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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
 EPA-600/2-80-044
                             2.
                                                         3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION" NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 WASTEWATER  IN  RECEIVING WATERS  AT WATER  SUPPLY
 ABSTRACTION  POINTS
                                                         5. REPORT DATE
                                                           July 1980 (Issuing Date)
            6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
 Michael D. Swayne, Gregory  H.  Boone,  David  Bauer,
 and John Scott Lee
                                                         8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 SCS Engineers,  Inc.
 2875 152nd Avenue, NE
 Redmond, Washington  98052
            10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                 35B1C
            11. CONTRACT
                  EPA 68-03-2592
              63-03-2592
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
                                                          13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
 Municipal Environmental Research  Laboratory--Ci n. ,OH
 Office of Research and Development
 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Cincinnati, Ohio   45268
             Final 8-77  to  1-79
            14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
             EPA/600/14
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 Project Officer:  John N.  English    513/684-7613
16. ABSTRACT
           The purpose of this  project  was  to  determine how much wastewater and
 wastewater-derived material from discharges  is  present in  the  surface water
 supplies of U.S. cities of over  25,000 population.   The study identifies 1246
 municipal water supply utilities  using surface  water from 194 basins serving 525
 cities with populations greater  than 25,000.  The results are tabulated to show for
 each utility: the number of upstream wastewater dischargers by type, estimation of
 cumulated wastewater discharge flow and  the ratio  of wastewater flow to stream or
 river flow.  The results ranged  from 142 utilities  with no dischargers identified
 to many utilities where the wastewater constitutes  a major portion of the water supply.
 Several utilities were determined to be  using water from a source whose low flow was
 less than the combined upstream  discharge  flows.   Water supplies serving cities near
 the bottom of large river basins  were  found to  contain wastewater from several thou-
 sand dischargers.  However, those utilities with  the highest percentage of wastewater
 relative to supply flow were generally from small-to medium-sized creeks and rivers.
 Twenty cities with a total population  of over seven million were determined to have
 surface water supplies containing from 2.3 percent  to 16 percent wastewater during
 average flow conditions and from  8 percent to 350 percent wastewater during low flow
 conditions.
17.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
                                             b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COS AT I Field/Group
 Water Treatment
 Water Reuse
 Potable Water
 Waste Treatment
 Water Supply
 Water Quality
Water Utilities
Stream Flow
Surface Water
Water Discharges
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
 Release to Public
                                             19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
                                              Unclassified
                                                                       21. NO. OF PAGES
                            199
                                             20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
                                                   Unclassified
                                                                       22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                           189
                                                         U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:  1980--657 - 165/0121
-------
-------


                                    EPA-600/2-80-044
                                    July  1980
     WASTEWATER  IN RECEIVING WATERS AT
      WATER SUPPLY ABSTRACTION  POINTS
                    by

             Michael D. Swayne
             Gregory H. Boone
                David Bauer
              John Scott Lee

            SCS Engineers, Inc.
        Redmond, Washington  98052
          Contract No. 68-03-2592
              Project Officer

              John N. English
       Wastewater Research Division
Municipal Environmental  Research Laboratory
          Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
    OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          CINCINNATI, OHIO  45268

-------
                          DISCLAIMER


     This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency, and
approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental  Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial  products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.

-------
                            FOREWORD


     The U.S Environmental Protection Agency was created because
of increasing public and government concern about the dangers of
pollution to the health and welfare of the American people.
Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land are tragic testimonies
to the deterioration of our natural environment.  The complexity
of that environment and the interplay of its components require
a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem,,

    Research and development is that necessary first step in
problem solution; it involves defining the problem, measuring
its impact, and searching for solutions.   The Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory develops new and improved technology
and systems to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater and solid
and hazardous waste pollutant discharges  from municipal and
community sources, to preserve and treat  public drinking water
supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social, health,
and aesthetic effects of pollution.  This publication is one of
the products of that research and provides a most vital communi-
cations link between the researcher and the user community.

     This report describes the results of a study to determine
the present degree and  extent to which surface waters used  as
domestic supplies contain wastewaters from upstream sources.  It
is hoped that these data will  be helpful  to those agencies  con-
cerned with both water  supply and wastewater management problems
                                Francis  T.  Mayo,  Director
                                Municipal  Environmental  Research
                                   Laboratory

-------
                             ABSTRACT


      The  indirect,  unplanned reuse  of  wastewater  for  domestic
 purposes  is  widespread.   Wastewater sometimes  represents  a  signi-
 ficant  portion  of  the  total  flow  in many  receiving  waters.   Since
 the  typical  wastewater  treatment  plant does  not remove  all  of  the
 contaminants  from  the  wastewater, concern  exists  about  the  health
 risk  to downstream  water  supplies.  Thus there  is  a  need to  know
 the  appropriate  levels  of municipal  treatment  to  ensure the  safety
 of water  supply  intakes in  the  vicinity of the discharges.   The
 first step  in better understanding  the significance of  this  prob-
 lem  is  to find  out  the  present  degree  and  extent  to which surface
 waters  used  as  domestic supplies  contain wastewaters  from upstream
 The  purpose  of  this project  was to  determine how  much wastewater
 and wastewater-derived  material from discharges is  present  in
 the  surface water supplies  of U.S.  cities with populations greater
 than  25,000.

      The study  identifies 1246  municipal water supply utilities
 using surface water from  194 basins serving 525 cities with  popu-
 lations greater  than 25,000.  The results are tabulated to show
 for each utility the number  of  upstream wastewater dischargers
 by type, an estimate of cumulated wastewater discharge flow, and
 the ratio of wastewater flow to stream or river flow.   The results
 ranged  from 142  utilities with  no dischargers identified to many
 utilities where  the wastewater  constituted a major portion of the
 water supply.  Several  utilities were  determined  to be using water
 from  a  source whose low flow was less  than the combined upstream
 discharge flows.  Water supplies serving cities near the bottom
 of large river basins were found to contain wastewater from sev-
 eral   thousand dischargers.  However, those utilities with the
 highest percentage of wastewater relative to supply flow were gen-
 erally  from small- to medium-sized creeks and rivers.   Twenty
 cities with a total population of more than 7 million  were deter-
 mined to have surface water supplies containing 2.3 to 16 percent
wastewater during average flow conditions  and 8 to 350 percent
wastewater during low flow conditions.

     Tnis  Deport was submitted in fulfillment of  Contract No. 68-
 03-2592  by SCS Engineers under the sponsorship  of  the  U.S   Envi-
 ronmental  Protection Agency.  This report  covers  the period  August
 15,  1977,  to January 15, 1979,  and work was completed  as of  Febru-
ary  16,  1979.
                               IV

-------
                            CONTENTS


Foreword	-j j j
Abstract	 iv
Figures	 !vi
Tables	vii
Abbreviations and Symbols	!   !viii
Acknowledgements	.' .'   ! .ix

     1.  Introduction  	 1
     2.  Executive Summary 	 4
     3.  Recommendations	16
     4.  Approach	*18
     5.  Results - Wastewater in Drinking Water Supplies .   ! .*34
     6.  Results - Pollutant Loading in Drinking Water
            Supplies	106
     7.  Projection of Wastewater Impacts on Water Supplies. 110

Appendices

     A.  Guide to City Index	114
     B.  Data Source  Profiles	133
     C.  Wastewater in Drinking Water,  by Percentage and
            Type, for Utilities with Greatest Impacts. .  .  . 148

-------
                              FIGURES


Number                                                         n
	—                                                         "age

 1   Standard Federal administrative regions	   9

 2   Hydrologic link structure of upstream and downstream
       utilities	      21

 3   WIRW logical  file and record structure	27

 4   Dual physical file structure	28

 5   Data collection and assembly flow for WIRW	29

 6   WIRW data entry form	    30

 7   Wastewater calculation worksheet-Harrisburg,
       Pennsylvania 	      32

-------
                             TABLES
Numt
1

2

3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10
>er
Distribution of Population by Percent Municipal
Wastewater 	
Distribution of Numbers of Source Waters Impacted
by Region for Low Flow Conditions 	
Source Waters Impacted by Greatest Numbers of
Dischargers 	
Source Water Impact According to Average Flow Percent
Wastewater 	
Source Water Impact According to Population and
Percent Wastewater 	
SIC Code Groupings 	
Source Waters Impacted by Greatest Numbers of
Dischargers 	
Source Water Impact According to Average Flow
Percent Wastewater 	
Source Water Impact According to Population and
Percent Wastewater 	
Estimated Extent of Municipal and Industrial
Page

7

8

. 10

. 12

, 14
, 24

, 36

, 38

39

       Discharges at Public Drinking Water Supply Intake
       Points	41

11    Upstream/Downstream Indexing of Wastewater 	   95

12    Important Industrial  Discharges to the Philadelphia
       Schuykill  Water Supply 	  105

13    Source Water Impact According to Estimated Degraded
       Municipal  Wastewater Load	108

14    Projected Population  Growths for Each Study Area  ....  112

15    Projected Source Water Impacts According to Percent
       Degraded  Wastewater	113

                               vi i

-------
ABBREVIATIONS

BOD
CMF
CM/m
IFD
IPWS
kkg/day
mg/1
MWFI
NAWDEX
NEEDS

NRDC
PCS
PUB
SIC
WIRW
USGS
MDSD
EGD
               LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND  SYMBOLS
-Biological  oxygen  demand
-City  Master File
-Cubic meters  per minute
-Industrial  Facility Discharge File
-Inventory  Public Water Supplies
-1000  kilograms/day -  metric  ton/day
•Milligrams  per  liter
•Municipal  Waste  Facilities  Inventory
•National Water  Data Exchange
•Survey  of  Needs  for Municipal  Water Treatment
    Facilities  (1976)
•Natural  Resources  Defense  Council
•Permit  Compliance  System
•Public  Utility  Basin
•Standard Industrial  Classification
•Wastewater  in Receiving Water System
 United  States Geological Survey
 Monitoring  and  Data  Support  Division
 Effluent Guideline  Division
                             vi i i

-------
                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

     This project was directed by Michael D. Swayne, Ph.D  , and
managed by Gregory H. Boone with advice  from Curtis J. Schmidt
Staff members who contributed to the project were:  David  Bauer-
environmental engineer, John Scott Lee - computer scientist
James Morgan and Peter M. Orser - environmental scientists, 'Paul
Robison - environmental researcher, and  Deanna Sincovec and
Sharon Hinton - secretaries.

     A number of other persons were helpful  in accessing data
source files.  William Milligan, EPA Office of Water Enforcement,
provided access to the Permit Compliance System which was  used
to identify municipal and industrial  dischargers.   Patrick
Tobin, EPA Office of Drinking Water,  provided access to the
Inventory of Public Water Supplies file which provided the list
of utilities and source waters.   James P. Dawson,  Oklahoma
Foundation for Research,  Development,  and Utilization,  Inc.,
provided additional  information  on utilities and source waters
Melvin Edwards, Gayle Gillingham,  and  Donald Donalk, United
States Geologic Survey,  provided information on stream flows.

     Special  appreciation is extended  to EPA Project Officer,
John English, of the Municipal  Environmental Research  Laboratory
and Contract Officer Albert Ahlquist.
                              i x

-------

-------
                           SECTION 1

                          INTRODUCTION
 GOAL
      The goal  of this study was to determine the impact of up-
 stream wastewater dischargers  at the point of the water intake
               Water SUPP^ utilities serving populations over
 9nnnT
 ^b,uuu.   This  was  to be  accomplished  using  presently  available
 data  and  information contained  in  computer  files,  reports  and
 other documentation.

 Objectives

      The  objectives  of this  study  were  to:

 1.   Identify all utilities  supplying  surface  water  to  popula-
     tions  over  25,000.

 2.   Identify respective  surface water names and  intake  points.

 3.   Identify all municipal  and  industrial dischargers  upstream
    from  the utility  intake  points.

 4.  Determine respective municipal discharger categories (pri-
    mary,  secondary,  tertiary), flow and BOD  loads  and  industrial
    categories  (SIC  codes).

 5.  Determine annual  average and 7 day, 10 year  low flows at
    each  intake point.

 6.  Determine ratio of the sum of municipal  discharger  flows to
    water  supply source flow (percent wastewater in drinking
    water; .                                                y

 7.  For selected sites, estimate BOD load caused by upstream
    municipal  dischargers at supply intake points.

Approach

     The general approach to meeting  these objectives  can be
described  as follows:

-------
 1.   Utilities  serving  over  25,000  persons  and  the  names  of  their
     respective  source  waters  were  located  using  the  EPA  Inventory
     of  Public  Water  Supplies  (IPWS)  File.   This  file yielded
     1,246  source waters  serving  540  utilities.   Although  the  IPWS
     file  is  not complete, it  was considered  to be  the  best  source
     available.

 2.   Identities  of  the  surface  source waters  and  the  utilities'
     water  intake points  were  also  determined using the IPWS file.
     Unfortunately, the location  (latitude  and  longitude)  of the
     intake points  often  was not  available.   For  these  cases,
     it  was assumed that  the intake point was located at  the
     shortest distance  between  the  city and  the source  water.

 3.   Identities  of  upstream  dischargers were  determined using  the
     Permit Compliance  System  (PCS).  While  this  file provides
     facility identities, it does not contain location  data
     more precise than  city  or  county name,  nor does  it contain
     discharge  flow data  or  receiving water  names.  The procedure
     used was to sort the PCS  file  by county  and  city names, and
     make discharge assignments to  the nearest  surface water.

 4.   Flow and BOD loadings for  municipal dischargers were  ob-
     tained from the Municipal   Waste Facilities Inventory  (MWFI)
     File and the Survey  of  Needs for Municipal  Water Treatment
     Facilities  (NEEDS) File.   Unfortunately, the MWFI file
     is  generally out of  date and contains  limited flow data.
     The NEEDS file contains good data on flow,  but contains
     only about 50 percent of the total  number of municipal
     dischargers.  Locational data  (latitude, longitude, or
     receiving water name) were also generally lacking in  these
     files.

 5.   Source water supply  flow data were  also often difficult to
     obtain.  A search of United States  Geologic Survey (USGS)
     data files showed that out of 12,484 stations, less than
     5,000 had sufficient data   to compute an annual average flow
     statistic,  and  less  than 3,500 had  sufficient data to com-
     pute 7 day, 10  year  low flow statistics.  Gaugina stations
    with data were  often not close to intake points ;"therefore,
     flows had to be approximated by extrapolation or, in  some
    cases, left blank.

6.  A computerized  data base was developed  to store all the
    relevant  data  on  cities, utilities,  source  waters,  and
    dischargers.  A combination of computer and manual  proce-
    dures were  used to  accumulate data  on  upstream dischargers
    from each intake  point.

7.  Discharger  location or  river mile distances between dis-
    chargers  and the  utility were generally not available.
    Therefore,  it was  assumed  that  dischargers  were concentrated

-------
    at points midway between each adjacent upstream utility as a
    means of providing necessary data for BOD fate models.

8.   A detailed accounting of the types of industrial uses was
    accomplished by examining the Standard Industrial  Classifi-
    cation (SIC) Code provided by the PCS file.   Dischargers
    ?hIe<±Vlded,unt° ?2 ty?e?'   Twenty-one types  are essentially
    the same as those identified as  potential dischargers of
    P^°/KmL?°llutants by the Natl'onal  Resources Defense Coun-
    SiLiaf? '    -?e^ De,cree-   Data on  industrial flows was not
    generally available during this  project.

     Despite the deficiencies in the available data stored in
              leS   th  reStS  °f thl'S project are considered to
be   nniir;eSH   ? reStS °f thl'S project are considered to
be significant and extremely useful and timely for the following
i c ci o \j 1 1 o
1.  Identifiable links have been established between wastewater
    dischargers and major municipal water utilities.

2.  Water utilities which may be impacted by potentially signi-
    ficant amounts of pollutants have been identified and are
    likely candidates for further study.

3.  A Wastewater in Receiving Water (WIRW) data base system has
    been developed which can be updated relatively easily as
    more data become available and which can efficiently handle
    data on  about  30,000 dischargers  and over 1 , 200 water
    utilities.

-------
                            SECTION  2

                        EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY


      The  completion  of  this  study  has  provided  a  large  amount
 of  data  from  which a  number  of  interesting  conclusions  and
 insights  can  be  drawn.   The  data  can also  be  used as  the  basis
 for further analysis.   However, before  any  additional analyses
 are undertaken,  it is important to  understand the quality of
 original  data  sources,  assumptions  made, and  the  limitations of
 the data.  The data  accuracy  and  completeness will  not  ade-
 quately  support  detailed  or  micro analysis  at particular  intakes
 For example,  it  should  not  be used  for  estimating the concentra-
 tion  of  certain  pollutants  at the water supply  intake.  However,
 the data  does  provide an  excellent  national-1evel reference use-
 ful  for  identifying  those utilities which have  a  high probabil-
 ity of being  significantly  impacted.

      The  Wastewater  in  Receiving Water  (WIRW) data  base is
 considered to  be a first  step toward the development of a capa-
 bility to quickly and efficiently estimate  the  impact of waste-
 water dischargers on  surface water  supplies.  Further work is
 required  in the  areas of:

      •  Water supply  intake locations - latitude/longitude
        and/or river mile

      t  Water supply  intake flows  from each source by season

     t  Discharger location - latitude/longitude and/or
        river mile

     •  Discharger activities and  flows by  season

     0  Development of a hydrologic  structure to "look"  upstream
        and downstream

     •  Presence  and  concentrations  of  pollutants in discharges

     §  Fate  of pollutants in the  receiving  waters.

     Obvious  comparisons can be  made between levels  of waste-
water impact  for  various cities  within  the  WIRW  data base
Interpretations of these comparisons may appear  contradictory,
depending on  how  the  analyst views  the  data.  For example

-------
 Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,draws drinking water from Neshaminy
 Creek.   About  3.8 percent of that water is wastewater during
 average flow conditions,  and that utility serves a population of
 759,000 people.   On the  other hand,  Columbia,  South Carolina,
 serves  228,000 people  from the Saluda River which contains  about
 16 percent wastewater  during average  flow conditions.   It might
 be concluded that Columbia is  more highly impacted because  of
 the higher percentage  of  wastewater.   Others might see Phila-
 delphia as more  highly impacted  because a greater population is
 affected.   Other criteria such as number of dischargers,  river
 flow, or location of intakes relative to dischargers can  be used
 to analyze the data.   One of the major purposes of the study
 was to  develop,  present and  qualify data such  that it  could be
 utilized by analysts with a  variety of objectives.

      Columbia,  South Carolina,and a number of  other cities
 exhibit extreme  low flow  percent wastewater statistics.   Colum-
 bia shows  a figure  of  350 percent wastewater during low flow
 conditions on  the Saluda  River.   This  implies  that  the city's
 water supply is  greatly impacted.  However,  this  may be an
 invalid conclusion.  Unfortunately, the  data source' (IPWS)  file
 did not identify seasonal  changes  in  the water  supply,  or the
 amount  withdrawn from  each source.  For  example,  Columbia has
 another water  supply,  the Broad  River,  which has  a  lower  concen-
 tration of wastewater.  Because  of possible  seasonal changes  in
 point of withdrawal, the  municipal supply  may actually  have  a
 much  lower percent  wastewater  than the  350  percent  indicated
 However, the figures do indicate  that  water  quality  in  the
 Saluda  River may  be  poor  depending on  the  fate  of  the  pollutants
 or  the  assimilative  capacity of  the river.

    t A  percent wastewater  figure  greater  than 100  percent may
 be  interpreted several  ways.   The data  presented  is  simply  the
 total discharge  flow estimate  divided  by  the water  supply source
 flow estimate.    A percentage greater  than  100 percent  may indi-
 cate:   water being  used more than once,  loss of water  in the
 river due  to evaporation,   loss to ground or  consumptive with-
 drawals, or  inaccurate  source  data.   It must also be understood
 that the percent  wastewater data presented reflects  the waste-
 water contributed only  by  municipal dischargers.  Flow data
 for industrial  dischargers was not included  because  such data
 was not  available in source files during the course of this work
 buch a  file  is  now being developed by  SCS Engineers  for U.S
 EPA, Monitoring and Data Support Division.  This Industrial
 ioon    ieS  Dischar9e fi]e  (IFD)  will  be completed in early
 1980 and will contain necessary point  source flow and receiving
water location  data for inclusion in the  WIRW data base.

     With these qualifications in mind, the following tables
 present  statistical  summaries of the  data base.   Table 1 pre-
sents the distribution  of  population  versus percent wastewater

-------
 in water supply.   Table  2  presents  a  spatial  distribution  by
 federal  regions  of the  number  of water  supplies  containing var-
 ious  percentages  of wastewater in water supplies.   Tables  3 and
 4  present cities  whose  water  supplies appear  to  be  impacted
 significantly.   Table  5  presents populations  which  appear  to  be
 impacted the  greatest.   Figure 1  presents  the standard  federal
 administrative  regions.

 Percent Municipal Wastewater by Population

      Table 1  presents  the  population  which utilizes surface
 water supplies  containing  various percentages of municipal
 wastewater.   This table shows  that  of the  persons utilizing
 surface water (over 62  million) most  are served  by  supplies
 containing zero  or low  concentrations of wastewater during both
 average and  low  flow conditions. About 15 million  persons are
 shown to be  served by  surface  supplies  containing at least 10
 percent wastewater at  low  flow conditions  and 4  million persons
 use municipal  supplies  that  contain 100 percent  wastewater dur-
 ing low flow  conditions.   However,  as noted  previously   it is
 unknown to what  extent  alternative  water supplies are  used dur-
 ing low flow  conditions  or to  what  extent  supplies  are  combined
 iherefore, the data reflect  the maximum estimated impact rather
 than  the actual  estimated  impact.

 Percent Municipal  Wastewater  by Region

      Table 2  presents the  number of source waters in each
 federal  region containing  various percentages  of  municipal
 wastewater for average flow conditions.  This  table  shows  that
 tor most regions,  a  high percentage of  source  waters contain
 zero  or  a  small percentage of  wastewater.
tn h^n^J Region  l> and the Northwest, Region X, appear
to have few surface water supplies containing wastewater.  The
 mn/laHnS area' Rugi°n VI1' has a greater number of wastewater
impacted sources than Regions I & X; however, there appear to
be a few extreme cases.  The Southeast, Region IV, appears to
have the highest percentage of source waters with significant
percentages of wastewater, followed by the Middle Atlantic
Great Lakes, and South, Regions III and V and VI   Mtlant1C'

Cities Impacted by Greatest Numbers of Dischargers

     Table 3 presents a list of twenty cities which obtain
drinking water from water supplies impacted by the greatest
number of dischargers.   The table  is  organized according to
the cumulative number of dischargers  for each city.   The cumu-
 ative number  includes  all  dischargers  from the  point  of abstrac
tion  to  the head of the basin.   Not surprisingly,  this  organiza
ba??n
-------
TABLE 1.   DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PERCENT
PERCENT
WASTEWATER
0
.01-. 05
0.1-0.2
0.21-0.5
0.51-1.0
1.1-2.0
2.1-5.0
5.1-10
11-20
21-50
51-100
101-200
201-500
501-1000
— 	 •- — .,— ^ - • i * i_ vi r i ^s i i_ n f~i
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
LOW FLOW PERCENT
WASTEWATERxlOOO
32174
9144
34
1184
462
3751
4639
4429
9874
3137
2400
3967
1340

1 L. IN
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
AVERAGE FLOW PERCENT
WASTEWATERxlOOO
32174
8833
6646
2542
7833
10216
10309
241
288

64



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 greatest number of dischargers contributing to their water
 supples.  Since many of these dischargers are hundreds or even

 aS ^±0?  mleS awdy' the actual impact is not as significant
 do it appears.

      Since large river basins also tend to have large flow vol-
 umes, the percent wastewater under average flow conditions is
 n? J^96 T°r ^ny.°f ^he twenty cities ^'sted.  The percentage
 of wastewater during low flow conditions on the Ohio and upper
 Mississippi  and Missouri appears  to be significant for cities
 using these  sources.   However,  this includes  the  flows from
 ^n   £9^S  ^^ .of m * ] e s away, and does  not  take into
 fn£o   L    £•       lnstream degradation of pollutants.   There-
 tore, these  figures again represent maximum inputs,,
 nnmhoH-      Uste* "Next Adjacent"  in Table 3 show the
 number of dischargers between the abstraction point and the next
 upstream utility   For example,  there are  26 dischargers  between
 Gretna and New Orleans water intakes, a  distance of less  than
 Jn  I!   N5,'   nh? number of next accent dischargers to  Metairie
 in  the New Orleans  area is  1,597.   This  indicates  that 1,597
 dischargers  enter  the Mississippi  between  Cape  Girardeau  and
 .nHnn1^   i     T^65 discharges  on the Ohio  below  Paducah,
 and  on the lower Arkansas and lower  Red  rivers.   Therefore   the
 ?hP  ML°L?1SChar9erS.wit?in  a few  hundred mi]es  upstream from
 arp  n^H  K 6a?S  d^a  1S cl°ser to  2'000  and  the  other  18,000
 are  probably  too far  away to  have much impact except for  the
 most conservative  pollutants.

 Cities  Estimated to Have  the  Highest  Percent  of  Municipal
 wastewater                                  ' -- - - ^ —

     Table 4  presents  25 cities ranked according to percent
 municipal  wastewater  under annual average  source water  flow con-
 ditions    Included in  Table 4 for reference are degraded  percent
 wastewater estimates  based on a simple nonconservatlve mod"
 which was  used to estimate the effect  of stream purification
 processes  see Section  6), and estimates of the number of muni-
 cipal and  industrial  dischargers.                »u«iuer OT muni

,„*« Certa^n utilities with higher estimates of percent waste-
water  such as Palm Springs  and Monrovia, California, were
excluded from this  summary because the resolution of the data
sources were not considered  sufficient.  The reason for exclud-
ing these  utilities was usually based on the fact that  they
anri  "^"9 water from small  basins with small source water flows
and,  in this case,  errors in wastewater flows or source water-
flows can cause significant  variations in the percent waste-
                  These Cases need to be examined"" greater
                               11
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       The  degraded  pollutant  estimates  show  some  decrease  from
  the  conservative estimates.   In  one  case--Alton,  Illinois-it
  appears that most  of  the  wastewater  is  discharged  some  distance
  upstream,  since the nonconservati ve  estimate  ( 22%)  Ts  consider-
  ably  less  than the conservative  estimate  (3.2%).        consider

  TahiJa hS  recommended  that  the  sources of  water  listed in
  Table 4 be  considered as  a "shopping list"  of supplies  to be
  investigated ,n more  detail  regarding the extent of  wastewater
  pollutants  present rather than as a  verified list  of sources
  based nn ?hp ^ was^ter  impacts.  This recommendation  s
  data  anri Jh. ?9r*e,2f*data  resoluti°"' lack of industrial flow
  data  and the fact that many  of  these cities use more than one
  water source.  For example,  Columbia, SC, uses three water
  sources in addition to  the Saluda River, and Ypsi lantfuses
  eight wells in addition to the Huron River.   Ipslldntl uses

  Cities Estimated  to Have the Highest. Municipal Wastewater
  Loading                - - — c -    <-c»va iei


 loadinn°nfen "1?t||od °f Presenting impact is  in terms of mass
 i£p nnmn.V   fantS  2" ?he  P°Pulation served.   Assuming  that
 averaae flnw nf   ,6aCh  Clty  US6S Or is exP°sed  to the "me
 average flow of water  per capita, then  the mass  loading of
 pollutants on the  population  (based  on  the quality of the  source
 Hm« ?h      lntake P°1nt) is P^Po^ional  to  the population
 times the  percent wastewater  in  the  water  supply.
 whicfare^stim^pH^  V1St*2f twenty-f<»e  population  centers
 wnicn  are  estimated  to have  the greatest  loading  or  exoosurp
 to  municipal  wastewater in drinking  water supplies    The  cUies

  erva^vl  estimartpnnV° ^  Pr°dUC?  °f  Population  and the cSn"
 condit  nn,    Thf  H     S^""*  wastewater  at  annual averaae flow
 th^n thf          degraded estimate averages  46  percent  less
 than the conservative  estimates.   It  should  be  noted  that thP

 S?qn??1«n?a«??ptriatin?ht Var1eS at  each  site and Sould ha" a
 Th?c **,.+      e^ °^  the ^aUty of  water reaching  the user
 This fact was not addressed  in  preparing  Table  5.

 Summary
t™i  u  "astewater in Receiving Water (WIRW) data base is a
tool which can support many types of analysis.  SevPra? of the
   t H  6 *2enK1!!d1cated 1n this conclusion, others are pre-
        "           f              HoweVer' U 1s ^ o'ta'nt to
                        t  s

use even in this embryonic stage.   Never before has so much da?I
on the relation between wastewater discharges !nd dr nkTna water
been assembled in such a comprehensive and useful form
                                                      '
                                    ve an  useu  form   rnllp
able ?aak°n H54° Utilities ac^ss the nation has  eena'formd-
able task.   However, now that the framewor             -
                                  framework has been established

                               13
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building upon this data base and discovering new ways to use
 roduct   mat1°n Wl11  further accentuate the value of this final
                              15
-------
                            SECTION  3

                         RECOMMENDATIONS


      It  is  recommended  that this  study be  updated  in  about  a
year.  At  that  time  additional  relevant  data  on  municipal and
industrial  discharges and  stream  flows currently being  developed
will  be  available.   The  update  will be relatively  efficient
because  of  the  availability of  the  WIRW  system developed  for
this  project.

      There  are  several  ongoing  EPA  projects which  will  facili-
tate  updating and expanding the files of data on the  wastewater
discharges  to water  supplies.   Some of the most  important are:

1.  EPA, Monitoring  and  Data Support Division -  Industrial  Fac-
    ility Discharge  File  (IFD)  -  will provide data on municipal
    and  industrial discharge locations,  flows and  activities
    (SIC codes).  Complete  by March 1980.  Contract 68-01-4872.
    Phillip  Taylor,  Project Officer.

2.  EPA, Monitoring  and  Data Support Division -  Hydrologic
    Digital  File  (Reach  File) project - will provide  data on
    hydrologic  structure and stream flows.  Complete  November
    1979.   Contract  68-01-4679. Phillip Taylor,  Project Officer.

3.  EPA,  Effluent  Guidelines Division - Development  of screen-
    ing  data on  priority pollutants in municipal  and  industrial
    effluents.   Some data available on most discharger cate-
    gories, will  improve as more  data collected.   Washington,
    D.C.

4.  EPA,  Enforcement Division - Permit Compliance System Modi-
    fication -  PCS file will be modified to include discharge
    permit limitations for  all  major dischargers.  Complete by
    April 1980.    Contract 68-03-2578.   William Milligan,
    Project Officer.

5.  EPA,  Monitoring and Data Support Division  -   Priority Pollu-
    tant  Fate -  will  provide data  on physical  properties of
    priority pollutants  to estimate degradation   rates  and fates
    Complete November 1979.  Michael Callihan, Project Officer."

6.  EPA,  Criteria and Standards Division  -  Proposed Ambient
    Water Quality Criteria - will  provide water  quality  criteria

                               16
-------
     heaitheffect,n      b^ed.on a^ati' toxicity and human
     health effects.   Draft criteria  available.   Washington,  D.C


 An  approach  which  could  be used  is  as  follows:




                                               locations  ^  fl
4.  Operate the WIRW to produce estimates of mass loadings of
    pol 1 utants .                                         a  u i



5.  Modify mass loadings derived from step 4 by fate data to

    estimate instream concentrations due to upstream discharges.


6.  Compare instream concentrations to criteria established to
    determine high impact areas.


7.  Use WIRW system to determine causes of high impact.



mnnthr°^hnUirHS Wh1?!l can be eff^1ently started in  about six
months, should provide more information on which to  base deci-

systems^"      relat1ons between  dischargers  and water supply
                              17
-------
                            SECTION  4

                            APPROACH


      A  systems  methodology  was  used to  integrate  and  implement
 the  basic  logical  approach.   The  primary  tool  developed  and  used
 was  the Wastewater in  Receiving Water  (WIRW)  system.   The  main
 component  of  the  WIRW  system  was  the WIRW  Data  Base.   A  computer
 data  base  was developed  because of  the  considerable quantity  of
 data  handling and  analysis  required.   This  approach allowed  the
 efficient  use of  existing data  files in digital media  and  cen-
 tralized all data  to  compute wastewater  loadings and percent  in
 receiving  waters.   Building a data  base also  made  it  possible to

 •  Evaluate existing data and check for obvious errors

 t  Fill  in gaps with manually retrieved data  where necessary

 t  Allow for error  correction by  providing  edit capability

 t  Allow for an automated data base update  as better
   information  sources become available

 t  Allow for an automated data base update  as changes
   occur in the natural environment.

 The latter two  points are probably  of the greatest significance.
 Utten studies are done which require extensive data collection
 and analysis, but which are done on an entirely manual basis
 As better data  becomes available,  or when changes occur in the
 natural  environment due to increased numbers of dischargers
 increases or decreases in discharge flows, changes in  composi-
 tion of industry groups,  etc., each change or update would
 attect several  outputs and each  would have to be dealt with
 separately.  On  the other hand,  a  centralized data base with
 update and  retrieval software  allows relatively quick  recalcu-
 lations  using the new information.  For example, frequently
during the  course of the  study,  problems or gaps in the data
were  discovered.  Many of these  were corrected or  filled  in
 improving project results.

 Identify Utilities and  Source  Waters

     The primary data source was  the Inventory of  Public  Water

                              18
-------
 Supplies file, which is a collection survey data gathered by the
 of fJhP °%W%ter.SuPP^ (n°* the Office of Drinking Water SupplJ),
 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, on almost 47,000
 public water utilities in the United States.  Of these ut lities
 540 were found which utilize surface water sources and serve a
 population of 25,000 of more.   The rest utilize ground or pur-
 chased water sources or serve  populations of less than 25,000.
 These 540 utilities formed the nucleus of the WIRW System data


 and  ,U"f°rtunately, the IPWS file contains some inaccuracies
 and  data  deficiencies.   Among  these are:

      t  Some source waters are incorrectly named or not
         identified.

      0  Some cities and/or utilities  are  not linked to a
         source  water.

      t  Many latitudes  and longitudes  for  the  abstraction
         points  were incorrect  or  unidentified.

      t Source  water types,  either  groundwater  or  surface
        water,  were sometimes  not  identified or  labeled
         i ncorrectly .

     • Duplication of  utilities  and source  waters  for
        some cities exists.

     Some obvious  IPWS  deficiencies were corrected; however  a
 complete  effort was not possible within project  resources.
 Although  there  are  problems associated with  the  IPWS file  it
 is considered the most  complete data base available^
thp       S0/1011-^.!5"^*" water intal
-------
      Once the utilities and source waters were identified and
 located,  a schematic drawing was developed for each utility
 basin (see Figure 2 for hypothetical  basin).

     Not only was  a  graphic representation helpful  in illustrat-
 ing the downstream  progression of wastewater from  utility to
 utility,  but a  numerically coded representation  was also used to
 enable computer analysis.   The computer cannot "see" that one
 utility is downstream of another, but if each  utility contains
 pointer fields  which identify the name of the  upstream and down-
 stream utility, then the computer can successively  "find" these
 utilities by accessing index lists which say where  in the data
 base they reside.   The naming scheme  utilized  the  IPWS identi-
 fication  code,  a  14-digit  number, to  identify  the  name of each
 utility.

      This numerical  linking of upstream and  downstream utilities
 was an extensive  and critical  task.   It provides the spatial
 hydrologic framework for the entire study.   Not  only was it
 necessary to construct this hydrologic structure of public water
 utilities, but  it was  also necessary  to organize all  the surface
 water sources  identified in this  study within  the  United States
 into hydrologic systems called Public  Utility  Basins  (PUB).

      Public  Utility  Basins  were  defined  as the entire  drainage
 area upstream  from  a  terminal  point at an  ocean or  sink.   The
 purpose of this definition  was  to  provide  routing of  wastewater
 to  a terminus.  The  Mississippi  PUB therefore  consisted  of all
 the area  draining into  the  terminal point  at the gulf.

      A  list  of  all  PUBs  defined for this study may   be  found
 in  Appendix  A.  The  numbering  of  the  PUBs  is arbitrary and  has
 no  inherent  significance.   PUB number  777 is  reserved  for  source
 waters which could  not  be  found on any maps.

 Identify  Upstream Dischargers

      Once  the public water  utilities and their source  waters
 were  mapped  and linked,  assignment of  waste dischargers was
 made.  The primary source of data for  municipal and industrial
 dischargers  used is an  EPA computer file called the Permit
 ^nS?l1?MC<;:.SySJ:eni (PCS)-      This file contains about  60,000
 NPDES  (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) permits
 and  includes all known  permitted dischargers  in the U.S  ,  as of
 1977.  Each wastewater discharger in this file is classified
 according  to SIC code, and approximate plant  location  (state,
 city and county).   Receiving water name or detailed discharge
 location is not provided for on this file.   The task of locating
 the dischargers on the USGS hydrologic maps and linking them to
water supplies was time consuming, and the accuracy was
restricted by the  lack of knowledge concerning exact discharge


                               20
-------
                                                   Upstream
                                                 Utility Pointer

                                                      B
                                                      C
                                                      F
                                                      D
                                                     None
                                                     None
                                                     None
                                                      F
                                                      G
                                                     None
                                                     None
Source Water
Alpha River
Alpha River
Peach Creek
Alpha River
Second Creek
Third Creek
Fourth Creek
Beta River
Beta River
Peach Creek
Pear Creek
        Utility Pointer
900
900
910
900
900
900
900
910
910
910
910
Figure  2.   Hydrologic  link structure  of upstream and
              downstream  utilities.
                                21
-------
locations.  The approach used was as follows:

     0  Determine the drainage basin of the source water
        for the utility in question.

     0  Identify dischargers from PCS file.

     0  Sort dischargers by state and county and locate
        manually on the same hydrologic maps used to
        identify water utilities.

     0  Verify that dischargers are upstream of water
        supply.

     There were a number of problems in determining the correct
structure relation between wastewater discharges and water
supplies due to the general lack of precise data on discharge
and intake location.  Certain assumptions were often made to
resolve this problem as follows:

1.  If the abstraction point for a city/utility is unknown,
    then the abstraction point is generally assumed to be at
    or near the upstream city limits.

2.  If a reservoir appears on a map, in or near the city and is
    on the city/utilities source water, and the abstraction
    point is unknown, then the abstraction point is assumed to
    be from the reservoir.

3.  If the abstraction point for a city/utility is unknown,
    and/or there are multiple intakes on the same source water,
    then the intakes are treated as one.

4.  Identified industrial and municipal dischargers within the
    city limits are assumed to discharge downstream of the
    water supply intake.

5.  A city/utility which abstracts from a reservoir is assumed
    to have its intake at the upstream city limits and conse-
    quently is not affected by downstream discharges.

6.  If receiving water for a discharger is unknown, then dis-
    charge is  assumed to be into the nearest body of water.

Discharger Flow and BOD Loadings

     Data on municipal  flows and treatment type were obtained
from the NEEDS and Municipal  Waste Facilities Inventory
(MWFI) files.   Flow data  were not always available, but
were estimated from population for about 17 percent of the muni-
cipal  dischargers.  The estimate used for these cases  was  100


                              22
-------
  gallons  per  day  per  person.

       BOD loadings  were  assumed  to  be  the  same  for  facilities
  with  the same  treatment (primary,  secondary, tertiary)    The
  errors caused  by making this  assumption were not considered
  serious  since  the  wastewater  in  receiving  water calculations
  aggregate  data from  several upstream  dischargers


      Data on industrial  discharge flows was not available dur-
 ing this  project.   Therefore,  industrial  dischargers were
 classified and aggregated by number according to SIC code.

      Industrial dischargers were divided  into 28 groups based
 on the Standard Industrial  Classification  (SIC) code.   Table 6
 defines  the SIC codes included in each of  the 28 groups   Those
 ?[OUS?nnmMnned with  an asterisk include industries  identified in
 the EPA-NRDC  consent  decree.   Thus,  each  group  indicated by
 asterisk  contains  an  industry  involved in  the discharge of one
 or more of the 129  priority pollutants defined  by  the  consent
 vi c \*» I c tr •


 in r  U S5?UId  be  n0tud  that municipal  dischargers  are  included
 in Group  27 because they are included  in SIC  4952 classifica-
 tions.  Therefore,  tables  in this report showing  industrial  dis-
 charge totals  represent  totals  for  all  dischargers,  municipal
 and industrial.   Group 27 contains  municipal  dischargers  (4952)
 as well as  others  included  in  the Public Uti 1 i ti es (4941-4953)
 classification.   The  total  number of  industrial  dischargers
 without municipals  can be obtained  by  subtracting the number of
 municipals  which  have  been  separated  for more detailed  analysis.

 Source Water  Flow Estimation

     The  USGS National Water Data  Exchange  (NAWDEX)  system
 ?nt%re2  '% °Cate  ?aU91'ng  stati™s on  the  source waters of
 interest.    The  resulting listings of Gauging stations for  each
 source water were then manually sortea  to identify stations
 with sufficient flow data which were considered to best repre-
 sent the  flow at each utility abstraction point.

     The  NAWDEX system is an index to water data which contains
 reference  to data from several  hundred  sources.   ?he resources
 n™ H,b 6  fhr th1s Pr°JeCt nec^^'tated the use of comp ?erized
 flow data  whenever possible.  The USGS Water Storage and
 Retrieval   WATSTORE) system is  the main source of computerized
W^TORP3  'V^ NAWDEX rdex'   Thus>  9au9ing  stations  in ie
7 IITORE  system were used to determine the  annual  average and
7-day,  10-year low flow for  approximately  95 percent of all
abstraction points.   Approximately 5 percent of  the  required


                              23
-------
TABLE 6.  SIC CODE GROUPINGS
(IN SEQUENTIAL SIC CODE ORDER)*
SIC Group
1 *
2 *
1
-
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 *
10 *
11
12 *

13 *
(12)*
(13)*
14
15 *
(14)
(15)*
(14)
(15)*
/ - • \
(14)
16 *
(14)*
17 *
(14)
(13)*
(14)*
18 *
(14)
/ i /-\ \ i
(18)*
(14)
19 *
(14)*
/ i *\ \ i
(13)*
SIC Codes
1000-1099
1100-1399
1400-1499
1500-2009
2010-2019
2020-2029
2030-2039
2040-2049
2050-2099
2100-2199
2200-2399
2400-2499
2500-2599
2600-2699

2700-2781
2782
2783-2799
2800-2811
2812-2813
2814-2815
2816
2817-2818
2819
2820
2821-2824
2825-2840
2841
2842-2850
2851
2852-2864
2865
2866-2868
2869
2870-2890
2891
2892
2893
SIC Group Description
Ore Mining and Dressing
Coal Mining, Oil & Gas Extraction
(Ore Mining)
No Group
Meat Processing
Dairy
Fruits and Vegetables
Grain Mills
Miscellaneous Foods
Tobacco
Textile Mills
Timber Products Processing
Furniture and Fixtures
Pulp and Paperboard Mills and
Converted Paper Products
Paint & Ink Formulation and Printing
(Pulp & Paper)
(Paint & Ink)
Miscellaneous Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
(Inorganic Chemicals)
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
(Inorganic Chemicals)
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
Plastic & Synthetic Materials Mfg.
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
Soap and Detergent Manufacturing
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
(Paint & Ink)
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
(Organic Chemicals)
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
Rubber Processing
(Miscellaneous Chemicals)
(Paint & Ink)
                                    (continued)

            24
-------
TABLE 6.  (continued)
SIC Group
(14)*
-
20 *
-
21 *
-
(20)*
(19)*
22 *
23
-
24 *
-
24 *
-
25 *
-
(25)*
-
26 *
-
(26)*
-
(26)*
-
(25)*
-
(25)*
-
27 *
-
(27)
28 *
SIC Codes
2894-2899
2900-2910
2911
2912-2950
2951-2952
2953-2989
2990-2999
3000-3099
3100-3199
3200-3299
3300-3311
3312-3313
3314
3315-3317
3318-3320
3321-3322
3323
3324-3325
3326-3330
3331-3334
3335-3338
3339
3340
3341
3342-3350
3351
3352
3353-3999
4000-4940
4941
4942-4951
4952-4953
4954-9999
                                              SIC Group Description

                                           (Miscellaneous  Chemicals)
                                                  No  Group
                                        Petroleum Refining
                                                  No  Group
                                        Paving and Roofing Materials
                                                  No  Group
                                           (Petroleum Refining)
                                           (Rubber Processing)
                                        Leather Tanning and Finishing
                                        Glass, Stone  and Clay
                                                  No  Group
                                        Iron and Steel Manufacturing
                                                  No  Group
                                          (Iron and Steel)
                                                 No Group
                                       Machinery and Mechanical Products
                                                 No Group
                                          (Machinery)
                                                 No Group
                                       Non-Ferrous Metals  Manufacturing
                                                 No Group
                                          (Non-Ferrous  Metals)
                                                 No Group
                                          (Non-Ferrous  Metals)
                                                 No Group
                                          (Machinery)
                                                 No Group
                                          (Machinery)
                                                 No Group
                                      Public Utilities
                                                 No Group
                                          (Public  Utilities)
                                                Other
              NOTE:  Items enclosed in parentheses are additional
                     occurrences of the same SIC group.

              SIC codes in this group include those on priority
              pollution list.                                  J
                                   25
-------
flow data was obtained from the Army Corps of Engineers.  This
data in published form is available for major rivers such as the
Ohio, Mississippi, etc., and was utilized when WATSTORE data
was unavailable.

     Although WATSTORE provided the best available data, it also
had its limitations.  Among these were:

     •  Occasionally, gauging stations did not have flow data
        reported as being available.

     0  Gauging stations did not always have a sufficient data
        base to permit calculation of 7-day, 10-year low flow
        values.

     t  Stations on rivers dividing states were at times
        difficult to locate.

     Lakes were assigned a flow by using a model  that repre-
sents them as wide places in a river.   An average flow through
the lake was then obtained by using available data on volumes
and retention times.

     The Great Lakes basin was another special  case.   It was
considered that calculating the percent wastewater for an entire
Great Lake would be misleading and would not take into account
local  mixing and current flow.  Therefore, the dischargers
into the Great Lakes were not identified,  since the resources
to do this would not result in a productive output at this  time.

Develop Wastewater in Receiving Water System

     The Wastewater in Receiving Water (WIRW) system consists
of two main parts:  the data base and the data processor.  The
system was developed in four stages.  First, primary data exam-
ination programs were developed to examine and select data from
machine readable files of interest.  This included the EPA IPWS,
PCS, NEEDS,  MWFI and City Master files.  Second,  a skeleton
data base was created which defined the overall structure.   A
hierarchical file and record structure was selected which simu-
lated the natural structure as shown by Figure 3.  The data
base was initialized by entering from the IPWS file the universe
of service areas, utilities and source waters to  be studied.
Third,  a Data Input/Edit/Update subsystem was developed to  allow
data entry from other files and from manual  sources,  as well as
correction or modification of previously entered  data.   Fourth,
data retrieval, analysis and report writing capabilities were
devel oped.

     The WIRW system software consists of over 40 program
modules  written in COBOL for an IBM 370 environment.   File


                              26
-------
 organization is IBM Indexed Sequential utilizing  both  QISAM and
 BISAM access methods.   There are two physical  ISAM  files,  as
 shown by Figure 4    WIRW-DB is the master data base  containing
 SJ™  nnD°*-i'  utllity  ^cords, and source water records.   The
 WIRW-DDB file  contains all the discharger records    Keys  in
 the master  WIRW-DB file for each source water  record point  to
 the appropriate block  or records in the WIRW-DDB  file  which are
 all the  next adjacent  dischargers  between that source water
 intake point and any upstream utilities.   Because the  nature of
 mnct  ?,ni  +?i dlsc^ar9er Jevel  is most subject to change and  the
 most  vo  ati  e,  it  was  felt that by maintaining a  separate
 physical  file,  the change  activity for the WIRW data base as a
 whole^could  be  minimized.   From a technical  standpoint, it  also
 minimizes the  disk storage space necessary and is particularly
 fast  at  inquiries  of selected  portions of the data base.   Most
 inquiries of the entire  data  base can  be  accomplished  by treat-
 ing the  files  in a  simple  sequential  access  mode.   It also
 allows for  simple  analyses of  discharger  characteristics  inde-
 pendent  of  the  complex  data  base  structure as a whole,  and
 facilitates  rapid  updating of  discharger  data.
     Figure 5 presents  a  flow  diagram  of how the primary data
sources relate to the data  base.   Data  on  stream flow, upstream
and downstream utilities  and upstream  next adjacent dischargers
were entered using a preprinted  form  (see  Figure 6  for example)
          ^ Shkeleton  data ba^.   A data  entry  form wa<  ™e-
25,000 people    S°UrCe ""^  Supplyin9  a  utility serving over
                Water utility:
Service
 Area
                                  Source water
                                  Source water:
                Water utility:
                                  Source water
                                  Source water
           Figure 3.  WIRW logical file and record structure.
  Discharge
  Discharge

  Discharge
  Discharge
— Discharge
  Discharge
  Discharge
  Discharge
                              27
-------
                          WIRW-DB
                          1uVSKt-MO|
                       UTILITY^JECORDS
WIRW-DB RECORD KEYS
   CR-SEQ-NO
   UR-SEQ-NO
   SR-SEQ-NO
WIRW-DOB RECORD KEY
   DR-SEQ-NO
    Figure  4.    Dual   physical  file  structure
                              28
-------
                                  Preprinted
                                  Computer
                                    Forms
                          USGS
                        15' Maps
                          and
                        1:250000
                           List of NPDES
                           Permit Holders
                           and Location
 • Identification of
   water utilities.

 • Working list of surface
   water sources.

 • Used to find location of
   water utility, it's  point
   of abstraction, and  a USGS
   gauging station.
 • Used to provide  higher
  resolution on location
  and identification of
  source waters.
                                                 • Used to define  the bound-
                                                   aries of a  hydrologically
                                                   contiguous  basin as well
                                                   as the structural linking
                                                   of upstream and downstream
                                                   public water utilities.
• Used  to  identify general
  location of all contri-
  buting effluent dischargers
                                                 • Used to provide effluent
                                                   discharge flows and para-
                                                   metric effluent data for
                                                   municipal dischargers.
Figure  5.    Data  collection  and  assembly  flow  for WIRW
                                     29
-------
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      Three  levels  of  data  were  preprinted,  each  corresponding
 to  a  record  type  in the  data  base.   At  the  top of  each  form  is
 a  printout  of  the  state,  name of  city and county  (when  avail-
 able)  that  the  public  utility served.   The.  utility  name,  address
 IPWS  number  or  utility  ID  was printed at the  second  level. The
 third  level  printed was  the name  of  the source water  utilized
 by  that  utility and USGS  river  basin when available.  The  third
 level  data  elements with  underscores such as  source water  type
 or  USGS  gauging station  number  used  to  derive stream  flow  were
 filled in by data  researchers directly  on the forms.  Any  of
 the preprinted  data determined  to  be in error could be  crossed
 out and  the  correct data written  in  above it.  In  this  way,
 all data collected concerning closest USGS  gauging  station,
 average  and  low stream flow,  PUB  identification, locations
 of  the source of the  data  found,  upstream and downstream  utility
 identification  pointers,  and next adjacent discharger  NPDES
 numbers  were entered  onto  one form and  then keyed  into  machine
 readable form and  entered  into  the WIRW data  base.

 Wastewater  In Drinking Water Calculations

     Two basic  tools were  used  to estimate  the number of  dis-
 chargers and the percent municipal wastewater flow  impacting
 drinking water  supplies.   The first was an  index for  each  utili-
 ty basin (PUB)  showing the hydrologic structure of all  the
 utility  intakes,  that is, the  upstream/downstream order  of the
 intakes.   The second was a computer generated worksheet which
 accumulated  the number and wastewater flow  from municipal  dis-
 chargers and the number of industrial dischargers between  a
 utility  and  the next  upstream utility (the  next adjacent dis-
 chargers).   The overall totals  were accumulated manually  in
 downstream order with the  results being entered on the  work-
 sheets .

     Figure  7 presents the worksheet for the city of  Harrisburg,
 Susquehanna River source as an  example.   All available  informa-
 tion in  the data base on the city, utility and source water is
 printed  on  the worksheet for information purposes.   All  avail-
 able information in the data base on the next adjacent  waste-
 water flows and on the number of municipal  dischargers  is  print-
 ed inside the box on the top half of the sheet.   Also,  the num-
 ber of next adjacent industrial  dischargers  organized by SIC
 group is  printed inside the box on the  lower half of  the sheet.

     The  cumulative municipal  flow for  this  example is  deter-
 mined by  adding the cumulative  totals for each of the upstream
 utilities listed at the bottom  of the sheet  by identification
 number.  For this  case there were several  adjacent upstream
 utilities which needed to be examined.   However,  most of the
wastewater  was  being discharged  between  Harrisburg .and  the next
 upstream  utilities since the total cumulative flow is 381 cfs
while the next  adjacent flow is  321 cfs.  In terms  of the total

                               31
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                                                         32
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number of dischargers about half of the total (371 out of 660)
were located between the Susquehanna intake and the next up-
stream utilities.


     The percent municipal  wastewater flow was then calculated
by dividing the total municipal flow by the average and low
stre?m flows'printed on the left Slde-   For th1s case 381/34,418
and 381/2516 provided the percent municipal wastewater estimates
of 1.1 percent and 15.1 percent, respectively.


     The results of these calculations  were summarized and pre-
sented in the  next section.
                             33
-------
                           SECTION  5

         RESULTS  -  WASTEWATER  IN  DRINKING  WATER  SUPPLIES


      Efficient presentation of results  developed  from  tens of
 thousands of  data  points  requires  knowledge of  the  viewpoints
 and  objectives of  the  readers.   Presentation of the  "raw" data
 provides the  most  information to the widest audience.  However,
 this  requires more effort  by each  user  to extract the  particular
 information of interest.   The approach  used in  this  study was to
 provide a hierarchy of outputs as  follows:

 1.   WIRW data base - data  available on  540 utilities,  1,246
     source waters  and  about 30,000 dischargers.   The data is in
     a digital media at the EPA Washington Computer  Center (WCC).
     This is the  raw data output  of the  study.   It has  wide use
     but requires knowledge of computer  data processing to ob-
     tain the  information of interest.

 2.   Discharges to  drinking water tables - data on the  next
     adjacent  and cumulative flows and numbers of  dischargers by
     type contributing to source waters.  This output consists of
    worksheets as  shown in Figure 6 for 588 source waters.  The
    worksheets are in paper media, hence easier for more users
     to access and  use.


 3.  Municipal  wastewater in drinking water tables - summarizes
    the cumulative number and flow of municipal  wastewater dis-
    chargers  for each utility and source water.   This output
    consists of 55 pages of tables presented- in this section of
    the report.   Its  use is oriented toward the user specifi-
    cally interested  in those drinking water supplies being im-
    pacted by municipal dischargers.

4.  Summary tables -  presents those areas  and cities which
    appeared to  have  the greatest potential  for wastewater im-
    pact on drinking  water.  These tables  are presented in the
    Results and  Executive Summary sections of this report for
    easy access  to a  wide audience.

     It can be seen that at each  stage  the information  content
of the output  was reduced by  an  order of magnitude,   the  trade-
off being information  content versus  ease  of use and utility  by


                            •  34
-------
 a particular user  (in  this case, one who is particularly in-
 terested in the impact of municipal wastewater discharges on
 water supply systems ) ,

 SUMMARY RESULTS

      Three summary tables are presented to indicate those cities
 and drinking water sources which are estimated to be the most
 highly impacted by wastewater dischargers according to available
 data.

 Cities Impacted by Greatest Numbers of Dischargers

      Table 7 presents  a  list of twenty cities  which obtain  drink-
 ing water from water supplies  impacted by the  greatest number of
 dischargers.   The  table  is organized according to the  cumulative
 number of dischargers  for each  city.   The cumulative number  in-
 cludes all Dischargers  from the point of abstraction to  the  head
 ot  the basin.   Not surprisingly,  this organization shows  those
 cities near the bottom  of three large river  basins,  the
 Mississippi,  Ohio  and  Missouri,  as  having the  greatest number of
 dischargers contributing  to their water  supplies.   However
 since  many  of  these  dischargers  are  hundreds or  even thousands
 of  miles  away,  the actual  impact may  not  be  as significant as
 it  appears.

     Since  large rivers also have large  flows, the  percent
 wastewater  under average  flow conditions  is  relatively  low for
 most of the  cities  listed.   Low  flow  conditions  on  the Ohio  and
 upper  Mississippi  and Missouri  may  be  significant.   However
 this includes  the  flows from dischargers  hundreds  of miles away
 and  does  not take  into account  the  fate of instream  degradation
 of  pollutants.  Therefore,  these figures  represent maximum
 impacts.

     The  Next Adjacent Columns  in Table 7 show the number of
 dischargers between  the water supply  abstraction  point and the
 next upstream utility.  For example,  there are 26  dischargers
 between Gretna  and New Orleans water  intakes, a distance of  less
 them 10 miles.  The  number of next adjacent dischargers to
 ?e*a7i?  ^ the New  Orleans area is  1,597.  This  indicates that
 in ?ho nh?  K9?rS  o^6r ?n the Miss1ssippi below Cape Girardeau,
 on the Ohio below  Paducah, on the lower Arkansas and lower Red
 rivers   Therefore,  the number of dischargers within a few hun-
 dred miles upstream  from the New Orleans area is  closer to
 2,000 and the other  18,000 are probably too far away to have
much impact except for the most conservative  pollutants or for
a large peak discharge caused by an  upset condition or treat-
ment fai1ure.
                              35
-------
% WASTEWATER |
ADJACENT 1
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 Cities Estimated to Have the Highest Percent of Municipal
 Wastewater               ~      - - -- K — -

      Table 8 presents 25 cities ranked according to percent
 municipal wastewater under average source water flow conditions
 Included in Table 8 for reference are percent wastewater esti-
 mates based on a simple nonconservati ve model (see Section 6)
 and estimates of the number of municipal  and industrial  dis-
 chargers .

      Certain utilities with higher estimates of percent  waste-
 water were excluded from this summary because the  resolution of
 the data sources  was not considered sufficient.   These  were
 utilities using water *rom small  basins with small  source water
 TIOWS.   In this case,  errors  in wastewater flows  or source water
 n^m^fc Cdr^e S1'9nif1cant variations  in the percent  wastewater
 estimates.   These cases  need  to be  examined  in  greater detail
 before  an accurate  estimate of percent  wastewater  can  be made.

      The  degraded pollutant estimates show some  decrease from
 the conservative estimates.   In one  case  (Alton), it appears  that
 most of the  wastewater is  discharged  some distance  upstrelm,
 since  the nonconservati ve  estimate  (.22)  is  considerably less
 than the  conservative  estimate  (3.2).

      It  is  recommended  that  the utilities  listed in  Table  8  be
 considered  as  a  "shopping  list" of utilities  to be  investigated
 ^tn?rn  detaiVegard!ng  the  potential  human  exposure  to waste-
 water pollutants, rather  than  as a list of the utilities with
 the greatest  impacts.  One  reason is  because  of data resolu-
 manv  n?  tifc*  °f , 1 ndus tri al  f 1 ™  data, and  the other  is  that
 many  of  these  cities  use more than one water source    For
 example,  Columbia, South Carol i na, uses three other sources  in

      ion  to the6              ' "' YPS1'lant1 US6S elht
Cities Estimated to Have the Highest Municipal Wastewater
Loadi ng                         — ! - c -

     Another method of presenting impact is in terms of mass
thf nn ? f P° ] ] " * a n * s p" the population served.  Assuming that
avPr*Pnri±°n/0r,eaCh C1'ty US6S °r is exP°sed to the sime
average flow of water per capita, then the mass loading of
??mlc Jh   °n th? P°Pulat1on ^ proportional  to the population
times the percent wastewater in the water supply.

     Table 9 presents a list of twenty-five population centers
which^are estimated to have the greatest loading or exposure to
municipal wastewater in drinking water supplies   The  cities
were ranked according to the product of population and the con-
nrr2nl^ «tlmate  °f Pe!Tcent wastewater.   The nonconservati ve
or degraded percent is also shown for reference.

                              37
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     This  analysis  gives  more  weight  to  those  utilities  serving
larger populations.   The  large population  centers  such  as  Phila-
delphia and Dallas  moved  up in rank relative to  Table  8.   Also
other large centers  appear such as  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,
Cincinnati, Washington D.C., Louisville  and Kansas City.

MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATER IN DRINKING WATER RESULTS

     The primary working  level output with respect to  the  prin-
cipal objectives of this  project is considered to  be Table 10
presented  on pages  41 through 94 of this section.   This  55 page
table summarizes for each source water for each  utility:   the
population served by the  utility, the cumulative number  and flow
for each type of municipal discharger, the cumulative  percent
municipal  wastewater in drinking water and the total number of
municipal  and industrial  dischargers.

     Each  basin is listed in order by PUB number from 010-995,
except for those with zero dischargers and source  waters which
could not  be located.  The cities within each basin are arranged
from upstream to downstream according to the source water that
serves it.  Small source waters which could not be located were
given a 777 PUB code and basins with no dischargers were placed
at the end of the table.

     To aid the user  in reviewing  the data  in Table 10, an index
organized  alphabetically by state  and city was prepared to
facilitate accessing  desired  information.   The City Name Index
located in Appendix  A provides  line  numbers keyed to Table 10.
Each source water in  Table  10  has  a  line number associated with
it in order from 1  -  804.   The  index can be used  to locate a
city name  of interest alphabetically, which then yields the
proper line number  for Table  10.   A  few line numbers, such as
line  104,  refer to  nodes  defined at  strategic locations in
larger river basins,  and  used  to. accumulate all upstream dis-
chargers  for downstream  routing.

     Another significant  output  of this study is  the routing of
wastewater  downstream.   No  other available  information shows the
relations  between dischargers  and  utilities concatenated down-
stream or  upstream.   Table  11  on pages  95-103  presents an index
showing hydrologic  relations  between water  supply utilities.  It
provides  a  tracing  of the  utilities  in  each PUB that includes
the  furthest downstream  utility  and  each  successive upstream
utility.   This  index was  constructed  using  the data from  the
upstream/downstream pointers  of each  utility, and was used to
trace  the  impact  of wastewater to  specific  utilities.

      Line  numbers  for Table 10 are provided in parenthesis next
to each utility  name to  aid in the use  of  Tables  10 and 11
simultaneously.   This  will  allow the  user  to  have a better idea
of the  structural  relation  of the  utilities and dischargers.

                                40
-------




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 for  the yearly  average  and  7-day  10-year  low  flows.   In  addi-
 tion,  the  total  contribution  of municipal  wastewater  is  broken
 down  into  the volumes originating  from  primary,  secondary,
 tertiary and  unknown  treatment.   BOD  loadings were  not expli-
 citly  presented  on  the  table.  The  loadings can  be  estimated  if
 desired by  assuming typical BOD concentration for each type of
 treatment.  The  BOD loading was calculated  for those  utilities
 estimated  to  have the greatest wastewater  impact.   These  results
 are  presented in Section 6.   Space  was  allocated in the  data
 base  system to accommodate data on  BOD and  other  pollutants if
 this  becomes  available.

      Scanning the percent municipal wastewater and  total  num-
 bers  of dischargers columns will  identify  many potential  "hot
 spots" or  areas  of  concern.   It must  be remembered  while  examin-
 ing  Table  10  that the percent wastewater  values  shown include
 only  municipal  facilities for which flow  data was provided or
 could  be estimated.   The contribution to  the  total  percent
 wastewater  values by  each type of municipal treatment can be
 determined  by examining the primary,  secondary,  tertiary  and
 unknown effluent columns.  These  columns  present the  total num-
 ber  of dischargers  identified by  type (N),  the total  number with
 flow  data  (n),  and  the  total  average  known  discharge  rate in cfs.

      For cases where  the N/n  ratio  is much  greater  than  unity
 (few  facilities with  flow data),  the  percent wastewater  esti-
 mates will   be low.  Another estimate  of the percent wastewater
 may  be obtained  by  increasing the discharge flow for  each type
 by the corresponding  N/n ratio.

      For example, referring to line 24, Lawrence, MA, the per-
 cent wastewater estimates provided  by Table 10 are  13 percent
 and  1.0 percent for low flow and mean flow.  However, it  is
 noted that only  13 of the 29 dischargers in the unknown efflu-
 ent category have flow  data available.  Assuming that the 13
 with flow data are a  representative sample from the total popu-
 lation of 29 dischargers, the discharge from the unknown cate-
 gory for Lawrence increases from 64 cfs to 143 cfs.   This in
 turn increases the estimated percent wastewater values to 21
 percent and 2.7 percent,respectively.   This estimate may be too
 high in some cases, since there is some reason to believe that
 flow data were more often available for larger dischargers than
 smaller dischargers.

 DISCHARGES  TO DRINKING WATER TABLES

     Worksheets  for those utilities identified in Tables  8 and
9 as having the  highest estimated  municipal wastewater impact
on drinking water supplies  are presented in Appendix C for
reference.   These worksheets present a more detailed breakdown
of municipal discharges  to  drinking water  and  also  present the
industrial  impact in terms  of number of dischargers  by SIC group.


                              104
-------
  For example, one could determine  for  planning  purposes which
  downstream utilities would be affected  by  changes  in  upstream
  dischargers-PUB 020 has two utilities  which are affected
  by discharges associated with upstream  utilities.  The
  T k i  i n \ •   ''^""'''dinette K i v e r supply  (Tins no. 13 on
  Ihl. A-  I ls affected by its next adjacent dischargers plus all
  the dischargers associated with the city of Eugene-McKenzie
  River supply (line no.  12).  The wastewater routing in th f case
  is very simple-discharges to the Eugene-McKenzie River supply
  affect not only Eugene but also Corvallis downstream, since the
  McKenzie is a tributary of the Willamette upstream of Cor"llis\

 tho  ?!her,Ca.SeS..are much more complicated.  Take for example
 the city of Ba  timore in  PUB 310.   Baltimore (124)  is affected
 rh«?Lnn$9?djace?t dischargers plus all the dischargers to the
 unester (Ltt) supply.   The Chester (122) supply is  affected bv
 its next adjacent dischargers plus all the discharges to  the
 Lancaster-Susquehanna River (120)  supply.  The  situation  at this
 point  became  more complex since  the  Lancaster-Susquehanna River
 supply 1S  affected  by its next  adjacent dischargers plus  the
 dischargers  affecting five upstream  utilities.   Further,  one of
 Mn«?  IcV6^  ?  ^uy 5? Harrisburg-Susquehanna  River  supply,
 U08)  is  affected by dischargers  to  several  other  upstream
 ullll  ?™'s,?n\0 Vt!eSe  iS  wilkesbarre, served by  Penn  Gas  &
 Water  (74-85) which  has eleven  source  waters.

      It  is  obvious  that the  logic  for  large basins  is  complex-
 however, the  identification  of this structure  allows one to
  look   upstream  or  downstream.   An upstream example is the case
 hot^f  a  r^ter SUPP]VS Planned  to be  located on the  Susquehanna
 ,^e^C ^^^nd..Uncaster.   One  needs  only  to determine
   rP»m  uMvr9e'Vr£  *et"een  the  "ater  ^PPly  and  the  next  up-
 stream  utility, which  is  Lancaster,  and  then  add  the  effects  of
 all  the  dischargers  to  the  Lancaster plant.   Another  upstream

 25 000)  ?s %dPnti?aller Ut11^y  (°ne SerVlng  P°P«lati0n  under
 ^5 000)  1S  identified  using  the  same source waters  as a  larger
 tii  lny  1n  J111* report.   0"ce  the  adjacent dischargers  are iden-
 tified,  up  to the next major utility all the  other  upstream
 dischargers affecting  the small  supply can be determined

 th«  ../}1?ownstream case is where  a  discharge is  added  to one of
 afforJ u-?arKS water supplies.   This  discharge  will not only
 B»U?L~   S5rre     'I50 2arr1sbur9' Lancaster, Chester, and
 Baltimore.  Of course the effect decreases for  certain pollu-
 tants as one moves downstream.   This  is the subject of a more
 detailed analysis taking into account fate models, travel times
etc.
     Table 10 also provides a tool for identifying areas for
further investigation.  This table presents the percent of
municipal  wastewater discharges to most surface water supplies
serving 25,000 persons or more.  The percentages are calculated
                              103
-------
                            SECTION  6

      RESULTS  -  POLLUTANT  LOADING  IN DRINKING  WATER  SUPPLIES


      The  receiving  water  environment will  alter  the  character-
 istics  of the wastewater  discharges because of physical,  chemi-
 cal  and biological  mechanisms  such  as:   oxidation,  hydrolysis,
 photolysis, volatilization,  adsorption,  biodegradation,  bio-
 transformation,  and  bioaccumulation.  Models  which  can accurate-
 ly  estimate the  fate of pollutants  are quite  complex  and  data
 intensive.  Also, the  fate  of  many  newly  identified  priority
 pollutants  cannot  be  determined  due to  the lack of  basic  data
 on  their  properties.

      Modeling the fate of biologically degradable organic  pollu-
 tants has  a long  history  and has  been practiced with  some
 success.   Two simple assumptions  commonly  used in estimating
 the  fate  of pollutants in rivers  are to  assume a first-order
 decay rate and a  plug  flow.  These were  basic assumptions  in
 the  development  of  the classic Streeter-Phelps equation.   The
 results of an application of this simple model are not consid-
 ered  to be very  accurate.    However, it can be used as a
 "weighting factor"  to  deemphasize discharges  as a function of
 distance  upstream.

 FATE MODEL DEFINITION

     The  fate model  selected for  the analysis is based on  simple
 plug flow which assumes wastes are evenly  distributed over the
 cross section of the river, that  no mixing occurs along the axis
 of the river, and that the mass balance equation across a  sec-
 tion of the river approximates a  first order decay rate and
 that there are no other sources or sinks.

     The steady state equation for this case can then be
written as:

                      C(x) = C(0)e-kx/v

where:  C(x)  is  the  pollutant load at  a point x distance
             from the source
        C(0)  is  the  load  at the source
           k  is  an organic degradation  rate constant
           x  is  the  distance from source  to point  of interest
           v  is  the  average  velocity of  the river     lflteresi;


                              106
-------
      For  example,  the  Philadelphia  Schuylkill  supply  not  only
 contains  significant wastewater  from  municipal  discharges  but
 also  contains  wastewater  from  a  considerable  number of  indus-
 trial  dischargers.  The bottom half of  Table  4  on  page  12
 shows  that  there are 240  total cumulative  dischargers to  the
 Philadelphia Schuylkill supply.   Subtracting  the 65 municipal
 dischargers  leaves  175  industrial dischargers.  The table  also
 shows  that  43  industrial  dischargers  (62 total  next adjacent -
 19 municipal next  adjacent)  enter between  the water supply  in-
 take  and  the next  upstream  utility, which  in  this  case  is
 Norristown,about 15 miles upstream.   The table  shows  that  sev-
 eral  dischargers are in categories  which may  discharge  priority
 pollutants.  The most significant are summarized in Table  12.
 (See  Table  6 for group definition by  SIC code.)


 TABLE  12.   IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL  DISCHARGES TO THE  PHILADELPHIA
                   SCHUYLKILL  WATER SUPPLY
Group No.
1
12
15
19
20
24
25
26
*Within 15
Group Description
Ore Mining and Dressing
Pulp and Paper
Inorganic Chemicals
Rubber Processing
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel
Machinery and Mechanical
Products
Non-ferrous Metals
miles for this case
Cumulati ve
Dischargers
11
6
3
10
2
8
9
3

Next Adjacent
Di schargers*
3
4
1
2
1
2
9
0

     Flow data for the industrial  dischargers was not available
at this time.   However, some estimate of industrial  discharge
flow could be  obtained by using the average water use in manu-
facturing data supplied by the U.S. Census or average flow data
from the EPA Effluent Guidelines Studies.
                              105
-------
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                                                          108
-------
 Values for k range from about .1  to .5 day"1  and typical  stream
 velocities are 15 to  80 miles per day.

      An arbitrary k/v value  of .01  was selected  for this
 analysis.   The weighting factor  as  a  function  of distance can
 then  be expressed as:

                       C(x) =  C(0)e"'01x
 where  x is the distance in miles  and  C is  a mass  load  moving
 across a  section  per  unit time.

      Data  on  the  river  mile  distance  between dischargers  and
 water  supply  intakes  were generally not available.   Therefore,
 the calculations  were  simplified  by assuming that  all  next  adja-
 cent  discharges entered the  river at  a point approximately
 halfway between utilities or  halfway  between a utility  intake
 and the headwaters  of  the basin.

     Approximate  distances between  utilities were  determined
 using  1:500,000 scale maps and dividers.   The average  distance
 between utilities  analyzed was about  35  miles.   The  typical root
 mean square error  which  arises by making this assumption  can be
 determined  from the relation  Ax//TT7  where Ax is the distance
 between  utilities.  This relation assumes  that it  is equally
 probable that  a discharger will be at  any  point along  the river.
 The typical error  caused by assuming  all dischargers were lo-
 cated  mid-point between  utilities was  therefore about  ±10 miles.
 Substituting this  error  into  the degradation equation  results
 in an  error of about  10  percent for each discharger.   Since the
 values  of  discharge flow and  BOD concentrations are  not known
 with any greater accuracy than 10 percent, the addition of  this
 degradation error  in the analysis is  not considered  significant.

     Table  13  presents  the results of  applying this  degradation
 model   to the utilities  identified by  Tables 8 and 9  in Section 5
 as having the  greater impacts of municipal  wastewater on water
 supply  systems.  The cities  listed in   Table 13 are ranked
 according to percent wastewater after  degradation at average
 flow conditions.  The non-degraded or  conservative percent
wastewater loadings are also  shown in   the right hand columns for
 comparison.  The model for these  cases results  in biodegrada-
 tions  ranging from negligible to  over  a factor of two   The
average degradation factor is about 30 percent.

     The estimated degraded  and conservative  BOD  loadings  are
also presented in  Table 13.   The  BOD loadings  were estimated by
assuming that the  typical concentrations for  dischargers in
each category were as  follows:
                              107
-------
                           SECTION 7

       PROJECTION OF WASTEWATER IMPACTS ON WATER SUPPLIES


      Factors which are considered to modify wastewater impacts on
 water supplies as a function of time are:

      1.   Wastewater treatment regulations
      2.   Industrial change and growth
      3.   Population growth.

 Treatment Regulations

      Public  law 92-500 is  the basis  for  present and  future regu-
 lations  to decrease municipal  wastewater loads  to  receiving
 waters.   This  law requires nationwide improvements  in  municipal
 wastewater treatment and  allows  for  more stringent  local  regula-
 tions  when considered  necessary.   The law also  requires  the de-
 velopment of industrial waste pretreatment regulations which will
 tend  to  decrease  certain  industrial  components  to municipal  waste
 streams.

      Amendments  enacted during  1977  to public law 92-500  will  af-
 fect  the  allowable  concentration  of  non-conventional pollutants
 in waste  streams  and provide  for  three strategies to be developed
 to accomplish  the  control  of  potentially  toxic  pollutants    These
 are:  industry  by  industry, area  by area,  and pollutant by  pollu
 tant.  The extent  of these changes is unknown  since  regulations
 have  not  yet been  developed.                         eyuiacions

      Examination of  the status of the various types of municipal

 folding* ^atis'tics:' ^'^  '"  ^  WI™  data  *ase provldedlhe
Munici pal
Unknown
Pri mary
Secondary
T e r t i a ry
Treatment by Type
34.2%
9.4%
52.9%
3.5%
The  Unknown  category represents the municipal  dischargers list
ed with no treatment or no treatment data available.   This is a
reflection of data found in the source files used to  build WTRW
                                          " "                 '
                              110
-------
       Primary = 75 mg/1 based on raw influent of 150
                 mg/1 with 50% removal
     Secondary = 30 mg/1 (typical permit value observed)
      Tertiary = 5 mg/1

The estimated BOD concentrations in the water supply at the
points of abstraction due to upstream municipal wastewater dis-
chargers are also presented in Table 13.  These were determined
by dividing* the estimated degraded BOD loads by the source water
supply flow.  Typical concentrations of BOD in the water sup-
plies caused by upstream dischargers are estimated to range from
0.2 to 2 mg/1 for those cases which are impacted the greatest.

     The estimated BOD loadings shown in Table 13 are based on
typical  values and reasonable assumptions and are considered to
represent the order of magnitudes of wastewater and pollutants
which actually exist for the cases shown.
                              109
-------
      TABLE 14.  PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTHS  FOR  EACH  STUDY AREA
State
MI
SC
SC
CO
CO
NJ
NJ
NJ
PA
AL
TX
IN
CO
TX
PA
DE
CO
MI
AL
GA
OH
GA
TX
NJ
PA
City
Ypsilanti
Columbia
Greenwood
Pueblo
Thornton
Mil burn
Little Falls
Elizabeth
Bryn Mawr
Birmingham
Ingleside
Indianapolis
Westminster
Dallas
Philadelphia
Wilmington
Englewood
Oshkosh
Langdale
La Grange
Bowling Green
Columbus
Fort Worth
Elizabeth
Pittsburgh
Line
502
259
258
495
335
54
55
166
149
207
551
464
334
539
153
158
339
273
235
234
327
237
538
167
397
SMSA^
Ann Arbor
Columbia
Greenvi 1 le-Spartanburg
Pueblo
Denver-Boulder
Paterson-Passaic
Paterson-Passaic
Newark
Philadelphia
Birmingham
Corpus Christi
Indianapolis
Denver-Boulder
Dallas-Fort Worth
Philadelphia-Reading
Wilmington
Denver-Boulder
Appleton-Oshkosh
Atlanta
Atlanta
Toledo
Atlanta
Dallas-Fort Worth
Newark
Pittsburgh
Percent Popul
1970-1975^
9.5
14.8
11.2
6.1
13.3
-1.8
-1.8
-3.0
-.6
3.4
4.4
3.2
13.3
7.3
1.2
3.5
13.3
3.0
13.2
13.2
2.5
13.2
7.3
-3.0
-3.6
ation Change
1976-1984*3*
15
24
18
9.8
21
-2.9
-2.9
-4.8
-.96
5.4
7.0
5A
21
12
1.9
5.6
21
4.8
21
21
(- X
4
21
12
-4 8
~ • \J
-5.8
(1) Standard Metropolitan Statistical  Areas  (SMSA)  where most  dischargers
    located
(2) Percent population changes from Bureau of Census  County  and  City  Data
    Book 1977
(3) Projected population changes  from  1976 to 1984  assuming  constant  growth  rate
                                112
-------
      Primary plants will  probably be converted  to  secondary or
 tertiary  plants at a  rate depending on  the availability of
 construction funding.  The number of secondary  plants  being
 converted  to tertiary plants could be significant  because of  the
 recent emphasis on priority pollutants.

      For  the purpose  of projection, it  was assumed that all
 primary and unknown plants would be converted to secondary
 plants by  1984.  No conversions from secondary  to  tertiary
 plants were assumed,  since there is no  basis for a projection
 and regulations affecting these changes are in  a state of flux.

 Growth

      The  volume of municipal  wastewater discharges will tend  to
 increase  because of industrial  and population growth.  However,
 the industrial  growth rate will probably be slowed by  pretreat-
 ment  regulations and  increased emphasis on inplant recycling.
 Therefore, it was assumed that the major factor in increased
 municipal  discharges would be population growth.  Table 14 pre-
 sents the population growth rates for the most  significantly
 impacted cities shown previously in Tables 8 and 9   .  A linear
 relationship was assumed between wastewater generated  and
 population growth, and between percent degraded wastewater and
 growth.

 Results

      Table 15 presents the results of projecting to  1984 the
 percent  wastewater and BOD loading based on the treatment-growth
 assumptions discussed previously.   By comparing the data in
 Table 12 with the data in Table 15 it may be seen that the
 cities influenced by high population  growth rates and a higher
 degree of  present treatment increased in the percent wastewater
and BOD  ranking.   The source  waters  of certain cities are seen
 to decrease in  BOD loading due  to  projected changes in treatment
and growth.  These include:   Milburn  and Little Falls, Bryn
Mawr,  Indianapolis,  Philadelphia,  Oshkosh,  Elizabeth and
 Pittsburg.
                              Ill
-------
                           APPENDIX A

                       GUIDE TO CITY INDEX


     The City Index provides valuable information facilitating
the analytical use of Table 10 "Estimated Extent of Municipal
and Industrial Discharges at Public Drinking Water Supply Intake
Points."  Each city identified in the WIRW Database is listed in
this index.   Each state associated with those cities is also
listed.  The state is listed first in alphabetical order, with
each city listed in alphabetical  order within those states.   If
a city has more than one source water, it is listed for each dif-
ferent source water.  Source waters are given as a reference
guide.   Table 10 Line Numbers are also given for easy cross-
reference.   Each listing is also  accompanied by a PUB Number, as
Table 10 is  organized according to this code number.  This number
represents the drainage basin of  the source water in question
It is listed from least to largest.   The code has no value except
as an identification number.
                              114
-------
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                                                           113
-------
                               LINE
STATE        CITY               NO

 CA       OAKLAND              584
 CA       OAKLAND              783
 CA       OAKLAND              784
 CA       OAKLAND              781
 CA       PALM SPRINGS          571
 CA       PALM SPRINGS          578
 CA       PETALUMA              796
 CA       REDLANDS              576
 CA       SACRAMENTO            580
 CA       SACRAMENTO            581
 CA       SAN  DIEGO             782
 CA       SAN  JOSE              785
 CA       SAN  LUIS OBISPO       788
 CA       SAN  LUIS OBISPO       790
 CA       SANTA  BARBARA         794
 CA       SANTA  BARBARA         795
 CA       SANTA  CRUZ            575
 CA       SANTA  CRUZ            574
 CA       VALLEJO               800
 CA       VALLEJO               587
 CA       VALLEJO               583
 CA       VENTURA               803
 CA       WATSONVILLE           798
 CO       ARAVADA               331
 CO       AURORA                338
 CO       BOULDER               330
 CO       BOULDER               329
 CO        COLO SPRINGS          494
 CO        COLO SPRINGS          563
 CO        DENVER                561
 CO        DENVER                562
 CO        DENVER                337
 CO        ENGLEWOOD             340
 CO        ENGLEWOOD             339
 CO        FORT COLLINS          341
 CO        FORT COLLINS          342
 CO        GREELEY               771
 CO        GREELEY               770
 CO        LAKEWOOD             333
 CO        LONGMONT             328
 CO        PUEBLO               495
CO       THORNTON             335
CO       WESTMINSTER           332
CO       WESTMINSTER           334
 PUB       SOURCE WATER

 990     PARDEE RESERVOIR
 906     CHABOT RESERVOIR
 906     UPPER SAN LEAND
 904     SAN  PABLO RE
 912     SNOW & FALL  CR
 980     CHINO CREEK
 949     LAWLER RESERVOIR
 980     MILL CREEK
 990     AMERICAN RIVER
 990     SACRAMENTO R
 905     OTAY RESERVOIR
 915     BEAR GULCH RE
 925     SANTA MARGARITA
 935     WHALE ROCK RE
 945     GIBRALTOR RE
 945     CACHUMA  RE
 955     SAN  LORENZO  R
 955     NEWELL CREEK
 965     LAKE  CURRY
 995     PUTAH SOUTH  CAN
 990     CACHE SLOUGH
 975     VENTURA  RIVER
 956     2 STREAMS  IN BR
 610     RALSTON  RE
 610     SOUTH PLATTE R
 610     MIDDLE BOULDER
 610      SILVER LAKE
 610      PIKES  PEAK WATE
 910      DILLON RE
 910      WILLIAMS  FORK  R
 910      DILLON RE
 610      SOUTH  PLATTE R
 610      BEAR  CREEK
 610      SOUTH  PLATTE R
 610      HORSETOOTH RE
 610      CACHE  LA POUDRE
 810      BELLVIEW PLANT
 810      BOYD  LAKE
 610      LENA  GULCH MAPL
 610      ST VRAIN RIVER
 610     ARKANSAS RIVER
 610     CLEAR CREEK
610     STANLEY LAKE
610     CLEAR CREEK
                             116
-------
                      CITY INDEX LISTING
STATE          CITY

 AK       ANCHORAGE
 AL       BIRMINGHAM
 AL       BIRMINGHAM
 AL       BIRMINGHAM
 AL       DECATUR
 AL       FLORENCE
 AL       GADSDEN
 AL       HUNTSVILLE
 AL       LANGDALE
 AL       MOBILE
 AL       MONTGOMERY
 AL       PHENIX  CITY
 AL       PRICHARD
 AL       TUSCALOOSA
 AR       FAYETTEVILLE
 AR       FORT  SMITH
 AR       HOT SPRINGS
 AR       LITTLE  ROCK
 AR       LITTLE  ROCK
 AR       LOWELL
 AZ       PHOENIX
 AZ       PHOENIX
 AZ       YUMA
 AZ       TEMPE
 CA       CORTE MADERA
 CA       CORTE MADERA
 CA       CORTE MADERA
 CA       CORTE MADERA
 CA       ESCONDIDO
 CA       FAIRFIELD
 CA        FAIRFIELD
 CA        FONTANA
CA        FREMONT
CA        HAYWARD
CA        LOS ANGELES
CA        LOS ANGELES
CA       MILLBRAE
CA       MILLBRAE
CA       MILLBRAE
CA       MONROVIA
CA       MONTEREY
CA       NAPA
CA       NAPA
LINE
NO
001
206
207
208
489
490
204
488
235
761
205
236
762
203
513
511
521
512
515
514
570
568
567
569
797
791
792
793
804
582
588
577
586
585
566
780
789
786
787
579
799
801
802

PUB
010
410
410
410
610
610
410
610
430
420
410
430
421
410
610
610
610
610
610
610
910
910
910
910
950
940
940
940
985
990
995
980
990
990
910
902
930
920
920
980
960
970
970
   SOURCE WATER

 SHIP CREEK
 SMITH LAKE
 CABAHA RIVER
 INLAND LAKE
 TENNESSEE RIVER
 CYPERSS CK
 COOSA RIVER
 TENNESSEE R
 CHATTAHOOCHEE R
 BIG CREEK
 TALLAPOOSA R
 CHATTAHOOCHEE R
 EIGHT MILE CK
 NORTH RIVER
 WHITE RIVER
 LAKE  FT.  SMITH
 OUACHITA  RIVER
 MAUMELLE  LAKE
 LAKE  WINONA
 BEAVER  RESERVOIR
 SALT  RIVER  PROJ
 SALT  AND  VERDE
 AMERICAN  CANAL
 LAKE
 NICASIO RE
 KENT  RESERVOIR
 ALPINE  RESERVOIR
 BON TEMPE  RE
 LAKE  HENSHAW
 CACHE SLOUGH
 PUTAH SOUTH CA
 LYTLE CREEK
 SOUTH BAY AQUED
 SOUTH BAY
 COLORADO RIVER
 OWENS VALLEY AQ
 CALAVERAS RE
 CRYSTAL SPRINGS
 SAN ANDREAS RES
MONROVIA AND SA
CARMEL RIVER
MILLIKEN RE
LAKE HENNESSEY
                             115
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
                                        PUB
                                         SOURCE WATER
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 DE
 DE
 DE
 DE
 DE
 FL
 FL
 FL
 FL
 FL
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 GA
 HI
 HI
HI
 IA
 IA
 IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
 WALLINGFORD
 WALLINGFORD
 WATERBURY
 WATERBURY
 WATERBURY
 WATERBURY
 CLAYMONT
 CLAYMONT
 CLAYMONT
 WILMINGTON
 WILMINGTON
 BRADENTON
 MELBOURNE
 W  PALM  BEACH
 W  PALM  BEACH
 W  PALM  BEACH
 ATHENS
 ATHENS
 ATLANTA
 AUGUSTA
 COLUMBUS
 DALTON
 DALTON
 DECATUR
 DOUGLASVILLE
 EAST POINT
 GAINESVILLE
 GRIFFIN
 GRIFFIN
 LAGRANGE
 LAWRENCEVILLE
 MACON
 MORROW
 ROME
 HILO
 HILO
 HILO
 BURLINGTON
 COUNCIL  BLUFFS
 DAVENPORT
 DES MOINES
 IOWA CITY
OTTUMA
SIOUX CITY
  683      149     MACKENSIE RE
  684      151     PISTAPAUG POND
  685      152     WIGWAM RESERVOIR
  687      154     E  MOUNTAIN RE
  686      153     MORRIS RESERVOIR
  689      156     PROSPECT RES -
  159      320     RED  CLAY CREEK
  160      320     CHRISTIANA CRK
  161      320     WHITE  CLAY CRK
  157      320     HOOPES RE
  158      320     BRANDYWINE CRK
  767      495     'WARD  LAKE
  764      475     LAKE  WASH ON TH
  269      485     LAKE  OKEECHOBEE
  268      485     LAKE  MANGONIA
  270      485     CLEAR  LAKE
  243      440     NORTH  OCONEE RI
  242      440     SANDY  CREEK
  231      430     CHATTAHOOCHEE R
  250      450     SAVANNAH  RIVER
  237      430     LAKE OLIVER  ON
  200      410     MILL CREEK
  201       410     CONASAUGA  RIVER
  230       430     CHATTAHOOCHEE  R
  233       430     ANNEEWAKEE CRK
  232       430      SWEET  WATER  C
  228       430      LAKE SIDNEY  LAN
  238       430      HEADS  CREEK  RE
  239       430      FLINT  RIVER
  234       430      CHATTAHOOCHEE R
  229       430      CHATTAHOOCHEE R
  245       440      OCMULGEE RIVER
  244       440      LITTLE COTTON I
  262       410      OOSTANAULA R
  628       025      KAHOAMA STREAM
  626       025      LAUOLI FALLS  IN
  627       025      PUKA MAUI  INTAK
  371       610     MISSISSIPPI R
  351      610     MISSOURI RIVER
  369      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 372      610     RACOON RIVER
 370      610     IOWA  RIVER
 373      610     DES MOINES R
 349      610     MISSOURI RIVER
                              118
-------
STATE

 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
 CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
   CITY

 AN§ONIA
 ANSONIA
 ANSONIA
 ANSONIA
 BRIDGEPORT
 BRIDGEPORT
 BRIDGEPORT
 BRIDGEPORT
 BRISTOL
 DANBURY
 DANBURY
 DANBURY
 GREENWICH
 GREENWICH
 GROTON
 GROTON
 HARTFORD
 HARTFORD
 HARTFORD
 MANCHESTER
 MANCHESTER
 MANCHESTER
 MANCHESTER
 MERIDEN
 MERIDEN
MERIDEN
MERIDEN
NEW BRITAIN
    BRITAIN
    BRITAIN
    HAVEN
    HAVEN
    HAVEN
    HAVEN
    LONDON
    LONDON
                    LINE NO
PUB
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NORWALK
NORWALK
NORWICH
NORWICH
NORWICH
SOUTHINGTON
STAMFORD
STAMFORD
638
637
640
639
643
642
645
644
646
647
649
648
651
650
653
652
656
654
657
658
660
659
661
662
664
663
666
667
669
668
673
672
671
670
675
674
676
677
688
679
678
680
681
682
102
101
104
103
107
106
109
108
111
112
114
113
116
115
118
117
121
119
122
123
125
124
126
127
129
128
131
132
134
133
138
137
136
135
141
139
142
143
155
145
144
146
147
148
   SOURCE WATER

 MIDDLE RESERVOIR
 FOUNTAIN LAKE
 QUILLINAN RE
 BUNGAY RESERVOIR
 HEMLOCKS RE
 EASTON RESERVOIR
 SHELTON RES #2
 TRAP  FALLS  RE
 BRISTOL RESERVOIR
 MARGERIE RE
 EAST  LAKE RE
 WEST  LAKE
 MIANUS MILL PON
 PUTNAM RESERVOIR
 POQUONNOCK  RE
 GROTON RESERVOIR
 NEPAUG RESERVOIR
 BARKHAMSTED RE
 W  HARTFORD  RE
 PORTER RESERVOIR
 BUCKINGHAM  RE
 HOWARD RESERVOIR
 GLOBE  HOLLOW  RE
 BROAD  BROOK RE
 MERIMERE  RE
 ELMERE  RESERVOIR
 BRADLEY  HUBBARD
 SHUTTLE  MEADOW
 WHIGVILLE RE
 WASEL  RESERVOIR
 MALTBY  LAKES
 LAKE WHITNEY
 FARM RIVER  DIVE
 LAKE SALTONSTAL
 BECKWITH  POND
 LAKE KONOMOC
 ROCK LAKE
 GRUPE  RESERVOIR
 DEEP RIVER RE
 STONY BROOK RE
 FAIRVIEW RE
 RESERVOIR #1
NORTH STAMFORD
LAUREL RESERVOIR
                              117
-------
 STATE        CITY

  KS       WICHITA
  KY       ASHLAND
  KY       BOWLING GREEN
  KY       FORT THOMAS
  KY       FORT THOMAS
  KY       FRANKFORT
  KY       FT KNOX
  KY       FT MITCHELL
  KY       GEORGETOWN
  KY       LEXINGTON
  KY       LEXINGTON
  KY       LOGICAL CITY #4
  KY       LOUISVILLE
  KY       PADUCAH
 LA       NEW ORLEANS
 LA       BOSSIER CITY
 LA       CHALMETTE
 LA       GRETNA
 LA       LOCKPORT
 LA       MARRERO
 LA       METAIRIE
 LA       MONROE
 LA       SHREVEPORT
 MA       AMHERST
 MA       AMHERST
 MA       BEVERLY
 MA       BEVERLY
 MA       BEVERLY
 MA       BRAINTREE
 MA       BRAINTREE
 MA       BROCKTON
 MA       BROCKTON
 MA       BROCKTON
 MA       BROCKTON
 MA       CHICOPEE
 MA        DANVERS
 MA        FALL RIVER
 MA        FITCHBURG
 MA        FITCHBURG
 MA        FITCHBURG
 MA        GLOUCESTER
 MA        GLOUCESTER
 MA        GLOUCESTER
MA       HINGHAM
 INE NO     PUB       SOURCE WATER

 496       610     CHENEY RE
 438       610     OHIO RIVER
 469       610     BARREN RIVER
 444       610     OHIO RIVER
 445       610     OHIO RIVER
 451       610     KENTUCKY RIVER
 455       610     OTTER CREEK
 448       610     LICKING RIVER
 452       610     EAGLE CREEK
 450       610     KY RIVER
 449       610     HICKMAN CREEK R
 468      610     OHIO RIVER
 454      610     OHIO RIVER
 492      610     OHIO RIVER
 525      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 520      610     RED  RIVER
 527      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 526      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 535      630     BAYOU LAFOURCHE
 524      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 523      610     MISSISSIPPI R
 522      610     BAYOU DESIARD
 518      610     CROSS LAKE
 692      160     AMETHYST BROOK
 701       205     ATKINS  POND
 033       215     IPSWICH RIVER
 734       255     WENHAM  LAKE
 727       245     PUTNAMVILLE RE
 749       275      BLUE  HILL RIVER
 742       265      GREAT POND
 760       295      MONPONSETT  POND
 755       285      FURNACE & ONHAM
 700       204      SILVER LAKE
 699       202      AVON  RE
 693       160      QUABBIN RE
 702       206      MIDDLETON POND
 703       208      NORTH WATUPPA P
 °29       181      WACHUSETT LAKE
 030       180     MEETINGHOUSE  P
 S31      212     SCOTT RESERVOIR
 709      222     WALLACE RE
 707      218     HASKELL RE
 706      216     BABSON RESERVOIR
7H      224     ACCORD POND
                              120
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
PUB
                                                  SOURCE WATER
 ID
 ID
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IL
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 IN
 KS
 KS
 KS
 KS
 KS
 POCATELLO
 POCATELLO
 ALTON
 BLOOMINGTON
 CARBONDALE
 CHICAGO
 DANVILLE
 DECATUR
 E  ST LOUIS
 EVANSTON
 HIGHLAND PARK
 KANKAKEE
 MOLINE
 NORTHBROOK
 PEORIA
 QUINCY
 SPRINGFIELD
 WAUKEGAN
 WILMETTE
 BLOOMINGTON
 BLOOMINGTON
 BLOOMINGTON
 E  CHICAGO
 EVANSVILLE
 FORT WAYNE
 GARY
 GARY
 HAMMOND
 HAMMOND
 INDIANAPOLIS
 INDIANAPOLIS
 JEFFERSONVILLE
 KOKOMO
 MICH CITY
 MUNCIE
 MUNCIE
 MUNCIE
 RICHMOND
 TERRE HAUTE
 KANSAS CITY
 LAWRENCE
 LEAVENWORTH
MISSION
TOPEKA
  009      020     MINK CREEK (WES
  010      020     WHISKEY JACK CR
  380      610     MISS RIVER
  377      610     MONEY CREEK
  384      610     CEDAR CK RE
  288      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  457      610     NORTH FORK VERM
  378      610     LAKE DECATUR
  382      610     MISSISSIPPI R
  287      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  284      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  375      610     KANKAKEE RIVER
  368      610     MISSISSIPPI R
  285      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  376      610    .ILL  RIVER
  374      610     MISSISSIPPI R
  379      610     LAKE SPRINGFIELD
  283      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  286      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  467      610     MONROE  RESERVOIR
  466      610     GRIFFEY  CREEK
  465      610     BEANBLOSSOM CR
  291      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  456      610     OHIO RIVER SHAW
  326      510     ST JOE  RIVER
  292      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  293      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  289      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  290      500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  463      610     FALL CREEK
  464      610     WHITE RIVER VIA
  453      610     OHIO RIVER
  458      610     WILDCAT  CREEK
  294       500     LAKE MICHIGAN
  460       610     WHITE RIVER
  462       610     BUCK CREEK
  461       610     PRAIRIE  CRK RE
  446       610     WHITEWATER  R
  459       610      WABASH RIVER
  358       610      MISSOURI RIVER
  356       610      KANSAS RIVER
  354       610     MISSOURI RIVER
  357       610      KANSAS RIVER
  355       610      KANSAS RIVER
                              119
-------
STATE
   CITY
                             LINE NO
                               PUB
           SOURCE WATER
 MD
 MD
 MD
 MD
 ME
 ME
 ME
 ME
 ME
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MI
 MN
 MN
 MN
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MS
MS
MS
MS
MT
MT
MT
 HAGERSTOWN
 HYATTSVILLE
 HYATTSVILLE
 ODENTON
 BANGOR
 BIDDEFORD
 LEWISTON
 PORTLAND
 WATERVILLE
 BAY CITY
 DETROIT
 GRAND RAPIDS
 HIGHLAND PARK
 MIDLAND
 MONROE
 MUSKEGON
 PORT  HURON
 SAGINAW
 WYANDOTTE
 WYOMING
 YPSILANTI
 DULUTH
 MINNEAPOLIS  HENNEPIN
 MOORHEAD
 ST  CLOUD
 ST  PAUL
 ST  PAUL
 CAPE  GIRARDEAU
 FT  LEONARD WOOD
 JEFFERSON  CITY
 JOPLIN
 KANSAS  CITY
 KIRKWOOD
 ST  CHARLES
 ST  LOUIS
 ST  LOUIS
 ST  JOSEPH
 COLUMBUS
 JACKSON
 MERIDIAN
 MERIDIAN
 BUTTE
BUTTE
BUTTE
 174
 169
 178
 170
 636
 019
 665
 020
 655
 298
 303
 295
 301
 297
 305
 296
 300
 299
 304
 302
 323
 275
 365
 556
 364
 366
 367
 385
 361
 360
 502
 359
 383
 363
 362
 381
 353
271
766
765
343
003
002
 350     POTOMAC RIVER
 325     PATUXENT RIVER
 350     POTOMAC RIVER
 325     LITTLE PATUXENT
 100     FLOODS POND
 110     SACO RIVER
 130     LAKE AUBURN
 140     SEBAGO LAKE
 120     CHINA LAKE
 500     SAGINAW BAY LON
 500     DETROIT RIVER
 500     LK MICH FILTRAT
 500     LAKE ST CLAIR
 500     LAKE HURON
 500     LAKE ERIE
 500     LAKE MICHIGAN I
 500     ST CLAIR  RIVER
 500     LAKE HURON
 500     DETROIT RIVER
 500     LAKE MICHIGAN
 502     HURON  RIVER
 500     LAKE SUPERIOR
 610     MISSISSIPPI  R
 840     RED  RIVER
 610     MISSISSIPPI  R
 610     MISSISSIPPI  R
 610     RICE CREEK  CHAI
 610     MISSISSIPPI  R
 610     BIG  PINEY RIVER
 610     MISSOURI RIVER
 610     SHOAL CREEK
 610     MISSOURI RIVER
 610     MERAMEC RIVER
 610      MISSOURI RIVER
 610      MISSOURI RIVER
 610      MISSISSIPPI  R
 610      MISSOURI RIVER
 410      LUXAPALILA R
 490      PEARL RIVER
 480      LONG CREEK
 480      BONITA
 610      BIG HOLE RIVER
020     MOULTON RE
020     BASIN CREEK RE
                             122
-------
STATE
  CITY
LINE NO
PUB
SOURCE WATER
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MA
 MD
 MD
 MD
 MD
 MD
 MD
 MD
HINGHAM              710
HOLYOKE              721
LAWRENCE             024
LEOMINSTER           705
LEOMINSTER           725
LOWELL               023
LYNN                 728
LYNN                 726
LYNN                 730
LYNN                 729
NEW BEDFORD          731
NEW BEDFORD          732
NEW BEDFORD          733
PEABODY              735
PEABODY              736
PEABODY              032
PITTSFIELD           757
PITTSFIELD           758
PITTSFIELD           759
PLYMOUTH             738
PLYMOUTH             743
PLYMOUTH             739
RANDOLPH             740
SPRINGFIELD          744
SPRINGFIELD          748
SPRINGFIELD          747
WAKEFIELD            750
WEST SPRINGFIELD     691
WESTFIELD            751
WESTFIELD            690
WEYMOUTH             756
WEYMOUTH             741
WORCESTER            754
WORCESTER            025
WORCESTER            026
WORCESTER            027
WORCESTER            028
ANNAPOLIS            059
BALTIMORE            124
BALTIMORE            172
BALTIMORE            171
CUMBERLAND           173
FREDERICK            175
FREDERICK            176
           224     ACCORD BROOK
           236     WRIGHT & ASHLEY
           180     MERRIMACK RIVER
           214     WACHUSETT RE
           242     FALL BROOK RE
           180     MERRIMAC RIVER
           246     HAWKES POND
           244     WALDEN POND
           252     BREEDS POND
           248     BIRCH POND
           254     GREAT QUITTICAS
           254     LITTLE QUITTICA
           254     ASSAWOMPSET PON
           256     SPRING POND
           258     SUNTAUG LAKE
           215     IPSWICH RIVER-E
           290     ASHLEY BROOK RE
           290     ROARING BROOK
           290     SACKETT BROOK R
           262     LITTLE SOUTH PO
           266     BOOT POND
           264     GREAT SOUTH PON
           265     GREAT POND
           268     LITTLEVILLE RE
           274     LUDLOW RESERVOIR
           272     COBBLE MT RE
           276     CRYSTAL LAKE
           160     BEAR HOLE BROOK
           278     TEKOA RESERVOIR
           160     GRANVILLE RE
           286     SWAMP RIVER DIV
           265     GREAT POND
           282     PINE HILL RE
           180     KETTLE & LYNDE
           180     KENDAIR
           180     HOLDEN R
           180     PINEHILL RE
           305     BROAD CREEK
           310     SUSQUEHANNA R
           340     GUNPOWDER FLS P
           330     N  BRCH PATAPSCO
           350     LAKE GORDON FLT
           350     MONOCACY RIVER
           350     LINGANORE CREEK
                               121
-------
 STATE        CITY

  NE        OMAHA
  NH        CONCORD
  NH        MANCHESTER
  NH        NASHUA
  NH        PORTSMOUTH
  NH        SALEM
  NJ        ATLANTIC CITY
  NJ        ELIZABETH
  NJ        ELIZABETH
  NJ        ELIZABETH
  NJ        JERSEY CITY
  NJ        JERSEY CITY
  NJ        LITTLE FALLS
  NJ        MILLBURN
  NJ        MORRISTOWN
  NJ        NEW MILFORD
  NJ        NEWARK
  NJ       ORANGE
 NJ       PRINCETON
 NJ       SHREWSBURY
 NJ       SHREWSBURY
 NJ       SOMERVILLE
 NJ       TRENTON
 NJ       WOODBRIDGE
 NJ       WOODBRIDGE
 NM       ALAMOGORDO
 NM       SANTA  FE
 NV       LAS  VEGAS
 NV       NORTH  LAS VEGAS
 NV       RENO
 NV       RENO
 NY       ALBANY
 NY       ALBANY
 NY        AMSTERDAM
 NY        AUBURN
 NY        BINGHAMPTON
 NY        BUFFALO
 NY        BUFFALO
 NY        BUFFALO
 NY        DUNKIRK
 NY        ELMIRA
NY        ITHACA
NY        ITHACA
NY       KINGSTON
LINE

  350
  022
  641
  704
  752
  753
  055
  054
  737
  745
  056
 162
 057
 058
 165
 137
 163
 164
 529
 53°
 565
 564
 5/3
 572
 045
 046
 040
 034
 060
 319
 318
 317
 316
 0^1
 036
 035
044
  PUB       SOURCE WATER

  610     MISSOURI RIVER
  180     PENACOOK LAKE
  17°     MASSABESIC  LAKE
  180     PENNICHUCK  BROOK
  190     BELLAMAY RIVER
  105     CANOBIE  LAKE
  210     DOUGHTY  POND
  320     DELAWARE-RARITA
  320     RARITAN  RIVER
  320     RARITAN  & MILLS
  280     BOONTON  RE
  281      SPLIT ROCK  RE
  240      PASSAIC  RIVER
  240      PASSAIC  RIVER
  260      CLYDE POTTS RE
  270      LAKE DEFOREST  L
  240      PEQUANNECK  R
  220      W BRANCH RAHWAY
  320      DELAWARE RARATI
 250     JUMPING BROOK
 250     SWIMMING RIVER
 320     RARITAN RIVER
 320     DELAWARE RIVER
 320     ROBINSON BR  OF
 320     DELAWARE RARITA
 620     BONITO  LAKE
 620     SANTA  FE  RIVER
 910     LAKE  MEAD
 910     LAKE  MEAD
 914     STEAMBOAT DTCH
 914     TRUCKEE  RIVER
 230     HANNACROIX CREEK
 230     BASIC CR  RE
 230     5  IMPOUNDING RE
 226      OWASCO LAKE
 310      SUSQUEHANNA  R
 500      LAKE ERIE
 500      LAKE ERIE
 500      LAKE ERIE
 500      LAKE ERIE
 310      CHEMUNG RIVER H
227      SIX MILE CREEK
227      FALL CREEK
230     MI^K HOLLOW BR
                             124
-------
STATE
  CITY
LINE NO
PUB
SOURCE WATER
 MT
 MT
 MT
 MT
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 NC
 ND
 ND
 ND
 ND
GREAT FALLS
HELENA
HELENA
MISSOULA
ASHEVILLE
BURLINGTON
BURLINGTON
CHAPEL HILL
CHAPEL HILL
CHAPEL HILL
CHARLOTTE
CONCORD
DURHAM
FAYETTEVILLE
GASTONIA
GASTONIA
GOLDSBORO
GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO
GREENVILLE
HENDERSONVILLE
HICKORY
HIGH POINT
LEXINGTON
LEXINGTON
RALEIGH
RALEIGH
RALEIGH
ROCKY MOUNT
SALISBURY
STATESVILLE
STATESVILLE
WILMINGTON
WILMINGTON
WILSON
WILSON
WILSON
WINSTON SALEM
WINSTON SALEM
BISMARCK
FARGO
FARGO
GRAND FORKS
  346
  345
  344
  004
  480
  214
  213
  216
  215
  217
  263
  198
  220
  218
  264
  265
  227
  212
  210
  211
  241
  481
  262
  209
  195
  196
  221
  222
  223
  240
  197
  192
  191
  219
  763
  226
  224
  225
  194
  193
  347
  558
  557
  559
610     MISSOURI RIVER
610     MISSOURI RIVER
610     TEN MILE
020     RATTLESNAKE
610     N FK SWANNANOA
415     STONEY CREEK
415     TOMS CREEK
415     PHILS CRK
415     PRICE CRK
415     MORGAN CRK
470     MT ISLAND LAKE
405     COLDWATER CRK
425     FLAT RIVER
415     CAPE FEAR RI
470     LONG CREEK
470     CATAWBA RIVER
425     LITTLE RI
415     LAKE BRANDT  '
415     LAKE TOWNSEND
415     HORSE PEN CR
435     TAR RIVER
610     MILLS RI
470     CATAWBA RIVER
415     DEEP RI
405     YADKIN'RI
405     ABBOTTS CR
425     SWIFT CREEK
425     NEUSE RIVER
425     WALNUT CREEK
435     TAR RIVER
405     YADKIN RI
405     FOURTH CREEK
405     S YADKIN RIVER
415     CAPE FEAR RIVER
455     TOOMERS CREEK
425     CONTENTNEA CRK
425     SILVER LAKE
425     TOISNOT SWAMP
405     SALEM CR
405     YADKIN RI
610     MISSOURI RIVER
840     INTAKE #2 (SHEY
840     INTAKE #1 (RED
840     RED RIVER #1
                              123
-------
 STATE       CITY

 OH       LORAIN
 OH       MANSFIELD
 OH       MARION
 OH       MARION
 OH       MASSILLON
 OH       MENTOR
 OH       PAINESVILLE
 OH       PORTSMOUTH
 OH       SANDUSKY
 OH       STEUBENVILLE
 OH       STRUTHERS
 OH       STRUTHERS
 OH       TOLEDO
 OH       WARREN
 OK       BARTLESVILLE
 OK       DEL  CITY
 OK       LAWTON
 OK       LOGICAL  CITY
 OK       LOGICAL  CITY
 OK       MIDWEST  CITY
 OK       MUSKOGEE
 OK       OKLAHOMA CITY
 OK       OKLAHOMA CITY
 OK       OKLAHOMA CITY
 OK       PONCA  CITY
 OK       SHAWNEE
 OK       TULSA
 OK       TULSA
 OK       TULSA
 OR       COOS BAY
 OR       CORVALLIS
 OR       CORVALLIS
 OR        CORVALLIS
 OR        CORVALLIS
 OR        EUGENE
 OR        MEDFORD
 OR        PORTLAND
 OR        SALEM
 PA       ALLENTOWN
 PA       ALTOONA
 PA       ALTOONA
 PA       ALTOONA
PA       ALTOONA
PA       BEAVER  FALLS
#1
#2
LINE NO    PUB       SOURCE WATER

  308      500     LAKE ERIE
           610     CLEAR FK CK RES
           610     LITTLE  SCIOTO
  441      610     BIG  SCIOTO
  434      610     NEWMAN  CREEK
  3J2      500     LAKE ERIE INTAK
  313      500     LAKE ERIE
  439      610     OHIO RIVER
  307      500     LAKE ERIE
  430      610     OHIO RIVER
  420      610     BURGESS  LAKE IN
  421      610     EVANS LAKE
  306      500     LAKE  ERIE
  419      610     MOSQUITO  CREEK
  498      610     HULAH LAKE
  J?05       610     LAKE  THUNDERBIRD
  516       610     LAKE  LAWTONKA
  510       610      ARKANSAS  RIVER
  504       610      ARKANSAS  RIVER
  5°7       610      LAKE THUNDERBIRD
  503       610      FT GIBSON LAKE
  509       610      LAKE OVERHOLSER
  493       610      HEFNER LAKE
  517       610      STANLEY  DRAPER
  497       610      LAKE PONCA
  508       610     SHAWNEE  LK
  501      610     LAKE EUCHA
  500      610     LAKE SPAVINAW
 499      610     OOLAGAH  LAKE
 629      040     PONY CREEK
 013      020     WILLAMETTE RIVER
 014      020     ROCK CREEK-N F
 015      020     ROCK  CREEK-S F
 016      020     GRIFFITH  CREEK
 12        020     MCKENZIE  RIVER
 18        030     ROGUE RIVER
 11        020     BULL  RUN  RIVER
 J7        020     NORTH SANTIAM R
 131      320     LITTLE LEHIGH R
 099      310     GLEN  WHITE RUN
 096      310     HOMERS GAP RUN
 097      310     MILL  RUN
 096      310     KITTANING  RUN
 428      610     BEAVER RIVER NE
                             126
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
 PUB
SOURCE WATER
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 NY
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 OH
 LOCKPORT
 MAMRONECK
 NEW YORK
 NEW YORK
 NEW YORK
 NEWBURGH
 NEWTONVILE
 NEWTONVILE
 NIAGARA FALLS
 NORTH TONAWANDA
 OSSINING
 OSWEGO
 PLATTSBURG
 POUGHKEEPSIE
 ROCHESTER
 ROCHESTER
 ROCHESTER
 ROME
 SPRING VALLEY
 SYRACUSE  '
 SYRACUSE
 TONAWANDA
 TROY
 UTICA
 UTICA
 WATERTOWN
 WHITE PLAINS
 YONKERS
AKRON
ALLIANCE
ASHTABULA
AVON LAKE
 BARBERTON
 BOWLING GREEN
CINCINNATI
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
COLUMBUS
COLUMBUS
EAST LIVERPOOL
ELYRIA
FINDLAY
GENEVA
LIMA
  715
  723
  051
  052
  125
  048
  041
  042
  714
  713
  049
  322
  717
  047
  320
  321
  720
  053
  746
  716
  722
  712
  043
  039
  038
  037
  724
  050
  768
  418
  315
  310
  432
  327
  447
  272
  311
  443
  442
  429
  309
  325
  314
  324
 225     NIAGARA RIVER
 238     MAMARONECK R
 230     CROTON R SYSTEM
 230     CATSKILL SYSTEM
 320     DELAWARE R SYS
 230     SILVER & PATTON
 230     STONEY CREEK
 230     MOHAWK RIVER
 225     WEST BRANCH NIA
 225     NIAGARA RIVER
 230     INDIAN BROOK
 500     LAKE ONTARIO
 232     MEADE & WEST BR
 230     HUDSON RIVER
 500     LAKE ONTARIO
 500     LAKE ONTARIO
 234     HEMLOCK & CANAD
 235     FISH CREEK
 270.     2 DEFOREST LAKE
 228     OTISCO LAKE
 237     SKANEATELES LAKE
 225     W B NIAGARA R
 230     TOMHANNOCK RE
 230     HINCKLEY RE
 230     GRAY RE
 229     BLACK RIVER
 239     2 RESERVOIR
 230     SAWMILL RE
 501     CUYAHOGA R
 610     DEER CREEK RE
 500     LAKE ERIE
 500     LAKE ERIE
 610     BARBERTON RE
 510     MAUMEE RIVER
 610     OHIO RIVER
 500     L ERIE CRIB 4
 500     L ERIE CRIB 3
610     BIG WALNUT CREEK
610     SCIOTO RIVER
610     OHIO RIVER INTA
500     LAKE ERIE INTAK
510     BLANCHARD RIVER
500     LAKE ERIE INTAK
510     OTTAWA R
                              125
-------
STATE       CITY

 PA       JOHNSTOWN
 PA       JOHNSTOWN
 PA       JOHNSTOWN
 PA       JOHNSTOWN
 PA       JOHNSTOWN
 PA       LANCASTER
 PA       LANCASTER
 PA       LEBANON
 PA       LEBANON
 PA       LEBANON
 PA       LEMOYNE
 PA       LEMOYNE
 PA       LEVITTOWN
 PA       LEWISTOWN
 PA       LEWISTOWN
 PA       LEWISTOWN
 PA       LOGICAL CITY  #3
 PA       MCKEESPORT
 PA       MCKEESPORT
 PA       MIDDLETOWN  TWP
 PA       MILTON
 PA       MILTON
 PA       MILTON
 PA       NEW  CASTUE
 PA       NEW  KENSINGTON
 PA       NORRISTOWN  BORO
 PA       NORTHAMPTON
 PA       NORTHAMPTON
 PA       PHILADELPHIA
 PA        PHILADELPHIA
 PA        PHILADELPHIA
 PA        PITTSBURGH
 PA        PITTSBURGH
 PA        POTTSTOWN
 PA        POTTSVILLE
 PA        POTTSVILLE
PA        POTTSVILLE
PA        POTTSVILLE
PA        READING
PA        READING
PA        SCRANTON
PA        SCRANTON
PA       SCRANTON
PA       SCRANTON
LINE NO

  392
  394
  389
  390
  388
  121
  120
  HI
  112
  113
  HO
  109
  138
  102
  103
  101
  102
  412
  413
  140
  089
  091
  090
  423
  395
  152
  132
  133
  154
  153
  155
  397
  414
  148
  146
  147
  144
  145
  142
  143
 070
 071
 072
 PUB       SOURCE WATER

 610     DALTON RUN RE
 610     NORTH FORK RE
 610     SALTLICK RE
 610     TOYLLDAL DAM
 610     SANDY RUN DAM
 310     CONESTOGA CREEK
 310     SUSQUEHANNA R
 310     GOLD MINE CREEK
 310     FISHING CREEK
 310     SWATARA CREEK
 310     YELLOW BREECHES
 310     CONODOGUINET CR
 320     DELAWARE RIVER
 310     LAUREL RUN
 310     WEST BROOK
 310     TREASTER RUN
 310     JUNIATA RIVER
 610     YOUGHIOGHENY R
 610     MONONGAHELA R
 320     NESHAMINY  CR
 310     WEST BRANCH OF
 310     SPRUCE RUN  DAM
 310     WHITE  DEER  CR
 610     SHENANGO  RIVER
 610     ALLEGHENY  RIVER
 320     SCHUYLKILL  R
 320     LEHIGH  RIVER
 320     SPRING  CREEK  RE
 320     DELAWARE RIVER
 320      SCHUYLKILL  R
 320      SCHUYLKILL  R
 610      ALLEGHENY RIVER
 610      MONONGAHELA  R
 320      SCHUYLKILL  R
 320      EISENHUTH RE
 320      INDIAN RUN  RE
 320     WOLF CREEK  RE
 320     TAR RUN RE
 320     ANTOETAM LAKE
 320     LAKE ONTELAUNEE
 310     ELMHURST DAM
 310     OAK RUN DAM
310     LAKE HENRY
310     LEHIGH PUMP DAM
                             128
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
PUB
                                                  SOURCE  WATER
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 BENSALEM TWP
 BETHLEHEM
 BETHLEHEM
 BETHLEHEM
 BRISTOL
 BRYN  MAWR
 BRYN  MAWR
 BRYN  MAWR
 BUTLER
 BUTLER
-BUTLER
 BUTLER
 BUTLER
 BUTLER
 CANONSBURG
 CANONSBURG
 CANONSBURG
 CHARLEROI
 CHESTER
 CHESTER
 CONNELSVILLE
 EASTON
 FREDERICKTOWN
 GERMAN TWP
 GREENSBURG
 GREENSBURG
 GREENSBURG
 HANOVER
 HANOVER
 HANOVER  BORO
 HARRISBURG
 HARRISBURG
 HARRISBURG
 HARRISBURG
 HARRISBURG
 HAZLETON
 HAZLETON
 HAZLETON
 HAZLETON
 HUNTINGTON
 JEFFERSON
 JEFFERSON
 JOHNSTOWN
 JOHNSTOWN
141
136
135
134
139
151
149
150
387
426
386
425
424
427
416
415
417
405
122
123
411
126
404
401
409
410
408
118
115
116
105
108
114
106
107
130
127
128
129
100
402
403
393
391
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
310
310
610
320
610
610
610
610
610
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
320
320
320
320
310
610
610
610
610
                   DELAWARE RIVER
                   TUNK CR INTAKE
                   WILD CK PA FORS
                   WILD CREEK
                   DELAWARE RIVER
                   CRUM CREEK GEIS
                   NESHAMINY  CREEK
                   PICKERING  CREEK
                   ALLEGHENY  RIVER
                   THORN  RUN
                   ALLEGHENY  RIVER
                   THORN  RUN  RE
                   ONEIDA-BOYDSTOW
                   CONNOQUENESSING
                   SPEERS  RUN IMPO
                   JOHNSTONS  RUN  I
                   LITTLE  CHARTIER
                   MONONGAHELA R
                   SUSQUEHANNA R
                   OCTARARO CREEK
                   YOUGHIOGHENY
                   DELAWARE RIVER
                   MONONGAHELA R
                   MONONGAHELA R
                   IMMEL RES  STREA
                   INDIAN  CREEK
                   BEAVER  RUN RE
                   LONG ARM CREEK
                   LITTLE  CONEWAGO
                   S BR CONWAGO CR
                   DEHART  RESERVOIR
                   SUSQUEHANNA R
                   SWATARA  CREEK
                   STONEY  CREEK
                   BEAVER  CREEK
                   MT PLEASANT
                   HARLEIGH
                   DRECK CREEK
                   BARNES  RUN
                   STONE CREEK
                   S FORK  TEN MILE
                   MONANGAHELA R
                   BEAR ROCK  DAM
                   MILLCREEK  RE
                              127
-------
STATE
   CITY
                             LINE NO
                               PUB
   SOURCE WATER
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 PA
 RI
 RI
 RI
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
SC
SC
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SCRANTON
 SHAMOKIN
 SHAMOKIN
 SHAMOKIN
 SHAMOKIN
 SHARON
 UNIONTOWN
 UNIONTOWN
 W  CHESTER
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKES BARRE
 WILKINSBURG
 WILLIAMSPORT
 WILLIAMSPORT
 WILLIAMSPORT
 YORK
 YORK
 BRISTOL
 PROVIDENCE
 WOONSOCKET
 AIKEN
 AIKEN
ANDERSON
 CHARLESTON
CHARLESTON
COLUMBIA
COLUMBIA
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
092
094
093
095
422
406
407
156
084
085
075
082
077
078
076
079
081
083
074
080
396
086
087
088
119
117
694
695
696
252
251
249
253
255
261
259
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
610
610
610
320
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
610
310
310
310
310
310
161
162
162
460
460
450
460
465
470
470
 SUMMIT LAKE
 LK SCRANTON OVF
 WILLIAMS BR RE
 HAZARD POND
 MARSHWOOD DAM
 DUNMORE N03 DAM
 DUNMORE N04 DAM
 LAKE SCRANTON
 BRUSH VALLEY RE
 BEAR GAP #1 & #
 TROUT RUN #4
 #6 RESERVOIR
 SHENANGO RIVER
 RIVER STATION Y
 YOUGHIOGHENY R
 CHESTER CREEK
 FOREST CITY-LAC
 BRACE BROOK RE
 WANAMIE RESERVOIR
 PINE  RUN
 LAUREL RUN  RE
 OLYPHANT  RE
 WHITE OAK  RE
 CHENERY  RE
 RUSHBROOK  RE
 FALL  BROOK  RE
 CRYSTAL  LAKE RE
 GRIFFIN  LAKE
 ALLEGHENY RIVER
 HAGERMAN RUN
 LYCOMING CREEK
 MOSQUITO CREEK
 YORK  RE
 SOUTH  BRANCH CO
 KICKAMUIT RE
 PAWTUXET RIV SC
 MILL  RIVER
 SHILOH SPRINGS
 SHAWS CREEK
 LAKE HARTWELL
 EDISTO RIVER
 GOOSE CREEK
 BROAD RIVER
SALUDA RIVER
                              130
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
                                        PUB
                                         SOURCE WATER
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SC
 SD
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TN
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
TX
TX
TX
 GREENVILLE
 GREENVILLE
 GREENWOOD
 LANCASTER
 ORANGEBURG
 ROCK HILL
 SPARTANBURG
 ABERDEEN
 BRISTOL
 CHATTANOOGA
 CLARKSVILLE
 CLARKSVILLE
 CLEVELAND
 COLUMBIA
 JOHNSON CITY
 JOHNSON CITY
 KINGSPORT
 KNOXVILLE
 KNOXVILLE
 KNOXVILLE
 MARYVILLE
 MORRISTOWN
 MURFREESBORO
 NASHVILLE
 NASHVILLE
 ABILENE
 ABILENE
 ABILENE
 BROWNSVILLE
 BRYAN
 CORPUS CHRISTI
 DALLAS
 DALLAS
 DALLAS
 DALLAS
 EL PASO
 FORT WORTH
 FORT WORTH
 FORT WORTH
 GARLAND
HARLINGEN
HOUSTON
 INGLESIDE
LAREDO
257
256
258
267
254
266
260
348
475
487
473
474
486
491
476
477
478
485
484
482
483
479
470
471
472
544
545
546
534
549
550
542
539
540
541
531
537
538
536
543
533
528
551
532
470
470
470
470
460
470
470
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
650
650
650
620
650
660
640
640
640
640
620
640
640
640
640
620
615
660
620
                   TABLE ROCK COVE
                   N  SALUDA RE
                   LAKE  GREENWOOD
                   CATAWBA  RIVER
                   N  FORK
                   CATAWBA  RIVER
                   SOUTH PACOLET  R
                   ELM  RIVER  AND
                   SOUTH HOLSTON
                   TENN  RIVER
                   CUMBERLAND R
                   BIG WEST FORK  C
                   HIWASEE  RIVER
                   DUCK  RIVER
                   WATAGUA  RIVER
                   PATRIC HENRY R
                   SOUTH HOLSTON R
                   MELTON HILL RE
                   BEAVER CREEK
                   TENNESSEE  RIVER
                   LITTLE RIVER
                   CHEROKEE LAKE
                   STONES RIVER
                   CUMBERLAND  R
                   CUMBERLAND  R
                   LAKE  FT  PHANTO
                   LAKE  KIRBY
                   LAKE  ABILENE
                   RIO GRANDE  R
                   BRAZOS RIVER
                   NUECES RIVER
                   TRINITY  RIVER
                   LAKE  RAY HUBBAR
                   GRAPEVINE RE
                   LITTLE ELM RE
                   RIO GRANDE R
                   CEDAR CREEK LAKE
                   BEN BROOK LAKE
                   EAGLE  MT RE
                   LAKE LAVON
                   RIO GRANDE R
                  LAKE HOUSTON
                  NUECES RIVER
                  RIO GRANDE R
                             129
-------
STATE
  CITY
LINE NO
PUB
SOURCE WATER
 WA
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WI
 WV
 WV
 WV
 WV
 WV
 WV
 WV
 WY
 WY
 WY
 WY
YAKIMA
APPLETON
GREEN BAY
KENOSHA
MANITOWOC
MILWAUKEE
OSHKOSH
RACINE
SHEBOYGAN
SUPERIOR
BECKLEY
CHARLESTON
FAIRMONT
HUNTINGTON
MORGANTOWN
MORGANTOWN
WHEELING
CASPER
CHEYENNE
CHEYENNE
CHEYENNE
006
274
277
282
278
280
273
281
279
276
435
436
398
437
400
399
431
352
336
560
779
020
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
910
850
                   NACHES RIVER
                   LAKE WINNEBAGO
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE WINNEBAGO
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                   LAKE SUPERIOR
                   GLADE CK IMPOUN
                   ELK RIVER
                   TYGART VALLEY R
                   OHIO RIVER
                   MONONGAHELA R
                   COBUN CREEK
                   OHIO RIVER
                   N PLATTE RIVER
                   DOUGLAS RE
                   LITTLE SNAKE 10
                   CRYSTAL LAKE
                              132
-------
STATE
   CITY
LINE NO
                                        PUB
                                         SOURCE WATER
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 TX
 UT
 UT
 UT
 UT
 UT
 UT
 UT
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VA
 VT
 VT
 WA
 WA
 WA
 WA
 WA
 WA
 WA
 WA
WA
WA
 LONGVIEW             769
 LUBBOCK              506
 NOLANVILLE           548
 SAN ANGELO           552
 SAN ANGELO           554
 SAN ANGELO           553
 TEMPLE                547
 TEXARKANA             519
 TYLER                 555
 OGDEN                 774
 OGDEN                 773
 OGDEN                 772
 SALT LAKE             776
 SALT LAKE             778
 SALT LAKE             775
 SALT LAKE             777
 ANNANDALE             190
 CHARLOTTSVILLE     .   185
 CHARLOTTSVILLE        186
 CHARLOTTSVILLE        187
 CHESTERFIELD          189
 CHESTERFIELD          179
 CHESTERFIELD          180
 DANVILLE              246
 FAIRFAX               177
 HOPEWELL              181
 LYNCHBURG             184
 LYNCHBURG             183
 PETERSBURG            182
 RICHMOND              188
 ROANOKE               248
 ROANOKE               247
 BURLINGTON            719
 SOUTH BURLINGTON      718
 BELLINGHAM            634
 BREMERTON             635
 EVERETT               633
 LONGVIEW              008
MOUNT VERNON          625
RICHLAND              005
SEATTLE               631
SEATTLE              632
TACOMA                630
WALLA WALLA          007
           690     LAKE CHEROKEE
           610     S  CANADIAN R
           650     LAKE BELTON
           670     COLORADO  RIVER
           670     TWIN BUTES RE
           670     NORTH  CONCHO R
           650     BELTON  LK
           610     WRIGHT  PATTMAN
           680     LAKE TYLER
           820     WHEELER C
           820     WEBER  BASIN CON
           820     PINE VIEW RE
           830     CITY CREEK
           830     BIG  COTTONWOOD
           830     PARLEYS CREEK
           830     LITTLE  COTTONWO
           380     OCCOQUAN  RIVER
           370     RAGGED  MOUNTAIN
           370     SUGAR HOLLOW RE
           370     S  FORK  RIVANNA
           370     FALLING CREEK
           360     APPOMATTOX  RVR
           360     SWIFT CREEK
           445      DAN  RIVER
           350      GOOSE CREEK
           360      APPOMATTOX  R
           370      JAMES RIVER
           370      PEDLAR  RESERVOIR
           360      LAKE CHESDIN
           370      JAMES RIVER
           445      CARVINS COVE
           445      FALLING CREEK RE
           232      LAKE CHAMPLAIN
           232      LAKE CHAMPLAIN
           080      LAKE WHATCOM
           090      UNION RIVER
           070      SULTAN  RIVER
           020      COWLITZ RIVER
           015     SKAGIT  RIVER
          020     COLUMBIA RIVER
          060     CEDAR RIVER RE
          070     TOLT RIVER
          050     GREEN RIVER
          020     MILL CREEK
                              131
-------
INVENTORY OF  MUNICIPAL WASTES  FACILITIES  AND FACILITY  NEEDS
       Record
      Location
           1-2

           3-7

           3-11

           12




           13
          183-189




          190-192


          193
Field  Size
 in Bytes      Unit  Record  Description
U-lS
ir-20
21-23
2«— 2S
27-30
31-32
33-52
53-72
73-92
93-94
55-S6
S7-10*
105
106-113
114-119
116-139
140-163
164-165
166-167
160-169
1TO
171
172-184
* 3
4
3
3
4
2
20
* ;o
20
2
t
e
\
a
2
24
24
2
2
2
1
I
* 13
                 STATE CODE  - ALWAYS NUMERIC

                 COMMUNITY NUMBER - ALWAYS NUMERIC

                 FACILITY  NUMBER - ALWAYS NUMERIC

                 DISCHARGE NUMBER - ALWAYS NUMERIC
                    MAY ALSC BE USED TO FURTHER  IDENTIFY
                    A NEED PECCRC - POSITION 13  HOULO
                    ALSC BE  NUMERIC

                 FACILITY  NEED NUMBER - ALWAYS NUMERIC
                   IF >"!» RECORD IS A NEED RECORD ONLY
                   AND NOT AN EXISTING FACILITY  RECORD

                   COUNTY  NLMBER - ALWAYS NUMERIC

                 PRIORITY  BASIN

                 IGNORE

                 fcATER QUALITY/EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

                 * STANDARD  METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
                    ISMSA  CODE FBCM FIPS PUBLICATION!
                    NUMERIC

                 IGNORE

                 FACILITY  NAME PART I  - ALPHA

                 FACILITY  NAME P«RT 2  - ALPHA
                 COUNTY NA«E - ALPHA

                 CLD FWCA  REGION MJMOCR 101-09!  - NUMERIC

                 * CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT - NUMERIC

                 • CENSUS  OF COMMUNITY - NUMERIC

                 CENSUS YEAR - NUMERIC «i = t9iO:7»19TQ I

                 ST/TE OISCMRGE PERMIT NUMBER - ALPHA


                * MULTI/TYPE PCINT DISCHARGE - NUMERIC
                     (ll-l OF 1> I3»l OF 3! ETC.I

                DISCHARGE  CUTFALL NAME PART I  -  ALPHA

                DISCHARGE  CUTFALL NAME PART 2  -  ALPHA

                MAJOR BASIN  NUMBER _ NUMERIC

                • MINOR BASIN NUMBER - NUMERIC

                • SUB BASIN  NUMBER - NUMERIC

                * INTER/1NTRA STATE STREAM - NUMERIC
                     I I - INTERSTATE! 0 .- 1NTRASTATE I

                * OUTFALL  TO LARGE OPEN WATER BODY
                     NUMERIC ( I * YES >

                * LAT/LONG OF DISCHARGE POINT -  NUMERIC
                     ( POSITIONS 1-6 - LATITUDE  »
                     I POSITIONS 7-13  - LONGITUDE I

                * DISTANCE OUTFALL FROM SHORE OR BANK
                     I  POSITIONS t-4 - DISTANCE;
                       POSITION 5""F"OR"M":
                       SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGE 6 I

                * DEPTH OF OUTFALL SUBSURFACE -  NUMERIC
                     »  SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGE 7 I

                * SERVES OTHER COMMUNITIES  - NUMERIC
                     »  I - YES )

                • SERVED BY ANOTHER COMMUNITY - NUMERIC
                     (  1 • YES I
                                       134
-------
                          APPENDIX  B


                     DATA  SOURCE  PROFILES
          Municipal  Waste  Facilities  Inventory  File
          Survey of  NEEDS  for Municipal  Water Treatment
             Faci1ities
          Permit Compliance System

          Inventory  of Public Water Supplies
          National Water Data Exchange
          City Master File
          MUNICIPAL WASTE FACILITIES INVENTORY FILE


     The Municipal Waste Facilities Inventory (MWFI) File con-
tains data on publicly owned wastewater treatment systems.  The
file is maintained at the EPA Washington Computer Center in
Washington, D.C.  System manager is Charles Conger (202/ 426-
7792) and data processing representative is Joyce Boyd.  Data
sources are regional and state inventories of facilities.  The
file contains data for about 24,000 plants; however, it has
been recently updated only for EPA Region IV.

     The following table presents the list of MWFI data ele-
ments.   Those which were used on input data to this project are
marked  with an asterisk.
                             133
-------
     SURVEY OF NEEDS  FOR MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES


       The  1976  survey of NEEDS  system provides  data  on  publicly
  owned treatment  works in terms  of location,  treatment  type, and
  effluent  flow.   The  file is  maintained at  the  EPA Washington
  Computer  Center  in  Washington,  D.C.   System  manager is  James
  Chamblee  (202/ 426-4443).   Data  source was a  34-page question-
  naire sent  to  17,000 facilities.   Most major  facilities  are in-
  cluded.

       A  brief description of  the  data  elements  is  presented  below
  with  those  used  for  this project  marked  with  an  asterisk.
  NEEDS SURVEY  NUMBER

      This  is  a  nine  digit  number.   The  first  two digits  are a
  coded number  from  the  Federal  Information  Processing Standard
  for Designating States and Outlying Areas  of  the United  States
  UiHb-b),  and designates a particular state.  The next four
  numbers are assigned sequentially by each  state agency.  The
  last three numbers are assigned  by  the  authority to the  facil-
  i ty.


  FACILITY NAME

      The official  name of  the  facility  which  is legally  used to
  i d e n 11 f y i t.

  AUTHORITY  NAME

      The official  name of  the  authority which is legally used
  toidentifyit.

*NPDES NUMBER

      The National   Pollutant Discharge Elimination System per-
 mit number, assigned through the EPA permit program.

 BASIN NUMBER

      This  four digit number shows the EPA major/minor  basin
 \* \J CJ c o •
                               136
-------
195-202
20)
204-209
210-365
366
36T-374
3T5-3TT
IT8-3T9
160-381
182-383
184-385
186-389
190-396
197-403
(04-406
107-412
U3-418
il9-420
m-426
*27-432
O3-438
O9-441
142-444
8
1
6
* 1
1
* 8
* 3
2
2
2
2
4
7
* 7
* 3
6
* 6
6
* 6
6
6
3
3
445-468
469-492
                  24
                  24
493-516            24

S17-540            24

541-546            6


547-548            2



559-560            2



561-567            7
                              « CENSLS OF SERVING COMMUNITY - NUMERIC

                              YEAR Of CENSUS - NUMERIC  16 « 1960! 7 - 19TO I

                              DATE OF THIS REPORT - NUMERIC
                                 ( SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGE 4 I

                              CONSTRUCTION GRANTS NUMBERS  AWARDED
                                  ( 26  I  6 - CHARACTER FIELDS
                                       *  POSITION 1-41 NUMERIC GRANT NUMBER
                                         POSITION   5: WPC  NUMBER
                                         POSITION   6: SOURCE OF GRANT
                                 SEE  INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGES 7 AND 8

                              • TYPE  SEWER SYSTEM - NUMERIC

                              • ESTIMATED POPULATION SERVED - NUMERIC
                                   I POSITION  1 • « * « IF FACILITY
                                      IS  BEING  SERVED I

                              * DEGREE OF TREATMENT - ALPHANUMERIC
                                   ( POSITIONS i-2i NUMERIC
                                     POSITION    .3: ALPHA  i
                                   SEE REVISED INSTRUCTIONS " PART B "
IGNORE

* YEAR PLANT BEGAN OPERATION - NUMERIC

IGNORE

• YEAR MAJOR REVISION OF PLANT - NUMERIC

* ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST OF OCM - NUMERIC
     ( 999V9 )

* AVERAGE CILY FLOW ( DESIGN MGD I - NUMERIC
     I 999SV999 I

* AVERAGE CAILY FLOW ( ACTUAL MGD I - NUMERIC
     ( 9999V999 I

* PERCENT INDUSTRIAL FLOW - NUMERIC

* PLANT DESIGN BCD LOAD MG/L - NUMERIC

» PLANT ACTUAL BOD LOAD MG/L - NUMERIC

* PERCENT INDUSTRIAL BOD LOAD - NUMERIC

* PERCENT TREATED EFFLUENT  BOD MG/L - NUMERIC

* PERCENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS  INFLUENT HG/L  -  NUMERIC

* PERCENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS  EFFLUENT MG/L  -  NUMERIC

* PERCENT NITROGEN REMOVAL  - NUMERIC

* PERCENT PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL - NUMERIC


ALPHA TREATMENT CCOES PART  I - ALPHA
   SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGE 12
   SEE APPENDIX 8 FOR CODES USED

ALPHA TREATMENT COOES PART 2 - ALPHA
   SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B " PAGE 12
   SEE APPENDIX B FOR COOES USED

FACILITY REMARKS PART I - ALPHA

FACILITY REMARKS PART 2 - ALPHA

« IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW DATE - NUMERIC
     ( YRMOOAY I

* MULTI DATES FOR NEEDS - NUMERIC
     ( 11 - 1 OF l; 12 • 1 OF 2; ETC I
     SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B H PAGE 12

* CONFORMANCE PLAN - NUMERIC
     SEE INSTRUCTIONS " PART B M PAGE 13
     FOR DESCRIPTION OF COOES

* TOTAL ESTIMATED COST ( $1000 I - NUMERIC
                                       135
-------
 faci1ity.

 Construction Grant Status

      This one digit code shows  if there  is a construction
 grant  approved or pending, or  if there are no applicable grants.

 Projected Change

      This one digit code shows  projected physical changes for
 the  facility, i.e., if the facility will be enlarged, upgraded,
 replaced, abandoned, etc.

 *Abandonment Date

      The appropriate date is filled in only if the facility will
 be abandoned.

 SUMMARY OF CATEGORY NEEDS

      This section is used to record the costs for Categories
 I-IVB.  Column (a) is for the  EPA assessment, column (b) is for
 the  state estimate, and column  (c) is the portion required to
 satisfy "backlog" facility requirements.  "Backlog" refers to
 facility requirements that are  established on the basis of
 current rather than 1990 population.   The basis of estimate in
 the  last column is a one digit  code which specifies the basis
 of the cost estimation.

 *FACILITY POPULATION

     This section shows the population  which  receives  treatment
 and/or collection from the facility.   Both are broken down by
 present resident population, present  non-resident population,
 projected resident population,  projected non-resident popula-
 tion.

 NEED FOR NEW COLLECTORS,  INTERCEPTORS, FORCE MAINS, AND PUMPING
 STATIONS

     This section lists codes for new collectors, interceptors,
 force mains   and pumping  stations,  and their costs.   The
diameter of  pipe is  in  inches,  the length in feet, and  the ca-
 pacity is in millions  of  gallons per  day (MGD).   These  have  been
converted in the technical  summaries  to  metric  units.

DISPOSAL OF  LIQUID EFFLUENTS

     "Disp,"  "use,"  and "chng"  are  all  one  digit  codes  indicat-
ing the type of  disposal,  whether the  facility  is now in use,
under construction,  etc.,  and whether  or not there will  be  a'


                              138
-------
 245  NUMBER

      This thirteen  digit  number  is  the  Municipal  Waste  Facility
 Inventory number.

 SAMPLE

      If  this  box  is  checked,  the  facility was  part  of the  sample
 used  by  some  states  for communities of  less  than  10,000  popula-
 tion  outside  Standard Metropolitan  Statistical Areas  (SMSA's).

 FACILITY LOCATION

      The state location is the same two digit  FIPS-5  number used
 in the authority  number.  The county location  is  based on  the
 FIPS-6 codes.  The  place  location number is  derived from the
 "Geographic Identification Place  Scheme" developed  by the  Cen-
 sus Bureau, and is  a four digit number.

 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT

      The number of  the Congressional District  in  which the fa-
 cility was located  in 1976.

 SUBMISSION CODE

      This is  a one  digit  number which indicates whether  the fa-
 cility needs  have had no  change since the 1974 Survey, were not
 reported, or  have been changed.

 *CITY

      The city in which the facility is located.

 *COUNTY

      The county in which  the facility is located.

 ZIP CODE

     The official  Post Office Zip Code of the facility.

 *FACILITY STATUS

     This shows  by a one digit code whether  the facility is
currently in operation or  not in  operation.   Facilities  not in
operation are  usually either  currently proposed or under con-
struction.

Nature of Faci1i ty

     This is  a one digit code which  stands  for the type  of

                             137
-------
 bv  Jul'veihe]q77  ?c*  the  di«harge  will  meet secondary treatment
 oy  July  1,  1977  is answered  by  a  "yes"  or  "no".
 IS  REQUIRED  TREATMENT  LEVEL  MORE STRINGENT THAN  SECONDARY?
 REASON
     Whether or  not  the  required treatment level  is  more  strin-
9o6r  'no"" S^°ndar^ treatment  standards  is  answered  by  a  "yes"
 or  no .  If yes, a  one  digit code- is entered  under  "REASON".
 ^TREATMENT AND SLUDGE HANDLING
     There are three columns  in this section.  The  first  col
 is for type of treatment and  sludge handling (unU  process)
 hee                               USe>  "nVthe ^i rd^^lu
                              umn
140
-------
physical change, i.e., enlarge, upgrade, etc.

REQUIRED INFILTRATION/INFLOW CORRECTIVE ACTION

     "Code" is a one digit number showing the type of corrective
action.  "Basis" stands for the Basis of Estimate, referred to
previously.
     This number is the total flow component (MGD) due to
i n f i 11 r a t i o n / i n f 1 o w.

MAJOR REHABILITATION/REPLACEMENT REQUIRED

     "Code" is a one digit code standing for type of corrective
action.  "Basis" is the Basis of Estimate.

DO WASTEWATERS ORIGINATE IN COMMUNITIES EXISTING BEFORE OCTOBER
18, 1972?
"no."
     This is self-explanatory and is answered by a "yes" or
1972 COLLECTION POPULATION

     This figure is the actual 1972 population requiring new
col 1ector sewers.

*FLOWS, CONCENTRATION, AND REMOVAL RATES

     This section  is for monthly average flow or concentration
figures in terms of the existing rate, the present design rate,
and projected design rate for the following categories:

     1.  total  flow in million gallons per day (MGD)
     2.  total  industrial flow in million gallons per day (MGD)
     3.  domestic  flow per capita in gallons per capita per
         day (gpcd)

     Below these figures, influent and effluent concentrations
are shown for five-day Biological Oxygen Demand (milligrams per
liter), suspended  solids (milligrams per liter), phosphorus
(milligrams per liter), total kjeldahl nitrogen (milligrams per
liter), total nitrogen (milligrams per liter), and any others.

DOES DISCHARGE  MEET SECONDARY?

     Whether or not the discharge currently meets secondary
treatment standards is answered by a "yes" or "no."

WILL DISCHARGE  MEET SECONDARY BY JULY 1, 1977?

                              139
-------
PCS DATA ELEMENT LIST
1 	 	 	 _ 	 . 	 	 	
1 L c SYSTEM
|_ 	 DATA ELEMENT
REGION CODE
* NPDES ID NUMBER
STATE CODE

DATA
TYPE


ABBR.
|
F
F
T*
i r
LOCATION, STATE-CITY CODE
*. SIC CODE (1972)
* MAJOR DISCHARGE INDICATOR
1 F
F
F
TYPE APPLICATION 1 F
TYPE OF OWNERSHIP j F
NAME OF FACILITY (SHORT)
NAME OF FACILITY (LONG)
I FIRST 30 DIGITS FACILITY NAME
SECOND 30 DIGITS FACILITY NAME
THIRD 30 DIGITS FACILITY NAME
FOURTH 30 DIGITS FACILITY NAME
LAST 5 DIGITS FACILITY NAME
* CITY NAME
1 F
F
1 F
F
F
F
* COUNTY CODE 1 c.
KC.UN
NPID
STTE
LCTN
SIC2
MAD I
TYPA
TYPO
FNMS
FNML
NAM]
NAM2
NAM3
NAM4
NAM5
CYN:I
_
1 F i r\TY
* COUNTY NAME F 1
RIVER BASIN CODE (2 DIGITS) MAJOR 1 F
RIVER BASIN CODE (4 DIGITS) MAJOR-MINOR 1 F
RIVER BASIN CODE (ALL DIGITS)
TYPE PERMIT ISSUED EPA/STATE
PERMIT ISSUE DATE
PERMIT EXPIRATION DATE

1 SUB-KhCiuN CODE
NEW .SOURCE CODE

INSPECTION DATE
INSPECTION TYPE
INSPECTOR CODE
FACILITY CODE
INSPECTION COMMENTS
COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE NUMBER
DATA SOURCE CODE
EVENT CODE
EVENT DESCRIPTION
COMPLIANCE COMMENTS
COMPLIANCE SCHEDULED DATE
COMPLIANCE ACTUAL DATE
DISCHARGE NUMBER
DMR REPORT DESIGNATOR
INITIAL REPORT DATE
REPORT UNIT
NO. OF UNITS IN REPORTING PERIOD
TOTAL NO. OF REPORTS DUE
INITIAL SUBMISSION DATE (EPA)
SUBMISSION UNIT (EPA)
NO. OF UNITS IN SUBMISSION PERIOD (EPA)
INITIAL SUBMISSION DATE (STATE)
SUBMISSION UNIT (STATE)
NO. OF UNITS IN SUBMISSION PERIOD (STATE)
FORECAST SUBMISSION DUE DATE (EPA) *
FORECAST SUBMISSION DUE DATE (STATE) **
* SE REPORT ONLY ** SS REPORT ONLY
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 L
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       142
-------
                   PERMIT COMPLIANCE SYSTEM


     The Permit Compliance System (PCS) contains the universe
of facilities for which effluent discharge permits have been
issued.  The system is maintained at the EPA Washington Computer
Center in Washington D.C.  The system manager is William Milligan
(202/755-0994) and the data processing representative is
Carroll Barrett.  The file contains data on about 60,000 indus-
trial and municipal facilities with respect to general location
and type of activity (SIC code).

     The following table presents the list of PCS data elements.
Those which were used on imput data to this project are marked
with an asterisk.
                               141
-------
                         IPWS  DATA  ELEMENTS

         KR*S;J " This is the mailin9 address of the utility (this
         treVt:eenYsarily have to be the ph^sicai '«•»*{;;
                                    .                            of



  the ut111tJ?E " ThlS 1S the ZiP C°de °f the maill'"9 address of



                               * MUNICIPAL^V,  DISTRICT,  INVESTOR
 *9.  WHAT  IS THE CHARACTERISTIC(S) OF YOUR SERVICE AREA?


 10.  CAPACITIES - The most current information available.


*11.  PRODUCTION - The most current information available.


 12.  DATE FORM COMPLETED


*13.  REMARKS
 15.   INTAKE  LOCATION  -  Latitude and  Longitude  of intake and
                              144
-------
             THE INVENTORY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES


     The Inventory of Public Water Supplies (IPWS)  contains
data on about 60,000 water supply systems.  The file is main-
tained at the EPA Washington Computer Center in Washington D.C.
System Manager is Patrick Tobin.   Data source was a questionnaire
which included:   utility name,  owner, characteristic of supply
and  capacity and production, population served, source water and
type of treatment.

     The following list presents  the data elements  included.
Those which were used as input  data to this project are marked
with an asterisk.
                               143
-------
                  NATIONAL WATER DATA EXCHANGE
                                                           -
water data  available from a large  number of organizations.
     The  NAWDEX system identifies  domestic and foreiqn  oraani
Mat.' i?. ra,2:  K.':M!:S -.i'l;,:?;;:  '  r "••
b,,,c,n, »h,t ,.o,r.pl,tc r,,10n th, .r,.n?z.{?" ;";tS;J »,t,r
                                                    »

                      CITY MASTER FILE
                                                         £PA
                             146
-------
 river basin.

*16.   LABORATORY CONTROL -  Place an  X in  the box  for  the  type  or
 types of laboratory analyses  made at the treatment facility.
 Leave these blocks  blank if no  laboratory analyses are  performed
                               145
-------
                          APPENDIX C

        WASTEWATER IN DRINKING WATER,  BY PERCENTAGE AND
           TYPE,  FOR UTILITIES WITH GREATEST IMPACTS


     This appendix presents an alphabetical  listing of the
utilities in Tables 5 and 7 of the text.
                             148
-------
EPA CITY  MASTER FILE
Element #
* 1
* 2
* 3
*4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
*12
*13
*14
15
*16
17
*18
*19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Posi tions
1-2
3-5
6-11
12-18
19-20
21-25
26-29
30
31-32
33-34
35-36
37-40
41-66
67-92
93-95
96-114
115
116-123
124-131
132
133
134-135
136
137
138-142
143-147
148
149-154
Length
2
3
6
7
2
5
4
1
2
2
2
4
26
26
3
19
1
8
8
1
1
2
1
1
5
5
1
6
Name
New state number
New county number
Latitude
Longi tude
Old state number
City number
Record number
Record code
EPA Major basin
EPA Minor basin
EPA Sub basin
SMSA
Community name - part 1
Community name - part 2
Old county number
County name
FWQA Population size group
1960 Census
1970 Census
Contract Awards PSG
Sanitary District code
Congressional District code
FWQA PSG (1970)
Contract Awards PSG (1970)
Study category
Computer category
Latitude/Longitude flag
Date of update
        147
-------
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