EPA-600/2-75-065^
December 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
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search reports of the Office of Research and Development, u..s. tnvironmental
31on Agency';' Have Been grpuped' 'into'"five series. These five broad
If^^ll^gfggn^go^ ffcflifafi furFheV^eVeTopment'aTicI application of
frl'grtlartechnology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
anneo" !o"Tos!er fecTTnology fransTer and amaxi'murri interface in related fields.
: five series are:
invironmenTal Health Effects Research
ironmental Protection Technology
geologicalResearch
environmental
DCioeconomic Environmental Studies
ias een asi!§R5a to the ENVIRONMENTAL1 PROTECTll
seriest'This seri'es'd'escribes research performed to develop and
ife (nsfrTirnenfanorTi equipj^en^ and methodology to repairer prevent
iegra3alion Irorri p'oinl and' non-point soTJf51s of pollution. This
vfesIRe new or improveb" technology required for the control and
of poHunon sources to meet environmental quality standards.
jment is availat
srviceT
"e public tnrougn the National Technical informa-
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EPA-600/2-75-065
December 19.75
AN ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMATIC
SEWER FLOW SAMPLERS - 1975
by
Philip E. £helley
George A. Kifkpatrick
EG&G WASHINGTON ANALYTICAL SERVICES CENTER, INC.
Rockville, Maryland 20850
Contract No. 68-03-0409
Project Officer
Hugh E. Masters
Storm and Combined Sewer Section
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory (Cincinnati)
Edison, New Jersey 08817
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
EERU-TfX
RECEIVED
APR 1 a 1989
EERU-TIX
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75-
,'<.
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the ad-
verse effects of pesticides, radiation, noise,and other
forms of pollution, and the unwise management of solid
waste. Efforts to protect the environment require a
focus that recognizes the interplay between the components
of our physical environment—air, water, and land. The
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory contributes
to this multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged.
• studies on the effects of environmental
contaminants on the biosphere, and
• a search for ways to prevent contamination
and to recycle valuable resources.
The deleterious effects of storm and combined sewer over-
flows upon the nation's waterways -have become of increasing
concern in recent times. Efforts to alleviate the problem
depend upon accurate characterization of these flows in
both a quantity and quality sense. This report presents a'
state-of-the-art survey of automatic wastewater sampling
devices that might be appropriate for the quality measure-
ment of stormwater and combined sewer flows as well as other
wastewater discharges, and will be of interest to those who
have a requirement for the characterization of such flows
Louis W. Lefke
Acting Director
Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
iii
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PREFACE
This report represents a revision and update of an earlier
report, "An Assessment of Automatic Sewer Flow Samplers,"
published as Environmental Protection Technology Series
Report No. EPA-R2-73-261, June 1973, which is hereby super-
seded. The major areas of change are in the descriptions
of commercially available equipment, which have been re-
vised to reflect equipment changes and new offerings that
have appeared since the preparation of the original report
in the fall of 1972. Additional project experience and re-
views of custom designed samplers have also been given, and
some modifications have been made to other portions of the
text to reflect new material. As a result, over 80 percent
of the present report represents new or revised content as
compared to its predecessor.
Mention should be made of a collateral effort reported in
"Design and Testing of a Prototype Automatic Sewer Sampling
System*" which is to be published soon as an Environmental
Protection Technology Series Report. It describes the de-
sign implementation of a new, improved prototype automatic
sampling system specifically intended for storm and com-
bined sewers. Covered also are the results of preliminary
field testing of the prototype device as well as extensive
controlled laboratory testing using synthetic sewage flows.
The results of side-by-side comparative testing of the pro-
totype device and four popular commercial designs is also
given, and should be of interest to the reader of the
present report.
xv
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ABSTRACT
A brief review of the characteristics of storm and combined
sewer flows is given followed by a general discussion of the
purposes for and requirements of a sampling program. The
desirable characteristics of automatic sampling equipment
are set forth and problem areas are outlined.
A compendium of 82 model classes covering over 200 models of
commercially available and custom designed automatic sam-
plers is given with descriptions and characterizations of
each unit presented along with an evaluation of its suit-
ability for a storm and/or combined sewer application.
A review of field experience with automatic sampling equip-
ment is given covering problems encountered and lessons
learned. A technical assessment of the state-of-the-art in
automatic sampler technology is presented, and design guides
for development of a new, improved automatic sampler for use
in storm and combined sewers are given.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract
Number 68-03-0409 under the sponsorship of the Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory (formerly the National
Environmental Research Center), Office of Research and De-
velopment, United States Environmental P.rotection Agency.
Work was completed in February, 1975.
v
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CONTENTS
Section
I
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
Page
CONCLUSIONS ............... JL
RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 5
INTRODUCTION ............ ... 6
Purpose and Scope ............ 7
General Character of Sewage ....... 7
Flow Modes ................ g
Variability of Pollutant Concentration . . 11
REQUIREMENTS AND PURPOSES OF SAMPLING . . 15
Common Properties and Constituents .... 15
Type of Sample ..... ......... ^7
Adequacy of A Sampling Program ...... 18
Specific Sampling Purposes and
Requirements ...... ........ 22
DESIRABLE EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS ... 27
Equipment Requirements .......... 27
Desirable Features ........ .... 29
Problem Areas ....... ....... 31
REVIEW OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS ........... . 33
Introduction . . .......... ... 33
Descriptive Forms and Evaluations .... 42
REVIEW OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS . . . . 245
Introduction ............... 245
Descriptive Forms and Evaluations .... 245
EXPERIENCE WITH COMBINED SEWER
SAMPLERS ................. 295
vii
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CONTENTS CCont'd)
Section Pa8e
IX STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT 307
Sampler Intake Assessment 307
Gathering Method Assessment 321
Sample Transport Assessment 323
Sample Capacity and Protection
Assessment 327
Controls and Power Assessment 331
X REFERENCES 333
FIGURES
Numb er •Pa§e
1 Runoff Quantity and Quality Data,
Bloody Run Sewer Watershed 21
2 BIF Sanitrol Flow - Ratio Model 41
Sampler . 50
3 BVS Model PP-100 Sampler 58
4 BVS Model SE and SPE Series Sampler ... 66
5 Collins Model 42 Composite Sampler .... 73
6 Collins Model 40 Composite Sampler .... 77
7 ISCO Model 1392 Sampler 96
8 Lakeside Trebler Model T-2 Sampler .... 114
9 Markland Model 1301 Portable Sampler . . . 121
10 Markland "Duckbill" Sampler Intake .... 123
11 Phipps and Bird Dipper-Type Sampler . . . 163
12 Quality Control Equipment Company Model
CVE Sampler 181
13 Quality Control Equipment Company Model
CVE II Sampler 185
14 SERCO Model NW-3 Sampler 194
15 Sirco Series B/ST-VS Sampler 219
viii
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FIGURES (Cont'd)
Number Pag<
16 AVCO Inclined Sequential Sampler 247
17 Rohrer Automatic Sampler 257
18 Weston Automatic Sampler 261
19 NEAR Sewer Sampler 277
20 Freeman Automatic Sampler Module 281
2.1 PS 69 Pumping Sampler 285
22 EG&G Prototype Automatic Sewer Sam-
pling System Schematic 292
23 Velocity Contours at Sampling
Station 308
24 Sediment Distribution at Sampling
Station 310
25 Region of Validity of Stokes' Law .... 312
26 Effect of Temperature on Maximum
Particle Size 313
27 Sampler Intake Orientations Tested .... 315
28 Effect of Sampling Velocity on Repre-
sentativeness of Suspended Solids . . . 316
29 Effect of Lateral Orientation of
Sample Intake . 318
TABLES
Number
1
2
4
5
Characteristics of Urban Stormwater
Properties and Constituents of
Sewage ,
Automatic Wastewater Sampler
Manufacturers
Sampler Characteristic Summary Matrix,
Effect of Shape Factor on Hydraulic
Size
Ratio of Composite Sample Concentra-
tion to Actual Concentration . . . .
16
34
39
325
330
ix
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INDEX OF COHMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS
Page
Bestel-Dean Mark II 43
Bestel-Dean Crude Sewage Sampler 46
BIF Sanitrol Flow-Ratio Model 41 49
Brailsford Model DC-F and DU2 52
Brailsford Model EVS . 55
BVS Model PP-100 57
BVS Model PE-400 61
BVS Model PPE-400 65
Chicago "Tru Test" • • 69
Collins Model 42 Composite Sampler 72
Collins Model 40 Composite Sampler 76
EMA Model 200 79
ETS Fieldtec Sampler Model FS-4 82
Horizon Model S7570 84
Horizon Model S7576 86
Horizon Model S7578 88
Hydraguard Automatic Liquid Sampler 90
Hydra-Numatic Composite Sampler 93
ISCO Model 1392 95
ISCO Model 1480 99
ISCO Model 1580 102
Kent Model SSA 105
Kent Model SSB 107
Kent Model SSC HO
Lakeside Trebler Model T-2 113
Manning Model S4000 117
x
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INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
Paee
Markiand Model 1301 120
Markland Model 101 125
Markiand Model 102 128
Markland Model 104T 131
Nalco Model S-100 135
Nappe Porta-Positer Sampler 138
Nappe Series 46 Liquid Sampler 141
Noascono Automatic Shift Sampler 144
N-CON Surveyor II Model 147
N-CON Scout II Model 149
N-CON Sentry 500 Model 152
N-CON Sentinel Model 155
N-CON Trebler Model 157
Peri Pump Model 704 , 160
Phipps and Bird Dipper-Type 162
Protech Model CG-110 165
Prptech Model CG-125 168
Protech Model CG-125FP 171
Protech Model CEG-200 . 174
Protech Model CEL-300 177
QCEC Model CVE 180
QCEC Model CVE II 184
QCEC Model E 188
Rice Barton Effluent Sampler 190
Serco Model NW-3 193
Serco Model TC-2 197
Sigmamotor Model WA-1 200
Sigmamotor Model WAP-2 202
Sigmamotor Model WM-3-24 205
XI
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INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
Sigraamotor Model WA-5 208
Sigmamotor Model WAP-5 211
Sigmamotor Model WM-5-24 215
Sirco Series B/ST-VS 218
Sirco Series B/IE-VS 222
Sirco Series B/DP-VS 225
Sirco Model MK-VS 228
Sonford Model HG-4 231
Streamgard Discrete Sample Attachment
Model DA-24S1 233
TMI Fluid Stream Sampler 235
TMI Mark 3B Model Sampler 237
TRI-AID Sampler Series 240
Williams Oscillamatic Sampler 243
Xll
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INDEX OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS
AVCO Inclined Sequential Sampler 246
Springfield Retention Basin Sampler 250
Milk River Sampler 252
Envirogenics Bulk Sampler 254
Rohrer Automatic Sampler 256
Weston Automatic Sampler 260
Pavia-Byrne Automatic Sampler 264
Rex Chainbelt, Inc. Automatic Sampler 267
Colston Automatic Sampler 270
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Model II 273
NEAR Sewer Sampler 276
Freeman Automatic Sampler 280
PS-69 Pumping Sampler ..... 284
RECOMAT Sampler 288
EG&G Prototype Sewer Sampler 291
xiii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The cooperation and support of the commercial manufacturers
and suppliers of automatic liquid sampling equipment and
their representatives is acknowledged with sincere thanks.
They supplied information about their current products and
proposed new developments, took time to answer questions
and provide operational insights, and made the preparation
of much of this report possible. All equipment illustra-
tions were provided by the respective manufacturers, and
appreciation for their use in this report is hereby
acknowledged.
The encouragement, cooperation, and support of users of
automatic samplers, including EPA Surveillance and Analysis
Division personnel (and especially Messrs. W. J. Keffer -
Region VII, M. D. Lair - Region IV, and F. P. Nixon - Re-
gion II), is deeply appreciated. They freely gave of their
time to discuss problems with individual pieces of equip-
ment, to provide insights into many difficulties of field
use, and to share their views on where equipment improve-
ments were desired.
The support of this effort by the Storm and Combined Sewer
Section (Edison, New Jersey) of the EPA Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, and especially
Mr. Richard Field and Mr. Hugh E. Masters, Project Officers,
for their guidance, suggestions and inputs, and thorough
manuscript review is acknowledged with gratitude.
xiv
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
An automatic liquid sampler is one tool of several com-
monly employed for the characterization of a flow
stream. Its selection must be based upon consideration
of the overall sampling program to be undertaken, the
characteristics of the flows to be sampled, the physi-
cal characteristics of the sampling sites, and the sam-
ple analyses that are available and desired.
In view of the large number of highly variable param-
eters associated with the storm and combined seWer ap-
plication, no single automatic sampler can exist that
is universally applicable with equal efficacy. Some
requirements are conflicting, and a careful series of
trade-off studies is required in order to arrive at a
"best" selection for a particular program. Such a
selection may not be well suited for a different pro-
gram, and a systems approach is required for either the
selection or design of automatic ^.sampling equipment for
storm and combined sewer application.
The proper selection of sampling sites can be as impor-
tant as the selection of sampling methods and equipment.
A clear understanding of the data requirements and ulti-
mate use is necessary as is a familiarity with the sewer
system to be examined.
Over 40 prospective manufacturers of automatic liquid
sampling equipment were contacted. Although some omis-
sions undoubtedly have been made, it is felt that all
major principles and techniques commercially available
today have been included. These automatic samplers
have been individually described and evaluated for ap-
plication in a storm and/or combined sewer sampling
program. Most of the units surveyed were not designed
for such use, and many manufacturers do not recommend
them for such applications.
Although certain commercially available automatic sam-
plers may be suitable for certain storm and/or combined
sewer sampling programs, no single unit appears emi-
nently suitable for such an application. Improvements
in intake design, sample intake and transport velocity,
line sizes, and sample capacity appear warranted.
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A number of custom designed, one-of-a-kind automatic
samplers were reviewed and evaluated for application
in a storm and/or combined sewer sampling program.
Although, some of these embodied fairly clever innova-
tions, they were generally tailored around local pecu-
liarities of the application site or program. None
was deemed ideally suited for broad scale use as a
storm or combined sewer sampling unit.
Field experience with automatic sampling equipment was
reviewed with emphasis on recent EPA projects. Leaks
in vacuum operated units; faulty automatic starters;
inlet blockage and line plugging; limited suction lift;
low transport velocities; complicated electrical sys-
tems; and failures of timers, micro-switches, relays
and contacts, and reed switches were among the diffi-
culties frequently encountered.
There is a plethora of sampling devices available in
the marketplace today. These automatic samplers are
of various designs and capabilities and incorporate
both good and poor features. There are numerous
claims (and counter-claims) made by the various manu-
facturers and their representatives, including limited
data in certain instances, as to the efficacy of one
particular piece of equipment (i.e., design approach)
or another. The present state of affairs can be sum-
marized as follows:
(a) Comparisons of water quality data gathered
using different commercially available sam-
plers demonstrate without question that there
can be marked differences in results obtained
with different types of equipment;
(b) Different wastewater flow characteristics call
for different equipment requirements in order
to assure representative sampling;
(c) The results of manual sampling are extremely
methodologically dependent, and data strongly
indicate that they may or may not be repre-
sentative of the wastewater flow in question;
and
(d) No satisfactory way has yet been developed to
meaningfully and uniformly evaluate the per-
formance capabilities of automatic sample
collection systems.
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9. One of the greatest problem areas is in the design of
a sampler intake that can gather a representative sam-
ple, even in a stratified flow condition, and at the
same time be relatively invulnerable to clogging or
damage due to solids or debris in the flow stream.
Separate considerations are required for intakes to
be used for sampling floatables (especially oil and
grease) or coarser bottom solids including bed load.
Some generally desirable sampler intake characteris-
tics include:
(a) Sample intake velocity should equal or exceed
the velocity of the stream being sampled;
(b) Intake geometry such as diameter, beveled in-
side or outside, radiused, etc., is not crit-
ical insofar as sampling representativeness
is concerned;
(c) Gravity filled intakes usually have a varying
sample intake velocity which is undesirable
in most instances; and
(d) The sampler intake should prevent ingestion
of unwanted material that could clog or damage
other portions of the sampler.
10. Selection of the sample gathering method to be used is
more site dependent than any other design attribute.
The requirement to minimize obstructions to the flow
eliminates most mechanical and forced flow designs
from consideration. The suction lift gathering method
appears to offer the most advantages and flexibility
overall. The pumping portion of the unit should be
separable from the remainder of the device for use at
sites that exceed the recommended lift of the pump.
The first flow of suction lift devices should be re-
turned to waste unless it is part of a large sample.
11. All sample transport lines should be large enough to
minimize clogging, yet small enough to assure adequate
transport velocity for the largest suspended solids to
be sampled. For the storm and combined sewer applica-
tion, minimum line sizes of 0.95-1.27 cm (3/8-1/2 in.)
inside diameter appear desirable. Minimum transport
velocities of 0.6-0.9 m/s (2-3 fps) would appear war-
ranted. The sampling train should be free of internal
constrictions due to valves, fittings, etc., and have
a minimum of twists and bends. It is desirable for
the sample to be carried under pressure all the way to
its container.
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12. Composite samplers cannot represent the time history
of a storm event, and consequently, discrete samplers
are more often desired. The quantity of sample re-
quired is dependent upon the subsequent analyses to
be performed, but at least a liter is generally de-
sired. The sample containers should either be easy
to clean or disposable. Provision for cooling the
samples until they can be taken to the laboratory
should be included. Immersion-proof construction is
advantageous.
13. The sampler should be capable of accepting automatic
start signals from some external sensor. It should
have an internal timer and also be capable of being
paced by an external flowmeter. For composite sam-
plers particularly, the sample volume should be con-
stant and not vary with lift, water level, etc.
Solid-state electronics appear desirable.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
There is an urgent need for determining the capabilities
of various types of sample collection systems to gather
representative samples of wastewater flows over a wide
range of characteristics. This must be done under con-
trolled conditions if results are to be quantified in
any way other than as relativistic comparisons. It is
recommended that a number of sample collection systems
of the types that represent the majority of present day
equipment be assembled and tested under controlled
laboratory conditions representing a wide range of
wastewater flow characteristics.
There is at present no well-defined manual sampling
protocol. It is recommended that equipment and proce-
dures be developed that will allow representative sam-
ples to be gathered from a variety of sites under a wide
range of wastewater flow characteristics.
There are no specific guides to aid a would-be pur-
chaser of automatic wastewater sampling equipment
generally available at the present time. It is recom-
mended that performance specifications and standard
testing and acceptance procedures be developed for a
number of classes of wastewater, including stormwater
and combined sewage.
Representative sampling of bed load and floatables
(including oil and grease) continues to be an extremely
difficult problem. It is recommended that a program to
develop equipment that is suitable for these purposes
be initiated in the near future.
In view of the potential for increase in commercially
available equipment and changes and improvements intro-
duced by manufacturers subsequent to the publication of
this report, it is recommended that it be updated in
two years.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
'By a small sample we may judge of the whole.
Cervantes (1605)
Since the very beginnings of primitive man's existence he
has been faced with the necessity to sample, his first
experiences probably being in the area of food and water
selection. The need to sample arises from a data require-
ment that is necessary in order to make some judgmental
decision and presumes the unavailability of the whole. If
the data which are to be derived from the sample are to be
efficacious in terms of the judgmental decision to be made
however, it is necessary that the sample be truly represent-
ative of the whole, at least insofar as those parameters
which are of interest are concerned. It is this require-
ment, which arises from the nature of the data sought, that
must be the overriding consideration in any sampling effort.
As the civilization of man continued, the exigencies of
social awareness and community led to cooperative sampling
and judgmental decisions affecting others as well as the
sampler himself. In particular, man's requirement for water
to maintain his existence and his concern for the quality of
this water have partially shaped the course of history and
given rise to more formal sampling programs for the common
good. The records of ancient civilizations attest to the
difficulties man has experienced in obtaining an adequate
supply of water, protecting its quality, dealing with sedi-
ment transport in natural water courses, and the like. An
excellent historical review of water sampling, especially as
related to suspended sediment, is given in (1). Suffice it
to note here that despite the fact that the first sampling
for water quality is lost in the antiquity of man's develop-
ment, it was not until the early part of the nineteenth cen-
tury that documentation can be found of the formal sampling
efforts of Gorsse and Subuors in the Rhone River in 1808 and
1809.
From such humble beginnings, reinforced by technology and
man's increased awareness of his environment and his need to
protect it, have arisen even more demanding requirements for
water sampling programs and for equipment to carry them out.
Today a large number of companies have been formed to pro-
duce sampling equipment, and it is to their products that
much of the present report will be directed.
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PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This report is intended to present a current review of the
state-of-the-art and assessment of sampling equipment and
techniques. Particular emphasis has been placed on auto-
matic liquid samplers which are commercially available today
in the American marketplace. These are described and eval-
uated in terms of their suitability for use in storm or com-
bined sewer applications. However, a sampling device which
is suitable for such applications will most likely suffice
for any other municipal wastewater application as well. By
collecting and presenting such a review it is hoped that
shortcomings and limitations of these devices for such ap-
plications can be overcome and that this report can serve as
a springboard for the development of new and/or improved de-
vices. In order to assess the probable effectiveness of an
existing device for sampling sewage in storm sewers and/or
combined sewers, or to select criteria for the design of a
new or improved device, consideration of the character of
such sewers and sewage is essential. Questions to be con-
sidered are: What are their general characteristics? What
are the usual flow modes found in such sewers? How do the
pollutant materials carried in the sewers vary with time and
location?
GENERAL CHARACTER OF SEWAGE
Knowledge of the character of the urban environment leads
one to the expectation that stormwater draining from it will
be of poor quality. Washings from the sidewalks, streets,
alleys, and catch basins are a part of the runoff and in-
clude significant amounts of human and animal refuse. In
industrial areas, chemicals, fertilizers, coal, ores, and
other products are stockpiled exposed to rainfall, so that a
significant quantity of these materials appears in the run-
off. Extreme quantities of organic materials such as leaves
and grass cuttings often appear in storm sewers. In the
fall, such sewers at times become almost completely filled
with leaves. Often during storms large boards, limbs, rock
and every imaginable kind of debris appear in the sewers
probably as a result of breaks in the sewers and/or acces-
sory equipment designed to screen out the larger items. One
of the heaviest pollution loads is that of eroded silts and
sediments washed from the land surface. Much of this is
from construction areas where the land has been disturbed
prior to completion of streets and buildings and re-
establishment of plant life. Finally, a significant amount
of solids found in storm runoff originates as dustfall from
air pollution. According to studies made in Chicago (2)
about 3 percent of the total solids load has its source in
dustfall.
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General observation of the polluted nature of storm runoff^
from urban areas is supported by a number of studies made in
several large cities in the United States, and in Oxney,
England; Moscow and Leningrad, U.S.S.R.; Stockholm, Sweden;
and Pretoria, South Africa. In (2) the American Public
Works Association states, "Stormwater runoff has been found
in many instances to be akin to sanitary sewage in its pol-
lutional characteristics and in a few instances some param-
eters of pollution are even greater". Table 1, which is
taken from (5), contains selected data on the characteris-
tics of urban stormwater.
In some areas, sewers classed as storm sewers are, in fact,
sanitary or industrial waste sewers due to unauthorized and
various other connections made to them. This condition may
become so aggravated that a continuous flow of sanitary sew-
age flows into the receiving stream. Wastes from various
commercial and industrial enterprises are often diverted to
these so-called storm sewers. A rather common pollutant is
the flushings from oil tanks.
Combined sewers are designed and constructed to carry both
stormwater and sanitary sewage and/or industrial wastes.
Therefore, sewage in them has all the pollutional aspects
of storm runoff as described above, but also includes the
pollution load of domestic wastes.
Where industrial wastes are contributed also, a very complex
sewage, with respect to both varied flow rate and pollution
load, is created. The task of sampling and analyzing this
creation with reasonable accuracy becomes an extremely dif-
ficult one.
Because of normal leaks at joints, pipe breaks, loss of man-
hole covers, and other unplanned openings to them, separate
sanitary sewers often carry large flows of storm runoff
and/or infiltrate. This usually occurs in sections of high
ground water level, or where the sewer line is constructed
in, or adjacent to, a stream bed. Under such conditions,
these sewers have much the same character as combined sew-
ers, and require the same types of sampling equipment and
methods.
FLOW MODES
Storm sewers, during periods of no rainfall, often carry a
small but significant flow. This may be flow from ground
water, or "base flow", which gains access,to the sewer from
unpaved stream courses. Such base flow may appear as runoff
from parks or from suburban areas where there are open
drains leading to the storm sewer.
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TABLE 1. Characteristics of Urban Stormwater*
Characteristic
BOD5
COD (mg/1)
TSS (mg/1)
TS (mg/1)
Volatile TS (mg/1)
Settleable solids (ml/1)
Organic N (mg/1)
Soluble P04 (mg/1)
Total P04 (mg/1)
Chlorides (mg/1)
Oils (mg/1)
Phenols (mg/1)
Lead (mg/1)
Total coliforms (no./lOO ml)
Fecal coliforms (no./lOO ml)
Fecal streptocci (no./lOO ml)
* Taken from Reference 5 .
With highway deicing.
Range of Values
1->700
5-3,100
2-11,300
450-14,600
12-1,600
0.5-5,400
0.1-16
0.1-2.5
0.1-10
0.1-125
2-25,000f
0-110
0-0.2
0-1.9
200-146 x 106
55-112 x 106
200-1.2 x 106
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Unfortunately, much of the flow in storm sewers during peri-
ods of no rainfall is composed of domestic sewage and/or in-
dustrial wastes. Where municipal ordinances concerning
connections to sewers are not rigidly enforced, it appears
to be reasonably certain that unauthorized connections to
storm sewers will appear. In some cases, the runoff from
septic tanks is carried to them. Connections for the dis-
charge of swimming pools, foundation drains, sump pumps,
cooling water, and pretreated industrial process water to
storm sewers are permitted in many municipalities, and con-
tribute to flow during periods of no rainfall.
Storm runoff is the excess rainfall which runs off the
ground surface after losses resulting from infiltration to
ground water, evaporation, transpiration by vegetation, and
ponding occur. A small portion of the rainfall is held in
depression storage, resulting from small irregularities in
the land surface. The quantity, or rate of flow, of such
runoff varies with intensity, duration, and areal distribu-
tion of rainfall; character of the soil and plant life;
season of the year; size, shape, and slope of drainage
basin, and other factors. Ground seepage loss varies during
the storm, becoming less as the ground absorbs the water.
The period of time since the previous, or antecedent, rain-
fall significantly affects the storm runoff.
In general, storm runoff is intermittent in accordance with
the rainfall pattern for the area. It is also highly vari-
able from storm to storm and during a particular storm.
The design capacity of storm sewers is based on the flow due
to a storm occurring, on the average, once in a selected
number of years (recurrence interval). Usually a recurrence
interval not greater than 10 years is selected for the de-
sign of underground storm sewers. As a result, the design
capacity of the sewer is exceeded at comparatively frequent
intervals, resulting in surcharging and flooding of the
overlying surface.
Flow in combined sewers during periods of no rainfall is
called dry-weather flow. This is the flow of sanitary sew-
age and/or Industrial wastes, and often includes infiltrated
ground water. As the sewer is designed, dry-weather flow
generally includes only a small portion of the total sewer
capacity, on the order of 10% in the larger sewer sizes.
However, due to overloading in many rapidly developing
areas, the dry-weather flow sometimes requires a much larger
percentage of total capacity. The storm runoff portion of
the flow in combined sewers is as described above for storm
10
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sewers. However, the design capacity for carrying storm
runoff is probably less than is usually provided for storm
sewers.
Sewers for intercepting dry-weather flow from a system of
combined sewers for transport to a point for treatment or
disposal have been designed for enough capacity to include
a portion of the stormwater in the system. In the United
States, this interceptor capacity ranges from two to four
times the dry-weather flow. A weir or other regulating
device controls the flow of ^sewage to the interceptor by
diverting the flow above a pre-selected stage to an over-
flow line. The excess flows, or overflows, are carried to
some external channel, such as a creek or river. Thus, raw
sewage is carried to the streams with storm runoff during
periods of rainfall.
VARIABILITY OF POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION
The pollutant concentration in storm and combined sewers is
highly variable, both with respect to the time and with the
position in the sewer cross-section. This is true during
periods of no rainfall as well as during storm runoff
periods, but usually to a lesser extent.
Variability with Time
Probably the most constant character of pollutants occurs
in storm sewers when all flow is base flow derived from
ground water. Because of the slow movement of water through
the ground, changes in concentration of pollutants occur
only during relatively long time periods. Where unauthor-
ized connections of domestic sewage and industrial waste
lines to storm sewers are found, rapid fluctuations of
concentration with time may occur. The domestic sewage
constituent varies with time of day, with season of the
year, and probably over long-term periods. Industrial
wastes vary with specific processes and industries. Very
rapid changes may occur with plant shift changes and with
process dynamics. Conditions on weekends and holidays may
be very different from those on regular work days.
Observation and experience have demonstrated that the heav-
iest concentration of suspended solids during periods of
storm runoff usually occurs during the early part of the
storm. At this time, the stage is rising and accumulated
dry-weather solid residue is being flushed from the sewers
11
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and washed and eroded from the tributary land areas. As
runoff recedes, the sewer and land area surfaces exposed to
flow are reduced, the flow velocities which serve to flush
and erode are decreased, and the more easily dislodged sol-
ids have been acted upon. Thus, suspended material is re-
duced in concentration. This pattern of variation may not
be followed during a period of storm runoff which immedi-
ately follows a previous storm runoff period because the
land surface and sewer lines are relatively clean.
Pollutants derived from point sources, such as those from
stockpile drainage, vary at the sampling location with time
of travel from the source to the point of observation. Max-
imum concentration may occur after the peak of storm runoff.
It is conceivable that there would be no contribution from
some point sources during a specific storm because of areal
variation of rainfall in the basin.
The variability of concentration of pollutants in combined
sewer dry-weather flow is similar to that of storm sewers
having unauthorized connections of domestic sewage and/or
industrial waste lines. The fluctuations in domestic sewage
and industrial waste concentration are discussed above.
Variability with Position In the Sewer Cross-Section
Many factors influence the variability of composition with
position in the sewer cross-section. Among them are:
(a) Turbulent flow (as opposed to laminar) which occurs at
the velocities and with the boundary conditions found in
sewers, is particularly high during periods of storm runoff.
A description of these two states of flow is given by Chow
(3), as follows:
"Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to
inertia, the flow may be laminar, turbulent, or
transitional. In laminar flow, the water particles
appear to move in definite smooth paths, or stream-
lines, and infinitesimally thin layers of fluid
seem to slide over adjacent layers. In turbulent
flow, the water particles move in irregular paths
which are neither smooth nor fixed but which in
the aggregate still represent the forward motion
of the entire stream."
(b) Varying velocities within the section, with higher
velocities near the surface and lower velocities near the
bottom. Average velocity in the vertical is at about
12
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0.6 depth. Velocities are higher near,the center of the
Pipe or conduit than near the outer boundaries. Such veloc-
ity distributions are generally characteristic of open-
channel flow conditions, but are not all necessarily valid
when the sewer becomes surcharged.
(c) The tendency for flows transporting materials of dif-
ferent density, and having different temperatures, to remain
separate from each other for quite some distance following
their convergence. &
(d) The fact that substances in solution may well behave
independently of suspended particles. Little is known of
the lateral dispersion of solutions in sewage. Conversions
from solution to suspension, and the reverse, would occur
under some conditions.
(e) Vertical drops, chutes, or hydraulic jumps a short dis-
tance upstream from the section which will produce violent
turbulence, resulting in improved distribution of suspended
solids in the cross-section.
Suspended solids heavier than water have their lowest con-
centrations near the surface, and the concentration in-
creases with depth. Near the bottom of the sewer may occur
a bed load composed almost entirely of heavier solids.
This may slide" along the bottom or, with insufficient flow
velocity, may rest on the bottom. As the velocity and tur-
bulence increase, the "bed load" may be picked up and sus-
pended in the sewage.
At the beginning of storm runoff, as water picks up solids
which have accumulated in the sewer upstream during periods
of no rainfall, the flow may be composed largely of sewage
solids, or "bed load", which appears to be pushed ahead by
the water. J
Suspended materials lighter than water, such as oils and
greases, float on the surface, as do leaves, limbs, boards,
bottles, and cloth and paper materials. Other small light
particles are moved randomly within the flow by turbulence
These may be well distributed in the cross-section without
significant effect of variable velocity within the section.
Larger, heavier suspended and floating solids tend to move
to the outside of a horizontal curve as a result of centrif-
ugal inertia force. Particles with a specific gravity much
less than 1.00 may tend to move toward the inside of the
curve. Because the effect of curvature on flow often con-
tinues downstream a considerable distance, it is probable
that a normal distribution of suspended matter is not found
13
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on a curve,
widths.
or downstream for a distance of several sewer
Incoming sewage from an upstream lateral with different
density and temperature may not mix well, and often flows
for long distances without combining with the main body of
the sewer. The appearance may be of two streams flowing
side-by-side, each with different quality characteristics.
A sample taken from either stream is not representative of
the entire stream character.
14
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SECTION IV
REQUIREMENTS AND PURPOSES OF SAMPLING
Sampling of sewage is performed to satisfy various purposes
and requirements. These include the planning, design and
operation of facilities for the control and treatment of
sewage; the enforcement of water quality standards and ob-
jectives; and general research to increase our knowledge of
the characterization of sewage.
Development of a program of sampling is presently based on
a Ixmited number of properties and constituents for which
analyses are made. The type of sample collected depends on
the purpose of the program, and on both technical and eco-
nomic considerations.
COMMON PROPERTIES AND CONSTITUENTS
Although the constituents of sewage include most substances
known to man, there are a limited number of measurements
made to determine the more common properties and constitu-
ents. Most of these are shown in Table 2, which is taken
rrom (4).
It is a practical impossibility either to perform instant
analyses of a sample on the spot or to completely and un-
equivocally preserve it for subsequent examination. Pre-
servative techniques can only retard the chemical and
biological changes that inevitably continue following ex-
traction of the sample from its parent source. In the
former case, changes occur that are a function of the phys-
ical conditions - metal cations may precipitate as hydrox-
ides or form complexes with other constituents; cations or
anions may change valence states under certain reducing or
oxidizing conditions; constituents may dissolve or volatize
with time, and so on. In the latter case, biological
changes taking place may change the valence state of an
element or radical; soluble constituents may be converted
to organically bound materials in cell structures; cell
lysis may result in release of cellular material into solu-
tion, etc. Preservation methods are generally limited to
pH control, chemical addition, and refrigeration. Recommen-
dations for preservation of samples according to the meas-
urement analysis to be performed are given in Table 2.
Figures given for sample size are generally large. For ex-
ample, much smaller samples are needed with use of various
systems of automatic analysis. The Technicon Auto-Analyzer
15
-------
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16
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requires samples of less than 30 ml, and is recommended for
total alkalinity, chloride, cyanide, fluoride, total hard-
ness, nitrogen (ammonia), nitrogen (Kjeldahl), nitrogen
(nitrate - nitrite), phosphorus, sulfate, COD, and others.
TYPE OF SAMPLE
The type of sample collected depends on a number of factors
such as the rate of change of flow and of the character of
the sewage, the accuracy required, and the availability of
funds for conducting the sampling program. All samples col-
lected, either manually or with automatic equipment, are in-
cluded in the following types:
1. Manual "grab" samples which are obtained by
dipping a container into the sewer and bring-
ing up a sample of wastewater. Containers
are sometimes devised to grab a sample at a
stationary depth or so that a sample inte-
grated from bottom to top of the stream is
collected. Water flows gradually into the
container as it passes through the flow.
2. Automatic "grab", or discrete, samples which
are collected at selected intervals, and each
sample is retained separately for analysts.
Usually each sample is collected at a single
point in the sewer cross-section. However, in
a few instances samplers with multiple ports
have been used to allow simultaneous collec-
tion from several points in the cross-section.
3. Simple composite samples, which are made up of
a series of smaller samples (aliquots) of con-
stant volume (Vc) collected at regular time in-
tervals (Tc) and combined in a single container.
The series of samples is collected over a se-
lected time period, such as 24 hours, or during
a period of storm runoff, for example. The sim-
ple composite represents the average condition
of the waste during the period only if the
flow is constant.
4.
Flow-proportional composite samples, which are
collected in relation to the flow volume dur-
ing the period of compositing, thus indicating
the^"average" waste condition during the
period. One of two ways of accomplishing this
is to collect samples of equal volume (Vc), but
at time intervals (Tv) that are inversely pro-
portional to the volume of flow. That is, the
17
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time interval between samples is reduced as the
volume of flow increases, and a greater total
sample volume is collected. Flow proportioning
can also be achieved by increasing the volume
of each sample collected in proportion to the
flow (Vv), but keeping the time interval be-
tween samples constant (Tc).
Manually composited samples which are obtained,
where recording flow records are available,
from fixed volume "grab", or discrete, samples
collected at known times and proportioned man-
ually to produce a flow proportioned composite
s amp1e.
Sequential composite
posed of a series of
each of which is held
tainer. For example,
collected during a 1-
posited for the hour
composite is made up
composites.
samples, which are com-
short-period composites,
in an individual con-
each of several samples
•hour period may be com-
The 24-hour sequential
from the individual 1-hour
ADEQUACY OF A SAMPLING PROGRAM
The adequacy of a sampling program depends largely on the
optimum selection of sampling sites. Both the program cost
and its effectiveness in collecting samples representative
of the character of sewer flows are seriously affected by
the care exercised in site selection. Similarly, the kinds
of samplers selected determine the adequacy of the program
with respect to obtaining suitable data for the needs of
the particular sampling program.
In most cases, use of mathematical statistical analysis for
determining the probable errors in the data obtained by
sewer sampling is not practical. A single "grab sample of
1 liter, even in dry-weather flows, is not necessarily indi-
cative of the average character of the flow. With respect
to an instant of time, the indicated character of the sewage
may vary with the point in the cross-section from which it
was "grabbed". One must consider the universe of sewage
volumes represented by the sample. At the instant of sam-
pling, it may be all the liters of sewage in the cross-
section at that instant. But, if the sewage is not
thoroughly mixed, we know that the sample is biased, that
is, it may represent only a portion of the 1-liter samples
in the cross-section, possibly only those near the surface
of the flow.
18
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In periods of storm runoff, it is known, if only by obser-
vation, that the character of the sewage is continually
changing, possibly with great rapidity. There, then, be-
comes no single universe represented by the "grab" sample.
Instead, there is an infinite number, of universes, and the
single grab sample is without meaning in determining the
character of the sewage. A similar situation exists in the
case of sewers carrying industrial wastes. The variability
of flow and of quality parameters during periods of storm
runoff are illustrated in figure 1, wherein quantity and
quality data for a storm on the Bloody Run sewer watershed
at Cincinnati, Ohio, are graphically presented.
It becomes apparent, then, that a large number of samples
is required to adequately characterize the character of
sewage in a combined sewer during and immediately after a
storm event, particularly if the character is to be related
to flow rate. Compositing the samples in proportion to
flow rate may determine the average character of the sewage
during the period of compositing. However, it does nothing
to describe the pattern of changes which may occur during
that period. 5
Awareness of the general character of sewer flows and of
flow modes in storm sewers and combined sewers, and knowl-
edge of the variability of pollutant concentration, leads to
an understanding of how best to select sites for sampling.
Some of the considerations in making such selections are-
1.
Maximum accessibility and safety -
on busy streets should be avoided
shallow depths with manhole steps
dition are desirable. Sites with
surcharging and/or submergence by
water should be avoided if possibl
locations which may tend to invite
- Manholes
if possible;
in good con-
a history of
surface
e. Avoid
vandalism.
2.
Be sure that the site provides the information
des.ired — Familiarity with the sewer system
is necessary. Knowledge of the existence of
inflow or outflow between the sampling point
and point of data use is essential.
Make certain the site is far enough downstream
from tributary inflow to ensure mixing of the
tributary with the main sewer.
Locate in a straight length of sewer, at least
six sewer widths below bends.
19
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5. Locate at a point of maximum turbulence, as
found in sewer sections of greater roughness
and of probable higher velocities. Locate
just downstream from a drop or hydraulic jump,
if possible.
6. In all cases, consider the cost of installation.
balancing cost against effectiveness in pro-
viding the data needed.
Presently available sewage samplers have a great variety of
characteristics with respect to size of sample collected,
lift capability, type of sample collected (discrete or com-
posite) , material of construction, and numerous other both
good and poor features. A number of considerations in
selection of a sampler are:
1. Rate of change of sewage conditions
2. Frequency of change of sewage conditions
3. Range of sewage conditions
4. Periodicity or randomness of change
5. Availability of recorded flow data
6. Need for determining instantaneous conditions,
average conditions, or both
7. Volume of sample required
8. Need for preservation of sample
9. Estimated size of suspended matter
10. Need for automatic controls for starting and
stopping
11. Need for mobility or for a permanent
installation
12. Operating head requirements.
Because of the variability in the character of storm and/or
combined sewage, and because of the many physical diffi-
culties in collecting samples to characterize the sewage,
precise characterization is not practicable, nor is it pos-
sible. In recognition of this fact, one must guard against
embarking on an excessively detailed sampling program, thus
20
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140
2300
2330
2*»00
0030
800
700
500
*—*
§ 1»00
300
200
100
COO
BOD
2300 2330 2400 0030
2300
2330
2^00
0030
Figure 1. Runoff Quantity and Quality Data,
Bloody Run Sewer Watershed*
Taken from Reference 19
21
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increasing costs, both for sampling and for analyzing the
samples, beyond costs that can be considered sufficient for
conducting a program which is adequate for the intended
purpose.
A careful study of costs should be made prior to commencing
a program of sampling, balancing cost against the number of
samples and analyses required for adequate characterization
of the wastewater. As the program progresses, current study
of the results being obtained may make it reasonable to re-
duce or increase the number of samples collected.
The unit cost of handling and analyzing samples can often be
reduced by careful planning and scheduling of field work,
and by coordination with laboratory requirements. If the
volume of samples is large, and the program is to continue
over a long time period, consideration should be given to
use of equipment for automatic analyses and in-situ monitor-
ing. A number of equipment types and methods, such as spe-
cific ion electrodes and probes, are available for these
purposes. As an example, approximately 15 samples per hour
can be analyzed for chloride, using the Technicon Auto-
Analyzer. Samples of only 4 ml volume are required. Cau-
tion is needed in selecting equipment suitable for a series
of parameters for which analyses are to be made. With some
equipment, the time required for making necessary adjust-
ments between each of a series of tests may counteract the
rapidity of making analyses for a single parameter.
SPECIFIC SAMPLING PURPOSES AND REQUIREMENTS
Sampling programs are set up for various purposes for which
the requirements are not necessarily the same. That is,
parameters important to one kind of project may not be
needed for another project having a different objective.
As an example, parameters of interest for operation of
facilities for control and treatment of stormwater and/or
combined sewage may be more limited in number than those
needed for planning and design of the facilities. In the
operation stage, experience at the particular location and
with the unique facilities, may have demonstrated a more
limited sampling need. On the other hand, where stormwater
is combined with industrial wastes, analyses for additional
parameters may be required.
A number of physical, chemical, combinations of physical-
chemical, and biological methods have been considered in
the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Program of
22
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the EPA for treatment of stormwater and combined sewage. In
most cases, some type of control such as reduction of in-
stantaneous peak flows is essential for practical applica-
tion of treatment methods. These include storage facilities
of many types, flow regulation and routing, and remote flow
and overflow sensing and telemetering.
Specific processes which have been investigated are (5):
Physical - (1) Fine mesh screening; (2) Micros trainer;
(3) Screening/Dissolved-air flotation; (4) High-rate single-
dual- or tri-media filtration; (5) Swirl and helical separa-
tion; (6) Tube settlers; etc.
Chemical - (1) Coagulant and polyelectrolyte aids for sedi-
mentation, filtration, flotation and microstraining; (2)
Chemical oxidation and use of ozone for oxidation; and
(3) Disinfection — chlorination, ozonation, high rate ap-
plication, on-site generation, and use of combined halogens
(chlorine and iodine) and chlorine dioxide.
Physical-Chemical - (1) Screening plus dissolved-air flota-
tion with flotation aids; (2) Screening - chemical floc-
culation - sedimentation - high-rate filtration; (3)
Powdered and granular activated carbon adsorption; (4) Chem-
ical flocculation - tube sedimentation - tri-media filtra-
tion; and (5) Screening - coagulation - high rate dual-media
filtration.
Biological - (1) High-rate plastic and rock media trickling
tilters; (2) Bio-adsorption (contact stabilization);
(3) Stabilization ponds; (4) Rotating biological contactor;
and (5) Deep-tank aerobic and anaerobic treatment.
For planning and designing such facilities and processes,
and for testing their impact on receiving streams, sampling
tor certain basic wastewater parameters is essential. In
general these include:
1- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - Used to determine
the relative oxygen requirement of the wastewater.
Data from BOD tests are used for the development
of engineering criteria for the design of waste-
water treatment plants.
2- Chemical oxygen demand (COD) - Provides addi-
tional information concerning the oxygen re-
quirement of wastewater. It provides an
independent measurement of organic matter in
23
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the sample, rather than being a substitute
for the BOD test. For combined sewer over-
flows and stormwater, COD may be more repre-
sentative of oxygen demand in a receiving
stream because of the presence of metals and
other toxicants which are relatively non-
biodegradable .
3. Total oxygen demand (TOD) - A recently devel-
oped test to measure the organic content of
wastewater in which the organics are converted
to stable end products in a platinum-catalyzed
combustion chamber. The test can be performed
quickly, and results have been correlated with
the COD in certain locations.
4. Total organic carbon (TOG) - Still another
means of measuring the organic matter present
in water which has found increasing use in re-
cent times. The test is especially applicable
to small concentrations of organic matter.
5. Chloride - One of the major anions in water
and sewage. The concentration in sewage may
be increased by some industrial wastes, by
runoff from streets and highways where salt
is used to control ice formation, salt water
intrusion in tidal areas, etc. A high chlo-
ride content is injurious to vehicles and
highway structures, and may contaminate water
supplies near the highway.
6. Nitrogen Series - A product of microbiologic
activity, is an indicator of sewage pollution,
or pollution resulting from fertilizers, auto-
mobile exhausts, or other sources. Its presence
may require additional amounts of chlorine, or
introduction of a nitrogen fixation process, in
order to produce a free chlorine residual in
control of bacteria.
7. pH - The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydro-
gen ion activity. State regulations often
prescribe pH limits for effluents from indus-
trial waste treatment plants. Provides a con-
trol in chemical and biological treatment
processes for wastewater.
24
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8.
9.
10.
Solids (Total, Suspended. Volatile, and
Settleable) - Usually represent a large frac-
tion of the pollutional load in combined
sewage. Inorganic sediments, in a physical
sense, are major pollutants, but also serve
as the transporting or catalytic agents that
may either expand or reduce the severity of
other forms of pollution (6).
Oil and Grease - Commonly found in sanitary
sewage, but also appear in industrial wastes
as a result of various industrial processes.
Present a serious problem of removal in waste-
water treatment facilities.
Bacterial Indicators (Total Coliform, Fecal
Coliform, Fecal Streptococcus) - Indicate the
level of bacterial contamination.
Where more exotic wastes are combined with stormwater and
sanitary sewage, additional treatment facilities may be
required for the removal of industrial byproducts and
nutrients such as cyanide, fluoride, metals, pesticides,
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfate and sulfide. For planning
and design of such treatment facilities, additional analyses
are required in accordance with the pollutant material
expected in the wastewater. This may, in turn, require
significant expansion of the sampling program.
Sampling and analyses of wastewater are necessary to the
satisfactory operation of treatment plants. Pollutants in
the incoming storm sewer or combined sewer are compared with
those in the effluent from the treatment plant to determine
the effectiveness of the treatment process. Additionally,
sampling of the receiving stream before and after treatment/
control system installation indicates the benefits gained
from the installation. Knowledge of the concentration of
pollutants entering the plant can be used also to make ad-
justments to the treatment process as required. Continuous
monitoring of the stream below the treatment/control facil-
ity is important to facility operation. Depending on the
type or types of treatment process used, the number of
parameters required for sampling and analyses is usually
less than those required for planning and design. For exam-
ple, where treatment consists only of sedimentation and
chlorination, analyses for oxygen demand, suspended solids,
bacterial indicators, and for chlorine residual may be suf-
ficient. If chemicals are used to assist the sedimentation
process, determination of pH may be needed. The sampling
program can be determined largely in accordance with previ-
ous experience and knowledge of the pollutants found.
25
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Sampling programs should start long before installation of
combined sewer overflow and stormwater treatment/control
facilities to establish the objectives of the facilities and
to provide necessary design and operation criteria. A much
longer time period for sampling may be required than antici-
pated because of the need to sample during periods of storm
runoff, which may be few in drought years.
In some cases, the availability of historical quality data
may provide a basis for prediction of future character for
planning and design purposes. Dependence on such predicted
data is not sufficient, and collection of current data is
required to verify predictions and, later, to measure facil-
ity effectiveness.
Programs of sampling and analyses of wastewater in storm
and/or combined sewers are frequently used for the enforce-
ment of water quality standards or objectives. Such pro-
grams provide information leading to the source of various
types of pollution. Often, the wastewater is continually
monitored to check on compliance with pollution control laws
and regulations. The range of different parameters to be
measured for these purposes is continually expanding with
the development of new processes. There appears to be no
limit to future analytical requirements.
26
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SECTION V
DESIRABLE EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Having reviewed some of the vagaries of the storm and com-
bined sewer sampling problem in the preceding sections, it
is intuitively obvious that a single piece of equipment can-
not exist that is ideal for all sampling programs in all
storm and combined sewer flows of interest. One can, how-
ever, set down some general requirements for sampling equip-
ment that is to be used in the storm or combined sewer
application.
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
The success of an automatic sampler in gathering a repre-
sentative sample starts with the design of the sampler in-
take. This obviously will be dependent upon conditions at
the particular site where the sample is to be extracted.
If one is fortunate enough to have a situation where the
sewer flow is homogeneous with respect to the parameters
being sampled, then a simple single point of extraction for
the sample will be adequate. In the more typical case, how-
ever, there is a spatial variation in the concentration of
the particular constituent that is to be examined as part
of a sampling program, and then the sampling intake must be
designed so that the sample which is gathered will be nearly
representative of the actual flow. Several different designs
have been utilized in an attempt to meet this objective.
However, none can be considered as ideal or universally ap-
plicable. In a rather comprehensive study reported in (7),
the characteristics of the sampler orifice geometry were ex-
amined with particular regard to the ability of the sampler
to gather a representative sample of suspended solids. Among
parameters varied were size of orifice, shape of orifice and
intake velocity. All orifices were located in a vertical
plate forming part of the wall of the test section of the
flume which was used for this study. The sample flow was
therefore extracted at right angles to the stream flow. The
major conclusion that was reached by the investigators was
that, as far as suspended solids were concerned, the geometry
of the orifice at most played a secondary role and that the
most representative samples were obtained when the sampler
intake tube velocity was equal to the free stream velocity.
In situations where flow velocity gradients are strongly
present, this observation must be taken into account in the
design of a proper sampler intake.
27
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The automatic sampler must be capable of lifting the sample
to a sufficient height to allow its utilization over a rather
wide range of operating heads. It would appear that a mini-
mum sample lift of 3 meters or so is almost mandatory in
order to give a fairly wide range of applicability. It is
also important that the sample size not be a function of
the sample lift; that is, the sample size should not become
significantly less as the sample lift increases.
The sample line size must be large enough to give assurances
that there will be no plugging or clogging anywhere within
the sampling train. However, the line size must also be
small enough so that complete transport of suspended solids
is assured. Obviously, the velocities in any vertical sec-
tion of the sampling train must well exceed the settling
velocity of the maximum size particle that is to be sampled.
Thus, the sample flow rate and line size are connected and
must be approached together from design considerations.
The sample capacity that is designed into the piece of
equipment will depend upon the subsequent analyses that the
sample is to be subjected to and the volumetric requirements
for conducting these analyses. However, in general, it is
desirable to have a fairly large quantity of material on
hand, it being safer to err on the side of collecting too
much rather than too little. For discrete samples, 500 m£
is frequently the bare minimum, and a liter or more is often
desirable. For composite samples, at least 4 liters and
preferably more should be collected.
The controls on the automatic sampler should allow some
degree of freedom in the operation and utilization of the
particular piece of equipment. A built-in timer is desir-
able to allow preprogrammed operation of the equipment.
Such operation would be particularly useful, for example,
in characterizing the buildup of pollutants in the early
stages of storm runoff. However, the equipment should also
be capable of taking signals from some flow measuring device
so that flow proportional operation can be realized. It is
also desirable that the equipment be able to start up auto-
matically upon signal from some external device that might
indicate the onset of storm flow phenomena such as an ex-
ternal rain gauge, flow height gauge, etc. Flexibility in
operation is very desirable.
A power source will be required for any automatic sampler.
It may take the form of a battery pack or clock type spring
motor that is integral to the sampler itself. It may be
28
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pressurized gas, air pressurized from an external source, or
electrical power, depending upon the availability at the
site.
In addition to being able to gather a representative sample
from the flow, the sampling equipment must also be capable
of transporting the sample without pre-contamination or
cross-contamination from earlier samples or aliquots and of
storing the gathered sample in some suitable way. As was
noted in section IV, chemical preservation is required for
certain parameters that may be subject to later analyses,
but refrigeration of the sample is also required and is
stated as the best single means of preservation.
DESIRABLE FEATURES
In addition to the foregoing requirements of automatic sam-
pling equipment, there are also certain desirable features
which will enhance the utility and value of the equipment.
For example, the design should be such that maintenance and
troubleshooting are relatively simple tasks. Spare parts
should be readily available and reasonably priced. The
equipment design should be such that the unit has maximum
inherent reliability. As a general rule, complexity in
design should be avoided even at the sacrifice of a certain
degree of flexibility of operation. A reliable unit that ,
gathers a reasonably representative sample most of the time
is much more desirable than an extremely sophisticated com-
plex unit that gathers a very representative sample 10 per-
cent of the time, the other 90 percent of the time being
spent undergoing some form of repair due to a malfunction
associated with its complexity.
It is also desirable that the cost of the equipment be as
low as practical both in terms of acquisition as well as
operational and maintenance costs. For example, a piece of
equipment that requires 100 man-hours to clean after each
24 hours of operation is very undesirable. It is also
desirable that the unit be capable of unattended operation
and remaining in a standby condition for extended periods
of time.
The sampler should be of sturdy construction with a minimum
of parts exposed to the sewage or to the highly humid, cor-
rosive atmosphere associated directly with the sewer. It
should not be subject to corrosion or the possiblity of sam-
ple contamination due to its materials of construction. The
sample containers should be capable of being easily removed
and cleaned; preferably they should be disposable.
29
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For portable automatic wastewater samplers, the list of
desirable features is even longer. In a recent EPA publica-
tion (8), a number of features of an "ideal" portable sam-
pler are given based upon sampler comparison studies and
over 90,000 hours of field experience. Included were:
Capability for AC/DC operation with adequate
battery energy storage for 120-hour operation
at 1-hour sampling intervals.
• Suitable for suspension in a standard manhole
and still provide access for inspection and
sample removal.
Total weight including batteries under 18 kilo-
grams (40 pounds).
• Sample collection interval adjustable from
10 minutes to 4 hours.
Capability for collecting both simple and flow-
proportional composite samples.
Capable of collecting a single 9.5A (2.5 gal)
sample and/or collecting 500 m£ (0.13 gal)
discrete samples in a minimum of 24 containers.
• Capability for multiplexing repeated aliquots
into discrete bottles (i.e., sequential composite).
Intake hose liquid velocity adjustable from 0.61
to 3 m/sec (2.0 to 10 fps) with dial setting.
Minimum lift of 6.1 meters (20 feet).
• Explosion proof.
• Watertight exterior case to protect components in
the event of rain or submersion.
Exterior case capable of being locked and with
lugs for attaching steel cable to prevent tamp-
ering and provide some security.
No metal parts in contact with waste source or
samples.
30
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An integral sample container compartment capable
of maintaining samples at 4°C (39°F) for a period
of 24 hours at ambient temperatures up to 38°C
(100°F).
With the exception of the intake hose, capable of
operating in a temperature range between -10 to
40°C (14 to 104°F).
Purge cycle before and after each collection inter-
val and sensing mechanism to purge in event of
plugging during sample collection and then collect
complete sample.
Capable of being repaired in the field.
PROBLEM AREAS
The sampler by its design must have a maximum probability
of successful operation in the very hostile storm and com-
bined sewer environment. It should offer every reasonable
protection against obstruction or clogging of the sampling
ports .and, within the sampler itself, of the sampling train.
It is in a very vulnerable position if it offers any signif-
icant obstruction to the flow because of the large debris
which are sometimes found in such waters. The unit must be
capable of operation under the full range of flow conditions
which are peculiar to storm and combined sewers and this
operation should be unimpeded by the movement of solids with-
in the fluid flow. If the unit is to be designed for opera-
tion in a manhole, it almost certainly should be capable of
total immersion or flooding during adverse storm conditions
which very frequently cause surcharging in many manhole
areas. It is also necessary that the unit be able to with-
stand and operate under freezing ambient conditions, and
that it be able to withstand the high flow velocities and
the associated high momentums found in storm and combined
sewer flows.
Probably one of the most significant problem areas lies in
the attempt to gather a sample that is representative of
low as well as high specific gravity suspended solids. The
different momentum characteristics call for differing ap-
proaches in sampler intake design and in intake velocities.
Another problem area arises in a sampling program where it
is desirable to sample floatable solids and materials such
as oils and greases as well as very coarse bottom solids
and bed load proper.
31
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For samples which are to be analyzed for constituents which
require chemical fixing soon after the sample is collected,
there are other problems. Although it is true that the re-
quired amount of fixing agent could be placed in the sample
container prior to placing it in the field, for composite
samples in particular, where the eventual total sample is
built up of smaller aliquots gathered over an extended
period of time, the initial high concentrations of the
fixing agent as it becomes mixed with the early aliquots
may well be such as to render the entire sample unsuitable
for its intended purpose.
The precision of the analyses that the sample is to be sub-
jected to should also be kept in mind by the designer of the
equipment. For example, in (4) it is noted that 86 analysts
in 58 laboratories analyzed natural water samples plus an
exact increment of biodegradable organic compounds. At a
mean value of 2.1 and 175 milligrams per liter BOD, the
standard deviation was plus or minus 0.7 and 26 milligrams
per liter, respectively. This points out again the need for
the designer to look at the left as well as the right of the
decimal point.
Finally, the materials of construction used in the sampling
train may well create problems. Absorption of certain pol-
lutants by these materials (especially those of the sample
container with its longer contact time) may well result in a
non-representative sample. The problem is compounded by the
fact that no single material is ideally suited for use with
all possible pollutants.
32
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SECTION VI
REVIEW OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS
INTRODUCTION
Although some types of automatic liquid sampling equipment
have been available commercially for some time, project
engineers continue to design custom sampling units for their
particular projects due to a lack of commercial availability
of suitable equipment. In the last few years, however,
there has been a proliferation of commercial sampling equip-
ment designed for various applications. In the present sur-
vey, after a preliminary screening, over 40 prospective
sampler manufacturers were contacted. Although a few of
these companies were no longer in business, it was much more
typical that new companies were being formed and existing
companies were adding automatic sampling equipment to their
product lines. In addition to their standard product lines,
most manufacturers of automatic sampling equipment provide
special adaptations of their equipment or custom designs to
meet unique requirements of certain projects. Some designs
which began in this way have become standard products, and
this can be expected to continue.
The products themselves are rapidly changing also. Not only
are improvements being made as field experience is gathered
with new designs, but attention is also being paid to certain
areas that have heretofore been largely ignored. For example,
one company is introducing sampling probes that allow gather-
ing oil or various other liquids from the flow surface; solid-
state electronics are being used more and more in sampler
control subsystems; new-type batteries are offering extended
life between charges and less weight; and so on. Table 3
lists the names and addresses of 32 manufacturers who are
known to offer standard lines of automatic wastewater sam-
pling equipment. In view of the burgeoning nature of this
product area, it is inevitable that some omissions have been
made. Obviously, it would be presumptive to state that this
survey is complete in every detail. Any manufacturers that
have possibly been overlooked or that have (or plan to) in-
troduce new models or changes to existing ones are urged to
communicate details about their equipment to the USEPA Proj-
ect Officer and/or the authors, at the addresses indicated
on the title page of this report, so that they can be in-
cluded in future updates of this work.
In order to facilitate the reader's comparison of the 71 de-
scriptions that are presented covering over 200 models of
33
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TABLE 3. AUTOMATIC WASTEWATER SAMPLER MANUFACTURERS
Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North,
Worsley
Manchester, England M28 5QW
BIF Sanitrol
P.O. Box 41
Largo, Florida
33546
Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York 10580
Brandywine Valley Sales Co.
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, PA 19344
Chicago Pump Division
FMC Corporation
622 Diversey Parkway
Chicago, Illinois 60614
Collins Products Co.
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas 77351
Environmental Marketing
Associates
3331 Northwest Elmwood Dr.
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
ETS Products
12161 Lackland Road
St. Louis, Missouri
63141
Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
3120 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio 45014
Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North Oak Park Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60648
Hydra-Numatic Sales Co.
65 Hudson Street
Hackensack, NJ 07602
Hydraguard Automatic
Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon 97355
Instrumentation Specialties
Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska 68505
Kent Cambridge Instrument
Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York 10562
Lakeside Equipment Corp.
1022 East Devon Avenue
Bartlett, Illinois 60103
Manning Environmental Corp.
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California 98061
Markland Specialty Eng. Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Nalco Chemical Company
180 N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60601
Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York 10519
N-Con Systems Company
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois 62234
34
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TABLE 3. AUTOMATIC WASTEWATER SAMPLER MANUFACTURERS (Cont'd)
Peri Pump Company, Ltd.
180 Clark Drive
Kenmore, New York 14223
Phipps and Bird, Inc.
303 South 6th Street
Richmond, Virginia 23205
Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, PA 19355
Quality Control Equipment
Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 50315
Rice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 1086
Worcester, MA 01601
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B. C. (Canada)
Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, MN 55071
Testing Machines, Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York 11701
Tri-Aid Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester, New York 14610
Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 4365, North Annex
San Fernando, California 91342
35
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automatic samplers, a common format has been designed. A
few words about the headings of this format are in order.
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Identifies the particular sampler
model that is being considered. In
some instances several models are
described under the same general
heading. This occurs when there
does not appear to be a fundamental
difference in the basic principles
of operation, but rather, the manu-
facturer has chosen to give sepa-
rate designations based upon the
addition of certain features such
as refrigeration, a weatherproof
case, etc.
Lists the company that supplies the
particular model in question, its
address, and its telephone number.
Describes the part of the sampler
that actually extracts fluid from
the stream being sampled. It may
be, for example, a supplied custom
designed intake probe, a dipping
bucket or scoop, etc. However,
many of the samplers do not provide
any form of intake other than the
end of a tube through which a sam-
ple is to be transported to the
equipment.
Addresses the method for gathering
the sample and transporting it to
its container. Three basic cate-
gories are identified: Mechanical,
where dippers, scoops, etc., are
utilized; Suction Lift, employing
either evacuated vessels, vacuum
pump, or mechanical pump; and
Forced Flow, utilizing pneumatic
ejection, a submerged pump, etc.
Addresses the maximum practical
vertical lift that the particular
piece of equipment is capable of in
operation.
36
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Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Cons truction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Describes the minimum line diameter
of the sampling train wherever it
may occur in the particular piece
of equipment. Due to the presence
of tube fittings, screens, valves,
etc., in some designs, it does not
necessarily represent maximum
particle size.
Gives the flow rate of the sample
as it is being transported within
the sampling train of the .piece of
equipment in question.
Addresses the size of the sample
that is being collected. In the
case of composite samplers, the
aliquot size is also given.
Addresses those controls within the
sampler that can be utilized to
vary its method of operation. For
example, built-in timers, inputs
from external flowmeters, etc.
Gives power source or sources that
may be utilized to operate the
equipment.
Addresses the type of cooling that
may be available to provide pro-
tection to collected samples.
Primary attention here has been
devoted to the sampling train
proper, although certain other
materials such as case construction
are also noted.
The overall package is described
here in order to give the reader a
general feel for the size of the
unit. For those units which might
be considered portable, a weight is
also given. For units that are de-
signed for fixed installations only,
this fact is also noted.
37
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Base Price:
General Comments:
The base price of the unit is given
here. Certain options or accessories
that may be of general interest are
also included with their prices.
Prices given are generally those
quoted for January 1975 delivery.
Because of the economic conditions
prevalent at that time, however,
many manufacturers recommend checking
with them, even for estimating or
planning purposes.
Here any additional comments that are
felt to be pertinent to the particular
piece of equipment in question are
given. This includes any additional
descriptions that are felt necessary
in order to understand better the
operating principles that are involved
Also included are certain performance
claims that may be made by the
manufacturer.
An overall matrix, which summarizes the detailed descriptions to
facilitate comparisons, is presented in Table 4. There are several
column headings for each sampler model (or class of models).
"Gathering Method" identifies the actual method used (mechanical,
forced flow, suction lift) and type (peristaltic-, vacuum-,
centrifugal-pump, etc.). Depending upon the gathering method em-
ployed, the sample flow rate may vary while a sample is being
taken, vary with parameters such as lift, etc. Therefore, the
"Flow Rate" column typically lists the upper end of the range for
a particular piece of equipment and values significantly less may
be encountered in a field application. "Lift" indicates the maxi-
mum vertical distance that is allowed between the sampler intake
and the remainder of the unit (or at least its pump in the case of
suction lift devices).
"Line Size" indicates the minimum line diameter of the sampling
train. "Sample Type" indicates which type or types of sample, as
identified in section IV, the unit (or series) is capable of gath-
ering. Not all types can necessarily be taken by all units in a
given model class; e.g., an optional controller may be required to
enable taking a TvVc type sample, etc. The "Installation" column
is used to indicate if the manufacturer considers the unit to be
portable or if it is primarily intended for a fixed installation.
"Cost Range" indicates either the approximate cost for a typical
unit or the lowest price for a basic model and a higher price re-
flecting the addition of options (solid state controller, battery,
38
-------
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refrigerator, etc.) that might enhance the utility of the device.
Finally, the "Power" column is used to indicate whether line cur-
rent (AC), battery (DC), or other forms of power (e.g., air pres-
sure) are required for the unit to operate.
In general, the commercially available automatic samplers have been
designed for a particular type of application. In the present work,
however, they are being considered for application in a storm or
combined sewer setting. Because of the vagaries of such an applica-
tion as outlined in Sections III and IV of this report, it is al-
together possible that a particular unit may be quite well suited
for one particular application and totally unsuitable for use in
another. It is not the intention of this report to endorse any
particular piece of equipment. Rather, they are being compared and
evaluated for their suitability in general in a storm or combined
sewer application. This evaluation takes the form of 12 points
which are addressed for each model sampler that has been considered.
They are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Obstruction or clogging of sampling ports, tubes, and
pumps. •„'••
Obstruction of flow.
Operation under the full range of flow conditions
peculiar to storm and combined sewers.
Operation unimpeded by the movement of solids such
as sand, gravel and debris within the fluid flow; >
including durability.
Operation automatic (during storm conditions), un-
attended, self-cleaning. ,;
Flexibility of operation allowed by control system.
Collection of samples of floatable materials, oilsri
and grease, as well as coarser bottom solids.
Storage, maintenance and protection of collected
samples from damage and deterioration as well as
the sample train and containers from precontamination.
Amenability to installation and operation in con-
fined and moisture laden places such as sewer
manholes.
Ability to withstand total immersion or flooding
during adverse flow conditions.
41
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11. Ability to withstand and operate under freezing
ambient conditions.
12. Ability to sample over a wide range of operating
head conditions.
DESCRIPTIVE FORMS AND EVALUATIONS
The descriptive forms and evaluations, as discussed above,
are presented in the following pages for various commer-
cially available automatic samplers. The arrangement is
alphabetical, and an index is provided on pages x through
xii.
42
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Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
BESTEL-DEAN MARK II
Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North, Worsley
Manchester, England M28 5QW
Phone FARNWORTH 75727
End of 6.10m (20 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift (from a Watson-
Marlow type MHRK fixed speed
flow inducer).
6.10m (20 ft) maximum lift.
0.64 cm (1/4") I.D.
Approximately 690 m£ per minute.
Composites adjustable size
aliquots from 5 m£ to 2 liters in
an external user-supplied sample
container. With optional port-
able bottler, the unit takes
24-250 m£ discrete samples.
Sample timer which controls
sample volume is adjustable from
1 to 4 minutes, interval timer
from 5 to 60 minutes, and purge
timer from 1 to 4 minutes, all
being controlled by a solid state
unit having three adjustable
timers. The sampling cycle can
be initiated by a test button,
by the internal pre-set timer,
or by remote pulse from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.
115/230 VAC or 12 VDC.
None.
Casing and base are reinforced
fiberglass, tubing is neoprene.
43
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Basic Dimensions
Base Price;
General Comments
61 x 37 x 28 cm (24x14.5x11 in.)
in operational state; weight
is 10.65 kgs (23.5 Ibs) less
battery; portable unit. Bottler
is 30.5 cm (12 in.) H x 38 cm
(15 in.) dia.
Unknown.
Unit is also designed to work as
a discrete sampler when used in
conjunction with the Bestel-Dean
portable bottler unit. All con-
trols are front panel, solid
state. Unit is fully portable.
Battery unit and sample container
must be supplied by user.
Bestel-Dean Mark II Evaluation
1. Sampler should be relatively free from clogging.
2.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line.
3. Unit should operate reasonably well over entire range
of flow conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not affect operation
adversely.
5. No automatic starter. At start of each cycle, pump
operates in reverse to clear line of previous sample
to help minimize cross contamination and offer a sort
of self cleaning.
6. Unit can take fixed-time interval samples or flow
proportional composite samples or discrete samples
with optional bottler.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No sample collector provided. Unit can be connected
to the optional Bestel-Dean bottler unit. Cross-
contamination should be small.
9. Unit should be able to operate in a manhole
environment.
44
-------
10.
11.
12.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit does not appear suited for operation in freezing
ambients.
Maximum lift of 6.1m (20 ft) does not place great
operating restriction on unit.
45
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
BESTEL-DEAN CRUDE SEWAGE SAMPLER
Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North, Worsley
Manchester, England, M28 5QW
Phone FARNWORTH 75727
End of 6.10m (20 ft) long suction
tube fitted with a special de-
flector and strainer and in-
stalled to suit by user.
Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.
6.10m (20 ft) maximum lift.
1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.
Unknown.
Collects either 24 discrete
250 m£ samples or a 25 liter
composite made up of 250 m&
aliquots.
Cycle timer is adjustable for
settings from 0-4-1/2 hours with
minimum time setting of 12 min-
utes. Purge timer can be set
for up to 13-1/2 minutes with a
minimum of 30 seconds. May also
be paced by an external flow-
meter .
240 VAC
None .
The pipework system with valves
and sample container are plastic.
Casing is weatherproof sheet
steel with an epoxy resin coating
Pump rotor is stainless steel and
stator is nitrile rubber.
76 x 76 x 107 cm (30x30x42 in.).
Designed for fixed installation.
46
-------
Base Price:
general Comments:
Unknown.
Discharge line should be located
downstream from suction line to
prevent possible contamination of
new sample. On installations
where flow integrating equipment
does not have available a suit-
able pulsing contact, a load-free
impulse device which can be
adapted to any flowmeter is op-
tionally available. A solid
state electronic power unit is
available as an option for use
with the impulse unit. Standard
equipment is set to take a 250 m&
volume aliquot. Other volumes,
between 250 mA and 100 m£ -, can
be supplied by special order.
Thermostat for heater is op-
tionally available.
Bestel-Dean Crude Sewage Sampler Evaluation
1. The deflector and strainer will help prevent blockage
and unit does not appear at all vulnerable to clogging
due to large I.D. piping and choke-free valve design.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line.
3. Unit should operate reasonably well under all flow
conditions.
4.
5.
6.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
No automatic starter; purging action before each sample
should clear the sampler of any fluid left from the
previous sample.
Unit can take either fixed time interval samples paced
by a built-in timer or flow proportional samples paced
by an external flowmeter.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatable or coarser bottom solids.
47
-------
8. Unit offers reasonable sample protection, but offers
no refrigeration.
9. Unit is intended for permanent outdoor installation,
but is not designed for confined space or manhole
operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. An electrical heater is mounted inside the case and
can be manually switched on or thermostatically con-
trolled for operation during freezing conditions.
12. Maximum lift of 6.10m (20 ft) does not place a severe
operating restraint on unit.
48
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
BIF SANITROL FLOW-RATIO MODEL 41
BIF Sanitrol
P.O. Box 41
Largo, Florida 33540
Phone (813) 584-2157
Dipping bucket
Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.
41 cm (16 in.) to 4.9m (16 ft)
2.5 cm (1 in.) O.D. tube connects
collection funnel to sample
container
Not applicable
Dipping bucket holds 30 mA (1 oz)j
user supplies sample composite
container to suit.
Sampling cycle can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals from a built-in timer (15,
7.5, 3.75, or 1.88 minutes) or in
response to signals from an exter-
nal flowmeter.
115 VAC
Separate automatic refrigerated
sample compartment with two
3-85. (1 gal) jugs available.
Dipper and funnel are stainless
steel; sprockets and chain are
stainless steel; enclosure is
fib erglass.
Upper portion is approximately 24 x
24 x 20 cm (9x9x8 in.); lower por-
tion is 24 x 10 cm (9x4 in.); fixed
installation.
$545 with 41 cm (16 in.) mild steel
chain plus $40 per foot (0.3m) for
additional length. $595 with 16"
stainless steel chain plus $50 per
foot (0.3m) for additional length.
49
-------
H
0)
H
O.
a
at
0)
t>
o
o
•H
4J
CO
Pi
4J
•H
C
a)
w
H
M
-------
General Comments: Manufacturer states unit was de-
signed to .sample raw or effluent
wastes. A heavy duty model is
available for applications where
mixed wastes are present such as
a paper mill where wood chips and
fiber are present in waste liquid,
BIF Sanitrol 'Flow-Rat'io Model 41 Evaluation
1. Clogging of sampling train is unlikely; however, the.
exposed chain-sprocket line is vulnerable to jamming
by rags, debris, etc.
2. Unit provides a rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Unit should operate over full range of flows.
4. Movement of solids could jam unit.
5. No automatic starter; no self cleaning features.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots paced by built-in timer
and composites them in a suitable container.
7. Does not appear well suited for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No sample collector provided. Optional refrigerated
sample container is available.
9. Unit is capable of manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit is not suitable for prolonged operation in
freezing ambients.
12. 4.9m (16 ft) maximum lift puts some restriction on
operating head conditions.
51
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price;
General Comments;
BRAILSFORD MODEL DC-F
Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York 10580
Phone (914) 967-1820
End of 1.8m (6 ft) long sampling
tube; weighted and fitted with
50 mesh strainer.
Suction lift by positive displace-
ment pump.
Pump is capable of 3m (10 ft) lift
but manufacturer recommends that
lift be restricted to 0.9 to 2.1m
(3 to 7 ft).
0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.
Adjustable from about 1.6 to 9.8 m&
(0.1 to 0.6 cu in.) per minute.
Pump output is collected in a 7.6&
(2 gal) jug.
Pump stroke is adjustable by means
of a slotted yoke on the piston
rod. On/Off Switch.
6 VDC dry cell battery
None
Stainless steel, teflon, vinyl,
polyethylene; case is laminated
Formica-wood construction, plastic
rain boot.
48 x 30.5 x 24 cm (19x12x9.5 in.)
weighs 8.5 kg (19 Ibs) empty;
portable.
$296.
Pump is valveless oscillating cyl-
inder type. No lubrication is re-
quired for the life of the unit.
Driven by a brushless D.C. motor of
52
-------
patented design with a service life
in excess of 3,000 hours. Continu-
ous running pump is automatically
shut off when sample jug is full.
Model EP is an explosion proof unit
that is basically similar to the
DC-F except for the housing. It
also provides the pressure of a
10 cm (4 in.) water column on the
sample to prevent the loss of vola-
tile fractions or dissolved gases.
A choice of 3.8£ (1 gal) sample
containers (rectangular can or pol-
yethylene bottle) is available.
Price is $373.
A Model DU-2 is also available at
$373. It is essentially a
Model DC-F with the addition of an
electronic timing circuit which can
set the pumping rate for a sample
frequency of between 1.75 and
13 minutes. An optional head de-
tector is available for use with a
weir to achieve a form of flow pro-
portional sampling. Plugging in
the head detector disconnects the
timing circuit. The head detector
is basically an array of magnetic
switches connected to a series
string of resistors and sealed
within an insulating strip. A
float containing a magnet slides up
and down the strip as the water
level changes, thereby altering the
resistance in the circuit and,
hence, the pumping rate. Price of
the head detector is $98. The DU-2
can also be paced by an external
flowmeter which provides momentary
contact closures at a rate propor-
tional to flow.
Brailsford Model DC-F Evaluation
1. 50 mesh strainer on end of sampling tube might be
prone to clogging.
2. Minimal obstruction of flow.
53
-------
3 Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but low intake velocity will affect representa-
tives of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Continuous flow unit, no automatic starter, no other
self cleaning features.
6. Unit collects a continuous, low flow rate stream of
sample and composites it in a 7.6£ (2 gal) jug.
Model DU-2 offers several composite type options.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids.
8. No refrigerator. Continuous flow eliminates cross
contamination.
9. Appears fairly well suited for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing environments.
12. Recommended lift of 1.2m (4 ft) puts restriction on
use of unit.
54
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Basic Price:
BRAILSFORD MODEL EVS
Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York 10580
Phone (914) 967-1820
End of 3.7m (12 ft) long sampling
tube fitted with a molded plastic
inlet scoop-strainer to help pre-
vent blockage by rags, paper, etc.
Suction lift by vacuum pump.
3.7m (12 ft) maximum.
0.48 (3/16 in.) I.D.
Depends upon lift, but under 5 m£
per minute.
A 3.8£ (1 gal) composite sample is
accumulated from small adjustable
size aliquots.
A control switch permits the choice
of four timing intervals which will
cause a 3.8SL (1 gal) sample to be
collected in either 8, 16, 24 or
48 hours. The unit may also be
paced by the head detector de-
scribed under Model DC-F or an ex-
ternal flowmeter.
115 VAC or 12 VDC electricity.
None
Sampling train is all plastic; case
is laminated Formica-wood
construction.
30.5 x 23 x 48 cm (12 x 9 x 19 in.);
weighs 8.5 kg (19 Ibs) empty;
portable.
$520 115 VAC
$627 with N. Cad battery
$672 with N. Cad battery and
AC power unit.
55
-------
General Comments;
Unit was designed for flows with a
high percentage of suspended solids
or where volatiles are present.
Sample never passes through pump or
valves or orifices which could be-
come clogged. In operation, a
small vacuum pump evacuates air
from a small metering chamber to
which the sample bottle and inlet
tube are connected. When chamber
is filled to a predetermined level,
a magnetic sensing switch stops the
pump and opens a vacuum relief
valve so a portion of the sample
flows into the jug and the re-
mainder backflushes the inlet tube.
Brailsford Model EVS Evaluation
1. Specially designed inlet scoop-strainer may help
prevent blockage. Rest of sample train should be
free from clogging.
2. Minimal obstruction of flow.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocities could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter - backflushing of inlet tube at
end of each cycle provides a self cleaning function
of sorts.
6. Unit collects a fixed time interval or flow propor-
tional composite in a one gallon jug.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids.
8. No refrigerator. Backflushing will help reduce
cross contamination.
9. Appears well suited for manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand immersion.
11. Not suitable for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 3.7m (12 ft) puts some restrictions
on use of unit.
56
-------
jJesignation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:
S amp1e Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
BVS MODEL PP-100
Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania 19344
Phone (215) 273-2841
Plastic cylindrical sampling probe
which is gravity filled. A row of
small holes around the circum-
ference near the bottom forms an
inlet screen; weighted base.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.
Up to 85m (280 ft); requires one
pound of pressure for every 0.6m
(2 ft) of vertical lift.
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Depends upon pressure setting and
lift.
Sample chamber volume is 50 m£;
sample composited in 9.5A (2.5 gal)
jug in standard model or 5.75,
(1.5 gal) jug in refrigerated model.
Pressure regulator connecting gas
supply is set between 0.35 and
9.8 kg/sq cm (5 and 140 psi) de-
pending upon lift required; sampling
interval timer is adjustable to al-
low from 2 seconds to 60 minutes to
elapse between aliquots; manual on/
off switch standard. Optional con-
trol package accepts signals from
external flow meter or totalizer.
One 6.8 kg (15 Ib) can of refriger-
ant is standard gas source; 12 VDC
or 117 VAC required for refrigerated
models or flow proportional control
option.
Model PPR-100 offers an absorption
refrigerator cooled sample case.
57
-------
Figure 3. BVS Model PP-100 Sampler
Photograph Courtesy of Brandywine Valley Sales Company
58
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling probe is PVC standard,
teflon or stainless steel available;
plastic sampling line standard,
teflon available; polyethylene sam-
ple container; Armorhide finished
aluminum case.
Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6
x 53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refriger-
ated - 43.2 x 55.9 x 43.2 cm (17
x 22 x 17 in.); both models portable,
$853 for basic unit including 50 m&
sampling probe, one 6.8 kg (15 Ib)
cylinder of R-12, and 3-6.1m
(20 ft) lengths of tubing. Re-
frigerated model PPR-100 is $1150.
Add $100 for winterizing system;
$275 for solid state control pack-
age for flow proportional
operation.
Timing circuits are controlled by
fluidic and pneumatic components.
Absorption refrigerator has no
moving parts. After each aliquot
is gathered, the inlet strainer of
the sampling probe is purged by
vent pressure from timing valve.
Two year parts and labor warranty.
Alternate sampling probes available
include a surface sampling probe
for surface oil, vertical stratum
sampling probe for sampling at 15 cm
(6 in.) depth intervals, and float
mounted probes for sample quantity
accuracy that is independent of
head .
BVS Model PP-100 Evaluation
1. Sampling probe is vulnerable to blockage of a number
of sampling ports at one time by paper, rags, plastic,
etc. Sampling train is unobstructed 0.3 cm (1/8 in.)
I.D. tube which should pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
59
-------
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following intake
screen purge at end of previous cycle. Circulation of
flow through chamber would appear to be limited, re-
sulting in a sample not necessarily representative of
conditions in the sewer at the time of the next trig-
gering signal.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. A self-cleaning feature for the
intake screen is accomplished by using vent pressure
from the timing valve to purge it.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots at either preset time
intervals or paced by external flowmeter if equipped
with control option, and composites them in a suitable
container.
7. Special sampling probe available for surface oil sam-
pling, etc.; appears unsuitable for sampling coarser
bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigerated sample compartment available,
but sample size is reduced. Some cross-contamination
appears likely.
9. Unit appears capable of manhole operation.
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Optional winterizing kit is available for use in very
cold ambients.
12. Unit has a very wide range of operating head condi-
tions. High lifts will result in faster depletion of
gas supply.
60
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
BVS MODEL PE-400
Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania 19344
Phone (215) 273-2841
PVC screen over pump inlet.
Forced flow from submersible pump.
9.8m (32 ft) maximum.
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose.
3.8-7.6 £pm (1-2 gpm) typical.
Aliquot volume is a function of the
preset diversion time; sample com-
posited in 9.5& (2.5 gal)
container.
Unit operates on a continuous flow
principle, returning uncollected
flow to waste. Sample is pumped
through a stainless steel, non-
clogging diverter valve. Upon
receiving a signal from either the
built-in timer or an external flow-
meter, the unit diverts the flow
for a preset period of time (adjust-
able from 0.02 to 1.0 seconds) to
the sample container.
When operating in the timed sam-
pling mode, the sampling frequency
•rate is continuously adjustable
from 0.2 seconds to 60 hours. When
operating in the flow-proportional
mode the sampler is triggered
directly by the external flow meter.
115 VAC electricity.
Model PER-400 is refrigerated, but
case is not weather-proof.
61
-------
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling train, PVC, stainless
steel, plastic, polyethylene, cab-
inet is aluminum with Armorhide
finish.
Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6
x 53.3 cm (14 x 14 x 21 in.); re-
frigerated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm
(21 x 23 x 38 in.); both models
portable.
$1,500 including 6.1m (20ft) of
2.1 cm (13/16 in.) OD x 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) ID nylon reinforced plas-
tic inlet tubing, 6.1m (20 ft) of
3.5 cm (1-3/8 in.) OD x 2.5 cm
(1 in.) ID nylon reinforced plastic
tubing for waste return, clamps,
pump support ^bracket, pump
strainer, pump with llm (36 ft)
cord, and flow proportional connec-
tion cable. For refrigerator add
$300; for 30 day strip chart re-
corder add $260. Model PE-500 at
$1,700 is similar but designed for
high flow rates and solids sizes
to 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) and does not
include pump, tubing, clamps or
sample container. Model PE-600 at
$1,950 is similar to Model PE-500
but has dual-solenoid diversion
valve and passes solids to 4.4 cm
(1.75 in.).
Submersible pump has magnetic
drive, is self-priming. Manufac-
turer claims design will handle
solids to 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) diam-
eter. Model SE-400 is a refriger-
ated version designed for fixed
installations and priced at $3,000.
It is housed in a 66 x 76 x 122 cm
(26x30x48 in.) weather-proof case
on 20 cm (8 in.) legs with a ther-
mostatically controlled heater,
vent system to control moisture,
and manual sample take-off line.
Model SE-800 is similar to SE-400
but can take 24-500 m£ discrete
samples or a 19£ (5 gal) composite
62
-------
sample. It has an inkless strip-
chart event recorder and is priced
at $5,650. Model SE-500 is similar
to PE-500 with additional features
of SE-400 and is priced at $3,200;
Model SE-600 is similar to PE-600
with additional features of SE-400
except 19£ (5 gal) sample container
and is priced at $3,600. SE prices
include installation, start-up, and
operator training by BVS. Two-year
warranty on parts and labor for all
models. Life-time warranty on
sample diversion valve.
BVS Model PE-400 Evaluation
1. Large sampling screen over pump inlet can tolerate
blockage of a number of ports and still function.
Pump and tubing should be free from clogging.
2. Submersible pump and screen present an obstruction to
the flow.
3. Should be capable of operation over the full range of
flows.
4. Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the in-water portion unless special protection is
provided by user.
5. No automatic starter since designed for continuous
flow. Continuous flow serves a self-cleaning function
of all except line from diverter to sample bottle.
6. Collects spot samples paced either by built-in timer
or external flowmeter and composites them in a suit-
able container. SE-800 collects 24 discrete samples.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatables
or coarser bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigerated sample compartment available.
Cross-contamination should not be too great.
9. Portable unit appears capable of manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
63
-------
11. Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with winter-
izing kit.
12. Upper lift limit of 9.8m (32 ft) does not ,pose a great
restriction on operating head conditions.
64
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
BVS MODEL PPE-400
Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania 19344
Phone (215) 273-2841
Plastic cylindrical sampling
probe which is gravity filled.
A row of small holes around the
circumference near the bottom
forms an inlet screen; weighted
base.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Up to 85m (280 ft); requires one
pound of pressure for every
0.6m (2 ft) of vertical lift.
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Depends upon pressure setting and
lift.
Sample chamber volume is 50 m&;
sample composited in 9.5&
(2.5 gal) container.
Pressure regulator connecting gas
supply is set between 0.35 and
9.8 kg/sq cm (5 and 140 psi)
depending upon lift required;
0.5 to 100 second sample dura-
tion; otherwise similar to
Model PE-400.
115 VAC plus pressurized gas
supply.
Model PPER-400 is refrigerated,
but case is not weatherproof.
Sampling probe is PVC standard;
teflon and stainless steel are
available. Plastic sampling line
standard; teflon is available;
65
-------
,'.,'i- i, "lit ;••
,. ; i •) -,"" :d!!i' '!'!
'•.'•.!:-i'^,l:^i '>•-••,
Figure 4. BVS Model SE and SPE Series Sampler
Photograph Courtesy of Brandywine Valley Sales Company
66
-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
Polyethylene sample container;
Armorhide finished aluminum
case.
Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6 x
53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refrig-
erated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm
(21x23x28 in.); both models
portable.
Basic unit handling up to 0.3 cm
(1/8 in.) solids is $1,450;
Model PPE-500 for solids up to
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) is $1,600;
Model PPE-600 for solids up to
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) is $1,750;
Model PPE-700 for solids up to
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) is $2,000;
add $300 for refrigerated version,
Stationary (SPE) models with fea-
tures of the SE-400 (except for
flow-regulating valves and manual
sample take-off line) are about
$1,600 more than comparable PPE
models.
General Comments:
Basic unit is similar to PE-400
but utilizes pressure to lift the
sample as does model PP-100.
BVS Model PPE-400 Evaluation
1. Sampling probe is vulnerable to blockage of a number
of sampling parts at one time by paper, rags, plastic,
etc. Sampling train is unobstructed 0.3 cm (1/8 in.)
I.D. tube which should pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediate'ly following in-
take screen purge at end of previous cycle. Circula-
tion of flow through chamber would appear to be limited,
resulting in a sample not necessarily representative of
conditions in the sewer at the time of the next trig-
gering signal.
67
-------
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. A self-cleaning feature for the
intake screen is accomplished by using vent pressure
from the timing valve to purge it.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots at either preset time
intervals or paced by external flowmeter option and
composites them in a suitable container.
7. Special sampling probe available for surface oil
sampling, etc.; appears unsuitable for sampling coarser
bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigerated sample compartment available.
Some cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit appears capable of manhole operation.
t
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Optional winterizing kit is available for use in very
cold climates.
12. Unit has a very wide range of operating head condi-
tions. High lifts will result in faster depletion of
gas supply.
68
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
S amp1e Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls :
Power Source:
CHICAGO "TRU TEST"
Chicago Pump Division
FMC Corporation
622 Diversey Parkway
Chicago, Illinois 60614
Phone (312) 327-1020
Provided by users a screen with
maximum openings of 1.3 cm (0.5 in.)
recommended; sampler has standard
5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.
External head to provide flow
through a sampling chamber from
which a rotating dipper extracts
a sample aliquot and transfers it
to a funnel where it is gravity
fed to a composite bottle.
Not applicable.
Smallest line in sampling train is
the one connecting the funnel to
the sample bottle; it appears to
be about 2.5 cm (1 in.).
Recommended flow rate through sam-
pler is 95 to 190 £pm (25 to 50 gpm)
with 133 &pm (35 gpm) as optimum.
Minimum velocity in inlet line,
5 cm (2 in.) diameter recommended,
should be 0.6m (2 ft) per second.
Below 95 &pm (25 gpm) fungus growth
and settling in sampling chamber
will affect the sample quality.
Sampling dipper collects a 25 m£
sample; a 7.6£ (2 gal) composite
container is provided.
Constant rate sampling (between 3
and 20 samples per hour) is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional sampling provided by
either transmitter control or
totalizer control from external
flow measuring device.
110 VAC electricity.
69
-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Automatic refrigerator to maintain
samples at 4° to 10°C is available.
Bisphenol polyester resin, poly-
propylene, stainless steel, and
polyethylene; case is laminated
fiberglass.
49 x 53 x 132 cm (19 x 21
x 52 in.); designed for fixed
installation.
$2,600 non-refrigerated.
$3,200 refrigerated.
Sampling chamber has adjustable
weir plates to regulate the sewage
level. Manufacturer recommends
that intake line be limited to
15.2m (50 ft) or less in length.
Chicago "Tru Test" Evaluation
1. Should be free from clogging. Sampling intake must be
designed by user.
2. Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
3. Should operate well over entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Designed for continuous operation; no automatic
starter. Continuous flow serves a self cleaning
function and should minimize cross-contamination.
6. Can collect either flow proportional or fixed time
interval composites.
7. Ability to collect samples of floatables and coarser
bottom solids will depend upon design of sampling
intake.
8. Automatic refrigeration maintains samples at 4° to
10°C. Offers good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination; sample composite bottle is sealed
to funnel with hose clamps.
9. Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.
70
-------
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Does not appear capable of prolonged exposure to
extremely cold ambient conditions.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
71
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
COLLINS MODEL 42 COMPOSITE SAMPLER
Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas 77351
Phone (713) 327-4200
Provided by user.
External head to cause sample to
flow continuously through a
standpipe assembly until two,
three-way valves are energized,
whereupon incoming and return
flows are blocked and the sample
trapped in the standpipe drains
into the collection container.
Not applicable.
The smallest passage is 0.2 cm
(3/32 in.) in the solenoid valve;
0.5 cm (3/16 in.) with optional
ball valve.
As provided by user; minimum of
3.8 Apm (1 gpm) at a minimum
pressure of 0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi).
Fixed size (normally 6 m&) ali-
quots are composited in a 9.5£
(2.5 gal) collapsible plastic
container.
Constant rate sampling (normally
one aliquot every 70-80 seconds)
is controlled by built-in timer;
flow proportional operation
achieved by connecting to ex-
ternal flow totalizer providing
either a contact closure or a
pulse (24 VDC, 115 VDC, or
115 VAC), or to a 0.2 to 1.1 kg/
sq cm (3 to 15 psi) pressure
source proportional to flow
depth (linear, 1/2, 3/2, and 5/2
exponent laws available).
72
-------
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73
-------
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
115 VAC
Available as an option.
Sampling train would appear to be
plastic, stainless steel, and
brass. Casing is corrosive-
resistant fiberglass. The re-
frigerated model has a baked
enamel-covered steel enclosure
with plastic interior.
Weatherproof enclosures for re-
frigerator models are 76 x 61 x
183 cm (30x24x72 in.); designed
for fixed installation.
$985; add $16 for refrigerator;
$610 for refrigerator in weather-
proof enclosure; $210 for ball
valve model; and $27 for delay
relay, $300 for predetermined
counter, or $630 for integrating
flow proportional operation.
A standpipe assembly accurately
measures the amount of sample
taken. Flow is maintained in a
turbulent state to keep solids
suspended. Sample through sampler
continuously purges out system
where sample pulse switch is in
off position. Sampler was orig-
inally designed to take samples
from pressurized systems such as
pipelines. A wood or angle iron
frame is optionally available for
mounting the sampler, pump, and
motor. In the refrigerated
Model 42, the electronics and
standpipe assembly is mounted on
top of the refrigerator with the
collection tube running inside.
The refrigerated model is non-
explosionproof and housing should
be provided for it. A thermo-
stat-controlled heater is op-
tionally available for cold
weather operation.
74
-------
Collins Model 42 Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging, but even
the ball valve model could experience difficulty with
some flows unless an intake screen is provided by user
Continuous flow helps to remove particle buildup.
Sampling intake must be designed by user.
2
3,
4.
5,
8.
9.
10.
11.
Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
Should operate reasonably well over entire range of
flow conditions.
Movement of small solids should not hamper operation.
No automatic starter since it is designed for contin-
uous flow. This serves as a self-cleaning function
and should minimize cross-contamination.
Collects fixed-size aliquots from a continuous flow
triggered by a preset timer or external flowmeter and
composites them in a suitable container. Represent-
ativeness of sample will be a function of intake which
is not a part of this unit.
Ability to collect samples of floatables and coarser
bottom solids will depend upon design of sampling
intake.
Refrigeration available as an option. Due to contin-
uous flow, cross-contamination should be minimized.
Not designed for manhole operation.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Not suited for prolonged operation in extremely cold
climates unless provided with optional heating element.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
75
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
COLLINS MODEL 40 COMPOSITE SAMPLER
Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas 77351
Phone (713) 327-4200
Provided by user.
External head to provide contin-
uous flow through the sampler.
A portion of this flow is
diverted to a metering standpipe
from which it is periodically
dumped into the sample container.
Not applicable.
The smallest passage is 0.2 cm
(3/32 in.) in the solenoid valve;
0.5 cm (3/16 in.) with optional
ball valve.
User must provide a minimum
pressure of 0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi)
for a flow of 3.8-7.6 &pm
(1-2 gpm).
Fixed size (normally 3 m£) ali-
quots are composited in a 9.5&
(2.5 gal) collapsible plastic
container.
Same as Model 42 except built-in
timer normally triggers every
30 seconds.
115 VAC
Available as an option.
Same as Model 42.
Same as Model 42.
$835; all add-ons priced same
as Model 42.
76
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77
-------
General Comments;
This unit uses a single three-
way valve and a vertical stand-
pipe through which a portion of
the continuous flow from an
external pump or other pressure
source is circulated before going
to drain. Otherwise it is simi-
lar to Model 42 and will not be
separately evaluated.
78
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
EMA MODEL 2QQ
Environmental Marketing Associates
3331 Northwest Elmwood Drive
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Phone (503) 752-1541
Perforated end of suction pipe
attached to an adjustable
mounting bracket.
Forced flow from solenoid activa-
ted piston.
Less than 0.9m (1 ft).
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.
Unknown
21 mJl aliquots are composited
in a suitable container.
Aliquots can be taken at in-
tervals from 2 to 30 minutes
paced by an adjustable timer, or
as paced by an external flowmeter.
110 VAC or 12 V.DC
Sample container is housed in an
insulated chest that allows for
ice cooling.
Housing is PVC, piston is lucite,
and piston shaft is aluminum.
Basic model appears to be about
107 cm (3.5 ft) high.
Model 200 ac - $199
Model 200 dc - $249 (without
battery)
Model 200 dc floating - $456
(without battery)
79
-------
General Comments;
A battery operated floating model
is available mounted on a pontoon
float. Unit must be mounted at
point of sampling since it is not
designed to discharge to higher
elevations. The sampler is fur-
nished with an adjustable mount-
ing bracket that supports both
the sampler and sample container.
EMA Model 200 Evaluation
1. Sampler intake is vulnerable to blockage by rags or
debris. A 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) sampling train has a
fitting obstruction at point of attachment to main
housing.
2. Unit offers a rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot., a part of this coming from
undischarged sample. Circulation of flow through
chamber would appear to be limited, resulting in a
sample not necessarily representative of conditions
in the sewer at the time of the next triggering signal.
Representativeness of suspended solids is also ques-
tionable.
4. Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the unit unless special protection is provided by user.
5. No automatic starter; an intake purge of sorts is pro-
vided by the design which allows the piston to force
some of the sample back out of the inlet ports at the
beginning of each stroke.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots (volume may vary with flow
depth) paced by a. built-in timer or external flowmeter
and composites them in a suitable container.
7. Does not appear suitable for collecting either float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration, some sample protection provided by
insulated chest. Cross-contamination appears very
likely. Limited lift may require placing sampler in
a vulnerable location.
80
-------
9. Unit would appear capable of manhole operation.
Limitations will depend on user installation of mount-
ing brackets.
10. Unit cannot tolerate submersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. The unit is extremely limited in range of operational
head conditions and does not appear suitable for flows
with varying depths.
81
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
ETS FIELDTEC SAMPLER MODEL FS-4
ETS Products
12161 Lackland Road
St. Louis, Missouri 63141
Phone (314) 878-1703
Plastic inlet strainer installed
to suit by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
8.8m (29 ft) maximum.
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. typical.
Approximately 1.2& (1/3 gal) per
hour depending on tube size used.
Continuous flow from pump se-
quentially fills 12 individual
3.8)1 (1 gal) sample containers
over a 24-hour period.
On/off switch. A kit is avail-
able for changing the timing se-
quence (time period represented
in one bottle).
115 VAC
None.
Sampling train is all plastic;
frame and case are aluminum with
enamel finish.
46 x 112 x 53 cm (18x44x21 in.);
weighs approximately 32 kg
(70 Ibs); portable.
$1,095; time conversion kit is
$16.
82
-------
General Comments;
Refrigeration or heating acces-
sory available. Motor and pump
can Be easily removed to a remote
location. Ptimp will discharge up
to 14m (46 ft) head. A synchro-
nous timing motor pulls a nylon
rider holding the discharge tube
along a track over a distribu-
tion tray to fill bottles.
ETS Fieldtec Model FS-4 Evaluation
1
5
6
8
9
10.
11,
12.
Unit should be relatively free from plugging or clog-
ging due to inlet strainer and peristaltic pump
design.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting
of intake.
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but low intake velocity could affect sample
representativeness at high flow rates.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
No automatic starter; no self-cleaning feature.
Unit takes 12 individual gallon samples over a 24-hour
period.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers reasonable sample protection.
Unit is not designed for manhole operation; however,
motor and pump assembly can be detached for use in
manholes.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Optional heater should allow unit to withstand freezing
ambients.
Unit should be able to sample over a wide range of
operating head conditions.
83
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
HORIZON MODEL S7570
Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60648
Phone (312) 647-7644
Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
p ump .
9m (30 ft) maximum.
Varies from 0.08 to 0.8 cm
(0.0315 to 0.313 in.) I.D.,
depending upon pump head chosen.
Depends upon lift and pump head
chosen, but typically under
100 mJl per minute.
Collects a grab sample whose
size depends upon pump running
time.
On/off switch plus power selec-
tion switch for internal battery
operation, AC operation, 12 VDC
operation, recharge on 12 VDC,
or recharge on AC.
Internal battery, 12 VDC, or
115 VAC.
None.
Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube; silicone or other
tube materials available.
Approximately 30 x 20 x 18 cm
(12x8x7 in.); weighs 7.7 kg
(17 Ibs); portable.
84
-------
Base Price:
General Comments:
Approximately $411 for a complete
unit; S7570 is $335, pump head is
$40, tubing is typically $21 for
a 15.2m (50 ft) coils and intake
weight is $15.
Actually a field sampling pump
rather than a complete system.
Horizon Model S7570 Evaluation
1. Without a screen, intake is vulnerable to pluggingj
unbroken tube and peristaltic pump should be relatively
free from clogging.
2. Obstruction to flow is minimal.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
sample representativeness at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Designed for attended use only.
6. Unit takes mechanical grab samples.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Sample protection provided by user.
9. Unit can operate in manhole environment.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Since designed for attended use, freezing ambients
present no great problem.
12. Unit should operate reasonably well over a wide range
of operating head conditions.
85
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price;
HORIZON MODEL S7576
Horizon Ecology Company
7435 Nortn. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60648
Phone C312) 647-7644
Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
9m (30 ft) maximum.
Varies from 0.08 to 0.8 cm
(0.0315 to 0.313 in.) I.D. de-
pending upon pump head chosen.
Depends upon lift and pump head
chosen, but typically under
100 m& per minute.
Collects aliquots (whose size
depends upon pump running time)
every 15 minutes and composites
them in a user supplied container.
On/off switch plus timer that
controls duration of pump run as
a percentage of 15 minutes.
115 VAC
None.
Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube; silicone or other
tube materials available.
Approximately 30 x 20 x 18 cm
(12x8x7 in.); weighs 4 kg (9 Ibs);
portable.
Approximately $216 for a complete
unit; S7576 is $140, pump head is
$40, tubing is typically $21 for
a 15.2m (50 ft) coil, and intake
weight is $15.
86
-------
General Comments:
User must supply sample container
and protection to complete this
unit,
Horizon Model S7576 Evaluation
1. Without a screen, intake is vulnerable to plugging;
unbroken tube and peristaltic pump should be relatively
free from clogging.
2
3
.Obstruction to flow is minimal.
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
sample representativeness at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
6. Unit takes adjustable, fixed-size aliquots and
composites them in a user supplied container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting floatables
or coarser bottom solids.
8. Sample protection provided by user.
9. Unit can operate in manhole environment.
10. Unit cannot withs.tand total immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Unit should operate reasonably well over a wide range
of operating head conditions.
87
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
HORIZON MODEL S7578
Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60648
Phone (312) 647-7644
Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
9m (30 ft) maximum.
0.49 cm (0.192 in.) I.D.
Depends upon lift, but typically
under 100 m& per minute.
Collects adjustable size aliquots
(30, 89, or 118 m£) and compos-
ites them in a 9.7£ (2.5 gal)
container.
Time intervals at which unit
samples are switch selectable
for once every 15 minutes, once
every 30 minutes, or continu-
ously; aliquot size is switch
selectable.
Internal battery, 115 VAC charger.
None.
Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube (silicone or other
tube materials available); sample
container is polyethylene; case
is ABS plastic.
Approximately 41 x 23 x 56 cm
(16x9x22 in.); weighs 12.6 kg
(28 Ibs); p6rtable.
88
-------
Base Price;
General Comments:
$595. Battery charger is $68.
Tube directs any accidental over-
flow outside the case to prevent
damage.
Horizon Model S7578 Evaluation
1. Without a screen, intake is vulnerable to plugging;
unbroken tube and peristaltic pump should be relatively
free from clogging.
2. Obstruction to flow is minimal.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
sample representativeness at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
6. Unit takes adjustable fixed size aliquots and compos-
ites them in a suitable container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
8
9
10
11
12,
No refrigeration; cross-contamination appears likely.
Unit can operate in manhole environment.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
Unit should operate reasonably well over a wide range
of operating head conditions.
89
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions;
HYDRAGUARD AUTOMATIC LIQUID SAMPLER
Automatic Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon 97355
Phone (503) 258-2628
End of rigid metal metering
chamber.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Depends upon pressure, but in
excess of 9m (30 ft).
0.6 cm (0.25 in.) I.D. (standard).
Depends upon pressure and lift.
Aliquots of volume proportional
to flow depth are composited in
a user—supplied container.
Sampling interval is adjustable
via a needle valve. An optional
electronic control unit is avail-
able to operate sampler from
flowmeter contacts.
Regulated 1.4 kg/sq cm (20 psi)
air supply. 115 VAC. required
with optional electronic control
unit.
None .
Sampling train is all stainless
steel, inlet valve is rubber;
control unit is cast aluminum.
Depends upon model, but all are
under 91 cm (36 in.) long and
will pass through a 15 cm (6 in;)
diameter opening.
.
90
-------
Base Price:
General Comments;
Model HP-1 (aliquot size linear
with flow depth) is $246;
Model HP-2 (HP-1 with enlarged
sample chamber, lines, and inlet
hole) is $286; FP Series (ali-
quot size characterized for depth
in Parshall flume or weirs) is
$379; FPE Series (FP series with
enlarged sample chamber, lines,
and inlet hole) is $401; Model A-l
(adjustable aliquot size is inde-
pendent of flow depth) is $286;
air compressor is $140; portable
air tank with pressure regulator
is $76.
At the start of sampling cycle,
liquid flows through the inlet
port, displacing the inlet valve,
and rises in the sample chamber
and outlet tube, to the height of
liquid flowing through the flume
or weir. Air pressure, in the
control chamber of the control
relay, holds a diaphragm over the
air supply port. This pressure
bleeds to atmosphere through a
needle valve. When the pressure
in the control chamber bleeds low
enough, the diaphragm moves away
from the air inlet port, allowing
air to enter the sample chamber.
Air pressure exerted on the liquid
in the sample chamber will seal
the inlet valve, and force the
sample out the outlet tube, to the
sample container. As air enters
the sample chamber, some air flows
through the check valve (in the
control relay) into the control
chamber. When air pressure in the
control chamber is equal to the
pressure in the operating chamber,
a spring forces the diaphragm back
over the air inlet. The air is
now shut off, and the sample again
rises in the sample chamber, ready
for the next cycle.
91
-------
Hydraguard Liquid Sampler Evaluation
1. Single small sample inlet hole would appear vulnerable
to blockage unless user provides a screen; remainder
of sample train should be clog-free.
2. Sample intake presents a rigid obstruction to the
flow.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot. Circulation of flow
through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
tions in the sewer at the time of next triggering.
Representativeness is also questionable at high flow
rates.
4. Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the unit unless special protection is provided by user.
5
6
8.
9,
10,
11.
12,
No automatic starter; no self-cleaning feature.
Collects either variable size aliquots at constant
time intervals or constant size aliquots paced by an
external flowmeter, and composites them in a user-
supplied container.
Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
No refrigeration available.
appears likely.
Cross-contamination
Unit appears suitable for manhole operation.
Will not withstand total immersion.
Should be operable in freezing ambients.
Should be very little restriction on operating head
conditions.
92
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
HYDRA-NUMATIC COMPOSITE SAMPLER
Hydra-Numatic Sales Company
65 Hudson Street
Hackensack, New Jersey 07602
Phone (201) 489-4191
End of suction tube installed to
suit by user.
Suction lift from centrifugal pump.
Up to 4.6m (15 ft).
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
5.7 £pm (1.5 gpm).
Aliquot size is adjusted (based
upon anticipated flow rates where
external flowmeter is to be em-
ployed) to fill the 195, (5 gal)
composite container in 24 hours.
Sampler receives signals from ex-
ternal flow meter through a primary
relay and clock system, the clock
serving as a memory-collecting
impulses representing a given flow •
at which time a known, pre-set vol-
ume of sample is drawn. The volume
of sample is controlled by a finely
calibrated clock which opens a
free-port solenoid valve for a pre-
set time, period thereby diverting
the flow to the sample container.
A built-in timer can be used to
pace the sampler when no flow meter
is available. It can either be
programmed if rough estimates of
daily flow variations are known or
function as a fixed time interval
pacer.
115 VAC electricity.
None
93
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
Polyethylene sample container,
Tygon sampling lines with bronze
fittings and connections, bronze
valves and pump, stainless steel
available as alternate; cabinet is
stainless steel.
91 x 33 x 91 cm (36x13x36 in.);
portable.
$1800.
Hydra-Numatic Composite Sampler Evaluation
1. Fairly large line size and "non-clog" pump should give
freedom from clogging; manufacturer recommends unit
for streams with high solids content.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake tube.
3. Should operate reasonably well over all flow conditions
4. Solids in the fluid flow should not impede operation.
5. No automatic starter. Continuous flow serves a self-
cleaning function.
6. Unit collects aliquots paced by external flowmeter or
built-in timer and composites them in a suitable
container.
7. Collection of samples of floatables and bottom solids
would require specially designed intake by user.
8. No refrigeration available; sample would appear to be
reasonably well protected from damage.
9. Unit appears capable of operation in a high humidity
environment, but is too large to pass down a standard
manhole.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit appears able to tolerate freezing ambients, at
least for moderate periods of time.
12. Lift limit of 4.6m (15 ft) poses some restrictions on
use of unit.
94
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
ISCO MODEL 1392
Instrumentation Specialties Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska 68505
Phone (402) 799-2441
Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.
Suction lift from peristaltic pump.
7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift; 96% de-
livery at 2.4m (8 ft), 80% at 5.5m
(18 ft).
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Up to 1.5 £pm (0.4 gpm) depending
upon lift.
Sample size can be.-switch selected
from 40 ml to 460 m£ at 0.9m (3 ft)
lift. 28-500 m£ plastic sample
bottles (350 m£ glass bottles with
special base optional) are provided
and are used for collecting .dis-
crete samples or up to four-sample
sequential composites when used
with the optional multiplexer. Al-
ternately, if the sample bottles
are removed, a single composite
sample of up to 26.5& (7 gal) may
be collected directly in a single
container in the base section.
The time interval between collec-
tions can be varied in 1/2 hour in-
crements from 1/2 to 6 hours;
optional timers can be varied in
15 minute increments to 3 hours or
in 10 minute increments to 2 hours.
All use a clock mechanism rather
than a repeat cycle timer. Connec-
tions for an external flowmeter
(ISCO Model 1470 only) to collect
samples on the basis of stream flow
95
-------
Figure 7. ISCO Model 1392 Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Instrumentation Specialities Co., Inc,
96
-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
rate are provided. An optional
automatic starter based on flow
depth is also available.
115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed lead-acid
battery.
Has ice cavity for cooling; will
maintain samples up to 22°C (40°F)
below ambient for at least 24 hours.
All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sample
bottles; stainless steel hardware.
49.5 cm (19.5 in.) diameter x 53 cm
(21 in.)H; weighs 18.1 kg (40 Ibs);
portable.
$1,095; add $130 for NiCad or $50
for lead-acid batteries, $100 for
multiplexer, $22 for optional
timers. Glass bottle version is
$1,121. Model 1640 automatic
starter is $125.
Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time. All electrical and mechani-
cal components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in a
water-tight housing that contains a
regeneratable dessicant. Manufac-
turer claims peristaltic pump tubing
can fill more than 80,000 sample
bottles before requiring replace-
ment. At least 100-460 m£ samples
may be taken on a single 18-hour
battery charge. A rotating "clog-
proof" funnel delivers samples to
the distributer plate which channels
them to their individual bottles.
After each sample the pump automat-
ically reverses itself to purge
intake tube and minimize cross-
contamination. Operator may man-
ually trigger unit for individual
test sample or purge at any stage
of operation.
97
-------
ISCO Model 1392 Evaluation
1. Strainer could be vulnerable unless oriented prop-
erly; the unobstructed 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside
diameter sampling line, peristaltic pump, and "non-
clog" funnel should pass small solids without
difficulty.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting
of intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. Optional automatic starter actuates sampling cycle
when flow depth reaches a preset value. Backflush-
ing after taking each sample provides a self-cleaning
function of sorts.
6. Unit collects up to 28 discrete samples (or sequen-
tial composites with optional multiplexer) or a
large single composite. Can be paced by either
built-in timer or external flowmeter.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case
has ice cavity which will keep samples up to 22°C
(40°F) below ambient for 24 hours.
9. Unit comes with a harness for suspending it in.
manholes.
10. Unit can withstand total immersion for short periods
of time.
11. Unit would not appear to function well after pro-
longed exposure to freezing ambients.
12. Unit should be able to sample over a wide range of
operating head conditions.
98
-------
Designation!
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
IS CO MODEL 1480
Instrumentation Specialties Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska 68505
Phone (402) 799-2441
Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Not applicable.
Uniform aliquots of about 7 m&
are composited in a 11.45, (3 gal)
container (standard) or 18.9£
(5 gal) container (optional). The
base itself can be used to collect
38$, (10 gal) samples and can be
replaced by a 571 (15 gal) poly-
olefin barrel for larger sample
requirements.
Solid state electronics allow
sample collection rate to be
varied continuously from 0.2 li-
ters per day to 10.4 liters per
hour in timed mode; may also be
paced by ISCO Model 1470 flow-
meter. Optional automatic starter
also available.
115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed lead-
acid battery.
Base has 2.5 cm (1 in.) foamed-
in—place insulation and ice cavity
99
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
that will keep a 11.4£ (3 gal)
sample below 13°C (55°F) for over
24 hours in a 56°C (100°F)
environment.
All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sam-
ple container; stainless steel
hardware.
48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 65 cm
(25.5 in.) H; weighs 14 kg
(31 Ibs); portable.
$645; $130 for NiCad or $50 for
lead-acid battery; Model 1640
automatic starter is $125.
Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time. All electrical and mechan-
ical components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in
a water-tight housing that con-
tains a regenerable dessicant.
Model 1480 is not designed to pro-
vide true proportions of heavy
suspended solids due to its inter-
mittent pumping action. The
peristaltic pump turns in one-
half revolution increments with
two rollers pinching the tubing
at the end of each movement so
that the sample will not drain
back through the intake.
The optional Model 1470 flowmeter
enables the sampler to collect a
composite based on the volume of
passing fluid rather than on time.
Flowmeters other than ISCO are not
suited for use with the Model 1480
sampler. Up to 151£ (40 gal) of
sample may be taken on an 18 hour
battery charge.
100
-------
ISCO Model 1480 Evaluation
1. Strainer could be vulnerable unless oriented properly;
the unobstructed 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside diameter
sampling line allows the passage of solids9 but the
intermittent pumping action is not likely to gather
anything.large enough to clog unit.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under most flow condi-
tions, but unit is not recommended by manufacturer and
should not be used in flows with any appreciable amount
of heavy suspended solids, even at low flow rates.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. Optional automatic starter; no self-cleaning features;
cross-contamination appears very likely.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots paced by either a built-in,
timer or external flowmeter and compo.sites them in a
suitable container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of coarser
bottom solids or floatables.
8. Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case has
ice cavity which will keep a 11.45- (3 gal) sample below
13°C (55°F) for over 24 hours in a 56°C (100°F) environ-
ment .
9. Unit comas with harness for suspending it in manholes.
10. Unit can withstand total immersion for short periods
of time.
11. Unit cannot withstand freezing temperatures.
12. Unit should be able to sample over a wide range of
operating head conditions.
101
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
ISCO MODEL 1580
Instrumentation Specialties Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska 68505
Phone (402) 799-2441
Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Up to 1.4 4pm (0.37 gpm) depending
upon lift.
Adjustable size aliquots (between
40 and 600 m4) are composited in
a 11.44 (3 gal) container (stand-
ard) or 18.94 (5 gal) container
(optional). The base itself can
be used to collect 384 (10 gal)
samples and can be replaced by a
574 (15 gal) polyolefin barrel
for larger sample requirements.
Sample aliquot size is switch
selectable in eight increments
from 40 to 600 m4; sampling fre-
quency can be adjusted from 2.5
to 320 minutes when operating in
the timed mode. A switch multi-
plies the volume that is trans-
mitted by an external flowmeter
by a factor of from 1 to 9 when
used in the flow mode. Any flow-
meter that provides a contact
closure at fixed volumetric
intervals can be used.
102
-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed lead-
acid battery.
Base has 2.5 cm (1 in.) foamed-
in-place insulation and ice
cavity that will keep a 11.45-
(3 gal) sample below 13°C (55°F)
for over 24 hours in a 56°C
(lOOT) environment.
All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sample
container; stainless steel hard-
ware .
48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 65 cm
(25.5 in.) H; weighs 14 kg
(31 Ibs); portable.
$750; $130 for NiCad or $50 for
lead-acid battery; Model 1640
automatic starter is $125.
Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time. All electrical and mechan-
ical components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in
a water-tight housing that con-
tains a regenerable dessicant.
The intake line is purged before
and after each aliquot is taken
to help minimize cross-contamina-.
tion and ensure that the sample is
representative of the time at
which it was taken. The optional
automatic starter allows the unit
to be activated when the flow
depth reaches some predetermined
level.
ISCO Model 1580 Evaluation
1. Strainer could be vulnerable unless oriented properly;
the unobstructed 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside diameter
sampling line and peristaltic pump should pass small
solids without difficulty.
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
103
-------
2, Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting
of intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. Optional automatic starter; purging before and after
each aliquot is taken provides a self-cleaning action
of sorts and should help minimize cross-contamination.
6. Collects predetermined size aliquots paced by either
a built-in timer or external flowmeter and composites
them in a suitable container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of coarser
bottom solids or floatables.
8. Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case
has ice cavity which will keep a 11. 4£ (3 gal) sample
below 13°C (55°F) for over 24 hours in a 56°C (100°F)
environment.
9. Unit comes with harness for suspending it in manholes.
10. Unit can withstand total immersion for short periods
of time.
11. Unit would not appear to function well after prolonged
exposure to freezing ambients *
12. Unit should be able to sample over a wide range of
operating head conditions.
104
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
KENT MODEL SSA
Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York 10562
Phone (914) 941-8100
Plastic strainer at end of 7.6m
(25 ft) suction tube.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
Up to 4.9m (16 ft).
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Up to 150 mH per minute depending
upon lift.
Collects 24 discrete samples of up
to 177 (or 473) m£ over a period
of 6, 12, or 24 hours.
Spring-driven clock triggers unit
at one hour intervals; other
timing mechanisms are available to
allow a sample to be taken at 15
or 30 minute intervals. Sample
volume is determined by forward
pump run time which is adjustable
to compensate for lift and flow
depth.
12 VDC lead-acid battery, 115 VAC
or 220 VAC.
None.
Sampling train is all plastic;
totally enclosing glass reinforced
plastic case available.
45.7 cm (18 in.) diameter by
40.6 cm (16 in!) H; weighs 24.4 kg
(54 Ibs); portable.
105
-------
Base Price; $1,240.
General Comments; On signal, pump starts and runs in
reverse to clear tubing of fluid,
then runs forward for a pre-set
time to deliver sample to con-
tainer, after which it again re-
verses to purge pump and tubing
of fluid. A complete cycle takes
from 2 to 5 minutes depending
upon lift and the quantity of
sample desired.
Kent Model SSA Evaluation
1. Peristaltic action of pump should reduce probability
of clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly -low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. At start of each cycle pump
operates in reverse to clear line of previous sample
to help minimize cross-contamination and offer a sort
of self cleaning.
6. Unit collects 24 discrete samples at preset time
intervals. Representativeness of sample will depend
upon user mounting of intake tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration. Reasonably good sample protection.
Cross—contamination should be small.
9. Designed to operate in manhole environment.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 4.9m (16 ft) places some restriction
on use of unit.
106
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
KENT MODEL SSB
Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York 10562
Phone (914) 941-8100
Fine gauze filter at end of
suction tube.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.
Up to 4m (13 ft) .
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Less than 200 m£ per minute
depending upon lift.
Collects aliquots of pre-set size
and either composites them hourly
(standard, 30 and 15 minute in-
tervals optional) in one of 24
discrete 500 m£ containers or in
a single 20£ bottle.
Rheostat on continuously running
pump motor controls speed which,
together with lift and a 0-60 sec-
ond diverter timer, determines
aliquot size. In the 24 bottle
version, the bottles are mounted
on a rotating turntable that
indexes hourly (standard, 30, or
15 minute intervals optional).
Aliquot interval is either con-
trolled by an external flowmeter
(rate or totalized signal) or by
an adjustable interval timer.
115 VAC; 240 VAC.
None.
Sampling train is plastic except
for diverter which may be stain-
less steel; cabinet is sheet
metal.
107
-------
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
38 x. 38 x 87 cm U-5.xl5:x34 in.);
weighs 30 kg C66 Ibs); designed
for fixed installation.
$2,354.
Unit is not recommended for flows
that are high in suspended solids.
In operation, the discharge from
the continuously running pump is
directed to a tippler mechanism
that normally returns the flow to
waste downstream from the intake.
On signal the tippler mechanism
diverts the flow to the sample
discharge line for a predetermined
time period. Manufacturer recom-
mends changing pump tubing every
two weeks and "regular" cleaning
of the tippler mechanism.
Kent Model SSB Evaluation
1. Peristaltic action of pump and gauze filter should
reduce probability of clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Continuous flow will offer a
sort of self cleaning. The 24 bottle unit would
appear very difficult to clean in the field.
6. Unit collects either 24 sequential composite samples
made up of a number of individual aliquots or a single
composite sample as paced by either an external flow-
meter or by an internal timer. Representativeness of
sample will depend upon user mounting of intake tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
108
-------
8. No refrigeration. Reasonably good sample protection.
Cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Not designed to operate in manhole environment.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 4m (13 ft) places some restriction on
use of unit.
109
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer:
Sample Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
KENT MODEL SSC
Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York 10562
Phone (914) 941-8100
Fine strainer at end of suction
tube which must be immersed at
least 5 cm (2 in.) below the
surface of the liquid to prevent
pump from drawing air.
Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.
Up to 5m (16.4 ft).
2.5 cm (1 in.) I.D.
Up to 33 &pm depending upon lift.
Collects either 24 discrete 280 m£
samples or a 20£ composite sample.
Sample interval is either con-
trolled by external flowmeter or
fixed at 15, 30, or 60 minutes by
interval timer. A 0-300 second
delay timer is used to control
pump running time to assure that
a full 280 m£ aliquot is taken.
115 VAC; 240 VAC.
None.
Sampling train is rubber, plastic,
and stainless steel.
76 x 125 x 81 cm (30x49x32 in.);
weighs 80 kg (176 Ibs); designed
for fixed installation.
$2,354.
110
-------
General Comments:
On signal, the pump starts and
its discharge is directed to a
tipping bucket, the force of the
jet being sufficient to hold the
tippler in an upright position
so that its overflow discharges
back into the flow stream. After
a preset time the pump stops and
the weight of the sample in the
tippler causes it to overbalance
and discharge its contents into
the sample container. In the
24 bottle version, the turntable
carrying the bottles then rotates
to present a fresh container for
the next sample. The unit must
be mounted adjacent to the chan-
nel from which the samples are
to be taken with the tippler over-
flow directed back into the
channel. The pump must be primed
with water upon installation or
at any time when it does not con-
tain residual effluence. Manu-
facturer states that tippler
mechanism must be cleaned regu-
larly.
Kent Model SSC Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Should be relatively free from clogging due to large
line size; Moyno pump will handle suspended solids.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake.
Should operate well over the entire range of flow
conditions.
Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
No automatic starter. No self-cleaning function.
Can collect external flowmeter or built-in timer
paced samples-either sequential or composite.
Representativeness of sample will depend in part
upon user mounting of intake tube. Decanting tippler
111
-------
design could lead to artificial enhancement of sus-
pended solids.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids without specially designed intake by
user.
8. No refrigeration. Fair sample protection. Cross-
contamination appears likely.
9. Not well suited for confined space or manhole
operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 5m (16.4 ft) and necessity for mounting
adjacent to flow stream place restrictions on use of
unit.
112
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power S ource:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
LAKESIDE TREBLER MODEL T-2
Lakeside Equipment Corporation
1022 East Devon Avenue
Bartlett, Illinois 60103
Phone (312) 837-5640
Specially designed scoop.
Mechanical; rotating scoop tra-
verses entire depth of flow; as
scoop is rotated out of flow the
sample drains by gravity through
the hub and into a composite sample
3 ar.
Unit must be in flow stream.
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) diameter pipe con-
nects hub to sample container.
Not applicable.
Scoop is shaped to gather a volume
of sample that is proportional to
the channel flow; can vary typically
from 300 to 600 m£ when installed in
a Parshall flume.
Timer can be used to trigger sam-
pling cycle at any desired interval
of a 1 hour period.
115 VAC electricity.
Automatic refrigerator available
which maintains sample temperature
at approximately 4°C.
Cast aluminum frame, steel
sprockets and chain drive, plexi-
glass or cast aluminum scoop,
plastic pipe, poly'ethylene sample
bottle.
Approximately 0.6-0.9m (2-3 ft) of
head room above flume is required.
Other dimensions depend upon size
of flume. Refrigerator case is
76 x 61 x 91 cm (30 x 24 x 36 in.)-
Fixed installation.
113
-------
Figure 8. Lakeside Trebler Model T-2 Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Lakeside Equipment Corp
114
-------
Base Price:
General Comments
$688 with plexiglass scoop.
$962 with timer.
Add $615 for refrigerator.
Without timer the unit takes
30 samples per hour. For accurate
sampling the unit must operate in
conjunction with a Parshall flume
or weir. For raw sewage or in-
dustrial wastes with high settle-
able solids count a Parshall flume
is recommended. Daily inspection
and weekly cleaning is recommended,
Lakeside Trebler Model T-2 Evaluation
1. Scoop is not likely to pick up any solids large enough
to clog sample line.
2. Scoop presents an obstruction over the entire depth of
flow during sampling cycle.
3. Scoop must be designed for range of flows anticipated
in conjunction with flume. This range has certain
limitations.
4. Movement of solids could interfere with scoop rotation;
abrasive wear on plexiglass scoop could be high.
No automatic starter; no self cleaning features.
Collects a sample for. compositing from throughout the
entire depth of flow that is proportional to depth and
hence flow rate through the flume.
7. Will afford some capability of sampling floatables
as well as bottom solids.
8. Standard unit has no sample container. Optional
refrigerator would appear to offer reasonable
protection.
9. Designed for operation in the flow stream but requires
a Parshall flume for best operation which would rule
out most manholes.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
5
6
115
-------
11. Unit is not designed to operate in freezing ambients
12. Unit must be in flow stream to function.
116
-
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
MANNING MODEL S4000
Manning Environmental Corporation
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California 98061
Phone (408) 427-0230
Weighted intake at end of 6.7m
(22 ft) sampling tube installed
to suit by user.
Section lift by vacuum pump.
Up to 6.7m (22 ft) .
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.
Up to 3.8 £pm (1 gpm) depending
upon lift.
Standard unit takes 24 discrete
samples adjustable in size between
50 and 500 m£. Options allow for
collecting sequential composite
samples made up of up to 5 ali-
quots each or for filling up to
4 bottles in immediate succession.
Unit may be paced by the contact
closure output of an external
flowmeter or by an optional in-
ternal quartz crystal timer whose
interval can be set at 15 or
30 minutes or 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,
12 or 24 hours. Sample size is
adjustable (±20 mJt) by position-
ing end of syphon in metering
chamber. Optional features al-
low sampler to be switch select-
able to take multiple samples in
one bottle or the same sample
in multiple bottles. There are
manual controls for bottle ad-
vance and for one complete test
cycle.
12 VDC non-spillable wet-cell
battery.
117
-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
An ice compartment is provided
in the base to facilitate sample
cooling.
Sampling train is all plastic
except for intake; case is molded
plastic with stainless steel hard-
ware .
48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 57 cm
(22.5 in.) H; weighs 16 kg
(35 Ibs); portable.
$1,290.
Sampler may be manually started
or actuated by an external device
such as a liquid level or rain
gage. Cycle begins with com-
pressor purging metering chamber
and intake line with air for
15 seconds. A solenoid valve then
inverts the compressor lines to
create a vacuum in the metering
chamber and liquid is drawn up
until it is full as detected by
an electronic sensor. The sole-
noid valve then reverses and the
metering chamber is again pres-
surized forcing the excess sample
back out the intake hose. A
pinch valve opens, permitting the
premeasured sample remaining to
be forced into the sample bottle,
and then closes, permitting purge
to continue for 10 seconds. Unit
automatically recycles through
purge twice, if required.
Manning Model S4000 Evaluation
1. Should be fairly free from clogging due to lack of
bends in sample train and high pressure purging
feature.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
118
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3. Should operate well over th_e entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Automatic starter available. Power purge serves a
self-cleaning function. Cross-contamination should
be minimal.
6. Collects external flowmeter or internal timer paced
samples and deposits them in individual containers one
at a time or collectively in multiple groups (optional)
Sample representativeness will depend upon user mount-
ing of intake.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids without specially designed intake by
user.
8. Unit affords good sample protection; insulated case has
ice cavity which will provide cooling for a limited
time. High pressure purge should offer reasonable
protection against cross-contamination.
9. Designed to operate in manhole area.
10. Unit appears capable of withstanding accidental, short-
time submersion.
11. Unit would not appear to function well after prolonged
exposure to freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place too severe
a restriction on use of the unit.
119
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Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
MODEL 130 1
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone (416) 625-0930
Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.
18.3m (60 ft) standard.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Varies with pressure and lift.
Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.6JI (2 gal) bottle.
Solid state clock allows selecting
intervals between aliquots of
15 to 60 minutes. Optional con-
troller allows pacing from ex-
ternal flowmeter.
Compressed air bottle plus two
6-volt, dry-cell lantern
batteries .
None
Standard intake housing is aluminum
alloy; stainless steel and PVC are
available as alternates. Standard
"duckbill" is EPT; Buna-N and Viton
are available. Tygon tubing, stain-
less steel or plastic fittings,
polyethylene sample bottle, fiber-
glass case.
Sample intake is 7.3 cm (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5 in.) H;
case is 43 x 30 x 71 cm (17xl2x
28 in.); weighs 27.2 kg (60 Ibs) ;
portable .
120
-------
Figure 9. Markland Model 1301 Portable Sampler
Illustration Courtesy of Markland Specialty Ltd.
121
-------
Base Price:
General Comments
$1095; add $135 for stainless
steel or PVC intake, $20 for Viton
"duckbill", $100 for flow propor-
tional adapter; all prices include
air freight and duty.
The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing. It is
round on the bottom and flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply a slit. When
the intake is vented to atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid head
forces a sample up through the
vertical inlet and through the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like
a screen (the lips can only open
a limited amount), until the
pressure is equalized. When air
pressure is applied to raise the
sample the "duckbill" lips close
(acting as a check valve), and the
squeezing-shut progresses down-
wards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.
Markland Model 1301 Evaluation
1. Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duckbill"
will not pass any solids large enough to clog sample
line; relatively high discharge pressure will also help
prevent clogging.
2. Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction to the flow,
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot, resulting in a sample not
necessarily representative of conditions in the sewer
at the time of the next triggering signal. Represen-
tativeness is also questionable at high flow rates.
4. Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
even physically destroy the sampler intake.
122
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Blow Compressed Air
To Eject Sample
Vent To Permit Sampler
To Refill Itself
Sample Out
SAMPLE
INLET
Figure 10. Markland "Duckbill" Sampler Intake
Illustration Courtesy of Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd
123
-------
5. Unit has automatic starter but no self-cleaning
features.
6. Collects spot samples at either preset time intervals
or paced by an external flowmeter and composites them
in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration is provided. Gross-contamination
appears likely.
9. Unit is designed for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
some period of time.
12. With a fully charged gas bottle, lifts in excess of
18.3m (60 ft) should be obtainable, putting very little
restriction on operating head conditions.
124
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Designation;
Manufacturer
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
PARKLAND' MOD'EL 101
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobieoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone (416) 625-0930
Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
18.3m (60 ft) standard.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Varies with pressure and lift.
Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.6SL (2 gal) bottle.
A cycle timer with field adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60 min-
utes .
Plant air for Model 101; Model 2101
includes air compressor and motor;
110 VAC.
0.17 cu m (6 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a 7.6
or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle avail-
able .
Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle.
125
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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Sample intake is 7.3 cm (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5 in.) H;
wall-mounted control box is
15 x 10 x 15 cm (6x4x6 in.); fixed
installation.
$594 for Model 101 including con-
trol box, remote sampling intake,
air filter, regulator and pressure
gauge, 100 feet of tubing, and
2 gallon sample collection bot-
tle; $634 for Model 2101 including
control box, remote sampling in-
take, air compressor and motor,
100 feet of tubing, and 2 gallon
sample collection bottle; add
$135 for stainless steel or PVC
intake, $20 for Viton "duckbill",
$335 for refrigerator, $11 for
5 gallon sample container; all
prices include air freight and
duty. Model 300 discrete 24 bot-
tle attachment is $795.
The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing. It is
round on the bottom and flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply a slit. When
the intake is vented to atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid head
forces a sample up through the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like
a screen (the lips can only open
a limited amount), until the pres-
sure is equalized. When air
pressure is applied to raise the
sample, the "duckbill" lips close
(acting as a check valve), and the
squeezing-shut progresses down-
wards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.
126
-------
Marklarid Model 101 Evaluation
1. Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duck-
bill" will not pass any solids large enough to clog
sample line; relatively high discharge pressure will
also help prevent clogging.
2. Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction to the
flow.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot, resulting in a sample not
necessarily representative of conditions in the sewer
at the time of the next triggering signal. Represen-
tativeness is also questionable at high flow rates.
4. Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
even physically destroy the sampler intake.
5. Has no automatic start or self-cleaning features.
6. Collects spot samples at preset time intervals and
composites them in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigeration is available as an option.
Cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit is not designed for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
some period of time.
12. Lifts in excess of 18.3m (60 ft) should be obtainable,
putting very little restriction on operating head
conditions.
127
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MARKLAND MODEL 102
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone (416) 625-0930
Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
18.3m (60 ft) standard.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Varies with pressure and lift.
Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.6JI (2 gal) bottle.
A cycle timer with field adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60 min-
utes .
Plant air plus 110 VAC.
0.17 cu m (6 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a
7.6 or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.
Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.
Sample intake is 7.3 cm (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5 in.) H;
wall-mounted control box is
25 x 13 x 30 cm (10x5x12 in.);
fixed installation.
128
-------
Base Price:
General Comments
$894, Includes control box, re-
mote sampling intake, air filter,
regulator and pressure gaxige,
100 feet of tubing, and 2 gallon
sample collection bottle. Add
$135 for stainless steel or PVC
intake, $20 for Viton "duckbill",
$325 for refrigerator, $10 for
5 gallon sample container. All
prices include air freight and
duty. Model 300 discrete 24 bot-
tle attachment is $795.
The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing. It is
round on the bottom and flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply a slit. When
the intake is vented to atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid
head forces a sample up through
the vertical inlet and through the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like a
screen (the lips can only open a
limited amount), until the pres-
sure is equalized. When air
pressure is applied to raise the
sample the "duckbill" lips close
(acting as a check valve), and
the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity. The con-
trol box has a pinch valve on the
sample line which squeezes it
closed and keeps the sample in-
take housing filled with pressur-
ized air between aliquot ejections
This feature is useful when sam-
pling liquids with high solids
content which would tend to settle
out in the intake while waiting to
be ejected. Also, the air™ press"ur-
ization provides a reverse air
129
-------
purge back through the "duckbill"
thereby providing a sort of self
cleaning action should any solids
build up in the "duckbill" inlet.
The manufacturer recommends this
model in particular for raw
sewage or liquids with solids
content over 200 PPM.
Markland Model 102 Evaluation
1. Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duckbill"
will not pass any solids large enough to clog sample
linej relatively high discharge pressure will also
help prevent clogging.
2. Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction to the flow.
3. Representativeness of sample is questionable at high
flow rates.
4. Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
even physically destroy the sampler intake.
5. Has no automatic starter. Reverse air purge through
"duckbill" provides a sort of self-cleaning action.
6. Collects spot samples at preset time intervals and
composites them in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigeration is available as an option.
Cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit is not designed for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
some period of time.
12. Lifts in excess of 18.3m (60 ft) should be obtainable,
putting very little restriction on operating head
conditions.
130
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
MARYLAND MODEL 10 4T
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone (416) 625-0930
Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
18.3m (60 ft) standard.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Varies with pressure and lift.
Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.61 (2 gal) bottle.
Solid state predetermining digital
counter accepts signals from an
external flowmeter to gather sam-
ples proportional to flow. Op-
tional solid state clock allows
sampling at predetermined time
intervals.
Plant air for Model 104T;
Model 2104T includes air compressor
and motor; 110 VAC.
0.17 cu m (16 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a 7.6
or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.
Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna—N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings., polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.
131
-------
Basic Di.jiiensi.ons ;
Base Price;
General Comments:
Sample intake is 7,3 cm C2,875 in.)
diameter x 12,7 cm C5 in.) H;
fixed installation.
$1094 for Model 104T including con-
trol box, remote sampling intake,
air filter, regulator and pres-
sure gauge, 100 feet of tubing,
and 2 gallon sample collection
bottle; $1134 for Model 2104T in-
cluding control box, remote sam-
pling intake, air compressor and
motor, 100 feet of tubing, and
2 gallon sample collection bottle.
Add $135 for stainless steel or
PVC intake, $20 for Viton "duck-
bill", $335 for refrigerator,
$10 for 5-gallon sample container,
and $215 for plug-in solid state
clock module. All prices include
air freight and duty. Model 300
discrete 24 bottle attachment is
$795.
The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing. It is round
on the bottom and flattens out to
a flaired top where the opening is
simply a slit. When the intake is
vented to atmosphere, the hydro-
static liquid head forces a sample
up through the vertical inlet and
through the "duckbill" slit, which
acts like a screen (the lips can
only open a limited amount) until
the pressure is equalized. When
air pressure is applied to raise
the sample, the "duckbill" lips
close (acting as a check valve),
and the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity. The two
digit counter, when connected to
132
-------
an external flow.meter providing
dry contact pulsing closed momen-
tarily with, frequency proportional
to flow, counts down from the pre-
set point to zero. When zero is
reached, the sampling circuit
latches in and extracts an aliquot
while simultaneously resetting the
counter back to the reset point.
Pulses received while the aliquot
is being ejected are counted
without loss.
Markland Model 1Q4T Evaluation
1. Sampler intake should be free from clogging; "duckbill"
will not pass any solids large enough to clog sample
line; relatively high discharge pressure will also help
prevent clogging.
2. Sampler intake presents a rigid obstruction to the
flow.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot, resulting in a sample not
necessarily representative of conditions in the sewer
at the time of the next triggering signal. Represen-
tativeness is also questionable at high flow rates.
4. Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
even physically destroy the sampler intake.
5. Has no automatic start or- self-cleaning features.
6. Collects spot samples at either preset time intervals
with clock option or paced by an external flowmeter
and composites them in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8= Automatic refrigeration is available as an option.
Cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit is not designed for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
133
-------
11. Sh.ould be able to operate in. freezing aaubients for
some period of time.
12. Lifts in excess of 18.3m C60 ft) should be obtainable
putting very little restriction on operating head
conditions.
134
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Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MALCO MODEL S-TOO
Nalco Chemical Company
180 N, Uichigan Avenue ,
Chicago, Illinois 60601
Phone (312) 887-7500
End of 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) standard
garden hose.
Forced flow from submersible pump.
Up to 7.6m (25 ft).
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) garden hose.
28.4 Jipm (7.5 gpm) at 6m (20 ft).
Aliquot volume between 50 to
900 m& is a function of the preset
diversion time (from 0.6 to 6.0
seconds); composited in user-
supplied container.
Can be used for either automatic
or manual collection of samples.
May be operated from a relay
tripped by an external flowmeter
or level switch contact or by a
built-in interval timer that can
be set from 3 minutes to 150 min-
utes .
115 VAC
None.
Plastic or rubber hose lines;
cases are plastic.
Control box is 29 x 22 x 25 cm
(11.5x8.5x10 in.) and weighs
4.5 kg (10 Ibs); carrying case is
52 x 20 x 41 cm (20.5x8x16 in.)
and weighs 12.2 kg (27 Ibs);
portable.
135
-------
Base Price; Not available at time of writing.
General Comments; Can be used portably or installed
permanently in one location.
Inlet connection to the pump is a
standard female garden hose fit-
ting; outlet connection is a
standard male garden hose fitting.
Sample container must be provided
by user. Unit has a pre-flush
before each sample diversion to
help assure representative flow,
and drainage after each sample
interval helps keep system clean
and free of cross-contamination.
Nalco Hodel S-100 Evaluation
1. Small screen over pump intake will help prevent clog-
ging as will high flow rate; solenoid valve could be
vulnerable to plugging.
2. Submersible pump offers obstruction to flow.
3. Should be capable of operation over the full range of
flows.
4. Movement of small solids should not hamper operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
pump unless special protection is provided by user.
5. No automatic starter, Gravity draining serves as a
self-cleaning function and should help minimize cross-
contamination. Pre-flush feature will also help.
6. Collects spot samples paced either by a built-in timer
or external flowmeter and composites them in a user-
supplied container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatables
or coarser bottom solids.
8. Sample container and protection must be supplied by
user.
9. Unit is capable of manhole operation.
136
-------
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit is not suited for prolonged operation in freezing
ambients.
12. 7.5m (25 ft) maximum lift does not place a great
operating restriction on unit.
137
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate!
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigator;
NAPP'K PORTA^POSITER SAMPLER
Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York 10519
Phone (914) 277-3085
Provided by user; sampler has
0.64cm Cl/4 in.) NPT male hose
fitting.
Suction lift from self-priming
positive displacement pump with
flexible impeller.
1.8m (6 ft) maximum.
Line from petcock to sample con-
tainer appears to be about 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.
Pump delivers up to 11.4 £pm
(3 gpm). Flow through by-pass to
sample container depends upon pet-
cock setting.
Adjustable size aliquots (20 to
240 m&) are composited in a 3.85-
(1 gal) container.
The pump is operated once every
15 minutes for a period of 20 sec-
onds. A cycle progress indicator
informs the operator of the time
to next sample. There is also a
manual advance to the next sample.
Model PPAC is 115 VAC; Model PPD
is 12 VDC and Model PPU is 115 VAC
or 12 VDC. The 12 VDC power must
be supplied by the user and is
usually a wet-cell battery.
None.
138
-------
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sample train is bronze, brass,
Buna-N, and polyethylene. Casing
is 16 gauge steel with, baked
enamel finish.
Basic unit is 24 x 22 x 34 cm
(9.5x8.5x13.5 in.); Models PPAC
and PPD weigh 10.4 kg (23 Ibs);
Model PPU weighs 11.8 kg (26 Ibs);
portable.
PPAC-4 $225.
PPD-4 $245.
PPU-4 $285.
At the end of each sampling cycle,
both inlet and exhaust are grav-
ity drained. This drainage pro-
vides a sort of backwashing to
help prevent clogging. Model PPU
is provided with two interchange-
able power cords; models PPAC and
PPD have permanent power cords.
A sample intake strainer is avail-
able as an option at $12.50, and
a mounting base is available at
$10.00. 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
polyethylene hose is available at
$1.50 per foot.
Nappe Porta-Positer Model PPAC Evaluation
1. Unit would not appear to be vulnerable to clogging,
especially with use of optional strainer, except
perhaps at the petcock.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line and use of optional strainer.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions. Although line velocity is high enough to
transport suspended solids reasonably well, the tee
branch and throttling effect of the petcock bypass
valve may affect sample representativeness.
139
-------
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Gravity fall of liquid inclines
when pump stops will pro-vide a self-cleaning action
of sorts.
6. Unit collects a simple composite sample over a 4 to
48 hour period. The 15-minute aliquot gathering fre-
quency is non-adjustable.
7. Unsuitable for collection of samples of floatables or
coarser bottom solids without specially designed intake
by user.
8. No refrigeration; case offers some sample protection.
Small amount of cross-contamination might be experi-
enced .
9. Unit appears capable of manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not ideally suited for operation in freezing ambient
conditions.
12. Maximum lift of 1.8m (5 ft) puts restrictions on use
of unit.
140
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sampler Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator
NAPPE SERIES 46" LIQUID SAMPLER
Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York 10519
Phone (914) 277-3085
Provided by user; sampler has
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) NPT female
pipe inlet.
Suction lift from self-priming
pump with flexible impeller.
To 4.6m (15 ft) suction; to 6m
(20 ft) discharge.
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.
Pump delivers up to 13.2 £pm
(3.5 gpm).
Adjustable size aliquots are
composited in a 11.4£ (3 gal)
sample container.
Sampler can be triggered by an
adjustable timer which sets the
frequency between samples or by
an external flowmeter for flow-
proportional sampling. Pump is
programmed for one of three
cycles depending upon sample re-
quirements .
115 VAC.
Refrigeration is available and
consists of a chilling coil
immersed in the sample container.
The compressor is housed in a
compartment on top of the main
sample cabinet. Temperature con-
trol is by an expansion valve that
is factory set at 7°C (45°F).
141
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Pump is stainless steel with
neoprene impeller. Solenoid is
stainless steel and neoprene.
Sample container is polyethylene.
Hoses are reinforced neoprene.
Sampler cabinet is primed alumi-
num finished in baked enamel.
Hinges are stainless steel; lock
is brass.
Non-refrigerated - 39 x 34
x 102 cm (15.4x13.5x40.1 in.);
Refrigerated - 39 x 34 x 130 cm
(15.4x13.5x51.1 in.); Shipping
weight is 91 kg (200 Ibs);
designed for fixed installation.
$1100 to $1800 depending upon
options.
The pump is programmed for one of
three cycles. For lifts up to
3m (10 ft), the pump operates for
30 seconds prior to and during the
sample diversion; for lifts from
3 to 4.6m (10 to 15 ft), the pump
runs continuously and is protected
by a pressure sensor; and for
lifts over 4.6m (15 ft), the pump
is located outside the cabinet,
alongside the sampling point and
runs continuously. The electrical
programmer is housed on the
cabinet door and is hinged to
permit access. Sealed disconnect
couplings are used on the refrig-
eration lines to permit cleaning
of coils. For situations where
the sampling point is not access-
ible to the sampler, an optional
submersible pump is available.
Nappe Series 46 Liquid Sampler Evaluation
1. Unit would not appear to be vulnerable to clogging,
except at hose fittings and solenoid valve.
142
-------
4
5,
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line.
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions .
Movement of, solids should not hamper operation.
No automatic starter. Gravity fall of liquid in lines
when pump stops will provide a sort of self-cleaning
action. Pump runs 30 seconds before extraction of
each sample, keeping lines reasonably clear.
Can collect either timer or flowmeter paced samples
and composites them in a 11. 4£ (3 gal) container. A
manual test switch operates the solenoid valve and
the self-priming pump.
Unsuitable for collection of samples of floatables
and coarser bottom solids without specially designed
intake by user.
Refrigeration is available as an option. Cross-
contamination should not be a large problem.
Unit not designed for manhole operation.
Cannot withstand immersion.
Thermostatically controlled heater allows operation
in freezing ambients.
Maximum lift of 6m (20 ft) does not place severe
restrictions on use of unit.
143
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Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price;
NOASCONO AUTOMATIC SHIFT SAMPLER
Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois 62234
Phone (618) 344-3706
End of 0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.
suction tube installed to suit
by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
Up to 9m (30 ft).
0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.
Up to 8 m£ per minute.
Ten user-supplied wide mouth,
3.8& (1 gal) jars are sequentially
filled from continuously running
pump; one jar requires 8 hours
to fill.
On/off switch. Speed regulation
is accomplished by a variable pump
pulley and with a two-step motor
pulley.
110 VAC.
None.
Sampler box is "Benelex", plywood,
and stainless steel. Sampling
train is Mayon, teflon, and
Tygon. Other parts are bronze
and plastic.
41 x 122 x 56 cm (16x48x22 in.);
weighs 39 kg (87 Ibs); portable.
Not available at time of writing.
144
-------
General Comments; Manufacturer claims that
construction of box will ensure
corrosion-free operation and will
enable sampler to operate at sub-
zero temperatures with the addi-
tion of user-supplied heater.
Box cover is insulated with
styrofoam blanket. Box is
designed to hold 10 wide-mouth
3.7£ (1 gal) sample jars which
must be supplied by the user. A
threaded stainless steel driving
shaft and plastic trough are used
to deliver sample to jars sequen-
tially. Manufacturer notes that
samples will not be representative
as regards solids content.
Noascono Automatic Shift Sampler Evaluation
1. Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake line; peristaltic pump can
tolerate solids, but tubing is rather small.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Should operate over all flow-conditions but extremely
low intake velocity will affect representativeness of
sample at all flow rates.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
Unit sequentially fills user supplied sample con-
tainers from very small, continuous stream. Pump
speed is adjustable.
Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers some sample protection, but offers no
refrigeration.
145
-------
9. Not designed for confined space or manhole operation
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit offers reasonable protection for operation in
freezing ambients due to insulated box cover if
heating element is installed by user. Intake line
could freeze unless also protected.
12. Maximum lift of 9m (30 ft) does not place much
operating restriction on unit.
146
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
N-CON SURVEYOR II MODEL
N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Phone (914) 235-1020
End of 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) sampling
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift by self-priming flexi-
ble impeller pump.
1.8m (6 ft) maximum.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. line con-
nects diverter to sample container.
20 Upm (5 gpm).
Aliquot size adjustable from ap-
proximately 150 mH to 5000 m£; com-
posited in user supplied container,
7.6£ (2 gal) jug to 208SL (55 gal)
drum.
Timer may be set to collect from
3 to 20 samples per hour; may also
be paced by either pulse duration
or totalizer signals from external
flowmeter.
115 VAC.
115 VAC/12 VDC refrigerator which
can hold either one 7.6& (2 gal) or
two 3.8£ (1 gal) bottles available.
Sampling train is PVC, nylon, epoxy
resin, and Buna-N.
28 x 20 x 25 cm (11 x 8 x 10 in);
weighs 6.8 kg (15 Ibs); portable.
$290; add $280 for refrigerator,
$20 for flow proportional hook-up.
When sample is to be collected, the
self-priming pump operates for a
preset period of time which deter-
mines the volume of the sample.
147
-------
Approximately 15% of the pump's
throughput is diverted to the sam-
ple receiver by a fluidic diverter.
When the pump stops the fall of
liquid level in the exhaust line
backwashes to help prevent clogging,
User must supply reinforced garden
hose lines for sample intake and
return and sample container.
N-Con Surveyor II Model Evaluation
1. Unit would not appear to be vulnerable to clogging,
except possibly at diverter fittings.
2. Will depend upon way user mounts end of sampling
tube.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Fall of liquid in exhaust line
when pump stops will backwash giving a sort of self-
cleaning action.
6. Can collect either timer or flowmeter paced samples
and composite them in a suitable container. Repre-
sentativeness of sample will depend upon user mounting
of intake tube.
7 Unsuitable for collection of samples of floatables and
coarser bottom solids without specially designed
intake by user.
8. Automatic refrigerator available as option. Small
amount of cross contamination might be experxenced.
9. Should be able to operate in manhole enviroment.
10. Cannot withstand immersion.
11. Not ideally suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 6 feet limits location of unit.
148
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
N-CON SCOUT II MODEL
N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Phone (914) 235-1020
Plastic strainer approximately
5 cm (2 in.) diameter x 20 cm
(8 in.) long and perforated
with 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.
Suction lift by peristaltic pump.
Up to 5.5 m (18 ft).
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
150 m£ per minute.
Aliquot size is adjustable via a
solid state timer to suit hydrau-
lics of installation and sampling
programs; composited in a 3.8£
(1 gal) container.
All solid state controller in
moisture-proof enclosure has func-
tion switch for test, reset and
set, and purge selection (before,
after, or both before and after
sample collection), sample volume
setting knob* on/off switch, and
samples per hour switch (1, 2, 4,
or 8 per hour or one sample every
1, 2, or 3 hours). Float switch
automatically shuts unit off when
sample container is full. Unit
may also be paced by any flow to-
talizer providing a momentary con-
tact closure every preset number
of gallons.
115 VAC or internal 12 VDC solid-
gel battery.
115 VAC/12 VDC refrigerator which
can hold either one 7.6£ (2 gal)
or two 3.8£ (1 gal) bottles
available.
149
-------
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling train PVC, silicone
rubber, polyethylene; case is
compression molded fiberglass,
stainless steel hardware.
36 x 15 x 43 cm (14 x 6 x 17 in.);
weighs 10 kg (22 Ibs); portable.
$575; solid-gel battery is $42,
charger is $38, automatic refrig-
erator is $280.
Optional refrigerator is
absorption-type, measures 43
x 43 x 38 cm (17 x 17 x 15 in.),
and weighs 9.5 kg (21 Ibs). Case
is weatherproof.
N-Con Scout II Model Evaluation
1. Peristaltic action of pump should reduce probability
of clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well over all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Three purge modes are switch-
selectable to help minimize cross-contamination and
offer a sort of self-cleaning.
6. Unit collects preset size aliquots at either preset
time intervals or as paced by external flowmeter and
composites them in container. Representativeness of
sample will depend upon user mounting of intake tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Refrigeration optional. Reasonably good sample pro-
tection (container is connected only to pump). Cross-
contamination should be small.
9. Designed to operate in manhole environment.
150
-------
10.
11.
12.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Not suited for operation in freezing environments.
Maximum lift of 5.5m (18 ft) places small restriction
on use of unit.
151
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method!
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
N-CON SENTRY 500 MODEL
N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Phone (914) 235-1020
Plastic strainer approximately
5 cm (2 in.) diameter x 20 cm
(8 in.) long and perforated with
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.
Suction lift by peristaltic pump.
Up to 5.5m (18 ft).
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
150 m& per minute.
Collects 24 sequential composite
500 m£ samples made up of from 2,
4, or 8 individual aliquots over a
period of 3 to 72 hours.
Same as Scout II Model plus bottles
per hour switch adjustable from
8 bottles per hour to 1 bottle in
3 hours.
115 VAC or internal 12 VDC solid-
gel battery.
Available as option.
Same as Scout II, but glass sample
jars (clear styrene optional) and
aluminum case with baked-on syn-
thetic enamel finish.
37 x 37 x 56 cm (14.5 x 14.5
x 22 in.); weighs 17.7 kg (39 Ibs)
portable.
$1,125; solid-gel battery is $42,
charger is $38.
152
-------
General Comments:
Similar in operation to the Scout
Model except for capability to
collect discrete samples. Sampler
automatically shuts off after
24th bottle is filled. Twin doors
provide easy access at both front
and rear of case. Sample distri-
bution tray slides out for easy
cleaning without disturbing other
components. A second pump head
may be easily field installed, pro-
viding the ability to collect a
single as well as sequential compos-
ite sample simultaneously or to
sample at different levels in the
flow or from two different sources
simultaneously.
N-Con Sentry 500 Model Evaluation
1. Peristaltic action of pump should reduce probability
of clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Three purge modes are switch-
selectable to help minimize cross-contamination and
offer a sort of self-cleaning.
6. Unit collects 24 sequential composite samples made up
of 2 to 8 individual aliquots at preset time intervals
or as paced by external flowmeter. Representativeness
of sample will depend upon user mounting of intake
tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Refrigeration optional. Reasonably good sample protec-
tion. Cross-contamination should be small.
9. Designed to operate in manhole environment.
153
-------
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not suited for operation in.freezing environments.
12. Maximum lift of 5.5m (18 ft) places small restriction
on use of unit.
154
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
N-CON SENTINEL MODEL
N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Phone (914) 235-1020
Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.
External head to provide flow
through a sampling chamber from
which an oscillating dipper (after
McGuire and Stormgaard) extracts
a sample aliquot and transfers it
to a funnel where it is gravity
fed to a composite bottle.
Not applicable.
Smallest line in sampling train is
the one connecting the funnel to
the sample bottle; it appears to
be about 2.5 cm (1 in.).
38 to 189 £pm (10 to 50 gpm).
Sampling dipper collects a 25 mZ
aliquot; a 7.6£ (2 gal) composite
container is provided.
Constant rate sampling (between 3
and 20 samples per hour) is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional composites are col-
lected by connecting to the elec-
trical output of a pulse duration
or integrating external flowmeter.
115 VAC
Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4° to 10°C is available.
Construction Materials; PVC and polyethylene,
Basic Dimensions:
56 x 71 x 147 cm (22 x 28
x 58 in.). Designed for fixed in-
stallation. Weighs 83.9 kg
(185 Ibs).
155
-------
Base Price:
General Comments:
Around $2,600 with refrigerator.
Manufacturer claims representative
samples assured due to design of
sample chamber which causes
thorough mixing of liquid before
it flows over adjustable weir.
N-Con Sentinel Model Evaluation
1. Should be free from clogging. Sampling intake must be
designed by user.
2. Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
3. Should operate well over entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Designed for continuous operation; no automatic
starter. Continuous flow serves a self cleaning
function and should minimize cross contamination.
6. Can collect either flow proportional or fixed time
interval composites. Representativeness of sample
will be a function of sample intake which is not a
part of this unit.
7. Collection of floatables and coarser bottom solids
will depend upon design of sampling intake.
8. Automatic refrigeration maintains samples at 44° to
10°C. Offers good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.
9. Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Does not appear capable of prolonged exposure to
extremely cold ambient conditions.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
156
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line SIze;
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
N-CON TREBLER MODEL
N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801
Phone (914) 235-1020
Specially designed scoop.
Mechanical; oscillating scoop is
lowered into the channel traversing
entire depth of flow, then returned
to its raised position, draining
the collected sample by gravity
through a swivel fitting coaxial
with the hub into a sample
container.
Unit must be in flow stream.
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) diameter pipe
connects hub to sample container.
Not applicable.
Scoop is shaped to gather a volume
of liquid that 'is proportional to
the channel flow; can vary typi-
cally from 200 to 600 m£ when
installed in a Parshall flume.
Electric timer may be set to take
from 3 to 20 samples per hour.
115 VAC electricity
Automatic refrigerator available
which provides 4° to 10°C sample
storage.
Cast aluminum frame and cover;
PVC scoop, plastic pipe.
Approximately 0.6 to 0.9m (2 to
3 ft) of headroom is required.
Other dimensions depend upon size
of flume or weir. Refrigerator
case is 61 x 66 x 76 cm (24 x 26
x 30 in.). Designed for fixed
installation.
157
-------
Base Price;
General Comments;
$1,050; add $300 for refrigerator.
Drive mechanism and control pro-
grammer are totally enclosed and
weatherproof, with no exposed
chains or sprockets. Oscillating
action of scoop permits installa-
tion in smaller weir boxes and man-
holes and lessens the chances of
fouling with rags, etc., or being
damaged by floating debris. Must
operate in conjunction with a weir
or Parshall flume.
N-Con Trebler Model Evaluation
1. Scoop is not likely to pick up any solids large enough
to clog sample line.
2. Scoop presents an obstruction over the entire depth of
flow during sampling cycle.
3. Scoop must be designed for range of flows anticipated
in conjunction with flume. This range has certain
limitations.
4. Movement of solids could interfere with scoop rotation;
abrasive wear on rigid, high impact PVC scoop should
not be too great.
5. No automatic starter; no self cleaning features.
6. Collects a sample for compositing from throughout the
entire depth of flow that is proportional to depth and
hence flow rate through the flume.
7. Will afford some capability of sampling floatables as
well as bottom solids.
8. Standard unit has no sample container. Optional
refrigerator would appear to offer reasonable
protection.
9. Designed for operation in the flow stream, but requires
a Parshall flume for best operation which would rule
out most manholes.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
158
-------
11. Unit is not designed to operate in freezing ambients
12. Unit must be in flow stream to function.
159
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity:
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
PERI PUMP MODEL 704
The Peri Pump Company Ltd.
180 Clark Drive
Kenmore, New York 14223
Phone (716) 875-7955
Weighted screen at end of 1.8m
(6 ft) long suction tube in-
stalled to suit by user.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
Designed to operate between 1.2
and 1.8m (4 and 6 ft); Manufac-
turer claims, however, that pump
is capable of lifting over 7.6m
(25 ft) although at reduced out-
put .
Appears to be about 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.
Approximately 160 m£ per minute.
Fixed size (approx. 40 m£) ali-
quots are taken every 15 minutes
and composited in a 3.8& (1 gal)
container.
On/off switch.
Two 12 VDC dry-cell batteries.
None
Sample train is PVC and silicon.
Case is aluminum with rubber
sealed door and epoxy-sealed
controls and is painted with an
acrylic lacquer.
49 x 37 x 30 cm (16x12x10 in.);
weighs 11.3 kg (25 Ibs); portable
Not available at time of writing.
160
-------
General Comments; An overflow tube is connected to
the container in case the unit is
left longer than 24 hours. Ali-
quot size is a function of lift.
Peri Pump Model 704 Evaluation
1. Peristaltic action of pump should reduce probability
of clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not affect operation
adversely.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
6. Unit takes fixed time interval samples paced by a
built-in timer and composites them in a suitable
container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Unit offers reasonable sample protection, but offers
no refrigeration. Cross-contamination appears very
likely.
9. Unit is designed for manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients.
12. Designed for operation at between 1.2 and 1.8m (4 and
6 ft) lift, which limits location of unit. Greater
lifts are possible but with reduced aliquot size.
161
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method!
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
PHIPPS AND BIRD DIPPER-TYPE
Phipps and Bird, Inc.
303 South 6th Street
Richmond, Virginia 23205
Phone (703) 644-5401
Dipping bucket.
Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.
Up to 3m (10 ft) standard, longer
on special order.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Dipping bucket holds 200 mH; user
supplies sample composite container
to suit.
Sampling cycle can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals from a built-in timer
(15 minutes) or in response to
signals from an external inte-
grating flowmeter. Test switch.
115 VAC or 12 VDC electricity.
Optional refrigerator, with wide
mouth sample intake (to match
sampler discharge trough) leading
to custom sampler container, will
maintain sample between 4-10°C.
Dipper and funnel are stainless
steel; sprockets and chain are
steel (stainless available),
supports are angle iron.
Lower portion of unit will pass
through a 30.5 cm (12 in.) diameter
opening; base is 41 x 61 cm (16 x
24 in.) and entire unit will pass
through a 76 cm (30 in.) diameter
opening; unit extends 0.9m (3 ft)
above base. Fixed installation.
162
-------
Figure 11. Phipps and Bird Dipper-Type Sampler
Bhotograph courtesy of Pljipps and Bird, Inc
163
-------
Base Price;
General Comments
$725; $1,145 in stainless steel;
$1,980 for explosion proof version:
$2,450 for explosion proof version
in stainless steel; refrigerator
is $325.
Manufacturer states unit was de-
signed to sample trash laden
streams where it is not possible
to operate a pump. A circuit
breaker prevents damage if unit
becomes jammed.
Phipps and Bird Dipper-Type Evaluation
1. Clogging of sampling train is unlikely; however, the
exposed chain-sprocket drive is vulnerable to jamming
by rags, debris, etc.
2. Unit provides a rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Unit should operate over full range of flows.
4. Movement of solids could jam unit.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots paced by built-in timer
or external flowmeter and composites them in a suit-
able container.
7. Does not appear well suited for collecting either.
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No sample collector provided.
9. Unit is capable of manhole operation.
10. Unit is not weatherproof; cannot withstand total
immersion.
11. Unit is not suitable for prolonged operation in
freezing ambients.
12. Unit would appear impractical for very long lifts (say
above 18.3m (60 ft).
164
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
PROTEGH MODEL CG-110
Protech., Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
Phone (215) 644-4420
Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference.
Weighted bottom caps are -avail-
able to keep the intake screen
off the bottom.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).
0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Less than 1 £pm; depends upon
pressure setting and lift.
Sample chamber volumes of 25, 50,
75, or 100 m£; composited in user
supplied container.
Sampling frequency is determined
by a built-in ratemeter and
fluidic accumulator timing cir-
cuit. Sampling interval adjust-
able from 2 to 60 minutes. On-off
valve for control of external
pressure source. Standard 50 m£
sample chamber has removable
25 m£ plug.
Requires external pressure source
such as refrigerant type of
propellant, nitrogen or compressed
air .
Available as an option.
165
-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Construction Materials; All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is heavy duty aluminum with
baked vinyl finish.
33 x 23 x 30 cm (13x9x12 in.);
weighs 7.3 kg (16 Ibs); portable.
$485.
Model is explosion proof. No
battery or electrical lines
needed. Propellant consumption
is approximately equivalent to
150-170 samples per 0.45 kg (1 Ib)
of R-12 refrigerant. Optionally
available are TFE sample chamber
and tubing for sampling oily or
sticky liquids, puncturing valve
for propellant in sealed refrig-
erant cans, short unweighted
bottom cap for sample chamber,
and a portable refrigerator.
Protech Model CG-110 Evaluation
1. Sampling train is unobstructed 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
passageway which will pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot. Circulation of flow
through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
signal. Representativeness is also questionable at
high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. A self-cleaning feature of sorts
in the sampling chamber is accomplished by the two-way
flushing action which occurs during each filling and
pressurizing cycle.
166
-------
6. Collects spot samples at preset time intervals and
composites them in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Portable refrigerator available as an option to refrig-
erate sample containers. Some cross-contamination
appears likely.
9. Designed for manhole operation.
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Unit is not suited for operation in freezing ambients.
12. Upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does not pose a
severe restriction on operating head conditions.
167
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
PROTECH MODEL CG-125
Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
Phone (215) 644-4420
Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference. Weighted
bottom caps are available to keep
the intake screen off the bottom.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).
0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Less than 1 &pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.
Sample chamber volumes from 25 to
250 ml available; sample composited
in suitable container, 5.8&
(1.5 gal) jug available.
Sampling frequency is determined
by metering gas pressure (via a
rotometer with a vernier needle
valve and two float balls) into a
surge tank until a preset pressure,
normally 1 kg/sq cm (15 psi), is
reached, whereupon a pressure con-
troller releases the gas, a
0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi) differential,
to the sample chamber forcing the
sample up to the sample bottle and
blowing the lines clear. The
higher the gas flow rate the
higher the sampling frequency.
Sampling frequency is adjustable
from two minutes to one hour.
Three 0.45 kg (1 Ib) cans of re-
frigerant on a common manifold
inside the case is standard; com-
pressed air or nitrogen can also
be used.
168
-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Portable refrigerator (110 VAC or
12 VDC) with capacity for one 5.8£
(1.5 gal) or two 3.8£ (1 gal) sam-
ple containers available.
All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum, gas valves and
fittings are of brass and copper.
33 x 25 x 43 cm (13 x 10 x 17 in.)
standard; deep case large enough
to hold a 5.8£ (1.5 gal) sample
container and winterizing kit is
available. Standard unit weighs
14 kg (31 Ibs) total; portable.
$695 for basic unit including 50 mH
sample chamber, 6 cans of refriger-
ant, and two 9m (30 ft) lengths of
tubing. Add $75 for deep case;
$140 for winterizing kit; $20 for
100 m£ or $80 for 250 m£ sample
chamber; $275 for refrigerator.
Two high-lift, to 91m (300 ft),
models are available; CG-170 at
$870 offers continuously adjustable
lift, while CG-190 at $890 has con-
vertible high/low lift.
Standard model is explosion proof,
no battery or electrical power is
required. Manufacturer claims unit
will sample up to 1/8" diameter
solids. Check valve in sample
chamber is self-cleaning. Self-
cleaning feature is accomplished by
the two-way flushing action which
occurs during each filling and
pressurizing cycle. A flow split-
ter provides 1 to 2, 1 to 1, or
2 to 1 ratio of sample flow to
waste return flow. Three cans of
refrigerant allow taking up to
250 aliquots. Winterizing is ac-
complished using strip heaters op-
erated by an automatic temperature
control.
169
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4,
5,
Protech Model CG-125 Evaluation
1. Sampling train is unobstructed 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
passageway which will pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot. Circulation of flow
through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
signal. Representativeness is also questionable at
high flow rates.
Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
No automatic starter. A self-cleaning feature of sorts
in the sampling chamber is accomplished by the two-way
flushing action which occurs during each filling and
pressurizing cycle.
6. Collects spot samples at preset time intervals and
composites them in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Refrigeration is available as an option. Deep case
version offers reasonable sample protection. Some
cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit is designed for manhole operation.
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with
optional winterizing kit.
12. Standard upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does not
pose a great restriction on operating head conditions;
high lift versions have virtually no restriction.
170
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
PROTECH MODEL CG-125FP
Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
Phone (215) 644-4420
Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference. Weighted
bottom caps are available to keep
the intake screen off the bottom.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).
0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Less than 1 £pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.
Sample chamber volumes from 25 to
250 m£ available; sample composited
in suitable container, 5.8£
(1.5 gal) jug available.
Can take samples at preset time
intervals in same way as
Model CG-125. For flow propor-
tional sampling a normally closed,
solenoid operated valve in the gas
inlet opens momentarily on receiv-
ing an impulse from an external
flow registering device. The sam-
pling frequency is determined by
the frequency and duration of
these impulses and the rotometer
setting. Thus the intermittent
flow signal impulses are translated
into fluidic impulses that are ac-
cumulated in the surge tank which
serves as a totalizer. If the flow
proportional signal is supplied by
a totalizer and it is desired to
take one sample per impulse, a
solid state timer is available
171
-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Basic Price;
General Comments
which will hold the solenoid open
long enough to accumulate the
necessary pressure.
115 VAC or 6 VDC; three 0.45 kg
(1 Ib) cans of refrigerant on a
common manifold inside the case is
standard; compressed air or nitro-
gen can also be used.
Optional as with CG-125.
All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum, gas valves and
fittings are of brass and copper.
Same as Model CG-125.
$925 for basic unit; add $250 for
solid state timer, other acces-
sories priced as for Model CG-125.
Basically a flow proportional
version of Model CG-125. Com-
pletely portable in battery ver-
sion. Control solenoid is
certified by UL for use in hazard-
ous areas.
Protech Model CG-125FP Evaluation
1. Sampling train is unobstructed 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
passageway which will pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot. Circulation of flow
through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
signal. Representativeness is also questionable at
high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
172
-------
5. No automatic starter. A self-cleaning feature of sorts
in the sampling chamber is accomplished by the two-way
flushing action which occurs during each filling and
pressurizing cycle.
6. Collects spot samples at either preset time intervals
or paced by an external flowmeter and composites them
in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Refrigeration is available as option. Some cross-
contamination appears likely. Deep case version offers
reasonable sample protection.
9. Unit is designed for manhole operation.
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with op-
tional winterizing kit.
12. Standard upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does not
pose a great restriction on operating head conditions.
173
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source;
PROTEGE MODEL CEG 200
Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
Phone (215) 644-4420
Plastic 250 mH sampling chamber
with 4 removable 50 m& plugs.
Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Standard maximum is 16.8m (55 ft).
Smallest line is 0.32 cm (1/8 in.)
I.D.
Less than 1 £pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.
Aliquots taken by 250 m& sample
chamber with 4 removable 50 m&
plugs are composited in a 5.8£
(1.5 gal) sample container.
Sampling interval and duration
are controlled individually
(6 seconds to 60 hours) from panel
with visible countdown. Samples
can be taken by propellant from
an external pressure source, or
by internal air compressor for
continuous use or standby.
Accepts signals by preset timer
or from external flowmeter signal.
Purging time is controllable via
sample duration timer. Higher
lift than standard is available
by resetting internal pressure
regulator.
115 VAC and propellant from an
external pressure source such as
nitrogen, compressed air, or
refrigerant.
174
-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Noiseless absorption type avail-
able as an option with capacity
for one 5.8& (1.5 gal) or two
3.8& (1 gal) sample containers.
An aluminum stand is also avail-
able to support the refrigerator
on a shelf below the sampler.
Stationary models accommodate the
refrigerator within cabinet.
All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum.
Portable - 33 x 48 x 43 cm
(13x19x17 in.), weighs 18 kg
(40 Ibs) total; Stationary indoor-
69 x 66 x 127 cm (27x26x50 in.),
weighs 107 kg (235 Ibs) total;
Stationary outdoor - 76 x 66 x
152 cm (30x26x60 in.), weighs
118 kg (260 Ibs) total.
$1,345 (portable), $1,990 (sta-
tionary indoor), and $2445
(stationary outdoor); all include
250 mJl sample chamber, 15.2m
(50 ft) each of 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
O.D. and 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) O.D.
tubing, and 5.8£ (1.5 gal) sample
container. For portable model
add $275 for refrigerator, $140
for winterizing kit, and $75 for
aluminum stand to hold sampler
above container or refrigerator.
Manufacturer claims unit has high-
solids capability for sampling
industrial and sewage wastes.
Sample lines are purged of liquid
after each sample is taken. A
seven-day programming clock for
stationary models programs opera-
tion in selected 15-minute incre-
ments; available at $195.
175
-------
Protech Model CEG 200 Evaluation
1. Sampling tra,in is unobstructed 0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
passageway which will pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following dis-
charge of previous aliquot. Circulation of flow
through chamber would appear to be limited, resulting
in a sample not necessarily representative of condi-
tions in the sewer at the time of the next triggering
signal. Representativeness is also questionable at
high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Self-cleaning in the sampling
chamber is somewhat accomplished by the two-way
flushing action which occurs during each filling and
pressuring cycle.
6. Collects spot samples at either preset time intervals
or paced by an external flowmeter and composites them
in a suitable container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. Portable top-opening, absorption-type refrigerator
available as an option to maintain sample compartment
at desired temperature. Some cross-contamination
appears likely.
9. Portable unit can be used for manhole operation.
10. Case is weatherproof but will not withstand total
immersion.
11. Can operate in freezing ambients if fitted with op-
tional winterizing kit.
12. Upper lift limit of 16.8m (55 ft) poses little
restriction on operating head conditions.
176
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer :
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
PROTECH MODEL CEL-300
Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
Phone (215) 644-3854
Plastic cylindrical (about
10 cm diameter x 20 cm long)
screen perforated with over
500-0.5 cm (3/16 in.) diameter
ports over pump inlet.
Forced flow from submersible pump.
Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft.)
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose.
3.8 to 7.6 £pm (1 to 2 gpm)
recommended.
Aliquot volume (2 to 65 m&) is a
function of the preset diversion
time; 5.8& (1.5 gal) composite
container is standard.
Unit operates on continuous-flow
principle, returning the un-
collected sample to waste. Sample
is pumped through a non-clogging
flow-diverter type chamber. Upon
receiving a signal from either an
external flow registering device
or the built-in timer, the unit
diverts the flow for a preset pe-
riod of time (adjustable from
0.06 to 1.0 second) to the sample
container. When operating in the
timed sampling mode, the sampling
frequency can be set for 1, 2, or
5 minutes. When operating in the
flow-proportional mode the sampler
may accept either a timed pulse
signal which can be accumulated
(totalized) by the built-in timer,
or a single totalized signal
whereupon the sampler will be
fired directly.
177
-------
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price;
General Comments:
115 VAC.
Available as an option in portable
model. Stationary models have
automatic refrigerated sample
compartment.
Sampling train; PVC, nylon, stain-
less steel, and TFE resins; case
is aluminum with baked vinyl
finish.
Portable - 33 x 48 x 43 cm (13
x 19 x 17 in.), weighs 31.8 kg
(70 Ibs) total; Stationary in-
door - 69 x 66 x 127 cm (27 x 26
x 50 in.), weighs 113 kg (250 Ibs)
total; Stationary outdoor - 76
x 66 x 152 cm (30 x 26 x 60 in.),
weighs 125 kg (275 Ibs) total.
$1,495 portable, $2,205 stationary
indoor, $2,750 stationary outdoor;
all include lira (36 ft) of 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose, 6.1m
(20 ft) of 2.5 cm (1 in.) waste
return hose, clamps, submersible
magnetic-drive pump, motor, and
sample container. Alternative
pumps are direct-drive submersible
(add $10) , flexible-impeller
positive-displacement (add $25),
progressive-cavity positive-
displacement (add $185), open-
impeller centrifugal (add $145),
and closed-impeller centrifugal
(add $175).
Model DEL-400S is essentially sim-
ilar except that it takes up to
24 discrete samples in separate
500 mH containers. It is housed
in a stationary outdoor cabinet
measuring 76 x 81 x 183 cm (30
x 32 x 72 in.) and total weight is
154 kg (340 Ibs). Aluminum cabinet
version weighs 93 kg (205 Ibs).
Standard model costs $3,995 and
aluminum version is.$4,765.
178
-------
Protech Model CEL-300 Evaluation
1. Large sampling screen chamber over pump inlet can
tolerate blockage of a number of ports and still func-
tion. Pump and tubing should be free from clogging.
2. Submersible pump and screen present an obstruction to
the flow.
3.
9
10
11,
12,
Should be capable of operation over the full range of
flow conditions.
Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the in-water portion unless special protection is pro-
vided by user.
No automatic starter since designed for continuous
flow. Continuous flow serves a self cleaning function
of all except line from diverter to sample bottle.
Collects spot samples paced either by built-in timer
or .external flowmeter and composites them in a
suitable container. DEL-400 collects 24 discrete
samples.
Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
Absorption type refrigerator available as an option in
portable version. Stationary units have automatic
refrigerated sample compartment. Cross-contamination
should not be too great.
Portable unit is designed for manhole operation.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Can operate in freezing ambients unless fitted with op-
tional winterizing kit.
Upper lift limit of 9.1m (30 ft) does not pose a great
restriction on operating head conditions.
179
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
QCEC MODEL CVE
Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 50315
Phone (515) 285-3091
End of suction line installed to
suit by user.
Suction lift from vacuum pump.
6m (20 ft.) maximum.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I . D .
Depends upon lift, but under 3
(0.8 gpm) .
Adjustable aliquots of from 20 to
50 mH are composited in a 1.9£
(1/2 gal) jug (standard) or 3.85,
(1 gal) jug (optional).
Sampling cycles can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals by a built-in timer or in
response to signals .from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.
115 VAC standard; 12 VDC optional.
Standard model has insulated case
with built-in ice chamber; auto-
matic refrigeration is available
as an option.
Sampling train is tygon, polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and glass;
case is fiberglass.
38 x 38 x 61 cm (15 x 15 x 24 in.)
portable .
$570 for base unit with timer only,
Add $175 for control to allow
pacing by external flowmeter, $250
for mechanical refrigeration, $35
for electric heater.
180
-------
Figure 12. Quality Control Equipment Company
Model CVE Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Quality Control Equipment Company
181
-------
General Comments;
Unit was developed by Dow Chemical
and is manufactured under license.
It uses a patented vacuum system
which delivers a volumetrically
controlled sample on signal. Liq-
uid is lifted through suction tube
into a sample chamber (which is
connected to the sample container)
with a float check valve. When the
chamber is filled to the desired
level it is automatically closed to
vacuum, the pump shuts o-ff, and the
sample is forcibly drawn into the
sample container. The suction line
drains by gravity to the source.
An option provides an 5.6 kg/sq cm
(80 psi) blow-down of the sampling
train just prior to sampling assur-
ing that no old material remains
in the submerged lower end of the
suction tube, helps clean the lines
of any accumulations which might
clog or plug, and provides a fresh
air purge of the entire system.
QCEC Model CVE Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging due to lack of
bends and fittings in sample train and optional
5.6 kg/sq cm (80 psi) purging feature.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
end of sampling tube.
3. Should operate fairly well over the entire range of
flow conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Optional purge serves a self-
cleaning function.
6. Can collect samples paced by either built-in timer or
external flowmeter and composite them in a suitable
container. Representativeness of sample will depend
upon user mounting of intake tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
182
-------
10
11
12.
Standard unit has insulated sample container with, ice
chamber; automatic refrigeration is optional. Appears
to offer good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.
Unit would appear to function satisfactorily in a
manhole environment.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Thermostatically controlled heater is available for
applications in freezing ambients.
Maximum lift of 6m (20 ft) does not place too severe a
restriction on use of- the unit.
183
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
QCEC MODEL CVE II
Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 50315
Phone (515) 285-3091
End of suction line installed to
suit by user.
Suction lift from vacuum pump.
6m (20 ft) maximum.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Adjustable up to 3 £pm (0.8 gpm).
Adjustable aliquots of from 20 to
50 mJl are composited in a 3. 8&
(1 gal) jug.
New all solid state control sys-
tem with interval timing module
will accept signals from external
flowmeters and perform its own
integration to provide flow pro-
portional sampling. It will also
accept external time pulse signals,
or signals from sampling switches,
or operate on a straight timed
interval basis. Sample flow rate
is also adjustable.
115 VAC standard; 12 VDC optional,
including internal gel-cell
battery.
Standard model has insulated case
with built-in ice chamber; auto-
matic refrigeration is available
as an option.
Sampling train is tygon, polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and glass;
case is fiberglass.
184
-------
Figure 13. Quality Control Equipment Company
Model CVE II Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Quality Control Equipment Company
185
-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments:
About 43 x 38 x 51 cm
(17x15x20 in.); portable.
Approximately $1,000 for basic
unit.
This unit is essentially an im-
~proved version of the older CVE.
Its internal battery will last up
to 4 days on a single charge. Up
to two weeks operation is possible
with automotive type batteries.
Unit has built-in charger. The
new solid state control system
allows the double blow-down fea-
ture to operate in all control
modes. Sample intake velocity is
now adjustable. In both the
standard case and a specially
designed housing for suspension
in manholes, the sample container
and battery are easily removable
from the top.
QCEC Model CVE II Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging due to lack
of bends and fittings in sample train and optional
5.6 kg/sq cm (80 psi) purging feature.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
end of sampling tube.
3. Should operate fairly well over the entire range of
flow conditions; sample intake velocity is adjustable.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. May be triggered by external signal. Optional purge
serves a self-cleaning function.
6. Can collect samples paced by either built-in timer or
external flowmeter and composite them in a suitable
container. Representativeness of sample will depend
upon user mounting of intake tube.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collection of float-
ables or coarser bottom solids.
186
-------
10
11,
12,
Standard unit has insulated sample container with ice
chamber; automatic refrigeration .is optional. Appears
to offer good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.
Unit would appear to function satisfactorily in a
manhole environment.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Thermostatically controlled heater is available for
applications in freezing environments.
Maximum lift of 6m (20 ft) does not place too severe
a restriction on use of the unit.
187
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
QCEC MODEL E
Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 50315
Phone (515) 285-3091
Dipping bucket.
Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.
To suit; manufacturer claims no
reasonable limit to working depth.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Dipping bucket holds 60 m&; user
supplies sample composite con-
tainer to suit.
Sampling cycles can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals by a built-in timer or in
response to signals from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.
115 VAC Electricity
None
Dipper is stainless steel;
sprockets and chain are corrosion-
resistant cast iron (stainless
available), supports are provided
by user.
Upper unit is 20 x 39 x 36 cm
(8 x 15.5 x 14 in.); lower unit is
7.6 x 11.4 cm (3 x 4.5 in.).
$965 plus $25 per foot beyond 6';
add $400 for stainless steel
sprockets and chain plus $45 per
foot beyond 61, $175 for control to
allow pacing by external flowmeter.
188
-------
General Comments:
Manufacturer states that unit was
designed as a permanently installed
sampler for the most difficult ap-
plications such as packing houses,
steel mills, pulp mills, and
municipal applications. Unit must
be custom installed by user. Min-
imum water depth required is
10 cm (4 in.) .
QCEC Model E Evaluation
1. Clogging of sampling train is unlikely; however, the
exposed chain-sprocket drive is vulnerable to jamming
by rags, debris, etc.
2. Unit provides a rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Unit should operate over full range of flows.
4. Movement of solids could jam or physically damage unit.
5. No automatic starter; no self cleaning features.
6. Collects fixed size aliquots paced by built-in timer
or external flowineter and composites them in a suit-
able container.
7. Does not appear well suited for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No sample collector provided.
9. Unit is capable of manhole operation.
10. Unit is weatherproof; cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit is not suitable for prolonged operation in
freezing ambients.
12. Unit would appear impractical for very long lifts, say
above 18m (60 ft).
189
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
RICE BARTON EFFLUENT SAMPLER
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Rice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 1086
Worcester, Massachusetts
Phone (617) 752-2821
01601
Base Price:
Open end of rigid pipe extending
from below expected low water
level to above sample container.
Suction lift from vacuum pump.
Around 3.7m (12 ft) maximum.
Smallest line appears to be about
2.5 cm (1 in.)
Will vary with lift.
Adjustable size aliquots of from
200 to 500 m£ are composited in
a user-supplied container.
Panel offers selection of manual,
timed sequence, or automatic
remote modes. Timing cycles can
be varied from one to ten minutes,
or longer if necessary.
110 VAC.
None.
Sampling train has all non-
corrosive effluent contact
surfaces.
Draw pipe, sample discharge tube
and valve unit are sample lift
plus about 0.9m (3 ft) long;
motor, pump, and control unit
appear to be about 0.6 x 0.1 x
0.9m (2x1x3 ft); appears best
suited for fixed installations.
Not available at time of writing.
190
-------
General Comments;
Large diameter sample draw pipe
is normally pressurized with zero
effluent level. On signal, an
air control valve is shifted to
vacuum and the effluent rises in
the draw pipe until the sample
discharge pipe is full. A liquid
probe contact signal shifts the
air control valve to pressure»
leaving sample discharge pipe
full. Timer signal opens sample
discharge valve and sample is dis-
charged to container. Valve
closes and unit is ready for next
cycle. Unit was designed for sam-
pling of effluents with high
solids content.
Rice Barton Effluent Sampler Evaluation
1. Only the sample discharge valve offers any vulnerabil-
ity to clogging.
2. Draw pipe offers a rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Should operate reasonably well over all flow conditions
Representativeness may be questionable at high flow
rates.
4. Movement of small solids should not hamper operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the intake pipe.
5. Accepts remote triggering; no self-cleaning features.
6. Unit essentially collects aliquots at fixed time
periods and composites them in a user-supplied
container.
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatables,,
or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration. Sample protection must be provided
by user. Cross-contamination appears likely.
9. Unit is not designed for manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
191
-------
11. Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
some period of time.
12. Maximum lift of 3.7m (12 ft) puts some restriction on
use of unit.
192
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
SERCO MODEL NW-3
Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn. 55071
Phone (612) 459-6065
24-0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. vinyl
sampling lines are connected to in-
dividual ports in a stainless steel
sampling head (approx 10 cm dia)
and protected by a stainless steel
shroud.
Suction lift from vacuum in
evacuated sample bottles.
0.9m (3 ft) standard; sample size
reduced as lift increases; about
3m (10 ft) appears practical upper
limit. .
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) inside, diameter.
Varies with filling time, atmos-
pheric pressure, bottle vacuum,
sample lift, etc.
24-473 mJl French square glass
bottles are provided. Sample
sizes up to 400 m& can be obtained
depending upon lift, bottle vacuum
and atmospheric pressure; 200 m£
is typical.
A spring driven clock via a change-
able gearhead rotates an arm which
trips line switches at a predeter-
mined time interval triggering
sample collection. Sampling in-
tervals of 2, 3, or 8 hours and
5, 10 or 30 minutes are available
in addition to the standard one
hour interval.
Spring driven clock.
Has ice cavity for cooling:
193
-------
Figure 14. SERCO Model NW-3 Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Sonford Products Corp
194
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions :
Base Price:
Aluminum case with rigid poly-
styrene insulation; aluminum
bottle rack; glass bottles with
rubber stoppers and rubber lines
through switch plate, plastic
connectors and vinyl lines to
stainless steel sampling head.
39 x 3.9 x 68 cm (15.5 x 15.5
x 26.8 in.) empty weight is 25 kg
(55 Ibs; portable.
$920 including vacuum pump.
Serco Model HW-3 Evaluation
1. Sampling head is vulnerable to blockage of a number of
sampling ports at one time by paper, rags, plastic,
etc. Sampling train is an unobstructed 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) passageway which will pass small solids.
No pump to clog.
2. Sampling head and shroud are simply dangled in the
flow stream to be sampled. No rigid obstruction.
3. Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
samples questionable at high flow rates. Length of
protective shroud limits immersion to about 0.3m (1 ft)
before vinyl sampling tubes are exposed to flow.
4. Sampling head would appear to be vulnerable to clog-
ging if in bed load. Stainless steel shroud offers
good protection against movement of solids in flow
stream.
6
7,
Optional automatic starter available which allows
remote starting by either clock or float mechanism.
Otherwise must be started manually. No self cleaning
features. Proper cleaning of all 24 sampling lines
would be difficult and time consuming in the field.
Collects discrete samples at preset times-.
Appears unsuitable for collection of samples of either
floatable materials or coarser bottom solids.
Provision for ice cooling affords some sample protec-
tion for a limited time. Limited lift may require
195
-------
placing sampler case in a vulnerable location. Use of
individual sampling lines eliminates cross contamina-
tion possibility.
9. Unit will pass through a 51 cm (20 in.) diameter cir-
cle. Case has base opening where sampling line bridle
emerges. Should be capable of manhole operation.
10. Case will fill with fluid if submerged. Spring clock
and drive mechanism then becomes vulnerable, especially
if fluid contains solids.
11. No standard provision for heating case. Freezing of
sampling lines appears a distinct possibility.
12. Practical upper lift limit of 3m (10 ft) poses re-
strictions on operating head conditions.
196
-------
Designation!
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
SERCO MODEL TC-2
Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn. 55071
Phone (612) 459-6065
Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.
External head to provide flow
through a sample reservoir from
which a mechanical arm actuated by
an air cylinder with a dipper cup
extracts a sample aliquot and
transfers it to a funnel where it
is gravity fed to a composite
bottle.
Not applicable.
Smallest line in sampling train is
the one connecting the funnel to
the tube leading to the sample
bottle; it appears to be about
2 cm (3/4 in.).
Recommended flow rate through
sampler is 38 to 47 &pm (10 to
15 gpm). Reservoir is designed
so that sufficient velocity and
turbulence will prevent settling
or separation.
Sampling dippers are available in
either 10 or 20 m£ capacity; a two
gallon sample composite container
is provided.
Takes samples either on signal
from a preset timer or from signals
originating from an external
flowmeter.
115 VAC electrical plus low pres-
sure plant air.
Automatic refrigeration unit
thermostatically controlled to
maintain sample temperature at
4° to 10°C.
19;
-------
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments
Sampling arm is all brass and
stainless steel; dipper cup is
plastic; cabinet is stainless
steel with zinc plated framing and
porcelain interior.
97 x 61 x 88 cm (38 x 24 x 35 in.)
plus sampling arm which extends
up 60 cm (23.5 in.) and back about
0.3m (1 ft). Designed for fixed
installation.
$2,495
A permanent installation for con-
tinuous composite sampling. The
actual sampling device is simply
an open cup which is large enough
to permit sampling all sizes of
suspended solids normally encoun-
tered in wastewater flows. Because
the cup is emptied by turning it
over completely, the entire sample
is removed and there is little
likelihood of solids being retained
in the cup.
Serco Model TC-2 Evaluation
1. Should be free from clogging. Sampling intake must be
designed by user.
2. Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
3. Should operate well over entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Designed for continuous operation; no automatic
starter. Continuous flow serves a self cleaning
function and should minimize cross-contamination.
6. Can collect either flow proportional composite or
fixed time interval composite. Representativeness
of sample will be a function of sampling intake
which is not a part of this unit.
7. Collection of floatables and coarser bottom solids will
depend upon design of sampling intake.
198
-------
8. Automatic refrigeration maintains samples at 4° to
10°C. Offers good sample protection and freedom from
precontamination.
9. Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not designed for use in freezing ambient conditions.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
199
-------
Designation;
Manufacuter:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
STGMAHOTOR MODEL WA-1
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York
Phone (716) 735-3616
14105
Base Price:
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.
6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift.
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
60 m£ per minute.
Adjustable size aliquots of from
60 to 1,800 m£ are composited in
a 5.8& (2.5 gal) sample container.
Built-in timer triggers unit once
every 30 minutes. Model WA-2 has
an adjustable timer allowing sam-
pling interval to be set from 1 to
30 minutes.
115 VAC. Model WD-1 comes with a
N. Cad battery pack and charger.
None. Model WA-2R has an auto-
matic refrigeration unit for cool-
ing sample compartment.
Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is ABS plastic.
WA-1, WA-2, WD-1, WD-2 - 34 x 25
x 36 cm (13.5 x 10 x 14 in.)
WA-2R - 53 x 53 x 86 cm (21 x 21
x 34 in.);
weights are WA-1 8.2 kg (18 Ibs)
WA-2 8.6 kg (19 Ibs), WD-1 12.7 kg
(28 Ibs),
WD-2 13.2 kg (29 Ibs), WA-2R
40.8 kg (90 Ibs); all portable.
$430 WA-1; $600 WD-1
$480 WA-2; $650 WD-2; $730 WA-2R
200
-------
General Comments:
Charge time for battery operated
models is 16 hours. On model WA-2R
the pump automatically purges the
tubing at the end of each sampling
cycle to help prevent bacterial
growth in the line.
Sigmamotor Model WA-1 Evaluation
1. Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user installa-
tion of intake line; the peristaltic pump can tolerate
solids but the 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D. tubing size is
rather small.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. No automatic starter. Only the refrigerated model
has an automatic purging feature for self-cleaning.
6. Unit takes fixed time interval samples•paced by a
built-in timer and composits them in a suitable
container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Units offer reasonable sample protection; a refriger-
ated model is available to maintain sample at a pre-
set temperature.
Unit appears capable of manhole operation.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients.
Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place a great
operating restriction on unit. All but the refriger-
ated model will pass through a standard manhole.
201
-------
Designation;
Hanufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
SIGHAMOTOR MODEL WAP-2
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone (716) 735-3616
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.
6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
60 mA per minute
Unit takes a 5.8H (2.5 gal)
composite sample.
Models WAP-2, WAP-2R and ¥DP-2
vary the number of samples in
response to a varying signal from
a. user-supplied flow transmitter.
The unit will deliver a 30 second
sample (nominally 30 m£) every
4 minutes at a maximum signal
strength, every 8 minutes at one-
half signal strength, etc. Models
WAPP-2, WAPP-2R and WAPP-2
respond to a switch closure from
an external flow meter and take
an adjustable size aliquot vari-
able from 36 to 640 cc per switch
closure.
Models WAP-2, WAP-2R, WAPP-2R and
WDPP-2 operate on 115 VAC. Models
WDPP-2 and WDP-2 operate on
115 VAC or 12 VDC and are supplied
with a NiCad battery pack and
charger.
None. Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R
have an automatic refrigeration
unit for cooling sample compart-
ment .
202
-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene. Case is ABS plastic.
Models WAP-2, WAPP-2, WDP-2 and
WDPP-2 are 34 x 30 x 37 cm
(13.5x10x14.5 in.);
Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R are
53 x 56 x 86 cm (21x22x34 in.);
weights are
WAP-2 and WAPP-2 8.6 kg (19 Ibs),
WAP-2R and WAPP-2R 44.5 kg (98 Ibs),
WDP-2 and WDPP-2 13.2 kg
(29 Ibs); portable.
Base Price:
General Comments:
WAP-2 $650
WAPP-2 $500
WDP-2 $820
WAP-2R $870
WAPP-2R $800
WDPP-2 $700
All models come with 1.8m (6 ft)
of 3-wire cord; charge time for
battery operated models is
16 hours. A winterizing kit is
available at.$95 to allow effect-
ive operation at temperatures to
-23°C (-10°F). A stainless steel
strainer anchor intake is avail-
able, at $15, to prevent plugging
of sampling tubes.
Sigmamotor Model WAP-2 Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake line and use of the optional
strainer intake. The peristaltic pump can tolerate
solids but the tubing size is rather small.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting
of intake lines and/or use of optional strainer intake
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
203
-------
10,
11,
12
No automatic starter. No self-cleaning features.
Small amount of cross-contamination is possible.
Unit takes composite samples paced by external flow-
meter .
Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
and deterioration. Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R have
refrigerated units to store samples.
All but refrigerated units appear capable of manhole
operation.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.
Lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place a severe operating
restriction on unit. All but the refrigerated models
will pass through a standard manhole.
204
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-3-24
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone (716) 735-3616
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.
6,7m (22 ft) maximum lift.
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
60 m£ per minute
Unit takes 24 discrete 450 m£
samples.
Sampling frequency adjustable
from one every ten minutes to one
every hour.
115 VAC for models WM-2-24, WM-3-
24 and WM-1-24R; 12 VDC or 115 VAC
for Model WM-4-24, which comes
with a wet-type lead-acid battery
(35 amp hours capacity) and
charger; 12 VDC or 115 VAC for
Model WM-2-24 which comes with a
NiCad battery pack and charger.
None. Model WM-1-24R has an auto-
matic refrigerated case for
entire sampler and collection unit,
Sample train is. tygon and poly-
ethylene; tygon and glass for
Model WM-2-24.
WM-3-24 and WM-4-24 are
61 x 37 x 64 cm (20x14.5x25 in.);
WM-2-24 is 37 x 34 x 62 cm
(14.5x13.5x24.5 in.); and WM-1-24R
is 53 x 56 x 86 cm (21x22x34 in.).
205
-------
Base Price;
General Comments
Weights are WM-2-24 and WM-3-24,
16.3 kg (36 Ibs); WM-4-24, 25.4 kg
(56 Ibs); and WM-1-24R, 56.7 kg
(125 Ibs). Portable.
WM-3-24 $975 WM-4-74 $1,075
WM-2-24 $1,200 WM-1-24R $1,525
Ten meters (10 ft) of 3—wire re-
tractable power cord is supplied
with WM-3-24 and WM-4-24; 1.8m
(6 ft) of 3-wire power cord is
supplied with WM-1-24R. At the
end of each sampling cycle, the
pump automatically reverses,
purging the sample line and
tending to make each sample com-
pletely discrete. On Models WM-3-
24 and WM-4-24, the sample line
feeds into a funnel attached to a
rotating nozzle which is auto-
matically positioned to fill the
next sample container. A one-
piece deep-drawn plastic distribu-
tion plate is used to route the
sample from the nozzle to the
containers, which are in a
rectangular array. On Models WM-
1-24R and WM-2-24, an indexing
arm positions the pump discharge
tubing sequentially over each
filling nozzle, each of which is
connected by a separate piece of
tubing to its individual sample
container. Model WM-4-24 is
supplied with a 6 amp automatic
battery charger which adjusts
charging rate to battery condi-
tion. This may be left connected
for trickle charge. Charge time
is 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 hours. Charge
time for the NiCad battery pack
of Model WM-2-24 is 16 hours. A
winterizing kit for Models WM-3-
24 and WM-4-24 is available, at
$95, for effective operation to
temperatures of -23°C (-10°F).
206
-------
A strainer-anchor is available
for $15. to prevent plugging of
sampling tubes.
Sigmamotor Model WM-3-24 Evaluation
1. Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake line and use of the optional
strainer intake. The peristaltic pump can tolerate
solids but the tubing size is rather small.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting
of intake line.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
No automatic starter. At the end of each cycle the
pump automatically reverses, purging the sample line
to help prevent cross-contamination.
Unit takes 24 discrete samples at preset time in-
tervals paced by a built-in timer and deposits them
in individual containers.
Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers reasonable sample protection; Model WM-1-
24R has a refrigerator unit to maintain samples at
a preset temperature.
Models WM-2-24, WM-3-24 and WM-4-24 appear capable of
manhole operation, but Model WM-1-24R does not.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.
Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place a great
operating restriction on units. All but the refrig-
erated model will pass through a standard manhole.
207
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WA-5
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone (716) 735-3616
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.
5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) with 0.95 cm (318 in.)
tubing; 1.5m (5 ft) with 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) tubing.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.5 cm
(3/16 in.), 0.95 cm (3/8 in.),
or 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
80 mJl per minute.
Adjustable size aliquots are
composited in a 19£ (5 gal) sam-
ple container. Aliquots for
Model WA-5 are from 80 m£ to
2400 m£; Model WD-5 from 80 m£
to 4800 m& and Model WA-5R from
60 to 1800 m&.
Adjustable timer for Models WA-5
and WA-5R allows sampling interval
to be set from one to thirty min-
utes, and for Model WD-5 from
one to 60 minutes.
115 VAC for Models WA-5 and
WA-5R; 115 VAC or 12 VDC for
Model WD-5. WD-5 comes with a
wet type lead-acid battery
(35 amp-hours capacity) and
charger.
208
-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
None. Model WA-5R has an auto-
matic refrigeration unit for
cooling sample compartment.
Sample train is tygon, and poly-
ethylene; case is fiberglass.
Models WA-5 and WD-5 are
51 x 37. x 64 cm (20x14.5x25 in.);
Model WA-5R is 53 x 56 x 150 cm
(21x22x59 in.); weights are
WA-5 18.1 kg (40 Ibs), WD-5
27.2 kg (60 Ibs), WA-5R 56.7 kg
(125 Ibs); all portable.
$750 WA-5
$900 WD-5
$990 WA-5R
Unit comes with 3m (10 ft) of
3-wire retractable power cord;
Model WA-5R comes with 1.8m (6 ft)
of 3-wire power cord. A 6-amp
automatic battery charger is
included with Model WD-5. Unit
adjusts charging rate to battery
condition. Charge time is 3-1/2
to 4-1/2 hours and may be con-
nected for trickle charge. A
winterizing kit is available for
Models WA-5 and WD-5, at $95, for
effective operation to tempera-
tures of -23°C (-10°F). A stain-
less steel strainer-anchor intake
is available for $15 to prevent
plugging of sampling tubes.
Sigmamotor Model WA-5 Evaluation
1.
2.
Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake line and use of the optional
strainer intake. The unobstructed sampling line and
the peristaltic pump should tolerate solids fairly
well.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line and/or use of optional strainer intake.
209
-------
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning feature.
6. Unit takes simple composite samples paced by a built-
in timer.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatable or coarser bottom solids.
8. Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
and deterioration. Model WA-5R has a refrigeration
unit to store sample.
9. Models ¥A-5 and WD-5 appear capable of manhole
operation; Model WA-5E. does not.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.
12. Lift capacity will depend upon tubing size. All but
the refrigerated model will pass through a standard
manhole.
210
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WAP-5
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone (716) 735-3616
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.
5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
tubing; 1.5m (5 ft) with 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) tubing.
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.5 cm
(3/16 in.), 0.95 cm (3/8 in.),
or 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
80 m£ per minute; other flows de-
pending on tubing size.
Model WAC-5R is 13 m£ per minute
at maximum signal.
Adjustable size aliquots are
composited in a 19£ (5 gal) sam-
ple container. Aliquots for
Models WAP-5, WAP-5R and WDP-5
are to 40 m£. For Models WAPP-5,
WAPP-5R and WDPP-5, aliquot is
640 m£, and for Model WAC-5R,
flow is continuous.
Models WAP-5» WAP-5R, and WDP-5
vary the number of samples in
response to a varying signal from
a user supplied transmitter. The
units will deliver a 30-second
sample every 4 minutes at maximum
signal strength, every 8 minutes
at one-half strength, etc.
211
-------
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price;
General Comments:
Models WAPP-5, WAPP-5R, and
WDPP-5 respond to a switch clo-
sure from an external flowmeter
and take an adjustable size aliquot.
Model WAC-5R varies flow rate in
proportion to strength of external
signal.
Models WAP-5, WAP-5R, WAPP-5,
WAPP-5R and WAC-5R operate on
115 VAC. Models WDP-5 and
WDPP-5 operate on 115 VAC or
12 VDC and are equipped with a
wet type lead-acid battery
(35 amp-hours capacity) and
charger.
None. Models WAP-5R, WAPP-5R
and WAC-5R have an automatic
refrigeration unit for cooling
sample compartment.
Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene. Case is fiberglass.
Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5, and
WDPP-5 are
51 x 37 x 64 cm (20x14.5x25 in.);
Models WAP-5R, WAPP-5R, and
WAC-SR are 53 x 56 x 124 cm
(21x22x49 in.). Weights are
WAP-5 and WAPP-5 18.6 kg (42 Ibs),
WDP-5 and WDPP-5 27.2 kg (60 Ibs),
WAP-5R, WAPP-5R, and WAC-5R 44.4 kg
(98 Ibs); all portable.
WAP-5 $850,
WAPP-5 $780,
WDP-5 $$1,050,
WAC-5R $1,215
WAP-5R
WAPP-5R
WDPP-5
$1,100
$1,080
$ 980
Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5 and
WDPP-5 come with 3m (10 ft)
of 3-wire retractable cord.
Models WAP-5R and WAPP-5R come
with 1.8 cm (6 ft) of 3-wire
cord. Charge time for battery-
operated models is 3-1/2 to
212
-------
4-1/2 hours. A winterizing kit
is available for Models WAP-5,
WAPP-5, WDP-5 and WDPP-5 at $95
for effective operation to tempera-
tures of -23"C (-10°F). A stain-
less steel strainer-anchor intake
is available at $15 to prevent
plugging of sampling tubes.
Model WAC-5R is a continuous sam-
pler with flow rate directly pro-
portional to a 4-20 milliamp
input signal.
Sigmamotor Model WAP-5 Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user instal-
lation of intake line, and use of the optional
strainer intake. The unobstructed sampling line and
the peristaltic pump should tolerate solids fairly
well.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line and/or use of optional strainer intake.
Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
No automatic starter; no self-cleaning or purging
feature.
Unit takes composite samples paced by an external
flowmeter.
Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatable or coarser bottom solids.
Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
and deterioration. Models WAP-5R, WAPP-5R and
WAC-5R have refrigerator units to store samples.
Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5 and WDPP-5 appear capable
of manhole operation.
213
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10.
11.
12.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.
Lift capacity will depend upon tubing size. All
but the refrigerated models will pass through a
standard manhole.
214
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Designation:
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-5-24
Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone (716) 735-3616
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.
5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) lift with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
tubing; and 1.5m (5 ft) lift with
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) tubing;
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.5 cm
(3/16 in.), 0.95 cm (3/8 in.),
and 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
80 mX, per minute.
Unit takes 24 discrete 450-mJl
samples.
Sampling frequency adjustable
from one every ten minutes to one
every hour.
115 VAC for Model WM-5-24 and
WM-5-24R; 12 VDC or 115 VAC for
Model WM-6-24, which comes with
a wet-type lead acid battery
(35 amp hours capacity) and
charger.
None. Model WM-5-24R has an
automatic refrigeration unit for
cooling sample compartment.
Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is fiberglass.
215
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Basic Dimensions:
Basic Price;
General Comments
Hodels WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 are
51 x 37 x 64 cm (20x14.5x25 in.);
Model WM-5-24R is 53 x 56 x 150 cm
(21x22x59 in.), Weights are:
WM-5-24 20.0 kg (44 Ibs), WM-6-24
27.2 kg (60 Ibs), WM-5-24R 56.7 kg
(125 Ibs); portable.
WM-5-24 $1,225.
WM-6-24 $1,325.
WM-5-24R $1,775.
A 3m (10 ft) length of 3-wire re-
tractable power cord is supplied
with Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24;
1.8m (6 ft) of 3-wire power cord
is supplied for Model WM-5-24R.
At the end of each cycle, the pump
automatically reverses, purging
the sample line and tending to
make each sample completely dis-
crete. Sample line feeds into a
funnel attached to a rotating
nozzle which is automatically
positioned to fill the next sam-
ple container. A one-piece deep-
drawn plastic distribution plate
is used to route the sample from
the nozzle to the containers,
which are in a rectangular array.
Model WM-6-24 comes with a 6-amp
automatic battery charger which
adjusts to battery condition auto-
matically. This may be left
connected for trickle charge.
Charge time is 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 hours
A winterizing kit is available for
Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 at $95
for effective operation to temper-
atures of -10°F. A stainless
steel strainer-anchor intake is
available at $15 to prevent plug-
ging of sampling tubes.
216
-------
Sigmamotor Model WM-5-24 Evaluation
1. Obstruction or clogging will depend upon user in-
stallation of intake line and use of optional strainer
intake. The unobstructed sampling line and the peri-
staltic pump should tolerate solids fairly well.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake line and/or use of the optional strainer intake.
3. Should operate reasonably well under all flow condi-
tions; however, fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids within the fluid flow should not
affect operation adversely.
5. No automatic starter; at the end of each cycle the
pump automatically reverses, purging the sample line
to help prevent cross-contamination.
6. Unit takes 24 discrete samples at preset time intervals
paced by a built-in timer and deposits them in indi-
vidual containers.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. Unit offers reasonable sample protection from damage
and deterioration. Model WM-5-24R has a refrigeration
unit to maintain samples at a preset temperature.
9. Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 appear capable of manhole
operation. Model WM-5^-24R does not.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit cannot withstand freezing ambients unless
winterized.
12. Lift capacity will depend upon tubing size. All but
the refrigerated model will pass through a standard
manhole. .".''"
217
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
SIRCO SERIES B/ST-VS
Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321
Weighted end of 7.6m (25 ft) sam-
pling tube installed to suit by
user. May also sample from 2 or
3 different points.
Suction lift by vacuum pump.
Up to 6.7m (22 ft) vertical and
30.5m (100 ft) horizontal.
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D. standard,
larger sizes available.
Up to 12 Sips (3.2 gpm) depending
upon lift.
Sample volume is adjustable between
10 to 1000 m£ (repeatable to within
±0.5 m£); either composited in 7.6,
11.4, or 18.9& (2, 3, or 5 gal)
jars or sequential or discrete in
either 12 or 24 jars of either
1/2 or 1 liter capacity.
"Metermatic" chamber (adjustable)
controls sample volume. Available
with built-in timer for preset
time inteveral (3 min to 45 hr)
sampling or for connection to ex-
ternal flowmeter for flow propor-
tional sampling or both. Purge
timer, automatic jar full shut-off.
Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC level zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or com-
bination.
Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
compartment.
218
-------
Figure 15. Sirco Series B/ST-VS Sampler
Photograph courtesy of Sirco Controls Company
219
-------
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
PVC sampling tube, weatherproof
steel enclosure standard; all
stainless steel construction
available.
Sampler only - 41 x 36 x 81 cm
(16 x 14 x 32 in.), weighs 45 kg
(100 Ibs); Sampler with con-
tainer - 41 x 36 x 163 cm (16
x 14 x 64 in.) weighs 68 kg
(150 Ibs); Refrigerated model -
58 x 71 x 152 cm (23 x 28 x 60 in.),
weighs 91 kg (200 Ibs); designed for
fixed installation.
Varies, depending upon what com-
bination of features are desired,
from under $1,900 to over $3,000.
Signal from flowmeter or timer
starts vacuum/compressor pump as
well as purge timer. Compressor
side of pump purges sample pick-up
tube until purge timer times out.
Sequence changes and vacuum side
of pump evacuates metering chamber
and draws sample in to the desired
capacity. After obtaining the de-
sired amount of sample, the com-
pressor side of pump is used to
forcibly discharge sample from
metering chamber into sample
collector.
Should plugging of the sample
pick-up tube occur, an automatic
timer switch uses the compressor
side to blow out the tube. This
sequence repeats itself as often
as needed to obtain the exact
amount of sample required. Purging
also takes place before and after
each sample is taken.
Manufacturer states this unit is
especially designed to sample un-
treated raw sewage or high con-
sistency industrial waste as it is
capable of taking solids up to 3/8"
in diameter including rags, fibers,
220
-------
and similar. The only wetted parts
are the sample tubing and volume
control chamber.
Sirco Series B/ST-VS Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging due to lack of
bends and fittings in sample train and high pressure
purging feature.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
the end of the sampling tube.
3. Should operate well over the entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Automatic starter available. Power purge serves a
self-cleaning function. Cross-contamination should be
minimal.
6. Can collect external flowmeter or built-in timer paced
samples either discrete, sequential, or composite.
Representativeness of sample will depend upon user
mounting of intake tube.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids without specially designed intake by
user .
8. Automatic refrigeration (adjustable temperature)
available. Offers good sample protection and freedom
from precontamination.
9. Not designed for confined space or manhole operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Thermostatically controlled heaters and fans are
available for applications in freezing ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place too severe
a restriction on use of the unit.
221
-------
Designation:
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
SIRCO SERIES B/IE-VS
Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321
5 cm (2 in.) -I.D. guide pipe for
sampling cup with perforations in
lower end to maximum flow level.
Mechanical; a weighted sampling
cup is lowered through a guide
pipe into the effluent by a hoist
mechanism powered by a reversing
gear motor. At the upper travel
stop the cup empties sample into
a sample container by gravity.
Up to 61m (200 ft).
Smallest line in sampling train
appears to be about 0.95 cm
(3/8 in.) tube connecting collec-
tion funnel to sample reservoir.
Not applicable.
Sample cup has 100 m£ capacity;
either composited in 7.6, 11.4 or
18.9£ (2, 3, or 5 gal) jars or se-
quential in either 12 or 24 jars of
either 1/2 or 1 liter capacity.
Available with built-in timer for
pre-set time interval sampling or
for connection to external flow-
meter for flow proportional
sampling or both.
Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.
Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
compartment.
222
-------
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
PVC sampling cup and guide tube,
weatherproof steel enclosure
standard; all stainless steel con-
struction available.
About 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.5m (2 x 2 x
5 ft); designed for fixed
installation.
Varies from under $1,500 to around
$3,000 depending upon features
desired.
General Comments:
This unit was designed for high
lift applications. According to
the manufacturer it is not recom-
mended for high consistency in-
dustrial effluent or raw sewage
where large pieces of fiber, rags
papers, etc. are present.
Sirco Series B/IE-VS Evaluation
1. Cup in guide pipe appears susceptible to sticking and
clogging. Guide pipe perforations are vulnerable to
obstruction and clogging.
2. The 5 cm (2 in.) inside diameter guide pipe must pass
completely through the flow stream to be sampled pre-
senting a serious rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Does not appear capable of uniform operation over full
range of flow conditions.
4. Solids could collect in guide pipe and hamper cup
travel.
5. No automatic starter. No self cleaning features.
6. Can collect flowmeter or timer paced samples either
sequential or composite. Representativeness of sample
will be dependent upon conditions at end of guide tube
but appear highly variable and questionable.
7. Not suitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids.
8. Automatic refrigerator (adjustable temperature) avail-
able. Offers good sample protection but vulnerable to
cross contamination in sequential mode.
223
-------
9. Not designed to operate in manholes.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Thermostatically controlled heaters and fans are
available for applications in freezing ambients.
12. 61m (200 ft) lift gives this unit virtually
unrestricted use.
224
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
SIRCO SERIES B/DP-VS
Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321
Provided by user. Sampler has 5 cm
(2 in.) inlet pipe.
External head to provide flow
through sampler and back to sewer.
On signal a liquid diverter mecha-
nism is energized and sample is
drawn into a metering chamber.
After the desired amount of sample
is obtained, a solenoid pinch valve
at the bottom of the metering cham-
ber is actuated and the sample is
discharged by gravity into the sam-
ple jar.
Not applicable.
Smallest line size appears to be
about 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) tube lead-
ing to sample jar.
Depends upon user's installation;
no recommended minimum.
Sample metering chamber adjustable
from 50 to 500 m£ (500 to 1000 m£
optional); either composited in
7.6, 11.4, or 18.9£ (2, 3, or 5 gal)
jars or sequential in either 12 or
24 jars of either 1/2 or 1 liter
capacity.
Available with built-in timer for
pre-set time interval (3 min to
45 hrs) sampling or for connection
to external flowmeter for flow pro-
portional sampling or both. Auto-
matic jar full shut-off.
Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC 'lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.
225
-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
component.
Sampling train is stainless steel
and plastic; weatherproof steel
enclosure standard; all stainless
steel construction available.
Same as B/ST-VS.
Varies from under $1,600 to around
$3,000 depending upon features
desired.
This unit was designed for instal-
lations where the sampler must be
some distance, say more than
100 feet, from the sample pick-up
point. It is recommended by the
manufacturer for treated sewage or
final effluent.
Sirco Series B/DP-VS Evaluation
1. Diverter mechanism could be subject to clogging (manu-
facturer only recommends unit for treated sewage or
final effluent). Sampling intake must be designed by
user.
2. Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
3. Should be capable of operating over entire range of
flow conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. No automatic starter. Continuous flow serves a
self-cleaning function and should reduce cross-
contamination .
6. Can collect flowmeter or timer paced samples either dis-
crete, sequential, or composite. Representativeness of
sample will depend upon design of sampling intake which
is not a part of this unit.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids.
226
-------
8. Automatic refrigerator (adjustable temperature) avail-
able. Offers good sample protection but vulnerable to
slight cross-contamination in sequential mode.
9. Specifically designed for installation remote from
sample pick-up point. Not suitable for manhole
operation.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Thermostatically controlled heater and fans are
available for applications in freezing ambients.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
227
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SIRCO MODEL MK-VS
Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone 261-9321
Weighted end of sampling tube in-
stalled to suit by user.
Suction lift by vacuum pump.
Up to 6.7m (22 ft).
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.
Up to 6 &ps (1.6 gpm) depending
upon lift.
Sample volume adjustable between
25 to 500 m& (repeatable to within
±0.5 m£) ; composited in 15.1£
(4 gal) container or sequential or
discrete in 24 500 m& containers.
Adjustable chamber slide electrode
controls sample volume. Built-in
timer allows adjusting sample cycle
from 3 minutes to 45 hours. Option
allows pacing by external flowmeter.
Automatic shut-off.
110 VAC or-12 VDC lead-acid or nickel
cadmium battery.
Ice compartment allows some sample
cooling. Automatic refrigerator
available.
Sample train is PVC, plexiglass,
and stainless steel. Case is weather-
proof aluminum.
41 x 41 x 56 cm (16 x 16 x 22 in.);
weighs 16.8 kg (37 Ibs) without
battery. Portable.
Around $1,300 and up depending upon
features desired.
228
-------
General Comments:
Signal from timer starts vacuum/
compressor pump. Compressor side
of pump purges sample intake tube,
sequence changes and vacuum side
of pump evacuates metering chamber
and draws desired amount of sample.
Compressor side of pump then dis-
charges sample into sample con-
tainer. Should plugging of the
sampling tube occur, the pump is
switched to the compressor side to
blow out the tube. This sequence
is repeated until the desired
amount of sample is collected.
Purging also takes place before
and after each sample is taken.
Manufacturer states that the unit
is especially designed to sample
untreated raw sewage or high con-
sistency industrial waste contain-
ing rags, fibers, etc.
A low cost Model MK-5, which col-
lects up to 150 adjustable size
(25 to 150 m£) aliquots and com-
posites them in a 3.8& (1 gal)
jug, is also available. It does
not have power-purge but uses
similar controls as MK-VS units.
Measuring 43 x 25 x 56 cm
(17 x 10 x 22 in.) and weighing
19 kg (42 Ibs), the unit can lift
up to 6m (20 ft) through its
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. intake tube.
Sirco Model MK-VS Evaluation
1. Should be fairly free from clogging due to lack of
bends and fittings in sample train and high pressure
purging feature.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon way user mounts
the end of the sampling tube.
3. Should operate equally well over the entire range of
flow conditions.
229
-------
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Automatic starter available. Power purge serves a self-
cleaning function. Cross-contamination should be
minimal.
6. Can collect external flowmeter or built-in timer paced
samples either composite or discrete or sequential.
Representativeness of sample will depend upon user
mounting of intake tube.
7. Unsuitable for collection of floatables or coarser
bottom solids without special designed intake by
user.
8. Unit affords good sample protection; case has ice cavity
which will provide cooling for a limited time; automatic
refrigerator available. High pressure purge features
should offer reasonable protection against cross-
contamination.
9. Designed to operate in manhole area.
10. Cannot be totally immersed.
11. Cannot withstand freezing ambient.
12. Maximum lift of 6.7m (22 ft) does not place a severe re-
striction on use of unit.
230
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
S amp 1 e C ap a c i t y :
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SONFORD MODEL HG-4
Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn. 55071
Phone (612) 459-6065
Parabolic port in a 1.9 cm (3/4 in.)
I.D. rigid tube.
Mechanical; sampling tube is
rotated down into the flow where it
fills through the port by gravity;
an electric motor rotates the tube
up and the sample flows by gravity
into the container.
Telescoping sampling tubes may be
adjusted to reach down to 53 cm
(21 in.) from the bottom of sampler.
1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.
Varies with tube angle.
Varied aliquot sizes of 10, 20 or
30 m£ are composited in a single
3.8JI (1 gal) container.
Sampling cycle may be triggered at
preset time intervals from built-in
electrical timer or on signal from
external flowmeter.
110 VAC standard; battery
optional.
Has ice cavity for cooling.
Aluminum outer case with rigid
ins ulation.
33 x 31 x 33 cm (13 x 12 x 13 in.)
plus clearance for oscillating sam-
pling tube which varies depending upon
telescoping adjustment. Portable.
$325 electric; $495 with battery.
231
-------
Sonford Model HG-4 Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Does not appear capable of sampling a particle large
enough to clog it; could be affected by rags or paper;
no pump to clog.
Sampling tube presents a flow obstruction during
sampling period only.
Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
samples questionable at high flow rates. Does not
appear tolerant of variable depth flows.
Unless mounted so that sampling tube oscillates in
flow direction, large solids could cause damage.
Appears susceptible to fouling by stringy materials
which could wrap around sampling tube.
No provision for automatic starting.
features.
No self-cleaning
Collects fixed size samples at either preset time in-
tervals or on signal from external flowmeter and
composites them in a single container.
Appears unsuitable for collection of samples of either
floatable materials or coarser bottom solids.
Provision for ice cooling affords some sample protec-
tion for a limited time. Limited lift may require
placing sampler in a vulnerable location. Cross con-
tamination appears very likely.
Unit has a small case but requires clearance for
oscillating sampling tube. Case has unsealed opening
for movement of same.
10. Unit cannot tolerate submersion.
11. No standard provision for heating case. Ice buildup
in sampling tube appears a real possibili-ty.
12. Limited lift and restrictions on liquid level varia-
tions severely limit range of operating head conditions
232
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Designation;
Manufacturer
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price;
General Comments:
STREAMGARD DISCRETE SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT HODEL DA-24SI
Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
3120 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio 45014
Phone (513) 874-5120
Not applicable.
Pump or liquid composite sampler
provided by user.
Not applicable.
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.
Not applicable.
Twenty-seven, 473-mJl bottles are
sequentially filled at hourly
intervals.
None.
Spring driven clock.
Refrigerated sample storage
optional.
Sampling train is all plastic,
mostly PVC; case is aluminum with
epoxy paint finish.
48 x 30 x 50 cm (18x12x20 in,);
portable.
$775.
This unit is actually a sample
delivery subsystem rather than a
complete sampler. The sample con-
tainer tray slides easily out of
the cabinet and the tray cover,
which has a carrying handle, seals
the containers when snapped into
position. Since the tray is pro-
vided with segmented dividers,
233
-------
individual bottles may be removed
during the sampling period without
disturbing the sequence of the
other containers. Since it is not
a complete sampler, no evaluation
will be given.
234
-------
Designation;
Manufacturer:
Sample Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
TMI FLUID STREAM SAMPLER
Testing Machines, Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York 11701
Phone (516) 842-5400
Stainless steel hollow cylindrical
body with a 2.5 cm (1 in.) inlet
and mounted submerged in the stream
either on four legs mounted to a
bottom plate or suspended from above
if in a weir or flume.
Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.
Over 7.6m (25 ft); depends upon air
pressure.
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) O.D.
Depends upon air pressure and
lift.
Aliquots of approximately 1/2 liter
are composited in a suitable con-
tainer provided by user.
User must provide air pressure
regulator if plant air supply is
not regulated; sampling interval
timer is adjustable to allow from
one minute to one month to elapse
between aliquots; manual on-off
switch.
Compressed air supply of at least
1.4 kg/sq cm (20 psi), 7 kg/sq cm
(100 psi) maximum; 110 VAC.
None
Stainless steel and plastic.
Largest element will be user sup-
plied sample container; sampling
intake 10 x 23 x 20 cm
(4x9x8 in.); timing controller
30 x 18 x 38 cm (12 x 7 x 15 in.).
235
-------
Base Price;
General Comments:
Around $800.
Sampler developed by International
Paper Company for use in the paper
industry for checking the loss of
useable fiber in effluent, taking
consistency samples, etc. Sampler
has performed well in flows to
6,800 £pm (1800 gpm) and consis-
tencies to 3.5%.
TMI Fluid Stream Sampler Evaluation
1. Sampler should be free from clogging.
2. Sampler intake offers rigid obstruction to flow.
3. Sampling chamber will fill immediately following end
of previous sample. Circulation through chamber would
appear to be limited, resulting in a sample not neces-
sarily representative of conditions in the sewer at
the time of next triggering signal.
4. Movement of small solids should not affect operation;
large objects could damage (or even physically destroy)
the in-water portion unless special protection is pro-
vided by user.
5. No automatic starter; no self-cleaning features.
6. Collects fixed size spot samples and composites them
in a suitable container; a three minute cycle interval
will deliver approximately 230£ (60 gal) in 24 hours.
7. Unsuitable for collection of either floatables or
coarser bottom solids without special intake designed
by user.
8. Sample container provided by user.
9. Not designed for manhole operation.
10." Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit should be capable of operation in freezing
ambients.
12. Upper lift limit determined by air supply pressure.
236
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Designation:
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift :
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
TMI MARK 3B MODEL SAMPLER
Testing Machines, Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York 11701
Phone (516) 842-5400
Twelve 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. vinyl
sampling lines are connected to
individual ports in a stainless steel
sampling head (approx. 10 cm dia)
fitted with a stainless steel filter
having approximately 930 0.3 cm
(1/8 in.) diameter holes.
Suction lift from vacuum in evac-
uated sample bottles.
Sample size reduced as lift in-
creases; 3m (10 ft) appears practi-
cal upper limit with 592 m£ (20 oz)
bottles.
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Varies with filling time, atmos-
pheric pressure, bottle vacuum,
sample lift, etc.
12 "Medicine Flat" glass bottles
are provided. Sample sizes up to
400 m& can be obtained depending
upon lift, bottle vacuum and at-
mospheric pressure; 300 m£ is
typical.
A spring driven clock rotates an
arm which trips line switches at a
predetermined time interval trig-
gering sample collection. Sampling
intervals of 1/2 to 8 hours are
available.
Spring driven clock.
None.
PVC coated, light alloy case with;
glass bottles with rubber stoppers
and rubber lines through switch
237
-------
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
General Comments:
plate, plastic connectors and vinyl
lines to stainless steel sampling
head.
37 cm (14.5 in.) diameter x 66 cm
(26 in.), empty weight is 14.5 kg
(32 Ibs); portable.
$595 including vacuum pump.
Mark 4B model has 24 bottles at
$685 for 592 mX, (20 oz) size and
$695 for 1 liter size.
This unit was originally developed
by the Water Pollution Research
Laboratory in England and is manu-
factured by North Hants Engineering
Co. Ltd. under license from the
National Research Development
Corporation.
TMI Mark 3B Model Sampler Evaluation
1. Sampling head is vulnerable to blockage of a number
of sampling ports at one time by paper, rags, plastic,
etc. Sampling train is an unobstructed 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
passageway which will pass small solids. No pump to
clog.
2. Sampling head and shroud are simply dangled in the
flow stream to be sampled. No rigid obstruction.
3. Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
samples questionable at high flow rates. Vinyl sam-
pling tubes are exposed to flow.
4. Sampling head would appear to be vulnerable to clog-
ging if in bed load. Stainless steel filter offers
some protection against movement of solids in flow
stream.
5. No automatic starter; clocks allow setting a time
delay before sampling commences. No self-cleaning
features. Proper cleaning of all 24 sampling lines
would be difficult and time consuming in the field.
6. Collects discrete samples at preset times from a fixed
point intake only.
238
-------
7. Appears unsuitable for collection of samples of either
floatable materials or coarser bottom solids.
8. No sample refrigeration. Limited lift may require
placing sampler case in a vulnerable location. Use of
individual sampling lines eliminates cross-contamina-
tion possibility.
9. Unit will pass through a 38 cm (15 in.) diameter circle.
Case has base opening where sampling line bridle
emerges.
10. Case will fill with fluid if submerged. Spring clock
and drive mechanism then becomes vulnerable, especially
if fluid contains solids.
11. No standard provision for heating case. Freezing of
sampling lines appears a distinct possibility.
12. Practical upper lift limit of 3m (10 ft) poses re-
strictions on operating head conditions.
239
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Designation;
Manuf act-urer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift:
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
TRI-AIP SAMPLER SERIES
Tri-Ald Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester, New York 14610
Phone (716) 461-1660
End of suction tube installed to
suit by user; manufacturer recom-
mends using a large area screen
with openings approximately
0.16 cm (1/16 in.) smaller than
intake tube I.D.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
Up to 7.6m (25 ft).
0.95 cm (3/8 in,) I.D. standard;
1.3 cm (1/2 in.), or 1.9 cm
(3/4 in.) I.D. optional.
500 m& per minute.
Adjustable size aliquots (based
upon diversion time of continuous
flow from pump) are composited in
a suitable container.
Two built-in adjustable timers
control sample interval (3 to
40 minutes) and diversion time
(3 to 40 seconds); alternately,
unit may be paced by external
flowmeter.
115 VAC.
Available as option for foot-mount
models .
Sample train is tygon, silicone,
PVC; case is fiberglass for
portable models, weatherproof
steel for wall and foot-mount
models.
240
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Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments:
38 x 25 x 51 cm (15x10x20 in.)
for basic unit without sample
container; typical foot-mount
outdoor model is 91 x 51 x 173 cm
(36x20x68 in.); weights are
15.9 kg (35 Ibs) and up.
$650 either portable or wall mount
for use with external Tri-Aid con-
troller; add $115 for 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. tubing, $160 for
built-in timer, $60 for foot mount
Units are usually sold in con-
junction with flowmeters (and
possibly on-line moniters) as a
complete system. Diverter valve
is solenoid-actuated, three-way
squeeze-tube type.
Tri-Aid Sampler Series Evaluation;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Peristaltic action of pump and relatively large line
size should reduce probability of clogging.
Obstruction of flow will depend upon user design and
mounting of intake.
Should operate reasonably well over all flow condi-
tions, but fairly low intake velocity could affect
representativeness of sample at high flow rates.
Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
No automatic starter since it is continuous flow type;
this will provide some self-cleaning and help minimize
cross-contamination.
Unit collects preset size aliquots as paced by either
built-in timer or external flowmeter and composites
them in a user-supplied container.
Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
User must provide sample containers and protection
for basic unit; automatic refrigeration optional.
241
-------
9. Not specifically designed for manhole operation.
Portable units could Be so used with proper
precautions.
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Not suited for prolonged operation in freezing
ambients.
12. Maximum lift of 7.6m (25 ft) does not place great
restriction on use of unit.
242
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Designation;
Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
WILLIAMS OSCTLLAMATIG SAMPLER
Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 4365, North Annex
San Fernando, California 91342
Phone (213) 896-9585
Small diameter slitted strainer
installed to suit by user.
Suction lift from diaphragm pump.
Up to 3.6m (12 ft).
Appears to be 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
I.D. or larger.
60 m£ per minute maximum.
Composite container must be
supplied by user. Sample volume
is about one m£ per stroke.
Sampling rate may be adjusted
from one sample per second to one
every 10 minutes during operation.
Can be operated from any air or
gas supply of 1.8 kg/sq cm (25 psi)
or more or from a self-contained
C02 bottle.
None.
Sampling train is PVC, viton, and
stainless steel.
Not in a case; largest item is
gas bottle.
$438; includes pump, mounting
bracket, tubing with strainer and
fittings, and 6.8 kg (15 Ibs)
CO bottle.
243
-------
General Comments; Maximum discharge head is 36.6m
~ (120 ft). The only moving part
is a viton diaphragm which is
operated by a pneumatic oscilla-
tor to create variable sample
frequency.
Williams Oscillamatic Sampler Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging.
2. Obstruction of flow will depend upon user mounting of
intake.
3. Low sampling velocities make representativeness of
samples questionable at high flow rates.
4. Movement of solids should not affect operation
adversely.
5. No automatic starter. No self-cleaning feature.
Cross-contamination appears likely.
6. Unit takes continuous composite samples paced by the
Oscillamatic pulse controller and composites them in
a user-supplied container.
7. Unit does not appear suitable for collecting either
floatables or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration. No sample collector provided.
9. Unit appears suitable for manhole operation; however,
mounting may prove difficult.
10. Unit cannot withstand submersion.
11. Unit does not appear suitable for use in freezing
ambient conditions.
12. Lift limit of 3.7m (12 ft) places some restrictions on
use of unit.
244
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SECTION VII
REVIEW OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS
INTRODUCTION
As was noted in section VI, it has been the practice of
many project engineers to custom design one-of-a-kind sam-
plers for use in their projects due to a lack of availabil-
ity of suitable commercial equipment. In this section
several examples of such equipment are reviewed. Inasmuch
as there is no dearth of examples, it was necessary to be
rather selective in order to keep the overall size of this
report within manageable bounds. Several practical consid-
erations also favor less than 100 percent coverage. For
example, no attempt has been made to dig back into history
in order to examine older concepts and notions. It is felt
that any good features in older designs, having proved
themselves to be effective, would be incorporated in pres-
ent day equipment. Furthermore, the major emphasis has
been placed in recent EPA project experience.
DESCRIPTIVE FORMS AND EVALUATIONS
The same description and evaluation formats that were used
for reviewing the commercially available samplers in sec-
tion VI are used here with one exception. For these custom
designed one-of-a-kind samplers, prices in terms of today's
dollars are generally not available and, furthermore, the
inevitable engineering changes that one would introduce in
building equipment following a prototype would have cost
impacts that are not easily assessed.
The samplers have been given names to correspond with
either the developer or the project location. The descrip-
tive forms and evaluations presented on the following pages
are arranged roughly in chronological order of development,
and an index is provided on page xiii.
245
-------
Designation:
Project Location;
EPA Report No.:
Samp1er Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
AVCO INCLINED SEQUENTIAL SAMPLER
Tulsa, Oklahoma
11034 FKL 07/70
Inlet tube passes through an
aluminum tube which is hinged at
the top of the storm drainage
structure and has a polyethylene
float at the other end where the
inlet tube terminates with a sam-
pling probe.
Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .
Not stated, but probably under 6m
(20 ft.).
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Not stated, but must be fairly low
for inclined sequential filling
scheme to be meaningful.
Unit sequentially fills a 60 m!L
sample bottle, then a 2,000 ml
sample bottle, and repeats this
6 times, i.e., until it has filled
six 6Q-m£ and six 2,000-mJl bottles;
then it collects a composite sample
in a 18.95- (5 gal) overflow bottle.
A limit switch on the hinged float
arm starts the pump when the flow
level exceeds a preset value.
When the flow level subsides the
pump is shut off.
12 VDC marine battery.
None .
Polypropylene pick-up tube, tygon
and polyethylene connecting tubes,
polyethylene bottles; aluminum
frame, wood case.
246
-------
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Basic Dimensions
General Comments:
Bottle rack is 71 x 15 x 41 cm
(28x6x16 in.). Both semi-
stationary and portable configura-
tions were assembled.
A pressure box in the flow and con-
~~~nected to a Foxboro water pressure
recorder was used. Components in-
cluded a Col^e-Parmer Masterflex
tube pump, Model No. 7015 and a
Terado power inverter (Allied
No. 21f4499). The sequential fill-
ing of the sample bottles is simply
performed by arranging their inlet
tubes in order along an inclined
manifold e
AVCO Inclined Sequential Sampler Evaluation
1. Clogging is likely in samples with high solids content
due to numerous 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) obstructions in
sampling train unless a filter is used; sampling probe
points downstream and is near the surface due to float,
but could possibly be affected by paper, plastic, etc.
2. Float and arm will be completely submerged in a full
pipe flow situation and present an obstruction to flow.
3. Unit should operate over full range of flows, but low
sample flow rate makes representativeness questionable
for high stream flows.
4. Movement of solids in the flow stream could hamper
operation.
5. Unit starts automatically when flow level rises above
a preset height; no self cleaning features.
6. Sequentially fills sample bottles from output of a
continuously running pump. Flow rate provides the
only timing function. Samples will be representative
of the near-surface water at best.
7. Unit may collect some floatables but is totally un-
suited for collecting coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration. Some cross-contamination is guaran-
teed due to filling stem arrangement, especially for
60-m& bottles.
248
-------
9. Unit does not appear ideally suited for manhole
operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit is unsuitable for use in freezing ambients.
12. A 15 to 20 foot lift limit puts slight restriction on
operating head conditions.
249
-------
Designation;
Project Location;
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity:
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
SPRINGFIELD RETENTION BASIN
SAMPLER
Springfield, 111.
11023 - - - 08/70.
End of 280m (920 ft.) long influent
line suspended 15 cm (.6 in.) below
water surface from a float.
Suction lift from a screw rotor
pump .
Less than 4.3m (14 ft.) required
in this application.
3.8 cm (1.5 in.) diameter lagoon
influent sample intake line,
10 cm (4 in.) diameter lagoon ef-
fluent sample intake line.
Approximately 15 £pm (4 gpm).
Intake lines diacharged into
61£ (16 gal) sampling tanks. A
constant volume aliquot was ob-
tained each 30 minute.s and
composited in a 18.95. (5 gal)
container.
A Lakeside Trebler scoop sampler
was used to remove aliquots from
sampling tanks. See discussion
of that sampler for details.
115 VAC electricity.
Automatic thermostatically con-
trolled refrigerators were used to
house sample containers.
ABS plastic intake lines, PVC sam-
ple bottles, sampling tank appears
to be metal, pump materials not
given.
250
-------
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Components are distributed within
a general purpose equipment build-
ing; fixed installation.
Moyno pumps operating on a con-
tinuous basis were used to provide
sample flow through a 618, (16 gal)
sampling tank. Two samplers were
constructed, one for the lagoon
influent and one for the effluent.
Since the Lakeside Trebler sampler
is evaluated elsewhere, no further
evaluation of this installation
will be made.
251
-------
Designation;
Project Location:
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
MILK RIVER SAMPLER
Grosse Point Woods, Mich.
11023 FED 09/70
Overflow system influent sampler
intake was simply inlet of sub-
mersible pump suspended beyond
the bar screens within the transi-
tion structure between sewer and
wet well. Effluent sampler intake
was four 2.5 cm (1 in.) vertical
suction lines spaced evenly along
the 64m (210 ft.) long effluent
weir which drew their samples from
points between the skimming baffle
and weir at a depth above the
bottom of the baffle and just below
the outlet weir.
Forced flow from submerged pump
for influent sampler; suction lift
from centrifugal pump for effluent
sampler.
Not stated.
Except for 2.5 cm (1 in.) diameter
inlet lines leading to effluent
sampler header, all sampling lines
were 5 cm (2 in.) diameter.
Not stated.
Samplers collect adjustable grab
samples from the continuously
flowing 5 cm (2 in.) pipe streams,
composite them for variable
periods and hold them in a re-
frigerated compartment for periods
up to about three hours.
The size of each grab sample is
controlled externally. Otherwise,
the sampling program is controlled
by a continuous punched paper tape
252
-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
program which varies the collec-
tion time of each composite, the
number of grab samples in each
composite, and each of the varia-
bles from one sampling time to
another.
115 VAC electricity.
Automatic thermostatically con-
trolled refrigerated sample
compartments.
Metal, plastic, and wood were used
in construction; no details were
given.
Indoor portion of sampler is large,
perhaps 1.8x0.9x1.5m (6x3x5 ft.)
or so; fixed installation.
This unit apparently functioned
fairly well on the project for
which it was designed. Since it
is a custom designed, fixed in-
stallation unit no complete
evaluation will be made.
253
-------
Designation;
Project Location:
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
ENVIROGENICS BULK SAMPLER
San Francisco, California
11024 FKJ 10/70
A metal container resembling an
inverted roadside mail box approx-
imately 37 cm (14.5 in.) long and
36 cm (14 in.) deep with a 15 cm
(6 in.) radius; hinged covers at
each end are mechanically connected
to function integrally upon ac-
tivation of an air cylinder.
Mechanical; the sampler intake
assembly is designed to fit a
special support structure which
must be installed in the manhole
chosen for sampling. It is
lowered to the bottom of the
invert whereupon the covers are
closed thereby trapping a plug of
the combined sewage inside the
sampler. The filled sampler was
then raised by winch to the
surface.
Depth of manhole in question. No
real limit.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Roughly 34& (9 gal) maximum.
Manually operated.
Compressed air.
None.
Aluminum.
37 x 31 x 36 cm (14.5x12x14 in.)
plus brackets and supporting
structure, etc.
254
-------
Envirogenics Bulk Sampler Evaluation
1. Unit should be free from clogging except for possibil-
ity of large debris interfering with flap closure.
2. Unit will completely obstruct flow the instant the
covers are closed, but will clear as raised.
3. Since sampler must be designed for the specific manhole
invert size in which it is to be used, it is suitable
for all flow conditions.
4. Movement of solids in flow will not affect operation
except where a significant bed load would prevent
sampler from coming to rest on the invert.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
Unit is manually operated.
by the running sewage.
Cleaning is accomplished
Sampler removes a "plug" of the sewage flow covering
the entire flow cross-section.
Unit should sample both floatables and coarser bottom
solids.
Unit is not suitable for sample storage.
Unit is designed for manhole operation, but also re-
quires clear area above manhole for hoist and
personnel.
Unit operates totally immersed; if manhole is sur-
charging sample might be less representative.
Unit should operate in freezing ambients.
Unit is indifferent to operating head conditions.
255
-------
Designation;
Project Location;
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Sandusky, Ohio
11022 ECV 09/71
Not clearly stated but presumably
the end of the suction line
mounted in the overflow conduit
just beyond the leaping weir.
Suction lift from diaphragm pump.
Not stated but probably good for
at least 6m (20 ft.).
Smallest line would appear to be
the one connecting the diverter
head to the sample container, but
size is not given.
Not stated but presumably rather
large.
Unit collects 24 0.47£ (1 pt.)
discrete samples plus a flow pro-
portional composite of up to 18.9&
(5 gal).
Sampling is automatically started
when the leaping weir diverts flow
into the overflow flume. Discrete
samples were collected every
5 minutes paced by a built-in
timer adjustable from 5 to 60 min-
utes. Constant volume composite
aliquots are added for each
37,854£ (10,000 gal) of flow
through the overflow flume.
115 VAC electricity.
None
Not stated.
None given but a fixed installation
located in a building specially
erected for the project.
256
-------
85§
-------
General Comments:
The pump produces a continuous flow
of sewage through the sampling
header pipe and back to the sewer.
Two taps are provided to allow con-
tinuous flow through diversion
nozzles for the individual and com-
posite sample collection stations
and return to sewer. When it is
desired to collect a sample, a
solenoid is actuated operating a
linkage which mechanically rotates
the diversion nozzle causing the
flow to enter a chamber connected
to the sample bottle rather than
the sewer return. A spring assures
return of the diversion nozzle to
its original position after the
sample is taken. The time of sole-
noid activation governs the size
of the sample. The 24 discrete
sample bottles are mounted on a
turntable which indexes upon each
sampling cycle to place an empty
bottle under the filling spout.
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging.
2. Unit would not appear to offer any significant obstruc-
tion to flow.
3. Unit should be operable over the full range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids in the flow should not hamper
operations.
5
6
8.
Automatic operation.
cleaning function.
Continuous flow serves a self
Collects 24 discrete samples at pre-set time intervals
and a flow proportional composite.
Ability to collect floatables and coarser bottom
solids will depend upon details of sampling intake.
No refrigeration, but otherwise unit would appear to
afford reasonable sample protection.
258
-------
9. Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit would appear capable of operation in freezing
ambients.
12. Relatively high lift should allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
259
-------
Designation;
Project Location:
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
WESTON AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Washington, B.C.
11024 EXF 08/70
Details of intake to submersible
sewage pump and of sampling head
to vacuum-charged sampler not
stated.
Forced flow to a retention tank
by a sewage pump anchored to the
sewer floor, thence, by vacuum,
from the retention tank to sample
bottles.
Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.
Collects 24 discrete samples.
Wastewater is pumped continuously
to the retention tank. The vacuum
tank is triggered by the increased
back-pressure of a bubbler line
resulting from the increased depth
of sewer flow. The discrete in-
terval is adjusted by an electric
timer to a minimum period of
5 minutes.
115 VAC electricity.
Sample bottles, sampling lines,
and control switches installed in
a refrigerated enclosure.
Not stated.
The wastewater retention tank, the
refrigerated sampler, and the
piping are all housed in 2.1 x 1.6
x 2.0m (7x5.2x6.5 ft.) metal shed.
260
-------
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General Comments:
A submersible, heavy-duty manually-
controlled sewage pump delivers
wastewater continuously to a reten-
tion tank having a normal retention
time of less than 1 minute. The
pump is anchored to the sewer bottom
in a metal cage.
During a storm, an increase of
water depth in the sewer applies
back pressure to an air-bubbling
system, thus activating a mercury
switch and triggering the system
which collects samples from the
retention tank. The 24 sample
bottles are vacuum charged prior
to the storm by use of a portable
vacuum pump. The bottles are in a
fixed position in the refrigerated
enclosure, and each sample is drawn
into its bottle by vacuum when a
control switch is released by a
tripper arm operated in conjunction
with a timer.
Weston Automatic Sampler Evaluation
1. The submersible pump anchored to the bottom of the
sewer is often clogged by solid wastes such as cans,
rags, wire, wood chips, tree stems, gravel, sand, etc,
2. The submersible pump with its metal cage and angle
iron braces offers a significant obstruction to flow.
3. Pump stoppages have occurred during low-intensity
storms, probably because of insufficient water depth
in the sewer.
4. Movement of heavy solids has caused severe damage to
the equipment, to the extent that pumps have washed
away.
5. Automatic operation of sampler above retention tank.
Continuous flow from pump to retention tank assists
in self cleaning.
6. Collects 24 discrete samples at preset time intervals.
Synchronized recorded flow data permit flow propor-
tional compositing. Samples are collected from a
single elevation in the sewer.
262
-------
Ability of unit to collect floatables or coarser
bottom solids will depend upon elevation of pump
intake.
9
10
Refrigerated sample container protects samples from
damage and deterioration. Continuous flow from sewer
to retention tank will help minimize crossr-
contamination. Sampling head and lines may be
susceptible to precontamination.
Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
Unit cannot operate under a condition of total
immersion.
11. Not suitable for operation under freezing ambient
conditions. Could be made to operate during freezing
weather by heating the metal shed housing the unit.
12. Relatively high discharge pressure would allow
operation over a wide range of operating head
conditions.
263
-------
Designation;
Project Location;
EPA Proj ect No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
PAVIA-BYRNE AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
New Orleans (Lake Pontchartrain),
Louisiana
11020 FAS. Final report should be
available soon.
Saran wrapped, galvanized sheet
metal air diffuser about 76 cm
(30 in.) long, placed about 20 cm
(8 in.) below the water surface.
Polyethylene tubing from intake
to sampler.
Positive displacement, screw type,
Moyno or Aberdenffer pump operated
with a 0.56 KW (3/4 HP) motor.
Maximum suction lift about 6m
(20 ft.).
Minimum 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) line from
canal to sampler. Intake pipe to
sampler manifold 1.9 cm (3/4 in.).
Manifold to each row of sampler
bottles, 1.3 cm (1/2 in.). Line
from solenoid valve to sampler,
0.64 cm (1/4 in.).
Under 11.4 £pm (3 gpm).
Unit collects 36 discrete samples
in bottles of about 1.2& (40 oz)
capacity each.
Sampler operation initiated with
manually operated switch. Filling
of sample bottles controlled by a
motor driven timer, through relays,
to a solenoid valve at each sample
bottle. Time interval between
sample collections not stated.
Sample pump operates through a
220 volt, 60 Hz, external power
source. Electrical control equip-
ment is on a 120 volt, 60 Hz,
power source.
264
-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Sample bottles, solenoid valves to
each bottle, and sampler manifold,
are installed in a Shaefer Cooler
Model MC-1600, with cooling units
built in its walls.
Sampler piping and fittings are of
PVC. Grating and supports within
the cooler are aluminum.
Outside dimensions of cooler in
which sampler is installed are
about 79 x 155 x 89 cm
(31x61x35 in.). All equipment is
installed in a 1.8 x 2.4m (6x8 ft.)
shed.
The pump produces a continuous
flow of sewage to the sampler.
When the sampler has been placed
in operation, individual solenoid
valves from the sampler manifold
are opened one at a time to the
36 sample bottles by an electri-
cally operated timer. A combina-
tion standpipe and overflow line
is used to maintain pressure on the
solenoid valves.
Pavia-Byrne Automatic Sampler Evaluation
1. Most clogging would be at the air diffuser inlet. Its
extent would depend on the size and shape of openings
in the diffuser.
2. The air diffuser intake would present some obstruction
of flow, depending on where it is placed in the sewer.
This would not be significant in the very large canal
where the existing samplers have been installed.
3. Probably would operate at the full range of flow
conditions, except at very low stages, when the air
diffuser may not provide satisfactory inlet conditions.
4. Damage to the air diffuser intake may occur in storm
or combined sewers of high flow velocity and heavy
debris load.
265
-------
5. Operation is automatic after initial startup at the
beginning of a storm. Continuous flow promotes self
cleaning.
6. Representativeness of sample depends on placement .and
configuration of the air diffuser intake. Discrete
samples of uniform size collected at constant time
intervals. Flow proportional compositing not possible
unless time-synchronized with a recording flow meter.
7. Does not collect floatable material because the intake
is set below the water surface.
8. Cooled sample container protects samples from damage
and deterioration. Continuous flow from sewer to
sampler minimizes precontamination.
9. Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
10. Not designed to operate under total immersion or
flooding.
11. Continuous flow and insulated cooler would help permit
continued operation under ambient freezing.
12. Relatively high lift would allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
266
-------
Designation;
Project Location!
EPA Project No. ;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
REX CHAINBELT. INC. AUTOMATIC
SAMPLER~
Kenosha, Wisconsin
11023 EKC. Final report should be
available soon.
Pipe drilled with 0.63 to 0.95 cm
(1/4 to 3/8 in.) holes.
Uses a "Hushpuppy" positive pres-
sure pump. Cost of pump about $30.
Operates only during a 2-3 minute
purging period and during actual
filling of sample bottle.
Suction lift about 4.6m (15 ft.).
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) Tygon tubing and
garden hose.
Approximately 11.4 £pm (3 gpm).
Unit collects 18 discrete samples
in bottles of 1-liter capacity.
Sampler operation started by
manually operated control. There-
after, flow to sample bottles is
regulated by an electric timer
and solenoid valve. Time interval
between filling of bottles can be
adjusted between 3 minutes and
one hour.
Not stated.
None provided.
Sampling lines are composed of
Tygon tubing and garden hose;
pump is plastic and Buna N.
Not stated.
267
-------
General Comments; After manual starting, the pump
runs for 2 to 3 minutes to purge
the sampler lines. The pump then
operates only while each sample
bottle is filled through a re-
volving solenoid valve regulated
by an electric timer. Apparently,
the pump operation is stopped
automatically after 18 sample
bottles have been filled.
Rex Chainbelt Automatic Sampler Evaluation
1. Experience has been only in sewage which has been
comminuted and passed through a grit chamber, but
unit should be fairly free from clogging.
2. The pipe sampler intake would present some obstruction
of flow, the extent of obstruction depending on the
method used for maintaining the position of the pipe
in the flow.
3. Does not collect enough samples at short time inter-
vals to include the entire storm period at many
locations.
4. Operation impediment by the movement of solids will
depend on the method used for installation of the
sampler intake pipe.
5. Operation is automatic after initial startup at the
beginning of a storm. Self cleaning limited to
initial purging of lines.
6. Representatitiveness of sample depends on placement,
and specifications of the intake pipe. Discrete
samples of uniform size are collected at constant
time intervals. Flow proportional compositing not
possible unless time-synchronized with a recording
flow meter.
7. Unit could provide some capability for floatables and
bottom solids depending upon positioning and length
of sampler pipe.
8. No provision for refrigeration of samples provided.
Purging of lines prior to sample collection serves to
reduce precontamination; cross-contamination will
probably occur.
268
-------
9.
10.
11.
12.
Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
Not designed to operate under total immersion or
flooding.
Unit not designed to operate under freezing conditions
Relatively high lift would allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
269
-------
Designation;
Project Location;
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
COLSTON AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Durham, North Carolina
EPA-670/2-74-096.
Direct intake to sump pump set on
piling at stream bed. Intake
from sampling flume is a standard
Serco Model NW-3 sampling head.
Water pumped from stream to
sampling flume with an Enpo-
Cornell sump pump, Model No. 150A.
Pump is placed inside a 61 x 46 cm
(24x18 in.) metal box, all within a
woven wire frame. A standard Serco
Model NW~3 vacuum sampler gathers
samples from the 91 x 27 cm
(36x10.5 in.) Plexiglas flume.
About 3.3m (11 ft.) from the pump
to the sampling flume. No lift
from the flume to the Serco sampler
Line from pump to flume is 3.8 cm
(1.5 in.) fire hose. Serco sam-
pler lines are 0.63 cm (1/4 in.)
inside diameter.
Flow rate from pump to flume is
about 189 £pm (50 gpm). Flow rate
from flume to Serco sampler is
variable.
24-500 m& bottles are provided in
the Serco sampler. Actual sample
sizes are about 400 m£.
Operation of pump starts and stops
when float in an offstream stil-
ling well reaches specified stages.
For Serco Model NW-3 sampler
controls, see page 193.
270
-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Pump operates on 110 VAC. Serco
sampler is powered with a spring
driven clock.
None provided.
Sampling train composed of fire
hose, Plexiglas flume, stainless
steel sampling head, vinyl lines,
and glass bottles with rubber
stoppers.
Basic Dimensions:
Colston Automatic Sampler
Not a concentrated unit.
sampler 39 x 39 x 68 cm
(15.5x.5.5x26.7 in.).
Serco
1. Because of large diameter hose from the pump to the
sampling flume, and continuous flow during the period
of operation, clogging is infrequent. Experience has
been in an urban stream which has the characteristics
of a storm sewer.
2. The pump and covering, as placed on the stream bed,
would create a significant obstruction to flow,
particularly in a sewer of ordinary dimensions.
3. May not operate during very low flows, depending upon
height of pump inlet above stream bed.
4. Heavy bed loads could render the pump inoperable.
5. Pump starts and stops automatically in accordance
with specified water stages. Continuous flow to
sampling flume provides self cleaning, but the Serco
sampler has no self cleaning features.
6. Collects discrete samples at preset times from a
fixed point intake only. Flow proportional
compositing is possible when time is synchronized
with recording flow measurement equipment.
7. Unsuitable for collection of samples of floatables
or coarser bottom solids.
8. No refrigeration provided. Use of individual sam-
pling lines in the Serco sampler eliminates cross-
contamination possibility.
271
-------
9. Not designed for operation in sewer manholes or
other confined spaces.
10. Not operable under conditions of total immersion or
flooding.
11. Would not operate under freezing conditions.
12. Sample lift of about 3.3m (11 ft.) to the sampling
flume, and a potential lift of 3m (10 ft.) for the
Serco sampler, indicates capability for operation
under a fairly wide range of operating head
conditions.
272
-------
Designation;
Project Location:
EPA Report No .;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER MODEL II
To be used in Akron, Ohio
None
Not clearly stated but presumably
the end of the 5 cm (2 in.) I.D.
suction line mounted directly in
the flow stream to be sampled.
Suction lift from diaphram pump.
Not stated but probably good for
at least 6.1m (20 ft).
1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.
Depends upon lift; could exceed
76 &pm C20 gpm) .
Unit collects twenty-four 1.9&
(1/2 gal) discrete samples plus an
18.9& (5 gal) composite.
Has a provision for auto.matic
starting. Discrete samples and
composite aliquots can be collected
every 5 minutes paced by a built-
in timer adjustable from 5 to
60 minutes. Switches automatically
stop diversion to composite bottle
when it is full and shut sampler
off when last discrete bottle has
been filled.
115 VAC
None
Tygon and PVC tubing; aluminum
diverter, nozzle, etc.; "Nalgene"
sample bottles; aluminum frame.
137 x 76 x 150 cm (54 x 30
x 59 in.) including mounting dolly.
Can be wheeled about, but appears
too heavy to lift without
assistance.
273
-------
General Comments;
The pump produces a continuous
flow of sewage through the sam-
pler diverter and back to the
sewer. Two solenoids are pro-
vided to allow diversion of flow
to either the discrete or com-
posite sample container for a
preset time period. They tip a
nozzle inside a diversion chamber
and thus direct the flow as com-
manded by the timing cams. The
nozzle is spring loaded to return
to its null position which directs
flow back to the sewer. A rotat-
ing nozzle is indexed over one of
24 funnels, each connected by a
piece of 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D. ty-
gon tubing to one of the wide
mouth discrete sample bottles
which are in a rectangular array.
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Model II Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging, except per-
haps the tubes connecting the distribution funnels to
the discrete sample bottles.
2. Unit would not appear to offer any significant obstruc-
tion to flow.
3. Units should be operable over the full range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids in the flow should not hamper
operations, except for possible diaphram wear.
5. Capable of automatic operation. Continuous flow
serves a self cleaning function.
6. Collects 24 discrete samples at preset time intervals
and a simple composite.
7. Ability to collect floatables and coarser bottom
solids will depend upon details of sampling intake.
8. No refrigeration, but otherwise unit would appear to
afford reasonable sample protection.
9. Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
274
-------
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit would appear capable of operation in freezing
ambients.
12. Relatively high lift should allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
275
-------
Designation:
Project Location:
EPA Report No.:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
NEAR SEWER SAMPLER
Tested at San Jose Water Pollution
Control Plant.
None. Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.
Small hole approximately 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) diameter in the side of a
traversing pick-up tube.
Mechanical; pick-up tube with
piston is lowered and fills
through intake near its lower end
as it traverses the stream to be
sampled. Sample is ejected
through a hole near the top of the
tube by raising the piston inside
the tube.
Will depend upon pick-up tube
length; 2.4m (8 ft) would appear to
be a practical maximum.
Smallest line (possibly 1/2")
would appear to be the one con-
necting the sample bottle to the
pick-up tube outlet.
Not applicable.
Developer simply states that
either a composite sample or a
number of discrete samples can
be provided.
An upper piston was added to allow
varying the quantity of samples
gathered during the stream depth
traverse in a controlled way. It
is activated by a water surface
sensor located on the bottom of
the pick-up tube. The water
sensor provides the capability
(in conjunction with a small
memory and logic unit) of gather-
ing flow-proportional samples, at
least to the extent that flow is
276
-------
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277
-------
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions;
General Comments;
proportional to water depth..
Otherwise samples could be paced
by a timer or arranged to accept
signals from an external flowmeter.
Basic unit could be battery
powered. External controls could
require alternating current.
None
Stainless steel and plastic.
Will depend upon length of pick-up
tube; say approximately 0.3 x 0.3
x 2.4m (1x1x8 ft) plus a sample
container rack. Unit must be
mounted in manhole or otherwise^
near the flow stream. Basic unit
would appear to weigh 13-18 kg
(30-40 Ibs).
Sampler is out of the main flow
except when taking a sample.
Developer claims sampler can pick-
up a representative sample of
surface oil film. Both an initial
model and an improved prototype
have been fabricated and tested to
demonstrate the basic concepts
involved, but the -unit has not
been made commercially available
as yet. A patent has been granted
for the sampler and its concept.
Any requests for further informa-
tion should be directed to:
S. B. Spangler, Vice President
Nielsen Engineering & Research,
Inc .
850 Maude Avenue
Mountain View, California 94040
Telephone (415) 968-9457
NEAR Sewer Sampler Evaluation
1 Pick-up tube might collect debris (rags, paper, etc.)
during traverse which could clog inlet port; otherwise
should be relatively free from clogging.
278
-------
8,
9
10
11,
12.
Pick-up tube offers a rigid obstruction to flow while
sample is actually being collected.
Unit would appear vulnerable to damage due to Strouhal
vibration at high flow rates.
Movement of large objects in the flow at the time a
sample is being taken could damage or even physically
destroy the pick-up tube assembly.
Prototype does not have an automatic start feature.
No self cleaning. Cross contamination appears very
likely.
Prototype is amenable to several types of control
systems, but none has been demonstrated as yet.
Preliminary test results indicate a capability of
collecting surface oil films. Unit is unsuitable
for collecting coarse bottom solids.
Sample container case not designed". Since unit
mounts in manhole near flow surface, samples are
vulnearable, and refrigeration does not appear
reasonable.
Unit is designed for manhole operation.
Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
Unit would appear to have difficulty operating in
freezing ambients.
Unit has design capability of operating over a fairly
wide range of operating head conditions.
279
-------
Designation:
Project Location:
EPA Repor-t No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Saoole Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;;
Controls;
Power Source; .
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
•FREEMAN AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Columbia, Maryland
None
Provided by user.
External head to provide flow to
sampling equipment shed. Fluidic
diverters are controlled by sole-
noid valves by timer signals and
divert flow to discrete sample
containers, the flow otherwise
returning to waste.
Not applicable.
The. smallest passage in the sam-
pling train is the 0.63 x 0.63 cm
(0.25 x 0.25 in.) throat of the
diverter.
5.7 &pm (1.5 gpm).
Modularized construction allows
as many 0.9£ (1 qt) discrete sam-
ple containers to be used as de-
sired. For this installation,
6 modules were arranged vertically
in a single cascade, and two cas-
cades were employed.
Timer-actuated solenoid valves
open and close the diverter con-
trol ports causing a sample to be
taken at preset time intervals.
Volume of sample is adjusted by
positioning the vent tube in the
sample jar.
110 VAC
None
PVC pipe, fluidic diverters molded
from PVC, sample containers are
glass Mason jars, metal and ply-
wood frame.
280
-------
Diverter Control Ports
Diverter
Inlet
Fluidic Divp.rter
Valve
Standpipe
Mason Jar
Bypass Diverter
Outlet
Bottle Fill
Diverter Outlet
Bottle Fill
Fitting
Bottle Vent
Tube
Shelf
Sample Flow Out
Figure 20. Freeman Automatic Sampler Module
Sketch courtesy of Peter A. Freeman Associates, Inc.
281
-------
Basic Dimensions
General Comments
Each 6 module cascade appears
to be about 0.5 x 0.3 x 1.5m
(1.5 x 1 x 5 ft). Minimum height
of a module is 15.2 cm (6 in.)
head required for diverter opera-
tion plus sample bottle height.
The complete absence of moving
parts in the flow stream is a
distinct advantage. With the use
of a bias orifice in one control
port, only one control line need
be blocked to obtain diversion.
The possibility of using such an
arrangement with the control lines
sequenced vertically in a timing
jar that is fed fluid by a cali-
brated wick would allow a sampler
with absolutely no moving parts
and requiring no power other than
from the fluid flow itself.
Freeman Automatic Sampler Evaluation
1. Should be free from clogging. Sampling intake must be
designed by user.
2. Sampler itself offers no flow obstruction.
3. Should operate well over entire range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Continuous flow serves a self cleaning function. No
cross—contamination.
6. Collects adjustable size (up to 1 liter) discrete
samples at preset time intervals.
7. Ability to collect samples of floatables and coarser
bottom solids will depend upon design of sampling
intake.
8. No refrigerator. Adequate sample protection for this
installation.
9. Not designed for manhole operation as presently
configured.
282
-------
10. Cannot withstand total immersion.
11. Unit should be able to operate in freezing ambients.
12. Operating head is provided by user.
283
-------
Designation;
Project Location;
EPA Report Mo.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
PS-69 PUMPING SAMPLER
Columbia, Maryland
None. Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.
Provided by user.
Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.
6.1m (20 ft) recommended maximum.
Pump will pass 0.5 cm (3/16 in.)
solids.
Approximately 26 Jlpm (7 gpm) .
Adjustable size discrete samples
are collected in seventy-two 0.5£
(1 pt) glass bottles or 0.9)1 (1 qt)
plastic containers.
Sample size is adjusted by
potentiometer setting; under timer
operation samples may be taken as
often as every 2 minutes or as
infrequently as one a day; may be
paced by optional stage-discharge
computer or external flowmeter.
Has automatic starter and event
marker.
36 VDC (three 12V automobile
batteries of 55 amp-hr. capacity
or greater) for pump motors; one
standard D dry cell battery for
clock.
None.
Intake tubing is user-supplied;
pump is Buna-N, stainless steel,
carbon and ceramic; also PVC and
vinyl in sampling train.
284
-------
Diverter Nozzle
Sample Funnel
Distribution '^w
Tubing .--•;.;-, L
Time Clock
(Back side of plate)
Sample
Container
Drawer
Figure 21. PS 69 Pumping Sampler
285
-------
Basic Dimensions;
General Comments:
96 .x 147 x 183 cm (38x58x72 in.);
weighs 77 kg (170 Ibs) without
batteries or tubing; designed for
fixed installation.
This sampler was designed for
sediment transport studies in
rivers. A typical cycle begins
with a small pump taking water
from a backflush barrel and back-
flushing the intake, priming the
line and removing any grass or
trash from the intake proper.
This operation continues until a
bottom float in the barrel drops.
When the large (sampling) pump
starts, a solenoid on the back-
flush barrel closes the back-
flush pump intake and the
distribution arm advances one
hole. The sampling pump feeds
into a solenoid operated diverter
that normally feeds the backflush
tank. About 20 seconds after the
sampling pump starts, the diverter
switches for a preset period and
the sample is routed via the dis-
tributer arm and an individual
plastic hose to the next sample
container. The sampling pump is
shut off when the top float in
the backflush barrel lifts. A
smaller, portable version desig-
nated PS-73 and taking 36 discrete
samples is also available. Any
requests for further information
should be directed to:
John V. Skinner
Hydrologist-in-Charge
Federal Inter-Agency
Sedimentation Project
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory
Hennepin Island and Third Ave.
S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
286
-------
PS-69 Pumping Sampler Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging, except
perhaps the tubes connecting the distribution fun-
nels to the discrete sample bottles.
2. Obstruction to flow will depend upon way user designs
and installs sampler intake.
3. Unit should be operable over the full range of flow
conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operation.
5. Automatic starter; backflush of intake and inlet line
provides partial self-cleaning.
6. Collects 72 discrete samples (either 0.5£ or 0.95,)
paced by interval timer, optional proportional fre-
quency controller (stage-discharge computer), or
external flowmeter.
7. Ability to collect floatables or coarser bottom solids
will depend upon details of sampling intake, but any-
thing larger than 0.5 cm (3/16 in.) will jam pump.
8. No refrigeration, but otherwise unit would appear to
offer reasonable sample protection when installed in
recommended shelter.
9. Unit was not designed for manhole operation.
10. Unit cannot withstand total immersion.
11. The use of a heated shelter is recommended for cold-
weather operation.
12. Relatively high lift should allow operation over a
fairly wide range of operating head conditions.
287
-------
Designation;
Project Location!
EPA Report No.:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size;
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source;
RECOMAT SAMPLER
Paris, France (Department De
Seine Saint-Denis)
None. Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.
Four 120 m& tanks, each with an
8 cm (5/16 in.) diameter hole
in the bottom and protected by
a plastic bell, which can be
positioned vertically anywhere
within the flow stream.
Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ej ection,
10m (33 ft) maximum.
Smallest line is 0.6 mm (1/4 in.).
Depends upon pressure and lift.
Collects 24 sequential composite
samples (,1«6& maximum) made up
of an undisclosed (but fixed)
number of aliquots of less than
120 m& per intake.
The design is such that it takes
5 minutes to collect each sequen-
tial composite sample. The only
control is an operator setting
(n) that causes the sampler to
fill the first n bottles one after
the other (essentially continuous
operation), after which the re-
maining 24-n bottles are filled
at 10 minute time intervals.
Thus, the total sampling period
can range from 2 to 4 hours.
Electricity required for air
compressor motor and refrigerator.
288
-------
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Entire sample distribution
and storage assembly is inside
an automatic refrigerator set
to maintain a 4°C internal
temperature.
Sampling train is plastic and
rubber,
Sample intake is 8 cm C3,1 in.)
diameter x 15 cm (5,9 in.) H;
control box is 60 x 30 x 80 cm
(23.6x11.8x31.5 in,); refrig-
erator is 100 x 100 x 120 cm
C39,4x39,4x47,2 in,); each
compressor is 50 x 50 x 20 cm
(19.7x19.7x7.9 in,); fixed
installation.
This sampler was designed by
RECOMAT to meet specifications
written by Coyne and Bellier
consulting engineers. Each in-
take is gravity filled, via its
bottom hole, through an elastic
rubber truncated cone inside its
tank. The release of air pres-
sure pinches the edges of the
rubber hole and forces the sample
up the line, thr.ough the distri-
bution arm, and into the sample
container. Due to air losses
associated with the rubber cones
(and piping), due in part to
failure to shut off because of
obstruction by heavy particles,
only 500 m£ or so of sample is
typically obtained (rather than
the 1.6£ design capacity). A
separate air compressor is used
to move the distribution arm.
RECOMAT Sampler Evaluation
1.
2.
Should be relatively free from clogging except for
possibly the elastic rubber cone in the intake.
Sampler intakes and supporting structure present a
rigid obstruction to the flow.
289
-------
8.
9.
10,
11,
12,
Sampling chamber will fill immediately following
discharge of previous aliquot, but the use of several
aliquots to obtain each sample minimizes adverse ef-
fects of this. Representativeness is questionable at
high flow rates.
Movement of large objects in the flow could damage or
even physically destroy the sampler intakes. Small
solids could prevent rubber intake cone from sealing,
resulting in reduced or no sample from that intake.
Apparently has no automatic start or self-cleaning
features.
Collects sequential composite samples made up of a
number of aliquots of possibly varying size,
Appears unsuitable for collection of either floatable
materials or coarser bottom solids.
Cross-contamination appears
Unit is not designed for manhole operation,
Automatic refrigeration.
likely.
Cannot withstand total immersion.
Should be able to operate in freezing ambients for
its 2-4 hour duty cycle life.
Maximum lift of 10m (33 ft) puts little restriction
on operating head conditions but is less than in
many pneumatic ejection designs.
290
-------
Designation;
Project Location:
EPA Report No.;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity
Controls:
EG&G PROTOTYPE SE¥ER SAMPLER
Rockville, Maryland
EPA-670/2-75-XXX to be issued
soon.
Four intakes of present config-
uration can be located anywhere
within the flow stream.. Presently
consists of 4 plastic nozzles,
each with three 0.5 cm (3/16 in.)
diameter ports in line with the
flow, mounted to a streamlined
stainless steel strap around the
inside periphery of the sewer
pipe.
Suction lift from separate high
capacity 3-rotor peristaltic pump
heads for each intake, driven by
a common electric motor through
keyed connecting shafts.
Submersible pump box is designed
to be located within 3m (10 ft) or
so of the flow. Discharge heads
of over 15m (50 ft) are possible.
Smallest line is 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
I.D.
9,5 £pm (.2.5 gpm) through each
line for 37.9 Jlpm (10 gpm) total
flow in present configuration.
Collects 12 discrete 2£ CO,53 gal)
samples per storage module.
May be set to take a sample as
often as every minute or as in-
frequently as once every 9 hours,
in 200 millisecond increments when
paced by internal timer; may also
be paced by suitable external
flowmeter; has automatic start
connection; all solid state
design. Backflush and blowdown
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Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
time periods are also adjustable.
Can Be programmed or run manually
in any fashion for test purposes.
110 VAC electricity.
Entire sample distribution and
storage assembly can be fitted
with an insulated, refrigerated
cover, but none is provided at
present.
Sampling train is PVC, tygon,
silicone, plexiglass, and poly-
ethylene ,
Not an integrated unit. Largest
components are a standard
55-gallon drum, and distributor
and storage assembly which is
approximately 1.2m (4 ft) in
diameter and 0.9m (3 ft) H; elec-
tronics box is 47 x 39 x 30 cm
(18.5x15.5x12 in.); fixed
installation.
This automatic sampler is a
prototype design incorporating
several previously untried
features in five modular sub-
systems, including all solid-
state electronics, a clock to
allow time-of-day correlation,
high sample intake and transport
velocities, large high-capacity
peristaltic pumps and fluidic
diverters avoiding any moving
parts in the sampling train,
return of the first flow to waste,
fresh water or chemical purge and
backflush and high pressure air
blowdown after each sample is
taken, multilevel sample intakes
with non-intrusive mounting, and
large sample capacity with the
quantity of each sample determined
by weight. The modular subsystem
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approach allows the basic design
implementation to Be tailored to
suit a wide variety of sampling
program and site requirements.
EG&G Prototype Sewer Sampler Evaluation
1. Should be relatively free from clogging due to design
of intake, lack of constrictions and moving parts in
the sampling train, the fact that the sample flows
under pressure from the pump all the way to the sample
container, and the backflush and blowdown features.
2. Non-intrusive intake ring presents virtually no ob-
struction to the flow.
3. Should be capable of operating over the entire range
of flow conditions.
4. Movement of solids should not hamper operations.
5. Has connection for automatic starting on signal from
external sensor, Backflush, purge, and blowdown self-
cleaning features should minimize cros&-contamination,
6. Collects discrete samples from a multi-level intake
paced by built-in timer or external flowmeter.
7. Separate intake designs required for sampling floatables
or coarser bottom solids,
8. No refrigeration in present form.
9. Submersion proof pump box is designed to operate in a
surcharged manhole; intake can be installed in entry
line to manhole in less than 15 minutes; no other sub-
systems are intended to be down in the manhole; trans-
former isolated to prevent shock hazard if pump box is
physically destroyed by accident.
10. Manhole components can withstand complete immersion.
11. Freshwater tank would require heater or antifreeze for
cold weather operation. Collected samples would freeze
if left for prolonged periods without a heated cover.
12. Combined lift of over 18m (60 ft) puts little restric-
tion on operating head conditions.
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SECTION VIII
EXPERIENCE WITH COMBINED SEWER SAMPLERS
In order to assess the efficacy of both standard commer-
cially available samplers and custom engineered units in
actual field use, a survey of recent EPA projects in the
storm and combined sewer pollution control area was con-
ducted. Final reports were obtained where available, but
for some projects only interim reports existed and, in a
few instances, telephone conversations had to be relied on.
In each project, the research and development contract or
grant was for an activity which also required determination
of water quality. No projects had been undertaken solely
to compare or evaluate samplers for use in storm and com-
bined sewers.
STRAINER/FILTER TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 9 is the final report for a project to examine
strainer/filter treatment of combined sewer overflows.
Although automatic sampling equipment was not used in this
project, several interesting observations were made. It is
stated in the conclusions that "this feasibility study has
shown that sampling methods commonly used in evaluating the
effect of combined sewer overflows on receiving streams
cannot be considered reliable. The results indicate that
most of the calculated loads that are based on automatic
sampling stations have most likely understated the actual
case". Particular criticism is leveled against the small
diameter, low velocity probes which are characteristic of
most present-day automatic sampling units. In this project
the sampling was performed manually by a technician at the
overflow site. Samples were taken at 15-minute intervals
during the first 2 hours of flow and thereafter at
30-minute intervals for 2 hours. The samples were discrete
in nature, not composites over each time interval, and were
taken in two quantities: a) a 7.6£ (2 gal) sample taken
with a 3.8£ (1 gal) pail, and b) a 3.8SL (1 gal) sample
taken with a 0.5& (1 pt) wide mouth cup. The samples were
brought to the analytical laboratory within 6 hours of the
initial sampling time.
It is noted on page 18 that visual observation of several
overflows conclusively showed the presence of fresh human
feces (larger than one-half inch) and whole pieces of toilet
paper. Samples were also collected using a wire mesh screen
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with one-quarter inch openings. Comparison of the suspended
solids in the usual pail samples with those collected on
wire mesh strainers consistently showed a variation in par-
ticle size. Only when a sample was taken at the surface of
the flowing stream did the maximum particle size obtained
with the pail equal that found with the wire mesh strainer.
In one instance a set of samples was taken by two people
simultaneously at the same surface depth. The pail sample
was found to have consistently higher values than the scoop
sample for each variable tested. These variables included
BOD, COD, suspended solids, total solids, volatile solids
and settleable solids. In some instances the analyses of
the scoop obtained samples resulted in values less than
half of those obtained from pail-collected samples.
Although whole sections of toilet paper were noted in the
overflow, the sampling technique used did not produce or
yield any paper in the samples.
STREAM POLLUTION ABATEMENT FROM COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
Reference 10 contains the results of a detailed engineering
investigation and comprehensive technical study to evaluate
the pollution effects from combined sewer overflows on the
Sandusky River at Bucyrus, Ohio. The overflows from many
storms were sampled during the study period to determine
the quality of the overflow and pollution loads. For about
6 months samples were collected manually. After
February 1, 1969, Serco automatic samplers, Model NW-3,
were installed in the instrument shelters at the overflows.
These samplers collected a 300 ml sample every 5 minutes
for 2 hours during overflow. If the overflow continued
longer than 2 hours, samples were collected manually at
less frequent intervals.
It is noted on page 15 that an automatic starter was devised
for the samplers that started the clocks when the water
level reached a pre-determined height behind the weirs. The
samplers could therefore be left unattended prior to and
during an overflow. The samplers required a vacuum to be
maintained in the sample bottles. Because the samplers
would lose vacuum after 1 or 2 days, they had to be in-
stalled in the 24 hours preceeding the overflow.
Except for these comments regarding difficulty with auto-
matic starters and vacuum leaks, no other in-service related
problems were mentioned.
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CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY UNDERWATER STORAGE
Reference 11 contains the results of a demonstration proj-
ect for the control of pollution by underwater storage. A
pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to assess
the feasibility of providing.a facility for the collection,
treatment, storage and final disposition of storm overflow
from a combined sewer system. A Serco Model NW-3 automatic
sampler was located at the Parshall Flume. It was found to
be inadequate for the requirements of the testing laborator-
ies. The sampling quantities required were four times
greater than that originally contemplated. As a result,
samples were taken partly with the automatic sampler, but
primarily by hand. No other comments of the suitability of
this sampler for its application or experience with it were
made.
ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER OVERFLOW PROBLEMS
Reference 12 contains the results of an engineering investi-
gation of sewer overflow problems in Roanoke, Virginia.
Both manual and automatically gathered samples were obtained
during storm events to assess the quality of sewer overflows
and storm runoff. Serco automatic samplers were used in
this program. The problems encountered during sampling
primarily involved the equipment. It is noted on page 149
that the automatic samplers worked rather well, except that
some precautions had to be taken. In the streams the nozzle
could not be rested on the bottom, or sand and grit would be
drawn in the sample bottle. Rags from the sanitary sewers
would block several of the tube openings during a 24-hour
sampling program. Occasionally a clock would stop and a
complete rainfall would be missed. The automatic starting
devices proved to be inadequate; therefore, the samplers
had to be started manually at the beginning of each rain-
fall which proved to be time-consuming.
MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 13 contains the results of an investigation of
microstraining and disinfection of combined sewer overflows.
On page 20 it is noted that composite samples of the raw and
strained water were extracted automatically by two N-Con
Surveyor model samplers and stored in refrigerated contain-
ers. The samplers were adjusted to withdraw portions of
the flows at a fixed rate every 6 minutes. The only com-
ments made about the sampling equipment were that composite
sampling is not so representative of variations within a
storm and discrete samples would be more desirable, and a
complaint about the low suction lift which restricted
operations.
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In Phase II of this project reported in (14) automatic
vacuum-type discrete samplers (Serco Model SG-15) were used.
The samplers collected discrete 300 m£ samples of influent
and effluent every 2 minutes. The data on organic content
and coliform from 14 storms were rendered useless due to
improper sterilization of the samplers in the field. Sam-
pler failures were noted but not discussed.
STORMWATE" POLLUTION FROM URBAN LAND ACTIVITY
Reference 15 presents the results of an investigation of
the pollution concentrations and loads from storm water
runoff in an urban area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Standard proce-
dures for manual sampling were used when baseline samples or
stormwater runoff samples were collected. The stationary
automatic sampling method was used when a time series of
samples was desired. The sampling apparatus employed was
unique and custom-designed for this project by the contrac-
tor. Five semi-stationary automatic sampling stations and
three portable automatic samplers were fabricated and used
in this project. The only problems noted were due to van-
dalism. Several of the semi-stationary sampling stations
were broken open and some of the equipment was damaged.
This caused important data losses on some watersheds.
RETENTION BASIN CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 16 contains an evaluation of the control of com-
bined sewer overflows by retention in an open basin in
Springfield, Illinois. It is interesting to note that the
instrumentation subcontract cost was $31K, while the sub-
contract for construction of the basin itself only cost
$77K. A rather large scale fixed installation, automatic
sampling system was designed for this project. Originally
10 cm (4 in.) diameter influent and effluent sampling lines
were used. Pumps took suction from the sampling lines and
discharged in the sampling tanks. A Trebler scoop-type sam-
pler was provided in each tank to take the samples. Samples
of equal volume were taken at 30-minute intervals with the
automatic samplers and composited over a 24-hour period
The composite bottles were located in a refrigerator and
were kept under mechanical refrigeration at all times.
Problems were experienced with operation of the samplers
during early months of the operation. This was particularly
true of the influent sampler. The influent sampling line
was over 274m (900 ft) long. It was concluded that this
10 cm (4 in.) diameter line was much too large for the size
pump taking suction from it and, as a result, considerable
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amounts of solids settled in the line. This provided a non-
representative sample of the influent. There were also
difficulties associated with the location of the influent
sampler probe. As a solution, the 10 cm (4 in.) influent
sampling line was replaced with a 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) diameter
line. This provided better velocities in the line and
minimized settling of solids in it. A listing of mainte-
nance items required over a 1-year period of operation is
given on page 31. It is noted that there was one instance
of^repair on the flowmeter, seven instances of influent sam-
pling line repair, one instance of effluent sampling pump
repair, one instance of influent sampler motor burnout and
replacement, three instances of repair for both pumps, and
eight instances when the influent sampling line needed to be
unclogged.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 17 contains the results of a study of flocculant
treatment and disinfection of combined sewer overflows at
Grosse Point Woods, Michigan. It is noted on page 48 that
one of the most difficult problems was that of sampling.
Flow rates varied from 8.6 to 69.4 cu m (305 to 2,450 cu ft.)
per second. Influent sewage depths varied from 0.6 to 5.2m
(2 to 17 ft.) with no dry well available for positive head
devices, and a representative effluent sample had to be
obtained from an inaccessible weir approximately 64m
(210 ft.) in length.
All main sampling lines in the final design were 5 cm (2 in.)
in diameter and flowed constantly during the. sampling
period. Because of the importance of sampling, automatic
samplers were designed and constructed specifically for work
on this project. These samplers were designed to collect
adjustable grab samples from the continuously flowing 5 cm
(2 in.) pipe stream, composite them for various periods,
and hold them in a refrigerated compartment for periods up
to about 3 hours. No discussion of problems encountered
with these sampling devices was given.
COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY UNDERWATER STORAGE FACILITY
Reference 18 contains the results of a demonstration of the
feasibility of utilizing a temporary underwater storage
facility as a means o.f abating pollution resulting from
storm overflow from a combined sewer. Conclusion number 5
is especially interesting: "The samplers utilized on the
project are not recommended for the sampling of sewage from
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combined sewers. A more advanced and efficient sampling
method should be developed for future programs." On
page 32 it is noted that "the required volume per sample
was 1,020 mJl to perform all required analyses. The standard
Serco Model NW-3 automatic sampler would collect approxi-
mately 330 m£ of sample per bottle when operated with a
1.5m (5 ft) lift, and 66 cm (26 in.) mercury internal vacuum
and an atmospheric pressure of 76 cm (30 in.) mercury. There-
fore, it was necessary to fill four bottles at a time for
adequate sample volume". A newly designed and fabricated
tripper arm was installed on the Serco sampler. The
tripper arm simultaneously actuated four sampling line
switches. A 15-minute gearhead was utilized for the tests
to provide a sampling interval that would not overtax the
field laboratory beyond its capacity.
URBAN RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS
Reference 19 is an interim report on investigations for the
refinement of a comprehensive EPA stormwater management
model in which urban runoff characteristics are to be de-
picted. As a part of this program, automatic equipment for
sequential sampling of water quality was installed for five
separate sewer locations in the Bloody Run Sewer Water Shed
in Cincinnatti, Ohio. N-Con Sentry Sequential Effluent
Samplers were used in this program. The large amount of
data given in the report indicates a generally satisfactory
collection of samples but no operational comments are given.
IN-SEWER FIXED SCREENING OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 20 reports on a project to examine the feasibility
of in-sewer fixed screening of combined sewer overflows. As
a part of this effort, a field sampling and analysis program
supplemented with laboratory studies was conducted to char-
acterize combined sewage contributory to combined sewer
overflows, and to ascertain the removal of floatables and
solid materials that could be effected by the placement of
the screening devices in these systems. For this program
special sampling equipment and supporting structures were
designed and manufactured in order to assure representative
collection of combined sewage samples. The equipment con-
sisted of two types of samplers: a bulk liquid sampler and
a screening sampler. Both employed the same support struc-
ture and the same sampling manhole. These are essentially
bulk grab samplers which allowed removal of an entire 30.5 cm
(1 ft) long section of combined sewage flow in the sewer.
The sampler is lowered by hand and raised "by a winch. Sam-
ples were collected on an hourly basis. No comments are
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made about the operational experience with these samplers,
but apparently no difficulties were encountered.
STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION SOURCES AND ABATEMENT
Reference 21 is a report on a study of six urban Drainage
basins within the city of Atlanta which were served by com-
bined and separated setters. As a part of the effort to
determine the major pollution sources during storm events,
automatic sampling devices were used. The Serco Model NW-3-
Sampling Device was used, but several difficulties are indi-
cated. On page 4 several interesting conclusions are noted:
Samples collected by automatic sampling devices tended to
freeze in the sampling tubes during cold weather. Further-
more, the location of these vacuum operated devices at safe
heights above peak flow levels limited the volume of samples
that could be collected." "The automatic triggering device
utilized during this study was not reliable. Dampness
deteriorates electrical contacts and solenoids causing
failure of apparently well insulated parts. The consequent
necessity for manual triggering of the automatic samplers
reduces their usefulness and indicates the need for an im-
proved triggering device." "No significant differences
exist between water quality analyses of simultaneous samples
obtained by grab and automatic sampling techniques."
STORM WATER PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN SANITARY SEWERS
Reference 22 is a report of an engineering investigation
which was conducted on stormwater infiltration into sani-
tary sewers and associated problems in the East Bay
Municipal Utility District with assistance from the cities
of Oakland and Berkeley, California. Grab samples were
collected with a rope and a bucket. Wet weather samples
were collected with an Edison Lever Action Diaphragm Pump
with a 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) suction line. Two types of portable
samplers were used for dry weather flow; the Hinde Effluent
Sampler which has a positive displacement pump with a 6m
(20 ft.) lift and an N-Con Surveyor automatic composite
sampler. The only real difficulty encountered in using
the automatic samplers was that the suction tubing was so
small that stringy and large size material tended to plug
the lines. This problem was circumvented by placing a
20-mesh galvanized wire fabric stilling well around the
ends of the suction tubes. Also, it was not possible to
obtain samples automatically at one location because its
7.3m (24 ft.) depth exceeding the lift capacity of the sam-
plers. It is noted on page 61 that the results of the anal-
yses which were conducted on the samples gathered with the
automatic sampling equipment were somewhat erratic.
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UNDERWATER STORAGE OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Reference 23 is a report of a demonstration study of off-
shore underwater temporary storage of storm overflow from
a combined sewer. It is interesting to note that one of
the recommendations given on page 3 is that, 'collection
of grab samples of all flows should be used liberally to
confirm results from automatic samplers." The sampling
program included grab samples for the dry weather flow,
individually timed samples and composite samples of the
storm overflow from the combined sewer drainage area,
composite samples of effluent from the storage tanks, and
grab samples of bay water at the outfall. At the time of
design no sampler was commercially available to do the re
quired job and at the same time secure a representative
composite sample. Therefore a sampler was designed and
constructed especially for this program. No operational
data regarding this sampler are given but apparently no
great difficulties were encountered.
MAXIMIZING STORAGE IN COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS
Reference 24 is a report on maximizing storage in combined
sewer systems in the municipality of Metropolitan Seattle.
Programmed automatic-refrigerated samplers were designed
and built as a part of the demonstration grant to simplify
the sample collection tasks. These were manufactured by
Sirco and were their Sewer-Test Vary-Sampler models. The
report notes that, "the connotation of the term 'automatic
is somewhat deceiving; considerable manual effort is in-
volved in collecting samples, replacing bottles and testing
and repairing the various electrical components". Origi-
nally the samplers were supervised, maintained and serviced
by different personnel. On the newly designed samplers,
there was a 6-month period during which the samplers were
broken in and various parts changed or modified. A single
technician was assigned supervisory, service and maintenance
responsibility for each of the automatic samplers and, since
then, performance has been satisfactory.
A number of sampler problems were encountered including the
electrical system which was quite complicated, the wiring
which was difficult to maintain, instances of inadequate
fuses, and failures of timers, microswitches, relays and
reed switches. It is also noted that despite an automatic
purging feature, the 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) diameter sampling
tubes often became clogged with rags and other debris and
required constant checking. During periods of extremely
high flows, the sampler tubes were often flushed over emer-
gency overflow weirs and left hanging high and dry when the
flow subsided.
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After the reporter's extensive history with the use of these
samp.lers, two of the conclusions were especially noteworthy
Samplers and recorders to be effective require regular sur-
veillance and maintenance. The smallest failures can reduce
valuable data to a level that is unuseable for certain sta-
tiscal analyses." "The best sampling equipment is generally
the least complex, is portable, does not require lines,
constrictions, or bends, and is not likely to become damaged
when submerged (a large order)."
OTHER EPA PROJECTS
Among EPA projects surveyed for which final reports are not
available is a project (EPA No. 11023 FAT) for the construc-
tion, operation and evaluation of a stormwater detention and
chlorxnation station to treat combined sewer overflows on
the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts. Operation of
the station commenced in early summer of 1970. Two Pro-Tech
Inc., Discrete Flow Samplers, Model DEL-240, are installed '
for obtaining discrete samples of inflow to the plant.
These can be adjusted to sample at various time intervals
from 1 minute to 24 hours. In a recent telephone conversa-
tion with the engineer in charge of the facility, it was
learned that numerous troubles were experienced with the
samplers during early operation. After various adjustments
and modifications by the manufacture, the samples operated
satisfactorily. The specific nature of the troubles
experienced was not discussed.
In a. project (EPA No. 11023 FAS) for the chlorination of a
large volume of stormwater draining to Lake Pontchartrain
in Louisiana, seven samplers were designed and constructed
specifically for the project. Difficulty was experienced
with solenoid operation of a brass valve. Apparently
satisfactory operation was attained after redesigning'the
valve in PVC. Initially, a telephone tone was used to start
and stop the samplers. This method of actuation did not
prove to be satisfactory and was discontinued. Information
concerning these samplers was obtained by telephone conver-
sation with the project engineer.
In a project (EPA No. 14-12-24) for the demonstration of a
method of treating municipal sewage with a deviced termed a
rotating biological contactor", Serco automatic samplers
were used for sampling in the treatment plant. Apparently,
under the controlled plant conditions, performance of the
sewer samplers was satisfactory. A "rotating belt sampler",
custom built for the project, was used to sample wet weather
tlows to the plant. Samples were obtained "by means of a
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mechanical sampler installed in a drop manhole In the
street A series of sampling cups was driven along a belt
to collect 250 ml samples about every 15 minutes during the
combined flow. The sampler was actuated by the flow meas-
uring device and was stopped by a limit switch when the
first sample reached the drive system near the top of the
manhole. Records collected for the project show that the
device operated on 18 days during periods of fairly small
flow, usually under 283 Ips (75 gps) .
In a grant project (EPA No. 11023 DXC) for the characteriza-
tion and treatment of combined sewer overflows in San
Francisco, California, a unique partially hand sampling
device was used. A 30.5 cm (12 in.) pipe core set in pipe
guides, is dropped to the bottom of the channel with its
cover open. Thus a partially integrated sample is forced
into the pipe. The cover is then closed and the sample is
surfaced by means of compressed air.
In a grant project (EPA No. 11020 FAX) to demonstrate system
control of combined sewer overflows in a large urban area,
an automatic sampler manufactured by Rock and Taylor o£
Birmingham, England, was used. Megator Corporation,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is distributor of the sampler.
It is of suction type with a maximum lift of 5.5m (1« rt;
operating on a 12-volt battery or 120 VAC. Performance o±
this sampler was continually troubled by blockage due to
papers, rags, disposable diapers, etc. Such troubles are
described in project reports during most months of opera-
tion. After a period of freezing during the winter, use of
the automatic sampler was discontinued, and hand sampling
was substituted.
In a grant project (EPA No. Y-005141) the Rochester Pure
Waters District has the overall responsibility for a compre-
hensive, on-going combined sewer overflow abatement program
in Rochester, New York. District is directing its efforts
towards an abatement program for the combined .sewer over-
flows within its system, under which, management and control
of the total system can be identified, characterized, mod-
eled designed, and demonstrated. The program is intended
to tie together all aspects of collection, transmission, and
treatment of combined sewage under a central control and
management system. Within the total program is a subprogram
for overflow monitoring and characterization. Measurements
are being made at thirteen overflows and four interceptors.
The samplers installed at each overflow location were
factured by Sigmamotor and are similar to their Model WM-5-24
Modifications in the sampler package were necessary to meet
the head conditions at each location. For those overflow
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conduits that are more than 6m (20 ft) underground, the sam-
pler pump is installed in a JIG waterproof box within 3m
(10 ft) of the minimum overflow level. The pump pushes the
sample to an above-ground location where the sample bottles
are stored in a refrigerator. A relay which accepts the
4-20 ma signal from the flowmeter probe at each outfall is
used to start the sampler automatically when the signal in-
creases to approximately 4.2 ma. This is intended to coordi-
nate the starting of the sampler with the first measurable
amount of overflow. Samples are collected at 15 minute in-
tervals unless the pumping distance is such that suction and
purge times of greater than 15 minutes are necessary.
RECAPITULATION
In fairness to present day equipment, it must be pointed out
that some of the above cited complaints stem from equipment
designs of up to six years ago, and many commercial manu-
facturers, properly benefitting from field experience, have
modified or otherwise improved their products' performance.
The would-be purchaser of commercial automatic samplers
today, however, should keep in mind the design deficiencies
that led to the foregoing complaints when selecting a par-
ticular unit for his application.
Although not in the storm and combined sewer area, the field
experience of the EPA Region VII Surveillance and Analysis
Division recently reported (8) must be mentioned. Their
experience, involving over 90,000 hours use of some 50 com-
mercial automatic liquid samplers of 15 makes and models
has indicated that the mean sampler failure rate is approxi-
mately 16 percent with a range of 4 percent to 40 percent
among types. They have found that the ability of an ex-
perienced team to gather a complete 24-hour composite sample
is approximately 80 percent. When one factors in the pos-
sibility of mistakes in installation, variations in person-
nel expertise, excessive changes in lift, surcharging, and
winter operation, it is small wonder that projects on which
more than 50 or 60 percent of the desired data were success-
tully gathered using automatic samplers were, until recently
in the minority.
In their report (8) the writers summarize a long and exten-
sive history of field experience with portable automatic
liquid samplers, give operational problems encountered on
a make and model basis, offer valuable tips on the instal-
lation and operation of sampling equipment, and present
comparison data of different commercial units used on a
side-by-side basis. They noted variations in data trace-
able to differences in equipment performance ranging (at
best) from ±9 to 24 percent. In some instances differences
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in total suspended solids levels were over 300 percent.
Such findings re-emphasize the need for careful equipment
selection if flows high in suspended solids are to be
sampled.
In recently completed controlled laboratory testing supported
by the EPA (32), four different types of automatic samplers
manufactured by four different companies were tested on a
side-by-side basis with known flow parameters (particle den-
sity, size, and concentration and flow velocity and depth).
As a typical example, in a flow mixture of water and a syn-
thetic organic suspended solid (specific gravity - 1.06,-
grain size 10 mesh >_ d >. 12 mesh) at a 300 ppm concentration
and a velocity of 0.6 m/s (2 fps), analysis of samples taken
by the commercial samplers indicated that sample representa-
tiveness varied from 25 percent low to over 400 percent high.
Similar results were obtained at a concentration of 600 ppm,
and the results are especially significant because these
conditions should allow for "easy" sampling. With finer
(120 mesh > d > 140 mesh), heavier (specific gravity - 2.b5)
suspended lolids, the performance of commercial samplers was
even poorer - the concentration generally being grossly
understated.
The commercial sampler testing discussed above, although
just scratching the surface, clearly points out the need for
more controlled laboratory testing and for the development
of performance specifications for automatic wastewater sam-
plers as well as standard testing and acceptance procedures.
Only then will we be able to speak authoritatively about the
ability of an automatic sampler to characterize a wastewater
stream in a pollutant mass discharge sense.
306
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SECTION IX
STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT
As can be noted from a review of the preceding sections,
despite the plethora of automatic liquid sampling equipment
that is available today, none is eminently suited for a
storm and/or combined sewer application. An assessment 'of
the current state-of-the-art from the technological view-
point is in order to indicate where and how improvements
can be made and to give design guides for the development
of new automatic samplers. The material is arranged in
subsections which deal with each of the basic sampler func-
tions, and the emphasis is on technical considerations to
assure satisfactory execution of each function. The func-
tions are interrelated, .however, and the designer must use
a systems approach in his synthesis and analysis activities.
SAMPLER INTAKE ASSESSMENT
The sample intake of many commercially available automatic
liquid samplers is often only the end of a plastic suction
tube, and the user is left to his own ingenuity and devices
if he desires to do anything other than simply dangle the
tube in the stream to be sampled. In the following para-
graphs we wish to examine the functions of a sampler in-
take that is intended to be used in a storm or combined
sewer application and the design considerations that arise
therefrom.
Pollutant Variability
A general discussion of the character of storm and combined
sewage is given in section III where the variability of pol-
lutant concentration is also treated. We wish to consider
the latter factor here in somewhat more detail. Let us con-
sider first some empirical data from (25) . In the study a
special pressurized circulating loop was assembled contain-
ing a 25.4 cm (10 in.) square test section some 4.6m (15 ft)
long. Careful measurements of the velocity contours were
made and near uniformity was observed. From figure 23, which
shows such velocity contours for a nominal 1.5 m/s (5 fps)
velocity flow, it can be seen that the velocity 1.3 cm
(0.5 in.) from the wall exceeds 1.4 m./s (4.5 fps) everywhere
except near the corners. Since the variability of a pollut-
ant will be a function of velocity variations (among other
factors), it is of interest to note the horizontal and verti-
cal variations of sediment distribution observed experimen-
tally in this test section with its very small velocity
variation.
307
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a.
o
CO
UU
I
3:
f—
CU
UJ
Q
SAMPLING POINTS
8
10
32 10123
INCHES FROM CENTER
CROSS SECTION OF CONDUIT -- VELOCITIES
SHOWN IN FT/SEC
Figure 23. Velocity Contours at Sampling Station*
* Taken from reference 24.
308
-------
Four readily available commercial sands, differing princi-
pally in size, were used in the study. They are referred
to by mean particle size (50 percent finer by weight) as
0.45 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.06 mm and 0.01 mm. Observed sediment
distribution for the three coarsest sands are indicated in
figure 24. For all practical purposes the 0.01 mm sand was
uniformly distributed. It should be noted here that the
vertical variation is probably enhanced due to the design
of the test loop, which.would tend to enhance concentrations
of heavier particles to the outside (the bottom of the test
section in this case) due to the action of centrifugal
forces. Observations made in (7) indicate this effect
rather effectively. In their test set-up a 2.4m (8 ft.)
wide flume was narrowed to a 46 cm (18 in.) test section by
placing an insert in the flume bed along the wall opposite
to that from which samples were to be extracted. Although
the reduction in width occurred some llm (36 ft.) upstream
of the sampler inlet, for the 0.45 mm sand used in the in-
vestigation, concentrations at 2.5 cm (1 in.) from the wall
were found to be two to four times greater than at 7.6 cm
(3 in.) from the wall. Similar but less pronounced horizon-
tal concentration gradients were observed for the finer
sands as well.
The observation was made in (7) that, in addition to
variations in sediment concentration within the cross-
section at a given time, the sediment concentration at any
point in the cross-section was highly variable with respect
to time, especially for the coarser sediments (0.45 mm).
This observation was also made in (24) where data are
presented on concentration variation with respect to time
as a function of sampling interval. The concentration of
successive 20-second samples was found to vary over a range
of 37 percent of the mean, and the concentration of succes-
sive 60-second samples varied over a range of 10.5 percent.
Such variations arise from the natural turbulence of the
flow as would be encountered in an actual sewer and from
the non-uniform nature of re-circulated flows in test loops
which is peculiar to such laboratory simulations.
So far we have focused our attention on relatively heavy
(specific gravity approximately 2.65) solids and their dis-
tribution in a flow. For the lighter organic solids with
specific gravities near unity, the particle distribution
will be more nearly uniform in a turbulent flow. It would
appear that one can expect a reasonable degree of uniformity
in the distribution of particles which fall in the Stokes1
Law range of settling velocities, i.e., for values of the
external Reynolds' number less than unity. If one describes
309
-------
t-t
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i
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C
LU
0
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O
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a.
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CD
o:
LU
3=
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LU
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
•4 >
A. HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION AT MID-DEPTH
21012
INCHES FROM CENTER
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
nnT-rn CONCENTRATION AT POINT
RATIU "" CONCENTRATION AT CENTER
Figure 24. Sediment Distribution at Sampling Station*
<»•
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310
-------
a particle in terms of its hydraulic size W, defined as the
velocity of uniform fall in a fluid at rest, Stokes' Law can
be written as
gd
(1)
where d is mean particle diameter, s.g. is the specific
gravity of the particle material, v is the kinematic viscos-
ity of the fluid, and g is the acceleration of gravity. The
external Reynolds' number (so called because the linear
dimension upon which it is based is a particle dimension
rather than a flow dimension) can be expressed as
Re = Wd/v
(2)
Combining equations (1) and (2) we can express the range of
validity of Stokes' Law as
Re = gd3 (s.g.-l)/18v2 < 1
(3)
If one considers water at 15.6°C (60°F) as the fluid (v-1.217
xlO ft /sec), a plot of equation (3) over the range of
xnterest is given in figure 25. Here it can be noted that
wxthin the range of Stokes' Law, the maximum particle diam-
eter for sand with a specific gravity of 2.65 is less than
0.1 mm while for organic particles with a specific gravity
of 1.05 it is about 0.3 mm.
Since the kinematic viscosity of water is temperature de-
pendent, the Stokes' Law particle diameter limit will also
be a function of temperature. A typical plot of this vari-
ation is given in figure 26 for sand with a specific grav-
ity of 2.65 and Re=l. Here it can be noted that a decrease
in water temperature from the upper eighties to the mid-
forties results in a 50 percent increase in the maximum
particle diameter.
Sampler Intake Functions
The operational function of a sampler intake is to reliably
allow gathering a representative sample from the flow stream
in question. Its reliability is measured in terms of free-
dom from plugging or clogging to the degree that sampler
operation is affected and invulnerability to physical damage
due to large objects in the flow. It is also desirable, •
from the viewpoint of sewer operation, that the sampler in-
take offer a minimum obstruction to the flow in order to
help prevent blockage of the entire sewer pipe by lodged
debris, etc.
311
-------
cfl
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0.13
0.12
o.n
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i—
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0.10
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Let us first consider the ability of the intake to gather a
representative sample of dense suspended solids in the sedi-
ment range, say up to 0.5 mm with specific gravity of 2.65.
The results of a rather thorough examination of relatively
small diameter intake probes, 0.63 and 0.32 cm (1/4 and
1/8 in.) I.D., are given in (25). The argument is developed
that, for a nozzle pointing directly upstream into the flow
(figure 27a), the most representative sample of a fluid/
suspended-solids mixture will be obtained when the sampling
velocity is equal to the flow velocity at the sampling point.
Using this as the reference criteria, investigations were
conducted to determine the effects of a) deviations from the
normal sampling rate, b) deviations from the straight-into-
flow position of the probe, c) deviations in size and shape
of the probe, and d) disturbance of sample by nozzle appur-
tenances. The effect of the sampling velocity on the repre-
sentativeness of the sample is indicated in figure 28 which
presents the results for 0.45 mm and 0.06 mm sand. For the
latter size, which falls within the Stokes' Law range, less
than ±4 percent error in concentration was observed over
sampling velocities ranging from 0.4 to 4 times the stream
velocity. For the 0.45 mm particles, the error at a rela-
tive sampling rate of 0.4 was +45 percent, and at a relative
sampling rate of 4 the error was -25 percent.
For probe orientations up to 20° to either side of head-on
(figure 27b) , no appreciable errors in concentration were
observed. Similarly, introduction of 0.381 and 0.952 cm
(0.150- and 0.375-in.) probes showed comparatively little
effect on the representativeness of the sample. The probe
inlet geometry, i.e., beveled inside, beveled outside, or
rounded edge, also showed little effect on the representa-
tiveness of the sample, when compared to the standard probe.
Finally, in instances where a sampler body or other appurte-
nance exists, the probe should be extended a short distance
upstream if a representative sample is to be collected. In
summary, it was found that for any sampler intake facing
into the stream, the relative sampling rate is the primary
factor to be controlled.
Tests were also run with the sampling intake probes in the
vertical position (figure 27c) to determine the effect such
an orientation had upon the representativeness of the sample.
With such intakes, the sample entering them must undergo a
90° change of direction, and consequently there is a tendency
for segregation and loss of sediment to take place. Tests
were run with the standard probe, a 0.63 cm (1/4 in.) diam-
eter orifice in the center of a 2.5 x 5 cm (1 x 2 in.) plate
oriented so that its longest dimension was in the direction
of flow, and with an orifice in a crowned (mushroom shaped)
314
-------
27a. Normal Orientation
Directly Into Flow
27b. Orientation at an
Angle to Head-on
27c. Vertical Orientation (0°) -
Orifice in Flat Plate
27d. Horizontal Orientation
(90°) - Orifice in Flat
Plate
Figure 27. Sampler Intake Orientations Tested
315
-------
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rt
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e
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cd
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cd
p
NOI1VH1N33N03 M01J
316
-------
flat plate 3.2 x 5 cm (1.25 x 2 in.). The results all
showed negative errors in concentration,, increasing with
particle size and increasing with intake velocities less
than the stream rate but nearly constant for intake veloci-
ties higher than the stream rate.
Since the smallest errors were found for the orifices in the
flat and mushroom shaped plates (whose performances were
nearly identical for intake velocities greater than one-half
the stream velocity), it was decided to investigate the ef-
fect of lateral orientation, i.e., to rotate the plate 90° so
that it might represent an orifice in the side of a conduit
rather than in the bottom (figure 27d). The results for
0.15 mm sand are presented in figure 29. It can be noted
that while the side orientation caused greater errors (as
was to be expected), these errors approached the nearly con-
stant error of the 0° orientation (figure 27c) as the rela-
tive sampling rate was increased above unity.
The work reported in (7) was a laboratory investigation of
pumping sampler intakes. Nine basic intake configurations,
all representing an orifice of some type in the side wall of
the flume, were examined. They included 1.3, 1.9, 2.5, and
3.8 cm (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 in.) diameter holes with
square edges, 1.9 cm (0.75 in.) diameter holes with 0.32
and 0.63 cm (0.125 and 0.25 in.) radii, 1.3 x 2.5 cm (0.5
x 1 in.) ovals, one oriented vertically and the other hori-
zontally, and a 1.9 cm (0.75 in.) diameter hole with a
5 cm (2 in.) wide shelf just under it. Sand sizes of 0.10 mm
and 0.45 mm were used in the study.
Reference samples were taken with a probe located near the
wall and pointing into the direction of the flow. The ref-
erence sample intake velocity was equal to the stream veloc-
ity. The primary measurement was sampling efficiency, the
ratio of the sediment concentration in the test sample to
that of the reference sample computed for a point 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) from the wall. The reference sample was taken
just before and just after the test sample was gathered.
Although the data exhibited considerable scatter, several
conclusions were drawn. With regard to the intake velocity,
greater than 0.9 m/s (3 fps) is generally desirable and, for
sands coarser than 0.2 mm, an intake velocity equal to or
greater than the stream velocity is desirable. With regard
to intake configuration, for intake velocities greater than
about 0.9 m/s (3 fps), the sampling efficiencies showed lit-
tle effect of size of intake (range of 1.3 to 3.8 cm
diameter), of rounding the intake edges, or of shape and
orientation of the axis of the oval intake. Sampling effi-
ciency was found to decrease with increasing particle
size above 0.10 mm for all intakes tested. Finally,
317
-------
o
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o
1
LU
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-------
although the shelf intake showed somewhat higher sampling
efficiency for coarse particles and high stream rates, its
performance was very erratic over the entire range of test
parameters.
Similar observations were made in field tests with river
water samples at St. Paul and Dunning, Nebraska, reported
in (26). In addition to the "standard" intake which was a
flush mounted 2.5 cm (1 in.) pipe coupling, alternate in-
takes included 2.5 x 5 cm (1 x 2 in.) and 2.5 x 23 cm
(1 x 9 in.) nipples; 2.5 x 23 cm (1 x 9 in.) nipple with a
0.32 cm (1/8 in.) thick steel plate 36 cm (14 in.) high and
43 cm (17 in.) wide at its end; and a 2.5 cm (1 in.) street
elbow with a 2.5 x 5 cm (1 x 2 in.) nipple oriented down,
into the flow and up. It was concluded that the standard
intake was as good as any in terms of sampling efficiency
and was therefore preferable .since it offered no obstruc-
tion to the flow and was therefore less vulnerable to damage
by debris. The sediment being sampled was rather fine; in
high flows 88 percent was finer than 0.062 mm and 100 per-
cent was finer than 0.50 mm.
To summarize the foregoing as it relates to the sampler in-
take function of gathering a representative sample we note
the following:
1) It becomes difficult to obtain a one-to-one
representation, especially for inlets at 90°
to the flow, for large, heavy suspended
solids.
2) For particles that fall within the Stokes'
Law range, consistent, representative samples
can be obtained.
3) The geometry of the sampler intake has little
effect on the representativeness of the sample.
4) The sample intake velocity should equal or
exceed the velocity of the stream being
sampled.
Sampler Intake Design
The foregoing suggest certain directions that the design of
a sampler intake for storm and combined sewer flows should
take. At the outset, it appears unwise to attempt to sample
suspended solids that fall much outside the Stokes' Law
range. A realistic maximum size for sand with specific
gravity of 2.65 would appear to be around 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.
319
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High sample intake velocities will be required, perhaps in
excess of 3 m/s (10 fps), if the sample is to be representa-
tive. Although the flow may be nearly homogeneous, except
for very coarse solids and large floatables, more than one
sample intake is desirable for reliability of operation as
well as insurance against some unforeseen gradient in the
pollutant. In view of the changing water levels in the
conduit with changing flows, the changing velocity gradients
within the flows, and the possibility of changing pollutant
gradients not only with respect to these but also with type
of pollutant; not even a dynamically adaptive sampler in-
take can be designed to gather a sample that is completely
representative in every respect at the same time.
In order to better illustrate this point, let us consider
a round pipe of radius R containing a flow at depth d and
an arbitrary vertical concentration gradient of some
pollutant.
Locate the origin of a cartesian coordinate system at the
invert with the y axis positive upwards. We now assume
that the pollutant concentration gradient can be expressed
as a polynomial in y, i.e.,
n
(4)
n
The expression for the amount of pollutant in an arbitrary
cross-sectional zone (say between depths y- and y^) is
//Svn
n
dxdy = 2
J E anynV
Y! n
any"V2yR-y~ dy
(5)
If one sets
n
the first few terms are;
R2[sin~1(y/R-l) -
(6)
3/2
2N3/2 + RP^I
£• £i I
(7)
320
-------
3/2
3/2
5R2P
(
~8a
(8)
etc.
Using such a formulation one can obtain the values of y
which divide the flow cross-section up into some number of
zones each of which contains an equal amount of pollutant;
let us designate them as y,,y9,
m
If one extracts a
sample from the center of each zone, one can argue that its
representativeness will be quite good, especially for large
values of m. Unless the samples extracted from each zone
are kept discrete, which would result in an inordinately
large number of samples, the quantity of sample gathered
from each inlet must be varied in accordance with the
velocity gradient if the composite sample is to be repre-
sentative in a mass transport sense. For a different
concentration gradient p , one will obtain new values
y, ,y,j , . . . ,y and hence different port locations and
different quantities of sample required even for the same
flow depth.
In view of the over-riding design mandate that simplicity
maximizes probability of success, it becomes immediately
apparent that the equipment sophistication implied by the
foregoing would doom the design to operational failure if
such a course were to be attempted. In the absence of some
consideration arising from the particular installation site,
a regular distribution of sampling intakes across the flow,
each operating at the same velocity, would appear to suf-
fice. Since the intakes should be as non-invasive as possi-
ble in order to minimize the obstruction to the flow and
hence the possibility of sewer line blockage, it seems
desirable to locate them around the periphery of the
conduit.
GATHERING METHOD ASSESSMENT
As was noted earlier, three basic sample gathering methods
or categories were identified; mechanical, suction lift, and
forced flow. Several different commercial samplers using
each method are available today. The sample lift require-
ments of the particular site often play a determining role
321
-------
in the gathering method to be employed. Some mechanical
units were specifically designed for lifts to 61m (200 ft.).
The penalty that one must trade-off in selecting a mechani-
cal gathering unit is principally the necessity for some
obstruction to the flow, at least while the sample is being
taken. The tendency for exposed mechanisms to foul, to-
gether with the added vulnerability of many moving parts,
means that successful operation will require regular, peri-
odic inspection, cleaning, and maintenance.
Forced flow from a submersible pump also necessarily results
in an obstruction to the flow. Pump malfunction and clog-
ging, especially in the smaller sizes often used in sam-
plers, remains a distinct possibility and, because of their
location in the flow stream itself, maintenance is more dif-
ficult to perform than on above-ground or easily removable
units. Pneumatic ejection is employed by several manufac-
turers, the gas source being either a compressor or bottled
refrigerant. The latter units must necessarily be of small
scale to avoid an enormous appetite for the refrigerant.
The advantages of explosion-proof construction and high lift
capability must be weighed against low sample intake veloci-
ties and relatively small sample capacities.
Suction lift units must be designed to operate in the envi-
ronment near the flow to be sampled or else their use is
limited to a little over 9.1m (30 ft.) due to atmospheric
pressure. The necessity to have a pump that is free from
clogging has led some designers to use peristaltic tubing
pumps. Most of these operate at such low flow rates, how-
ever, that the representativeness of suspended solids is
questionable. Newer high-capacity peristaltic pumps are
now available and should find application in larger auto-
matic samplers. The ability of some of these pumps to
operate equally well in either direction af-fords the capa-
bility to blow down lines and help remove blockages. Also,
they offer no obstruction to the flow since the transport
tubing need not be interrupted by the pump, and strings,
rags, cigarette filters and the like are passed with ease.
New, small capacity, progressive-capacity screw-type pumps
may also find some service in samplers. With all suction
lift devices a physical phenomenon must be borne in mind
and accounted for if sample representativeness is to be
maintained. When the pressure on a liquid (such as sewage)
which contains dissolved gases is reduced, the gases will
tend to pass out of solution. In so doing they will rise
to the surface and entrain suspended solids in route. (In
fact, this mechanism is used to treat water; even small
units for aquariums are commercially available.) The
result of this is that the surface layer of the liquid
may be enhanced in suspended solids, and if this layer is
322
-------
a part of a small sample aliquot, the sample may not be at
all representative. In the absence of other mitigating fac-
tors, the first flow of any suction lift sampler should
therefore be returned to waste.
All in all, the suction lift gathering method appears to
offer more advantages and flexibility than either of the
others. The limitation on sample lift can be overcome by
designing the pumping portion of the unit so that it can be
separated from the rest of the sampler and thus positioned
not more than 9.1m (30 ft.) above the flow to be sampled.
For the majority of sites, however, even this will not be
necessary.
SAMPLE TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT
The majority of the commercially available automatic samplers
have fairly small line sizes in the sampling train. Such
tubes, especially at 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) inside diameter and
smaller, are very vulnerable to plugging, clogging due to
the build-up of fats, etc. For application in a storm or
combined sewer, a better minimum line size would be 0.95 to
1.3 cm (3/8 to 1/2 in.) inside diameter.
It is imperative that adequate sample flow rate be main-
tained throughout the sampling train in order to effectively
transport the suspended solids. In horizontal runs the
velocity must exceed the scour velocity, while in vertical
runs the settling or fall velocity must be exceeded several
times to assure adequate transport of solids in the flow.
The complexities inherent in the study of a two-phase mix-
ture such as soil particles and water are such that rigorous
analytical solutions have not yet been obtained except in
certain limiting cases such as the work of Stokes cited
earlier. The use of hydraulic size, which is the average
rate of fall that a particle would finally attain if fall-
ing alone in quiescent distilled water of infinite extent,
as a descriptor for a particle involves its volume, shape
and density. It is presently considered to be the most sig-
nificant measurement of particle size. However, there are no
analytical relationships to allow its computation; recourse
must be made to experiment. The geometric size of a parti-
cle can be based upon its projected lengths on a set of right
cartesian coordinates oriented so that a is its major axis,
b is its intermediate axis, and c is its minor axis. With'
patience and a microscope the lengths a, b, and c of a parti-
cle can be determined. Since the number of particle shapes
323
-------
is infinite, a system for classification is required.•> One
put forth in (27) is the shape factor defined as:
SF
(9)
which approximately defines the shape in terms of three of
a multitude of dimensions of an irregular particle. Of
course there may be rounded, angular, smooth and rough
particles all with the same shape factor.
An excellent discussion of the fundamentals of particle
size analysis is given in (28). Table 5, which is taken
from data presented therein, illustrates the effect of
shape factor on hydraulic size for sand particles with
specific gravity of 2.65 in water at 20°C. It can be noted
that while a sphere with a nominal diameter of 0.2 mm will
fall only about one-third faster than a similar sized par-
ticle with a shape factor of 0.3; a sphere with a nominal
diameter of 4.0 mm falls over 2-1/2 times faster than a
particle with SF=0.3. For curves showing temperature
effects, correction tables, etc., the reader is referred
to (28).
In the absence of better data, the hydraulic size of a
particle can be computed from the following (29);
W
3/2
gd
3/2
(s.g.-l)/11.2
when KRe<30
0.1g._i)/4.4v°-2 when 30400
d> 2 mm
(12)
Equation (10) is Erandtl's formula for a smooth channel,
while equation (12) is the so-called square law.
The transport of solid particles by a fluid stream is an
exceedingly complex phenomena and no complete theory which
takes into account all of the parameters has yet been
formulated. Empirical formulae exist, however, some of
which have a fairly wide range of applicability. An ex
pression for the lowest velocity at which solid particles
heavier than water still do not settle out onto the bottom
324
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TABLE 5. EFFECT OF SHAPE FACTOR ON HYDRAULIC
SIZE (IN CM/SEC)*
Nominal Diameter
(mm)
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
4.00
Shape Factors
0.3
1.78
4.90
8.49
12.50
17.80
0.5
1.94
5.63
10.10
15.50
22.40
0.7
2.11
6.31
12.10
19.30
28.00
0.9
2.26
7.02
14.00
23.90
35.60
Spheres
2.43
7.68
15.60
28.60
46.90
Taken from reference 28*
325
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of the pipe or channel has been developed by Knoroz (30)
on the basis of numerous experiments carried out under his
direction at the Ail-Union Scientific Research Institute
for Hydraulic Engineering. It expresses the velocity in
meters per second as
(13)
where average values of d and W for the solids mixture are
to be used; R is the hydraulic radius; and p is the con-
sistency by weight of the mixture, i.e., in percent the
expression for p is:
(14)
f Y - y Y
1 p m
where y is the specific weight of the fluid, Yp is the
specific weight of the particles, and Ym is the specific
weight of the mixture. For a review of this and other
Russian work on the flow of a two-phase mixture, see (29).
A somewhat simpler expression for the adequate self-
cleaning velocity of sewers derived by Camp from experi-
mental findings of Shields as given in (31) is:
V -V6.4gd Cs.g.-D/f
R1/6Vo.8d(s.g.-l) (15)
where f is the friction factor,
coefficient, and all other terms
fied. Using equation (15), for
velocity of 0.6 m/s (2 fps) is r
port a 0.09 mm particle with a s
a friction factor of 0.025. By
ity of such a particle is around
n is Manning's roughness
are as previously identi-
example, it is seen that a
equired to adequately trans-
pecific gravity of 2.65 and
comparison, the fall veloc-
0.06 m/s (0.2 fps).
In summary, the sampling train must be sized so that the
smallest opening is large enough to give assurance that
plugging or clogging is unlikely in view of the material
being sampled. However it is not sufficient to simply make
all lines large, which also reduces friction losses, with-
out paying careful attention to the velocity of flow. _ For
a storm or combined sewer application, minimum line sizes of
0 95 to 1.3 cm (3/8 to 1/2 in.) inside diameter and minimum
velocities of 0.6 to 0.9 m/s (2 to 3 fps) would appear
warranted.
326
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SAMPLE CAPACITY AND PROTECTION ASSESSMENT
For storm and combined sewer applications., discrete sampling
is generally desired. This allows characterization of the
sewage throughout the time history of the storm event If
the samples are sufficiently large, manual compositing can
be performed based on flow records or some other suitable
weighting scheme. Although the quantity of sample required
will be a function of the subsequent analyses that are to
be performed, in general at least a liter, and preferably
two, will be desired. An additional benefit arises because
such relatively large samples are less vulnerable to errors
arising from cross-contamination.
A brief look at the different types of composite samples is
xn order. Any scheme for collecting a composite sample is
xn effect, a method for mechanically integrating to obtain
average characteristics. Let us consider a given flow rate
q(.t; and pollutant concentration level k(t) where:
q = L3T -1 and k = ML~3
The quantity of flow and pollutant are then:
(16)
Q = /qdt and P = /qkdt
where:
(17)
Q = L3 and P = M
(18)
Let us consider first the simple composite, where a constant
volume of fluid is added at evenly spaced time intervals.
We will denote such a sample by T^, meaning time interval
between successive aliquots constant and volume of aliquot
constant. Let the time duration of the event in question be
divided up into n elements and a subscript i be used to
denote instantaneous values (0
-------
integration given a fixed number of steps. One is to in-
crease the order of the integration scheme to be used; as
in going from the trapezoidal rule to Simpson s rule, for
instancL The other is to vary the step size in such a way
as to lengthen the steps when slopes are changing very
slowly and shorten them when slopes change rapidly. Typi-
cal of the first approach are the constant time interval
variable volume (T^) proportional composites. There are
two straightforward ways of accomplishing this. One is to
let the aliquot volume be proportional to the instantaneous
flow rate, i.e.:
Aq.
(20)
and the other is to make the aliquot volume proportional to
the quantity of flow that has passed since extraction of the
last aliquot, i.e.:
v.
BCQi~Qi-l) = BAQi
(21)
The respective concentrations of samples are
K
and K
B
(22)
Typical of the second approach is the variable time interval,
constant volume (T^) proportional composite. Here a fixed
volume aliquot is taken each time an arbitrary quantity of
flow has passed (Q/n), i.e. the time is varied to give a
constant AQ. The concentration will be:
K = —
(23)
It must be remembered that here the time steps are differing
so that comparison of equations (23) and (19) has no meaning.
It is instructive to compare these four composite sample
themes with each other. For the purposes of this exercise
let us arbitrarily set n=10 and normalize time_so that
0
-------
±- I °nS are comPletely arbitrary (except for
simplxcxty in exact integration), and the curious reader
may wxsh to examine more typical expressions. For a storm •
vl?!?*' ^ £°mbinftion qralnirt and k=e-t allows for low
IentrationSf T!- ^^ fJ°W initially, with pollutant con-
centration falling throughout the event. However the re-
semblence xs qualitative only, and more refined expressions
could be used. For each flow/concentration combination,
?-« ^ \aV!rage concentration of the flow was computed
(as though the entire flow stream were diverted into a
large tank for the duration of the event and then its con-
centration measured) . The ratio of the composite sample
concentration to the actual concentration so computed is
HrS ? ?? ^ matriX f°rm ±n table 6' The four lines in
each cell represent the four types of composite samples
discussed as indicated in the legend. The best overall
composxte for the cases examined is the TcV with the vol-
ume proportional to the instantaneous flow rate q. The
TcV where the volume is proportional to the flow since the
last sample, and the T^ gave very similar results with
nor * former' However, the differences are
not large for any case. This brief look at compositing
merely scratches the surface, but a more definitive trLt-
ment is outside the scope of the present effort. Suffice
it to say here that both flow records and a knowledge of
the temporal fluctuation of pollutants, as can be obtained
from discrete samples, are required in order to choose a
best compositing scheme for a given installation.
The sample container itself should either be easy to clean
or disposable. The cost of cleaning and sterilizing makes
disposable containers attractive, especially if bacferio^
logical analyses are to be performed. Although some of
today 8 better plastics are much lighter than glass and
can be autoclaved, they are not so easy to clean or in-
spect for cleanliness. Also the plastics will tend to
scratch more easily than glass and, consequently, cleaning
a well-used container can become quite a chore. The fo'od
packaging industry, especially dairy products, offers a
wide assortment of potential disposable sample containers
in the larger sizes. Both the 1.91 (1/2 gal) paper and plas
tic_milk cartons can be considered viable candidates, and
their cost in quantity is in the pennys-each range.
The requirements for sample preservation were enumerated
xn section IV and will not be repeated here. It should
bLnen i°n '^°Werr' that ±f the samPles are allowed to
become too cold, they may no longer be representative.
329
-------
TABLE 6. RATIO OF COMPOSITE SAMPLE CONCENTRATION TO
ACTUAL CONCENTRATION
0.99
0.90
0.89
0.97
1.26
0.90
0.87
0.89
1.35
0.90
0.86
0.99
1.12
1.09
0.97
0. 87
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.68
0.95
0.92
0.92
0.80
1.01
0.98
0,97
0.97
1.00
0.95
0.95
0. 88
1.00
0.92
0.92
0.97
1.00
0.97
0.97
0.90
1.01
0.90
0.90
/"\ sinirt
t i-
Line 1.
Line 2.
Line 3.
Line 4.
T V
c c
T V
c v
T V
c v
T V
v c
Simple composite
Volume proportional to flow rate (q)
Volume proportional to flow (Q) since
last sample
Time varied to give constant AQ
330
-------
" "
CONTROLS AND POWER ASSESSMENT
S.eat flM.7t
J-? 0%<:r :r :-o-n-el= « =
well. For instance, even thougS the possi
S i?« -~- «^^^
activatd me P«o of time and
If fTpl J "pture a particular meteorological event
^
331
-------
Reliability of the control system can dominate the total
reliability. At the same time this element will,
I the
- srxi - '-
cn6
elated with transfer of energy interruptions.
The above tasks can probably be best executed in the light
of the current electronics state-of-the-art, by a solid
state controller element. In addition to higher inherent
reliability, such an approach will allow switching of high
level loads in a manner that eliminates RFI emissions and
destructive results. In addition, the unit should be of
modular construction for ease of modification, Performance
monitoring fault location, and replacement/repair. Such
an approach also lends itself to encapsulation which will
minimize environmental effects. Solid state "witching
telephone
etc.
of types of remote sensors,
Low operational current requirements aat
state controller to continue to operate from a battery
source during a local power outage. This Capability
would avoid logic interrupts and attendent loss of Jjta
and allow the sampler operation to be restored immediately
upon the return of power service.
. *
pier can be totally battery operated today. Although
?ecent break-throughs have resulted in 1 kw dry cell
batteries their cost is prohibitive for this sort of an
application Other approaches to self-contained power such
as custom designed wet cell packs, diesel generators, etc.,
while within the current state-of-the-art, introduce other
problems and complexities that must be car efully _ weighed
before serious consideration can be given to their incor-
poration in an automatic sampler design.
332
-------
SECTION X
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Report
: WPCR
Chow, Ven Te, Op_en-Channel
New York (1959).
L, McGraw-Hill,
6.
9.
10.
"'•""-rffiLsis^^^
and Waste. Environmental—prot- T^ A —
Transfer Pnbl -i r-a +--,- />„ /Tm/.x 10n Senc7
5.
Field, Richard and Struzeski E J TT- »v
Inter-Agency Water Resources Council Report No T
(1966?? y InVeSti^ti°n of Pumping Sampler Intakes"
.
Protection Agency Report EPA 907/9-74-005
Treatment of Combined Sewer Over-
"Stream Pollution Abatement from Combined Sewer
r and Nipie- Ltd- EPA
Serles Report
333
-------
11. "Control of Pollution by H^erwater Storage;" Under-
12.
13.
14.
No.
DMA
Control Research Series
"Microstraining and Disinfection of Combined Sewer
Overflows!" Cochrane Division of the Crane Company;
Slwater Pollution Control Research Series Report
No. 11023 EVO 06/70.
and Disinfection of Combined Sewer
Technology Series Report No.
January, 1973.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
"
Series Report No. 11034 FKL 07/70.
"Retention Basin Control of Combined Sewer Overflows;"
Springfield Sanitary District; EPA Water Pollution
Control Research Series Report No. 11023 — OB//U.
"Chemical Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows;"
B"
Series Report No. 11022 DPP 10/70.
"Urban Runoff Characteristics;" Universi ty of
Cincinnati; EPA Water Pollution Control Research
Series Report No. DQU 10/70.
Screening of Combined Sewer Over
Report No. 11024 FKJ 10/70.
"Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Sources and
Abatement;" Black, Crow, and Eidsness, Inc., EPA
Water Pollution Control Research Series Report
No. 11024 ELB 01/71.
334
-------
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
--«-«-
Research Series Report No. 11024 EQG 03/71
KarlTT? St°IaSe °f C°mbined S^r Overflows;"
Karl R. Rohrer Associates, Inc.; EPA Water Pol1,,n«
Control Research Series Report No. 11022 ECV 0~9/71?
"Maximizing Storage in Combined Sewer
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle; 'Epwater
ILK 12m. ^search Series Report No? 1W22
No 5
' '
Inter-Agency Water Resources Council Report No 0
Investigation of a Pumping Sampler With Altfrna?e
Suspended Sediment Handling Systems" (1962)
Schulz, E. F Wilde, R. H. and Albertson, M. L.
Influence of Shape on the Fall Velocity of '
Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources
(1957).
°n Water ^sources Report
Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis"
Mkhitaryan, A. M. , Gidravlika -f Qsnow c^
Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'atvo Tekhnicheskoi
Literatury UkrSSR, Kiev (1959).
rh'/" ?" "BeznaP°™yi gidrotransport i ego
raschet," Izyestiya Vsesoyuznogo Naucho-
Issledovatel'skogo Institute Gidravliki, Vol. 44
335
-------
IT". REPORT NO.
, EPA-600/2-75-065
U, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
\L REPORT DATA
on the reverse before completing) .
— ja BECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
AN ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMATIC SEWER FLOW
SAMPLERS - 1975
7, AUTHORtS)'
Philip E. smiley and George A. Kirkpatrick
— ADDRESS
5. REPORT DATE
Dec«nhgr 1975 (Issuing Date)
(ITpERFORM'iNG ORGANIZATION CODE
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT IMU."
5>EHPORMINQ ORG^NIZATION ^AMbA
EG&G Washington Analytical Services
Center, Inc.
2150 Fields Road
Rockville, Maryland 20850
75. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
T6. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB034; ROAP 21 ASY; Task 039
"
68-03-0409
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PEP.
Final
J14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
iPA-ORD
SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS TafcnratOrV
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268 _
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES P9-73-261, "An Assessment of Automatic Sewer
Supersedes Report No. tfA-Kz /o ^.0.1.,
Flow Samplers", June 1973.
outlined.
application.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Sampling, Samplers, Sewage,
Water analysis, Water quality,
Water pollution, Effluents, Storm
sewers, Combined sewers, Overflows,
Manholes, Outfall sewers, Sanitary
engineering, Urban areas, Reviews
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSI-FIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED.
13B
21. NO. OF PAGES
350
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
336
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/536't Region No. 5-11
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