£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/4-83-039
August 1983
Research and Development
Addendum to
Handbook for
Sampling and Sample
Preservation,
EPA-600/4-82-029
-------
-------
SR
DATE:
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
June 20, 1983
SUBJECT: Addendum to "Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of
Water and Wastewater," EPA-600/4-82-029, September 1982
FROM: Robert L. Booth, Acting Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory - Cincinnati
TO: QA Newsletter Mailing List
In September 1982, we published a manual entitled "Handbook for Sampling and
Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater." By January 1983, all copies
of the report were depleted, but requests for copies were still being made.
Also, based on comments received by us, it became apparent that certain
parts of the report should be updated and distributed as rapidly as possible
to fill the needs of the user community. Recognizing that a reprinting
would take a considerable length of time, it was decided to include the
critical updated items to you in this manner.
Critical items changed were:
1. the definitions of various sampling procedures
2. current literature references
3. Table 2.3 in the manual
Table 2.3 illustrates automatic samplers and characteristics, and has been
updated to April 1983 by requesting that the manufacturers review the old
information and update where necessary. Because of the volume of informa-
tion generated and space limitations, it was necessary to expand Table 2.3
into three sub-tables, A, B, and C.
We trust that you will find this updated information of value to you in your
environmental monitoring activities. Specific questions or comments may be
?2K?SI 0?"- ^°u?ph F' Roesler wnose commercial telephone number is
(513) 684-7286 and his FTS number 684-7286.
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Samplers and Sampling
Grant, D.M., "Right Place, Time and Technique: Right Sample,"
Mater/Engineering and Management (USA), 129, No. 7, p 28-32 (1982).
Gardner, 0., and G.E. Batley, "Sampling and Storage of Natural Waters for
Trace Metal Analysis," Water Research, V[, No. 9, p 745-756 (1977).
Parks, N.J., J.A. Schwind, and E.A. Hinz, "An Automatic Sample Changer and
Microprocessor-Controlled Data Route for a Small Bulk-Sample Counter," Health
Phys., 36., No. 3, p 458-62, (1979).
Schofield, T., "Sampling of Water and Waste Water: Practical Aspects of Sample
Collection," Water Pollution Control, 79, No. 4, p 468-476 (1980).
Vernick, A.S., "How to Conduct a Wastewater Survey: Part II - Developing Waste
Stream Profiles," Plant Engineering, 31_, No. 16, p 77-80 (1977).
Milletari, A.F., "Sampling of Industrial Wastewater Helps Meet Discharge
Standards," Water and Wastes Engineering ^4, No. 10, p 52, 55-57 (1977).
Pitt Jr., W.W., "Continuous Monitoring, Automated Analysis, and Sampling
Procedures," J. Water Poll. Control Fed., 53_ No. 6, p 675-678 (1981).
Gurnham, C.F. and M.I. Beach, "Application of Automatic Sampling to Today's
Water Quality Control Programs," Water and Wastes Engineering, 8, p A20
(Jan. 1971).
"Performance Audit Inspections of Wastewater Sources," USEPA (33011-79-004),
National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver, Colorado, August 1979.
"Groundwater," Section 18, USDA-SCS National Engineering Handbook, U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C., 1978.
Water Quality Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Minnesota, Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, Solid Waste Division, Minneapolis, 1979.
Samplers, and Sampling Procedures for Hazardous Waste Streams, USEPA,
Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA 600/2-80-018 (1980).
25
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Sample Preservation
Carter, M.J., "Wastewater Sample Preservation Data for Twenty Common Water
Quality Parameters," USEPA, Office of Enforcement NEIC, 31266 (1978).
Lesar, D.J. and J.H. Standridge, "Comparison of Four-Hour and Twenty-four
Hour Refrigerated Storage of Non-Potable Water for Fecal Coliform Analysis,"
Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 34 No. 4, p 398-402 (1977).
Benedek, A., and A. Najak, "Wastewater Sample Preservation," Water and Poll.
Control, 113, No. 9, p 30-24 and 31 (1975).
Lin, P.C.L., "Thermal Analysis of
Sampler," USEPA 600/4-80-033 (June 1980).
the ISCO 1680 Portable Wastewater
Drinking Water
Gulp, Russell L., "Technical Guidelines for Public Water Systems," NTIS
PB-255-217 (June 1976).
Biological Sampling
O'Dell, Gay, John Gabar, and Roy Dintman, "Survey of Anadromous Fish
Spawning Areas Potomac River Drainage, Upper Chesapeake Bay Drainage," NTIS
PB-263-847 (Aug 1975).
Flow Monitoring
Stevens Water Resource Data Book, Third Edition, Leopold Stevens, Inc.,
Beaverton, Oregon, 1978.
ISCO Open Channel Flow Measurement Handbook, First Edition, Instrumentation
Specialties Company, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1979.
26
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SAMPLE TYPES
The selection of the type of sample to be collected depends on a number of
factors, such as the rates of change of flow and the character of the water or
wastewater, the accuracy required, and the availability of funds for conduct-
ing the sampling program. There is presently a tendency on the part of some
workers to make only two distinctions in sample types - grab and composite.
This is unfortunate, since a composite sample may be made up in a number of
ways, and results may or may not be comparable, depending upon variations in
flow and constituents. It is a better practice to distinguish among the
various methods of compositing by referring to them as sample types. There
are six major types of samples and they are listed below:
Discrete Samples (Individual and Sequential)
An individual discrete sample (sometimes called a grab sample) is one that is
collected over a period of time not to exceed 15 minutes and retained
separately for analysis. A sequential discrete sample is a series of such
samples, usually taken at constant time intervals (e.g., one each hour over a
24-hour period), but sometimes fixed volumes in separate containers at
constant discharge increments (e.g., one;for each 100,000 gallons of flow)
when paced by a flow totalizer.
Composite Sample - NPDES Requirements
A simple composite sample is one that is made up of a series of aliquots
(smaller samples) of constant volume collected at regular time intervals and
combined in a single container. A composite sample should contain a minimum
of eight discrete samples taken at equal time intervals over the compositing
period or proportional to flow rate over the compositing period. More than
the minimum number of discrete samples will be required where the wastewater
loading is highly variable. Individual aliquots of a composite sample should
be at least 100 milliliters in order to minimize sampler solid's bias.
Flow Proportional Composite Sample
A flow proportional composite sample is one collected in a single container in
which the volume collected is related to the flow volume during the period of
compositing, thus, indicating the "average" condition during the period. One
of the two ways of accomplishing this is'to collect aliquots of equal volume
(Vc), but at variable time intervals (Tv), that are inversely proportional to
the volume of the flow. That iss the time interval between aliquots is
reduced as the volume of flow increases. Alternatively, flow proportioning
can be achieved by increasing the volume of each aliquot in proportion to the
flow (Vv), but keeping the time interval between aliquots constant (Tc).
Hand Proportioned Composite
The hand proportioned composite can be obtained where flow charts are avail-
able. Individual or sequential composite samples (defined below) are manually
composited in accordance with the flow to obtain this useful and representa-
tive type of sample.
27
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Sequential Composite Sample
The sequential composite requires the collection of a series (usually 2 to 8)
of individual samples per container, each container representing a specific
time period. For example, in ordef to monitor for potential intermittent
spills of about 15 minutes duration once every 24 hours, 8 aliquots may be
collected each hour and composited! into one sample for a total collection of
24 such samples. Such a procedure1 is particularly useful where the character
of the waste may vary significantly in a short period of time, where batch
dumping is expected, or where selfj-cancelling conditions occur, such as alter-
nating high and low pH, which would not be apparent in a simple composite
sample.
Continuous Composite Sample
A continuous composite sample is one collected by extracting a small, con-
tinuously flowing stream from the bulk source and directing it into the sample
container. The sample flow rate may be constant (Qc), in which case the
sample is analogous to the simple composite, or it may be varied in proportion
to the bulk source flow rate (Qv), in which case the sample is analogous to
the flow proportional composite.
28
OFFICE: 1KJ-6S9-095/0744
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