
plers  as well as  standard testing  and  acceptance procedures.
Only then will  we be  able to speak authoritatively about the
ability of  an automatic  sampler to characterize a wastewater
stream in  a  pollutant  mass discharge sense.
                               306

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                         SECTION  IX

                 STATE-OF-THE-ART  ASSESSMENT
 As can be noted from a review of  the  preceding  sections,
 despite the plethora of automatic  liquid  sampling  equipment
 that is available today, none is  eminently  suited  for a
 storm and/or combined sewer application.  An  assessment 'of
 the current state-of-the-art from  the  technological  view-
 point is in order to indicate where and how improvements
 can be made and to give design guides  for the development
 of new automatic samplers.  The material  is arranged in
 subsections which deal with each of the basic sampler func-
 tions, and the emphasis is on technical considerations  to
 assure satisfactory execution of each  function.  The func-
 tions are interrelated, .however, and  the designer  must  use
 a systems approach in his synthesis and analysis activities.

 SAMPLER INTAKE ASSESSMENT

 The sample intake of many commercially available automatic
 liquid samplers is often only the end  of a plastic suction
 tube,  and the  user is left to his own  ingenuity and  devices
 if he desires  to do  anything other than simply dangle the
 tube in the stream to be sampled.  In  the following  para-
 graphs we wish to examine the functions of a  sampler  in-
 take that is  intended to be used in a  storm or combined
 sewer  application and the design considerations that arise
 therefrom.

 Pollutant  Variability

 A  general  discussion  of  the character  of  storm and combined
 sewage is  given in section  III where  the  variability of pol-
 lutant  concentration  is  also  treated.   We  wish to consider
 the  latter  factor  here  in  somewhat more detail.   Let us con-
 sider  first some  empirical  data  from  (25) .   In the study  a
 special  pressurized  circulating  loop was  assembled contain-
 ing  a  25.4  cm  (10  in.)  square test section some  4.6m (15 ft)
 long.   Careful  measurements of the velocity  contours were
 made and near uniformity was  observed.  From figure 23,  which
 shows  such velocity contours  for  a  nominal 1.5 m/s  (5 fps)
 velocity  flow,  it  can be seen that  the velocity  1.3 cm
 (0.5 in.) from  the wall  exceeds  1.4 m./s (4.5 fps)  everywhere
 except near the corners.  Since  the variability  of  a pollut-
 ant will be a function of velocity  variations  (among other
 factors), it is of interest to note the horizontal  and verti-
 cal variations  of  sediment  distribution observed  experimen-
 tally in this test section with  its very small velocity
variation.
                             307

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         Figure 23.  Velocity  Contours  at  Sampling Station*



*  Taken from reference  24.
                              308

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 Four readily available commercial sands, differing  princi-
 pally in size, were used in the study.  They are  referred
 to by mean particle size (50 percent finer by weight)  as
 0.45 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.06 mm and 0.01 mm.  Observed  sediment
 distribution for the three coarsest sands are indicated in
 figure 24.  For all practical purposes the 0.01 mm  sand was
 uniformly distributed.  It should be noted here that the
 vertical variation is probably enhanced due to the  design
 of the test loop, which.would tend to enhance concentrations
 of heavier particles to the outside (the bottom of  the test
 section in this case) due to the action of centrifugal
 forces.   Observations made in (7) indicate this effect
 rather effectively.   In their test set-up a 2.4m  (8 ft.)
 wide flume was narrowed to a 46 cm (18 in.) test  section by
 placing an insert in the  flume bed along the wall opposite
 to that from which samples were to be extracted.  Although
 the reduction in width occurred some llm (36 ft.) upstream
 of the sampler inlet, for the 0.45 mm sand used in  the in-
 vestigation,  concentrations at 2.5 cm (1 in.) from  the wall
 were found to be two to four times greater than at  7.6 cm
 (3 in.)  from the wall.   Similar but less pronounced horizon-
 tal concentration gradients were observed for the finer
 sands  as well.

 The observation was  made  in (7)  that,  in addition to
 variations  in sediment concentration within the cross-
 section  at  a  given time,  the sediment  concentration at any
 point  in the  cross-section was highly  variable with respect
 to  time,  especially  for the coarser sediments (0.45 mm).
 This observation was  also  made in (24)  where data are
 presented  on  concentration  variation with respect to time
 as  a function of sampling  interval.   The concentration of
 successive  20-second  samples  was  found  to vary  over a range
 of  37  percent of the  mean,  and the concentration of succes-
 sive 60-second  samples  varied over a range  of 10.5 percent.
 Such variations  arise  from  the natural  turbulence of the
 flow as  would be encountered  in  an actual  sewer  and from
 the non-uniform  nature  of  re-circulated  flows  in test loops
which  is peculiar  to  such  laboratory simulations.

So  far we have  focused  our  attention on  relatively heavy
 (specific gravity  approximately  2.65) solids  and  their  dis-
 tribution in  a  flow.  For  the  lighter organic solids with
specific gravities near unity,  the particle  distribution
will be  more  nearly uniform in a  turbulent  flow.   It would
appear that one  can expect  a  reasonable  degree of  uniformity
in  the distribution of particles which fall  in the Stokes1
Law range of  settling velocities,  i.e.,  for  values of  the
external Reynolds' number less than unity.   If one describes
                             309

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 a particle in  terms  of  its  hydraulic size W, defined as the
 velocity of uniform  fall  in a fluid at rest, Stokes' Law can
 be written as
                       gd
(1)
 where d is mean particle  diameter,  s.g.  is the specific
 gravity of the particle material,  v is  the kinematic viscos-
 ity of the fluid, and  g is  the  acceleration of gravity.  The
 external Reynolds' number  (so called because the linear
 dimension upon which it is  based is a particle dimension
 rather than a flow dimension) can  be expressed as
                        Re = Wd/v
(2)
 Combining equations (1) and  (2) we  can  express  the range of
 validity of Stokes' Law as
               Re = gd3 (s.g.-l)/18v2  <  1
(3)
 If one considers water at 15.6°C  (60°F)  as  the  fluid (v-1.217

 xlO   ft /sec),  a plot of equation  (3) over  the range of
 xnterest is  given in figure 25.  Here it can be noted that
 wxthin the range of Stokes' Law, the maximum particle diam-
 eter  for sand with a specific gravity of 2.65 is  less than
 0.1 mm while for organic particles with a specific  gravity
 of 1.05 it is about 0.3 mm.

 Since  the kinematic viscosity of water is temperature de-
 pendent,  the Stokes' Law particle diameter limit  will also
 be a  function of temperature.  A typical plot of  this  vari-
 ation  is  given in figure 26 for sand with a  specific  grav-
 ity of  2.65  and  Re=l.   Here it can be noted  that  a  decrease
 in water  temperature from the upper eighties to the mid-
 forties  results  in a 50 percent increase in  the maximum
 particle  diameter.

 Sampler  Intake Functions

 The operational  function of a sampler intake is  to reliably
 allow  gathering  a representative sample  from the  flow  stream
 in question.   Its reliability is measured in terms of  free-
 dom from  plugging or  clogging to the degree that  sampler
 operation  is  affected  and invulnerability to physical damage
 due to  large  objects  in the  flow.   It is  also desirable,  •
 from the viewpoint  of  sewer  operation,  that the  sampler in-
 take offer a  minimum  obstruction to  the  flow in  order to
help prevent  blockage  of  the  entire  sewer pipe by lodged
debris, etc.
                             311

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Let us first consider the ability of the intake to gather a
representative sample of dense suspended solids in the sedi-
ment range, say up to 0.5 mm with specific gravity of 2.65.
The results of a rather thorough examination of relatively
small diameter intake probes, 0.63 and 0.32 cm  (1/4 and
1/8 in.) I.D., are given in  (25).  The argument is developed
that, for a nozzle pointing directly upstream into the flow
(figure 27a), the most representative sample of a fluid/
suspended-solids mixture will be obtained when  the sampling
velocity is equal to the flow velocity at the sampling point.
Using this as the reference criteria, investigations were
conducted to determine the effects of a) deviations from the
normal sampling rate, b) deviations from the straight-into-
flow position of the probe, c) deviations in size and shape
of the probe, and d) disturbance of sample by nozzle appur-
tenances.  The effect of the sampling velocity  on the repre-
sentativeness of the sample is indicated in figure 28 which
presents the results for 0.45 mm and 0.06 mm sand.  For the
latter size, which falls within the Stokes' Law range, less
than ±4 percent error in concentration was observed over
sampling velocities ranging from 0.4 to 4 times the stream
velocity.  For the 0.45 mm particles, the error at a rela-
tive sampling rate of 0.4 was +45 percent, and  at a relative
sampling rate of 4 the error was -25 percent.

For probe orientations up to 20° to either side of head-on
(figure 27b) , no appreciable errors in concentration were
observed.  Similarly, introduction of 0.381 and 0.952 cm
(0.150- and 0.375-in.) probes showed comparatively little
effect on  the representativeness of the sample.  The probe
inlet geometry, i.e., beveled inside, beveled outside,  or
rounded edge, also showed little effect on the  representa-
tiveness of the sample, when compared to  the  standard probe.
Finally, in instances where  a sampler body or other appurte-
nance exists, the probe should be extended a  short distance
upstream if a representative sample is to be  collected.   In
summary, it was found that  for any sampler intake facing
into  the stream, the relative sampling rate  is  the primary
factor  to  be  controlled.

Tests were  also run with  the sampling intake  probes  in  the
vertical position  (figure  27c)  to determine  the effect  such
an  orientation had upon  the  representativeness  of the  sample.
With  such  intakes,  the  sample entering  them  must  undergo  a
90°  change of direction,  and consequently there is  a  tendency
for  segregation and  loss  of  sediment  to  take  place.   Tests
were  run with the  standard  probe,  a  0.63  cm  (1/4  in.)  diam-
eter  orifice  in  the  center  of a  2.5  x  5  cm  (1 x 2 in.)  plate
oriented so  that its  longest dimension was  in the direction
of  flow, and  with  an  orifice in  a  crowned (mushroom shaped)
                              314

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    27a.  Normal Orientation
       Directly Into Flow
   27b.  Orientation at an
       Angle to Head-on
27c.  Vertical Orientation (0°) -
      Orifice in Flat Plate
27d.   Horizontal Orientation
   (90°) - Orifice in Flat
           Plate
          Figure 27.  Sampler Intake Orientations Tested
                               315

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 flat  plate  3.2  x 5  cm (1.25 x 2 in.).   The results all
 showed  negative errors in concentration,, increasing with
 particle  size  and increasing with intake velocities less
 than  the  stream rate  but  nearly constant for intake veloci-
 ties  higher  than the  stream rate.

 Since the smallest  errors were found for the orifices in the
 flat  and  mushroom shaped  plates (whose performances were
 nearly  identical for  intake velocities greater than one-half
 the stream velocity),  it  was decided to investigate the ef-
 fect  of lateral orientation, i.e.,  to  rotate the plate 90° so
 that  it might represent an orifice  in  the side of a conduit
 rather  than  in  the  bottom (figure 27d).   The results for
 0.15  mm sand are presented in figure 29.   It can be noted
 that  while the  side orientation caused greater errors (as
 was to be expected),  these errors approached the nearly con-
 stant error  of  the  0°  orientation (figure 27c)  as the rela-
 tive  sampling rate  was increased above unity.

 The work  reported in  (7)  was a laboratory investigation of
 pumping sampler intakes.   Nine basic intake  configurations,
 all representing an orifice of some type in  the side wall of
 the flume, were examined.   They included 1.3,  1.9,  2.5, and
 3.8 cm  (0.5, 0.75,  1.0, and 1.5 in.)  diameter  holes with
 square edges, 1.9 cm  (0.75 in.)  diameter holes with 0.32
 and 0.63  cm  (0.125  and 0.25 in.)  radii,  1.3  x  2.5 cm (0.5
 x 1 in.)  ovals,  one oriented vertically and  the other hori-
 zontally, and a 1.9 cm (0.75 in.)  diameter hole with a
 5 cm  (2 in.) wide shelf just under  it.   Sand sizes  of 0.10 mm
 and 0.45 mm were used  in  the study.

 Reference samples were taken with a probe located near the
wall  and pointing into the direction of  the  flow.   The ref-
 erence sample intake velocity was  equal  to the stream veloc-
 ity.  The primary measurement was  sampling efficiency, the
 ratio of the sediment  concentration in the test sample to
 that  of the reference  sample computed  for a  point 1.3 cm
 (1/2  in.) from  the  wall.   The reference  sample  was  taken
just  before and  just after  the  test  sample was  gathered.
Although the data exhibited  considerable  scatter,  several
conclusions were  drawn.   With regard to  the  intake  velocity,
greater than 0.9  m/s  (3 fps)  is  generally desirable and,  for
sands coarser than  0.2 mm,  an  intake velocity  equal to or
greater than the  stream velocity  is  desirable.   With regard
to intake configuration,  for  intake  velocities  greater than
about 0.9 m/s (3  fps), the  sampling  efficiencies  showed lit-
tle effect of size  of intake  (range  of  1.3 to  3.8  cm
diameter), of rounding the  intake edges,  or  of  shape and
orientation of  the  axis of  the  oval  intake.  Sampling effi-
ciency was found  to decrease  with increasing particle
size above 0.10 mm  for all  intakes  tested.   Finally,
                             317

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although  the  shelf  intake showed somewhat higher sampling
efficiency  for  coarse particles and high stream rates, its
performance was very erratic over the entire range of test
parameters.

Similar observations were made in field tests with river
water  samples at St.  Paul and Dunning, Nebraska, reported
in  (26).  In  addition to  the "standard" intake which was a
flush  mounted 2.5 cm (1  in.) pipe coupling, alternate in-
takes  included  2.5  x 5 cm (1 x 2 in.) and 2.5 x 23 cm
(1  x 9 in.) nipples;  2.5  x 23 cm (1 x 9 in.) nipple with a
0.32 cm (1/8  in.) thick  steel plate 36 cm (14 in.) high and
43  cm  (17 in.)  wide at its end; and a 2.5 cm (1 in.) street
elbow  with  a  2.5 x  5  cm  (1 x 2 in.) nipple oriented down,
into the  flow and up.   It was concluded that the standard
intake was  as good  as  any in terms of sampling efficiency
and was therefore preferable .since it offered no obstruc-
tion to the flow and  was  therefore less vulnerable to damage
by  debris.  The sediment  being sampled was rather fine; in
high flows  88 percent  was finer than 0.062 mm and 100 per-
cent was  finer  than 0.50  mm.

To  summarize  the foregoing as it relates to the sampler in-
take function of gathering a representative sample we note
the following:

     1)   It becomes  difficult to obtain a one-to-one
          representation,  especially for inlets at 90°
          to the  flow,  for large,  heavy suspended
          solids.

     2)   For particles that  fall within the Stokes'
          Law range,  consistent,  representative samples
          can be  obtained.

     3)   The geometry  of  the sampler intake has little
          effect  on  the representativeness of the sample.

     4)  The sample  intake velocity should equal or
         exceed  the velocity of  the stream being
          sampled.

Sampler Intake Design

The foregoing suggest  certain directions  that  the design  of
a  sampler  intake for storm and  combined sewer  flows  should
take.   At  the outset,  it  appears  unwise to  attempt  to sample
suspended  solids that  fall much  outside the  Stokes'  Law
range.   A  realistic maximum  size  for sand with specific
gravity of 2.65  would  appear  to  be  around 0.1  mm to  0.2 mm.
                            319

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High sample intake velocities will be required, perhaps  in
excess of 3 m/s  (10 fps), if the sample is to be representa-
tive.  Although  the flow may be nearly homogeneous,  except
for very coarse  solids and large floatables, more than one
sample intake is desirable for reliability of operation  as
well as insurance against some unforeseen gradient in the
pollutant.  In view of the changing water levels in  the
conduit with changing flows, the changing velocity gradients
within the flows, and the possibility of changing pollutant
gradients not only with respect to these but also with type
of pollutant; not even a dynamically adaptive sampler in-
take can be designed to gather a sample that is completely
representative in every respect at the same time.

In order to better illustrate this point, let us consider
a round pipe of  radius R containing a flow at depth  d and
an arbitrary vertical concentration gradient of some
pollutant.

Locate the origin of a cartesian coordinate system at the
invert with the  y axis positive upwards.  We now assume
that the pollutant concentration gradient can be expressed
as a polynomial  in y, i.e.,
                               n
                                                         (4)
                          n
The expression  for  the  amount  of pollutant  in  an  arbitrary
cross-sectional  zone  (say between  depths  y-  and y^)  is
//Svn
   n
                   dxdy = 2
                            J  E anynV
                             Y! n
any"V2yR-y~ dy
(5)
If one sets
                 n
                    the  first  few  terms  are;
             R2[sin~1(y/R-l)  -
                                                          (6)
                         3/2
                                       2N3/2 + RP^I

                                               £• £i  I
                                                          (7)
                             320

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                                     3/2
                                   3/2
5R2P
	(
~8a
                                                          (8)
etc.

Using such a formulation  one  can obtain the values of y
which divide the  flow  cross-section up into some number of
zones each of which  contains  an equal amount of pollutant;
let us designate  them  as  y,,y9,
                                     m
If one extracts a
sample from the  center  of  each zone,  one can argue that its
representativeness will  be quite good,  especially for large
values of m.  Unless  the samples extracted from each zone
are kept discrete, which would result in an inordinately
large number of  samples, the  quantity of sample gathered
from each inlet  must  be  varied in accordance with the
velocity gradient if  the composite sample is to be repre-
sentative in a mass transport sense.   For a different

concentration gradient  p ,  one will obtain new values

y, ,y,j , . . . ,y    and hence  different port locations and

different quantities  of  sample required even for the same
flow depth.

In view of  the over-riding design mandate that simplicity
maximizes probability of success, it  becomes immediately
apparent that the equipment sophistication implied by the
foregoing would  doom  the design to operational failure if
such a course were to be attempted.  In the absence of some
consideration arising from the particular installation site,
a regular distribution  of  sampling intakes across the flow,
each operating at the same velocity,  would appear to suf-
fice.  Since the intakes should be as non-invasive as possi-
ble in order to  minimize the  obstruction to the flow and
hence the possibility of sewer line blockage, it seems
desirable to locate them around the periphery of the
conduit.

GATHERING METHOD ASSESSMENT

As was noted earlier, three basic sample gathering methods
or categories were identified;  mechanical, suction lift, and
forced flow.  Several different commercial samplers using
each method are  available  today.  The sample lift require-
ments of the particular  site  often play a determining role
                             321

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in the gathering method to be employed.   Some mechanical
units were specifically designed for lifts  to 61m  (200  ft.).
The penalty that one must trade-off in  selecting a mechani-
cal gathering unit is principally  the necessity  for  some
obstruction to the flow, at  least  while the sample  is being
taken.  The tendency for exposed mechanisms to foul,  to-
gether with the added vulnerability of  many moving  parts,
means that successful operation will require regular, peri-
odic inspection, cleaning, and maintenance.

Forced flow from a submersible pump also necessarily results
in an obstruction to the flow.  Pump malfunction and clog-
ging, especially in the smaller sizes often used in  sam-
plers, remains a distinct possibility and,  because  of their
location in the flow stream  itself, maintenance  is  more dif-
ficult to perform than on above-ground  or easily removable
units.  Pneumatic ejection is employed  by several  manufac-
turers, the gas source being either a compressor or  bottled
refrigerant.  The latter units must necessarily  be  of small
scale to avoid an enormous appetite for the refrigerant.
The advantages of explosion-proof  construction and  high lift
capability must be weighed against low  sample intake veloci-
ties and relatively small sample  capacities.

Suction lift units must be designed to  operate  in  the envi-
ronment near the flow to be  sampled or  else their  use is
limited to a little over 9.1m (30  ft.)  due to atmospheric
pressure.  The necessity to  have  a pump that is  free from
clogging has led some designers to use  peristaltic  tubing
pumps.  Most of these operate at  such  low flow  rates, how-
ever, that the representativeness  of  suspended  solids is
questionable.  Newer high-capacity peristaltic  pumps are
now available and should find application in larger auto-
matic samplers.  The ability of some  of these pumps to
operate equally well in either  direction af-fords the capa-
bility to blow down lines and help remove blockages.  Also,
they offer no obstruction to the  flow  since the  transport
tubing need not be  interrupted  by  the  pump, and  strings,
rags, cigarette filters and  the like  are passed  with ease.
New, small capacity, progressive-capacity screw-type pumps
may also find some  service  in samplers.  With all  suction
lift devices a physical phenomenon must be borne in mind
and accounted for  if sample  representativeness  is  to be
maintained.  When the pressure  on a  liquid  (such as sewage)
which contains dissolved  gases  is reduced,  the gases will
tend  to pass out of solution.   In so  doing  they  will rise
to  the surface and  entrain  suspended  solids in route.   (In
fact, this mechanism  is used to  treat  water; even small
units for  aquariums are  commercially  available.)  The
result of  this  is  that  the  surface layer of the  liquid
may be enhanced  in  suspended solids,  and if this layer  is
                             322

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 a part of a small sample aliquot, the sample may not be  at
 all representative.  In the absence of other mitigating  fac-
 tors, the first flow of any suction lift sampler should
 therefore be returned to waste.

 All in all, the suction lift gathering method appears to
 offer more advantages and flexibility than either of the
 others.   The limitation on sample lift can be overcome by
 designing the pumping portion of the unit so that it can be
 separated from the rest of the sampler and thus positioned
 not more than 9.1m (30 ft.) above the flow to be sampled.
 For the  majority of sites, however,  even this will not be
 necessary.

 SAMPLE TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT

 The majority of the commercially available automatic samplers
 have fairly small line sizes in the  sampling train.   Such
 tubes, especially at  0.3 cm (1/8 in.)  inside diameter and
 smaller,  are very vulnerable to plugging, clogging due to
 the build-up of fats,  etc.   For application in a storm or
 combined  sewer, a better minimum line  size would be  0.95 to
 1.3 cm (3/8  to  1/2 in.)  inside diameter.

 It  is  imperative that  adequate sample  flow rate be main-
 tained throughout  the  sampling train in  order to effectively
 transport the  suspended  solids.   In  horizontal  runs  the
 velocity must  exceed  the scour velocity,  while  in vertical
 runs  the settling  or  fall  velocity must  be  exceeded  several
 times  to assure adequate transport of  solids  in the  flow.

 The  complexities  inherent  in  the  study of a  two-phase  mix-
 ture  such as soil  particles  and water  are such  that  rigorous
 analytical solutions have not  yet been obtained  except in
 certain limiting  cases such  as  the work  of  Stokes  cited
 earlier.   The use  of hydraulic  size, which  is the  average
 rate of fall that  a particle would finally  attain  if  fall-
 ing alone in quiescent distilled water of  infinite extent,
 as a descriptor  for a particle  involves  its volume,  shape
 and density.  It is presently  considered  to be  the most  sig-
nificant  measurement of  particle size.  However,  there are  no
 analytical relationships to allow its computation; recourse
must be made to experiment.  The geometric size  of a parti-
 cle can be based upon its projected  lengths on a set of  right
cartesian coordinates oriented so that a  is its major axis,
b is its  intermediate axis, and c is its minor axis.  With'
patience  and a microscope the lengths a, b, and c of a parti-
cle can be determined.   Since the number of particle shapes
                             323

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is infinite, a system for classification  is  required.•>  One
put forth in (27) is the shape  factor  defined  as:
                       SF
                                                           (9)
 which approximately defines the shape in terms  of  three  of
 a multitude of dimensions of an irregular particle.  Of
 course there may be rounded, angular, smooth  and rough
 particles all with the same shape factor.

 An excellent discussion of the fundamentals of  particle
 size analysis is given in (28).  Table  5, which is taken
 from data presented therein, illustrates the  effect  of
 shape factor on hydraulic size for  sand particles  with
 specific gravity of 2.65 in water at  20°C.  It  can be noted
 that while a sphere with a nominal  diameter of  0.2 mm will
 fall only about one-third faster than a similar sized par-
 ticle with a shape factor of 0.3; a sphere with a  nominal
 diameter of 4.0 mm falls over  2-1/2 times faster than a
 particle with SF=0.3.  For curves showing temperature
 effects, correction tables, etc., the reader  is referred
 to  (28).

 In  the absence  of better data, the  hydraulic  size  of a
 particle can be computed from  the following  (29);
     W
      3/2
gd
3/2
    (s.g.-l)/11.2
when KRe<30
     0.1g._i)/4.4v°-2 when 30400
                                        d> 2 mm
                       (12)
 Equation  (10)  is  Erandtl's formula for a smooth channel,
 while  equation (12)  is the so-called square law.

 The  transport  of  solid particles by a fluid stream is an
 exceedingly complex phenomena and no complete theory which
 takes  into account all of the parameters has yet been
 formulated.  Empirical formulae exist, however, some of
 which  have a fairly wide range of applicability.  An ex
 pression  for the lowest velocity at which solid particles
 heavier than water still do not settle out onto the bottom
                              324

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  TABLE  5.   EFFECT OF SHAPE  FACTOR ON HYDRAULIC
                 SIZE (IN  CM/SEC)*
Nominal Diameter
(mm)
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
4.00
Shape Factors
0.3
1.78
4.90
8.49
12.50
17.80
0.5
1.94
5.63
10.10
15.50
22.40
0.7
2.11
6.31
12.10
19.30
28.00
0.9
2.26
7.02
14.00
23.90
35.60
Spheres
2.43
7.68
15.60
28.60
46.90
Taken from reference 28*
                        325

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of the pipe or channel has been developed by  Knoroz  (30)
on the basis of numerous experiments  carried  out  under  his
direction at the Ail-Union Scientific  Research  Institute
for Hydraulic Engineering.  It expresses  the  velocity in
meters per second as
                                                         (13)
where average values  of  d  and  W for  the solids mixture are
to be used; R is  the  hydraulic radius;  and p is the con-
sistency by weight  of the  mixture,  i.e.,  in percent the
expression for p  is:
                                                         (14)
                     f    Y   - y  Y
                         1 p     m

where y  is  the  specific weight of the fluid, Yp is the
specific weight of  the particles, and Ym is the specific

weight  of the mixture.  For a review of this and other
Russian  work on the flow of a two-phase mixture, see  (29).

A  somewhat  simpler  expression for the adequate self-
cleaning velocity of sewers derived by Camp from experi-
mental  findings of  Shields as given in (31) is:
V -V6.4gd Cs.g.-D/f
                                  R1/6Vo.8d(s.g.-l)      (15)
 where f is the friction factor,
 coefficient, and all other terms
 fied.  Using equation  (15), for
 velocity of 0.6 m/s  (2 fps) is r
 port a 0.09 mm particle with a s
 a friction factor of 0.025.  By
 ity of such a particle is  around
                              n  is  Manning's roughness
                              are  as  previously identi-
                              example,  it is seen that a
                              equired  to adequately trans-
                              pecific  gravity of 2.65 and
                              comparison, the fall veloc-
                               0.06 m/s (0.2 fps).
 In summary, the sampling  train must  be  sized  so that the
 smallest opening is  large enough  to  give assurance that
 plugging or clogging  is unlikely  in  view of the material
 being sampled.  However it  is not sufficient  to simply make
 all lines large, which also reduces  friction  losses, with-
 out paying careful attention to  the  velocity  of flow. _ For
 a storm or combined  sewer application,  minimum line sizes of
 0 95 to 1.3 cm  (3/8  to 1/2  in.)  inside  diameter and minimum
 velocities of 0.6  to  0.9  m/s (2  to 3 fps) would appear
 warranted.
                              326

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  SAMPLE  CAPACITY AND PROTECTION ASSESSMENT

  For  storm and combined sewer applications.,  discrete  sampling
  is generally  desired.   This allows characterization  of the
  sewage  throughout the  time history of the  storm  event    If
  the  samples are sufficiently large, manual  compositing can
  be performed  based on  flow records or some  other  suitable
  weighting scheme.  Although the quantity of sample required
  will be a function of  the subsequent analyses  that are to
  be performed,  in general  at least a liter,  and preferably
  two, will be  desired.   An additional benefit arises  because
  such relatively large  samples are less vulnerable to errors
  arising from  cross-contamination.

 A brief look  at  the different types of composite samples  is
 xn order.   Any  scheme  for collecting a composite sample is
 xn effect, a  method for mechanically integrating to obtain
 average characteristics.   Let  us  consider a given flow rate
 q(.t;  and  pollutant  concentration  level k(t) where:
                 q = L3T  -1  and  k  =  ML~3
 The quantity of flow and pollutant  are then:
                                                          (16)
                 Q = /qdt and P =  /qkdt
 where:
                                  (17)
                      Q = L3 and P = M
                                                          (18)
Let  us  consider first the simple composite,  where a constant
volume  of  fluid is added at evenly spaced  time  intervals.
We will  denote  such a sample by T^, meaning time interval
between  successive aliquots constant and volume  of aliquot
constant.   Let  the time duration of the event in question  be
divided  up  into n elements and a subscript i be  used  to
denote  instantaneous  values (0
-------
integration given a fixed number  of  steps.   One is  to in-
crease the order of the integration  scheme  to  be used;  as
in going from the trapezoidal  rule  to  Simpson  s rule, for
instancL  The other  is to  vary  the  step size  in such a way
as to lengthen the steps when  slopes are changing very
slowly and shorten them when slopes  change  rapidly.  Typi-
cal of the first approach  are  the constant  time interval
variable volume  (T^) proportional  composites.  There are

two straightforward ways  of accomplishing this.  One is to
let the aliquot  volume be  proportional to the instantaneous
flow rate, i.e.:
                               Aq.
                                                          (20)
and  the  other  is  to make the aliquot volume proportional  to
the  quantity of flow that has passed since extraction  of  the
last aliquot,  i.e.:
                   v.
BCQi~Qi-l) = BAQi
                                                          (21)
 The  respective concentrations of samples are
             K
                          and K
                               B
                                                          (22)

 Typical of the second approach  is  the  variable time interval,
 constant volume (T^) proportional  composite.  Here a fixed

 volume aliquot is taken  each  time  an arbitrary quantity of
 flow has passed (Q/n), i.e.  the time is  varied to give a
 constant AQ.  The concentration will be:
                       K  = —
                                                          (23)
 It must be  remembered  that here the time steps are differing
 so that comparison of  equations (23) and (19) has no meaning.

 It is  instructive  to compare these four composite sample
 themes with  each  other.   For the purposes of this exercise
 let  us  arbitrarily set n=10 and normalize time_so that
 0
-------
   ±-   I    °nS are comPletely  arbitrary (except for
  simplxcxty in exact integration),  and the curious reader
  may wxsh to examine more typical  expressions.   For a storm •

  vl?!?*'  ^ £°mbinftion qralnirt and k=e-t  allows for low
  IentrationSf T!-   ^^ fJ°W initially, with pollutant con-
  centration falling throughout the  event.   However the re-
  semblence xs qualitative only, and more refined expressions
  could be used.   For each flow/concentration  combination,
  ?-«  ^   \aV!rage concentration of the flow  was computed
  (as  though the  entire flow stream  were diverted into a
  large tank for  the duration of the event  and then its con-
  centration measured) .   The ratio of the composite sample
  concentration  to the  actual concentration  so computed is

  HrS ?  ?? ^ matriX f°rm ±n table  6'   The  four  lines  in
  each cell represent the four types of composite samples
  discussed as indicated  in  the legend.  The best overall
  composxte for the cases examined is the TcV  with the vol-
  ume proportional to the instantaneous flow rate q.   The
  TcV where  the  volume  is  proportional to  the flow  since  the
  last sample, and the  T^  gave  very similar  results with
 nor   *           former'   However, the differences are
 not large for any case.   This  brief look at compositing
 merely scratches the  surface,  but a more definitive trLt-
 ment is outside the scope of  the present effort.  Suffice
 it to say here that both  flow  records  and a knowledge of
 the temporal fluctuation  of pollutants,  as can be obtained
 from discrete samples, are required in order to choose a
  best  compositing scheme  for  a  given  installation.

 The sample container itself should  either be easy to clean
 or disposable.   The cost  of cleaning and sterilizing makes
 disposable containers attractive, especially if bacferio^
 logical analyses  are to be performed.  Although some of
 today 8 better  plastics are much  lighter than  glass  and
 can be  autoclaved,  they are not  so  easy  to  clean or  in-
 spect for  cleanliness.  Also the  plastics  will  tend  to
 scratch more easily  than glass and, consequently,  cleaning
 a  well-used  container can become  quite a  chore.   The fo'od
 packaging  industry,  especially dairy products,  offers a
 wide  assortment  of  potential disposable  sample  containers
 in  the  larger sizes.   Both the 1.91 (1/2  gal) paper  and plas
 tic_milk cartons  can  be considered viable candidates, and
 their cost in quantity is  in the pennys-each range.

 The requirements  for  sample preservation were enumerated
 xn  section IV and will not be  repeated here.  It  should
bLnen  i°n   '^°Werr'  that ±f the samPles are  allowed  to
 become  too cold,  they  may  no  longer be representative.
                             329

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TABLE 6.  RATIO OF  COMPOSITE  SAMPLE CONCENTRATION TO
               ACTUAL  CONCENTRATION
                                                    0.99
                                                    0.90
                                                    0.89
                                                    0.97
                       1.26
                       0.90
                       0.87
                       0.89
1.35
0.90
0.86
                                                    0.99
                                                    1.12
                                                    1.09
                                                    0.97
              0. 87
              0.98
              0.97
              0.97
0.68
0.95
0.92
0.92
                                                     0.80
                                                     1.01
                                                     0.98
                                                     0,97
                                0.97
                                1.00
                                0.95
                                0.95
                    0. 88
                    1.00
                    0.92
                    0.92
0.97
1.00
0.97
0.97
0.90
1.01
0.90
0.90
/"\  sinirt
t	i-
 Line 1.
 Line 2.
 Line 3.

 Line 4.
T V
 c c
T V
 c v
T V
 c v
T V
 v c
    Simple composite
    Volume proportional to flow  rate  (q)

    Volume proportional to flow  (Q)  since
    last sample
    Time varied  to  give constant AQ
                              330

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                           " "

 CONTROLS AND POWER ASSESSMENT

    S.eat flM.7t

         J-? 0%<:r :r :-o-n-el= «   =
         well. For instance, even thougS the possi


S i?« -~- «^^^
activatd                 me P«o  of time and
If fTpl J    "pture a particular meteorological event



     ^

                   331

-------
Reliability of the control system can dominate the total
       reliability.  At the same time  this element will,
                                                    I the

        - srxi                   -         '-
    cn6
elated with transfer of  energy  interruptions.

The above  tasks  can probably be best  executed   in  the  light
of the current electronics  state-of-the-art, by a  solid
state controller element.   In  addition to  higher inherent
reliability,  such an approach  will  allow switching of  high
level loads in a manner  that  eliminates RFI  emissions  and
destructive results.   In addition,  the unit  should be  of
modular  construction  for ease  of modification,  Performance
monitoring  fault location, and replacement/repair.  Such
an approach  also lends itself  to encapsulation which will
minimize environmental effects.  Solid state "witching
                             telephone
                                                 etc.
 of types of remote sensors,

 Low operational current requirements         aat
 state controller to continue to operate from a battery
 source during a local power outage.  This Capability
 would avoid logic interrupts and attendent loss of Jjta
 and allow the sampler operation to be restored immediately

 upon the return of power  service.
               .                                     *



  pier  can  be  totally battery operated today.   Although
  ?ecent  break-throughs  have resulted in 1 kw dry cell
  batteries  their cost  is prohibitive for this sort of an
  application    Other approaches to self-contained power such
  as custom designed wet cell packs, diesel generators, etc.,
  while within the current state-of-the-art, introduce other
  problems  and complexities that must be car efully _ weighed
  before serious consideration can be given to their incor-
  poration in an automatic sampler design.
                              332

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                       SECTION X


                       REFERENCES
   1.
  2.
  3.
  4.
                                              Report
                                                  : WPCR
 Chow,  Ven  Te, Op_en-Channel
 New York  (1959).
                                        L,  McGraw-Hill,
  6.
 9.
10.
 "'•""-rffiLsis^^^
 and Waste. Environmental—prot-	T^	A    —
 Transfer Pnbl -i r-a +--,- />„  /Tm/.x     10n  Senc7
  5.
 Field, Richard and Struzeski  E  J   TT-    »v
     Inter-Agency Water Resources  Council Report No   T

     (1966??   y InVeSti^ti°n of  Pumping Sampler Intakes"

                                               .
                  Protection  Agency Report EPA  907/9-74-005
                Treatment  of Combined Sewer  Over-

"Stream Pollution Abatement from Combined  Sewer
   r                and Nipie- Ltd-  EPA
                         Serles Report
                          333

-------
11.  "Control of Pollution by H^erwater  Storage;"  Under-
12.
13.
 14.
                                     No.
                                               DMA
Control Research Series

"Microstraining and Disinfection of  Combined  Sewer
Overflows!" Cochrane Division of the Crane  Company;
Slwater Pollution Control Research Series Report
No. 11023 EVO 06/70.

                and Disinfection of  Combined  Sewer
      Technology Series Report No.
      January, 1973.
 15.
 16.
 17.
 18.
  19.
  20.
  21.
                                                       "
 Series  Report No.  11034 FKL 07/70.
 "Retention Basin Control of Combined Sewer Overflows;"
 Springfield Sanitary District; EPA Water Pollution
 Control Research Series Report No. 11023 —  OB//U.
 "Chemical Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows;"
                                                B"
 Series Report No.  11022 DPP  10/70.

 "Urban Runoff Characteristics;"  Universi ty of
 Cincinnati; EPA Water  Pollution  Control Research
 Series Report No.  DQU  10/70.

                  Screening of Combined Sewer Over
       Report No. 11024 FKJ 10/70.
  "Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Sources and
  Abatement;" Black, Crow, and Eidsness, Inc., EPA
  Water Pollution Control Research Series Report
  No.  11024 ELB 01/71.
                               334

-------
  22.
  23.
  24.
 25.
 26.
 27.
 28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
                       --«-«-
      Research  Series  Report  No.  11024 EQG 03/71

      KarlTT? St°IaSe  °f  C°mbined  S^r Overflows;"
      Karl R. Rohrer Associates,  Inc.;  EPA Water Pol1,,n«
      Control Research Series Report No.  11022  ECV 0~9/71?
      "Maximizing Storage  in  Combined  Sewer
      Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle; 'Epwater
      ILK 12m.        ^search  Series Report  No? 1W22
                                                        No  5
                                                          '  '
      Inter-Agency Water Resources Council Report No  0
       Investigation of a Pumping Sampler With Altfrna?e
      Suspended  Sediment Handling Systems"  (1962)

      Schulz,  E.  F   Wilde,  R.  H. and Albertson, M. L.
       Influence  of  Shape on the  Fall Velocity of     '
      Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources
     (1957).
                             °n Water ^sources Report
                    Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis"
     Mkhitaryan, A.  M. ,  Gidravlika -f  Qsnow c^
     Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'atvo  Tekhnicheskoi
     Literatury UkrSSR,  Kiev  (1959).
     rh'/" ?"  "BeznaP°™yi  gidrotransport  i ego
     raschet," Izyestiya Vsesoyuznogo  Naucho-
     Issledovatel'skogo Institute  Gidravliki, Vol.  44

                           335

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IT". REPORT NO.
,   EPA-600/2-75-065
U, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
                                      \L REPORT DATA
                                      on the reverse before completing)       	.	
                                      	—	ja BECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
   AN ASSESSMENT  OF AUTOMATIC SEWER FLOW
   SAMPLERS - 1975	
 7, AUTHORtS)'

   Philip  E. smiley and  George  A.  Kirkpatrick
        	—		ADDRESS
5. REPORT DATE
Dec«nhgr 1975  (Issuing Date)
(ITpERFORM'iNG ORGANIZATION CODE


B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT IMU."
 5>EHPORMINQ ORG^NIZATION ^AMbA
   EG&G  Washington Analytical  Services
      Center,  Inc.
   2150  Fields  Road
   Rockville,  Maryland   20850
 75. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 T6. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
 1BB034; ROAP 21 ASY;  Task 039
                         "
 68-03-0409
 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PEP.
 Final	
 J14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

 iPA-ORD
SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS          TafcnratOrV
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research  and Development
U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
Cincinnati.  Ohio   45268      	_	
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES              P9-73-261,  "An Assessment  of Automatic Sewer
Supersedes  Report  No. tfA-Kz /o  ^.0.1.,
Flow Samplers", June 1973.






outlined.





application.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                                             IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
 Sampling, Samplers,  Sewage,
 Water  analysis, Water  quality,
 Water  pollution, Effluents,  Storm
 sewers, Combined sewers, Overflows,
 Manholes, Outfall  sewers,  Sanitary
 engineering,  Urban areas,  Reviews

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

 RELEASE TO  PUBLIC
                                            19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
                                                 UNCLASSI-FIED
                                            20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                                                  UNCLASSIFIED.
                                                                          13B
               21. NO. OF PAGES

                     350
   EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                           336
                                                   U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/536't Region No. 5-11

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