EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA/600/4-86/002
January 1986
Research and Development
Manual for
Identification of
Marine Invertebrates:
A Guide to Some
Common Estuarine
Macro!nvertebrates of the
Big Bend Region,
Tampa Bay, Florida
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EPA/600/4-86/002
January 1986
MANUAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES
A Guide to Some Common Estuarine Macroinvertebrates
of the Big Bend Region, Tampa Bay, Florida
James K. Culter
Conservation Consultants, Inc.
Post Office Box 35
Palmetto, Florida 33561
Contract No. CA-8-3159-A
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under Contract
No. C2328NAST with the author. It has been subject to the Agency's peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an
USEPA document. The mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Environmental measurements are required to determine the quality of
ambient water, the character of effluents, and the effects of pollutants
on aquatic life. The Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory -
Cincinnati conducts research to develop, evaluate, and promulgate methods
to:
. Measure the presence and concentration of physical, chemical, and
radiological pollutants in water, wastewater, bottom sediments,
and solid waste.
. Concentrate, recover, and identify enteric viruses, bacteria, and
other microorganisms in water.
. Measure the effects of pollution on freshwater, estuarine, and
marine organisms, including the phytoplankton, zooplankton,
periphyton, macrophyton, macroinvertebrates, and fish.
. Automate the measurement of physical, chemical, and biological
quality of water.
. Conduct an Agency-wide quality assurance program to assure
standardization and quality control of systems for monitoring
water and wastewater.
The effectiveness of measures taken to maintain and restore the
biological integrity of the Nation's surface waters is dependent upon our
knowledge of the changes in the taxonomic composition of aquatic life
caused by discharges of toxic substances and other pollutants, and upon
the level of our understanding of the complex relationships that prevail
in aquatic ecosystems. Estuarine invertebrates are important components
of the benthic fauna. The varied response of individual species to
different kinds of pollution and toxic substances also makes them very
useful as water quality indicator organisms. This guide, which contains
photographs and descriptions for 233 taxa, was developed to serve as a
companion to the (1973) USEPA Biological Field and Laboratory Methods
Manual, to assist aquatic biologists in analyzing samples collected from
communities of estuarine macroinvertebrates.
Robert L. Booth
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory - Cincinnati
111
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ABSTRACT
In this guide, fourteen of the most commonly encountered marine
animal phyla are represented by 233 taxa (196 species). Many of the
species have wide distribution, including large regions of the Gulf of
Mexico as well as portions of the southeast Atlantic coast. The guide
presents the following: a list of taxa, photographs and descriptions for
identifying each species, techniques of collection, preservation, and
storage, a glossary, and bibliographies with references cited in the text
and other publications which provide additional information on taxonomy
and ecology.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments x
1. Introduction ..... 1
2. Geographic Region Covered . 2
3. Methods 4
Collection of Samples 4
- Sample Processing and Preservation 4
Methods for Photographs 4
Taxonomic Considerations 5
4. List of Taxa 6
5. Phylum Mollusca 11
Definitions . 11
Descriptions . 12
Class Gastropoda ......... 14
Subclass Prosobranchia .... 14
Order Mesogastropoda . 14
Order Pyramidelloida 22
Subclass Opisthobranchia . 24
Order Cephalaspidea 24
Order Nudibranchia 24
Subclass Pulmonata 24
Order Basommatophora 24
Definition 26
Descriptions 26
Class Bivalvia 26
Subclass Prionodesmata . 27
Order Protobranchia 27
Subclass Pteriomorphia 27
Order Arcoida 27
Order Mytiloida 27
Order Pterioida . 29
Order Veneroida 29
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Order Myoida 39
Order Eudesmondontida ', 41
6. Phylum Annelida 43
Definitions 43
Class Polychaeta 43
Order Phyllodocida 44
Order Spionida 46
Order Orbiniida ..... 47
Order Capitellida ...... 47
Order Terebellida 47
Class Oligochaeta 47
Order Haplotaxida 48
Descriptions 49
Class Polychaeta 49
Order Phylodocida 49
Order Spionida . 59
Order Orbiniida 63
Order Capitellida 65
Order Terebellida ......... 65
Class Oligochaeta. 65
Order Haplotaxida. ..... ......... 65
7. Phylum Arthropoda 67
Definitions . 67
Class Crustacea 67
Subclass Cephalocarida ....... 68
Order Remitedia .... ....... 68
Subclass Ostracoda ....... 68
Order Podocopida 68
Order Myodocopina ... ...... 68
Subclass Cirripedia . 69
Order Thoracica 69
Subclass Malacostraca 69
Order N,ebaliacea . 70
Order Stomatopoda ....... 70
Order Mysidacea 70
Order Cumacea 71
Order Tanaidacea 71
Order Isopoda 72
Order Amphipoda ....... 73
Order Decapoda 77
Descriptions . ....... 81
Class Crustacea ..... ..... 81
Subclass Cephalocarida ..... 81
Order Remitedia ..... ..... 81
Subclass Ostracoda ... ...... 81
Order Podocopida ........ .... 81
Order Myodocopina 81
vi
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Subclass Cirripedia 83
Order Thoracica 83
Subclass Malacostraca 83
Order Nebaliacea 83
Order Stomatopoda . . 83
Order Mysidacea 83
Order Cumacea 85
Order Tanaidacea * 87
Order Isopoda . 87
Order Amphipoda 91
Order Decopoda 101
Definition 113
Description 113
Class Pycnogonida (Pantopoda) . 113
Definition 113
Description 113
Class Merostomata 114
Subclass Xiphosura 114
Order Xiphosurida 114
8. Phylum Echniodermata 115
Definitions 115
Class Asteroidea 115
Order Paxillosida 115
Order Platyasterida 115
Order Spinulosida 115
Class Echinoidea 116
Order Arbacioida 116
Order Temnopleurida 116
Order Clypeasteroida ..... 116
Class Ophiuroidea 116
Order Ophiurida 116
Descriptions 117
Class Asteroidea ....... 117
Order Paxillosida 117
Order Platyasterida 119
Order Spinulosida 119
Class Echinoidea 119
Order Arbacioida 119
Order Temnopleurida 119
Order Clypeasteroida 121
Class Ophiuroidea 121
Order Ophiurida 121
9. Miscellaneous Phyla 129
Definitions . . . 129
Phylum Porifera 129
Class Demospongiae 129
Order Hadromerida 129
vii
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidarta) 130
Class Hydrozoa 130
Order Athecata 130
Order Thecata ..... ..... 130
Class Anthozoa ............. 130
Order Actiniaria ....... 130
Order Ceriantharia 130
Phylum Platyhelminthes ;. . . . 131
Class Turbellaria 131
Order Polycladida ....... 131
Phylum Rhynchocoela (Nemertea) 131
Phylum Nematoda ..... ....... 132
Phylum Phoronida .... ....... 132
Phylum Brachiopoda ..... 132
Class Inarticulata ... ..... 132
Order Lingulida ..... ..... 132
Phylum Sipuncula 133
Phylum Hemichordata ..... 133
Class Enteropneusta ... ..... 133
Phylum Chordata 133
Class Ascidiacea „ . . . . 134
Order Pleurogona ..... 134
Descriptions 135
Phylum Porifera 135
Class Demospongiae. 135
Order Hadromerida 135
Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria). •. 135
Class Hydrozoa ....." 135
Order Anthozoa 135
Order Athecata 135
Order Thecata ........ 135
Class Anthozoa 135
Order Actiniaria . 137
Order Ceriantharia 137
Phylum Platyhelminthes 137
Class Turbellaria 137
Order Polycladida ..... 137
Phylum Rhynchocoela (Nemertea). . 137
Phylum Nematoda ....... 139
Phylum Phoronida ....... 139
Phylum Brachiopoda ...... 139
Class Inarticulata 139
Order Lingulida 139
Phylum Sipuncula 139
Phylum Hemichordata .... 141
Class Enteropneusta 141
Phylum Chordata 141
Class Ascidiacea . 141
Order Pleurogona 141
viii
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10. Glossary
References Cited ....
Selected Bibliography . .
Index to Scientific Names
143
167
169
187
ix
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and Tampa Electric Company, Tampa, Florida for providing the
funding for this project. I would also like to thank the following
persons for their assistance during the preparation of this manual: Dr.
S. Mahadevan (Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida), for initial
concept development, format suggestions and continued encouragement; Dr.
J. L. Simon (University of South Florida), for access to his marine
invertebrate collection; Mr. R. Yarbrough (Mote Marine Laboratory), for
technical assistance with several of the photos; Mote Marine Laboratory,
for use of darkroom facilities; Ms. E. James (Conservation Consultants,
Inc.), for her patient typing and retyping of manuscript drafts; and Dr.
A. F. Clewell for assistance with final manuscript preparation.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This guide is intended to be used as an identification aid for
biologists with a limited knowledge of invertebrate taxonomy as well as
those with more extensive training.
Most of the macroinvertebrates in this document were collected from
soft bottom during a thermal environmental impact study of the Big Bend
Region of Tampa Bay, Florida, from January, 1976 to April, 1977. Taxa
included are limited to specimens that were considered common and only
those in good working condition after processing.
Fourteen of the most commonly encountered marine invertebrate phyla
are represented by 233 taxa (196 species). Many of the taxa presented
have wide distribution that include large regions of the Gulf of Mexico
as well as portions of the southeast Atlantic coast.
In addition to species descriptions, this guide contains sections
discussing the geographic region covered, techniques of collection,
preservation and storage, and taxonomic considerations. An extensive
glossary defines the terms used in the text and also includes terms
frequently used in taxonomic literature which are likely to be
encountered. The bibliography, while not exhaustive, contains many
important references for the less experienced investigators who require
more in-depth reading.
Condensed taxonomic descriptions presented in the order of relative
abundance of species in the samples provide the necessary information to
identify a species, while the photographs provide a realistic image of
the animal. Such a holistic approach is valuable in obtaining a rapid
preliminary identification, with the description providing a more
reliable basis for species determination.
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SECTION 2
GEOGRAPHIC REGION COVERED
The Big Bend Region of the lower Hillsborough Bay is part of the
Tampa Bay estuarine system (Figure 1). This large estuarine system is
centrally located on the Florida West Coast. The climate of the area is
subtropical, with bay waters supporting a unique blend of highly diverse
marine life. The biota is composed of both temperate and tropical
organisms.
The Tampa Bay bottom is a soft substrate consisting primarily of
medium-grained quartz sands with some shell material (carbonate) and
organic detritus (Goodell and Gorsline, 1960). A layer of fine silt-clay
material of varying thickness covers the bottom of the deeper portions of
the Bay as well as the shipping channels. The thickness of this silt-
clay layer is greatest in Hillsborough Bay and somewhat less in other
areas.
Large expanses of shallow, flat, sandy bottom often support rich
seagrass communities. The abundant nutrients and detrital material offer
an almost unlimited supply of food which supports a variety of species
often at very high densities (Simon, 1974). There is a lack of hard
substrate communities, the only natural substrate being mangrove roots
and oyster beds. Man-made substrates, such as seawalls, bridge pilings
and rock jetties, also provide habitat for aufwuch communities which may
have a faunal composition quite different from the surrounding sediments
(Mahadevan and Culter, 1977). The organisms described in this manual are
primarily from the natural-soft substrate communities. In terms of
invertebrate types, polychaetes dominate all habitat types, with
crustaceans (amphipods, cumaceans and isopods) the next most abundant,
followed by molluscs, cephalochordates and echinoderms, with other
invertebrate phyla usually present in minor numbers (Corps of Engineers,
1974).
The land surrounding Tampa Bay has been extensively developed. Tampa
is the chief port and industrial center of the Florida West Coast. There
have been many studies addressing the effect of man's perturbations. The
first listing of invertebrates was provided by Hutton et al. (1956).
Numerous other studies have since been conducted. A synopsis of the
knowledge of the Tampa Bay system, with an extensive bibliography, was
compiled by Simon (1974).
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U TAMPA .£%.
1;. 3i&*a^?i&$
Figure 1: Map of the Tampa Bay
System.
Most of the specimens were collected
from the Big Bend area of lower
Hillsborough Bay-
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SECTION 3
METHODS
Collection of Samples
Most of the macroinvertebrate represented in this guide were
collected with a petite PONAR grab, a 10-foot otter trawl or various
types of diver operated corers in the mesohaline region of a Florida west
coast estuary.
Sample Processing and Preservation
When collected, the samples were emptied into five gallon plastic
buckets to which a concentrated solution of magnesium chloride or
magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) was added to give approximately a 5%
solution. The magnesium salts act as a relaxant which reduces
fragmentation of animals upon sieving and preservation. The samples were
gently sieved (0.5mm mesh openings) in the same water from which the
samples were collected. The material retained on the sieve was then
placed in a plastic jar and fixed with a 10% solution of buffered
formalin in seawater to which Rose Bengal stain had been added to
facilitate sorting.
Samples remained in 10% formalin for at last 48 hours to insure
proper fixing. After fixation, samples were gently rinsed with tap
water, floating the lighter animals out of the sediments onto a sieve.
This was then sorted for animals under a dissecting scope. The remaining
heavy fraction was placed in a white enamal pan and sorted for animals.
In cases where large amounts of coarse sediments were encountered, the
heavy fraction was further divided by washing through a. 2.0-mm sieve.
The two resultant fractions ,(<2.0 mm and>2.0 mm), were then sorted in an
enamel pan. This second separation enhances the ease and efficiency of
sorting by separating the sample into fractions consisting of nearly
uniform particle sizes, against which animals are more readily spotted.
Specimens separated from samples were stored in 70% isopropyl
alcohol. For long term storage or museum types, 70% isopropyl alcohol
containing 4% glycerol was used.
Methods for Photographs
The photographs for this guide were taken by one of several methods.
A 35-mm single lens reflex camera with a normal or macro lens was used
for specimens of suitably large size. For smaller specimens, an Olympus
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trinocular dissecting scope equipped with a Nikon Microflex system was
used. Kodak Pan X (ASA 32) or Plus X (ASA 125). was exposed normally
using electronic flash and/or a bare clear glass high intensity light
bulb. The photographic background was either black or white, depending
on the color, transparency and contrast exhibited by the specimen.
Taxonomic Considerations
This guide was not intended to include an exhaustive discussion of
the systematics and taxonomy of the groups which are covered. Such an
endeavor would encompass many volumes and defeat the very purpose of this
manual. Nevertheless, an effort has been made to utilize the most recent
classification schemes for the various groups (Barnes, 1974; Fauchald,
1977; Gosner, 1971; and Moore, 1956).
A more detailed systematic breakdown is provided for those groups
that are most frequently encountered. In these cases, definitions for
families are also given which may be useful in separating groups such as
polychaetes, amphipods, and isopods which may all look alike to readers
without extensive invertebrate experience. In cases where the groups are
less complex, it was felt that including definitions for many systematic
levels would not serve any useful purpose and could possibly be
confusing. During benthic studies individuals are collected in all
stages of growth, and juvenile specimens do not always exhibit all the
characteristics needed to identify a species.
It is desirable and sometimes necessary to have taxonomic experts
verify identifications. Some taxonomist experts request a fee, while
others will examine specimens at no charge, provided large numbers of
specimens are not involved. However, requests for assistance should
always be made in advance of sending specimens.
Identification of invertebrates requires a large, diverse
terminology. In order to avoid confusion, the simplest possible
terminology was used for descriptions. This, in conjunction with the
various illustrations and glossary, should enable the reader to fully
comprehend descriptions in the text.
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SECTION 4
LIST OF TAXA
Phylum Forifera
Class Demospongiae
Order Hadromerida
Family Clionidae
Cliona celata
Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Class Hydrozoa
Order Athecata
Family Clavidae
Unidentified species
Family Eudendriidae
Unidentified species
Order Thecata
Family Campunularidae
Unidentified species
Family Campanulinidae
Unidentified species
Class Anthozoa
Order Actiniaria
Tribe Athenaria
Family Edwardsiidae
Edwardsia species
Tribe Thenana
Family Actinostolidae
Paranthus species
Order Ceriantharia
Cerianthus species
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Order Polycladida
Family Stylochidae
Stylochus species
Family Leptoplanidae
EupIana gracilis
Phylum Rhynchocoela (Nemertea)
Unidentified species
Phylum Nematoda
Unidentified species
Phylum Phoronida
Phoronis
architecta
Phylum Brachiopoda
Class Inarticulata
Order Lingulida
Family Lingulidae
Glottidia pyramidata
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
Order Mesogastropoda
Family Littorinidae
Littorina irrorata
Family Vitrinellidae
Vitrinella helicoidea
Circulus suppressus
Clyclostremiscus
pentagonus
Teinostoma Terema
Family Caecidae
Caecum imbricatum
Caecum johnsoni
Caecum nitTdum
Caecum pulchellum
Family PotamTdidae
Cerithidea scalariformis
Family. Epitoriiidae
Epitonium angulatum
Epitonoim rupjcola
Family MelanelIidae
Melanella species
Strombiformes hemphilli
Family Crepid'ulidae
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula m'aculosa
Crepidula pi ana
Family Naticidae
Polinices duplicatus
Sinum perspectivum
Natica pusilla
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Family Muricidae
Eupleura sulcidentata
Family Columbellidae
Anachis obesa
Anachis semiplicata
Mitrella lunata
Family Buccinidae
Pisania tincta
Family Melongenidae
Melongena corona
johnstonei
Family Nassariidae
Nassarius vibex
Family Olividae
Oliva sayana
Oivella perplexa
Family Marginellidae
Marginalia apicina
Order Pyramidalloida
Family Pyramidellidae
Odostomia impressa
Jurbonilla conradi
Subclass Opisthobranchia
Order Cephalaspidea
Family Acteonidae
Acteon punctostriatus
Family"Acteocinidae
Acteocina canaliculata
Family Haminoeidae
Haminoea succinea
Haminoea antillarum
Order Nudibranchia
Family Dotodae
Unidentified species
Subclass Pulmonata
Order Basommatophora
Family Melampidae
Melampus coffeus
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Prionodesmata
Order Protobranchi a
Family Nudulidae
Nucula crenulata
Subclass Pteriomorphia
Order Arcoida
Family Arcidae
Anadara transversa
Family Glycymerididae
Glycymeris pectinata
Order Mytiloida
Family Mytilidae
Branchidontes exustus
Musculus lateral is
ffmygdalum papyrium
F amily Pinnidae
Atrina rigida
Order Pterioida
Family Ostreidae
Crassostrea virginica
Order Veneroida
Family Lucinidae
Parvilucina multilineata
Lucina nassula
Family Cyrenoididae
Cyrenoida floridana
Family Leptonidae
Mysella planulata
Family Crassatellidae
Crassinella lunulata
Family Cardiidae
Laevicardium mortoni
Dinocardium robustum
vanhyningi
Family Mactrodae
Mactra fragilis
Mulinia~lateralis
Family Solenidae
Ensis minor
Family Tellinidae
Tellina lineata
Tellina versicolpr
Macoma tenta
Family Semelidae
Semele purpurascens
Abra aequalis
Family Solecurtidae
Tagelus divisus
Tagelus plebius
Family Dreissenidae
Mytilopsis leucophaeata
F amily Veneridae
Mercenary a campechiensis
Macrocal TTsta nimbosa
Cyclinella tenuis
^osinia discus
Parastarte triquetra
Order Myoida
Family Myidae
Sphenia antillensis
Family Corbulidae
Corbula contracta
Corbula swiftiana
Family Pholadidae
Cyrtbpleura costata
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Order Eudesmodontida
Family Lyonsiidae
Lyonsia hyalina floridana
Family Periplomatidae
Periploma margaritaceum
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Order Phyllodocida
Family Polynoidae
Harmothoe species
Family Sigalionidae
Stenelais boa
Family Chrysopetalidae
Paleanotus heteroseta
Family Phyllodocidae
Eteone heteropoda
Eulalia species
Eumida sanguinea
Phyllodoce arenae
Phyllodoce fragilis
Family Hesionidae
Gyptis vittata
Parahesione luteola
Family Pilargiidae
Ancistrosyllis jonesi
Sigambra bassi
Sigambra tentaculata
Family Syllidae
Autolytus species
Exogone species
Typosyllis species
Family Nereidae
Laeonereis culveri
Nereis succinea
Neanthes acuminata
Nereis arenaceodonta
Family Nephtyidae
Nephtys magellanica
Aglaophamus verrilli
Family Glyceridae
Glycera americana
Glycera dibranchiata
Family Goniadidae
Glycinde solitaria
Order Spionida
Family Eunicidae
Eunice species
Marphysa sanguinea
Family Onuphidae
Diopatra cuprea
Onuphis eremita oculata
Family Lumbrineridae
Lumbrineris Species
F amily Spionidae
Polydora.ligrn
Polydora socTalis
Paraprionospip pinnata
Prionospio heterobranchia
Spio pettiboneae
Family Chaetopteridae
bpl o
imily
Chaetopterus variopedatus
Spiochaetopt'erus costarum
oculatus^
Order Orbiniida
Family Orbiniidae
Scoloplos foliosus
Scoloplos ru'bra
Order Capitellida
Family Opheliidae
Travisia hobsonae
Order Terebellida
Family Terebellidae
Pista cristata
Class Oligoch
laeta
Order Haplotaxida
Family Tubificidae
Aktedrilus
monospermathecus
Limnodriloi^ies
winckelmemnj;
Limnodriloides species
TubificoTdes c.f.
wasselli
Tubificoides species
Phylum Sipuncula
Family Golfingiidae
Phascolion strombi
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Pycnogonida (Paritopoda)
Family Phoxichilidiidae
Anaplodactylus pygmaeus
Class Merostomata
Subclass Xiphosura
Order Xiphosurida
Family Limuliclae
Lumulus polyphemus
Class Crustacea
Subclass Cephalocarida
Hutchinsoniell a
macracanfFia
Order Remitedia
8
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'-' Lightiella fioridana
Subclass Ostracoda
Order Podocopida
Family Cytherideidae
Haplocytherida
setipunctata
Order Myodocopina
Family Cylindroleberididae
Parasterope poll ex
Family Sarsiellidae
Sarsiella zostericola
Subclass Cirripedia
Order Thoracica
Suborder Balanomorpha
Family Balanidae
Balanus amphitrite
Subclass Malacostraca
Order Nebaliacea
Nebalia species
Order Stomatopoda
Family Squillidae
Squill a empusa
Order Mysidacea
Suborder Mysida
Family Mysidae
Bowmaniella dissimilis
Mys i dopsfs~al myr a
Mysidopsis bigelowi
Order Cumacea
Family Bodotriidae
Cyclaspis varians
Family Leuconidae
Leucon acutirostris
Family Nannastacidae
Cumella garriti
Family Diastylidae
Oxyurostylis smithi
Order Tanaidacea
Unidentified species
Order Isopoda
Suborder Anthuridea
Family Anthuridae
Apanthura magnifica
Cyathura polita
Xenanthtrra brevitelson
Suborder Valvifera
Family Idoteidae
Aegathoa oculata
Edotea montosa
Erichsonella filiformis
isabelensis
Family Sphaeromidae
Cymodoce faxoni
Dynamenella dianae
Sphaeroma quadridentatum
Suborder Asellota
Family Munnidae
Munna species
Order Amphipoda
Suborder Gammaridea
Family Gammaridae
Gammarus mucronatus
Elasmopus levis
Family Melitidae
Melita nitida
Melita species
Family Liljeborgiidae
Listriella c.f. barnardi
Family Bateidae
Batea catharinensis
Fami
y Stenothoidae
Stenothoe c.f. minuta
Parametopella cypris
Family Leucothoidae
Leucothoe species
Family Oedicerotidae
Monoculodes edwardsi
Monoculodes
nyei
'iidae
Family Haustoriidae
Acanthohaustorius
species
Family Argissidae
Argissa species
Family Phoxocephalidae
Paraphoxus c.f. spinosus
Trichophoxus floridanus
Family Atylidae
Nototropus sp.
Family Ampeliscidae
Ampelisca abdita
Ampelisca" holmesii
F amily Lysianass i dae
Lysianopsis alba
Family Aoridae
Grandidierella
bonnieroides
Lembos smithi
Microdeutopus
Rudilemboides
species
naglei
Family Amphithoidae
Cymadusa c.f. compta
Family Amphilochidae
Gitanopsis species
Family Corophiidae
Cerapus species
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Corophium c.f.
acherusicum
Corophium c.f. lacustre
Corophium c.f. louisianum
Ericthonius c.f.
brasiliensis
Family Podoceridae
Podocerus species
Order Decapoda
Suborder Natantia
Family Penaeidae
Trachypeneus constrictus
Family Sergestidae
Lucifer faxoni
Family Palaemonidae
Periclimines ameracanus
Family Alpheidae
Automate species
Alpheus normani
Alpheus species
Leptalpheus forceps
Family Ogyrididae
Ogyrides limicola
Family Hippolytidae
Latreutes parvulus
Family Processidae
Ambidexter symmetricus
Hippolyte zostericola
Suborder Reptantia
Family Callianassidae
Callianassa atlantica
Family Porcellanidae
Petrolisthes galathinus
Euceramus praelongus
Family Paguridae
Unidentified species
Family Albuneidae
Lepidopa websteri
Family Leucosiidae
Persephona punctata
aquilonaris
Family Xanthidae
Menippe mercenaria
Neopanope texana texana
Panopeus herbstii
Family Pinnotheridae
Pinnixa chaetopterana
Pi'nnixa retinens
Pinnixa j>ayana
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea
Order Paxillosida
Family Asteropectinidae
Astropecten articulatus
Order Platyasterid'a
Family Luidiidae
Luidia clathrata
Order Spinulosida
Family Echinasteridae
Echinaster species
Class Echinoidea
Order Arbacioida
Family Arbaciidae
Arbacia punctulata
Order Temnopleurida
Family Toxopneustidae
Lytechinus yariegatus
Order Clypeasteroida
Family Mellitidae
Mellita
quinquiesperforata
Class Ophiuroidea
Order Ophiurida
Family Amphiuridae
Amphioplus abditus
Amphioplus 'thrombodes
Amphipholis squamata
Micropholis
Micro
pholis
atra
'gracillima
Hemi pholis e'I on gat a
Ophiophragmurs filograneus
Ophiophragmus wurdemanf
Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
Family Harrimam'idae
Stereobalanus canadensis
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Class Ascidiacea
Order Pleurogona
Family Molgulidae
Bostrichobranchus
pilularTs"
Molgula occidentalis
10
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SECTION 5
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Definition: Molluscs are highly modified coelomates with a soft body
consisting of three principal parts; the mantle, a fold of
the body wall which secretes a calcareous shell in most
species and encloses; the visceral mass which contains the
digestive, and other organ systems; and the foot, a muscular
organ of locomotion. A pharynx is present and in some
classes is provided with a toothed band, the radula.
This phylum is one of the largest groups, second only to the Arthropoda in
number of species. They are highly variable in form and occupy a
multitude of habitats. They can be predators, scavengers, herbivores,
detrital feeders, filter feeders and parasites. Certain species
(especially bivalves) often occur in very high densities, while other
.species may be relatively rare. For the shelled molluscs, taxonomic
characteristics are primarily based on shell morphology, and. scars on the
inside of the shells left by the soft tissue. It is possible, therefore,
to identify fossil shells or shells of animals which have died out in a
given locality. Difficulties in identification may be compounded by
varying degrees of intraspecific morphological variation.
There has been a great deal of information amassed by other authors
concerning the Mollusca. Of the seven generally recognized classes of
molluscs, only two, the Gastropoda and the Bivalvia are treated here.
CLASS GASTROPODA - Snails and Slugs (Figures 4-41)
SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA
Definition: Asymmetrical molluscs with well developed head bearing eyes
and tentacles; radula present; ventral part of the foot
flattened to a creeping sole; generally with a univalved,
spiral shell (may be lacking); monoecious or dioecious;
development variable.
Primarily predators, herbivores or scavengers, gastropods are usually not
numerically dominant benthic inhabitants. Figure 2 illustrates some basic
gastropod shell configurations, while Figure 3, a composite, exhibits
important shell features used for identification.
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Fig. 2. Basic gastropod shell configurations.
Fig. 3. Composite gastropod shell illustrating characteristics
used for species identification.
12
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PLATE 1 (Figures 2-3)
Tubular
Spiral/piano-spiral
Cylindrical
Ovate
Fusiform
Conic
Turriculate
Planorboid/discoid
Turbinate Globular/globose conic
SPIRAL, THREADS
AXIAL COKTAE
COLUMELLA
AXIAL RIB
SPIRAL COSTAE
SUTURE
NODULE
SHOULDER
BODY WHORL
SHELL BASE
NUCULAR WHORL (APPEX)
RETICULATED
BEADED
SPIRAL GROOVE
AXIAL COSTAE
SPINE
ANAL or POSTERIOR CANAL
PARIETAL WALL INNER LIP
OUTER LIP
APERTURE
COLUHELLA PLICAE/FOLDS
SIPHONAL or ANTERIOR CANAL
AXIS
13
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CLASS GASTROPODA
SUBCLASS PROSO'BRANCHIA
ORDER MESOGASTROPODA
FAMILY LITTORINIDAE - Gray, 1840
Fig. 4. Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822). Marsh Periwinkle,, New York to
Florida to Texas. To 25 mm in length, globose/conic, with numerous
regularly formed spiral grooves. Outer lip sharp with pigmented
grooves on the inside. Color, yellow white with grey brown streaks.
Inner lip and columella reddish brown.
FAMILY VIRTRINELLIDAE - Bush, 1897
Fig. 5. Vitrinella helicoidea - C.B. Adams, 1950. Helix Vitrinella.
Southeastern United States.,. West Indies, Texas, Bermuda. To 2 mm
diameter, planorboid, 2 1f2 whorls. Translucent-white, glassy.
Umbilicus round, deep, may be bounded by a small, spiral sculpture.
Aperture circular,, oblique.
Fig. 6. Circulus (Cyclostremiscus) suppressus (Dall, 1889). Suppressed
Vitrinella. South Florida to Texas. To 2.0 mm diameter, planorboid, 3
sharp keels. Umbilicus small, bordered by a fine ridge which joins the
base of the aperture, which is subcircular and oblique.
Fig. 7. Cyclostremoscus pentagonus (Gabb,, 1873). Trilix Vitrinella.
North Carolina to Florida, Texas, West Indies. To 3 mm diameter,
planorboid, 3 keels. Umbilicus deep, funnel shaped. Aperture
circular, oblique. Yellow-white color with visible growth lines.
Fig. 8. Teinostoma lerema (Pilsbry & McGinty, 1945). Virgin Islands,
Florida Keys, West Florida, Texas. 1.4 mm diameter, planorboid, white,
glassy. 1 postnuclear whorl, umbilicus completely closed by a thick
callus.
FAMILY CAECIDAE - Gray, 1850
Fig. 9. Caecum imbricatum (Carpenter, 1858). Imbricate Caecum.
Florida to Texas, Bahamas and West Indies. To 4 mm length, opaque
white, may have irregular brown mottlings. Axial rings flattened with
terminal rings slightly larger. Moderate longitudinal ridges. Mucro
prominent, triangular in shape.
14
-------
PLATE 2 (Figures 4-9)
15
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Fig. 10. Caecum johnspni (Winkley, 1908). Johnsons Caecum.
Massachusetts to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. 2-3 mm length,
slender, smooth and cylindrical. Nearly transparent, septum strongly
convex which may have a rough surface. Fine axial rings sometimes
visible.
Fig. 11. Caecum nitidum (Stimpson, 1851). Little Horn Caecum. South
Florida and the Gulf Coast to the West Indies and Brazil. To 3 mm in
length, white irregular brown specks or mottlings, bulbous at center or
slightly anterior of center. Septum with a small projection on the
highest side.
Fig. 12. Caecum pulchellum (Stimpson, 1851). Beautiful Little Caecum.
New Hampshire to Brazil. To 3 mm in length, tan to white color. 20-30
axial rings, as wide as spaces between. Septum is slightly convex, the
mucro small and only slightly projecting.
FAMILY POTAMIDIDAE
Fig. 13. Cerithidea scalariformis (Say, 1825). Ladder Horn Shell.
South Carolina to Florida and the West Indies. To 32 mm in length.
Turriculate, with 10-30 convex whorls. Brown with white spiral bands.
Numerous axial ribs which stop abruptly above the suture which contains
a rounded spiral ridge. Base of shell with 6-8 spiral ridges.
FAMILY EPITONIIDAE - S. S. Berry, 1910
Fig. 14. Epitonium angulatum (Say, 1830). Angulate Wentletrap. New
York to Florida and to Texas, Bermuda. To 25 mm in length, strong,
without an umbilicus. 8 whorls with 9-10 strong thin costae slightly
bent backwards and angled at the shoulder. Costae are in line from
whorl to whorl and fused at the suture. Outer lip is thickened, color
is glossy white.
Fig. 15. Epitonium rupicola (Kurtz, 1860). Brown-banded Wentletrap.
Massachusetts to Florida to Texas. Specimen 8.2 mm long, relatively
slender, without an umbilicus. White to cream color with a brown band
on each side of suture. 9-11 globose whorls, each with 12-18 costae of
variable strength.
FAMILY MELANELLIDAE - Bartsch, 1917
Fig. 16. Melanella sp. Length 3.5 mm, fusiform with 9 whorls, bending
slightly near apex. White, glossy smooth. No sculpture present,
sutures indistinct.
16
-------
PLATE 3 (Figures 10-16)
15
17
-------
Fig. 17. Strombiformis hemphilli (Dall, 1844). Hempills Melanella.
West Coast of Florida; Brazil.Length 3.4 mm, conic, slender, brown
color, glassy smooth. 8 flat sided whorls, suture distinct, with a
brown band below. Columella slightly concave.
FAMILY CREPIDULIDAE - Fleming, 1822
Fig. 18. Crepidula fornicata (Linne, 1758). Common Atlantic
Slipper-shell. Canada to Florida and Texas; introduced to West Coast
and Europe. 5-50 mm long. Color grey-white, sometimes having brown
blotches or lines. Shape variable, moderately flat to highly arched.
Shell deck encloses posterior half of inside of shell. Deck slightly
concave, usually white, and notched in 2 places. Specimens usually
found stacked atop one another.
Fig. 19. Crepidula maculosa - Conrad, 1846. Spotted Slipper-shell.
East and West Coast of Florida and Bahamas. Specimen 5 mm in length,
similar to iC. fornicata. Usually spotted or streaked with brown. Deck
is flat with edge being straight or slightly concave. Shape moderately
flat to highly arched.
Fig. 20. Crepidula pi ana - Say, 1822. Eastern White Slipper-shell.
Canada to Texas, Brazil and Bermuda. 2-30 mm in length, white, very
flat. Usually attached to shell material. Deck covering slightly less
than half of shell, slightly convex edge with a notch on one edge.
Tiny specimens may be translucent.
FAMILY NATICIDAE - Gray, 1840
Fig. 21. Polinices duplicatus (Say, 1822). Shark Eye. Massachusetts
to Florida and the Gulf Coast. 10-40 mm diameter, globose, somewhat
flattened. Grey to tan, base white; Glossy-smooth. Umbilicus deep,
nearly covered by a large brown callus. Large aperture with a brown
operculum. A. Apical view. B. Adapical view. C. Lateral view.
Fig. 22. Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831). Common Baby's Ear. Maryland
to Florida, Gulf Coast and the West Indies; Bermuda and Brazil. Up to
50 mm in diameter. Very flat, large aperture, white color,, Numerous
fine spiral lines on top of whorls. Animal fully covers shell when
alive. Preserved specimens often coated with a copious amount of mucus.
18
-------
PLATE 4 (Figures 17-22)
19
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Fig. 23. Natica pus ill a - Say, 1822. Southern Miniature Natica. Maine
to Florida, Gulf Coast to Brazil. To 8 mm in length. Ovate, glossy-
smooth, white to grey, may have light brown markings. Umbilicus sealed
with a flat callus. Calcareous operculum.
FAMILY MURICIDAE - de Costa, 1776
Fig. 24. Eupleura sulcidentata - Dall, 1890. Sharp-ribbed Drill. West
Coast of Florida, Bimini.Specimen 12.5 mm, off-white to grey. Apex
pointed, moderately long^nearly closed siphonal canal. Varices thin
and sharp, spiral sculpture nearly absent. Axial ribs often sharp and
a small spine may be present at top. Outer lip thick, rough, with
about 5 smooth teeth on the inside.
FAMILY COLUMBELLIDAE - Swainson, 1840
Fig. 25. Anachis obesa (C.B. Adams, 1845). Fat Dove-shell, Virginia
to Florida to Texas and to Uruguay. Bermuda. To 6 mm in length,
stout, ovate conical, light to dark brown, may have spiral brown
bands. Numerous axial ribs, and spiral cords result in a reticulated
pattern. Aperture elongate. 3-5 small teeth on inside of outer lip.
Fig. 26. Anachis semiplicata - Stearns, 1873. Semiplicate Dove-shell.
West Florida to Yucatan, Mexico. To 13 mm in length, slender, fusiform
(width to length ratio = 0.37). Spire acute, flat sided. Body whorl
with about 12 axial ribs, spire sculpture reduced. Aperture narrow.
Grey with fine brown reticulations, outer lip white.
Fig. 27. Mitrella lunata - (Say, 1826). Lunar Dove-shell.
Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, Brazil, West Indies. Length 3.0 mm,
smooth glossy-white to grey, with brown axial zigzag stripes. Aperture
long, compressed with several small teeth on inside of outer lip.
Spiral striations on base of shell.
FAMILY BUCCINIDAE - Rafinesque, 1815
Fig. 28. Pisania tincta (Conrad, 1846). Tinted Cantharus. North
Carolina to Florida, Texas, the West Indies. Bermuda. Brazil. To 32
mm in length, conic heavy. Posterior siphonal canal present, small
teeth along inside of outer lip. Spiral costae and axial ribs present
and forming weak beads at crossings. Color variable, usually mixed.
FAMILY MELON6ENIDAE - Gill, 1867
Fig. 29. Melongena corona johnstonei - Clench and Turner, 1956. Common
Crown Conch. Central West Florida to Alabama. To 190 mm in length,
variable shape, color and number of spines. Cream, with wide spiral
bands of various brown shades. Shoulder flattened with erect
semitubular spines.
20
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PLATE 5 (Figures 23-29)
23
24
25
26
28 29
'27
21
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FAMILY NASSARIIDAE - Iredale, 1916
Fig. 30. Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822). Common Eastern Nassa. Cape Cod
to Florida to Texas and the West Indies to Brazil. 10 mm long, heavy,
well developed parietal shield. Grey brown to white with some dark
brown blotches. Last whorl with about a dozen coarsely beaded axial
ribs.
FAMILY OLIVIDAE - Latreille, 1825
Fig. 31. Oliva sayana - Ravenel, 1834. Lettered Olive. North Carolina
to Florida and the Gulf states. To 60 mm in length, elongate with 5 to
6 whorls. Cream color with extensive brown markings, glassy finish.
Aperture long, narrow with thin outer lip. Columella is plicated.
Fig. 32. 01 i veil a perplexa - Olsson, 1956. Tiny Dwarf Olive,, South
Florida. Specimen 3 mm in length, glossy white with an elevated
spire. Shell heavy, parietal callus thick. Suture deeply channeled.
FAMILY MARGINELLIDAE - Fleming, 1828
Fig. 33. Marginella apicina - Menke, 1828. Common Atlantic
Marginella. North Carolina to Florida, the Gulf states and the West
Indies. 8 mm in length, glossy with a dark nuclear whorl. Aperture
elongate, narrow, with a white thickened outer lip. Color is cream to
brown with faint bands of darker color. Usually several brown spots on
outer lip.
ORDER PYRAMIDELLOIDA
FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDAE - Gray, 1840
Fig. 34. Odostomia impressa (Say, 1821). Impressed Odostome.
Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico. To 6 mm in length, elongate
conic, white. Six-seven nearly flat sided whorls each with 4 smooth
spiral cords, with microscopic axial threads between. Nuclear whorl
small and oblique to successive whorl. Aperture elongate, oval.
Columella with an oblique fold.
Fig. 35. Turbonilla conradi - Bush, 1899. Conrad's Turbonile. West
Coast of Florida. To 10 mm in length, slender, gray. Nuclear whorls
at right angle to successive whorls. 11-12 postnuclear whorls with
18-24 rounded axial ribs. Intercostal spaces shallow, wider than ribs
and crosssd by incised lines.
22
-------
PLATE 6 (Figures 30-35)
10mm
30
31
32
33
34
35
23
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SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA ;
ORDER CEPHALASPIDEA
FAMILY ACTEONIDAE - Orbigny, 1842
Fig. 36. Aceteon punctostriatus (C.B. Adams, 1840). Adam's Baby-
bubble Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina. West Indies,
Bermuda. To 6 mm in length, moderately globose, fragile. White
color, spire moderately elevated. Aperture elongate about 1/2 length
of shell, outer lip thin. Fine spiral striations over base of shell.
A. adult, B. juvenile.
FAMILY ACTEOCINIDAE - Pilsbry, 1921
Fig. 37. Acteocina (Retusa) canaliculata (Say, 1822). Channeled
Barrel-bubble. Nova Scotia to Florida, Texas and the West Indies.
Length 3-6 mm, cylindrical, with moderately raised spire (may vary).
White, glossy smooth with microscopic growth lines. Aperture
elongate, outer lip thin, suture slightly channeled.
FAMILY HAMINOEIDAE - Pilsbry, 1895
Fig. 38. Haminoea succinea (Conrad, 1846). West Florida to Texas;
Bermuda. To 12 mm in length. Oval shell, thin, fragile with spire
concealed. Translucent white with small spiral grooves, sides of
whorl nearly flat.
Fig. 39. Haminoea antillarum (Orbigny, 1941). Gulf of Mexico to
Brazil; Bermuda. To 13 mm in length. Globose, fragile, spire
concealed. Spiral striae fine, translucent greenish yellow,.
ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA
FAMILY DOTOIDAE
Fig. 40. Unidentified sp. probably a juvenile of the family DOTOIDAE.
1.4 mm in length, rhinophores smooth, 6-7 smooth, simple cerata.
Small black pigmentation spots covering body,
SUBCLASS PULMONATA ;
ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA
FAMILY MELAMPIDAE - Stimpson, 1851 !
Fig. 41. Melampus coffeus (Linne, 1750). Coffee Melampus. South half
of Florida, West Indies, Brazil, Bermuda. To 20 mm in length. Conic,
dark brown with lighter brown spiral lines. Outer lip thin, columella
with 2 folds near bottom of aperture.
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PLATE 7 (Figures 36-41)
36
38
40
37
39
25
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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
26
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CLASS BIVALVIA (Figures 42-79)
Definition: The bivalves lack a differentiated head and radula. The
shell has two valves which are oriented laterally to the soft
body and hinged dorsally. The valves are closed by 1-3
muscles attached to the inside of the valves.
Bivalves are normally found buried in (burrowing) or attached to the
substrate, although some species may actively Crawl about in a manner
similar to the gastropods. At times certain species are very abundant
numbering in the thousands per square meter. Size, shell shape and
sculpture, hinge structure and muscle scars are important for
identification, Figure 42.
LEFT VALVE
LIGAMENT
TAXODONT TEETH
HEIGHT
PALLIAL SINUS
PALLIAL LINE
UMBO/BEAK
CARDINAL TEETH
•MUSCLE SCAR
(ANTERIOR ADDUCTOR)
LATERAL TEETH
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
RIGHT VALVE
ESCUTCHEON
CONCENTRIC LINES
RADIAL RIBS
CONCENTRIC RIBS
RADIAL LIKES
VENTRAL
Figure 42. Diagrammatic composite of a bivalve
she!1.
27
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SUBCLASS PRIONODESMATA
ORDER PROTOBRANCHIA
FAMILY NUCULIDAE - Gray, 1824
Fig. 43. Macula crenulata - A. Adams, 1856. Atlantic Crenulate Nut
Clam. South Carolina to Florida; Texas and Brazil. To 64 mm in
length, yellow-white, ovate. Ventral margin finely crenulate,
numerous fine concentric lines. Hinge strong with many small teeth.
SUBCLASS PTERIOMORPHIA
ORDER ARCOIDA
FAMILY ARCIDAE - Lamarck, 1809
Fig. 44. Anadara transversa (Say, 1822). Transverse Ark. South of
Cape Cod to Florida and Texas to Mexico. To 38 mm in length. Left
valve overlaps right valve. Long narrow ligament; hinge with numerous
small teeth oriented perpendicular to hinge line. 30-35 radial ribs
on each valve with the ribs of the left valve usually beaded. A.
Outside of shell. B. Shell hinge.
FAMILY GLYCMERIDIDAE - Newton, 1922
Fig- 45. Glycymeris pectinata (Gmelin, 1791). Comb Bittersweet.
North Carolina to Florida to Texas and Brazil. To 23 mm in length.
Grey, with 20 to 40 radial ribs without radial striae (lines). Strong
hinge with numerous nearly equal sized teeth. A. Outside of valve.
B. Inside showing hinge structure.
ORDER MYTILOIDA
FAMILY MYTILIDAE - Rafinesque, 1815
Fig- 46. Branchidontes exustus (Linne. 1758). Scorched Mussel. North
Carolina to Texas; the West Indies and Brazil to Uruguay. To 38 mm in
length. Light to dark brown, may have darker lines. Elongate, fan
shaped, with numerous radial ribs which form fine denticle;; along
shell margin. Interior metalic purple and white. Hinge with 1-4
small teeth anteriorly and 5-6 very small teeth posteriorly.
Fig. 47. Musculus lateral is (Say, 1822). Lateral Musculus,. North
Carolina to Florida to Texas; West Indies and Brazil. To 10 mm in
length. Oblong, light brown often with blue green tinge, interior
slightly iridescent. Fragile, with concentric lines and radial ribs
with a portion lacking the radial ribs. No hinge teeth.
28
-------
PLATE 8 (Figures 43-47)
44
29
-------
Fig. 48. Amygdalum papyrium (Conrad, 1846). Paper Mussel. Maryland
to Florida and Texas. To 38 mm in length. Elongate, fan shaped,
smooth. Fragile with fine concentric growth lines. Grey or light
brown and may have irregular brown lines. Interior, iridescent
white. Thin weak ligament, no hinge teeth.
FAMILY PINNIDAE - Leach, 1819
Fig. 49. Atrina rigida (Lightfoot, 1786). Stiff Pen Shell;, North
Carolina to the South half of Florida and the Caribbean. To 280 mm in
length, with 15 to 25 radial rows of sharp tubular spines. Light to
dark brown. Similar to _A. seminuda, differing only in that the
posterior muscle scar is larger than seminuda and borders or protrudes
above the nacreous section of the interior.
ORDER PTERIOIDA
FAMILY OSTREIDAE - Rafinesque, 1815
Fig. 50. Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Eastern Oyster. Gulf
of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies, To 150 mm
in length. Highly variable in shape and size, from oval to irregular
elongate. Dull grey exterior, white inside with purple muscle scar.
Surface rough, scale-like.
ORDER VENEROIDA
FAMILY LUCINIDAE - Vyalov, 1936
Fig. 51. Parvilucina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes, 1957).
Many-lined Lucina. North Carolina to Florida to Texas, Brazil. To 10
mm in length. White, circular, thick shell. Fine concentric lines,
strongest at umbo, and thin radial lines also strongest at umbo.
Small cardinal and lateral teeth; margins of valves with fine
denticulations. A. External view. B. Inside of shell. Note hinge,
muscle scars and pallial line.
Fig. 52. Lucina nassula (Conrad, 1846). Woven Lucina. North Carolina
to Florida, Texas and the Bahamas. To 13 mm in length, circular,
strong, chalk white. Strong closely spaced concentric and radial ribs
which form a rough surface, and a small raised scale at the
intersection of the ribs. 2 cardinals and 2 lateral teeth.
FAMILY CYRENOIDIDAE - H. and A. Adams, 1857
Fig. 53. Cyrenoida florldana (Dall, 1896). Florida Marsh Clam.
Georgia to Florida. To 19 mm in length. Nearly round, thin, delicate
shell, white or translucent. Surface smooth or with fine concentric
growth lines. Hinge with 2 cardinal teeth. A. Valves, external
view. B. Hinge structure.
30
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PLATE 9 (Figures 48-53)
31
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FAMILY LEPTONIDAE - Gray, 1847
Fig. 54. Mysella planulata (Stimpson, 1857). Altantic Flat Lepton.
Nova Scotia to Texas and the West Indies. To 3 mm in length.
Flattened, oblong oval, fragile. Anterior end longer. Smooth witn
only fine concentric growth lines. Dorsal margin depressed both
anteriorly and posteriorly of small pointed umbo. Translucent to
white. A small central resilifer in the right valve bordered by 2
small teeth, one on each side. Note: This species often occurred in
very high densities in muddy sediments. A. External view,, B. Hinge.
FAMILY CRASSATELLIDAE - Ferussac, 1822.
Fig. 55. Crassinella lunulata (Conrad, 1834). Lunate Crassinella.
Massachusetts to Florida to Texas to Brazil, West Indies. To 8 mm in
length. Subtriangular, compressed, white, .may have light brown radial
rays. Beaks at middle or slightly anterior. Two cardinal teeth in
each valve. One anterior lateral in right valve and one posterior
lateral in the left valve. Well developed concentric ribs, worn to
varying degrees. A. External view. B. Internal view.
FAMILY CARDIIDAE - Oken, 1818
Fig. 56. Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830). Morton's Egg Cockle.
Cape Cod to Florida to Texas, West Indies. To 25 mm in length.
Ovate, glossy, inflated, strong. Cream color with brown, concentric
zigzag markings. Cardinal and lateral teeth present.
Fig. 57. Dinocardium robustum vanhynjngi - Clench and L.C, Smith,
1944. Vanhyning's Cockle. Tampa Bay to Cape Sable, Florida. To 127
mm height. 32-36, smooth rounded radial ribs. Yellow with patches
and bands of red to purplish brown. With cardinal and lateral teeth.
FAMILY MACTRIDAE - Lamarck, 1809
Fig. 58. Mactra frag ill's - Gmelin, 1791. Fragile Atlantic: Mactra.
North Carolina to Florida, Texas and the West Indies. To 63 mm in
length. Oval,'moderately thin, smooth, white, with fine concentric
growth lines. Umbones rounded, nearly central. Two ligaments, one
exterior, one interior, and a bifid cardinal tooth. Prominent
escutcheon with one ridge along dorsal margin. Fairly large posterior
gape. A. External view. B. Live specimen. C. Hinge structure.
Fig. 59. Mulinia lateral is (Say, 1822). Dwarf Surf Clam. Maine to
Florida to Texas and Mexico. To 12 mm in length. Subtriangular,
moderately obese, prominent beaks nearly central. White to creme
color, smooth with concentric growth lines. Esscutcheon delineated by
a posterior radial ridge. Hinge with bifid cardinals and lateral
teeth.
32
-------
PLATE 10 (Figures 54-59)
58
33
-------
FAMILY SOLENIDAE - Lamarck, 1809
Fig. 60. Ensls minor - Dall, 1900. Minor Jacknife Clam. New Jersey
to Florida to Texas. To 76 mm in length. Long, narrow, fragile.
White, with purplish stains anteriorly, may also be visible on
exterior. Hinge with 2 vertical cardinal teeth and each valve with a
long low posterior tooth.
FAMILY TELLINIDAE - Blainville, 1814
Fig. 61. Tellina lineata - Turton, 1819. Rose Petal Tellin. Both
sides of Florida to Texas and to Brazil. To 38 mm in length.
Elongate; valves twist to the right, left valve slightly inflated.
White, smooth glossy, with concentric growth lines. Cardinal and
lateral teeth present and a weak interior rib radiating from umbones
to just past the anterior muscle scar. A. Exterior. B. Hinge.
Fig. 62. Tellina versicolor - DeKay, 1843. Dekay's Dwarf Tellin.
Rhode Island to Key West; to Texas and the West Indies. To 17 mm in
length. Moderately elongate, compressed, fragile. Translucent,
glossy white, may have white, red or pink rays. Anterior dorsal
margin elongate, slightly inclined. Posterior dorsal margin short,
steeply inclined. Umbones slightly posterior of center. Right valve
with cardinal teeth and lateral teeth left valve with cardinal teeth
only. A. Exterior, B. Hinge.
34
-------
PLATE 11 (Figures 60-62)
60
61
62
35
-------
Fig. 63. Macoma tenta (Say, 1834). Tenta Macoma. Cape Cod t6 Florida
to Brazil, the West Indies. To 19 mm in length. White, elongate,
fragile, may have slight iridescence on exterior. Narrower,
posterior, end flexed to the left. Two cardinal teeth in left valve,
one in right, no lateral teeth. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C.
Live specimen.
FAMILY SEMELIDAE - Stoliczka, 1870
Fig. 64. Semele purpurascens (Gmelin, 1791). Purplish Semele. North
Carolina to Florida to Texas; West Indies and Brazil. To 38 mm in
length. Oblong, thin smooth shell, with fine concentric growth
lines. Color grey to cream, may have purplish or orange mottlings.
Resilium in a horizontal depression parallel with hinge line. Two
cardinal teeth in each valve. Two lateral teeth in right valve, but
reduced in left valve. External ligament.
Fig. 65. Abra aequalis (Say, 1822). Common Atlantic Abra. North
Carolina to Texas and the West Indies. Brazil. To 12 mm in length.
Orbicular, white, smooth, glossy, inflated. Anterior margin of right
valve grooved. Right valve with two cardinal teeth, one anterior
lateral. Left valve without laterals. Elongate chondrophore
supporting resilium. A. Exterior. B. Hinge.
36
-------
PLATE 12 (Figures 63-65)
63
64
65
37
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FAMILY SOLECURTIDAE'- Orbigny, 1846
Fig. 66. Tagelus divisus (Spengler, 1794). Purplish Tagelus. Cape
Cod to Florida, Gulf States to Brazil. Bermuda. To 38 mm in length.
Elongate, flattened cylindrical, smooth, fragile. Gaping at both
ends, beaks near the middle. No lateral teeth, 2 small cardinal teeth
in the right valve, 1 in the left valve. A weak internal radial rib
sometimes visible. Whitish purple, with purple radial rays.
Fig. 67. Tagelus plebius (Lightfoot, 1786). Stout Tagelus, Cape Cod
to Florida and the Gulf states; the West Indies and Brazil. To 89 mm
in length. Elongate, smooth, adults rather rectangular. Umbones
small, posterior of center. Hinge with 2 small cardinal teeth with a
bulbous callus behind them. Sculptures with faint concentric growth
lines. Brown to greenish brown color.
FAMILY DREISSENIDAE - Gray, 1840
Fig. 68. Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831). Conrad's False
Mussel. New York to Florida to Texas and Mexico. To 19 mm in
length. Mussel-like shape, rough exterior. Narrow, pointed beak,
with a septum internally to which the anterior adductor is attached.
A long thin bar under the ligament.
FAMILY VENERIDAE - Rafinesque, 1815
Fig. 69. Mercenaria compechiensis (Gmelin, 1791). Southern Quahog.
Southern New Jersey to Florida to Texas and Cuba. To 152 mm in
length. Ovate trigonal, heavy, grey to white color. Teeth strong, 3
cardinals in each valve. Sculpture of strong concentric growth lines.
Fig. 70. Macrocallista nimbosa (Lightfoot, 1786). Sunray Venus.
North Carolina to Florida to Texas. To 127 mm in length. Elongate,
oval, compressed, glossy smooth with a thin brown periostracum, with
brownish radial rays. Three cardinal teeth with long external
ligament.
Fig. 71. Cyclinella tenuis (Recluz, 1852). Atlantic Cyclinella.
Virginia to Texas; West Indies and Brazil. To 50 mm in length.
Circular, compressed, dull white with fine concentric growth lines.
Three cardinal teeth but no" laterals. Similar to Dosinia. A. Outside
view. B. Hinge area.
Fig. 72. Dosinia discus (Reeve, 1850). Disk Dosinia. Virginia to
Florida, Gulf states, Mexico and Bahamas. To 76 mm in length.
Circular, compressed, with numerous fine concentric ridges;. White,
three cardinal teeth in each valve.
38
-------
PLATE 13 (Figures 66-72)
69
67
68
70
72
71
39
-------
Fig. 73. Parastarte triquetra (Conrad, 1846). Brown Gem Clam. Both
sides of Florida. To 3 mm in length. Higher than long, large
elevated umbones. Tan to brown, smooth glossy. Right valve with 2
strong cardinals, left with 1 cardinal 2 small laterals. Small pits
along interior ventral margins. A. Lateral view. B. Inside, shell
hinge.
ORDER MYOIDA
FAMILY MYIDAE - Lamarck, 1809
Fig. 74. Sphenia antillensis - Dall and Simpton, 1901. Antellean
Sphenia. West Florida, Texas, Puerto Rico, Brazil. To 6 mm in
length. Thin, fragile, irregular shape, right valve slightly larger
than left. Dull white with concentric growth lines.
FAMILY CORBULIDAE - Lamarck, 1818
Fig. 75. Corbula contracta - Say, 1822. Contracted Corbula. Cape Cod
to Florida, Texas, West Indies and Brazil. To 9 mm in length.
Trigonal, grey to white, valves inequal with posterior ventral margin
of right valve overlapping left valve. Thick shell with irregular
concentric growth ridges. Prominent posterior radial ridge. A
prominent cardinal tooth in the right valve which fits into a V-shaped
notch in the left valve. Probably synonymous with C_. caribaea.
Fig. 76. Corbula swiftiana - C.B. Adams, 1852. Swiftjs Corbula.
Massachusetts to Florida, Texas and the West Indies. To 9 mm in
length. Trigonal, white right valve much larger, more obese and
overlapping the left valve along ventral posterior margin. Posterior
slope with 2 radial ridges on the right valve, one on the left valve.
Concentric growth ridges on both valves. Prominent cardinal tooth in
right valve, fitting into V-shaped notch in left valve. Similar to £.
contracta, however, valves are more in-equal than contracta and the
posterior muscle of swiftiana is attached on a raised platform. A.
Exterior. B. Interior.
FAMILY PHOLADIDAE - Lamarck, 1809
Fig. 77. Cyrtopleura costata (Linne, 1758). Angel Wing.
Massachusetts to Florida, to Texas to Brazil. To 180 mm in length.
Elongate oval, white, fragile. About 30 radial ribs and concentric
ridges, white form beads of scales at their intersections. Protoplax
triangular (chitinous). Mesoplax butterfly shaped (calcareous). Long
united siphons which cannot be-withdrawn into shell by adults. Shell
gaping along margins. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral view.
40
-------
PLATE 14 (Figures 73-77)
73
74
75
41
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ORDER EUDESMONDONTIDA
FAMILY LYONSIIDAE - Fisher, 1887
Fig. 78. Lyonsia hyalina floridana - Conrad, 1849. Florida Lyonsia.
West coast of Florida to Texas. To 16 mm in length. Elongate,
fragile, valves inequal. White, translucent, sculpted with fine
growth lines and raised radial lines. No teeth in hinge. Commonly
sheathed with sand grains.
FAMILY PERIPLOMATIDAE - Dall, 1895
Fig. 79. Periploma margaritaceum (Lamarck, 1801). Unequal Spoon
Clam. South Carolina to Florida to Texas. To 25 mm in length.
Oblong, fragile, left valve more inflated and overlapping the right
valve. White, with fine concentric growth lines. Umbones close
together, each with a short radial groove in the surface. Hinge with
a large spoon shaped tooth.
42
-------
PLATE 15 (Figures 78-79)
78
79
43
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SECTION 6
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Definition: The annelids are segmented coelomate worms. The body
consists of a longitudinal series of metameres or segments.
Segmentation is usually complete; it may be secondarily
modified; the muscles, coelom and peritoneum being arranged
in segments. The nervous, circulatory, excretory, and
reproductive systems are all metameric in structure. The
mouth is usually located between the anterior most
presegment, the prostomium; and the first counted segment,
the peristomium, it may appear to be several segments
posterior to this. New segments usually are formed just
before the terminal segment or pygidium, which also contains
the anus.
The Annelida are composed of three classes: the Polychaeta, Oligochaeta,
and the Hirudinea. The polychaetes are the most numerous of the three
classes followed by the oligochaetes. The oligochaetes and the Hirudinea
or leeches are primarily terrestrial and freshwater. There were no
benthic leeches recovered from the study area and relatively few species
of oligochaetes.
CLASS POLYCHAETA (Figures 82-119) :
Definition: Multi-segmented, primarily marine or estuarine annelids with
parapodia bearing numerous setae; usually bearing anterior
appendages, such as antennae, palps or tentacular cirri; they
are dioecious with simple exit ducts from the gonads.
The polychaetes are a very diverse group for which a single definition
cannot be all-inclusive. For any particular polychaete, all of the
definition characteristics need not be present. However, the definition
is sufficient for most of the major polychaete groups. A major problem in
the classification of the polychaetes has been the arrangement of the
families into orders. Traditionally, they have been separated into two
large somewhat artificial orders, the Errantia and the Sedentaria. The
errant polychaetes are generally rapacious, and free-living. They usually
have a large number of equal segments, with the anterior appendages
modified into palps, antennae and tentacular cirri.- All polychaetes with
jaws are included in this order. The Sedentaria generally have a limited
number of body segments separated into distinct regions. They are tube
dwellers or burrowers being deposit or filter feeders. They have short
parapodia, and anterior appendages may be absent or present with few too
many similar structures.
44
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These orders, although not completely satisfactory, separate the
polychaetes into two nearly equal groupings in terms or number of families
and number of species. Recently, new schemes have been proposed in
attempts to subdivide the families in a more phylogenetic manner. Few of
these schemes have gained widespread acceptance, largely because they do
not solve the classificatory problems more suitably than the old scheme.
Fauchald (1977) proposed a scheme based on phylogenetic ideas; defining
orders using major anatomical and morphological features, and this is
becoming widely accepted. Since the polychaetes are poorly represented in
the fossil record, phylogenethic relationships can only be inferred by
comparisons of living species and their developmental similarities.
The purpose of this manual is not to debate or propose classification
schemes. Therefore, definitions and organizations above the family level
are not considered other than the traditional separation of Errantia and
Sedentaria.
Polychaetes are extremely abundant, being found in virtually every marine
habitat type. They are usually the numerically dominant macrofaunal
organism of estuarine soft-bottom communities. Size varies greatly from a
few millimeters to many centimeters. Many anatomical and morphological
features are important for identification of polycheates. Figure 80 shows
a stylized composite polychaete, showing many of the features important
for identification. The number, type and arrangement of setae are also
taxonomically important. Figure 81 exhibits a few of the many types of
setae.
Polychaetes are the major faunal component of the Tampa Bay system.
Samples collected during the course of the study were nearly always
dominated by polychaetes, both in numbers of species and overall
densities. The polychaetes depicted here represent some of the most
common and abundant species from the study area.
ORDER PHYLLODOCIDA
FAMILY POLYNOIDAE - Malmgren, 1867 (Figure 82)
Definition: Dorsoventrally flattened bodies; 1-3 pairs of antennae,
pharynx eversible, with four jaws; setae simple, notosetae
variously developed and usually in lateral position. On
anterior end, dorsal cirri alternate with marginally smooth
or fringed elytrae.
FAMILY SIGALIONIDAE - Malmgren, 1867 (Figure 83)
Definition: Flattened or quadrangular body; 1-3 antennae; four jaws.
Marginally fringed elytrae alternative with dorsal cirri
anteriorly; elytrae on all posterior setigers.
45
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FAMILY CHRYSOPETALIDAE (Figure 84)
Definition: Short flattened bodies; one antenna. Notosetae in rosetts on
notopodial tubercles; composite neurosetae.
FAMILY PHYLLODOCIDAE - Williams, 1851 (Figure 85-89)
Definition: With long slender body; 4-5 antennae on prostomium; eyes
small, when present; 2-4 pairs of tentacular cirri; parapodia
uniramous or bioramous; notopodia a short stalk with large,
foliose dorsal cirri, or rarely with acicula or setae;
neurosetae composite; notosetae simple, when present.
FAMILY HESIONIDAE - Sars, 1862 (Figures 90-91)
Definition: Dorsoventrally flattened, short bodied; 2-3 antennae; palps
absent or with one to three articles; 2-8 pairs of tentacular
cirri; jaws present or absent; parapodia uniramous or
bioramous, notopodia reduced in comparison to neuropodia;
long slender dorsal cirri; neurosetae composite; notosetae
simple or absent.
FAMILY PILARGIIDAE - Saint Joseph, 1899 (Figures 92-93)
Definition: Body generally cylindrical or flattened and ribbon-like.
Prostomium usually small, inconspicuous, with 2 or 3 antennae
(rarely absent). Palps present being simple or biarticu-.
lated. Two pairs of tentacular cirri or rarely one or none.
Parapodia are biramous with reduced notopodia. All seta are
simple. Notosetae may be absent or present as a thick spine
or hook. Proboscis unarmed.
FAMILY SYLLIDAE - Grube, 1850 (Figures 94-96)
Definition: Small to medium sized, usually slender; may be dorsoventrally
flattened; three antennae and simple palps which may be
fused; two pairs of tentacular cirri; eversible pharynx armed
with teeth or unarmed; proventricle nearly always present;
uniramous parapodia; dorsal cirri usually conspicuous; setae
simple or composite.
FAMILY NEREIDIDAE - Johnston, 1845 (Figures 97-99)
Definition: Body elongate, cylindrical; prostomium distinct, soboval to
subpyriform; four eyes (rarely absent); two (rarely one)
antennae; two biarticulated palps; first segment usually
without podia and setae; 2-4 pairs of tentacular cirri;
protrusible pharynx with a pair of jaws and often denticles
or papillae; parapodia usually biramous, with flattened lobes
and cirri; composite or simple setae, falcigers or spinigers.
46
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FAMILY NEPHTYIDAE - Grube, 1850 (Figures 99-100)
Definition: Long slender bodies, quadrangular in cross-section, numerous
short segments; prostomium sma-lT, angulate; two pairs of
antennae; one pair of short palps; one pair of lateral jaws;
biramous parapodia, rami well developed, with complex
presetal and postsetal lobes; setae simple; interramal,
respiratory cirri nearly always present.
FAMILY GLYCERIOAE - Grube 1850 (Figures 101-102)
Definition: Body long, round, smooth tapering gradually at both ends;
prostomium concical, ahnulated with 4 small, usually
biarticulate antennae; eversible proboscis with four jaws in
a cross; parapodia all biramous or uniramous; neurosetae
composite, notosetae simple or absent.
FAMILY GOj^IADIDAE - Kinberg, 1866b (Figure 103)
Definition: Long slender body with a conical prostomium. Protrusable
proboscis with small and larger jaw-pieces. Parapodia
uniramous anteriorly, biramous posteriorly or rarely all
uniramous. Neurosetae composite, notosetae simple.
ORDER SPIONIDA
FAMILY EUNICIDAE - Savigny, 1818 (Figures 104-105)
Definition: Elongate, cylindrical body slightly flattened, tapered
posteriorly; prostomium with 1-5 occipital antennae;
maxillary carriers short, third carrier absent; max/ilia I
smooth, curved; notopodia consist of branchiae and dorsal
cirri; setal types; composite falcigers and spinigers,
limbate, pectinate and subacicular hooks.
FAMILY ONUPHIDAE - Kinberg, 1865 (Figures 106-107)
Definition: Modified for a tubicolous mode of life; elongate, veriform,
numerous.similar segments; two ventral palps, two frontal and
five occipital antennae; with or without eyes; maxillary
carriers short, third carrier absent; branchiae simple or
absent; Neuropodia presented by base of branchia and the
dorsal cirri, may contain an internal acicula; setae of
various types.
FAMILY LUMBRINERIDAE - Malmgren, 1867 (Figure 108)
Definition: Body elongate, cylindrical, tapering anteriorly and
posteriorly; without prostomial appendages, occasionally with
1-3 nuchal papillae; maxillary carriers short, third carrier
absent; usually lacking eyespots; notopodia absent or as
small projections sometimes with internal acicula; dorsal and
ventral cirri lacking, may have four short anal cirri; with
or without parapodial branchiae. Setae include limbate
setae, simple and composite hooks.
47
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FAMILY SPIONIDAE- Grube, 1850 (Figures 109-113)
Definition: Usually small, body long; prostomium anteriorly blunt or
pointed, may have an occipital papillae; extensible palps at
the corners of the prostomium; parapodia biramous, lobes
cirriform or foliose; setae simple, may be capillary, bi- or
multi-dentate, hooded or non-hooded hooks.
FAMILY CHAETOPTERIDAE - Malmgren, 1867 (Figures 114-115)
Definition: Body consisting of 2-3 distinct regions. Peristomium with
one or two pairs of tentacular cirri. Palps present, of
varying lengths. Anterior region with uniramous parapodia,
median and posterior regions have biramous parapodia. Setae
of various types; capillary, limbate and modified spines on
setiger 4. Posterior setigers contain pectiniform uncini.
ORDER ORBINIIDA
FAMILY ORBINIIDAE - Hartman, 1942 (Figures 116-117)
Definition: A long posteriorly tapering body; prostomium and peristomium
without appendages; with lateral parapodia in thoracic region
which are shifted dorsally in abdominal segments; setae are
simple and include capillaries, simple hooks and occasionally
are brush-topped bifid or furcate.
ORDER CAPITELLIDA
FAMILY OPHELIIDAE - Malmgren, 1867 (Figures 118)
Definition: Prostomium lacking appendages; palps absent. May have one
anterior asetigerous segment. Parapodia usually biramous,
may be uniramous; with small parapodial lobes. They have
capillary setae which are smooth or marginally dentate.
ORDER TEREBELLIDA
FAMILY TEREBELLIDAE (Figure 119)
Definition: Body composed of two regions. Anterior region has biramous
parapodia; posterior region with neuropodia only* Branchia
absent or present with one to three pairs on the first
segments. Prostomium without appendages. Uncini present
usually with a large main fang and a crest of small teeth.
CLASS OLIGOCHAETA (Figure 120)
Definition: The Oligochaeta display a strong external metamerism, lack
parapodia and cephalic appendages. The head is reduced and
setae are absent from the prostomium and peristomium. Setae
are presently either singularly or in bundles. They are
hermaphorditic.
48
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Most people are familiar with the Oligochaete in the form of the common
earthworm. Marine species are usually somewhat smaller than the
terrestrial or freshwater species. There is little external
differentiation. There are usually two dorso-lateral and two
ventro-lateral bundles of setae on each segment. The numbers and types of
setae and the arrangement and structural detail of the reproduction
apparatus are of primary taxonomic importance.
The marine oligochaetes of North America have not been adequately
addressed in the past, (See Brinkhurst and Jamieson, 1971). However,
there is currently very little information concerning the number and
distribution of Gulf Coast oligochaetes. Current sutdies of the taxonomy
and distribution of the marine Oligochaeta of the Gulf Coast should
substantially increase the knowledge of this area.
A preliminary examination of some oligochaetes from Tampa Bay by Dr. M. S.
Loden has yielded the following taxa list:
ORDER HAPLOTAXIDA
FAMILY TUBIFICIDAE
Akedrilus monospermathecus
Limnodriloides winckelmanni
Limnodriloides sp.
Knoller, 1935
Michaelsen, 1914
Tubificoides c.f.
Tubificoides sp
wasselli
49
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CLASS POLYCHAETA
Fig. 80. Composite polychaete depicting major anatomical features. A,,
Overall body plan. B. Anterior view of a single parapodium.
a, antenna; a.c., anal cirrus; b. branchia; d. denticle;
d.c., dorsal cirrus; e, eye; n, neuropodia; not.,, notopodia;
p, palp; pa., parapodium; pap., papillae; p.c., peristomial
cirri; pr., proboscis; s, setae; St., setiger (body segment);
v.c., ventral cirrus.
Fig. 81. A few examples of the many types of polychaete setae: a,
capillary; b, simple spiniger; c, compound spiniger; d,
limbate; e, crochets (hooks); f, hooded; g, aristate; h,
denticulate; i, lanceolate; j, bifid; k, bilimbate; 1,
falciger; m, harpoon; n, pinnate; o, pulmose.
ORDER PHYLODOCIDA
FAMILY POLYNOIDAE - Malmgren, 1867
Fig. 82. Harmothoe sp.
FAMILY SIGALIONIDAE - Malmgren, 1867
Fig. 83. Stenelais boa - Johnson, 1833. Cosmopolitan in temperate and
tropical waters. To 200 mm in length, width (including setae) to 5
mm. Elytra subreniform or broadly lunate, and a deep emargination in
center of anterior border. Surface of a few anterior elytra covered
with simple papillae, posterior elytra with papillae on anterior and
lateral margins. Median antenna present, with a short ceratophore;
lateral antennae indistinct fused to base of tentacular segment.
Compound neurosetae falcigerous with simple or multiarticulate blades
ending in bidentate tips. Eyes present.
50
-------
PLATE 16 (Figures 80-83)
pap.
not,
v.c
a.c.
82
83
51
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FAMILY CHRYSOPETALIDAE
Fig. 84. Paleanotus heteroseta - Hartman, 1945. Rectangular body with
lateral groups of distinct paleae. Prostomium visible between palea;
paleae with about 20 subequal beaded ribs.
FAMILY PHYLLODOCIDAE - Williams, 1851
Fig. 85. Eteone heteropoda - Hartman, 1951. Body long, slightly
flattened; four antennae; triangular or trapezoidal prostomium; a
small nuchal papilla; 2 dorsal, dark simple eyespots; distal end of
proboscis with a righ on papillae; first segment with two pairs of
tentacular cirri; anteriormost dorsal cirri subtriangular nearly
symmetrical becomming asymmetrical on the more posterior segments;
18-25 composite setae forming a fan-shaped series on each parapodium;
posterior end tapering with a pair of long fleshy appendages
terminally.
Fig. 86. Eulalia sp. Pentagonal prostomium, no distinct nuchal
papilla; 5 antennae; two pairs of tentacular cirri; eversible pharynx,
uniramous parapodia.
Fig. 87. Eumida sanguinea - Oersted, 1843. Body short, thick,
prostomium wider than long with two pairs of anterolateral antennae.
A median antennae located near the middle of the prostomium. One pair
of eyes located posteriorlaterally. Tentacular segment reduced
dorsally and with one pair of cirriform tentacular cirri. First
setiger with two pairs of cirriform cirri. Second setiger with long
dorsal and normal ventral cirri. Parapodia with broad foliaceous
dorsal cirri, longer than wide. Ventral cirri similar but smaller.
Setae consist of composite spinigers, distally spinous. The proboscis
is long, smooth and with a distal circlet of about 20 papillae.
Fig. 88. Phyllodoce arenae - Webster, 1879. Length to 100 mm, width
to 2.5 mm, four antennae; prostomium heart-shaped; nuchal papilla
present; first segment dorsally reduced fused to the second; four
pairs of long cylindrical tentacular cirri; base of proboscis covered
with conical papillae; except for a narrow middorsal area.
Fig. 89. Phyllodoce fragilis - Webster, 1797. Body long, slender
tapering to a small heart-shaped prostomium, with 2 large circular
eyes, and a slender tail; dorsal cirri thick cordiform in outline;
anterior cirri same as those farther back; ventral cirri also thick,
shorter than their respective setigerous lobe except in young
specimens where the ventral cirri are larger.
52
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PLATE 17 (Figures 84-89)
88
53
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FAMILY HESIONIDAE - Sars, 1862
Fig. 90. Gyptis vittata - Webster and Benedict, 1887. Body Convex
dorsally, flattened ventrally, widest in midregion tapering anteriorly
and posteriorly. First tentacular segment not visible dorsally.
First four segments each with 2 pairs of tentacular cirri. Notopodia
a small conical lobe on the ventral side of the cirriphore of the
dorsal cirrus, with acicula and capillary setae. Neuropodia conical,
elongate; neurosetae compound. Dorsal cirri articulated, ventral
cirri shorter than neuropodia. Proboscis with a distal ring of
papillae.
Fig. 91. Parahesione luteola - Webster, 1880. Body dorsowrtrally
flattened, widest in middle and tapering to either end. Six pairs of
long slender tentacular cirri lateral to prostomium. Notopodia a
stout papilla below the cirriphore of the dorsal cirrus, with a bundle
of capillary notosetae. Neuropodia stout, elongate; neurosetae
compound. Dorsal cirri articulated, longer than setae. Proboscis
with a large basal portion and a narrow distal portion with small
papillae around opening.
FAMILY PILARGIIDAE - Saint Joseph, 1899
Fig. 92. Ancistrosyllis jonesi - Pettibone, 1966. Body is long and
dorso-ventrally flattened, narrowing anteriorly. Parapodia deeply
cut; notopodia enlarged, conical; notoacicula hooked. Neuropodia
concial, truncate, with neuroaciculum and about 8 simple setae of
varying lengths usually terminally bifid. Long neurosetae smooth;
short neurosetae spinous. Prostomium without eyes, with a minute
median antenna and two short, lateral antennae. Prostomium also with
subtriangular palpophores and minute palpostyles. Two pairs of short
tentacular cirri.present. Ventral cirri begin on setiger 3.
Fig. 93. Sigambra bassi - Hartman, 1945. Body cylindrical anteriorly
becomming dorsoventrally flattened posteriorly. Prostomium with
biarticulate palps with large palpophores and small palpostyles. A
long median antenna is present and two shorter lateral antennae.
Tentacular segment longer than following segments and with two pairs
of tentacular cirri similar to lateral antennae.
First setiger with long dorsal cirri. Notopodia conical with acicula
curving distally. Stout notopodial hooks begin after setiger 10
(10-15). Dorsal cirri long, extending beyond setal lobes. Neuropodia
conical with acicula and numerous finely serrated setae of variable
lengths with capillary tips. Ventral cirri begin on setiger 3, extend
slightly beyond setal lobes. Proboscis with conical papillae
distally. Pygidium with long paired anal cirri.
54
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PLATE 18 (Figures 90-93)
" -i'vr.
^ £ ^ C w 2 ~ > s.y /-' x f * '/ <. ^ ^ ^ V- ^ S
t> J» 4 «J ?-ft4**--^ "»'••* f>.*V "- '*•" i-~" " ~> s ,- * \- '"-~ >"i^ Jt "?"1
- 31* t ~ ti^J** * ^ «s«sfc-71 «i^ *fe*-»*4l> * "^i" *•*" 1
? l|'9?l'l^^'|; ^^^riV"?' jli/r^f" "»*^i ~.4iJL'k. I
91
92
93
55
-------
Not Fig. Sigambra tentaculata - Treadwell, 1941. This species is very
similar to S. bassi (above). However, in S_. tentaculata the stout
hooked setae begin on setiger 4 as opposed to setiger 10-14 for S_.
bassi.
FAMILY SYLLIDAE - Grube, 1850
Fig. 94. Autolytus sp. Three antennae and two pairs of tentacular
cirri. First dorsal cirri the longest. Nuchal organs present.
Eversible pharynx with trepan of varying number of teeth. Body
flattened ventrally, convex dorsally. Prostomium suboval, palps
poorly developed, fused. Reproduction is by budding off of stolens.
Fig. 95. Exogone sp. Tiny, slender, threadlike, tapered slightly at
both ends; dorsally convex, ventrally flattened. Three antennae; one
pair of tentacular cirri. Dorsal and ventral'cirri shorter than the
parapodial lobes. Dorsal cirri ovoid or papilliform. Eversible
pharynx with a circle of papillae and one tooth.
Fig. 96. Typosyllis sp. Small, three antennae, two pairs of
articulated tentacular cirri. Eversible pharynx with one tooth.
Setae with uni-or bidentate falcigers as well as simple setae in
posterior setigers.
FAMILY- NEREIDIDAE - Johnston, 1845
Fig. 97. Laeonereis culveri - Webster, 1879. First two parapodia
without notosetae. Dorsal cirrus small decreasing in size
posteriorly. Protrusable proboscis consisting of two rings; groups of
papillae on both rings and large single papillae on anterior ventral-
lateral areas. Four pairs of tentacular cirri; parapodia biramous.
Notosetae spinigers; neurosetae spinigers and posteriorly with
falcigers. Inferior notopodial lobes.
Fig. 98. Nereis succinea-- Frey and Leuckart, 1847. Body long. Four
pairs of long, slender tentacular cirri. Parapodia very anteriorly to
posteriorly; anteriorly with 3 notopodial ligules, the upper one
largest, the middle one shortest. Neuropodium with setigerons lobe,
postsetae ligule and a lower ligule. Dorsal cirri about as long as
ligules, ventral cirri shorter than the ligules. Posteriorly the
parapodia are markedly different; notopodium with upper ligule
elongated, flattened obliquely truncate distally, dorsal cirrus
terminally located; middle notopodial ligule reduced or lacking, lower
one short, concial. Neuropodium similar to anterior region except
postsetal ligule reduced or lacking. Eversible proboscis with amber
colored jaws and dark patches of denticles.
56
-------
PLATE 19 (Figures 94-98)
97
98
57
-------
Not Fig. Neanthes acuminata - Moore, 1903c. This species was also
recovered from the Tampa Bay area and is very similar to IN. succinea.
The easiest way of distinguishing the two species is by the
arrangement of denticles on the proboscis (see Pettibone, 1963).
FAMILY NEPHTYIDAE - Grube, 1850
Fig. 99. Nephtys magellanica - Augener, 1912. Prostomium broad,
subrectangular, with a pair of black eyespots at posterior margin.
Two pairs of tapering antennae. Proboscis with 22 rows of distal
papillae and an equal number of subdistal rows, proximally the surface
is smooth. First segment longest.
Fig. 100. Aglaophamus verrilli - Mclntosh, 1885. Prostomium large,
subrectangular, with a thin anterior margin and two pairs of subequal
antennae. A pair of eyes on posterior prostomium. Tentacular segment
enlarged ventrally and laterally. Ventral tentacular cirri larger
than antennae; slender often curved dorsal tentacular cirri.
Parapodia with conical acicular lobes. Notopodia with a short
anterior lamella and a large foliaceous posterior lamella. A small
digitiform dorsal cirrus projects ventrolaterally from the posterior
notopodial lamella. The branchia are cirriform, projecting ventrally
from the posterior notopodial lamella and are involuted (curling
inwardly). The neuropodia also consists of two lobes, a short bilobed
anterior lamella and a broad foliaceous posterior lamella,, There is a
short cirrius on the upper edge of the neuropodia as well as a
ventral, conical ventral cirrus. Preacicular setae short., barred;
postacicular setae consist of long smooth capillaries and short
furcate and spinous setae. Proboscis with rows of subterminal
papillae.
FAMILY 6LYCERIDAE - Grube, 1850
Fig. 101. Glycera americana - Leidy, 1855. Prostomium long with
annulations; parapodia with 4 conical lips, 2 presetal ones longer
than 2 postsetae ones. Branchiae retractile, form a conspicuous tuft
when extended. Proboscis with small, subconical and larger ovate
organs.
Fig. 102. Glycera dibranchiata. Parapodia with two sharply conical
presetal lobes. .Two bluntly conical postsetal lobes; anteriorly the
upper lobe short rounded, the lower longer, bluntly conical, in the
midregion, both postsetal lobes bluntly conical, the upper one
shortest. Posterior parapodia may have a single rounded postsetal
lobe. Two nonretractile branchiae; upper one between the dorsal
cirrus and the notopodium, the lower one anterior to the ventral
cirrus. Proboscis organs all similar, small, conical, flattened.
58
-------
PLATE 20 (Figures 99-102)
99
100
101
102
-------
FAMILY GONIADIDAE - Kinberg, 1866b
Fig. 103. Glycinde so 11 taria - Webster, 1880. Prostomiurn conical,
acute with nine annulations (rings) and four small slender antennae,
with a pair of eyes in the basal ring and a pair in the distal ring.
Dorsal and ventral cirri large, conical. Presetal and postsetal
neuropodial lobes narrow about as long as cirri, neurosetae long,
compound spinigers in a fan shaped group. Parapodia become biramous
posteriorly. Three to six notosetae, acicular, falcate and hooded.
Neuropodia longer posteriorly, presetal lobe longer than postsetal
lobe. Dorsal cirri reduced posteriorly. Long, filliform anal cirri.
Eversible proboscis with heterogeneous papillae.
ORDER SPIONIDA
FAMILY EUNICIDAE - Savigny, 1818
Fig. 104. Eunice sp. Body elongate, thickened, rounded anteriorly-.
Palps fused, prostomium and palps bilobed. Five occipital antennae,
middle-one longest, lateral pair shortest. Two eyes between bases of
lateral occipital antennae. Seta! lobes of parapodia rounded to
conical, setae of various kinds.
Fig. 105. Marphysa' sanguinea - Montagu, 1815. Resembles Eunice but
peristomial cirri are absent. Anterior segments narrow., cylindrical;
posteriorly beoming wider and flattened. Five short, smooth
prostomila antennae. Branchiae begin on segment ten or later, with
2-6 pectinate filaments. Dorsal and ventral cirri short,, digitiform.
Various setal types; heterogomph spinigerous, posterior bifid, hooded
acicula; and anteriorly to posteriorly varying comb setae.
FAMILY ONUPHIDAE - Kinberg, 1865
Fig. 106. Diopatra cuprea - Bosc, 1802. Live in long permanent
tubes. Anterior end cylindrical becoming dorsoventrally flattened
more posteriorly, tapering abruptly at posterior end. Prostomium
suboval with two short conical antennae and five occipital antennae
with about 8-1P basal (ceratophore) rings. Large ventral, globular
palps present. Parapodia of first four setigers modified, extending
anterior ventrally and slightly enlarged. Dorsal cirri short,
becoming longer, more cirriform posteriorly. Ventral cirri short,
conical on first five setigers, wide and flat from six on. Branchiae
begin on setiger 4 or 5, with a short, cylindrical base and spiraled
filaments. Branchiae become gradually reduced posteriorly.
60
-------
PLATE 21 (Figures 103-106)
103
104
105
106
61
-------
Fig. 107. Onuphis eremita oculata - Hartman, 1951. Long slender
body. Prostomium with two circular eyespots behind the frontal
antennae, and a shallow median sulcus. Branchiae with single
filaments present from the first setiger increasing to two filaments
at about segment 20 for about 8 segments, and 3-6 pectinate filaments
to about the posterior third of the body; filaments then diminish to
two and gradually to a single small knob. Dorsal cirri larger than
branchiae and similar throughout. Ventral cirri cirriform for about
six segments, then pad!ike. Their tube is long and flexible
consisting of a thin membrane coated with a layer of fine sand.
FAMILY LUMBRINERIDAE - Malmgren, 1867
Fig. 108. Lumbrineris spp. Peristomium conical to rounded, with or
without 1-3 nuchal papillae. Without eyes. Palps present. Proboscis
with paired ventral mandibles.
FAMILY SPIONIDAE - Grube, 1850
Fig. 109. Polydora ligni - Webster, 1879. Setiger five with modified
setae, branchia first present on setiger seven and continue for only a
few segments. Prostomium anteriorly cleft, with four dark eyespots.
Prostomial caruncle with a median antenna inserted between the palpal
bases.
Fig. 110. Polydora social is - Schmarda, 1861. Setiger five with
modified setae, that are heavy acicular, nearly straight, and blunt.
Neuropodia with bifid, hooded hooks. Prostomium anteriorly cleft with
many small eyespots, between palpal bases. Branchia present from
segment eight becoming larger on middle segments and absent from many
posterior segments. Pygidium with a broad disc dorsally cleft.
Fig. 111. Paraprionospio pinnata - Ehlers, 1901. Prostomium
anteriorly rounded, 2-6 small eyes which may be faded. Vertical wings
lateral to prostomium formed from the fused peristomium and first
setiger. Palps long with a membrane along outer side. Three pairs of
branchia on setigers 2-4. Anterior notopodia long, membranous,
distally pointed, diminishing posteriorly. Neuropodia with hooded
uncini alternating with capillary setae and one or two inferior-most
genital spines.
Fig. 112. Prionospio heterobranchia - Moore, 1907. Elongate,
snoutlike prostomium. Two pairs of eyes, one large pair, one small.
Five pairs of branchia, the second and third pairs smooth and
cirriform, the others pulmose. Neuropodia with pointed setae on all
segments, additionally hooded hooks begin at about segment 14 and
gradually increase in number. Hooded hooks also present in notopodia
first present in segment 35 and increasing in number posteriorly.
62
-------
PLATE 22 (Figures 107-112)
*
107
108
f^//i»w^f '?'*** vii
P**!*^/^"*^ ^« ^^Vr'*' ^ -^ *^ ^/^
\j&*sii'f'£-t' - •*' ' ~- s '^' f -**-"• '-
*15/'v-'*1"
109
110
111
112
63
-------
Fig. 113. Spio pettiboneae - Foster, 1970. Prostomium rounded
anteriorly, extending back to setiger two. Two pairs of small eyes.
Peristomium broad, partially fused setiger one. Each setiger with
small notopodial and neuropodial lobes and a pair of long curved
branchia. Small oval postsetal lobes on neuropodia. Capillary
notosetae with fine punctate blades. Hooded hooks from setiger seven,
bidentate becoming tridentate more posterior. Neurosetae similar but
shorter.
FAMILY CHAETOPTERIDAE - Malmgren, 1867.
Fig. 114. Chaetopterus variopedatus - Renier, 1804. Commonly called
the "parchment worm" because it inhabits a secreted tube of thick
paperlike consistency which is "U" shaped, widest in the middle and
constricted at both openings. A filter feeder with a body of 3
distinct regions. Anterior region with uniramous parapodia and lance
shaped setae. Setiger 4 with stout spines. Biramous parapodia
present on median region; some notopodia fused to form dorsal fans;
all notopodia of median region asetigerous; pectinate uncini on
neuropodia. Posterior region with long, pointed, asetigerous
notopodia with a few acicula; pectiniform uncini in neuropodia. A
common worm but difficult to collect intact with remote sampling gear
because of relatively large size (animal about 20 cm, in a larger
tube) and the depth which the tube is burried beneath the sediment (to
about 10-15 cm).
Fig. 115. Spiochaetopterus costarum oculatus - Webster, 1879. A long
slender worm inhabiting a delicate transparent annulated tube. Body
with 3 regions. There is a conspicuous ventral dark patch on setigers
6 and 7, a white patch from setigers 7 to 9. Prostomium oval; buccal
segment large and fleshy. Antennae absent; palps long. Anterior
region with uniramous flattened setigers. Fourth setiger with one
pair of stout brown setae. Middle region bilobed; neuropodia with
pectinate uncini. Posterior region with pointed notopodia containing
acicula; neuropodia with pectinate uncini.
ORDER ORBINIIDA
FAMILY ORBINIIDAE - Hartman, 1942
Fig. 116. Scoloplos foliosus - Hartman, 1951. Body thickest at
thorax, slightly flattened; posteriorly more cylindrical, tapering to
the end. There is a thick, collar-like pygidium with dorsolateral
thread-like filaments. Prostomium acute, triangular, without eyes.
Thoracic setae pointed, fan shaped arrangement. Abdomen begins at
segments 17-19 with parapodia having distinct lobes. Breinchiae
present from segment 18 with lateral margins of long fimbriae.
64
-------
PLATE 23 (Figures 113-116)
113
114
115
116
65
-------
Fig. 117. Scoloplos rubra - Webster, 1879. Long and slender, the
thorax dorsoventrally flattened; an acute equitriangular prostomium,
and lacking eyes. Large branchiae present from segment six. Thoracic
neuropodia with 3-5 rows of uncinal hooks and a few slender pointed
setae in the upper portion of the fascicle. Abdominal notopodia with
2 or more furcate spines. Abdominal notoacicula embedded alDOut 3 to a
fascicle, neuroacicula single, thick projecting curved rods. Ciliated
dorsal mounds begin near the end of the thoracic region and become
more prominent on later segments. Two dorsal and two ventral anal
appendages.
ORDER CAPITELLIDA
FAMILY OPHELIIDAE - Malmgren, 1867
Fig. 118. Travisia hobsonae - Santos, 1977. A short subfusiform-
fusiform body (a) to about 27 mm in length completely covered with
small, rounded pustulae; 30-31 setigerous segments, 28-29 pairs of
branchiae (or fewer in juveniles) which begin on setiger 3. Small
conical prostomium with 2 nuchal pits on dorsal base (b). Segment 1
achaetous, segment 2 biannulate dorsally but not ventrally. Mouth ,
ventral (c) between setigers 1 and 2 (segments 2 and 3). Eversible
proboscis segment, well developed, folded and smooth. Setigers 2-12
triannulate, 13-26 or 27 biannulate, annuli discontinuous laterally;
setae inserted on posterior annuli (f). Setigers 27 to 28 to end
entire. Mono- and neuropodial setae, simple capillary and hispid (g).,
present on all setigers. Simple cirriform branchiae present from
setiger, often withdrawn into body. Terminal anus surrounded by 5 -
large, rounded lobes (e), and in larger specimens, up to 4 minor
lobes. Since this species was only recently described, the original
drawings have been reproduced (courtesy of Dr. Stuart L. Santos).
ORDER TEREBELLIDA
FAMILY TEREBELLIDAE
Fig. 119. Pista cristata - Muller, 1776. Body tapering posteriorly.
Thorax consists of 17 setigers with uncini present from setiger 2.
Many abdominal segments. Prostomium with many dorsal long slender
tentacles; ventrally with a straight distal edge with a medial notch.
Large lateral luppets on segments 2-4. Ventral scutes present on
thorax, decreasing in size posteriorly. Notosetae present from
segment 4. Uncini each consist of a 1-arge main fang and surmounted by
several rows of many teeth.
CLASS OLIGOCHAETA ORDER HAPLOTAXIDA
FAMILY TUBIFICIDAE
Fig. 120. Some examples of Tampa Bay oligochaetes.
66
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PLATE 24 (Figures 117-120}
117
118
119
-------
SECTION 7
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Definition: The arthropods have a segmented body and segmented appendages
with a chitinous exoskeleton. They have an extensive
hemocoel, a reduced coelom, an open circulatory system and a
complete digestive tract.
The phylum Arthropoda surpasses all other phyla in diversity,
distribution, number of species, and number of individuals. It contains
the insects, spiders, crustaceans, pycnogonids, horseshoe crabs,,
millipedes, centipedes, etc. The arthropod exoskeleton is a chemical
complex containing chitin, a nitrogenous polysaccharide. There are three
major body regions: a head, thorax, and abdomen, each composed of one or
more segments. The arthropods are believed to have evolved from the
polychaetes or from an ancestor common to both.
There are three subphyla: Trilobitomorpha, the fossil trilobites;
Chelicerata, consisting of the classes Merostomata, Arachnida and
Pycnogonida: and Mandibulata, which includes six classes, the Crustacea,
Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda. Only three of
these classes -- the Merostomata, the horseshoe crabs; Pycnogonida, the
sea spiders; and the Crustacea — have living marine representatives which
are considered in this text.
CLASS CRUSTACEA
The crustaceans are a highly diverse assemblage, primarily aquatic but
also containing terrestrial forms. Because of this diversity, a useful,
concise definition is impractical. They possess mandibles as feeding
appendages and two pairs of antennae as sensory structures. Included in
this class are some of the most familiar arthropods, such as crabs,
shrimps and lobsters.
Generally, there are several recognizable body regions present in most
crustaceans. Beginning anteriorly, there are two pairs of antennae. The
mandibles are the third pair of appendages, often short and heavy with
opposing grinding and biting surfaces used for feeding. Two pairs of
accessory feeding appendages, the first and second maxillae, are located
behind the mandibles.
A trunk region follows the head and is much less uniform in structure.
Always the trunk is differentiated into two regions, the more anterior-
thorax and a more posterior abdomen. The number of segments present in
68
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each region may characteristically vary from group to group. In many
crustaceans, a dorsal carapace covers the thorax, and is fused to varying
degrees with the underlying segments. In some crustaceans, such as the
Ostracoda, the carapce completely encloses the body like bivalve shell.
The appendages of the thorax are multi-segmented and typically biramous.
The anterior appendages are usually modified for feeding or grasping, the
more posterior appendages modified for walking or swimming. The
appendages of the abdomen, also biramous, are usually modified for
swimming or gas exchange.
Many groups of Crustacea are represented by the Tampa Bay fauna. Of these
groups, the Amphipoda, Decapoda and Isopoda were usually the most abundant
both in numbers of species and individuals. However, groups such as the
Cumacea and Ostracoda were represented by a few species that occasionally
occurred in large numbers.
SUBCLASS CEPHALOCARIDA (Figure 121) ORDER REMITEDIA
Definition: Cephalocarida are small, shrimplike crustaceans up to 3 mm in
length. They have a horseshoe-shaped head, without eyes and
with two pairs of short antennae. The head is followed by an
elongated trunk of nineteen segments, eight or nine of which
bear nearly .identical triramous appendages.
This subclass was established after.the discovery of a unique primitive
crustacean Hutchinsoniella macracantha Sanders, 1955, from Long Island
Sound. Since that time, seven additional species of cephalocarids have
been described from benthic studies over various parts of the world.
Only one species of cephalocarid was taken from Tampa Bay, Lightiella
floridana McLaughlin. 1976. This species was first recorded from Anclote
Anchorage and is presently the only cephalocarid known to occur in the
Gulf of Mexico.
SUBCLASS OSTRACODA (Figures 122-124) ORDERS PODOCOPIDA, MYODOCOPINA ,
Definition: Body entirely enclosed in a bivalved carapace, hinged
dorsally with a noncalcareous cuticle and closed by
transverse muscles. Generally small with adults less than 1
mm in length, but some species 1-2 mm in length.
There are about 2,000 described species inhabiting both marine and fresh
water. The carapace may be pigmented and bear spines, setae and
tubercles, and conceals the internal anatomy. The body has lost all
traces of segmentation with the trunk being much reduced, and the head
comprising about one-half the body. The head bears four pairs of
appendages; antennules, antennae, mandibles and maxillae. The thoracic
region has three or fewer pairs of appendages usually modified for
grooming, locomotion or other functions.
Most ostracods are burrowers, or crawl about among benthic plants and
detritus.
69
-------
Ostracod faunas of the Tampa Bay area have not been well studied.
Identification requires disection and detailed examination of the various
body parts. Due to their small size, and because many species exhibit
sexual, ontogenetic and environmentally caused polymorphisms, ostracods
are often ignored in benthic studies. However, three species recognizable
by external characteristics and large enough to be retained on a 0.5 mm
sieve were collected from Tampa Bay. Descriptions given here are brief
and based only on the externally visible characters. The appropriate
literature should be consulted for positive identification.
SUBCLASS CIRRIPEDIA (Barnacles) (Figure 125)
Definition: Crustaceans enclosed in a shell of calcareous plates, which
may be interlocking and conical in shape or flattened and
held together by tissue.
Barnacles are the only sessile group of crustaceans apart from exclusively
parasitic forms. They are exclusively marine and most species are free-
living, attaching to any firm substrate. Some barnacles live as
commensals and there are also large numbers of parasitic forms. Only one
species of barnacles, Balanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854, was regularly
collected from the Tampa Bay benthos. These specimens were usually
attached to fragments of shell or other sold debris.
ORDER THORACICA
Definition: Barnacles with six pairs of well-developed cirri* and the
mantle usually covered with calcareous plates. Free-living
and commensal forms.
SUBORDER BALANOMORPHA (Acorn Barnacles)
Definition: Symmetrical sessile barnacles enclosed by rigid wall plates
(Carina) and with the aperture closed off by the paired
moveable terga and scuta.
SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA (Figures 126-204)
The subclass Malacostraca contains about three-fourths of all the
crustacean species and most of the larger forms, such as crabs, lobsters
and shrimp. .A basic malacostracan is composed of fourteen segments and a
telson. The first eight segments form the thorax, and the last six the
abdomen; all segments bear appendages. The first antennae' may be
biramous. The exopodite of the second antennae may be a. flattened scale.
The mandible may bear a palp; each maxillae usually bears a palp.
The thoracic appendages (legs) may be similar or variously modified. The
first one, two, or three pairs may be modified to form maxillipeds. The
fourth and fifth may be chelate and subchelate.
70 .
-------
The first five pairs of abdominal appendages, usually biramous and
similar, are called pleopods. The pleopods may be used for swimming or
may be modified to carry eggs or for gas exchange. The sixth pair of
abdominal appendages is usually modified into large flattened pieces
(uropods) which, in conjunction with the flattened telson, may be used for
swimming.
There is a great deal of variation among the orders of Malacostraca from
the basic body plan.
ORDER NEBALIACEA (Figure 126)
Definition: Primitive shrimp!ike Crustacea with a well-developed carapace
covering but not fused with the thoracic segments.
Anteriorly, there is a short, hinged rostral plate. Stalked
eyes are present. There are seven abdominal segments instead
of the usual six present in other Malacostraca. Eight pairs
of similar thoracic appendages; the major segments
flattened. Abdomen with four pairs of biramous swimming
appendages and two pairs of smaller uniramous appendages.
ORDER STOMATOPODA (Mantis Shrimps) (Figure 127)
Definition: Body elongate, dorsoventrally flattened. They have a small,
shield-like carapace; four thoracic segments are exposed.
The abdomen is longer than the thorax. The telson is broad,
uropods biramous. Eyes are on stalks, first antennae large,
triramous, with a large fringed antennal scale. There are
eight thoracic appendages; the first five are uniramous and
subchelate, the second pair is greatly enlarged for raptorial
feeding; the last three are slender and not chelate. The
pleopods are well developed and bear gills.
Most stomatopods live within burrows excavated in the benthos. Although
they may be quite common, they are seldom collected with sampling gear
which does not penetrate deeply into the sediment because of the depth of
the burrows. Mantis shrimps are raptorial, feeding on small fish,
crustaceans and other invertebrates.
Only one species of stomatopod, Squill a empusa Say, 1818, representing the
family Squillidae, was collected from Tampa Bay.
ORDER MYSIDACEA (Figures 130-132)
Definition: Small shrimp-like crustaceans, most of which are from a few
millimeters to several centimeters in length. Thorax covered
with a carapace, which is not united with the last four
thoracic segments. The carapace may extend anteriorly as a
rostrum. The compound eyes, when present, are stalked. The
first and sometimes second thoracic appendages are modified
as maxillipeds. The remaining six or seven pairs of thoracic
appendages are similar and may be subchelate. The antennules
71
-------
are biramous; the antennae have a large scale-like
exopodite. The pleopods may be reduced; the uropods are
flattened, forming a fan tail.
There are two suborders of mysids: the Lophogastrida, primarily oceanic
demersal or planktonic forms; and the Mysida, which are considered here.
Most of the Mysida, including the two species shown below, have a
statocyst within the proximal third of the uropod endopod (Figure 128).
Females have 2-3 pairs of oostegites forming a brood pouch, where the
young are maintained until hatching (Figure 129). There is no free larval
stage.
Mysids were collected regularly from the study area, but never in large
numbers.
ORDER CUMACEA (Figures 133-136)
Definition: Small pericaridans with an enlarged head and thorax and a
long, narrow abdomen which terminates in slender biramous
uropods. Carapace present and fused with the first 3-4
thoracic segments, leaving 4-5 segments exposed. Females
lack abdominal appendages except for uropods; males vary
having 0-5 pairs of pleopods. Eyes may be lacking or small or
medially fused.
The enlarged thorax and long, narrow abdomen give the Cumacea a very
distinctive shape. Some species may grow as large as 35 mm, but most
species including those from Tampa Bay, are only 3-8 mm in length as
adults. The cumaceans burrow just beneath the surface of the sediment
where they feed by removing food particles from sand and detritus. Some
of the characteristics important for identification are: the presence or
absence of a free telson, the shape and ornamentation of the carapace, the
number of segments comprising the uropods, numbers of spines, etc.
ORDER TANAIDACEA (Figure 132)
Definition: Small peracaridans with the cephalothorax composed of the
firs't and second thoracic segments, forming a short
carapace. The first pair of thoracic appendages are modified
as maxillipeds, the second pair as fully chelate gnathopods,
and the third pair adapted for burrowing. The remaining five
pairs of legs are usually similar.
The tanaids bear similarities to both the Isopoda and Cumacea. They were
formerly classified with the isopods and many keys and invertebrate guides
treat both orders simultaneously. They are almost exclusively marine and
usually small, less than 5 mm in length. Tanaids were infrequently
collected, the few specimens obtained were not identified to species level.
72
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ORDER ISOPODA (Figures 138-147)
Definition: Dorsoventrally-flattened peracaridans without a carapace.
There are two pairs of uniramous antennae. The eyes are
sessile. The first pair of thoracic appendages are modified
to form maxillipeds, the remaining seven pairs are uniramous
and usually adapted for crawling; the first three may be
prehensile or subchelate. There are five pairs of leaf-like
pleopods, and a single pair of uropods (usually biramous).
The Isopoda is the largest order of crustaceans aside from the Decapoda.
Most species are marine, although there are also freshwater, terrestrial,
and parasitic forms. In spite of their abundance, isopods are rarely
obtained from the soft bottom benthos of Tampa Bay. Most species perfer
solid substrates and can be found crawling on pilings, mangrove roots or
driftwood, or among barnacles, oysters, or shell material. They are also
found clinging to algae or seagrasses. Some species of isopods (the wood
borers) are economically important because of the extensive damage they
can cause to deck pilings, boats, and other wooden structures.
SUBORDER ANTHURIDEA (Figure 138-140)
Definition:
Body cylindrical and long, usually over 5 times as long as
wide. The exopods of the uropod are usually flexed over the
telson. The first pair of peraopods are usually enlarged and
subchelate. The first pair of pleopods modified to form an
operculum covering the other pairs.
FAMILY ANTHURIDAE (Figure 138-140)
Definition: In addition to the characteristics for the suborder, the
ANTHURIDAE frequently possess statocysts on the pleotelson;
the mouth parts are normal (i.e. adapted for chewing); and
the first pair of peraeopods are subchelate.
SUBORDER VALVIFERA (Figure 141-146)
Definition: The uropods are attached ventrolaterally to form a cover over
the pleopods. The first antennae are stout with the
flagellum formed of a single fused segment. The mandible is
without a palp.
FAMILY IDOTEIDAE (Figures 141-143)
Definition: Valvifera with distinct dorsoventrally-flattened bodies;
second pair of antennae usually longer than the first;
flagellum with a single, long article and few or no apical
articles. Pareopods all similar, first pair usually stout.
Mouth parts of chewing and biting types, well developed.
Uropods mostly uniramous.
73
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FAMILY SPHAEROMIDAE (Figures 144-146)
Definition: Body usually short, oval and convex. Cephalon separated from
the first peraeonal somite. Pleopods are enclosed within a
chamber formed by the pleon and pleotelson. Animals
characteristically contract into a complete or partial ball.
This family was further divided into three groups (Hansen, 1905) based on
the structure of the pleopoda: the Hemibranchiatae, Eubranchiatae, and
the PIatybranchiatae. Further discussion of these groups is not necessary
for this manual. For further information, see Hansen (1905) or Menzies
(1968).
SUBORDER ASELLOTA (Figure 147)
Definition: Contains a large number of species usually very small in
size. All or most of the pleonal segments are fused. The
first or first and second pleopods form an operculum over a
branchial cavity.
This suborder is further divide into three superfamilies (based on the
pleopodal structures): Stenetriioidea, Aselloidea, and Paraselloidea (see
Menzies, 1962).
ORDER AMPHIPODA (Figures 148-179)
Definition: Paracaridans of small to medium size without a carapace and
usually laterally compressed to a varying degree. First
and/or second thoracic segments may be fused to head. Seven
thoracic segments, the paraeon, bearing uniramous walking
appendages. Six abdominal segments; the first three referred
to as the pleon with paired biramous pleopods, the last three
with paired biramous uropods. Two pairs of antennae
present. Eyes normally sessile. Eggs are carried in a brood
pouch.
The order Amphipoda is a large group of crustaceans with marine freshwater
and terrestrial representatives. There are four recognized suborders:
Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, Caprellida, and Ingolfiellidea. There are no
representatives of the Hyperiidae, exclusively marine and pelagic; or the
Ingolfeillidae, a tiny interstitial group presented here.
Figure 149 shows a generalized gammaridean amphipod. Virtually all of the
labeled features are modified to various degrees among the different
families and species.
SUBORDER GAMMARIDEA (Figure 148-179)
Definition: Body shrimplike. Peraeon with seven segments, appendages
possessing large coxal plates. Abdomen with six segmets and
with appendages. Eyes usually present. Pleopods biramous;
three pairs of uropods; uropods are biramous.
74
-------
The Gammaridea is the largest of the four suborders, containing over 3300
species.
FAMILY GAMMARIDAE (Figure 148)
Definition: Basically the same characters as the suborder definition.
Antennae with accessory flagellum. Gnathopods one and two
subchelate, second usually larger. Peraeopods three through
five successively increasing in length. Peduncle of uropod
one with proximal anterior spines; rami of uropod three
usually foliaceous. Telson often deeply cleft.
FAMILY MELITIDAE (Figures 150-152)
Definition: Body smooth, slender. Coxae shallow. Gnathopods, antennae
and uropod three exhibit varying degrees of sexual
dimorphism. Eye small, round. Gnathopod two larger than
one. The seventh peraeopod is the longest. Peduncle of
first uropod has an anterior proximal spine. Uropod three is
large, spinose, with inner rami usually reduced. Telson
cleft, bearing spines.
FAMILY LILJEBORGIIDAE (Figure 153)
Definition: Coxae large, deep. Pleosome and urosome may be dorsally
dentate or spinose. Gnathopods, uropods and telson sexually
dimorphic. Antennae two longer than antennae one. Accessory
flagellum with two or more segments. Gnathopods large,
subchelate. Seventh peraeopod is longest. Uropods are
biramous; rami of uropod three are lanceolate. Telson deeply
cleft.
FAMILY BATEIDAE (Figure 154)
Definition: Body smooth or dorsally carinate. Third and fourth coxal
plates large; first coxa reduced; coxa five with an extended
posterior lobe. Eye large, rectangular; head with a
depressed rostrum. Both antennae long, subequal, without
accessory flagellum. First gnathopod vestigal, second
subchelate. Paraeopods five through seven increasing in
length. Telson short, cleft.
FAMILY STENOTHOIDAE (Figures 155-156)
Definition: Body small, smooth. Coxa of segments two to four large,
shield-like; coxa one small, covered by coxa two. Head
short; round eyes. Antennae two slightly longer than
antennae one; accessory flagellum small or missing.
Gnathopod one subchelate or simple, smaller than gnathopod
two, which is subchelate. Remaining paraeopods short, nearly
equal in length. Third uropod uniramous. Telson entire.
75
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FAMILY LEUCOTHOIDAE (Figure 157)
Definition: Body short, compact, smooth. Antennae short, flagellae
shorter than peduncles; accessory flagellum very small.
Coxae variable. Gnathopod one chelate, carpus lobe very
slender elongate; gnathopod two subchelate, very large.
Basis of peraeopods three through five broad. Uropod one
longer than uropod two. Telson entire.
FAMILY OEDICEROTIDAE (Figures 158-159)
Definition: Rostrum large; body smooth with large abdomen. Eyes located
dorsally, appear as one. Antennae two longer than antennae
one; accessory flagellum small or lacking. Coxal plates
moderately deep. Gnathopod one subchelate; gnathopod two
subchelate or chelate. Peraeopods three through six short;
peraeopod seven elongate. Uropods slender, biramious. Telson
small, entire.
FAMILY HAUSTOIIDAE (Figure 160)
Definition: Body broad, smooth. Urosome may be spinose or setose.
Antenna one with accessory flagellum is shorter than antennae
two. Gnathopods one and two subchelate, simple or minutely
chelate. Peraeopods five, six and seven modified for
burrowing; peraeopod six longest. Uropods usually biramous;
uropod three different from one and two. Telson small,
normally cleft.
FAMILY ARGISSIDAE (Figure 161)
Definition: Body slender, smooth. Segments of peraeon short, deep. Coxa
one, two and three decrease in size; coxa four large. Head
short. Antennae two longer than antennae one, accessory
flagellum present. Coxas five, six and seven with large
posterior lobe; coxas four largest. Gnathopods simple or
sub- chelate. Peraeopods three and four weak; five, six and
seven, larger, subequal. Uropods biramous. Telson cleft.
FAMILY PHOXOCEPHALIDAE (Figures 162-163)
Definition: With a smooth fusiform body. Coxa deep, fourth largest,
margins bearing setae. A broad rostrum overhangs base of
antennae. First antennae short, with accessory flagellum.
Male and female dimorphic. Antennae two with elongate
flagellum. Gnathopods subchelate or chelate. Peraeopod six
longest, seven short. Basis of peraeopods six and seven
expanded. Uropods biramous, spinose. Telson cleft.
76
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FAMILY ATYLIDAE (Figure 164)
Definition: Body much compressed. Urosome with carina; and with segments
two and three united. Rostrum prominent, eyes located
laterally. Accessory flagellum small or lacking. Gnathopods
subchelate, subequal, sexually dimorphic. Peraeopod three
larger than four. Uropod two shorter than one. Telson cleft.
FAMILY AMPELISCIDAE (Figures 165-166)
Definition: Body smooth, head longer than deep. Usually four eyes.
Second antennae longer than first. Coxal plates deep, lower
margins setose. Gnathopods simple or subchelate. Dactyls of
pereaopods three and four elongate; dactyls of five and six
short. Peraeopod seven shortest, different from five and
six. Uropod three lanceolate, foliaceous.
FAMILY LYSIANASSIDAE (Figure 167)
Definition: Body deep, subfusiform. First four coxal,plates large, deep;
fourth coxa with a distal posterior protrusion. Coxa five,
six and seven deep. Head small; eyes large. Antennae one
short, first peduncle segment inflated; accessory flagellum
large. Antennae two slender; short in female, long in male.
First gnathopod simple, chelate or subchelate; second
gnathopod slender chelate or subchelate. Peraeopods five,
six and seven subequal or successively longer. Uropods
biramous. Telson deeply cleft.
FAMILY AORIDAE (Figures 168-171)
Definition: Body slender, smooth, depressed. Coxa medium or small; coxa
one largest, produced anteriorly; coxa five with a deep
anterior lobe. Head blunt, rostrum short. Antennae one
longer than antennae two; accessory flagellum usually
present. Gnathopod one and antennae two sexually dimorphic.
Gnathopods subchelate; gnathopod one larger in males.
Seventh peraeopod longest. Uropods slender, usually
biramous. Telson short, entire.
FAMILY AMPITHOIDAE (Figure 172)
Definition:
Body smooth, not strongly laterally flattened. Pronounced
sexual dimorphism. Coxae deep; smooth or setose distally.
Fourth and fifth coxae largest. Eyes rounded on a short
anterior lobe. Antennae longer than antennae two; accessory
flagallum short or lacking. Gnathopods strongly subchelate,
second usually larger. The uropods are biramous; rami of
uropod three are shorter than peduncle.
77
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FAMILY AMPHILOCHIDAE (Figure 173)
Definition: Accessory flagellum absent. Head with a conspicuous rostrum.
Coxa one is very small, partially hidden by following coxae;
coxae two sometimes as small as coxa one, or as large as
three. Coxae three and four enlarged. Gnathopods subchelate
or simple, small to medium size. Telson entire,, Uropods
three biramous.
FAMILY COROPHIIDAE (Figures 174-178)
Definition: Urosome depressed, body smooth; coxae short, shallow. Head
short with a prominent eye lobe. Antennae one equal to or
shorter than antennae two; accessory flagellum lacking.
Gnathopod one subchelate; gnathopod two subchelate or simple,
larger than one. Pleopods short, stout. Uropod three short,
usually uniramous. Telson short, broad.
GENUS Corophium (Figures 175-177)
Body very depressed. Coxae small, separated. Anterior laobes of head
prominent, with eyes. Antennae two longer than antennae one,. Peduncular
segments of antennae two, stout. Gnathopod one weakly subchelate; gnatho-
pod two simple. Peraeopods five and six short; peraeopod seven long.
Pleonal side plates small, separated; pleopods short. Uropods one and two
biramous, uropod three uniramous. Telson broad, small.
Three species of Corophium were recovered from Tampa Bay.
species or subspecies of those they closely resemble.
FAMILY PODOCERIDAE (Figure 179)
They may be new
Definition: Body depressed, slender. Coxae small, separated. Gnathopods
sexually dimorphic. Antennae elongate, strongly setose
posteriorly. Accessory flagellum present, reduced, or
lacking. Gnathopods one and two usually subchelate.
Gnathopod two largest. Peraeopods five, six and seven
increasing in length. Urosome one elongate; urosome three
small or fused with two. Uropods one and two biramous.
Uropod three abnormal, reduced or lacking. Telson small,
oval.
ORDER DECAPODA (Figures 181-182)
Definition: Malacostracan crustaceans in which the first three pairs of
thoracic appendages are modified as maxillipeds; and the
remaining five pairs of thoracic appendages are legs, the
first pair which often is modified as a cheliped. The legs
are usually without exopodites. The head is fused with the
thoracic segments dorsally and the gills are enclosed in
lateral branchial chambers formed by the overhanding carapace.
78
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The Decapoda are traditionally divided into two suborders:
The Natantia, shrimps (Figure 181); and the Reptantia,
lobsters, crayfish and crabs (Figure 182).
SUBORDER NATANTIA (Figures 180-181; 183-192)
Definition: Body laterally compressed. Rostrum normally laterally
compressed and serrated. Antennules usually with a
stylocerite. Antennal scales large and flattened. Legs
slender, similar except when any of the first three pairs are
chelate or subchelate. All the abdominal segments bear
pleopods which are well developed and used for swimming. The
first abdominal segment equal or slightly subequal to the
rest.
FAMILY PENAEIDAE (Figure 180)
Definition: Shrimplike crustaceans. Well developed rostrum usually with
teeth. The first three pairs of thoracic appendages are
chelate; all thoracic appendages slender. Eyes variously
elongate. Antennules with two flagella. Pleura of the
second abdominal segment does not overlap the pleura of the
first abdominal segments.
FAMILY SERGESTIDAE (Figure 183)
Definition: Penaeids in which the last two pairs of thoracic appendages
(legs) are reduced or lost and the gills are few or lost.
FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE (Figure 184)
Definition: The first two pairs of legs are chelate; the second pair
usually larger than the first; carpus of the second pair not
divided. Rostrum usually toothed; mandible usually with an
incisor process. The pleura of the second abdominal segment
overlaps the pleura of the first and third segments.
FAMILY ALPHEIDAE (Figures 185-188)
Definition: Carapace smooth, usually projecting over eyes. Rostrum
reduced; antenna! and branchiostegal spines absent. Base of
antennae cylindrical, shorter than combined length of other
two articles. Antennal scale seldom longer than peduncle.
Chela of first pair of legs, large; carpus short. Second
legs weakly developed; the propodi of the third to fifth pair
of legs are spinous; the dactyls simple or bifurcate.
79
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FAMILY OGYRIDIDAE (Figure 189)
Definition: Pleura of second abdominal segment overlaps the pleura of the
first and third segments. First two pairs of legs chelate,
nearly equal and only slightly larger than o^her legs.
Second pair of legs with a subdivided carpus. Rostrum small
or absent. Eyestalks long. Telson heavy, blades or uropods
curved outward.
FAMILY HIPPOLYTIDAE (Figure 190)
Definition: Pleura of second abdominal segment overlaps the pleura of the
first and third segments. First two pair of legs chelate;
carpus of the second pair subdivided. Eyes not covered by
carapace. Mandibles cleft; second maxillipeds have a very
short dactyl.
FAMILY PROCESSIDAE (Figures 191-192)
Definition: Smooth body, short rostrum. First pair of legs chelate,
asymmetrical; second pair minutely chelate. Eyes large; well
developed cornea. Antennule peduncle with well-developed
stylocerite. Antennal scale well developed.
SUBORDER REPTANTIA (Figures 182; 193-204)
Definition: Lobsterlike or crab!ike in form. Cephalothorax depressed;
rostrum small or absent; stylocerite absent. Legs strong,
first pair may be larger than the others. Abdomen usually
depressed; first abdominal segment smallest; pleopods reduced
or absent.
FAMILY CALLIANASSIDAE (Figure 193)
Definition: Body shrimplike. Peduncle of antennae five-jointed.
Antennal scale reduced, vestigial. First pair of legs
unequal, chelate; third and fourth pair of legs simple, third
and fifth variable. Pleura small or absent. Telson and
uropods well developed, broad. Abdominal segments 3-6 with
broad appendages.
FAMILY PORCELLANIDAE (Figures 194-195)
Definition: Crablike appearance; carapace depressed, well calcified.
Rostrum short; antennae inserted lateral to eyes, consisting
of three movable segments and a flagellum. Basal articles of
antennules broad. Chelipeds elongate, broad, flattened.
First three legs well developed, but leg smaller, folded
against carapace. Abdomen broad, seven segments,,, folded
under thorax.
80
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FAMILY PAGURIDAE (Hermit crabs) (Figure 196)
Definition: Abdomen soft, spirally coiled in modification to occupation
of gastropod shells. Carapace elongate broadened
posteriorly. Eyes stalked. Antennal peduncle five jointed.
First pair of legs, large, chelate; fourth and fifth pair
reduced, modified. Abdominal appendages usually present only
on left side.
Most of the invertebrates presented in this manual are components of the
benthic infauna. The hermit crabs, however, would be considered a
component of the epifauna; that is, they crawl about on the surface of the
sediments in search of food. Adult specimens of the family Paguridae were
seldom collected with remote sampling gear.
FAMILY ALBUNEIDAE (Figure 197)
Definition: Carapace flattened, not covering legs. First pair of legs
subchelate. Rostrum reduced or absent. Abdomen reduced,
bent under thorax. Telson nearly oval in shape.
FAMILY LEUCOSIIDAE (Figure 198)
Definition: Crabs with a circular, oval or polygonal carapace. Eyes
small, frontal margin narrow. Antennae small; antennules
fold obliquely. Maxilliped enclose a buccal cavity.
Chelipeds symmetrical. Abdomen folded beneath thorax.
FAMILY XANTHIDAE (Figures 199-201)
Definition: Body transversely oval or hexagonal. Front broad without a
rostrum. Last pair of legs normal, usually similar to pairs
2-4. Antennules fold obliquely or transversely.
FAMILY PINNOTHERIDAE (Figures 202-204)
Definition: Carapace may be membranous; anterolateral margins lacking or
with minor dentations. Orbits and eyestalks small. Buccal
cavity wide. Merus of third maxilliped not quadrate, without
palp; ischium small.
Pinnotherids are generally small, living as commensals or parasites with
or on other invertebrates.
81
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CLASS CRUSTACEA SUBCLASS CEPHALOCARIDA
ORDER REMITEDIA
FAMILY LIGHTIELLIDAE
Fig. 121. Lightiella floridana - McLaughlin, 1976. To about 2.5 mm in
length. The eighth thoracic segment lacks appendages. The telson is
the only abdominal segment with a vertical comb. Telson with dorsal
terminal spines. Pleura of eighth thoracic segment, a small spinose
process, pleura of pretelsonic segments moderately strong spinose
processes. Pleura of first seven thoracic segments broadly rounded.
Caudal rami equal or exceed telson width, usually as long as the last
two abdominal segments. For a more detailed taxonomic description,
see McLaughlin, 1976.
SUBCLASS OSTRACODA ORDER PODOCOPIDA
FAMILY CYTHERIDEIDAE - Sars, 1925
Fig. 122. Haplocytherida setipunctata - Brady, 1969. Carapace thick
heavily calcified, ovate in lateral view. Surface of valves pitted.
Shells translucent. This species was often collected in large
numbers. Valves often remain attached after animal is dead.
ORDER MYODOCOPINA
FAMILY CYLINDROLEBERIDIDAE - Muller, 1906
Fig. 123. Parasterope poll ex - Kornicker, 1967. Carapace thin,
flexible, semitransparent, oval in lateral view. Thumb!ike anterior
dorsal process. Antennae of male about as long or longer than
carapace. This species also occasionally occurred in large numbers.
FAMILY SARSIELLIDAE - Brady & Norman, 1896
Fig. 124. Sarsiella zostericola - Cushman, 1906. Female: Dorsal
view; carapace broadly rounded at posterior, narrowing anteriorly.
Lateral view; oval with a posterior ventral process. Surface of
valves with-3 raised ribs radiating from a point slightly forward of
center. Male: Symmetrical in dorsal view with a sharp caudal process
on each valve. Suboval in lateral view with a shallow anterior sinus
beneath the rostrum and a short knob!ike posterior ventral
projection. Three raised ribs laterally as in female but with the
posterior rib projecting more dorsally. Carapace of both males and
females undergoes gradual morphological changes during growth.
82
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PLATE 25 (Figures 121-124)
*^y&*&#%&&&*?''<%.•*,:*''•• -\-, v'"'
^^f?~,'^t*'}*X*•-*', . .,
***>»Wvrissiitii ;-^ * '' * r-
121
123
122
124
83
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SUBCLASS CIRRIPEDIA
ORDER THORACICA
FAMILY BALANIDAE
Fig. 125. Balanus amphitrite - Darwin, 1854. Tropical and warm-
temperature seas. Base diameter up to 20 mm, however, most specimens
collected were juveniles with base diameters about 2-4 mm. White with
gray or lavender lines. Basis calcareous and tubiferous; carina
tubiferous. Many subspecies have been described.
SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA
ORDER NEBALIACEA
Fig. 126. Nebalia sp. - The species for this area is not known.
Relatively few specimens were collected.
ORDER STOMATOPODA
FAMILY SQUILLIDAE
Fig. 127. Squilla empusa - Say, 1818. Length to about 10
centimeters. Rostral plate wider than long, with a medial ridge.
Medial ridge of carapace bifid between dorsal pit and anterior
margin. Raptorial dactylus with six teeth. Fifth thoracic somite
with a sharp lateral spine curved anteriorly; sixth and seventh
thoracic somites with acute lateral processes. Tel son with 3-5
submedian denticles, 6-9 intermediate denticles, and one lateral
denticle.
ORDER MYSIDACEA
Fig; 128. Statocyst
Fig. 129.. Brood pouch
SUBORDER MYSIDA
FAMILY MYSIDAE
Fig. 130. Bowmaniella dissimilis - Coifmann, 1937. Delaware to
Brazil. Length to about 9mm. Carapace with a narrow triangular
rostrum. Antennal scale length about 3.5 times width, with a small
tooth on the outer distal corner and the outer margin naked.
Antennule peduncle segment one is long, equal to combined length of
segments two and three. Abdominal segment five with a posterior
dorsal scale. The uropods are longer than the telson with the exopods
longer than the endopods. Outer margin of exopod with 18-20 spines,
endopod with 5-6 submarginal spines on inner edge. The telson is
cleft with 6-8 lateral spines and 2 long apical spines; cleft with
13-15 small denticles.
-------
PLATE 26 (Figures 125-130)
126
128
129
130
85
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Fig. 131. Mysidopsis almyra - Bowman, 1964. Louisiana to Florida.
Length to about 7mm. Anterior margin of carapace rounded, not
covering base of eyestalks. Lanceolate, outwardly curved antennal
scale; about 6 times longer than wide. Exopod of uropod about 1.4
times the length of endopod. Endopod about 1.3 times the length of
the telson and with one spine on the ventral surface near the
statocyst. Telson entire with 13-20 lateral spines.
Fig. 132. Mysidopsis bigelowi - W. M. Tattersall, 1926. Massachusetts
to the Gulf of Mexico. Length to about 8 mm. Anterior margin of
carapace produced into a broad subtriangular rostrum. Antennule
peduncle segment one nearly as long as segment three: segment two
half as long as three. Antennal scale setose six times as long as
wide. Uropod exopod twice as long as telson; endopod 1.5 times as
long as telson, with 4-5 ventral spines near statocyst. Telson
entire, lateral margin with 10-13 spines, apex with 2-3 pairs of stout
spines.
ORDER CUMACEA
FAMILY BODOTRIIDAE
Fig. 133.. Cyclaspis varians - Caiman, 1912. Maximum length 3-4 mm.
Telson absent.Male with 5 pleopods. Pseudorostrum acute, wide
antennal notch; and the antennal tooth acute in females, rounded in
males. A single pigmented eye (fused eyes) located medially. Surface
of carapage smooth, usually spotted with pigment. Inner rami with
only one segment. Antennae of mature males reach to telsoin.
FAMILY LEUCONIDAE
Fig. 134. Leucon acutirostris - G. 0. Sars, 1865. Length of about 3.5
mm. This species was previously recorded from the Arctic and Norway.
Specimens were also examined by Dr. M. Bacescu and confirmed as JL.
acutirostris. MALE: Pseudorostral projection short. Carapace smooth
dorsally, anterolateral margins about a 90 degree rounded angle,
serrated below. FEMALE: Pseudorostral projection longer than male,
terminally acute. Anterior portion of carapace with a dorsal serrated
crest. Lower anterolateral margin of carapace produced, serrated.
Inner ramus of uropoda (for both sexes) shorter than outer ramus, its
distal segment about half the length of the proximal segment.
FAMILY NANNASTACIDAE
Fig. 135. Cumella garriti - Bacescu and Murandian, 1977. To about 3
mm in length. MALE: With carapace less than one-third total length;
no pleopods (characteriscis of Cumella); pseudorostrum short.
FEMALE: Anterolateral angle of carapace bearing a series of
serrations; pseudorostrum longer, more acute than male.
86
-------
PLATE 27 (Figures 131-135)
131
133
132
.-5mm, /,
134
M^Wi&^r&'^-i' '~-fr
135
87
-------
FAMILY DIASTYLIDAE
Fig. 136. Oxyurostylis smithi - Caiman, 1912. Reaches a maximum
length of about 7 mm. As seen from the side, the dorsal edge of the
carapace is arched, sloping posteriorly and anteriorly to the short
horizontal pseudorostrum. Antenna! notch lacking. There is a
prominent pointed telson. Eyes are indistinct; there is no occular
pigment. In the female, there are two parallel, oblique ridges on
both sides of the carapace which are united at the lower edge; the
upper ends are connected by a short longitudinal ridge. Anterior to
these are several short transverse ridges and a lateral ridge passing
by the side of the pseudorostrum. The male is similar in appearance
with only 2 transverse frontal ridges and with an additional ridge
along the ventral margin to the posterior ridge. The antennae of
mature males are as long as the entire animal. The first and second
pair of pleopods are biramous and larger than the last 3 pairs.
ORDER TANAIDACEA
Fig. 137. Tanaidacea taken from Tampa Bay.
ORDER ISOPODA
SUBORDER ANTHURIDEA
FAMILY ANTHURIDAE
Fig. 138. Apanthura magnifica - Menzies and Frankenberg, 1966.
Georgia Coast to West Coast of Florida. Maximum length about 10 mm.
Eyes present; large in male., small in female. First antenna with a
two-jointed flagellum; second antenna with a brush-like flagellum'in
males, a four-jointed flagellum in females. First peraeopod with a
basal tooth on palm. Pleotelson ovate; pointed in females, truncate
in males. Endopod of uropod nearly two times as long as broad, exopod
broadly ovate with a notched apex.
Fig. 139. Cyathura polita - Stimpson, 1856. Maine to Louisiana.
Length to about 25 mm. Body narrow, elongate, about seven times
longer than wide. 'Eyes small. The second antennae are longer than
the first. The first'three pairs of peraeopods are prehensile with
the first pair enlarged, and with a tooth on the interior margin of
the propodus. The telson is narrow, elongate, and terminally
rounded. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal head view.
88
-------
PLATE 28 (Figures 136-139)
136
137
139
89
-------
Fig. 140. Xenanthura brevitelson - Barnard, 1925. Georgia coast,
Florida, West Indies. Length to about 5 mm. One pair of eyes in
females, three pairs in males. First three peraeopods subchelate with
a large projection on interior margin of palms. Exopods of uropods
subcircular, transparent; endopod club-shaped extending beyond the
apical margin of exopod and slightly longer than the telson.
Pleotelson distally convex bearing four setae, the inner two swollen.
Telson also bears a pair of small bristles near apex. A. Lateral
view. B. Posterior end.
SUBORDER VALVIFERA
FAMILY IDOTEIDAE
Fig. 141. Aegathoa oculata - Say, 1818. Connecticut to Yucatan,
Mexico; the West Indies. Length to about 11 mm. Body elongate, four
times as long as wide. Cephalon produced posteriorly into three
lobes. Eyes large. Uropods and apex of pleotelson with fringe of
pulmose setae. Antennae one are composed of eight articles; antennae
two composed of ten articles, slightly longer than antennae one.
Peraeopods are prehensile with long, narrow, curved dactyli.
Fig. 142. Edotea montosa - Stimpson, 1853. Nova Scotia to Florida.
Length to about 9 mm. Body ovate, depressed, more than twice as long
as wide. Lateral margins of peraeonal somites rounded. First pair of
antennae extend to the middle of last peduncular article of second
antennae. The third and fourth thoracic segments are the longest and
widest.
Fig. 143. Erichsonella filiformis isabelensis - Menzies, 1951.
Florida to Texas. Length to about 12 mm. A small bump medially on
the cephalon. Two small tubercles found on the frontal cephalic
margin of JE. filiformis are lacking. The supralateral extension of
the second paraeonal somite does not extend beyond the lateral
margin. Mid-lateral pleotelson extension reduced to a small
protuberance. Width of Pleotelson less than one-half length.
90
-------
.PLATE 29 (Figures 140-143}
140
,* , ~V,i>V-^..- ',/*-••-
141
143
142
91
-------
FAMILY SPHAEROMIDAE
Fig. 144. Cymodoce faxoni - Richardson, 1905. Florida to Texas.
Length to about 6 mm. Body ovate, about twice as long as wide. Head
two times as wide as long. Eyes small, round. Both pairs of antennae
long, second slightly longer than first. Uropods well developed,
exopod longer than endopod, with an acute terminal end. Pleotelson
with two medially-located tubercles.
Fig. 145. Dynamenella dianae - Menzies, 1962. Lower California,
Mexico, Puerto Rico (Florida). To about 4 mm in length. Exopod and
endopod, large with crenulate margins.
Fig. 146. Sphaeroma quadridentatum - Say, 1818. New England to both
sides of Florida. To about 10 mm in length. Pleotelson rounded.
Maxillipedal palps with conspicuous lobes. Exopods of third pleopods
not jointed. No tubercles on pleon or pleotelson. Four teeth on the
exopod of the uropod. Various, patterns of white patches cm the. dorsum
are common.
SUBORDER ASELLOTA
FAMILY MUNNIDAE
Fig. 147. Munna sp. Very few specimens of this species were
collected. The identity of these specimens which are very small (0.5
- 1.0 mm) was not confirmed. These specimens could possibly be Munna
hayesi Robertson, 1978, described from Port Aransis, Texas.
ORDER AMPHIPODA
SUBORDER GAMMARIDEA
FAMILY 6AMMARIDAE
Fig. 148. Gammarus mucronatus - Say, 1818. Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Length to about 5 mm. Eyes large,
reniform. Pleosomal segments one, two and three with a sharp
posteriorly directed protrusion. First and second coxal plates with
4-8 setae along the anterodistal angle. Antennae one longer than
antennae two. Gnathopods one and two are large. ;
Fig. 149. Generalized schematic drawing of a gammaridean amphipod in
lateralview. B, buccal mass; C. coxae; Gn, gnathopods; PI, pleopods.
92
-------
PLATE 30 (Figures 144-149)
146
145
k%,Cfe^W--^ -
C.^cri.^' ^'
147
enAEO N
Uropods
>imeron
148
149
93
-------
Fig. 150. Elasmopus levis - Smith, 1873. Cape Cod to Georgia and
Florida. Length to about 10 mm. Antennae two shorter than antennae
one; accessory flagellum with 2-3 segments. In males gnathopod two,
segment six is ovate, the inner surface excavate to receive the
strongly curved dactyl; with a stout tooth at the posterior proximal
edge of excavation. In females the dactyl closes on a short convex
palm. Margins or peraeopodal segments four, five and six setose.
Posterior corner of pleonal segment three produced in a slightly
upturned tooth. Inner ramus of uropod three shorter than outer.
Telson cleft, lobes apically acute; outer edge each with three spines.
FAMILY MELITIDAE
Fig. 151. Melita nitida - Smith, 1873. Gulf of St. Lawrence; Nova
Scotia to Northern Florida; Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan. Length to
about 10 mm. Coxal plates large, angles rounded. Antennae one longer
than two. Antennae one flagellum with whorls of setae; antennae two
flagellum and peduncle segment 5 with whorls of longer setae. Pleonal
and urosomal segments lack mucronations (dorsal teeth or spinelike
projections). Terminal segment of exopod of uropod three minute.
Fig. 152. Melita sp. An undescribed species.
FAMILY LILJEBORGIIDAE
Fig. 153. Listriella .c.f. barnardi - This species also appears to be
closely related to Listriella quintana McKinney, 1979.
FAMILY BATEIDAE
Fig. 154. Batea catharinensis - Muller, 1865. Cape Cod to Florida;
Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean region to Brazil. Length to about 6 mm.
With an acute down curved rostrum. Lower margins of second and third
coxal plates convex, rounded. Coxa four with a protuding posterior
lobe. Both antennae setose posteriorly. Side plate of the third
pleonal segment posteriorly convex with about 10 upward pointing
teeth. Rami of uropod three broad, lanceolate, margins spinose with
pulmose setae. Telson cleft.
FAMILY STENOTHOIDAE
Fig. 155. Stenothoe c.f. minuta. Possibly an undescribed species.
Fig. 156. Parametopella cypris - Holmes, 1905. Cape Cod to.Florida.
Length to about 2 mm. Coxa four very large, oval extends to and
covers coxa one to coxa seven. Head short; large eye. Antennae short
and suhequal. Gnathopod one weak; gnathopod two larger with two large
spines at posterior angle. Dactyl of peraeopods three and four
large. Posterior corner of pleonal side plate three nearly square.
Telson long, ovate.
94
-------
PLATE 31 (Figures 150-156)
150
152
154
156
95
155
-------
FAMILY LEUCOTHOIDAE
Fig. 157. Leucothoe sp. Possibly an undescribed species.
FAMILY OEDICEROTIDAE
Fig. 158. Monoculodes edwardsi - Holmes, 1905. Gulf of St. Lawrence
to Cape Cod; Middle Atlantic states to Florida; Gulf of Mexico.
Length to about 7 mm. Rostrum strong, depressed. Eye large,
elliptical. Coxae one through four as deep as body segments, lower
margins with setae; coxa five deepest, peduncle segments two and three
of antennae one nearly equal. Gnathopod two larger than gnathopod
one. Peraeopod seven extends beyond uropods. Uropod three not
reaching as far as one and two. Telson rectangular.
Fig. 159. Monoculodes nyei - Shoemaker, 1933. Gulf of Mexico; Illha
Sao Sesbastiao, Brazil. Length to about 4 mm. Very similar to M.
edwardsi. Antennae one very short, shorter than M,. edwardsi.
flagellum shorter than peduncle and pulmose. Uropod two extends back
further than uropods one or three.
FAMILY HAUSTORIIDAE
Fig. 160. -Acanthohaustorius sp.
FAMILY ARGISSIDAE
Fig. 161. Argissa sp.
FAMILY PHOXOCEPHALIDAE ;
Fig. 162. Paraphoxus c.f. spinosus
Fig. 163. Trichophoxus floridanus - Shoemaker, 1933. South Carolina;
Florida. Length to about 6 mm. Head elongate; a long, spatulate
rostrum. Antennae one short with a long accessory flagellum; antennae
two nearly as long as body. Gnathopods chelate, similar. Peraeopod
six longest. 'Uropod three spinose. Telson cleft to base.
FAMILY ATYLIDAE
Fig. 164. Nototropus sp. Possibly an undescribed species.
96
-------
PLATE 32 (Figures 157-164)
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159 160
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164
163
97
-------
FAMILY AMPELISCIDAE
Fig. 165. Ampelisca abdita - Mills, 1964. Maine to Florida; Gulf of
Mexico. Length to about 8 mm. Urosome one dorsally flat; urosome
three posterior margins rounded. Head elongate. Antennae two
longest; antennae one flagellum extends just beyond peduncle of
antennae two. First coxa anteroventrally rounded, fringed with
setae. Uropod one exceeds tip of uropod two; uropod three lanceolate
with setae and spines. This species builds a mud tube which, at
times, can carpet the benthos in thick mats.
Fig. 166. Ampelisca holmesii - Pearse, 1908. Rhode Island to Florida;
Gulf of Mexico. Length to about 10 mm. Head elongate, tapering
anteriorly. First coxa expanded distally, larger than coxa two.
First antennae shorter then second, reaching slightly beyond second
segment of peduncle of second antennae. Peduncle of second antennae
elongate; noticeably longer than that of /\. abdita. This species is
also a tube builder.
FAMILY LYSIANASSIDAE
Fig. 167. Lysianopsis alba - Holmes, 1905. South of Cape Cod to the
Middle Atlantic states; Carolinas to Florida; eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Length to .about 10 mm. Anterolateral lobe of head subacute. Eye
oval. Coxa rectangular; coxa four protrudes posteriodistally.
Antennae one and two nearly equal; one with enlarged basal segment and
large flagellum. Side plate of pleonal segment three evenly rounded
posteriorly. Uropods biramous; outer ramus longer than inner. Telson
nearly as wide as long.
FAMILY AORIDAE
Fig. 168. Grandidierella bonnieroides - Stephensen, 1948. Gulf of
Mexico; southern Atlantic states; West Indies. Length to about 8 mm.
Basis of antennae one as long as head; second segment slightly
longer. Accessory flagellum absent. Antennae two shorter than one.
Fifth segment of gnathopod one enlarged, twice as long as wide with
one to three spines on the poasterior margin. During collection and
preservation, specimens of J3. bonnieroides tend to lose their antennae
except for the basal portions.
Fig. 169. Lembos smithi - Holmes, 1905. Cape Cod to Northern Florida;
Buzzards Bay. Length to about 5 mm. Coxae shallow; coxae two, three
and four setose. Eyes small, oval. Antennae one slightly longer than
antennae two; accessory flagellum present. Gnathopod one larger than
two. Segment five of gnathopod one short, deep; segment six large
with setose margin. Pleonal segments separated distally. Terminal
spines of uropod three long, slender.
Fig. 170. Microdeutopus sp. Possibly an undescribed species.
98
-------
PLATE 33 (Figures 165-170)
165
166
167
168
169
170
99
-------
Fig. 171. Rudilemboides naglei - Bousfield, 1973. Cape Cod to
Georgia; Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Vineyard Sound; Buzzards Bay. Length
to about 3 mm. Antennae one with accessory flagellum; longer than
antennae two. Gnathopod one subchelate; gnathopod two weakly
subchelate. Segment four of peraeopods three and four expanded
anterodistally. Peraeopod five slightly shorter than peraeopods one
through four; peraeopod six longer; peraeopod seven longest. Uropod
three, outer ramus with paired marginal spines; inner ramus with one
or two spines.
FAMILY AMPITHOIOAE
Fig. 172. Cymadusa c.f. compta. Possibly an undescribed species.
FAMILY AMPHILOCHIDAE
Fig. 173. Gitanopsis sp. Possibly an undescribed species.
FAMILY COROPHIIDAE
Fig. 174. Cerapus sp. An unidentified, possibly new species.
GENUS Corophium
Fig. 175. Corophium c.f. acherusicum - Distribution of £. acherusicum;
Atlantic Coast of North America to Maine. May be cosmopoTitan in warm
temperature coastal waters.
100
-------
PLATE 34 (Figures 171-175)
101
-------
Fig. 176. Corophium c.f. lacustre. Distribution of C. lacustre; Bay
of Funday to Florida; Western Europe.
Fig. 177. Corophium c.f. louisianum. Distribution of JC. louisianum;
Louisiana; probably Gulf states.
Fig. 178. Erichthonius c.f. brasiliensis. Distribution of JE.
brasiliensis; Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay; Florida, Gulf States; West
Indies.
FAMILY PODOCERIDAE
Fig. 179. Podocerus sp. Possibly an undescribed species.
ORDER DECAPODA
SUBORDER NATANTIA
FAMILY PENAEIDAE
Fig. 180. Trachypeneus constrictus - Stimpson, 1871. Chesapeake Bay
to Texas; Bermuda; Puerto Rico and Sombrero Island; Surinam. Length
to about 10 cm. Rostrum projects to about the middle of the second
segment of the antenna! peduncle; distal end slightly upturned. Upper
edge of rostrum with seven to nine teeth which diminish in size toward
the tip; a spine is located posterior to the base of the rostrum;
antennal and hepatic spines well developed. An elevated ridge runs
the length of the carapace dorsally, except for a small portion at the
posterior end. A second ridge is present on the abdomen from the
fourth to the sixth segment; telson with two rounded ridges dorsally
which taper to an acuminate tip with a spine on either side.
Antennular peduncle pubescent, slightly longer than antennal scale,
flagella shorter than carapace. Eyes large and reniform,,
102
-------
PLATE 35 (Figures 176-180)
^ysf^j^s?"
4,1. -» £,. ^ y,^ ^- fr,.*J,
176
177
"S $?.-.
178
179
180
103
-------
Fig. 181. Composite drawing of a shrimp exhibiting majpr features; a.,
antenna; a.s.c., antennal scale; at., antennula; b., basis; b.s.,
branchiostegal spine; c., carpus, ex., coxa; d., dactyl; e., eye;
end., endopod; ex., exopod; h.s., hepatic spine; i., ischium; m.,
merus; p., propodiis; r., rostrum; sc., subchela; s.s., supraorbital
spine; St., stylocerite; t., telson; u., uropod; 3m, third maxilliped.
(after Williams, 1965).
Fig. 182. Composite drawing of a crab illustrating major features. A.
Dorsal view. B. Ventral view, walking legs not shown, a., antenna;
ab, abdomen; at, antennual; b, basis; c, carpus; ex, coxa; d, dactyl;
end, endognath; ep, epistome; es, endostome; ex, exognath; f, frontal
lobe; i, ischium; m, merus; p, propodus; so, suborbital; t.s.,
thoracic sternum; 3m, third maxilliped. (after Williams, 1965).
FAMILY SER6ESTIDAE
Fig. 183. Lucifer faxoni - Borradaile, 1915. Nova Scotia to
Louisiana; Bermuda; West Indies; Coast of South America. Length to
about 10 mm. Body small, thin. Anterior portion of thorax elongate
and cylindrical. Eyes, antennae and antennules located far in front
of the mouth parts and legs. The rostrum is small and there is a
small spine on either side behind the prominent stalked eyes.
Antennules long, slender. Antennal scale linear fringed with long
hairs on inner margin. Three pairs of legs; first pair short; last
two nearly as long as carapace. Abdomen much compressed; sixth
segment about twice as long as others. Telson slender about half the
length of uropods. Exopod longer and wider than endopod.
FAMILY PALAEMONIDAE
Fig. 184. Periclimenes americanus - Kingsley, 1878. Beaufort, N.C. to
Florida to Mexico; West Indies; Bermuda. Length to about 20 mm.
Rostrum strong with 7-10 teeth, tip pointed up; ventral margin with
2-3 teeth. Carapace with antennal and hepatic spines and a post
orbital ridge. Eyes well developed. Stylocerite large, sharp,
projecting to about the middle of basal antennular article. Antennal
scale slightly'longer than antennular peduncle with a spine near the
base and a spine at the apex. Telson with two pairs of dorsal spines;
posterior margin with three pairs of spines.
FAMILY ALPHEIDAE
Fig. 185. Automate sp. Members of this genus have not been reported
for this area. The species was not determined.
104
-------
PLATE 36 (Figures 181-185)
181
u roped /
183
182
105
-------
Fig. 186. Alpheus normani - Kingsley, 1878. North Carolina to Texas;
Bermuda; West Indies. Length to about 25 mm. Rostrum short, not as
long as first article of antennule. Carapace about two-thirds the
abdominal length. Ocular hoods produced into an obtuse angle project
over each eye; eyes covered by carapace. Antennal scale slightly
longer than the antennular peduncle, and with a strong ahteriolateral
spine. Antennae longer than body. First pair of legs with large
unequal chelae; larger chela, broad, flattened, with a ridge ending as
a strong tooth at the base of the dactyl.
Fig. 187. Alpheus sp. Species not determined.
Fig. 188. Leptalpheus forceps - Williams, 1965. North Carolina;
Mississippi; West Coast of Florida. Carapace length to about 8 mm.
Body compressed. Carapace smooth vfith a hood projecting over the
eyes; a cardiac notch is present on'the posterior border. Antennal
scale slightly shorter than antennular peduncle. Chelipeds are
asymmetrical. Propodus of larage cheliped is longer than merus.
Second legs weak, chelate; third and fourth legs strong; fifth leg
weaker than third and fourth. Outer rami of uropods distally
truncate, with a subterminal lateral spine. Telson distally rounded,
with two pairs of dorsal spines at one-third and two-thirds the telson
length.
FAMILY OGYRIDIDAE
Fig. 189. Ogyrides limicola - Williams, 1955. Virginia to Louisiana.
Length to about 15 mm. Rostrum short, deflected ventrally. Post
rostral ridge with 8-14 teeth, flanked on either side by setae.
Eyestalks long, narrowest at midlength. Peduncles of antennae and
antennule nearly equal. Stylocerite of basal article terminating in
two spines nearly equal length.
FAMILY HIPPOLYTIDAE
Fig. 190. Latreutes parvulus - Stimpson, 1866. North Carolina to
Texas; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Guiana; Brazil; West Africa. Length to
about 12 mm. Laterally compressed rostrum, nearly circular in female,
more elongate in male; dorsal margin with 6-8 teeth in female, 2-4
teeth in male. May have a few small teeth on tip and 0.5 on ventral
margin. Carapace with 5-7 postrostral teeth. Antennular peduncle
with a broad, rounded stylocerite. Antennal scale twice as long as
wide, but not as long as rostrum. First legs thick, equal; second
legs more slender.
106
-------
PLATE 37 (Figures 186-190)
186
189
187
188
190
107
-------
FAMILY PROCESSIDAE
Figri91. Ambidexter symmetricus - Manning and Chace, 1971. Gulf of
Mexico to Trinidad. Length of carapace to about 5 mm. Rostrum short
not reaching beyond eye. Antenna! spine present. Stylocerite
unaramed rounded laterally. Second pair of peraeopods with 4 meral
and 9-10 carpal articles. Fifth abdominal somite without
posterolateral spine.
Fig. 192. Hippolyte zostericola - Smith, 1873. Massachusetts, through
Gulf of Mexico; Nest Indies to Curacao. Length to about 12 mm.
Rostrum long, about equal to antennal scale, with 3-4 dorsal teeth and
2-5 teeth ventrally. Anterior margin of carapace produced into a lobe
beneath the eyes from which protrudes an antennal spine. Hepatic
spine present. Basis of antennular peduncle long and broad with a
slender divergent stylocersite. Antennal scale large, with a small
terminal spine on the outer margin; a spine is also present at the
base of the scale. Abdomen strongly bent at thrid segment; hoodlike
projection of posterior portion of third segment overhanging fourth
segment. Two pairs of dorsal spines on lateral border of the telson.
Tip of telson is truncate with three pairs of spines.
SUBORDER REPTANTIA
FAMILY CALLIANASSIDAE
Fig. 193. Callianassa atlantica - Rathbun, 1926. Nova Scotia to both
sides of Florida. Length to about 60 mm. Exoskeleton smooth thin.
Carapace about one-third abdomen length. A small acute rostrum
bounded on either side by a small triangular protrusion. Eyestalks
short pointed tips curved up and out; cornea on outer border.
Peduncle of antellule about half the length of the carapace. Antennae
longer than carapace; peduncle shorter than that of antennules.
Chelipeds unequal, and sexually dimorphic. No pleopods on first and
second abdominal segments of males. Telson as long as wide. Exopods
broader than endopods, both fringed with hairs distally.
FAMILY PORCELLANIDAE
Fig. 194. Petrolisthes galathinus - Bosc, 1801. North Carolina
through Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean; portions of South America; portions
of Pacific Ocean around Central America. Length to about 15 mm.
Carapace slightly longer than wide, with transverse ciliated rugae.
Rostrum broad, triangular. Eyes well developed. First article of
antennae with a median spine tiped lobe. Chelipeds large, covered
with ciliated rugae. Carpus twice as long as wide with spines along
margins.
108
-------
PLATE 38 (Figures 191-194)
191
192
193
194
109
-------
Fig. 195-. Euceramus praelongus - Stimpson, 1860. Chesapeake Bay to
Texas. Length to about 14 mm. Carapace elongate, subcyllndrical,
with very fine transverse rugae; anterior margin tridentate;
anteriolateral margins with two or more spines behind antennae.
Antennae three-fourths the length of the body; antennules short.
Chelipeds large, subequal. Second and third pair of legs longer than
first; last pair small turned dorsally. Abdomen small, uropods
reduced.
FAMILY PA6URIDAE (Hermit crabs)
Fig. 196. Unidentified juvenile pagurid.
FAMILY ALBUNEIDAE
Fig. 197. Lepidopa websteri - Benedict, 1903. North Carolina to
' Mississippi. Length of carapace to about 15 mm. Carapace as broad as
long, anterior margin fringed with setae. A short rostrum and a
lateral, broadly triangular protuberance to either side. Dorsum of
carapace with a ciliated band with ends pointing posteriorly.
Mid-dorsal region with a narrow transverse ciliated band and two
lateral oblique bands. Eyestalks diamond shaped. Peduncles of
antennules longer than eyestalks. First pair of legs broad,
flattened, subchelate. Fifth legs reduced, folded back. Abdomen
short, folded under thorax.
FAMILY LEUCOSIIDAE
Fig. 198. Persephona punctata aquilonaris - Rathbun, 1937. New Jersey
to Mexico. Length to about 50 mm. Carapace inflated, globular,
covered with granules; three sharp recurved spines along posterior
margin. Front narrow, bidentate, elevated.
FAMILY XANTHIDAE
Fig. 199. Menippe mercenaria - Say, 1818 (Stone crab). North Carolina
to Mexico; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica. Carapace length to about 90 mm,
oval, with smooth appearance. Anterolateral margin divided into four
lobes; front narrow with a median cleft and a trilobate lobe on either
side. Chelipeds large, heavy, unequal. Dactyl of major chela with a
large basal tooth; immovable finger with large subbasal tooth.
Walking legs stout, distally setose. Juvenile specimens were
occasionally obtained. (
Fig. 200. Neopanope texana texana - Stimpson, 1959. Virginia through
the Gulf of Mexico. Length to about 20 mm. Carapace convex, minutely
pubescent. Frontal edge rounded with a small medial notch.
Anterolateral margin of carapace with 5 triangular teeth'. Chelipeds
unequal, smooth, without a large tooth at base of major dactyl.
Fingers white or horn colored. Walking legs long, slender.
110
-------
PLATE 39 (Figures 195-200)
195
196
197
198
199
200
111
-------
Fig. 201. Panopeus herbstii - H. Milne Edwards, 1834. Massachusetts
to Brazil; Bermuda. Length to about 25 mm. Regions of carapace well
marked. Anteriolateral margins with five teeth; a transverse ridge
projecting inward from fifth tooth. Front wide with a small medial
cleft. Chelipeds heavy, dissimilar, unequal; carpus with a blunt
internal spine. Major cheliped with large teeth at base of dactyl.
Fingers of chelipeds dark.
FAMILY PINNOTHERIDAE
Fig. 202. Pinnixa chaetopterana - Stimpson, 1860. Massachusetts to
Texas; areas off Brazil. Length to about 6 mm. Carapace transversely
oval, about twice as long as wide, sides pubescent. Regions well
defined. Front narrow with median cleft; posterior margin concave.
Chelipeds stout, male different from female. First and second pair of
walking legs slender; third and fourth pair stout. This species lives
as a commensal in the tube of Chaetopterus variopedatus
Fig. 203. Pinnixa retinens - Rathbun, 1918. Chesapeake Bay; Gulf
Coast of Florida to Texas. Length about 5 mm. Carapace almost twice
as wide as long, nearly flat. Lateral margins with a granulate ridge;
posterior margin with a shallow groove. Chelipeds small, fingers
slender. Third walking legs stout, slightly longer than others;
ischium, inerus and propodus with stout spines.
Fig. 204. Pinnixa sayana - Stimpson, 1860. Massachusetts to North
Carolina; Gulf of Coast of Florida to Louisiana. Length to about 6
mm. Carapace smooth, pubescent laterally. A low transverse ridge
near posterior margin about one-third carapace width. Front narrow
deeply grooved chelipeds stout, flattened, very short immovable
finger; dactyl strongly curved. Walking legs long, slender; third leg
stouter than others.
112
-------
PLATE 40 (Figures 201-204)
201
202
203
204
113
-------
CLASS PYCNOGONIDA (PANTOPODA) - Sea Spiders
Definition: Small spiderlike animals consisting of a small trunk serving
as a base for the 4 pairs of walking legs. The legs have 8
segments and usually a terminal claw. The head contains a
tubular proboscis and usually 1-2 pairs of appendages, the
eel ifores and palpi. Males have a third pair of appendages,
the ovigers, used to carry the female's eggs.
Pcynogonids were usually rare in the study area, only one species found,
and were seldom collected in benthic grab samples. However, they
occasionally are abundant when suitable prey are present, such as
bryozoans, hydroids, sponges or algae and can be found clinging to these.
FAMILY PHOXICHILIDIIDAE
Fig. 205. Anoplodactylus pygmaeus - (Hodge, 1864). Body length about
0.75 mm. Cephalic segment short, little beyond the base of the
proboscis and without auxiliary claws. Second tibia as long as first
or only slightly shorter. Proboscis cylindrical and the eye tubercle
and abdomen not conspicuously long. Basal spines of propodus simple
(not denticulate). Fingers of chela short. Eye tubercle cylindrical,
not conical. Small tubercles at the ends of the lateral processes.
Propodus with 2-3 or more large spines at base.
205
114
-------
CLASS MEROSTOMATA
SUBCLASS XIPHOSURA - Horseshoe Crabs
Definition: Two main body divisions; the horseshoe shaped cephalothorax
(prosoma) and the hexagonal abdomen (opisthosoma). There is
a pair of compound eyes dorso-laterally on the prosoma. The
abdomen is armed with 6 spines on each side and a posterior
spikelike, telson. The prosoma has 5 pairs of walking legs,
the opisthosoma 5 pairs of book gills.
ORDER XIPHOSURIDA
FAMILY LIMULIDAE
Fig. 206. Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus). Horseshoe Crab. Northwest
Atlantic Coast to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Identification -
same as above definition. Adult specimens (lengths up to 600 mm,
including telson) are not collected with weight remote sampling gear.
However, juveniles up to several centimeters length are occasionally
obtained. A juvenile specimen is pictured here. A. Dorsal view, p,
prosoma; o, opisthosoma; t, telson. B. Ventral view.
206
115
-------
SECTION 8
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Definition: Body with pentamerous radial symmetry. Form varies;
subspherical, ovoid, starlike, elongate cylindrical or
wormlike. May be free living or fixed by a stalk. An
internal skeleton is present composed of calcareous ossicles
which may be loose and flexible or fused to form a rigid
skeletal test. The skeleton usually bears projecting spines
or tuberlces imparting a spiny or warty appearance to the
body surface. An internal water-vascular system is present
and functions primarily for locomotion. There is a
well-developed digestive tract but no' excretory system. The
sexes are nearly always separate.
The echinoderms are exclusively marine and are among the most familiar
marine invertebrates. Most are motile bottom dwellers. . They also exhibit
a substantial power of regeneration. The ability is important to remember
for identification purposes,, since specimens may be obtained that are in
the proess of growing back lost parts. These regenerating individuals may
appear to be morphologically aberrant when compared to the characteristics
of normal animals. Another feature, particularly prevalent among the
Ophiuroidea, is the autotomy of arms or other body parts when disturbed or
handled roughly.
Representatives of three classes, the Asteroidea, the Echinoidea and the
Ophiuroidea were commonly collected from Tampa Bay. The brittlestars
(Ophiuroidea) were the most numerically abudant and most frequently
obtained. They were found in nearly all sediment types. The less
abundant, Asteroidea and Echinoidea were associated with the cleaner,
firmer, sand or shelly substrates. The Ophiuroida are considered to be
members of the benthic infauna, since they are usually found borrowing
within the sediments, while the asteroids and cechinoids, which crawl
about on the sediment surface are more appropriately lableed as epifauna.
CLASS ASTEROIDEA (Figures 208-210) ORDERS PAXILLOSIDA, PLATYASTERIDA
SPINULOSIDA
Definition: Body radially symmetrical, pentagonal or stellate with five
or more arms gradually merging with the central disc. Body
usually dorso-ventrally flattened with a ventral mouth.
Ventral surface of arms with a/central groove containing rows
of podia (tube feet). The ma^reporite is located dorsally.
116
-------
The Asteroidea also known as starfish or sea stars are easily
recognizable.' The asteroid is composed of a central disc from which arms
or rays project. Sea stars are typically pentaranous. Although
individuals having fewer or greater numbers of rays are common. The three
species presented here all have five rays as the normal condition. They
are predators and/or scavengers and creep across the sediment, by means of
numerous ventral tube feet, to locate prey and food items.
The number, shape and arrangement of the skeletal ossicles are important
taxonomic characteristics of echinoderms, as well as the numbers and types
of projecting spines or tubercles. Figure 207 diagramatically depicts a
cross section view of the ossicle arrangement in the arm of a sea star.
CLASS ECHINOIDEA (Figures 211-213) ORDERS ARBACIOIDA, TEMNOPLEURIDA,
CLYPEASTEROIDA
Definition: Calcareous skeleton fused forming a rigid globular or
disci ike test. Movable spines project from test. They may
exhibit pentamerous radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry
(secondarily derived). Mouth.located ventrally, anus
dorsally or laterally.
The sea urchins and sand dollars are relatively large members of the
benthic community. The sea urchins can be considered as epifaunal
scavengers, moving about on the surface of the substrate in search of
plant or animal material. Sand dollars are usually located just beneath
the sediment surface and at times are locally abundant. The mouth
contains a distinctive chewing apparatus known as Aristotle's lantern.
The Spatangoida, not covered here, lack the apparatus.
CLASS OPHIURQIDEA (Figures 214-222) ORDER OPHIURIDA
Definition: The body (disc) is flattened, circular or pentagonal in
shape, and sharply differentiated from the five symmetrically
located arms (rays). The arms are thin, long and
serpentlike, with reduced podia. The madreporite is located
ventrally and is obscure. Mouth ventral.
The Ophiuroidea are also commonly known as brittle stars, serpent stars,
snake stars or sand stars. Seven species were collected from Tampa Bay.
All are burrowing forms of the family Amphiuridae. They are found in all
sediment types, ranging from clean sand to silty mucks.
The mechanical process of collecting benthic samples (obtaining a grab
sample, sieving the sediment, preservation, etc.) often causes ophiuroids
to autotomize the disc and/or portions of the arms. This can complicate
identification if more than one species is present in a sample.
Therefore, in order to minimize damage by autotomy, samples should be
processed gently and a relaxant used before specimens are,preserved.
Formalin softens the calcereous skeleton of ophiuroids and may cause
specimens to fragment. Seventy percent ethyl alcohol is a preferred
preservative.
117
-------
The relative size and proportions of an individual can be seen in Figure
214. Figure 215 schematically depicts features important for
identification of an amphiurid brittlestar to the genus and species
level. These characteristics are usually most easily observed when
specimens are first air dried. However, drying makes the animals even
more brittle, so gentle handling is required.
CLASS ASTERIODEA
Fig. 207. Schematic cross-section of a sea star ray. Right and left
sides represent two different types of sea star. Abbreviations as
follows: ad, adambu1acral plate; ag, ambulacral groove; am,
ambulacral plate; in, inframarginal plate; su, supramarginal plate.
(Modified from Hickman, 1967; and Gosner, 1971).
ORDER PAXILLOSIDA
FAMILY ASTEROPECTINIDAE - Gray, 1840
Fig. 208. Astropecten articulatus - (Say, 1825). Chesapeake Bay to
the Gulf of Mexico to Columbia. Five arms, moderately long. The
paxillar areas on the arms about twice the width of the marginals.
Paxillae arranged in transverse rows except at the midregion of the
arms and the disc. A uniform covering of spinules on the paxillae
gives a granulate appearance to the dorsal surface. Superomarginal
plate higher than wide, covered with granules, and may bear a small
spine on the arms. Interradial supermarginal s without spines.
Inferomarginal plates with a pair of flattened spines and sometimes a
third spine proximal to them. Below they are covered with small
spines and spinules. Six or fewer tiny actinal interradial plates
with a small, central spine surrounded by fine spinules. The
adambulacral plates with 3 or 4 slender spines side by side behind
which are 2 larger, flattened, truncate spines and behind these 3
smaller spines. Prominent, elongate mouth plates covered with small
spines. On either side there is a double row of spinules and a
cluster of short, thick, blunt spines at the apex. A conspicuous
round madreporite lies flush with the surface and is covered with fine
gyri.
118
-------
PLATE 41 (Figures 207-208)
DORSAL
marginal
plates
spines
207
208
119
-------
ORDER PLATYASTERIDA
FAMILY LUIDIIDAE - Verrill, 1899
Fig. 209. Luidia clathrata - (Say, 1825). New Jersey to Brazil. Five
arms, skeleton compact. Paxillae are square, in regular longitudinal
and transverse rows except on the disc and the midregion of the arms,
where they are irregularly shaped and arranged. Center of paxillae
covered with granules, the periphery with fine spinules.
Inferomarginal plates with one moderately long, curved, flattened
marginal spine with 1 or 2 small spines above it, and below a covering
of very short spines and spinules. Adambulacral plates with 2 furrow
spines, laterally flattened and curved; the inner spine more slender
than the outer one; two flattened spines behind these. Oval spines
form a thick cluster; jaws covered with fine spinules. Madreporite
concealed by paxillae.
ORDER SPINULOSIDA
FAMILY ECHINASTERIDAE - Verrill, 1867
Fig. 210. Echinaster sp. The various species of Echinaster are not
well known for the Tampa Bay area. The specimen figured may be
Echinaster (Verri11 aster) spinulosus. (See Downey, 1973).
CLASS ECHINOIDEA ORDER ARBACIOIDA
FAMILY ARBACIIDAE - Gray, 1855
Fig. 211. Arbacia punctulata - Lamarck, 1816. Cape Cod to the Gulf of
Mexico and the West Indies. Test globular, radially symmetrical.
Spines long, the longest about half the test diameter. Dorsally, the
spines are acutely pointed becoming spatulate more ventrally. The
periproct with 4 plates; occasionally 3 or 5. Color reddish brown or
purple to almost black.
ORDER TEMNOPLEURIDA
FAMILY TOXOPNEUSTIDAE - Troschel, 1872
Fig. 212. Lytechinus variegatus - Lamarck 1816. Test globular,
radially symmetrical. Spines blunt, short dorsally (about 5 mm)
increasing to about 2 x as long as ventrally (about 11 mm; in a
specimen with a test diameter of 5.5 cm). Periproct with numerous
small plates (about 14). Color pink, base of spines and small spines
green.
120
-------
PLATE 42 (Figures 209-212)
209
210
gMsjB^sre^sv^Wf'-Tl* »J-V C " <•;•••-•> "
fifl^ t>?i''-'-' &f'*•*•• .C..- ^> '-^^ • w
4"r^fcfc?^-iig^;;^:^"«-^"
I i«£y^&.!^-$;7 ---' --;, leant-,1
JiifivLi:'&ii^;^v^: -•"-.- -•? * -•• * - --
v ^V < J^/\
i
-------
ORDER CLYPEASTEROIDA
FAMILY MELLITIDAE - Stefanini, 1911
Fig. 213.Mellita quinquiesperforata Leske. Nantucket to Brazil.
flat, disclike. Five narrow openings (lunules) pass completely
through the body. Test covered with short slender spines. Mouth
slightly anterior of center.
Test
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
Fig. 214. Ophiuroid specimen (Micropholis atra).
small body and the five long sinuous arms.
Note the relatively
Fig. 215. Features of an Amphihurid Brittlestar. A - dorsal view of
disc; ds, dorsal scales; dap, dorsal armplate; p, pappilae; pp,
primitive plate; rs, radial shield; acs, accessory shield. B -
ventral view of one arm and a portion of the disc, asb, arm spine
(blunt); asp, arm spine (pointed); as, adoral shield; j, half-jaw
(oral plate); op, oral papillae; os, oral shield; s, side arm plate;
t, tentacle, ts, tentacle scale; vap, ventral arm plate.
ORDER OPHIURIDA
FAMILY AMPHIURIDAE
Fig. 216. Amphioplus abditus - Verrill, 1871. East Coast of the
United States to West Florida. Panama. Disc diameter to 10.0 mm,
covered with small scales. Arm length about 10 times the disc
diameter. Radial shields straight, separated except at base and two
and one-half times longer than wide. Second arm spine usually
flattened, broadly rounted at tip, and covered with small grain!ike
spinules. Each jaw with five pairs of papillae. Ventral arm plates
pentagonal, two tentacle scales.
122 j
-------
PLATE 43 (Figures 213-216)
dap
216
123
-------
ORDER OPHIURIDA
FAMILY AMPHIURIDAE
Fig. 217. Amphioplus thrombodes - H.L. Clark, 1918. Florida, Biscayne
Bay, Key West, Ft. Myers, and Tampa. Disc diameter to 6.0 mm, very
similar to A. abditus. but with only one tentacle scale (occasionaly
2) on most arm segments. Three arm spines, all slender and pointed.
The scales on the ventral disc surface are very small. Arms about 10
times the disc diameter. The radial shields are straight, joined
distally, slightly separated proximally, 1.5 to 2.5 times longer than
wide. The dorsal disc scales may be slightly swollen at their distal
edge.
Fig. 218. Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1829). Cosmopolitan
Distribution. Disc diameter to 3.0 mm in diameter, covered with large
scales. Arms short 4-5 times disc diameter. Radial shields joined,
about twice as long as wide. Three pairs of oral papillae, distal
pair opercular. Oral shield as wide or wider than long. Three arm
spines, two large tentacle scales. Dorsal arm plates non-over-
lapping. A. Dorsal View. B. Ventral View.
124
-------
PLATE 44 (Figures 217-218)
217
218
125
-------
Fig. 219. Micropholis atra (Stimpson, 1852). New York and Virginia to
the Gulf of Mexico. Disc diameter to about 8.0 mm, with arms about 7
times disc diameter. Infradental papillae smallest or equal to
adjacent ones. Distal most papillae largest, triangular, tending to
reduce the size of the gap between jaws. Oral shield diamond shaped,
longer than wide; 2 tentacle scales, 3 arm spines acutely pointed,
slender; ventral arm plates narrower at distal end than .at proximal:
dorsal arm plates wider than long, entire disc scaled, ventral scales
numerous, smaller than dorsal, large scales bordering disc surface.
Fig. 220. Micropholis gracillima - (Stimpson, 1852). South Carolina;
Florida; Bermuda; West Indies; Honduras and Brazil. Disc diameter to
6.0 mm, covered with fine scales. Arm length about 20 times disc
diameter. Radial shields slender 3 times as long as wide, joined
about one half of length. For or five pointed arm spines near disc,
reduced to three more distally. Two narrow tentacle scales. Ventral
arm plates pentagonal, about as long as wide. Three pairs of oral
papillae, the distal pair opercular. Oral shields diamond shaped,
longer than wide. Dorsal arm plates about half as long as wide.
Fig. 221. Hemipholis elongata - (Say, 1825). South Carolina to both
sides of Florida; Puerto Rico; Trinidad and Brazil. Disc diameter to
9.0 mm; dorsal surface with well deffned scales, ventral surface
without scales. Arm length about 8 times disc diameter. One pair of
large flattened oral papillae. Radial shields as long as wide. Three
slender pointed arm spines and a single tentacle scale. Dorsal arm
plates are 3 times wider than long.
126
-------
PLATE 45 (Figures 219-221)
220
-------
Fig. 222. Ophiophragmus filograneus (Lyman, 1875). Florida, frofn Lake
Worth on the east coast to the Tampa Bay region on the west coast.
Disc diameter to 9.0 mm, with a fence of small blunt papillae around
the distal margin. Dorsal scales large, prominent; ventral scales
covered with papillae-like granules. Three pairs of oral papillae.
Arms with three bluntly rounded spines. Near the disc the middle
spine may have smal-1 terminal teeth. Dorsal arm plates three times
wider than long; ventral arm plates pentagonal.
Not. Fig. Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860). West Coast of
Florida; Beaufort, North Carolina. Disc diameter to 9.0 mm, with a
fence of small blunt papillae around the distal margin. Three pairs
of oral papillae, infradentals largest. Dorsal scales prominent;
radial shields large joined along entire length and about 1.5 times
longer than wide. Ventral arm plates wider than long; three bluntly
pointed arm spines. Very similar to (h filograneus, but lacks the
ventral papilla-like granules.
0. wurdemani was not collected by the author. However, because of the
"close similarity to CL filograneus and because it has been reported
for this area the description was included.
128
-------
PLATE 46 (Figure 222)
.*\ -• *, • . . >, ','-'- • a
r 4 vv --,, - -, --• --' »
129
-------
SECTION 9
MISCELLANEOUS PHYLA
This section includes all remaining phyla that were recovered from the
study area. The following phyla are included in this section: Porifera
(sponges), Coelenterata (hydroids and anemones), Platyhelminthes
(flatworms), Rhynchocoela (nemertines), Nematoda (roundworms), Phoronida,
Branchipoda;, (lamp shells), Sipunculida, Hemichordata (acorn worms), and
Chordata (subphylum Urochordata), and Cephalochordata.
Most of these phyla were represented by only one or two species.
Occasionally, certain of these species would occur in relatively large
numbers, such asMolgula occidental is Traustedt and Glottidia pyramidata
Stimpson. Phyla such as Plathelminthes, Nematoda and Rhynchocoela often
require special procedures, such as differential staining and sectioning,
for positive identification. The marine species of these phyla have not
been as intensively studied as the more common groups, such as
polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms. Consequently, there
is not as much information available for identification of these animals.
The following sections are arranged in a phylogenetic manner, that is,
from the most simple body plan (Porifera) to the most complex (Chordata).
PHYLUM PORIFERA (SPONGES)
Defintion: Multicellular animals without formed organs or organ
systems. They are sessile, ranging from encrusting forms to
large amorphous masses or well defined structures. Sponges
range from a few millimeters to hundreds of millimeters in
size. The outer surface is covered with pores of two types;
incurrent (ostia) usually microscopic, and excurrent
(oscula), up to a centimeter in diameter.
Most sponges possess calearsous or siliceous spicules and/or a protein
material, spongin. The spicules embedded in the spongin lend structural
support. Based on size, the spicules are initially classified as
megascleres or microscleres. Sponge size, color, morphology and spicule
types are important identification characters.
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE
ORDER HADROMERIDA
FAMILY CLIONIDAE (Figure 223)
130
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PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA) (Figures 224-227)
Defintion: Body with radial or biradial symmetry; tentacle bearing and
with nematocysts. May be a sessile polyp or free-swimming
medusa. A gastrovascular cavity is present with a single
opening serving as both mouth and anus. Two tissue layers,
the epidermis and the gastrodermis, separated by a mesoglea,
which may exhibit some cellular organization or serve
primarily as a support matrix. Many species are polymorphic
having a polypoid and medusoid stage.
The Coelenterata, popularly known as jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydras
and hydroids, is a large diverse phylum. Its members are exclusively
aquatic and primarily marine. Single individuals as well as colonial
forms are represented. Some species may exhibit only the polypoid or
medusoid form while other species exhibit both forms during their life
eye1e.
In spite of the fact that there is a large number of species contained
within this phylum, relatively few representatives were collected from
Tampa Bay. The bay benthic substrate is not generally suitable for '
attachment of sessile organisms such as hydroids. Areas most likely to
exhibit a sessile attached fauna, such as pilings, seawalls, breakwaters
and mangrove roots, were not sampled since the emphasis of the study was
on the open expanses of bay bottom. Thus the number of species which were
found in relatively small. Specimens were not identified to the species
level because of their rarity of occurrence (hydroids) and the necessity
of obtaining microscopic sections, as for the anemones.
CLASS HYDROZOA (Figure 224) ORDER ATHECATA ORDER THECATA
Most of the members of this class have a sessile polypoid stage with many
in ree medUSae Sta9e' The 9rouP is extremely diverfe. Colony
presence or absence or a chitinous covering, stem
™ *truc1ye of the hydrothecae, and arrangement of gonophores
are some of the systematically important features. yunopnores,
CLASS ANTHOZOA (Figures 225-226)
ORDER ACTINIARIA ORDER CERIANTHARIA
The anemones are solitary and without internal calcareous spicules or an
external skeleton. Aborally there is an adherent basTor a? in the
burrowing forms a rounded tapered end. Orally there is a ring or rings or
tentacles. Species identification in this group is based on characters
such as: the development of internal mesentaries, the structure of the
oral sphincter, the basal musculature and the types of nematocys?s present
131
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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (Figures 228-229)
CLASS TURBELLARIA - Free living flatworms
Definition: Flatworms are soft-bodied, dorsoventrally flattened and
unsegmented; they lack a coelom and definitive anus and have
a ventral mouth either near midbody or near the anterior end.
ORDER POLYCLADIDA
The Polycladida are most commonly found non-parasitic flatworms of benthic
studies. They are difficult to identify to species level while alive or
without using special fixing and clearing procedures, followed by
sectioning. However, some species can be tentatively identified using
externally visible characteristics.
Two species were commonly enocuntered in the area of collection, although
never in large numbers.
Definition:
PHYLUM RHYNCHOCOELA (NEMERTEA) (Figures 230-231)
The Rhynchocoela are bilaterally symmetric, acoelomate,
non-segmented and are dorsoventrally flattened or
cylindrical. The body is soft and covered by glandular cilia
which makes the surface slimy. They have an eversible
proboscis, a complete digestive system, a flame cell
excretory system, a brain and lateral nerves. The sexes are
usually separate.
Most nemerteans are marine bottom dwellers in shallow water Taxonomic
distinctions are based primarily on the structure of the probosc s and the
location of the longitudinal nerves with respect to thee muscle layers.
Species identification is therefore difficult and, if a stain has been
used to facilitate sorting of samples, identification is not possible.
The proboscis of a nemertean is often extruded in fixed specimens. This
feature along with the lack of any appendages, no segmentation, the
frequent presence of several ocelli (eyes) and the usual slimy mucus
coatinq, usually enables the investigator to recognize a nemertean.
NemeXns were^ommon but never particularly abundant in the study area.
Figure 230 is a basic diagram of a nemertean while Figure 231 is a photo
of preserved specimens.
132
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PHYLUM NEMATODA (Figure 232)
Defintion: The Nematoda, or round worms, have a slender, cylindrical,
elongated body, usually tapered at both ends, and covered
with a cuticle. They have no segmentation, cilia, or
circular muscle fibers. A true digestive tract a pseudocoel
are present. The sexes are separate.
The Nematoda are comprised of many free living and parasitic species
occupying marine, fresh water, and terrestrial habitats. They are the
most numerous and widespread of all multicellular animals occurring
virtually everywhere on earth. The marine forms account for the greatest
number of species. Generally the greatest numbers of nematodes occur in
areas of least osmotic stress, with brackish and estuarine waters
harboring fewer species than more saline waters. Most nematodes are
small, less than 1 mm, and are usually considered to be a component of the
meiofauna. Relatively large nematodes, up to several millimeters in
length, were frequently collected from Tampa Bay.
Nematodes are difficult to identify and their classification is still
unstable. Furthermore, there are relatively few workers deal.ing with
marine nematodes. The Bibliography should be consulted for further
reading.
PHYLUM PHORONIDA (Phoronid worms) (Figure 233)
Definition: Unsegmented, wormlike, tube-dwelling animals with a
lophophore; they have a recurved digestive tract with the
anal opening near the mouth. A relatively small phylum of
approximately 18 species.
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
Definition: Exclusively marine or estuarine, bivalved animals with a
lophophore. One valve is cemented to the substratum, or
attached by a fleshy pedicle, or the animal is burrowing with
an elongated pedicle slightly enlarged distally and used as
an anchor.
Brachiopods may initially be mistaken as bivalve molluscs. However, there
is no relationship between the groups other than the similarity of the
external shell. The internal anatomy is different and the shell valves
are arranged dorsal and ventral rather than laterally as in the Bivalvia.
Most brachiopods inhabit offshore waters. There is a common estuarine
representative of the family Lingulidae which occurs with a patchy
abundance along the Southeast U.S. Coast and the Gulf coast of Florida.
CLASS INARTICULATE (Figure 234)
ORDER LINGULIDA
133
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the
PHYLUM SIPUNCULA (Peanut Worms)
Definition: Fleshy, wormlike animals without segmentation or appendages;
consisting of two discernable body regions. Anteriorly,
there is a narrow retractile introvert followed by a thicker
trunk The introvert has a terminal mouth encircled by
tentacles. The anus is located anteriorly on the dorsal side
of the trunk.
The sipunculids are composed of about 300 species of marine *n|mals-nnTh.ey
are exclusively benthic. They are wormlike and range in size from 200-600
mm The body surface may be smooth or covered with various epidermal
structures such as papillae, holdfasts or hooks. The introvert is often
completely retracted in preserved specimens, which in turn may alter the
shape of the trunk. Sipunculids may be sedentary, burrowers or live
within discarded gastropod shells. Specimens of sipunculids are rarely
obtained in the Tampa Bay area and there is very little information in
literature of their occurrences.
FAMILY GOLFINGIIDAE (Figures 235-236)
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (Acorn Worms)
Definition: Relatively large wormlike animals without appendages; with a
three-part body; an extensible proboscis, separated by the
cylindrical collar from the long trunk.
Entire animals are seldom collected with light-weight, remote sampling'
gear. Hemichordates live in long U-shaped burrows in fine sand or mud and
can retreat deep into the substrate if disturbed. Most frequently,
specimens are obtained lacking some portion of the trunk. Minute
juveniles are sometimes collected which differ slightly in appearance from
adults.
CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA
FAMILY HARRIMANIIDAE (Figure 237)
PHYLUM CHORDATA
Most chordates are vertebrates. However, two subphyla, the Urochordata
and Cephalochordata, lack a backbone but exhibit chordate characteristics
at some time during their life cycle. These characteristics area
notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and pharyngeal clefts. These
animals little resemble other chordates.
134
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SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA (Tunicates)
Comprised of about 1300 species, most urochordates are tube or
barrel-shaped and are attached to the substratum in some manner. These
are three classes of urochordates: the Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, and the
Larvacea. The ascidians are the most numerous and common, the other two
classes living a specialized planktonic existence.
CLASS ASCIDIACEA (Sea Squirts) (Figures 238-239)
The ascidians are sessile tunicates which are quite common worldwide and
most abundant in the littoral zone, attaching primarily to firm
substrates, rocks, pilings, and boats with some species being found in mud
or sand. They are hermaphroditic, with the number, shape and placement of
gonads being an important taxonomic characteristic. There are two
siphonal openings in the tunicate test, the incurrent, branchial siphon
and the excurrent atrial siphon. The branchial siphon opens into the
branchial chamber which is separated from the atrial or peribranchial
chamber by rows of stigmata (gill slits) some times called the pharyngeal
basket. Figure 238 diagramatically depicts some of the important features
of a tunicate.
ORDER PLEUROGONA
FAMILY MOLGULIDAE (Figure 239)
Two species from this family were collected from Tampa Bay. They are both
very similar in external appearance. Only'Mo 1 guT-a occidental is is
pictured here. Bostrichobranchus pilularis Verrill, 1871.StT Lawrence
estuary to both sides of Florida. Maximum length 3.5 to 4.0 cm. Lives
unattached, burried in mud or sand. Globular in shape, with a thin,
nearly transparent integument arid a single bean-shaped gonad on the left
side of the body. The branchial sac is without folds, the stigmata are
spiral. Branchial siphon six-lobed, atrial siphon four-lobed. A
bean-shaped kidney is present, attached to the right posterior part of the
mantle.
135
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PHYLUM PORIFERA
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE
ORDER HADROMERIDA
FAMILY CLIONIDAE
Fig. 223. Cliona celata - Grant, 1826. Encrusting, frequently
emergent from riddled mollusc shells, forming crusts with scattered
wart!ike oscula (A). They may also be massive without a trace of the
original host shell. Microscleres are absent and the1 megascleres are
one one type (B). The color is usually bright yellow.
PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)
CLASS HYDROZOA
Fig. 224. Hydroid specimens representing various families: A.
Campanularidae, B. Campanulinidae, C. Eudendriidae, D. Clavidae.
ORDER THECATA: A,B; ORDER ATHECATA: C,D.
CLASS ANTHOZOA
ORDER ACTINIARIA
TRIBE ANTHANARIA - Burrowing Anemones
FAMILY EDWARDSIIDAE
Fig. 225. Edwardsi sp.
136
-------
PLATE 47 (Figures 223-225)
223
', 224
225
137
-------
TRIBE THENARIA
FAMILY ACTINOSTOLIDAE
Fig. 226. A. Paranthus sp. B. An unidentified species.
ORDER CERIANTHAIRA
Fig. 227. Cerianthus sp.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS TURBELLARIA
ORDER POLYCLADIDA FAMILY STYLOCHIDAE
Fig. 228. Euprlana gracilis (Girard, 1850). 4 or 5 eyes (ocelli) in a
row anteriorly, on each side of the longitudinal midline, plus 2 more
behind each row.
Fig. 229. Stylochus sp. .Eyes around anterior margin, plus 2-4 central
eyes; tentacles dorsally'near brain; tentacles often difficult to see
(not visible in photograph).
PHYLUM RHYNCHOCOELA (NEMERTEA)
Fig. 230. Basic anatomy of a nemertean
Fig. 231. Unidentified nemertean. P, proboscis; B, body
138
-------
PLATE 48 (Figures 226-231)
228
229
PROBOSCIS
OCELLI
RHYNCHOCOEL
INTESTINE
'227
c^y^v^v&v^^iVvf
£ii*!?%*'fs,^^l-?'•-• j: 't'liP fs< *'"!>^
W'-~? - iff 4 ' ='?' - t /.-,6'^»"i> /'-,/ ,-*?.<
230
139
231
-------
PHYLUM NEMATODA
Fig. 232. Unidentified large nematode commonly collected from Tampa
Bay.
PHYLUM PHORONIDA
Fig. 233. Phoronis architecta - Andrews, 1890. Up to 50 mm in
length. Slender. Posterior end slightly swollen. Lives in a
straight, usually rigid cylindrical tube constructed of sand. This
was the only phoronid species collected in the study area.
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA CLASS INARTICULATA
ORDER LINGULIDA
FAMILY LINGULIDAE
Fig. 234. Glottidia pyramidata (Stimpson, 1860). Virginia to both
sides of Florida. To 25 mm in length. Fragile, elongate, dorso-
ventrally flattened shell, with a long fleshy pedicle arising from the
ventral valve at the posterior end. Setae rim the shell margins,
being longest at the anterior margin. The shell lacks a hinge, being
held together by muscles only. Color creme to yellow. A. Adult
specimen. B. Juvenile at settling stage.
PHYLUM SIPUNCLA FAMILY GOLFINGIIDAE
Fig. 235. Phascolion strombi - Montague, 1804. Previously reported
from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Length about 16 mm in coiled
position. This specimen was found occupying a gastropod shell, which
modified the body form. Trunk with scattered chitinized denticles.
Fig. 236. Unidentified specimens of sipunculids.
140
I
f:
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PLATE 49 (Figures 232-236).
235
141
-------
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA
FAMILY HARRIMANIIDAE
Fig. 237. Stereobalanus canadensis - Spengel, 1893. The identity of
this hemichordate was not confirmed. However, the specimens collected
closefy resembled ^. canadensis. A. Adult specimens. B. Juvenile
specimens.
PHYLUM CHORDATA CLASS ASCIDIACEA (Sea Squirts)
Fig. 238. Schematic tunicate, as, atrial siphon; be, branchial
chamber; bs, branchial siphon; g, gonads, i, intestine; t, test.
ORDER PLEUROGONA
FAMILY MOLGULIDAE
Not. Fig. Bostrichobranchus pilularis. Verrill, 1871. St. Lawrence
estuary to both sides of Florida. Maximum length 3.5 to 4.0 cm.
Lives unattached, burried in mud or sand. Globular in shape, with a
thin, nearly transparent integument and a single bean-shaped gonad on
the left side of the body. The branchial sac is without folds, the
stigmata are spiral. Branchial siphon six-lobed, atrial siphon
four-lobed. A bean-shaped kidney is present, attached to the right
posterior part of the mantle.
Fig. 239. Molgula occidental is - Traustedt, 1883. North Carolina^
both sides of Florida and the West Indies. Up to 6 cm in length.
Body oval to nearly circular. Found buried with apertures and part of
body protruding from sand. The test is thin and semitransparent, but
may be thickened and hard around the siphons. Sand grains adhere to
the surface of the test. A large gonad is present on each side of the
body, each gonad consisting of an elongate, curved, tubular ovary
bordered by clusters of branched male glands. Branchial sac with six
well-developed folds. Large oblong kidney connected to the mantle on
the right side. Branchial siphon six-lobed atrial siphon four-lobed.
This species occasionally occurred in high-density patches during the
winter months.
142
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PLATE 50 (Figures 237-239)
?•', ^/
** SrA^^^ \* ,^' * ?**^ ^ ^i~^ ^^A.^*
v^*x ««*.i«^^^^*^^#^£*^f «*^rt^<^ ^*,^
237
DORSAL
ANTERIOR
238
239
143
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SECTION 10
GLOSSARY
abapical: Directed away from the apex.
abdomen: Portion of the body posterior to the thorax or anterior-most por-
tion; often composed of similar segments; usually followed by a tail
region.
aberrant: Abnormal, different; a deviation from the usual type.
aboral: Pertaining to an area away from or most distant from the mouth or
oral region.
accessory tooth: In some species of Polydora (Polychaeta) a small sub-
terminal tooth on the modified setae of setiger 5.
aohaetous: Also asetigerous; lacking setae.
acicle: In the crustaceans, an-antennal" scale which is reduced to a spine.
aciculum (acicula): A thick, chitinous rod embedded in and supporting one
or both parapodial lobes. Acicular "setae" are thick and projecting.
actinal: In a radially-symmetrical animal, that part which contains the
mouth (or anus) and from which arms or tentacles radiate.
acuminate'. Sharply pointed; ending or tapering to a point.
acute: Sharp; a point or angle of less than 90 degrees.
adambulacral: Any of a series of ossicles lying along the ambulacra! grooves
of starfishes.'
adapical: Directed toward the shell apex.
adductor muscles: In a bivalve, the muscles which close the valves.
afferent channels: In crustaceans, openings through which water passes to
the gills.
aileron: Accessary jaw plate characteristic of the polychaete family
Glyceridae.
aUrribate: Without a limbus; not limbate; for polychaetes describes smooth
capillary setae.
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ambulacrum: One of the radial furrows of an echinoderm ray along which run
the principal nerves and water vascular tubes, and which usually bear
rows of tube feet that protrude from regular pores.
amorphous: Without a definite form or shape.
ampulla: A muscular bulb-like end of a tube foot in the echinoderms.
anal: Near or pertaining to the anus or posterior opening of the digestive
tract.
anal cirrus (cirri): A long, slender process(es) arising from the pygidium.
annulated: With a serially-ringed appearance.
antenna (antennae): Slender sensory projections arising from the anterior-
most or head region; long or short, segmented or unsegmented, paired or
unpaired.
antennal spine: In crustaceans, a spine immediately below the orbit
adjacent to the antenna base.
antennule: The second antenna of crustaceans,'usually smaller.
anterior: Pertaining to or near the front or forward end.
anterolateral teeth: Small ridges (teeth) along the margin of a decapod's
carapace between the orbit and the lateral spine..
aperture; A space or gap; the opening into the first whorl in the shell of
a gastropod, usually more or less round or ovoid.
apex: The tip of the spine of a snail shell; the point or tip.
apical: Pertaining to the tip or apex.
apodeme: A cuticular ridge, process, or any other ingrowth of an arthropod
skeleton.
apodous: Without parapodia.
apophysis: A bony process; outgrowth or swelling.
appendix interna: In some crustaceans, a small, hooked branch on the medial
side of the pieopodal endopodite which interlocks with the other
endopodite when swimming.
appendix masculina: In some crustaceans, the accessory male organ located
medially between the endopodite and appendix interna on-,the second pair
of pleopods.
arborescent: With tree-like branching.
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archetype: See prototype.
arcuate: Arched or curved as a bow.
areolation: In crustaceans, the marking of various areas of the carapace by
furrows, ridges, or other offsets of contour^
aristate: In the Polychaeta, setae that terminate in a long, slender spine
or spines.
arthrobranch (arthrobranohia): In some crustaceans, a gill which is attached
to the joint area between the coxa of an appendage and body wall.
asetigerous: Also achaetous; lacking setae.
asexual: Without sexasin any reproduction not involving gametes.
autotomize: To shed or cast off easily or deliberately.
autotomy: Self amputation.
auxiliary clous: In the Pycnogonida, a small spine-like projection at the
base of the dactyl.
axial: In the same direction as the axis; (in a snail) from apex to base;
in the plane of the axis.
base: The bottom; in snails, the end opposite the apex; in bivalves, the
margin opposite the hinge margin.
basicerite: A spine on the dorsal or dorso-lateral side of the basis of an
antenna.
basipodite: Basipod; distal of the two segments composing the protopodite
of a biramous appendage.
basis: See also basipodite; second segment of a leg of maxilliped.
beaded: Raised, usually smooth projections or bumps; often present on
mollusc shells at costae intersections.
beak: Also umbo; the earliest formed part of a bivalve shell near the hinge.
benthic: Pertaining to the benthos.
benthos: Collective term used to refer to all the plants and animals living
on the bottom of a lake or sea.
biacioular: In the Polychaeta, having acicula in both the notopodial and
neuropodial branches.
biarticulate: With two joints or divisions.
146
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bidentate: With two teeth.
bifid: Divided into two parts; forked; with two branches.
bifurcate: Terminating in two prongs, usually longer and more widely
separated than bifid.
bilimbate: In the Polychaeta, simple setae with two wing!ike, flattened
margins, often making the setae v-shaped in cross section.
bilobate: With two lobes.
biradial symmetry: A radially-arranged organism in which the number of
. repeated parts is only, two; bilateral symmetry superimposed on a funda-
mental radial symmetry.
biramous: Two-branched; in the Polychaeta, refers to having two branches of
the parapodia.
bivalve: With two valves; common term applied to pelecypod mollusc with two
shelly valves, e.g. a clam or mussel.
boathooks: Also crochet setae and falcate hooks; stout sickle-shaped spines
found in some species of polychaetes.
body whorl: In a snail, the last and usually largest turn.
branchia (branchiae): Respiratory structures, especially in the polychaetes;
a gill.
branehiocardiao groove: A furrow on the dorsal surface of the carapace of
many decapod crustaceans separating the branchial and cardial regions.
branohiostegal spine: Spine on the anterior edge of the carapace of some
crustaceans, immediately below the branchtostegal groove.
branohiostegite : Lateral expanded portion of a crustacean carapace which
forms a gill cover and gill chamber.
buooal: Pertaining to the mouth or that portion of the body containing the
, mouth.
buoaal aavity: Mouth cavity, just inside the mouth opening.
byssal gape: An opening on the ventral margin of bivalves through which
projects the byssus.
byssus: Threadlike chitinous fibers secreted by the foot of a bivalve which
serves as an anchor.
aaloareous: Composed of calcium carbonate; hard, shelly material.
147
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callus: A thickening of calcareous or enamel-1ike material usually around
the aperture or umbilicus in snails.
canal: A tubular prolongation; in snails; a siphonal and/or anal canal may
be present.
cancellate: Criss-crossing sculpture lines usually intersecting at right
angles.
capillary setae: Descriptive of-long, slender, tapering setae of poly--
chaetes.
cardinal teeth: The largest, strongest teeth of a bivalve hinge usually
located just below the beaks.
carina: Elevated ridge or keel.
carnivore: Any animal that feeds mainly on living animal matter.
carnivorous: Being a carnivore.
carpopodite: Also carpus; the fifth segment of the pereiopod in most
Crustacea.
carpus: See carpopodite.
caruncle: Any fleshy outgrowth or protuberance; in the polychaetes, a ridge
or process on or following the prostomium.
cephalic: Pertaining to the head or anterior end.
cephalon: Also cephalic; the head or anterior region and its attached parts,
cerate: External respiratory outgrowths on the dorsal surface of some
snails.
ceratophore: Also cirrophore; base joint of an antenna; base of a cirrus.
ceratostyle: Also c'irrostyle; distal joint of an antenna; distal joint of
a cirrus.
cervical groove: A groove or series of transverse grooves running across
the carapace, marking the general separation of the head and thoracic
areas of many decapod crustaceans.
chela (chelae): Arthropod appendage modified to form a pincer or claw;
short, broad sponge spicule with recurved hooks, plates or flukes at
each end.
chelate: Possessing claws or pincers.
148
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chelipeds : First pair of thoracic legs immediately behind the maxillipeds
in Crustacea, often bearing chelae.
chevron: A v-shaped chitinized jaw-piece at the base of the proboscis of
some polychaetes.
chitin: A tough resistant compound forming the hard covering of arthropods;
also found sparingly in certain structures of other animals.
chitinous : Composed of chitin.
chondrophore : A pit or spoonlike shelf, in the hinge of a bivalve, into
which fits a chitinous cushion or resilium.
oil-La: Plural of cilium; short, hair!ike processes on the surface of a
cell, usually numerous.
cirriform: Slender and cylindrical; filamentous.
cirrus: A long, slender, usually cylindrical, sensory projection.
clavate: Club shaped; with an inflated base and slender tip.
ooelom: Body cavity formed between layers of mesoderm and lined with
epithelium of mesodermal origin.
coelomate: Having a coelom.
collar: A fold or flap of tissue encircling or rimming.
colonial: Any species of animal that lives in groups of separate, attached
or incompletely separated individuals.
colimella: Axial column or pillar around which the whorls of a snail shell
form their spiral circuit.
oommensal: One of the members of a commensal ism association.
commensalism: Close associations between two different species where one
member derives a benefit and the other member neither'benefits nor
suffers. '-.•••••
companion setae: In the Polychaeta, small, simple setae which accompany or
alternate with larger or modified setae. '
composite setae: Also compound setae; jointed setae; composed of two or
more joined parts.
compressed: Flattened.
concentric: One within the other; non-intersecting curved lines with a
common center.
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condyle: Knob!ike, articulating surface.
conic: Cone shaped; conical.
conspecific: Pertaining to the same species; members or groups of the same
species.
cord: In molluscs, a coarse, rounded spiral or transverse linear sculpture
on the shell surface; smaller than costae.
corneous: Horny or hornlike material.
costae: A rib or ridge!ike structure.
coxa: See also coxopodite; first segment of an arthropod leg which articu-
lates with the thorax.
coxopodite: See also coxa; basal segment of the pereiopod of many Crustacea;
the basal segment of the two segments of the protopodite of a biramous
appendage.
crenulate: Notched or scalloped around the margin.
crotchet: Long setae with one or more terminal teeth at an angle to the
shaft.
dactyl (dactylus or daotylopodite): Digit, as a finger or toe; the moveable
finger of a cheliped.
deciduous: Having a tendency to fall off easily.
deck: A septum or sheet of shelly substance in the umbonal region of some
Gastropoda.
denticle: A small, tooth!ike projection.
denticulate: Toothed; with numerous projections.
detritus: Particulate debris of organic or inorganic origin.
dextral: "Right handed"; turning from left to right; clockwise,,
digitform: Finger shaped.
dimorphism: The occurrances of two distinct morphological types in a
population.
discoid: Disc shaped; in the Gastropoda, whorls coiled in one plane.
distal: Situated away form the base or point of attachment.
dorsal: Pertaining to the back or upper surface.
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efferent channels'. Channels through which water leaves the gills of a
crustacean, usually opening at the sides of the endostome.
elongate*. Longer than wide.
elytron (elytra): Also elytrum; in the Polychaeta, a flat, scalelike
modified dorsal cirrus.
encrusting'. To cover; a layer or hard coating.
endognath: The principal branch of a maxilliped.
endopodlte: Also endopod; the medial ramus of a biramus appendage.
endostome: In the branchyuran Crustacea forms the palate of the epistome.
entire: Smoothly arched or curved; without interruption.
eplbranchlal region: The area of a crab carapace which.is situated behind
the orbit and above the metabranchial region.
epidermis: Outtermost layer(s) of the integument.
eplfauna: The fauna that lives exposed on the surface.
epigastric lobes: Regions or lobes near the upper medial part of the abdomen.
eplmere: Lateral portion of the body somites between the tergum and the
insertion point of the appendages.
eplpodlte: Gill separator; narrow outgrowth attached at or near the base
of the thoracic appendages in some decapods which keeps the gills
separated.
epistome: Small flap which covers the mouth of some Bryozoa; in some
crustaceans, a plate which lies between the mouth and the base of the
second antennae.
epltoke: A modified reproductive stage of the Polychaeta.
equilateral: In bivalves, the anterior and posterior ends of equal size.
equlvalve: In bivalves, each valve equal in size and shape.
escutcheon: In bivalves, a long, depressed area dorsally just porterior
to the beaks.
exognath: Secondary, or outer branch of a maxilliped.
exopodlte: Also exopod; lateral ramus of a biramous appendage.
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eye tubercle: A raised projection which supports the eye.
facial tubercle-. A conspicious lobe or process on the anterior portion of
the prostomium of some polychaetes.
falcate: Being distally hooked and usually blunt.
falciger: Setae which are distally blunt and curved.
fascicle: A bundle or group of setae.
fascicle: A band of color; in gastropods, formed by successive growth lines
on the edge of a canal.
filiform: Long and slender; threadlike.
fingers: Also digits; narrow blades of the claw end of a cheliped.
flatmulations: Flame-shaped spots of color.
foliaceous: Shaped like a leaf.
foot: A muscular portion of a mollusc used for locomotion.
front: On a crab, that anterior portion-lying between the orbits.
frontal antenna: Anteriormost antenna.
frontal teeth: Teeth found on the front margin of the carapace, exclusive
of the inner orbital teeth.
fusiform: Spindle shaped; cigar shaped; being wide in the middle and
tapering at both ends.
gamete: A male or female reproductive cell,
gap (gaping): A space; in bivalves, the valves not closing completely.
gastric region: In the crab carapace, a large median area bounded by the
cervical suture, the hepatic regions and the front orbital regions;
divisible into the following subregions: epigastric, protogastric,
mesogastric, metagastric, and urogastric,
gastrodermis: A layer of cells which lines the gastrovascular cavity of
the coelenterates, the ctenophores, and the platyhelminthes.
genticulat: Bent or sharply curved.
gill: Aquatic respiratory organ, usually a thin-walled projection; also
see branchia.
glassy: Like glass; hard, very shiny surface.
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globose: Globe or sphere shaped; also globular.
gonophores: In the coelenterates, an asexual bud formed during the hydroid
stage which' produces gametes or develops into medusae.
granulated: A rough surface; as covered with grainlike bumps.
•growth lines'. Lines on a shell surface indicating periods of reduced growth
rate, denoting a former position of the margin.
gyrus (gyri): A convoluted ridge between grooves.
habitat: The specific place where a plant or animal lives.
hand: In reference to the Crustacea, also chela; propodus and dactyl of
the cheliped.
harpoon setae: Pointed, stout setae with barbed tips.
hemogomph articulation: Asymmetrical articulation occurring at a nearly
right angle to the long axis of the basal shaft; refers to a type of
compound setae found in the Polychaeta.
hepatic regions: In the dedapod Crustacea, small, subtriangular, antero-
lateral region between the branchial and gastric regions; margin of
the carapace or the orbit in the Branchyura.
hepatic spine: Spine on the hepatic region.
herbivore: An animal that relies primarily on the plant matter for its
food.
herbivorous: Being an herbivore.
hermaphrodite: An individual possessing both male and female reproductive
organs.
hermaphroditic: The condition of being a hermaphrodite.
heterogomph articulation: Articulation at an oblique angle to the long
axis of the basal shaft; refers to a type of compound setae found in
the Polychaeta.
hinge: Where the valves of a bivalve are joined; a flexible joint.
holotype: The original type; a single specimen upon which a species descrip-
tion is based.
homogomph articulation: Articulation at a right angle to the long axis of
the basal shaft; refers to a type of compound setae found in the
Polychaeta.
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hooded setae: Setae distally covered with a membrane.
hook: Bent or recurved so as to hold or grasp; in the Polychaeta, refers
to stout, blunt setae which may be distally curved and dentate; see
also uncini.
hyaline: Thin, membraneous; transparent; clear.
hydroid: Any coelenterate of the class Hydrozoa; the polyp form of coelen-
terates; may be solitary or colonial and are usually attached.
hydrotheca: In certain hydrozoans, a thin, vaselike exoskeleton which
surrounds the individual feeding polyps.
hypoplax: An accessory piece of shell between the valves of some burrowing
clams.
-fabricated: Overlapping at the margins; shinglelike.
incised: Sculptured with one or more sharply cut grooves.
incurved: Curved in; crook!ike.
inequilateral: In bivalves, one end of the shell not the same size or
shape as the other.
inequivalve: In bivalves, one valve larger or more complex than the other.
infauna: Animals that spend part of all of their lives burried beneath the
sediment.
inferior: Ventral-most; the lowest.
inferomarginal: Pertaining to the lower margin or edge.
inflated: Swollen, distended, or rotund.
intercoastal: Spaces between the costa.
interpodial: Connecting or located between two successive parapodia.
interradial: Of or relating to an interradius.
interradius (interradii): One of the five general areas on the surface of
an echinoderm between the five areas (radii) which bear the tube feet,,
interramal: Located between the notopodial. and neuropodial lobes of the
parapodium.
ischiwn: Also ischiopodite; third segment of the pereiopod in most mala-
costracan Crustacea.
154
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,; A prominent spiral ridge usually marking a change of slope in the
outline of a gastropod shell.
lamella (lamellae): Any thin pi ate!ike structure; fleshy lobes.
lanceolate: Elongated and lance or spear-shaped.
lappet: Small flap or fleshy process.
lateral: Near the side(s) of the body; located away from the midline.
lateral peristomial wings: Thin, lateral elongations of the peristomium of
some polychaetes which may overlap a portion of the prostomium.
lateral prostomial horns: Prominent lateral projections of the prostomium
of certain polychaetes.
lateral teeth: Hinge teeth lying to either side of the cardinal teeth.
ligament: A band of tough, brown elastic material which joins the dorsal
margins of a^bivalve; usually Visible externally.
ligule: Small finger-shaped lobe of a polychaete parapodium.
linibate: Simple setae with a blade-like flattened margin.
Hmbus: The blade-like portion of a limbate setae.
lips: In gastropods, the margins of the aperture.
lobe: A fleshy projection, usually flattened.
longitudinal: Direction of the longest diameter; in snails, the same as
axial.
lophophore: Horseshoe-shaped, three-part, coiled or variously shaped,
feeding apparatus bearing numerous ciliated tentacles; in Bryozoa,
Brachiopoda, and Phoronida.
lunule: A heart-shaped area anterior to the beaks of bivalves, set off by
a difference in sculpture.
maarofauna: Refers to animals that are retained on a sieve with a mesh of
0.5 millimeter, or sometimes 1.0 millimeter.
madreporite: A sieve-like porous plate on the surface of most echinoderms
(internal in the Holothuroidea); regulates the flow of fluid between
sea water and the water vascular system.
main fang-. In1 polychaetes, refers to the large ventral tooth of a crotchet.
155
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mandible: Third pair of appendages on the head of crustaceans usually modi-
fied for crushing or grinding; also the ventral pharyngeall jaw pieces
of some polychaetes.
mantle: Extension of the body wall that usually secretes a shell.
manubriwn: A large process protruding from the center of a medusoid
coelenterate; a swollen process of.certain hydrozoan polyps which bears
the proctostome; in some polychaetes, refers to a swollen portion of
the setae.
maxillae: One or two pairs of head appendages of a crustacean, used for
handling food; the dorsal pharyngeal jaw pieces of some polychaetes.
median: Middle, at the midline or in the plane of the midline.
medusa: The free-swimming "jelly-fish" stage of many hydrozoan coelente-
rates.
meiofauna: Refers to animals whose greatest dimension is between .062 and
1.0 millimeter.
megasoleres: The larger, supporting skeletal spicules of sponges.
merus: Also meropodite; the fourth segment of the pereiopod of most
malacostracan Crustacea.
mesentery: A thin supporting membrane or partition in the body cavity of
many animals.
mesogastria lobe: Median 'division or subregion of the gastric region.
mesoglea: A supportive layer of thick or thin jelly!ike material between
the epidermis and gastrodermis of coelenterates and ctenophores.
mesoplax: An accessory plate inside the shell of some bivalves.
metabranchial region: That region of the porcellanid carapace which.is
situated below the line anomurica and, therefore, not completely
united with the main portion of the carapace.
metagastric lobe: Posterolateral subregion of the gastric region of a crab
carapace.
metamerism: Segmentation; linear repetition of body parts with each segment
(metamere) having a similar internal and external morphology.,
metaplax: An accessory plate behind the umbones of some bivalves.
metastomium: In annelids, refers to main body region between the prostom-
ium and the pygidium.
156
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microfauna: Bacteria and small protozoa generally less than .062 millimeter.
mLcroscleres: Small spicules scattered about in the mesenchyme of sponges.
moniliform: Beaded or beadlike.
mottlings: Marked with blotches, streaks or spots of various shades.
muaro: An abrupt, pointed tip, process, or tooth!ike structure.
mucus: Any viscous, slimy or lubricating secretion of a mucous gland.
multiarticulated: With more than one joint or articulation.
nacreous: Nacre, mother of pearl; an innermost lustrous layer of the shell
of molluscs.
natatory: Adapted for swimming.
nematocysts: The "stingers" of jellyfish; a specialized defensive or
offensive cell found in coelenterates consisting of a minute coiled
thread contained in a capsule which, upon proper stimulation, is
rapidly everted; the thread may be armed with barbs and often contain
toxins.
neotype: A specimen selected as the type for a taxon after the original
type has been destroyed or lost.
nephrid-ial pockets: In some polychaetes, the recesses along the margins of
the somites, between the notopodia and neuropodia, into which the
nephridiopores open.
neuropod-ium: The ventral lobe or branch of a parapodium.
neurosetae: Setae of the neuropodium.
nodule: A small knob-like hump or projection.
notopodium: The dorsal lobe or branch of a parapodium.
notosetae: Setae of the notopodium.
nuchal: Pertaining to the neck; used to refer to sensory organs of poly-
chaetes located dorsally on or near the prostomium.
nuclear whorl: In a snail shell, the first whorls formed during the egg
or veliger stage; the apex.
nucleus: The center; in certain molluscs, the initial whorl _or protoconch.
obcordate: Heart shaped with the notch apical.
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obese: Very fat; stout.
oblique: Slanting; not perpendicular.
occipital: The posterior dorsal portion.
ocellus (ocelli): Eye of many types of invertebrates which detects light
but does not form an image.
ocular: Pertaining to the eyes or light-sensory structures.
ocular' peduncle: Stalk-like structure supporting the eyes.
operculum: Cover or lid; in snails, a shelly or horny plate attached to
the foot and used to seal the aperture of the shell.
oval tentacles: In some polychaetes, the tentacles in the region of the
mouth used with food gathering.
orbicular: Round or circular; spherical.
orbit: Cavity in the Arthropod carapace containing the eye.
orbital region: A narrow area bordering the orbit.
osculum (oscula): Main opening or pore on the surface of a sponge out of
which water passes.
ossicles: Plates, spicules and rods composing the structure of the
echinoderm skeleton.
ostium (ostia): In sponges, one of many small openings on the surface
through which water currents flow inward.
outer lip: In snails, the margin of the aperture or body whorl„
ovate: Egg shaped.
ovigers: In pycnogonids, a pair of appendages of males used to carry the
females' eggs.
palate: In crabs, the roof of the buccal cavity.
palea: In some polychaetes, strong, broad, usually flattened setae.
pallial line: In a bivalve shell, a faint line near the periphery of each
valve, which indicates the point of attachment of the mantle to the
valve.
pallial sinus: An indentation in the pallia! line, often indicative of the
location of the incurrent siphon.
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palm: Proximal portion of propodus of a chela.
palmate-. Divided, like the fingers of a hand or the fronds of a palm.
palp (palpi): Fleshy cylindrical or tapered projection of a sensory or
food-gathering nature on the anterior end of polychaetes; in arthro-
pods, a segmented or unsegmented projection of a head appendage, sen-
sory in nature.
pap-ilia: Any blunt, rounded or nipple-shaped projection.
pavagnath: The lobes of the lower lip (metastoma) of some crustaceans; an
accessory projection on the mandible of some decapod crustaceans;
• chitinous denticle on the proboscis of some polychaetes.
parapodia: In molluscs, a lobe-like extension of the foot which can be used
for swimming or to envelop the shell; in polychaetes, a flat, lateral
protuberance on each-side of most segments; usually has two main parts,
a dorsal lobe (notopodium) and a ventral lobe (neuropodium); often
reduced or specialized for feeding, locomotion, and respiration.
pavapodial ramus (vami): One of the divisions of the parapodium (dorsal
or ventral) usually bearing setae, acicula or both.
parapodial torus (tori):: Parapodial lamella that is low and ridgelike.
paratype: One of a number of specimens from which the holotype was
selected.
parietal shield: A thickened projection or expansion of the parietal wall.
parietal wall: The area- on the whorl of a snail near the columella and
opposite the outer lip, often called the inner lip.
paxillae: Modified spines present in some echinoderms; consisting of cal-
careous rods with minute spinules at the tip.
peotinae: Comb!ike paragnaths present in some polychaetes.
peotinate:. Comb!ike; the main stem having a row or rows of branches.
pediole: Also pedicel; a small stalk or stalklike support; stalk of a
brachiopod.
penicillate: Ending with a tuft of hairs.
pennoned: Long and streamer-like; teardrop or triangular shaped.
pentamerous: Divided into or consisting of five parts.
penultimate whorl: The next to the last whorl.
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p&reiopods: Paired appendages on most of the thoracic segment:; of the
malocostracan Crustacea; usually modified for seizing and handling of
food and locomotion.
periostracum: The outermost layer of a mollusc shell, composed of
sclerotized protein.
peristomium: The first whole segment of most annelids which bears the
mouth; also includes any segments fused to this segment.
pharynx: An anterior muscular portion of the digestive tract; often ever-
sible and sometimes equipped with jaws or mandibles.
pinnate: Feather-like; having parts arranged on each side, as on a feather.
planorboid: In snails, discoid, flat, with the whorls in one plane.
pleurobranchia: In some crustaceans, gills attached to the lateral body
wall dorsal to appendage articulation.
plicate: With small ridges or folds.
plumose: Feathery; hairy; having a tuft of terminal subdivisions.
podium (podia): Tube feet; in echinoderms, a short tubular external pro-
jection of the body wall located in the ambulacra! groove, primarily
used for locomotion and food gathering.
podobranchia: In some Crustacea, quills attached to the coxa of-an
appendage.
polymorphism: Two or more distinct morphological forms of a species.
polyp: A single individual of a colonial or solitary coelenterate.
post nuclear: In a snail; the whorls formed after the nuclear whorls.
posterior: Pertaining to the rear end; opposite or away from anterior.
posterior adductor: In a bivalve; a transverse muscle in the posterior
portion which closes the valves.
postorbital groove: A groove on the carapace of a crab behind the orbit
and usually parallel to the margin.
postsetal: Behind, posterior to the setae.
presetal: In front of, anterior to the setae.
proboscis: A protusible anterior part of the alimentary tract which is
sometimes armed with special structures, and is used for feeding
and/or as a sensory device.
160
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°f
of .ost
tema: Dorsal eye^brush; in the penaeid crustaceans, a long, thin,
segment a"sing dorsally from the border of the first antenna!
Anterior part of the body; the cephalothorax in certain arthro-
um: Anterior-most end of most annelids; above and anterior to the
mouth, often with antennae and eyes; not a true segment.
protoconch: Embryonic shell of a gastropod.
protogastric lobe: Anterolateral lobes of the gastric region.
protoplax: An accessory plate of the hinge structure in some of the
bivalve molluscs.
°f
protostome: Mouth; the single opening of the gastrovascular cavity of the
Coelenterate, Ctenophora and Turbellaria, which serves as both mouth
and anus .
prototype: Also archetype; primitive form regarded as being ancestral to
other forms.
cle: A muscularized, glandular region of the anterior digestive
tract found posterior to the pharynx in some polychaetes.
proximal : Situated toward or near a central point of reference at attach-
pterygostomian region: Triangular area on the ventral surface of a cara-
pace.
pterygostomian spine: Spine at anterolateral border of a carapace.
pubescent: Covered with setae or fine soft hairs.
aPPea™«; with many minute dots,
s or'd'epres^ns?" °r
pustulate: Also pustulose; marked with small pustules; fine bumps or
pimplelike projections.
161
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pygidium: Caudal body region of certain crustaceans; the terminal or anal
segment of annelids which is achaetous and not a true segment.
pyriform: Pear shaped.
radial: Branching out from a common center; developing uniformly around a
central axis; in the bivalve molluscs, lines of color or sculpture
fanning out from the beaks to the shell margins.
radiole: One of the main tentacles of the tentacular crown of some poly-
chaetes.
radius (radii): One of the five general areas on the surface of an echino-
derm which bears tube feet.
radula: A rasplike organ in the anterior part of the digestive tract of
all molluscs, except the Pelecypods, and used to macerate food; in some
groups, it can be protruded from the mouth for scraping or drilling.
ramose: Branched.
reams: A branch or one segment of two branches, as in the appendage of a
crustacean.
ray (rays): Any of the radiating parts of an echinoderm with the associated
parts; the arm of a sea star; in bivalves, a band of shell coloration
usually radiating from the beaks.
reniform: Bean shaped or resembling a kidney in outline.
resiliion: Also resilifer;. in a bivalve mollusc; a tough chitinous pad,
residing in a chondrophore, .or pit, along the inner hinge margin of a
bivalve which causes the shell to open when the adductor muscles relax.
reticulated: Having the structure or appearance of a network; as crossing
fibers, lines or ridges*
rhinophores: One of two tentacle-like projections on the dorsal surface of
the head of certain opisthobranchs, especially nudibranchs.
rib: In molluscs; a long narrow elevation.
rostrum: A median, usually pointed process at the anterior end of the
cephalothorax of many decapods; a snoutlike .extension of the head.
rugose: Rough or wrinkled; lumpy.
sagittate: A subdistally widened setae.
scaphe: Flattened caudal appendage of the pectinariid polychaetes.
scaphocerite: Antenna! scale.
162
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sculpture'. A pattern of raised or depressed markings.
scutum (scuta)-. Large, calcareous basal plates in the barnacle skeleton;
the scuta, in combination with the terga, close off the feeding
aperture.
secondary tooth-. The second, usually smaller of two teeth; the first being
the apical or primary tooth.
segment: Also somite; in the arthropods, the fundamental linearly arranged
body subdivisions also known as somite and metamer; subdivision of an
arthropod appendage.
septum: A wall, membrane, or partition separating two cavities or tissue
masses; in molluscs, a calcareous plate.
sessile: Nonmotile; attached to a substrate.
seta (setae): Hairlike or needle-like chitinous projections in the arthro-
pods and annelids; size and complexity vary greatly.
setigev: A segment (somite) carrying setae.
sheath: An envelope or covering; in the polychaetes, refers to a thin
covering over the setae often causing the setae to appear limbate.
shoulder". In gastropods, the top or largest part of the whorl.
siliceous: Containing or composed of silica.
simple setae: Setae without a joint.
sinistral: Turning or growing in a counter-clockwise manner; "left-handed".
sinus: A space or cavity in living tissues.
siphons: In bivalve molluscs, tubular structures through which water enters
and leaves the mantle cavity.
socket: A concavity for an articulation or joint..
spatulate: Spoon shaped; blade shaped, usually blunt-tipped.
sphincter: A circularly-arranged muscle used to close off any opening.
spicules: Minute calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide bodies which form
the supporting skeleton of many sponges*
spine: A pointed process or outgrowth, stiff, sharp and pointed; in
polychaetes, stout, spike! ike setae.
spinigev: A seta that tapers to a fine point.
163
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spinose: With spines.
spinous pocket: A pocket!ike serration along the margin of the setae of some
polychaetes.
spinule: A small spine.
spiral: Circling around a central axis in a curve of conical or cylindrical
form.
spire: In gastropods; the upper whorls, from the apex to but not including
the body whorl.
spongin: The fibrous network forming part or all of the skeleton of many
sponges.
stellate: Star-shaped.
stigma (stigmata): One of many small slits in the pharyngeal wall of tunl-
cates; a simple eyespot composed of a clump of pigment granules and
light-sensitive protoplasm.
stria (striae): A fine line.
stylet: Needle or spearshaped, piercing, structure associated with the mouth--
parts of proboscis of certain invertebrates.
stylocerite: A spine or rounded lobe on the lateral portion of the basal
segment of antennules.
stylode: A small, fingerlike projection associated with a parapodium of a
polychaete.
sub: A prefix indicating "almost" or "somewhat", as in subtriangular,
meaning almost or somewhat triangular.
sub-biramous: In some polychaetes, the condition in which the notopodium
is reduced to a short lobe with aciculum, above the neuropodium.
subdermal: Lying just beneath the epidermis, usually externally visible.
subequal: Almost but not quite equal.
subhepatio region: Area below the hepatic region; ventral portion of the
carapace near the anterolateral border.
suborbital spine: Spine on the ventral rim of the orbit.
subulate: Awl-shaped; elongate, slender and tapering to a fine point.
sulous: A furrow or groove; slit or fissure.
164
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superior: The highest or more dorsal of two or more structures.
supero marginal: The upper surface of the edge or margin.
supraorbital spine: Spine posterior and dorsal to the orbit.
suture: Irregular line of juncture; in gastropods, a line or groove where:
one whorl touches the other.
symbiosis: A close association between different species in a mutually
advantageous situation.
symmetry: Correspondence in size, shape and relative position of parts.
synonym: The same meaning; a different name for the same species.
syntype: Specimens of equal rank upon which a species description is
based. \ '
taxodont teeth: Numerous similar teeth along the hinge area of a bivalve.
teeth: In a bivalve, the shelly protuberances on the inside dorsal margin
of a valve which fit into corresponding notches of the opposite valve.
teleooonoh: The entire gastropod shell excluding the protoconch.
telson: The last body segment of many crustaceans.
tentacle:. A long, cylindrical or threadlike protuberance, usually arising
from an anterior body part; sensory structure.
tentacular cirrus (cirri): Long, slender sensory process arising from the
peristomiurn or cephalized segments.
tergite: Dorsal plate of an arthropod segment.
tergum (terga): A distal calcareous plate in the barnacle skeleton; the
terga, in combination with the scuta, close off the oral aperture.
test: A protective shell; rigid calcareous skeleton composed of numerous
plates in the echinoderm class Echinoidea.
thelycum: In some crustaceans, external seminal receptable on the sternum
of the thorax.
thorax: Anterior region of the body, posterior to the head; region between
the head and abdomen.
threads: In bivalves, the silky fibers of the byssus; or fine surface
elevations on the shell.
tibia: One of the leg segments of arthropods.
165
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topotype: A specimen collected at the same locality the original type was
taken from.
torsion: A twisting around; in gastropods, a developmental phenomenon which
brings the mantle cavity to the front of the body.
trepan: Chitinized, anterior-tooth portion of the eversible pharynx of some
polychaetes.
tridentate: With three teeth.
trigonal: Triangular in shape.
truncate: Being cut off squarely at the end.
trunk: The main stem or body.
tube feet: Podia; small fluid-filled muscular tubes in echinoderms which
project outside the body and are used for grasping, locomotion and
respiration.
tubercules: Small, raised projections.
turbinate: Conical with a round base; turbin shaped.
turriculate: Turret or tower shaped; in gastropods; having a long spire
with somewhat shouldered whorls.
type: A specimen that serves as a basis for the original description and
name.
umbilicus: In gastropods; the small hole or depression in the base of the
body whorl.
imibo (ttmbones): The prominences on either side of the hinge region in a
bivalve mollusc; the region of earliest or juvenile growth of a bivalve.
unciniger: Segment with uncini.
uncinus (uncini): Small hooked or hooklike structure; small, hooked, deeply
imbedded setae of some polychaetes.
unidentate: Terminating in a simple point.
uniramous: Having a single division; with setae on only one parapodial ramus.
univalve: One valve, as opposed to bivalve; a gastropod.
urogastrie lobe: Also known as the genital region; posteromedial lobe of
the gastric region.
166
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valve: In molluscs; one of the shell halves of a clam.
varix (varices): A raised rib on a gastropod shell.
veliger: The free-swimming larva of most marine gastropods, Scaphopoda and
Pelecypoda.
ventral: Pertaining to the lower surface or opposite of dorsal.
visceral mass: In the molluscs; the portion of the body containing the
internal organs; excluding the foot and mantle.
vitreous: Glassy
viviparous: Bearing live young.
, water vascular system: System of fluid-filled closed tubes and ducts found
in echinoderms; the system is filled with seawater containing some
protein; functions as a respiratory transit system and as a hydrostatic
skeleton for the tube feet.
whorl: One complete turn of a snail shell.
167
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REFERENCES CITED
Barnes, R. D. 1974. Invertebrate Zoology. 3rd Ed. W. B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 870 pp.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. and B. 6. M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaetes of
the World. Univ. Toronto Press. Toronto, Ontario, Can. 860 pp.
Corps of Engineers. 1974. Draft Environmental Impact Statement - Tampa
Harbor Project. U.S. Army Eng. Dist., Jacksonville, Florida. ZZO pp,
Downey, M. E. 1973. Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of
Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 126. 158 pp.
Fauchald K. 1977. The Polychaete Worms. Definitions and Keys to the
Orders, Families and Genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
County. Science Series 28, 1-190.
Goodell, H. G., and D. S. Gorsline. 1960. A sedimentological study of
Tampa Bay, Florida. International Geological Congress XXI Session,
Norden. Part XXIII: 75-88.
Gosner K. L. 1971. Guide to Identification of Marine and Estuarine
Invertebrates. Cape Hatteras to Bay of Fundy. Wiley Interscience,
New York. 693 pp.
Hansen, H. J. 1905. Revision of the European Marine Forms of the
Cirolaninae, a Subfamily of Crustacea Isopoda. Journ. Linn. Soc.
London. 337-372.
Hickman, C. P. 1967. Biology of the Invertebrates. St. Louis, C. V.
Mosby Co. 673 pp.
Hutton, R. F. B. Eldred, K. D. Woodburn and R. M. Ingle. 1956. The
Ecology of Boca Ciega Bay with Special Reference to Dredging and
Filling Operations. Florida State Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab. Tech. Ser.
87 pp.
Mahadevan, S. and J. K. Culter. 1977. A Biological Study of the Big.
Bend Breakwater Structure. Appendix to Final Report on the Big bend
Thermal and Ecological Surveys. Conservation Consultants,, Inc., P.
0. Box 35, Palmetto, Florida. 28 pp.
168
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Mclaughlin, P. A. 1976. A New Species of Lightiella (Crustacea:
Cephalocardia) from the West Coast of Florida. Bulletin of Marine
Science, Vol. 26, No. 4, 593-599.
Menzies, R. J. 1962. The Zoogeography, Ecology and Systematics of the
Cgilean Marine Isopods. Lunds Univ. Arrsskr., N. F. Avd. 2, 57, No.
11, pp. 1-162.
Menzies, R. J. and P. W. Glynn. 1968. The Common and Marine Isopod
Crustacea of Puerto Rico. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other
Caribbean Islands, Vol. 27; 133 pp.
Moore, R. E., ed. (1956). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, pp.
Pettibone, M. 1963. Marine Polychaete Worms of the New England Region.
1. Families Aphroditidae through Trochochaetidae. U.S. National
Museum Bulletin 227.
Sanders, H. L. 1955. The Cephalocarida, a New Subclass of Crustacea
from Long Island Sound. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41(l):61-66.
Simon, J. L. 1974. Tampa Bay Estuarine System - A Synopsis. Florida
Scientist. 37(4):217-244.
Williams, A. B. 1965. Marine Decapod Crustaceans of the Carolinas.
Fishery Bulletin. 65(1):298 pp.
169
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SELECTED BIBILOGRAPHY
The following references consist of those works believed to be of value
for use in the identification of invertebrates from the coastal waters of
the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico. The listings are
arranged by major invertebrate taxa to facilitate location of references of
interest to the reader. Items listed under "General" may be of use for many
different phyla and should be consulted in addition to the titles under the
specific headings.
GENERAL
Barnes, Robert D. 1974. Invertebrate Zoology, 3rd Ed. W. B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 870 pp.
D'Agostino, A. and W. Colgate. 1973. Infaunal Invertebrates in the
Nearshore Waters of Long Island Sound, N.Y. Ocean Science
Laboratory, Montauk, New York. 29 pp.
Dowds, Richard E. 1979. References for the Identification of Marine
Invertebrates on the Southern Atlantic Coast of the United States.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-729. 37 pp.
Gosner, K. L. 1971. Guide to Identification of Marine and Estuarine
Invertebrates. Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. Wiler
Interscience. 693 pp.
Grasse, P. P., ed. 1948. Traite de Zoologie. Masson et Cie, Paria.
Vols. I-XVII.
Hart, C. W., Jr. and Samuel L. H. Fuller, eds. 1979. Pollution Ecology
of Estuarine Invertebrates. Academic Press, N. Y. 406 pp.
Hyman, Libbie Henrietta. 1967. The Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York. Vols. I-VI.
Jaeger, Edmund C. 1955. A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms.
Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois.
Lie, Ulf. 1968. Taxonomic listing of Nonpolychaetes in a Quantitative
Study of Benthic Infauna in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, in
1963-64. Fiskeridirektorates Skrifter Serie Havundersokelser v. 14
No. 5. 556 pp.
170
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Lyons, W. G., S. P. Cobb, D. K. Camp, J. A. Mountain, T. Savage, L. Lyons,
and E. A. Joyce, Jr. 1971. Preliminary inventory of marine inverte-
brates collected near the electrical generating plant, Crystal River,
Florida, in 1969. Fla. Dept. of Nat. Res. Marine Res. Lab.,
St. Petersburg, Florida Professional Paper Series No. 14: 45 pp.
Menzel, R. W., ed. 1971. Checklist of the marine fauna and flora of the
Apalachee Bay and the St. George's Sound Area, Third Ed. The
Department of Oceanography, Florida State University. 126 pp.
Miner, R. W. 1950. Field Book of Seashore Life. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New
York, 888 pp.
Moore, R. C., ed. 1956. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological
Society of America and University of Kansas.
Pennak, R. W. 1964. Collegiate Dictionary of Zoology. The Ronald Press
Company, New York, 583 pp.
Pequegnat, W. E. and F. A. Chace, Jr., eds. 1970. Contributions on the
biology of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1. Texas A & M University
Oceanographic Studies. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas. 270 pp.
Russell, H. D. 1963. Notes on methods for the narcotization, killing,
fixation, and preservation of marine organisms. Systematics-
Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts. 70 pp.
Smith, R. I. (ed.) 1964. Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole
region. Woods Hole Marine Biological Lab. Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
208 pp.
ANNELIDA
Akesson, B. 1963. The comparative morphology and embryology of the head
in scale worms (Aphroditidae, Polychaeta). Arkiv. For. Zoologi.
Band 16 nr. 7. pp. 125-163.
Andrews, E. A. 1891. Report upon the Annelida Polychaeta of Beaufort,
North Carolina. Proc. U.S. Nat!. Mus. 14(852): 277-302.
Baker, H. R. and C. Erseus. 1979. Peosidrilus biprostatus N. G., N. SP.,
A marine Tubificid (Oligochaeta) from the eastern United States.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 92(3), 1979, pp. 505-509.
Banse, K., K. D. Hobson and F. H. Nichols. 1968. Annotated list of Poly-
chaetes in Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter Serie Havundersokelser,
Vo.l. 14, No. 5, 556 pp. A quantitative study of benthic infauna
in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. 1963-64.
171
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Berkeley, E. and C. Berkeley. 1948. 9. 9b(l). Polychaeta Erratia.
Canadian Pacific fauna. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 100 pp.
Blake, J. A. 1971. Revision of the genus Polydora from the east coast of
North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae).Smithsonian Contrib. to
Zoo. No. 75.
Blake, J. A. 1979. Four new species of Carazziella (Polychaeta: Spionidae)
from North and South America, with a redescription of two previously
described forms. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 92(3), 1979, pp. 466-481.
Blake, J. A. 1979. Revisions of some Polydorids (Polychaeta: Spionidae)
described and recorded from British Columbia by Edith and Cyril
Berkeley. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 92(3), pp. 606-617.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. 1964. Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta
I: Naididae and Opistocystidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila.
116: 195-230.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. 1965. Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta
II: Tubificidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 117: 117-172.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. 1966. A contribution to the systematic^ of the marine
Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). The Biological Bulletin,. Pub!.
by the Marine Biological Laboratory.
Brinkhurst, R. 0. and 6. M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the
World. University of Toronto Press. 860 pp.
Brown, B. 1976. A new species of Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from
Florida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 89(37): 433-438.
Cook, D. G. and R. 0. Brinkhurst. 1973. Marine flora and fauna of the
northeastern United States, Annelida: Oligochaeta. U.S. Department
of Commerce, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS Circ-374. 24 pp.
Day, J. H. 1973. New polychaeta from Beaufort with a key to all species
recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circ-375.
140 pp.
Ebbs, N. K., Jr. 1966. The coral-inhabiting polychaetes of the northern
Florida reef tract. Part 1. Aphroditidae, Polynoidae, Amphinomidae,
Eunicidae, and Lysaretidae. Bulletin of Marine Science, 16(3): 485-
555.
Fauchald, K. 1968. Onuphidae (Polychaeta) from western Mexico. Allan
Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology. No. 3. 81 pp.
Fauchald, K. 1969. A revision of six species of the Flavus-Bidentatus group
of Eunice (Eunicidae: Polychaeta). Smithsonian Contributions to
Zoology, No. 6. pp. 1-15.
172
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Fauchald, K. 1974. Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from worldwide
areas. J. Nat. Hist., 8: 257-289.
Fauchald, K. 1977. The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the
orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
County, Science Series 28. 188 pp.
Foster, N. M. 1969. Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea. George Washington University. 181 pp.
Foster, N. M. 1971. Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea*, Studies of the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean
Islands: No. 129, 183 pp.
Gardiner, S. L. 1975. Errant Polychaete Annelids from North Carolina. J.
of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. v.91(3): 77-220.
Hartman, 0. 1936. Nomenclatorial changes involving California polychaete
worms. Journ. of the Wash. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 1.
pp. 31-32.
Hartman, 0. 1942. The identity of some marine annelid worms in the United
States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 92, No. 3142.
pp. 101-139.
Hartman, 0. 1945. The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University
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CNIDARIA
Calgreen, 0. and J. W. Hedgepeth. Actinaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharla
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Rouse, W. L. 1969. Littoral Crustacea from Southwest Florida. Quarterly
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AMPHIPODA
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Mclaughlin, P. A. 1976. A new species of Lightiella (Crustacea-
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MYSIDACEA
Brattegard, T. 1969. Marine Biological Investigations in the Bahamas. 10
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OSTRACODA
D ,m*n T F anrl I S Kornicker. 1967. Two New Crustaceans: The
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Camo D K. 1971. Platvsquilla horoloali (Stomatopoda, Lysioquinidae), A
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INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES
abdita, Ampelisca, 9, 97
abditus, Amphioplus, 10, 121
Abra, 7, 35
Acanthohaustorius, 9, 95
acherusicum. Corophium. 10, 99
Acteocina. 7, 24
Acteocinidae, 7, 24
Acteon, 7, 24
Acteonidae, 7, 24
Actiniaria, 6,130 , 135
Actinostolidae, 6, 137
acuminata, Neanthes, 8, 57
acutirostris, Leucon. 9, 85
Aegathoa, 9, 89
aequalis, Abra, 7, 35
Aglaphamus, 8, 57
Aktedrilus. 8, 48
alba, Lysianopsis, 9, 97
Albuneidae, 10, 80, 109
almyra, Mysidopsis, 9, 85
Alpheidae, 10. 78, 103
Alpheus. 10, 105
Ambidexter, 10, 107
americ-anus, Periclimenes, 10, 103
americana, Glycera, 8, 57
Ampelisca, 9, 97
Ampeliscidae, 9, 76, 97
Amphilochidae, 9; 77, 99
Amphioplus, 10, 123
AmphiPholis, 10, ,121
Amphipoda, 9, 73, 91
Ampithoidae, 9, 76, 99
amphitrite, Balanus, 9, 699 83
Amphiuridae, 10, 121
Amygdalum, 7, 29
Anachis, 7, 20
Anadara, 7, 27
Anaplodact.ylus, 8, 113
Ancistrosyllis, 8, 53
angiilatum, Epi torn'urn, 6, 16
Annelida, 8, 43
Anthenaria, 6, 135
Anthozoa, 6, 130, 135
Anthuridae, 9, 72, 87
Anthuridea, 9, 72, 87
antillarum, Haminoea, 7, 24
antillensis. Sphem'a. 7, 39
Aoridae, 9, 76, 97
Apanthura, 9, 87
apicina, Marqinella, 7, 22
aquilonaris, Persephona
punctata. 10, 109
Arbacia, 10, 119
Arbaciidae, 101
Arbacioida, 10, 116, 119
architecta. Phoronis, 6, 139
Arcoida, 7, 27
Arcidae, 7, 27, 47
arenae. Phyllodoce. 8, 51
Argissa, 9, 95
Argissidae, 9, 75, 95
Arthropoda, 8, 67
articulatus. Astropecten, 10, 116
Ascidiacea, 10, 134, 141
Asellota, 9, 73, 91
Asteriodea, 10, 115, 116
Asteropectinidae, 10, 116
Astropecten, 10, 116
Athecata, 6, 130, 135
Athenaria, 6
atlantica, Callianassa, 10, 107
atra, Micropholis. 10, 121, 125
Atrina, 7, 29
Atylidae, 9, 76, 95
Autplytus, 8, 55
Automate, 10, 103
Balanidae, 9, 69, 83
Balanus, 9, 69, 83
barnardi, Listrella, 9, 93
Basommatophora, 7, 24
bassi, Sigambra, 8, 53, 55
Batea, 9, 93
Bateidae, 9, 74
bigelowi, Mysidopsis, 9, 85
Bivalvia, 7, 26
188
-------
boa, Stenelais, 8, 49
Bodotriidae, 9, 85
bonm'eroides, Grandidierella. 9, 97
Bostri chobranchus. 10, 134, 141
BowmanieHa. 9, 83
Brachidontes. 7, 27
Brachiopoda, 6, 129, 132, 139
braslliensis, Erichthonius, 10, 101
brevitelson. Xenanthura, 9, 89
Buccinidae, 7, 20
Caecidae, 6, 14
Caecum, 6, 14, 15
Callianassa. 10, 107
Callianassidae, 10, 79, 107
Campanularidae, 6
Campanulinidae, 6
campechiensis. Mercenaria. 7
canadensis. Stereobalanus. 10, 141
canaliculata, Acteocina. 7, 24
Caprellida, 47
Cardlidae, 7, 31
caribaea. Corbula. 7, 39
catharinensis. Batea. 9, 93
celata. Cliona, 6, 135
Cephalaspidea, 7, 24
Cephalocarida, 8, 68, 81
Cephalochordata, 129
Cerapus. 9, 99
Ceriantharia, 6, 130, 137
Cerianthus. 6, 137
Cerithidea. 6, 16
chaetopterana. Pinnixa. 10, 111
Chaetopteridae, 8, 47, 63
Chaetopterus. 8, 63
Chordata, 10, 129, 133, 141
Chrysopetalidae, 8, 45, 51
Circulus, 6, 14
Cirripedia, 9, 69, 83
clathrata. Luidia. 10, 119
Clavidae, 6
Cliona, 6, 135
Clionidae, 6, 129, 135
C1yc1ostremonscus. 6
Clypeasteroida, 10, 116, 121
Cnidaria, 6, 130, 135
Coelenterata, 6, 129, 130, 135
coffeus, Melampus, 7, 24
Columbellidae, 7, 20
compechiensis, Mercenaria. 7, 37
compta, Cymadusa, 9, 99
conradi, Turbonilla. 7, 22
costarum, Splochaetopterus, 8, 63
constrictus. Trachypeneus, 10, 101
contracta, Corbula, 7, 39
Corbula. 7, 39
Corbulidae, 7, 39
corona. Melongena, 7, 20
Corophiidae, 10, 77, 99
Corophlum. 10, 77, 99, 101
costata, Cyrtopleura. 7, 39
Crassatellidae, 7, 31
Crassinella. 7, 31
Crassostrea. 7, 29
crenulata, Nucula, 7, 27
Crepidula. 6, 18
Crepidulidae, 6, 18
cristata, Plsta. 8, 65
Crustacea, 8, 81
culveri, Laeonereis. 8, 55
Cumacea, 9, 71, 85
Cume1 la, 9, 85
cuprea. Diopatra. .8, 59
Cyathura. 9, 87
Cyclaspis. 9, 85
Cylindroleberididae, 9, 81
Cyclinella, 7, 37
Cyclostremoscus, 6, 14
Cymadusa. 9, 99
Cymodoce. 9, 91
cypris. Parametopella. 9, 93
Cyrenoida. 7, 29
Cyrenoididae, 7, 29
Cyrtopleura, 7, 39
Cytherideidae, 9, 81
Decapoda, 10, 77, 101
Demospongiae, 6, 129, 135
dlanae. Dynamenella, 9, 91
Diastylidae, 9, 87
dibranchiata. Glycera, 8, 57
Dinocardium. 7, 31
Diopatra. 8, 69
discus, Dosinia, 7, 37
dissimilis, Bowmaniella, 9, 83
divisus.Tagelus. 7, 37
Dosinia. 7, 37
Dotoidae, 7, 24
Dreissenidae, 7, 37
duplicatus. Polinices. 6, 18
Dynamenella. 9, 91
Echinaster, 10, 119
Echinasteridae, 10, 119
189
-------
Echinodermata, 10, 115
Echinoidea, 10, 116, 119
Edotea, 9, 89
edwardsi, Monoculodes, 9, 95
Edwardsja, 6, 135
Edwardsiidae, 6, 135
Elasmopus, 9, 93
elongata, Hemipholis, 10, 125
empusa, Squill a, 9, 70, 83
Ensis, 7, 33
Enteropneusta, 10, 133, 141
Epitoniidae, 6, 16
Epitonium, 6, 16
eremita, Onuphis, 8, 61
Erichsonella, 9, 89
Ericthom'us, 10, 101
Eteone. 8, 51
Euceramus, 10, 109
Eudesmodontida, 8, 41
Eulalia, 8, 51
Eumida, 8, 51
Eunice, 5, 59
Eudendriidae, 6
Eunicidae, 8, 46
Euplana, 6, 137
Eupleura, 6, 20
Exogone, 8, 55
exustus, Brachidontes, 7, 27
faxoni, Cymodoce, 9, 91
faxoni, Lucifer, 10, 103
filiformis, Erichsonella. 9, 89
filograneus, Ophiophragmus, 10, 127
floridana, Cvrenoida. 7, 29
floridana, Lightjell a, 9, 68, 81
floridana, Lyonsia hyalina, 8, 41
floridanus, Trichophoxus, 9, 95
foliosus, Scoloplos, 8, 63
forceps, LeptaTpheus, 10, 105
fornicata, Crepidula 6, 18
fragilis, Phvllodoce. 8, 51
fragilis, Mactra, 7, 31
galathinus, Petrolisthes, 10, 102
Gammaridae, 9, 74, 91
Gammaridea, 9, 73, 91
Gammarus, 9, 91
garriti, Cumella, 9, 85
Gastropoda, 6, 11
Gitanopsis, 9, 99
Glottidia, 6, 129, 139
glycera, 8, 58
Glyceridae, 8, 46, 57
Glycinde, 8, 59
Glycymeriidae, 8, 133, 139
Glycymeris, 7, 27
Golfingiidae, 8, 133, 139
Goniadidae, 8, 46, 59
gracilis, Euplana, 6, 137
gracillima, Micropholis, 10, 125
Grandidierella. 9, 97
Gyptis, 8, 53
Hadromerida, 6, 129, 135
Haminoea, 7, 24
Haminoeidae, 7
Haplocytherida. 9, 81
Haplotaxida, 8, 48, 65
Harmothoe, 8, 49
Harrimaniidae, 10, 133, 141
Haustoriidae, 9, 75, 95
hayesi, Munna. 9, 91
helicoidea. Vitrinella, 6, 14
Hemichordata, 10, 129, 133, 141
Hemipholis, 10, 125
hemphilli, Strombiformis., 6, 18
herbstii, Panopeus, 10, 111
Hesionidae, 8, 45, 53
heteropoda, Eteone. 8, 51
heteroseta. Paleanotus, 8, 51
heterobranchia, Prionospig, 8, 61
hippolyte. 10, 107
Hippolytidae, 10, 79, 105
hobsonae, Travisia, 8, 65
holmesil, Ampelisca, 9, 97
Hutchinsoniella, 8, 68
hyalina, Lyonsia, 8, 41
Hydrozoa, 6, 131, 135
Idoteidae, 9, 72, 89
imbricatum, Caecum, 6, 14
impressa, Odostomia, 7, 22
Inarticulata, 6, 132, 139
irrorata, Littorina, 6, 11
isabelensis, Erichsonella
filiformis. 9, 89
Isopoda, 9, 72, 87
johnsoni, Caecurru 6, 16
johnstonei, Melongena corona, 7, 20
jonesi, Ancistrosyllis, 8, 53
190
-------
lacustre, Corophium, 10, 101
laepnereis. 8, 55
LaevicardTum, 7, 31
lateral is, Musculus. 7, 27
lateralls. Mulinia. 7, 31
Latreutes, 10, 105
Lembos, 9, 97
Lepidopa. 10, 109
Leptalpheus, 10, 105
Leptonidae, 7, 31
Leptoplanitae, 6
lerema, Tei nostoma, 6, 14
Leucgn, 9, 85
Leuconidae, 9, 109
leucpphaeata, Mytilopsis, 7, 37
Leucosiidae, 10, 80
Leucothoidae, 9, 75, 95
leucothoe, 9, 95
levis, Elasmppus. 9, 93
Llghtiella. 9, 68, 81
ligni, Pplydpra, 8, 61
Liljeborgiidae, 9, 74
limlcola. Ogyrides, 10, 105
Limnodriloides. 8, 48
Limulidae, 8, 114
LI mul .us, 8, 114
lineata, Tel Una, 7, 33
Lingulida, 6, 132, 139
Lingulidae, 6, 139
Listriella, 9, 93
Llttorina. 6, 14
Littorlnidae, 6, 14
Lophogastrida, 71
Ipuisianum, Corpphium. 10, 101
Lucifer, 10, 103
Lucina, 7, 29
Lucinidae, 7, 29
Luidia. 10, 119
Luidiidae, 10, 119
Lumbrineridae, 8, 46,. 61
Lurnprineris, 8, 61
lunata, Metre11 a, 7, 20
lunulata. Crassinena. 7, 31
Lutepla, Parahesione, 8, 53
Lyonsia, 8, 41
Lyonsiidae, 8, 41
Lysianassidae, 9, 76, 97
Lysianopsis, 9, 97
Lytechinus. 10, 119
Macprna, 7, 35
macracantha, Hutchinspm'ella. 8, 68
Macrpcallista, 7, 37
Mactra, 7, 31
Mactridae, 7, 31
maculpsa, Crepidula, 6, 18
magellanica, Nephtys. 8, 57
magnifica, Apanthura, 9, 87
Malacpstraca, 9, 69, 83
margaritaceum, Periplpma. 8, 41
Marginella, 7, 22
Marginellidae, 7, 22
Marphysa. 8, 59
Melampidae, 7, 24
Melampus, 7, 24
Melanella, 6, 16
Melita, 9, 93, 121
Melitidae, 9, 74, 93
Mellanellidae, 6, 16
Mellitidae, 10, 121
Mellita, 10, 121
Melpngena, 7, 20
Melpngenidae, 7, 20
Menippe. 10, 109
Mercenaria, 7, 37
mercenaria. Menjppe, 10, 109
Merpstpmata, 8, 114
Mespgastrpppta, 6, 14
Micrpdeutppus. 97
MicrpphPlis, 10, 121, 125
minpr, Ensis. 7, 33
mi nuta, Stenothoe, 9, 93
Mitrella. 7, 20
Mplgula, 10, 129, 134, 141
Mplgulidae, 10, 134
Mollusca, 6, 19
Mpnoculpdes. 9, 95
rnpripspermatnecus, Aktedrilus. 8, 48
rnpntpsa. Edotea. 9, 89
mprtpni, Laevicardiuni, 7, 31
rnucrpnatus. Garnmarus. 9, 91
Mulinia, 7, 31
tnu.lt 1 lineata, Parvilucina. 7, 29
Munna. 9, 91
Munnidae, 9, 91
Muricidae, 7, 20
Musculus, 7, 27
Myidae, 7, 39
Mypdpcppina, 9, 68, 81
Mypida, 7, 39
Mysella, 7, 31
Mysida, 9, 71
Mysidacea, 9, 70, 83
191
-------
Mysidae, 9, 83
M.vsidopsis. 9, 85
Mytilidae, 7, 27
Mytiloida, 7, 27
Myt1.1op.s1s, 7, 27
naglei, Rudilemboides, 9, 99
Nannastacidae, 9, 85
Nassariidae, 7, 22
Nassarius. 7, 22
nassula, Lucina, 7, 29
Natantia, 10, 78
Natica, 6, 20
Naticidae, 6, 18
Nebalia. 9, 83
Nebaliacea, 9, 70, 83
Neanthes, 8, 57
Nematoda, 6, 129, 132, 139
Nemertea, 131
Neopanope, 10, 109
Nephtyidae, 8, 46, 57
Nephtys. 8, 57
Nereididae, 8, 45, 55
Nereis, 8, 55
nimbosa, Macrocallista, 7, 37
nitIda. Melita, 9, 93
nitidum, Caecum, 6, 16
normanl, Alpheus, 10, 105
Notoropus, 9, 95
Nucula, 7, 27
Nuculidae, 7, 27
Nudibranchia, 7, 24
nyei, Monoculodes, 9, 95
obesa, Anachis, 7, 20
occidental is, Molgula, 10, 129
oculata, Aegathoa. 9, 89
oculata, Onuphis erem.it a, 8, 61
oculatus, Spipchaetopterus, 8, 63
Odostomia. 7, 22
Oedicerotidae, 9, 75, 95
Ogyrididae, 10, 79, 105
Ogyrides, 10, 105
Oligochaeta, 8, 47, 65
Oliva, 7, 22
Olivella. 7, 22
Olividae, 7, 22
Onuphidae, 8, 46, 59
Onuphis, 8, 61
Ophelida, 8
Opheliidae, 8, 47, 65
Ophiurida, 10, 116, 121, 123
Ophiuroidea, 10, 116, 121
Ophiophragmus, 10, 127
Opisthobranchia, 79 24
Orbiniidae, 8, 47
Orbiniida, 8, 47, 63
Ostracoda, 9, 68, 81
Ostreidae, 7, 29
Oxyurostylis, 9, 87 :
Paguridae, 10, 80, 109
Palaemonidae, 10, 78, 103
Paleanotus, 8, 51
Panopeus, 10, 111
Pantopoda, 8, 113
papyri urn, Aynygdalurn, 7, 27
Parahesipne, 8, 53
Parametope.ila, 9, 93
Paranthus, 6, 137
Paraphoxus, 9, 95
Paraprionospip, 8, 61
Parastarte, 7, 39
Parasterope, 9, 81
Para.vilu.cina> 7, 29
parvulus, Latreutes, 109 105
Paxillosida, 10, 115, 116
pectinata, Glycymeris, 7, 27
Penaeidae, 10, 78, 101
pentagonus, Cyclostremoscus. 6, 14
Periclimenes, 10, 103
Periploma, 8, 41
Periplomatidae, 8, 41
perplexa. Olivella. 7, 22
Persephona. 10, 109
perspectivum, Sinum, 6, 18
Petrolisthes, 10, 107
pettiboneae, Spip, 8, 63
Phascolion, 8, 139
Pholadidae, 7, 39
Phorpnida, 6, 129, 132, 139
Phprpnis, 6, 139
Phoxichilidiidae, 8, 113
Phoxocephalidae, 9, 75
Phyllpdpce. 8, 51
PhyllPdpcida, 8, 44, 49
Phyllodocidae, 8, 45
Pilargiidae, 8, 45, 53
pilularis, Bostrichobranchus, 10, 134, 141
pinnata, Paraprionospio, 8, 61
Pinnidae, 7, 29
Pinnixa, 10, 111
Pinnotheridae, 10, 80, 111
192
-------
Pisania. 7, 20
Pista. 8, 65
plana. Crepidula. 6, 18
Platyasterida, 10, 115, 119
Platyhelminthes, 6, 129, 131, 137
planulata. Mysella. 7, 31
plebius. Tagelus. 7, 37
Pleurogona, 10, 134, 141
Podoceridae, 10, 77, 101
Podocerus. 10, 101
Podocopida, 9, 68, 81
Polinices. 6, 18
polita. Cyathura. 9, 87
pollex. Parasterope. 9, 81
Polychaeta, 8, 43
Polycladida, 6, 131, 137
Polydora. 8, 61
Polynoidae, 8, 44, 49
Polyphemus. Limulus. 8, 114
Porcellanidae, 10, 79, 107
Porifera, 6, 129, 135
Potamididae, 6, 16
praelongus. Euceramus. 10, 109
Prionodesmata, 7, 27
Prionospio. 8, 61
•Processidae, 10, 79, 107
Protobranchia, 7, 11, 27
Pteriomorphia, 7, 27
Pterioida, 7, 29
pulchellunu Caecum, 6, 16
Pulmonata, 7, 24
punctata. persephona. 10, 109
punctostn'atus. Acteon. 7, 24
punctulata. Arbacia. 10, 119
pusilla. Natica. 6, 20
purpurascens. Semele. 7, 35
Pycnogonida, 8, 113
pygmaeus. Anaplodactvlus. 8, 113
pyramidata. Glotlldia. 6, 129
Pyramidellidae, 7, 22
Pyramidellaida, 7, 22
guadridentatum. Sphaeroma. 9, 91
guinquiesperforata. Melllta. 10, 121
guintana. Llstrella. 9, 93
Remitedia, 9, 68
Reptantia, 10, 79, 107
retlnens. Pinnixa. 10, 111
Rhynchocoela, 6, 129, 131, 137
rigida. Atrina. 7, 29
robustum. Dinocardlum. 7, 31
rubra. Scoloplos. 8, 65
RudiTemboides. 9, 99 ,
rupicola. Epitonium. 6, 16
sangulnea. Eumida. 8, 51
sanguinea, Marphysa. 8, 59
Sarsiellidae, 9, 81
Sarsiella. 9, 81
sayana. Ollva. 7, 22
sayana. Pinnixa. 10, 111
scalariformis. Cerithldea. 6, 16
Scoloplos, 8, 63, 65
Semele, 7, 35
Semelidae, 7, 35
seminuda, Atrina. 29
semiplicata. Anachis. 7, 20
Sergestidae, 10, 78, 103
setipunctata. Haplocythen'da. 9, 81
Sigalionidae, 8, 44
slgambra, 8, 53, 55
Sinum, 6, 18
Sipuncula, 8, 132, 139
Sipunculida, 129
smithi. Lembos, 9, 97
smithi, Oxyurostylis. 9, 87
social is. Polydora. 8, 61
Solecurtidae, 7, 37
Solenidae, 7, 33
solitaria. Glycinde. 8
Sphaeroma, 9, 91
Sphaeromidae, 9, 73, 91
.Sphenia. 7, 39
spinosus. Paraphoxus. 9, 95
Spinulosida, 10, 115, 119
spinulosus. Echinaster. 119
Spio. 8, 63
Spiochaetopterus. 8, 63
Spionida, 8, 46, 59
Spionidae, 8, 47, 61
sguamata. Amphipholis. 10, 123
Sguilla. 9, 70, 83
Squillidae, 9, 83
Stenethoe. 9, 93
Stenothoidae, 9, 49, 74, 93
Stenelais. 8, 49
Stomatopoda, 9, 70, 83
Strombi. Phascolion. 8, 139
Strombiformis. 6, 18
stylochidae, 6, 137
StylQchus. 6, 137
193
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sulcidentata, Eupleura, 6, 20
suppressus, Circulus, 6, 14
succinea, Haminoea, 7, 24
succinea, Nereis, 8, 55
swiftiana, Corbula, 7, 39
Syllidae, 8, 45, 55
symmetricus, Ambidexter, 10, 107
Tagelus, 7, 37
Tanaidacea, 9, 71, 87
Teinostoma, 6, 14
Tellina, 7, 33
Tellinidae, 7, 33
Temnopleurida, 10, 116, 119
tenta, Macoma, 7, 35
tentaculata, Sigambra, 8, 55
tenuis, Cyclinella, 7, 37
Terebellida, 8, 47, 65
Terebellidae, 8, 47, 65
texana, Neopanope, texana, 10, 109
Thecata, 6, 130, 135
Thenaria, 6, 137
Thoracica, 9, 69, 83
thrombodes, Amphioplus, 10, 123
tincta, Pisania, 7, 20
Toxopneustidae, 10, 119
Trach.ypeneus. 101
transversa, Anadara, 7, 27
-Travisia, 8, 65
Trichophoxus, 9, 95
Trilobitomorpha, 72
triquetra, Parastarte, 7, 39
Tubificidae, 8, 48, 65
Tubificoides, 8
Turbellaria, 6, 131, 137
Turbonilla, 7, 22
T.vposyllis, 8, 55
Urochordata, 10, 134
Valvifera, 9, 72, 89
vanhyningi, Dinocardium
robustum, 7, 31
varians, Cyclaspis. 9, 85
variegatus, Lytechinus, 10, 119
variopedatus, Chaetopterus, 8, 63
Veneridae, 7, 37
Veneroida, 7, 29
verrilli, Aglaopharnus, 8, 57
versicolor, Tellina, 7, 33
vibex, Nassarius, 7, 22
virginica, Crassostrea, 7, 29
Vitrinella, 6, 14
Vitrinellidae, 6, 14
vittata, Gyptis, 8, 53
wasselli. Tubificoides, 8, 48
websteri, Lepidopa, 10, 109
winkelmannj, LimnodriloMei, 8, 48
wurdemani, Ophiophragmus, 10, 127
Xanthidae, 10, 80, 109
Xenahthura, 9, 89
Xiphosura, 8
Xiphosurida, 8, 114
zostericola, HippQlyte. 10, 107
zostericol a, Sarsiella> 9, 81
194
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