EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Municipal Environmental Research EPA-600/2-80-092
Laboratory J u ly 1980
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
Dissolved Oxygen
Measurements in
Ohio Streams
Following
Urban Runoff
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of poNution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-80-092
July 1980
DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS IN OHIO
STREAMS FOLLOWING URBAN RUNOFF
by
Robert C. Stiefel
Water Resources Center
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 43210
Grant No. R805201-01
Project Officer i
John N. English [
Wastewater Research Division i
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 |
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 '
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing
public and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the health
and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled
land are tragic testimony to the deterioration of our natural environment.
The complexity of that environment and the interplay between its components
require a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in problem solu-
tion and it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and search-
ing for solutions. The Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory develops
new and improved technology and systems to prevent, treat, and manage
wastewater and solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal
and community.sources, to preserve and treat public drinking water supplies,
public drinking water supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social,
health, and aesthetic effects of pollution. This publication is one of the
products of that research; a most vital communications link between the re-
searcher and the user community.
This report describes the results of a short term screening project de-
signed to identify potential stream sites in the State of Ohio at which more
detailed studies of the impact of urban runoff on dissolved oxygen could be
undertaken.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
This short-term research project was undertaken to locate and identify
sites where potential dissolved oxygen (D.O.) impacts exist during: periods of
urban runoff, and to provide the necessary information to justify more exten-
sive verification studies at the impacted sites. Since few field data are
available on the effects of urban runoff on D.O. in receiving waters, this
study was designed as a rough screening project to aid in selecting sites for
in-depth study.
Thirteen Ohio towns and cities situated on streams and rivers with differ-
ent average monthly flow rates were investigated during the spring and summer
of 1977 to determine their suitability as sites for more extensive field
studies dealing with the pollution of receiving waters from the discharge of
combined sewer overflows. The criteria used for these determinations included:
(1) the results of field measurements of the D:0. concentrations in the receiv-
ing streams below the towns following a discharge from the combined sewer out-
falls; (2) an evaluation of the accessibility of suitable sampling locations
along the receiving streams; (3) an inventory of the stream and precipitation
gaging stations near the town; and (4) the availability of other information
related to the combined sewer system in the town. Cities and towns evaluated
during this study included Akron, Bucyrus, Delphos, Findlay, Lancaster, Lima
Newark, Norwalk, Tiffin, Upper Sandusky, Wapakoneta, Washington Court House and
Wooster.
Study results indicated that the majority of the towns investigated were
not suitable locations for conducting more extensive field studies .'• Several
communities were rejected because poor quality effluents from municipal sewage
treatment plants, industrial operations, or natural sources masked the impacts
that the combined sewer discharges had on the D.O. resources of the receiving
streams. Sites were also rejected because either the combined sewer system or
the stream drainage pattern was too complex to monitor. Other sites were
eliminated because the combined sewer discharges did not decrease the D 0
levels to less than 5 mg/1.
Only Lancaster, Newark, and Wapakoneta sastisfactorily met the criteria
established to qualify them as suitable locations for more extensive field
studies on the Impacts of combined sewer discharges on receiving streams.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. R805201-01 by the
Water Resources Center at the Ohio State University under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period
March 1977 to September 1977, and work was completed as of December 1978.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword , . . . .
Abstract ,!.... iv
Figures 6
Preliminary site visits 7
Final site selection L 7
Field studies 8
Other information • 10
4. Results and Discussion ...........;.... .11
Akron • 13
Bucyrus • 18
Delphos 22
Findlay • 27
Lancaster 31
Lima . I 40
Newark \» 44
Norwalk | 52
Tiffin ....!..... .54
Upper Sandusky ..... .58
Wapakoneta 62
Washington Court House 66
Wooster !. ..... 72
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FIGURES
Number
Page
1 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Akron ..... 17
2 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Bucyrus 2,0
3 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Delphos . 25
4 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Findlay 29
5 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lancaster . . 34
6 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lima 42
7 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Newark 47
9 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Tiffin '. ....... 56
10 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Upper Sandusky ........... 60
11 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Wapakoneta . 64
12 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Washington Court House ....... 69
13 Dissolved oxygen profiles - Wooster ..... .... 75
TABLES
Number Page
1 Ohio Cities for Dissolved Oxygen Survey 5
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS !
The cooperation of the superintendents of the municipal wastewater treat-
ment plants in all of the 13 towns and cities included in this study, and of
their staffs and their supervisors, is gratefully acknowledged and deeply
appreciated. My appreciation is also extended to Dr. David Baker, Director of
the River Laboratory at Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio; Dr. Kenneth R. Smith
of the Zoology Department of the Lima Campus of the Ohio State University; and
Professor Tommy L. Zimmerman of the Agricultural Technical College of the Ohio
State University at Wooster for their help in supervising the field crews.
My sincerest thanks go to members of the field crew, and particularly to
Tom Tiefert, who were ready to sample streams at any hour of the night or day,
and generally under the most trying weather conditions.
vii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
There is limited nationally verified data on the environmental impacts
of urban stormwater runoff on receiving waters. Impact data is needed to
determine the degree of pollution in receiving waters caused during wet
weather discharges particularly discharges from urban combined sewered areas.
Priority should be given to sites that show a potential for a dissolved
oxygen (D.O.) sag to occur as a result of combined sewer overflows (CSOs),
and have receiving water characteristics that will enable ifeield verification
of unsteady state water quality prediction models.
The objective of this study was to locate and screen jsites suitable for
in-depth field monitoring studies to determine the D.O. impact of CSOs on
receiving waters. The data collected during these proposed future in-depth
field studies would be used for verifying and calibrating unsteady state
water quality prediction models. The method used to select suitable sites
was to first locate communities with combined sewer systems and then to
measure changes in downstream D.O. concentration during periods of dry
weather, during rainfalls, and shortly after rainfall periods. It was antic-
ipated that D.O. sags would develop as a result of these combined sewer
discharges and the relative magnitude of these sags would be used in evalu-
ating the most suitable sites for the in-depth studies.
The selection of suitable sites for the field studies1 in this type of
activity is of obvious importance. Municipalities under consideration must
have combined sewers that overflow periodically to the receiving streams, and
the wastes generated must have measurable impacts on the quality of these
waters. Since these impacts vary with time and with distance along the
stream, accessibility to suitable sampling locations above; and below the dis-
charge points must be evaluated. Stream gaging stations and past records of
stream flow should be available. The cooperation of the local officials,
particularly the operators of the municipal wastewater treatment facilities,
is invaluable in any study of this type; for frequently these individuals are
the people with the most current knowledge of the local se^rer system and its
operation.
To attain the objective of this study, towns of different sizes, dis-
charging combined sewer effluents to receiving streams having different
mean daily flow rates, were evaluated during the spring arid summer of
1977 to determine: 1) if the combined sewer overflows from these towns had
a measurable D.O. impact on the quality of water downstream of the town;
2) if there were adequate sampling sites above and below t!he combined sewer
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outlets in the town with good accessibility to conduct an impact study;
3) if other sources of information including stream flow records, precipita"
tion records, engineering reports and unpublished data on the impacts of com-
bined sewer overflows for the streams were available; and 4) the number and
extent of point wastewater discharges from municipal and industrial^facili-
ties.
The only criterion used to determine the impact of the discharge of com-
bined sewer overflows from these towns was the D.O. levels in the streams
below the towns. Other information related to the towns and to the isuitabil-
ity of sampling locations was obtained from personal contacts with the
officials of the towns, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the United
States Geological Survey District Office in Columbus, Ohio and the Ohio
Department of Natural Resources. Much information was also determined during
site visits made prior to and during the field sampling program.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The results of the survey of thirteen towns and cities
ern and central Ohio to select those best suited as possible
extensive field projects to determine the D.O. impacts that
discharges from these communities have on their receiving
that Lancaster, Newark and Wapakoneta would be good Candida
throughout north-
sites for more
combined sewer
•waters indicated
te locations.
Akron and Norwalk should not be considered because the; stream drainage
systems at these locations are too complex for analysis. Bucyrus, Delphos,
Findlay, Washington Court House and Wooster should be eliminated as candidate
locations because wastewater from non-point, industrial and/or municipal
sources in these communities tend to mask the impacts that combined sewer
discharges have on their receiving streams. Lima is currently constructing
an interceptor/storage system to control its combined sewer overflows, and
the combined sewer discharges from Tiffin and Upper Sandusky do not exert a
significant enough impact on the receiving streams at these locations to
warrant further studies.
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SECTION 3
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Thirteen towns and cities in Ohio, situated on streams and rivers having
different mean daily flow rates, were investigated to determine their suit-
ability as sites for more extensive field studies dealing with the pollution
of receiving waters from the discharge of combined sewer overflows. The
evidence used for this determination included:
measurements of the D.O. levels in the receiving waters downstream of
the towns following a discharge from the combined sewer outfalls in the
towns;
an assessment of the accessibility of sampling sites available^for these
measurements above and below the towns;
an inventory of the stream and precipitation gaging stations in the
vicinity of the town, and the availability of the records for these
stations; and,
a listing of other sources of data .related to the impact of the com-
bined sewer discharges bn> the receiving streams in both published and
unpublished forms.
PRELIMINARY SITE SELECTION
Twelve towns and cities in the northern and central portions of Ohio
were initially considered for this study. Later, the town of Washington
Court House was added to the list of towns to be investigated. All thirteen
of the communities had combined sewers; and their sizes, as reflected by
their 1970 populations, ranged between 5,645 and 275,425 people. The mean
daily flows during the 1977 water year for the receiving streams below these
towns as reported in the United States Geological Survey Water Data'Reports
OH-77-1 and OH-77-2 ranged between 1.8 and 11.4 cubic meters per second (64
and 404 cubic feet per second).
The population and mean stream flow data for the cities and receiving
streams considered in this study are shown in Table 1. These data are pre-
sented so that the relative sizes of the towns and the receiving streams can
be compared. Stream gaging stations are not in operation at all of these
sites; and, in several instances, the flow data for the nearest gaging
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station downstream of the town are shown in the table.
TABLE 1. OHIO CITIES FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN SURVEY
Population
Town 1970
Akron
Bucyrus
Delphos
Find lay
Lancaster
Lima
Newark
Norwalk
Tiffin
Upper Sandusky
Wapakoneta
Washington Court House
Wooster
275,425
13,111
7,608
35,800
32,911
53,734
41,836
13,386
21,596
5,645
7,324
12,495
18,703
Principal
receiving
stream
Cuyahoga
Sandusky
Jenning s
River
River
Creek (a)
Blanchard River
Hocking River (b)
Ottawa River (c)
Licking River
Huron River (d)
Sandusky
Sandusky
Auglaize
River (e)
River
River (f)
Paint Creek (g)
Killbuck
Creek (h)
Mean daily flow
1977 water year
m3/s cfs
11.3
1.8
-
4.2
8.5
2.0
10.9
8.0
11.4
4.5
-
2.4
8.7
401
64
-
150
302
70
387
284
404
158
-
84
309
(a) Ungaged tributary to the Auglaize River
(b) Gage at Enterprise, Ohio, 17 km downstream of Lancaster
(c) Gage at Allentown, Ohio, 14 km downstream of Lima
(d) Gage at Milan, Ohio, 23 km downstream of Norwalk
(e) Gage at Mexico, Ohio, 13 km upstream of Tiffin
(f) Ungaged reach of river
(g) Gage at Greenfield, Ohio, 33 km downstream of Washington Court House
(h) Gage at Killbuck, Ohio, 40 km downstream of Wooster
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PRELIMINARY SAMPLING LOCATION SELECTION
State, county and township maps and United States Geological Survey
quadrangle maps were examined to select preliminary sampling locations for
the dissolved oxygen measurements in the receiving waters upstream and down-
stream of the probable combined sewer outfalls in each of the thirteen towns.
An attempt was made to estimate the dissolved oxygen deficits for each stream
using the Streeter-Phelps equation: but the lack of published information
concerning the sizes and the numbers of the combined sewers and the areas
drained by them; the excess precipitation necessary to cause the combined
sewers to overflow; and the geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the
receiving streams made this a virtually impossible task. Instead, published
reports of the impacts of combined sewer discharges from several of the
towns under consideration were reviewed; and, based upon data included in
these reports, a distance of 15 kilometers (0.9 miles) downstream of each
town was selected as the probable region of impact.
When at all possible, the preliminary sampling sites were established
at bridge crossings over the streams to be monitored. This resulted in
clearly identifiable locations that were easily accessible to the crews that
woul'd make the field measurements. It permitted the dissolved oxygen
measurements to be made near the middle of the stream where the values of
the measurements were more representative of the general water quality, and
it helped ensure that all measurements at a site would be made at comparable
locations. Adequate off-the-road parking areas are generally available near
bridge crossings, and highway traffic tends to be more cautious near bridges,
so that the safety of the field crews was not jeopardized by the selection
of these sites.
If the distance between bridge crossings downstream of a particular town
were too widely spaced, intermediate sampling locations were selected.
These sites were carefully chosen so that they were also easily accessible,
clearly identifiable and safe. No criteria were established for a maximum
distance between sampling sites at any town; but, in general, this spacing
averaged around 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles) measured along the stream.
DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CREWS
Four field research teams, which consisted of one or two students from
universities and colleges in the vicinity of the thirteen towns included in
this study, were established. These teams included personnel from 1) the
River Laboratory of Heidelberg College in Tiffin, Ohio under the supervision
of Dr. David Baker, 2) the Lima Campus of the Ohio State University under the
supervision of Dr. Kenneth R. Smith, 3) the Agricultural Technical .College of
the Ohio State University at Wooster, Ohio under the supervision of Professor
Tommy L. Zimmerman, and 4) the Water Resources Center of the Ohio State
University under the supervision of the principal investigator.
From geographical consideration, the researchers from Heidelberg College
were assigned to make the measurements for the towns of Bucyrus, Upper
Sandusky and Tiffin; while those researchers from Lima made the field
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measurements for the towns of Lima, Delphos, Wapakoneta and Findlay, and
those from the Agricultural Technical Institute made the measurements at
Wooster. All the other field measurements and the task of collecting data
and information about the combined sewer systems in the several towns were
conducted by personnel from the Water Resources Center.
PRELIMINARY SITE VISITS
The superintendents of the municipal wastewater treatment facilities in
each town were contacted to discuss the objectives of this study and to seek
their cooperation in planning and conducting the field studies. Arrangements
were made to visit each town to review with the superintendents any data on
dissolved oxygen levels that they had for the streams flowing through their
towns; and to discuss with them the preliminary sites that were selected for
the sampling locations. During these visits the locations of the combined
sewer outfalls in each town were ascertained and other information about the
combined sewer system was solicited.
The field research teams assigned to each town accompanied the principal
investigator and his staff on these site visits. With the assistance of the
superintendents, the final sampling locations for the field measurements at
each town were selected. The field crews and the principal investigator and
his staff then visited each sampling location and planned the best travel
route between them.
The field crews were instructed in the procedures to be used to make the
field measurements and were shown where the measurements were to be made.
The care and use of the dissolved oxygen monitoring equipment were described
and the procedures to calibrate the equipment were reviewed.
Arrangements were also completed during these preliminary site visits
to have the plant superintendents contact the field crews or their super-
visors in the event that rain was forecast or imminent at ,a particular town.
Originally it was thought that this type of alerting system could be estab-
lished with the help of the United States Weather Service; but as the study
plan developed, it appeared more convenient and appropriate to set up a more
localized and personal system. In fact, since the field researchers were
from the immediate vicinity of the towns they were to monitor, it frequently
happened that no communication links were needed to inform them of impending
rainfalls for a given town.
FINAL SITE SELECTION i
I
During the preliminary site visits, the operators of the sewer systems
in Lima, Ohio, indicated that a contract had been let to de-water the Ottawa
River that flows through the town. This was done to permit the construction
of a below-river storage system to collect the initial combined sewer dis-
,charges from the town during wet weather flows and hold them for later treat-
ment at the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Since this would remove
the combined sewer discharges to the Ottawa River, Lima was dropped from the
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list of towns under consideration as sites for the more extensive field
studies proposed. However, some field data were collected during this study
to provide information on pre-construction conditions in the Ottawa River.
During the early phases of this study, an explosion in the combined
sewer system in Akron, Ohio, caused extensive damage and permitted the direct
and continuous discharge of untreated sewage to the Cuyahoga River. This
would have eliminated Akron from consideration during this study; but town
officials have been monitoring several of the combined sewer discharges for
many years and they agreed to provide the principal investigator with these
data to complete some aspects of this study.
A study of the topographic maps for Norwalk, Ohio, suggested that the
stream patterns in that-town were not suitable for the more extensive field
program being proposed. There are several very small streams in and around
the town that collect the combined sewage discharges. Each of these streams
discharge in turn to different larger streams within a short distance from
the outfalls. As a result, the field sampling program was not initiated in
Norwalk, and the town of Washington Court House was added to the field
studies.
Because of these changes, the list of twelve towns initially considered
for this study was modified by the addition of Washington Court House and the
deletion of Norwalk and Lima. ',
FIELD STUDIES
As noted earlier, the final locations for the field sampling programs
for each town were established during the initial site visits. These loca-
tions were defined along the length of the stream by comparing them to the
location of the municipal wastewater treatment plant which was assigned a
zero kilometer reference value. The distances along the length of the stream
were determined by scaling them from the maps used during the selection of
the preliminary sampling locations. Sampling locations upstream of the plant
were assigned negative kilometer values, while those downstream were assigned
positive values. When dissolved oxygen measurements were made at sampling
locations on tributaries to the principal stream on which the treatment plant
was situated, the location of the mouth of the tributary was first :referenced
with respect to the wastewater treatment plant, and the sampling locations
on the tributary were then referenced with respect to the confluence of the
tributary and the principal stream. The convention of using upstream kilo-
meter measurements as negative values was maintained.
The field crews were instructed to obtain background information on the
dissolved oxygen values in the receiving waters at each sampling location in
a town just prior to the start of a rainfall which subsequently caused the
combined sewers to overflow. They were then to make dissolved oxygen
measurements at successive sampling locations along the stream while the
combined sewer outfalls were overflowing and to continue until the streams
returned to their near normal dry weather flows. In several instances,
however, it became necessary to determine the background information at other
8
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times during the dry weather cycle and to concentrate the field efforts on
obtaining dissolved oxygen measurements during and immediately following the
rainfall occurrence.
Because much of the field sampling program was accomplished during the
summer, the type of storm that most frequently caused the combined sewers to
overflow was the convective thunderstorm so prevalent in the midwestern
portion of the country during this time of the year. These storms often
develop very quickly and are frequently very local in nature. They may only
cause excess precipitation on a portion of a town, but they may also be part
of a larger weather system that affects several neighboring communities at the
same time.
I
Most of the municipal wastewater treatment plants operate their own rain
gaging stations; and, where possible* arrangements were made to gather precip-
itation data from these sources for the day when dissolved oxygen levels in
the streams were being monitored. However because of the nature of the storm
systems that occurred during the field sampling period, the rainfall data
collected at these gages was not always indicative of the rainfall in the
central portion of the town that caused the combined sewers, to discharge.
In addition, since none of the municipal precipitation stations had recording
rain gages, the timing of the rainfall at the gages in relation to the timing
of the combined sewer overflows could not be determined from these station
records. ;
Since one of the major objectives of this study was to determine if the
combined sewer discharges from a town exerted a measureable impact on the
dissolved oxygen in the receiving streams, the field crews were only instruc-
ted to note that the sewers were overflowing when they took their field
measurements. The relationships between rainfall intensities and durations,
and the degree of impact that the resulting combined sewer overflows have on
the quality of the receiving streams will have to be investigated in the more
extensive field studies that are proposed.
During the preliminary visits to the sampling sites the field crews had
been instructed in the procedures they were to use to carry out the field
measurements and had been shown where the measurements were to be made in the
streams. The dissolved oxygen measurements were made in the field with a
portable dissolved oxygen analyzer which utilizes a polarographic cell con-
tained in a submersible probe as a sensing device. The instrument was a YSI
Model 54 ARC dissolved oxygen meter and the polarographic cell was of the
Clark type in which a silver anode and a concentric gold ring cathode are
immersed in a potassium chloride electrolyte to form the cell. A replaceable
plastic membrane, one mil thick, sealed the cell and confined the electrolyte.
The probe was equipped with an internal themistor which actuated circuits
in the instrument to compensate for temperature effects and provided accurate
dissolved oxygen readings at water temperatures other than those at which the
device^had been calibrated. Standardization of the probe and the operation
and maintenance of the instrument were accomplished in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations. The probe was attached to the battery-
operated meter on the instrument by a 7.6 meter (20 foot) long transmitting
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cable. The two measuring scales on the meter were graduated from 0 to 10
mg/1 and 0 to 20 mg/1 in intervals of 0.2 and 0.04 mg/1, respectively; and
the accuracy of the measuring system was within one percent of the;value
measured.
When a field measurement was to be made, the pre-calibrated probe was
lowered to the water by the cable until the face of the probe was submerged
several centimeters. The actual depth was controlled so that the added
turbulence caused by the probe in the stream did not cause air bubbles to be
entrained near the probe and alter the water's existing dissolved oxygen
value. In shallow streams, care was taken to ensure that the face:of the
probe was not damaged by coming into contact with the stream bed. .The out-
put reading was not recorded until the value indicated on the meter came to a
stable endpoint. The water temperature was then read, and the value of the
dissolved oxygen was re-measured. All measurements were made as near the
stream surface as practical*and as close to the center of the main body of
flow in the stream as possible.
Any unique characteristics of the condition of the stream at the time of
the measurement were noted and recorded. The field crews were trained to
visually distinguish between wet and dry weather flow conditions in the
stream at the time of measurement and to report these conditions with the
other data.
OTHER INFORMATION
A staff member from the Water Resources Center participated in at least
one series of measurements at each site with the researchers from the other
units to make an assessment of the accessibility of each sampling site, and
to note any problems associated with the field procedures.
Other bits of information including the location of stream gages, stream
gaging records, repprts on the combined sewer system in the severa^L towns,
etc., were also collected at the Water Resources Center. ;
10
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SECTION 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of this study are presented in the form of a fact sheet for
each community investigated along with graphs of the dissolved oxygen
measurements obtained during the field sampling program. A brief analysis of
the information and data that were collected at each site is also provided
and a recommendation as to the desireability of selecting the community for
further study is made.
Each fact sheet includes the name, location and population of the town
studied. It also contains a diagram which shows the stream patterns in the
vicinity of the town. The locations of the municipal sewage treatment plant
(STP), the field sampling sites and the stream gaging stations on the
receiving stream are shown on the diagram.
The fact sheet further defines the locations of the field sampling
sites and of the combined sewer overflows along the receiving stream by
identifying their locations along the river relative to the municipal sewage
treatment plant in kilometers (km) and miles. The field sampling sites are
also described according to the name or number of the road, bridge crossing
or community at those sites.
An assessment of the accessibility of the field sampling sites is pro-
vided along with references to other published reports on the combined sewer
system and the name, address and telephone number of the superintendent of
the municipal sewage treatment plant.
The values of the dissolved oxygen concentrations from the field sampl-
ing program are compared graphically with the distances along the receiving
streams. Several sets of results are presented for each town investigated;
and information about the dates, times, stream conditions and rainfall that
existed when the field tests were being conducted are presented.
For the purpose of demonstrating that the combined sewer overflows
did impact the receiving streams in this study, some minimum acceptable
level of dissolved oxygen in the stream had to be established. The Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency has adopted water quality standards that
require that the dissolved oxygen levels in all streams in the state be
maintained at 5.0 mg/1 for at least 16 hours per day and that the values
never be less than 4.0 mg/1. The standards also require that a dissolved
oxygen concentration of 6.0 mg/1 be maintained at all times in streams
designated as cold water fisheries. None of the streams considered in
11
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this study have been classified as cold water fisheries. The dissolved
oxygen criteria proposed by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency suggest that a minimum concentration of 5.0 mg/1 is needed to main-
tain good fish populations. Since these two principal agencies include a
reference to a minimum value of 5.0 mg/1 for the dissolved oxygen level to
be maintained in streams, this value has also been adopted for this study
and is included on the graphical results shown for each town studied.
The summaries of the field determinations that were conducted during
this study are presented in the fact sheets and include among other items
the values of the precipitation and stream flows for those sites where the
information could be obtained. The precipitation data were either collected
from the superintendents of the municipal sewage treatment plants or were
taken from the published records of the National Weather Service. The data
on daily stream flows were taken from the Water Data Reports (OH-77-1 and
OH-77-2) of the United States Geological Survey. Care must be exercised in
interpreting and comparing the precipitation and the stream flow data
however, for they are either total or mean daily values and they generally
cover different time periods. The information on precipitation is reported
for the 24 hour period before 7:00 AM on the reporting day and represents
the total rainfall collected during that time period. The stream flow data
are the mean daily flows for the day of record if the measuring gage is a
continuous monitoring device and are the instantaneous flows if a staff gage
was used. These data represent important values to be considered in the
evaluation of the results of this study, but more comprehensive data on
these two items must be collected and interpreted in the in-depth studies on
the impacts of urban runoff that have been proposed.
The results for each town considered in this study also include a brief
analysis of the information presented in the fact sheet and of the data
included in the graphical presentations. Finally, a recommendation
concerning the desirability of conducting further studies on the impact
that the combined sewer discharges have on the receiving stream at the town
is presented.
12
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
Sampling Sites
No. Stream
2
3
Ref
4
5
6
Cuyahoga R.
Mud Brook
Cuyahoga R.
Cuyahoga R.
Cuyahoga R.
Yellow Creek
Cuyahoga R.
AKRON
Summit County, Ohio
261,520 (1973)
kilometers
River
kms
-4.7
-4.2
-1.3
0.0
0.2
0.3
2.7
Location
miles
-2.9
-2.6
-0.8
0.0
0.1
0.2
1.7
Description
Gaging Station
-------
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
Cuyahoga River
Little Cuyahoga River (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Springfield Lake Outlet (Trib. to L. Cuyahoga R.)
Ohio Canal (connected to L. Cuyahoga R.)
Sand Run (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Cuyahoga River
Mud Brook (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Sand Run (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Yellow Creek (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Furnace Creek (Trib. to Cuyahoga River)
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Ohio Canal
Sand Run
L. Cuyahoga R.
Cuyahoga R.
No.
15
11
36
2
River Location
In town
Stream Gages
Stream
Cuyahoga R.
Gage No.
04206000
Location Tyjae Operation
Portage Path Flow/Quality USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The sampling sites were selected by the city for its weekly sampling
program to monitor water quality above and below the sewage treatment
plant.
Other Available Information
The city provides annual reports on the condition and operation of the
combined sewers outfalls.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
James White
2460 Peninsula Road
Akron, Ohio 44313
216-928-1164
14
-------
Summary of Field Determinations
The city monitors water quality at six locations along streams
throughout the system on a weekly basis. Because of an explosion in
the combined storm system in Akron and the continuous release of
sanitary sewage to the Cuyahoga River during the early portions of
these studies, the data used for this study were taken from these
weekly sampling efforts. They reflect different conditions in the
stream flows and in the operation of the combined sewer discharges.
These tests are normally made around 9:00 AM.
Figure Number Date
1-A
1-B
1-C
5/16/77
Field Conditions
Dry weather stream flow (5.1 m-'/s); no
combined sewer discharges.
i o
5/31/77 Wet weather stream flow (4.5 mj/s> following
light rainfall (0.20 cm); combined sewer
discharges. .
6/29/77 Wet weather stream flow (11.6 m3/s) during
moderate rainfall (0.56 cm); combined sewer
discharges.
15
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 1-A May 16, 1977 9:00 AM
Dry weather stream flow (5.1 m3/s)$ no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 1-B May 31, 1977 9:00 AM
Wet weather stream flow (4.50 m3/s) following light rainfall ;(0.20 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 1-C June 29, 1977 9:00 AM
Wet weather stream flow (11.6 m3/s) during moderate rainfall ;(0.56 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 1-A shows that the level of the dissolved oxygen in the Cuyahoga
River and some of its tributaries during typical dry weather iflow
periods is of acceptable values. Following combined sewer discharges
during wet weather flows, however, the values of the dissolved oxygen
in the stream above the sewage treatment plant are reduced (Figures
1-B and 1-C). The added flow from the plant and Yellow Creek tends to
restore the dissolved oxygen to more acceptable levels.
Recommendations
The drainage patterns in Akron and the complexities of the city's vast
combined sewer system are adequate reasons not to recommend this site
as a location for more extensive studies on the impact of combined
sewer discharges on receiving streams.
16
-------
12
0
12
O Cuyahoga River
D Mud Brook
A Yellow Creek
A -
03
(3
O
•H
4J
03
^
4J
g
u
s
O
a
c
0)
50
•a
cu
^-i
o
to
w
B -
12
C -
•5 0
Distance Along Stream from STP. kilometers
Figure 1. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Akron,
17
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
BUCYRUS
Crawford County, Ohio
13,076 (1973)
kilometers
Receiving Stream
In town
Downstream
Sandusky River
Sandusky River
Sampling Sites
No. Stream
Ref
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sandusky R.
ti
it
River Location
kms
0.0
0.8
4.3
7.7
11.2
14.4
17.4
miles
0.0
0.5
2.7
4.8
7.0
9.0
10.9
Description
STP
Kestetter Rd,, Br.
Denzer R. Br.
Mt. Zion
Knauss
Caldwell Rd. Br.
County Line Rd. Br,
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Sandusky R.
No.
24
River Location
In town
18
-------
Stream Gages
Stream Gage No.
Sandusky R. 04196000
Location Type Operation
Kestetter Rd. Flow/Quality USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites is excellent. There is only
one stream to sample; all of the sites are located downstream of the
town and are at highway bridge crossings; and there are good, all-
weather roads between the sampling locations.
Other Available Information
Report on Combined Sewer Overflows by Burgess and Niple, Ltd.,
Columbus, Ohio, November 1969.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Jerry Staiger
W. Southern Avenue
Bucyrus, Ohio 44820
419-562-8981
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
2-A 6/29/77
6:45 - 7:30 AM
2-B
2-C
6/29/77
1:25 - 2:30 PM
6/30/77
9:00 - 9:50 AM
Field Conditions
Dry weather stream flow prior to
anticipated rainfall; no combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (0.22 mVs)
during light rainfall (0.96 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
o
Dry weather stream flow (0.91 m /s)
following rainfall on previous day;
no combined sewer discharges.
19
-------
A -
16r-
© (3) © ©
5 10 15
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
20
Figure 2. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Bucyrus.
20
-------
Analysis of Results I
Figure 2-A June 29, 1977 6:45 to 7:30 AM
Dry weather stream flow prior to anticipated rainfall; no combined
sewer discharges.
Figure 2-B June 29, 1977 1:25 to 2:30 EM
Wet weather stream flow (0.22 m^/s) during light rainfall (0.96 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 2-C June 30, ^977 9:00 to 9:50 AM
Dry weather stream flow (0.91 m /s) following rainfall on preceeding
day; no combined sewer discharges.
The results are indicative of the impact that the poor quality
effluent from the Bucyrus sewage treatment plant has on the dissolved
oxygen concentrations in the Sandusky River. During dry weather
flows (Figure 2-A), the dissolved oxygen levels remain below 4 mg/1
for nearly 20 kilometers downstream of town. Following a rainfall
sufficient to cause the combined sewers to overflow, the stream" s
dissolved oxygen levels show a marked increase (Figure 2-B),
apparently due to the addition of surface runoff to the stream flow.
However, the dissolved oxygen levels near the treatment plant are
still quite low. Figure 2-C shows the stream's dissolved oxygen levels
returning to the lower values that are typical for dry weather flows.
Recommendations
The very marked effect that the effluent from the Bucyrus sewage
treatment plant has on dissolved oxygen levels in the Sandusky River
masks the detection of the impacts that combined sewage discharges
have on the receiving stream, and further studies at Bucyrus are not
recommended. \
21
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
DELPHOS
Allen County, Ohio
7,718 (1973)
kilometers
Sampling Sites
No, Stream
1
2
Ref
3
4
5
6
7
Flat Fork
Jennings C.
it
it
Flat Fork
Jennings G.
it
Auglaize R.
River Location
kms
-6.7
-4.8
0.0
0.5
-2.7
4.8
7.2
0.8
miles
-4.2
-3.0
0.0
0.3
-1.7
3.0
4.5
0.5
Description
S.R. 66 Br.
T.R. 244 Br.
STP
Pohlman Rd. Br.
S.R. 66 Br.
S.R8 190 Br.
T.R. 23 Br.
S.R. 189 Br.
22
-------
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
Flat Fork (Trib. to Jennings Creek @ +4.3 kms)
Jennings Creek (Trib. to Auglaisse River
@ +8.0 kms)
Flat Fork
Jennings Creek
Auglaize River
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Flat Fork
Jennings Creek
No.
3
5
River Locations
In town
In town
Stream Gages
None on Jennings Creek.
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites is fair to very good. Delphos
is a relatively small town, but there are two streams to monitor and
traffic congestion and railroad crossings often slow crosstown
movement. The downstream sampling sites are at bridge crossings and
travel conditions between them are very good.
Other Available Information
Report on Delphos Sewer System by Finkbeiner, Pettis and Strout,
Ltd., Toledo, Ohio, 1976. I
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Harold Hodges
1100 N. Park Avenue
Delphos, Ohio 45833
419-692-0991
23
-------
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
3-A 6/25/77
11:10 AM -
12:40 PM
3-B
3-C
6/29/77
3:30 - 4:50 EM
6/30/77
3:00 - 4:00 AM
Field Conditions
Dry weather stream flow following
light rain (0.4 cm) on preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow following two
days of moderate rainfall (2.8 cm
total); combined sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
24
-------
co
d
O
«H
4-1
g
O
a
0)
00
•a
O)
.-t
o
03
CO
A
D Flat Fork
O Jennings Greek
A Auglaize River
B :
-5
0 5 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 3. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Delphos-
25
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 3-A June 25, 1977 11:00 AM to 12:40 PM
Dry weather stream flow following light rain (0.4 cm) on preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 3-B June 29, 1977 3:30 to 4:50 PM
Wet weather stream flow following two days of moderate rainfall
(2.8 cm total); combined sewer discharges.
Figure 3-C June 30, 1977 3:00 to 4:00 AM
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
The results show the impact that the effluent from the Delphos sewage
treatment plant has on the dissolved oxygen levels in Jennings Creek.
During dry weather flows (Figure 3-A), the values are less than 4 mg/1
immediately downstream of town. However, they are at more acceptable
levels in Flat Fork and in the nearby, but much larger, Auglaize
River. During wet weather flows (Figure 3-B), the input of surface
water has generally improved the levels of oxygen in Jennings Creek
above and in town, whereas the addition of combined sewage from the
outfalls to Flat Fork and Jennings Creek has lessened water quality-
further downstream. As the flow in the streams returns to normal,
the material from the previous combined sewer discharges continues to
exert an impact on the dissolved oxygen levels in both Flat Fork and
Jennings Creek (Figure 3-C). The dissolved oxygen value in the
Auglaize River is still at an acceptable level. ;
Recommendations
The discharge of combined sewage from Delphos 'does -adversely impact
the dissolved oxygen levels in Flat Fork and Jennings Creek, but'does
not seriously impair the Auglaize River. The relatively shprt lengths
of the streams between the town and the Auglaize River, and the
relatively poor quality of the effluent from the sewage treatment
plant preclude any further studies at Delphos.
26
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
FINDLAY
Hancock County, Ohio
36,109 (1973)
Lye Greek (Trib. to Blanchard R, @ -1.6 kms)
Eagle Creek (Trib. to Blanchard R. @ -1.3 kms)
Howard Run (Trib. to Blanchard R. @ -0.2 kms)
Blanchard River
Blanchard River
Sampling
No.
Ref
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sites
Stream
Blanchard R
it
it
it
it
ii
ti
River Location
kms
0.0
0.2
2.4
4.8
10.9
16.1
33.6
miles
0.0
0.1
1.5
3.0
6.8
10.0
20.9
Description
STP '
Broad Ave. Br.
C.R. 140 Br.
C.R. 139 Br.
C.R. 128 Br.
S.R. 23!) Br.
Gilboa
27
-------
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Eagle C.
Howard R.
Blanchard R.
No.
2
1
7
River Locations
In town
In town
In town
Stream Gages
Stream
Gage No.
Blanchard R. 0418900
Location
C.R. 140
Type Operation
Flow/Quality USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites is very good. There is only
one stream to sample and most of the sites are downstream of the town
at bridge crossings.
Other Available Information
Report on Combined Sewer Overflows by John R. Snell, Engineers, Inc.,
Lansing, Michigan.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Jim Ball
Sewage Treatment Plant
Findlay, Ohio 45840
419-422-4912
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
4-A 5/27/77
11:30 AM -
2:30 PM
4-B
6/30/77
2:00 - 2:50 PM
Field Conditions
O
Dry weather stream flow (0.93 m /s)j
no combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (3.46 m /s)
during heavy rainfall (6.4 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
28
-------
16
12
CO
c
o
0)
o
§
o
8
bO
•o
o
CO
co
STP-i
0
A
-M-
J-4-
5 10^ 15 ^
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometlers
20
Figure 4. Dissolved oxygen profiles - FindlayJ
29
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 4-A May 27, 1977 11:30 AM to 2:30 EM;
Dry weather stream flow (0.93 m3/s)j no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 4-B
r-xgure H-O June 30, 1977 2:00 to 2:50 IM
Wet weather stream flow (3.46 m3/s) during heavy rainfall (6.4 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
The results indicate the impact that the relatively poor quality
effluent from the sewage treatment plant at Findlay has on the.
dissolved oxygen levels in the Blanchard River. During dry weather
flow (Figure 4-A), the values of dissolved oxygen are less than 4 mg/1
for over 15 kilometers downstream of the town. During wet weather
flows (Figure 4-B), the addition of surface runoff along with combined
sewage has improved the dissolved oxygen levels below Findlay slightly,
but the values are still below 5 mg/1.
Recommendation
Further studies at Findlay are not recommended because of the impact _
that the effluent from the sewage treatment plant has on dissolved
oxygen levels in the receiving stream.
30
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
LANCASTER
Fairfield County, Ohio
35,417 (1973)
Sampling Sites
No. S tream
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ref
7
8
9
10
11
12
Hocking
Hunter1
11
Hocking
it
Baldwin
Hocking
"
ii
s"
ii
ti
it
R.
s R
R.
R.
R.
River
kms
-4.8
-1.6
-0.6
-2.4
-1.1
-0.-2
0.0
1.0
2.7
5.4
7.7
9.1
10.7
Location
miles
-3.0
-1.0
-0.4
-1.5
-0.7
-0.1
0.0
0.6
1.7
3.4
4.8
5.7
6.7
L
kilometers
Description
Pierce Ave. Br.
U.S. Rt.!22 Br.
U.S. Rt. 22 Br.
U.S. Rt. 22 Br.
Columbus St. Br.
Duffy Rd. Br.
STP
Sugar Grove Rd. Br.
U.S. Rt. 33-gravel pit
U.S. Rt. 33 Br.
Horns Mill Rd. Br.
U.S. Rt. 33 Br.
Sugar Grove Br.
31
-------
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
Hocking River
Hunter's Run (Trib. to Hocking R. @ -2.1: ktns)
Tarhe Run (Trib. to Hocking R. @ -0.8 km's)
Baldwin Run (Trib. to Hocking R. @ 0.0 kms)
Fetter's Run (Trib. to Baldwin R. @ -1.5 kms)
Hocking River
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Hocking R.
Hunter's R.
Tarhe R.
Baldwin R.
Fetter's R.
No.
24
1
1
6
1
River Locations
-5.0 to 0.0 kms
In town
it
it
Stream Gages
Stream
Hunter's R.
Hocking R.
Hocking R.
Gage No.
03156000
03156400
03157500
Location
Lane Rd.
Columbus St.
Enterprise, Oh.
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
Typ_e Operation
Flow/Quality USGS
Flow Discontinued
Flow/Quality USGS
The accessibility of the sampling sites is fair. Lancaster is a
fairly large town with normal and rush hour traffic congestion.
There are several streams to sample in town and cross town travel is
complicated with many traffic lights. There is excellent access to
the downstream sampling sites along one major highway which parallels
the receiving stream.
Other Available Information
Report on Infiltration and Interception by Sico, Inc., Delaware, Ohio.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Lloyd Hedges
800 S. Lawrence Street
Lancaster, Ohio 43130
614-653-1754
32
-------
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
5-A
5-B & 5-C
5-D
5-E
5-F
5-G & 5-H
5-1
5-J
5-K
5-L
5-M
5-N
6/6/77
9:30 AM - 12:25 PM
6/8 - 9/77
11:15 EM -
12:45 AM (B)
3:15 - 3:30 AM (C)
6/9/77
4:00 - 5:25 AM
6/28/77
2:50 - 4:20 EM
6/28/77
4:54 - 6:00 EM
6/28/77
6:15 - 6:35 PM (G)
8:09 - 8:50 PM (H)
7/26/77
3:30 - 5:10 PM
7/26/77
6:55 - 8:15 EM
7/26/77
8:25 - 8:50 PM
7/26 - 27/77
11:10 PM -
12:25 AM
7/27/77
8:35 - 9:55 AM
7/27/77
12:30 AM - 1:45 PM
Field Conditions.
i o
Dry weather stream flow (3.12 m /s)
prior to anticipated rainfall; no
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (2.80 nrVs)
following rain (1.5 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (3.96 m^/s);
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (12.8 m3/s)
during rain (1.1 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow during
rainfall; combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow during
rainfall; combined sewer discharges.
q
Wet weather stream flow (3.34 m /s)
during rain (1.07 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow (2.15 m /s);
no combined sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
33
-------
12
i?
01
0
o
-p
g
O
O
g
00
O Hocking River
A Hunters Run
Baldwin Run
8
I
o
(O
(0
•H
Q
B&C
D
CD
-5
6jST^ .® ® . © © <
0 ,5 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lancaster.
34
-------
O Hocking River
A Hunters Run
Q Baldwin Run
\
~ 0
05
§
cfl
M
•U Q
S 8
(U
O
g
60
a)
i-l
O
CO
to
G &H
I
|6JSTI
-5 0 5 ! 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lancaster,
35
-------
O Hocking River
A Hunters Run
D Baldwin Run
CO
C
4J o
01 O
g
O
8 4
60 H
w 0
J
•H
P
K
®^1 ®[fT]6 ® <2>-
-5 0 5 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lancaster.
36
-------
CO
§
0)
o
§
o
§
60
fr
01
l-l
o
CO
CO
O Hocking River
A Hunters Run
D Baldwin Run
-5 05 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lancaster.
37
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 5-A June 6, 1977 9:30 AM to 12:25 PM
Dry weather stream flow (3.12 m /s) prior to anticipated rainfall; no
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-B & 5-C June 8-9, 1977 11:15 PM to 3:30 AM
Wet weather stream flow (2.80 m3/s) following rain (1.5 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Figure 5-D June 9, 1977 4:00 to 5:25 AM :
Wet weather stream flow (3.96 m /s); combined sewer discharges.1
This sequence of graphs shows the normal dissolved oxygen levels in the
Hocking River during dry weather flows (Figure 5-A), and the develop-
ment of an oxygen sag curve following the discharge of combined sewage
to the stream.
Figure 5-E June 28, 1977 2:50 to 4:20 PM
Wet weather stream flow (12.8 m /s) during rain (1.1 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Figure 5-F June 28, 1977 4:54 to 6:00 PM
Wet weather stream flow during rainfall; combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-G & 5-H June 28, 1977 6:15 to 8:50 PM
Wet weather stream flow during rainfall; combined sewer discharges.
These results also demonstrate the development of an oxygen sag curve
in the Hocking River following a combined sewer discharge.
Figure 5-1 July 26, 1977 3:30 - 5:10 PM
Wet weather stream flow (3.34 m /s) during rain (1.07 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Figure 5-J July 26, 1977 6:55 to 8:15 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-K July 26, 1977 8:25 to 8:50 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-L July 26-27, 1977 11:10 PM to 12:25 AM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-M July 27, 1977 8:35 to 9:55 AM
Dry weather stream flow (2.15 mVs); no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 5-N July 27, 1977 12:30 AM - 1:45 PM \
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
38
-------
These sequences of results show the gradual development of an oxygen
sag curve and the start of the recovery of the dissolved oxygen levels
following discharges of combined sewage from Lancaster to the Hocking
River.
Recommendations :
The use of Lancaster as a location for more extensive studies on the
impacts of combined sewer discharges on receiving streams is
recommended. The dissolved oxygen sag curves that develop in the
Hocking River below Lancaster are very well defined and the amount of
oxygen depletion indicates an impact. Accessibility to sampling sites
in town is only fair and there are several streams to monitor.
However, some of these sites could be eliminated in a more extensive
sampling program. The accessibility of the downstream sites is
excellent. A stream gaging station would have to be re-established.
39
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
LIMA.
Allen County, Ohio
52,262 (1973)
0
kilometers
Ottawa River
Ottawa River
Little Ottawa River (Trib. to Ottawa R.
@ +3.2 kms)
Sampling Sites
No. S tream
1
2
Ref
3
4
5
6
Ottawa R.
ii
River Location
kms
-4.0
-2.1
0.0
1.0
3.2
7.2
14.4
miles
-2.5
-1.3
0.0
0.6
2.0
4.5
9.0
Description
Lover's Lane
Metcalf St. Br.
STP
Adgate Rd. Br.
Shawnee Rd. Br.
SR 117 Br.
Allentown Rd. Br.
40
-------
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Ottawa R.
No.
5
River Locations
-4.0 to -1.8 kms
Stream Gages
Stream
Ottawa R.
Gage No.
04187500
Location
Type
Operator
Allentown Rd. Flow/Quality USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites is poor to fair. While there
is only one stream to sample and most of the sampling sites are at
bridge crossings, the route between the downstream sites is heavily
industrialized and is often congested with traffic.'
-
i
Other Available Information
Stormwater Overflow Study, Lima, Ohio by Floyd G. Brown and Associates,
Ltd., Marion, Ohio, 1973.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Roland Nabergoll
1200 South Collett Street
Lima, Ohio 45804
419-228-6731
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
6-A
Field Conditions
6-B
6-C
6/29/77 Dry weather stream flow (2.12 m3/s);
9:55 - 11:00 AM no combined sewer discharges.
6/30/77 Wet weather stream flow during
12:10 - 12:50 PM rainfall (4.7 cm); combined sewer
discharges. '
7/1/77
9:45 - 10:25 AM
I
Wet weather stream flow (16.2 m3/s)
following rainfall on preceding day;
combined sewer discharges.
41
-------
8 -
w 8
§
2
.p
g
o
fj
g
bO
(U
B
o
OT
(0
8 -
-5
STP (3) © ©
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
15
Figure 6. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Lima
42
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 6-A June 29, 1977 9:55 to 11:00 AM
Dry weather stream flow (2.12 m-Vs); no combined sewer discharges.
•
Figure 6-B June 30, 1977 12:10 to 11:50 PM
Wet weather flow during rainfall (4.7 cm); combined sewer discharges.
Figure 6-C July 1, 1977 9:45 to 10:25 AM
Wet weather stream flow (16.2 m-vs) following rainfall on preceding
day; combined sewer discharges.
I
This series of graphs illustrates some of the impacts that the
discharge of combined sewage from Lima has on the Ottawa River.
Following the rainfall on June 30 (Figure 6-B), the dissolved oxygen
levels in the stream above the sewage treatment plant are increased
by the addition of surface runoff, while those below the plant are
reduced. Subsequently, the values gradually return to normal (Figure
6-C). The low dissolved oxygen values at Sampling Site Number 2 are
thought to be caused by an industrial waste discharge in town.
Recommendations |
.
As noted earlier in the report, Lima is in the process of constructing
an interception/storage system for its combined sewer outfalls. When
this system is operational there will be only limited discharges to
the Ottawa River from the combined sewer system. Thus the site will
no longer be suitable for more extended studies on the impacts of the
discharge from combined sewer outfalls to the receiving stream.
43
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
NEWARK
Licking County, Ohio
42,351 (1973)
Receiving Streams
In town
kilometers
Downstream
North Fork Licking River & South Fork Licking
River (form Licking River @ -2.2 kms)
Raccoon Creek (Trib. to S. Fork Licking R.
@ -2.0 kms)
Licking River
Sampling Sites
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ref
8
9
10
11
Stream
Raccoon C.
S. Fork Licking R.
Raccoon
S. Fork Licking R.
N. Fork Licking R.
Licking R.
it
it
it
it
River
kms
-2.4
-2.7
-0.5
-0.5
-0.2
-2.7
-0.2
o.-o
2.9
8.0
16.1
22.9
Location
miles
-1.5
-1.7
-0.3
-0.3
-0.1
-1.7
-0.1
0.0
1.8
5.2
10.0
14.3
Description
21st St. Br.
Orchard St. Br.
Wilson Rd. Br.
2nd St. Br.
Ohio St. Br.
Manning Rd. Br.
Above STP
STP
Staddens Rd. Br.
Claylick Rd. Br.
Toboso Rd. Br.
Nashport Rd. Br.
44
-------
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
S. Fork Licking R.
Raccoon Creek
N. Fork Licking R.
Others
No.
4
12
11
13
River Locations
In town
it
it
Stream Gages
Stream Gage No.
S. Fork Licking R. 03145000
N. Fork Licking R. 03146000
Licking R. 03146500
Location Type Operation
Hebron, Ohio Flow US6S
Utica, Ohio Flow USGS
Staddens Rd. ;Br. Flow/Quality USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
I
I
The accessibility of the sampling sites is good. Newark is a fairly
large town with rush hour congestion. There are several sampling
sites in town and there are three streams to monitor. All sampling
sites are at bridge crossings and there is very good access to the
downstream locations from a highway which parallels the receiving
stream.
Other Available Information
None found.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendents
Address:
Phone:
Ray Nelson
1003 E. Main Street
Newark, Ohio 43055
614-345-7334
45
-------
Sumnary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
7-A
7-B
7-C
7-D
7-E
7-P
7-G
7-H
7-1
7-J
7-K
6/16/77
5:00 - 6:35 AM
6/16/77
10:30 AM - 1:00 PM
6/17/77
4:25 - 5:35 AM
7/12/77
6:10 - 8:30 AM
7/12/77
3:00 - 5:00 PM
7/12/77
9:50 - 12:00 PM
7/13/77
6:00 - 7:50 AM
7/21/77
1:35 - 4:10 PM
7/21/77
10:00 - 12:00 PM
7/22/77
1:05 - 3:30 AM
7/22/77
11:25 - 1:45 PM
Field Conditions ;
Dry weather stream flow (3.60" m-Vs);
no combined sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow; no ;combined
sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow (3.99 m /s);
no combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (10.2 m3/s)
during moderate -rainfall (3;8 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no
combined sewer, .discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no
combined sewer discharges.
2
Wet weather stream flow (23*3 m /s)
following rainfall on preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
o
Wet weather stream flow (4.70 trr/s)
during rainfall (1.4 cm); prior to
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; combined
sewer discharges.
*3
Wet weather stream flow (1S>.7 nr/s)
following rain on preceding day; no
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no
combined sewer discharges.
46
-------
12
0
12
O Licking River
P N. F. Licking River
O S. F. Licking River
A Raccoon Greek
A -
CO
fl
o
•H
4J
«J
8
o
g
t>0
£
•o
o>
CO
•rl
Q
B -
-50 5 10 15
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 7. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Newark.
47
20
-------
O Licking River
D N. F. Licking River
O S. F. Licking River
A Raccoon Creek
D -
CO
J3
O
g
I
O
g
00
•o
0)
O
CO
CO
t
&
-5
0 5 10 15
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 7. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Newark.
20
48
-------
12
-O Licking River
O N. F. Licking River
O S. F. Licking River
A Raccoon Greek
H -
M
I
•4-1
4J
ff
r—I
O
W
•H
Q
K
STP (8)
05 10 15
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 7. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Newark.
20
49
-------
Analysis of Results
Fieure 7-A June 16, 1977 5:00 to 6:35 AM
Dry weather stream flow (3.60 m3/s); no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-B June 16, 1977 10:30 AM to 1:00 PM
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-C June 17, 1977 4:25 to 5:35 AM
Dry weather stream flow (3.99 m3/s); no combined sewer discharges.
This set of figures shows the dissolved oxygen levels in the Licking
River and its tributaries in Newark during dry weather conditions.
The values of the dissolved oxygen in the tributaries in town are _
relatively high, but there is some lessening of the water quality in
the Licking River caused by the effluent from the sewage treatment
plant.
Figure 7-D July 12, 1977 6:10 to 8:30 AM
Wet weather stream flow (10.2 m3/s) during moderate rainfall!(3.8 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-E July 12, 1977 3:00 to 5:00 EM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-F July 12, 1977 9:50 to 12:00 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Fieure 7-G July 13, 1977 6:00 to 7:50 AM
Wet weather stream flow (23.3 m3/s) following rainfall on preceding
day; no combined sewer discharges.
This series of results, for wet weather flow conditions following a
combined sewer discharge, shows a decrease in the dissolved oxygen
levels in the tributaries in town and some impact on the Licking River
downstream of town.
Fieure 7-H July 21, 1977 1:35 to 4:10 PM
Wet weather stream flow (4.70 m3/s) during rainfall (1.4 cm); prior to
combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-1 " July 21, 1977 10:00 to 12:00 PM
Wet weather stream flow; combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-J July 22, 1977 1:05 to 3:30 AM .
Wet weather stream flow (18.7 m3/s) following rain on preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 7-K July 22, 1977 11:25 AM to 1:45 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
50
-------
This series of results shows the oxygen conditions in the streams
prior to the discharge of the combined sewers (Figure 7-H); the
subsequent lessening of these values following combined sewer
discharges (Figures 7-1 and 7-J); and the start of the recovery of
oxygen values as the flow begins to return to dry weather conditions
(Figure 7-K).
Recommendations
The town of Newark is recommended as a location for expanded studies
, on the impacts that combined sewer discharges have on receiving
waters. While there are several streams to monitor at this site and
accessibility is only good, there is a well defined impact on the
dissolved oxygen levels in the Licking River from combined sewer
outfalls in the town. There are several stream gages in the vicinity
and the cooperation provided by the superintendent of the .sewage
treatment plant is excellent.
51
-------
Name
Location
NORWALK
Huron County, Ohio
Population (year)
Site Map
13,624 (1973)
kilometers
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
Norwalk Greek (Trib. to East Branch Huron River)
(South of town)
West Fork Rattlesnake Creek (Trib. to Rattlesnake
Creek) (North of town)
East Fork Rattlesnake Creek (Trib. to Rattlesnake
Creek) (North of town)
East Branch of Huron River (Trib. to Huron River)
Rattlesnake Creek (Trib. to Huron River)
Huron River
52
-------
Sampling Sites
None selected.
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Norwalk Creek
West Fork Rattlesnake C.
East Fork Rattlesnake C.
No.
1
1
3
Location
Pump Station @ Pleasant St.
Washington & Hester Sts.
Lake Ave. & Republic St.
Cline Ave. & Millan St.
STP overflow
Stream Gages
Stream
Huron R.
Gage No. Location Type Operation
04199000 Milan, Ohio Flow USGS
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Charles Sweet
4563 Old Plank Rd.
Norwalk, Ohio 44857
419-668-2039
Summary of Field Determinations
No field studies were conducted.
Recommendations
The stream drainage pattern in Norwalk is quite complex. There are
several small streams in and around the town that are used to collect
combined sewage discharges. Each of these streams in turn flow only
a short distance from the outfalls before they join to form larger
streams. As a consequence, a field sampling program was not initiated
in Norwalk; and the use of this town for further field studies is not
recommended. j
53
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
TIFFIN
Seneca County, Ohio
21,073 (1973)
kilometers
Receiving Stream
In town
Downstream
Sandusky River
Sandusky River
Sampling Sites
No. Stream
1
Ref
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sandusky R.
ti
it
it
River Locations
kms miles
-0.8 -0.5
0.0
1.9
3.7
5.3
11.1
12.2
20.8
0.0
1.2
2.3
3.3
6.9
7.6
12.9
Description
Huss St. Br.
STP
Opposite Hyter Rd.
C.R.. 38 Br.
Issac Walton
Fort Seneca Br. ;
Abbotts Rd. Br.
Old Fort Br.
54
-------
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Sandusky R.
No.
Unknown
River Location
Unknown
Stream Gages
Stream
Sandusky R.
Gage No.
04197000
04196990
04198000
Location
At -11.5.tons
At -15.0 tons
At +29.0 tons
Type
Flow
Quality
Flow
Operation
USGS
Discontinued
USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites in Tiffin is good. There is
only one stream to monitor and travel downstream of the town is very
easy. However, not all of the sampling locations are at bridge
crossings and access to the river is often difficult.
Other Available Information
None found.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phones
Gene Feasel
961 N. Water Street
Tiffin, Ohio 44883
419-447-9157
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
9-A
9-B
9-C
6/30/77
5:10 - 6:40 PM
7/1/77
7:00 - 8:00 AM
7/1/77
2:00 - 2:55 PM
Field Conditions
I
I
Wet weather stream flow (1.16 m3/s)
with rainfall (2.8 cm)j combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow (20.9 m3/s)
following rainfall on preceding day;
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream £low; no combined
sewer discharges.
55
-------
A
W
(3
o
•H
4J
g
o
§
o
g
o
TJ
O
to
to
B
sTP
0
5 10 15
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
20
Figure 9. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Tiffin.
56
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 9-A June 30, 1977 5:10 to 6:40 PM
Wet weather stream flow (1.16 m3/s) with rainfall (2.8 cm); combined
sewer discharges.
Figure 9-B July 1, 1977 7:00 to 8:00 AM
Wet weather stream flow (20.9 m3/s) following rainfall on preceding
day; combined sewer discharges.
Figure 9-C July 1, 1977 2:00 to 5:00 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
This sequence of figures shows the minimal impact that combined sewage
discharges from Tiffin have on the Sandusky River. While the dissolved
oxygen levels in the river decrease following an overflow, the values
do not drop below 4 mg/1, and the maximum variation over 20 kilometers
of stream length does not exceed 1.5 mg/1.
Recommendations
i
Because of the minimal impact that the combined sewer discharges from
Tiffin have on the Sandusky River, the continued study of these
impacts at this site is not recommended.
57
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
UPPER SANDUSKY
Wyandot County, Ohio
5,661 (1973)
kilometers
Receiving Stream
In town
Downstream
Sandusky River
Sandusky River
Sampling Sites
No. Stream
1
Ref
2
3
4
5
Sandusky R.
ii
it
ii
11
ii
River Locations
kms miles
-2.0
-3.2
0.0
3.0
5.9
7.8
10.6
0.0
1.9
3.7
4.9
6.6
Description
US Rt 30 N Br.
STP
S.R. 52 Br.
Indian Mill Br,
C.R. 44 Br.
C.R. 67 Br.
58
-------
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Sandusky R.
No.
Unknown
River Location
Unknown
Stream Gages
Stream
Sandusky R.
Gage No.
04196500
Location
S.R. 52
Type
Quality
Operation
USGS
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
The accessibility of the sampling sites is excellent. Upper Sandusky
is a very small town and there is only one stream to monitor. All of
the sampling sites are at bridges, and travel between sites is very
easily accomplished.
Other Available Information
None found.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Dale Smith i
Sewage Treatment Plant
Upper Sandusky, Ohio 43351
419-294-2252
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
10-A 7/1/77
9:20 - 9:45 AM
10-B
10-C
7/1/77
2:15 - 2s 35 PM
7/1/77
Field Conditions
Wet weather stream flow (17.2 m3/s)
during heavy rainfall. (7.5 cm);
combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
10:10 - 10:35 PM sewer discharges.
59
-------
cd
is
g
o
§
CJ
g
60
o
•o
o
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 10-A July 1, 1977 9:20 to 9s45 AM
Wet weather stream flow (17.2 m3/s) during heavy rainfall (7.5 cm);
combined sewage discharges.
I
Figure 10-B July 1, 1977 2:15 to 2:35 PM
Wet weather stream flow; combined sewer discharges.
.
Figure 10-C July 1, 1977 10:10 to 10:35 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
The sequence of figures indicates that the combined sewer discharges
from the town of Upper Sandusky exert only a minimal effect on the
dissolved oxygen levels in the Sandusky River, decreasing the values
by only one mg/1 at most of the sampling stations.
Recommendations
Because of the minimal impact exerted by the combined sewer discharges
from Upper Sandusky on the Sandusky River, further studies at this
location are not recommended.
61
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
WAPAKONETA
Auglaize County, Ohio
7,496 (1973)
Receiving Stream
In town
Downstream
Auglaize River
Auglaize River
kilometers
Sampling Sites
No> Stream
River Location
^^^MB*M
1
2
Ref
3
4
5
6
7
Auglaize R.
ti
it
ii
it
it
ti
it
,kms
-2.1
-0.8
0.0
1.3
5.4
7.1
9.4
11.4
miles
-1.3
-0.5
0.0
0.8
3.4
4.4
5.9
7.1
Description
Water St. Br. [
Mechanic St. Br.
STP
Greenlawn Cemetery (stones)
Glynwood R. (first turn)
Glynwood R. Br.
Fisher Rd. Br.
Kelly Rd. - no bridge
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Auglaize R.
No.
4
River Location
-2.2 to 0.0 kms
Steam Gages
None.
62
-------
Accessibility of Sampling Sites
I
The accessibility of the sampling sites is fair to good. Wapakoneta
is a relatively small town and there is little traffic congestion.
There is only one stream to monitor; but there are few bridge cross-
ings downstream of town, and the time required to make field measure-
ments is excessive.
Other Available Information
None found.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Richard Harshbarger
RFD No. 2 Herb Street
Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895
419-738-2418 '•
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
11-A
11-B
11-C
11-D
8/15/77
11:10 AM -
12:25 PM
8/15/77
3:10 - 4:10 PM
8/15/77
8:15 - 9:15 PM
8/16/77
1:35 - 2:40 PM
Field Conditions
Wet weather stream flow during rain-
fall (2.2 cm); combined sewer
discharges.
Wet weather stream,flow; combined
sewer discharges. .;
Wet weather stream flow; combined
sewer discharges, j
Wet weather stream flow following
rainfall on preceding day; no combined
sewer discharges.
63
-------
A
bo
' 4
W
§
•H
4J
g
o
o
g
60
I
8
CO
B
D
-5
0 5 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
15
Figure 11. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Wapakoneta.
64
-------
Analysis of Results \ .
i
Figure 11-A August 15, 1977 11:10 AM to 12:25 EM
Wet weather stream flow during rainfall (2.2 cm); combined sewer
discharges.
Figure 11-B August 15, 1977 3:10 to 4:10 PM.
Wet weather stream flow; combined sewer discharges. |
Figure 11-C August 15, 1977 8:15 to 9:15 PM
Wet weather stream flow; combined sewer discharges.
Figure 11-D August 16, 1977 1:35 to 2:40 PM
Wet weather stream flow following rainfall on preceding day; no
combined sewer discharges.
This sequence of results, following a rainfall that caused the
combined sewers in Wapakoneta to discharge, shows the progression of
the impact of these discharges on the Auglaize River downstream of
town and the beginning of the gradual recovery of the dissolved oxygen
levels in the stream.
Recommendations
There is a clearly defined impact of the combined sewage discharges
to the Auglaize River from the town of Wapakoneta. The accessibility
of sampling sites is only fair to good because of the lack of river
crossings downstream of town, but this condition is riot too serious.
There are no stream gages on the Auglaize River near the town, but
this condition can also be corrected. Therefore it is recommended
that Wapakoneta be considered for more extensive studies on the
effects of combined sewer discharges.
65
-------
Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE
Fayette County, Ohio
12,534 (1973)
Sampling Sites
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ref
6
7
8
9
10
11
Stream
E. Fork Paint
Paint Creek
it
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
n
ti
n
n
River
kms
C.-1.2
-2.7
-2.1
-1.1
-0.2
0.0
1.0
2.7
3.4
9.3
13.0
16.1
Locations
miles
-0.7
-1.7
-1.3
-0.7
-0.1
0.0
0.6
1.7
2.1
5.8
8.1
10.0
kilometers
Description
U;S. Rt. 22 Br.
Oakland St. Br.
Temple St. Br.
Fayette St. Br. ,
Elm St. Br.
STP
Robinson Rd. Br.
S. Fayette St. Br.
U.S. 35 Br.
Flakes Ford Rd. Br.
Sturgeon Mills Rd.1 Br.
Rock Mills Br.
66
-------
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
East Fork Paint Creek (Trib. to Paint Creek
@ 0.7 kms)
Paint Creek
Paint Creek
Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
East Fork Paint C.
Paint C.
No.
1
31
River Locations
In town
Stream Gages
None.
I
Accessibility of Sampling Sites j
• '
The accessibility of the sampling sites is good. There are two streams
to monitor in town, and the railroad crossings and traffic congestion
can slow cross-town travel. All sampling sites are at bridge crossings
and the accessibility of the downstream sites is very good.
Other Available Information
Report on combined sewer discharges from Bird and Bull, Ltd.,
Worthington, Ohio. j
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address:
Phone:
Orvil Dixon
1110 S. Elm Street
Washington C.H., Ohio 43160
614-335-0960
67
-------
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
12-A
12-B
12-C
12-D
12-E
12-F
8/29/77
7:15 - 9:15 PM
8/31/77
6:40 - 8:15 AM
9/2/77
7:00 - 8:25 PM
9/2/77
9:20 - 10:50 PM
9/3/77
6:50 - 7:50 AM
9/3/77
10:40 - 12:00 AM
Field Conditions
Dry weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
Dry weather stream flow following
light rain (0.04 cm) on preceding
day; no combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow immediately
following moderate rainfall
(0.42 cm); combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow following
rainfall (0.21 cm) on preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
Wet weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges.
68
-------
O Paint Creek
East Fork Paint Creek
0.5 10
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 12. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Washington Court House.
69
-------
O Paint Creek
D East Fork Paint Creek
0 5 10 If
Distance Along Stream from STP, kilometers
Figure 12. Dissolved oxygen profiles - Washington Court House.
70
-------
Analysis of Results
Figure 12-A August 29, 1977 7:15 to 9:15 PM
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
This figure illustrates the normal dry weather conditions in Paint
Creek near Washington Court House. There is a gradual lessening of the
dissolved oxygen levels along the stream as it flows through the town,
apparently the result of industrial wastewater discharges. Following
an additional impact at the sewage treatment plant, the stream recovers
further downstream.
Figure 12-B August 31, 1977 6:40 to 8:; 15 AM
Dry weather stream flow following light rain (0.04 cm) preceding day;
no combined sewer discharges.
Following a light rain, the dissolved oxygen levels in Paint Creek drop
to values of nearly zero in town and cause values of less than 4 mg/1
for nearly 10 kilometers downstream. However, because of lack of
combined sewer discharge at this time, it is doubtful that this condi-
tion is the result of the impact of the rainfall and resulting runoff to
the stream.
Figure 12-C September 2, 1977 7:00 to 8:25 PM
Wet weather stream flow immediately following moderate rainfall (0.42
cm); combined sewer discharges.
I
Figure 12-D September 2, 1977 9:20 to 10:50 PM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 12-E September 3, 1977 6:50 to 7:50 AM
Wet weather stream flow following rainfall on preceding day (0.21 cm);
no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 12-F September 3, 1977 10:40 to 12:00 AM
Wet weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
I
This sequence of graphs demonstrates the impacts to and the gradual
recovery of the dissolved oxygen levels in Paint Creek following a
combined sewer discharge.
I
Recommendations
While the impacts from the combined sewer discharges in Washington
Court House to Paint Creek can be documented, the continual lessening
of dissolved oxygen levels from industrial wastewater discharges in the
town may complicate any analysis of the combined sewer overflow problem,
and further studies at this site are not recommended.
71
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Name
Location
Population (year)
Site Map
WOOSTER
Wayne County, Ohio
19,420 (1973)
Receiving Streams
In town
Downstream
kilometers
Christmas Run (Trib. to Killbuck C. @ -Q.I kms)
Little Apple Creek (Trib. to Apple C. @'-6.0 kms)
Apple Creek (Trib. to Killbuck C.. @ 0.2 ;kms)
Killbuck Creek
Killbuck Creek
Sampling Sites
No. Stream
1
Ref
2
3
4
5
6
7
Apple Creek
Killbuck Creek
River Location
Description
kms
-2.9
0.0
0.2
0.2
6.2
8.5
11.6
15.8
miles
-1.8
0.0
0.1
0.1
3.9
5.3
7.2
9.8
Pittsburg Ave. Br
STP
S.R. 95 Br.
it
Twp. Rd. 49 Br.
Twp. Rd. 228 Br.
C.R. 76 Br.
Twp. Rd. 1 Br.
72
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Combined Sewer Outfalls
Stream
Apple Greek
Christmas Run
No.
3
1
River Location
Freeland Rd., Elm St. and STP
Near STP i
Stream Gages
None.
Accessibility of Sampling Sites i
The accessibility of the sampling sites in the town of Wooster is
good. The distance to the first available site below town is rather
long, but travel is relatively easy. There are only I gravel roads to
the sites further downstream and these are often flooded following a
heavy rain. '
•
Other Available Information
None found.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Superintendent:
Address!
Phone:
Tony Cantanzarite
Columbus Road
Wooster, Ohio 44691
216-264-7078
Summary of Field Determinations
Figure Number Date/Times
13-A
13-B
13-C
7/14/77
7:40 - 9:00 AM
7/22/77
6:20 - 6:50 AM
8/10/77
8:00 - 9:50 AM
Field Conditions
!
Dry weather stream flow; no combined
sewer discharges. [
Wet weather stream flow during rainfall
(8.97 cm); combined s;ewer discharges.
•
Dry weather stream flow; no' combined
sewer discharges. |
73
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Analysis of Results
Figure 13-A July 14, 1977 7:40 to 9:00 AM :
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges.
Figure 13-B July 22, 1977 6:20 to 6:50 AM
Wet weather stream flow during rainfall (8.97 cm); combined sewer
discharges.
Figure 13-C August 10, 1977 8:00 to 9:50 AM
Dry weather stream flow; no combined sewer discharges*
This series of figures shows the dissolved oxygen levels in Killbuck
Creek below Wooster for two conditions of stream flow. Figure 13-A and
Figure 13-C are indicative of dry weather flow conditions and show a
gradual decrease in the oxygen levels below the town, apparently caused
by non-point discharges of materials leached from a large swamp through
which Killbuck Creek flows. Figure 13-B, which is indicative of wet
weather flow conditions, shows a similar decrease in dissolved oxygen
levels along the length of the creek although the magnitudes Of the
values are much lower. This condition is apparently caused by the
drainage of flood waters which inundated the swamp during the; wet
weather period.
Recommendations
Because of the impacts that the drainage from the swamp downstream of
Wooster exerts on the dissolved oxygen levels in Killbuck Creek, the use
of this location for additional studies on combined sewer overflows is
not recommended.
74
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-092
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS IN OHIO STREAMS
FOLLOWING URBAN RUNOFF
5. REPORT DATE
July 1980 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Robert C. Stiefel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Water Resources Center
The Ohio State University
1791 Neil Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43210
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BC822
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805201
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory—Gin.,OH
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report 3/77 to 12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14 :
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer: John N. English
Phone (513) 684-7613
Thirteen towns and cities in Ohio, situated on streams and rivers having
different mean daily flow rates, were investigated during the summer and spring of
1977 to determine their suitability as sites for more extensive field studies on the
impacts of urban runoff on dissolved oxygen (D. 0.) levels in the streams. The
towns included Akron, Bucyrus, Delphos, Findlay, Lancaster, Lima, Newark, Norwalk,
Tiffin, Upper Sandusky, Wapakoneta, Washington Court House and Wooster. 'Among
factors considered in the selection process were a demonstrable impact of the
urban runoff on D. 0. levels, accessibility to stream sampling Locations, and the
availability of stream and precipitation gages.
Sites were rejected because (1) poor quality effluents from, municipal and
industrial treatment plants masked the "impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs);
(2) stream drainage pattern was too complex to monitor; or (3) impacts of the CSOs
did not decrease the D. 0. to less than 5 mg/1. Only the towns of Lancaster,
Newark and Wapakoneta satisfactorily met the criteria established to qualify them
as locations for more extensive field studies.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
#Dissolved Oxygen
*Surface Water Runoff
Combined Sewers
Water Pollution
Water Quality
Urban Runoff
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)'
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
84
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
76
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19BO-657-165/0036
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