&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA/600/4-86/003
January 1986
Research and Development
Identification
Manual for
Phytoplankton of the
United States
Atlantic Coast
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EPA/600/4-86/003
January 1986
IDENTIFICATION MANUAL FOR PHYTOPLANKTON
OF THE UNITED STATES ATLANTIC COAST
by
Harold G. Marshall, Ph.D.
Department of Biological Sciences
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, Virginia 23508
Contract No. C2328NAST
Project Officers
Gary B. Collins, Ph.D.
Quality Assurance Branch
and
Cornelius I. Weber, Ph.D.
Biological Methods Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory - Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY - CINCINNATI
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under Contract
No. C2328NAST with the author. It has been subject to the Agency s peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an
USEPA document. The mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Environmental measurements are required to determine the quality of
ambient water, the character of effluents, and the effects of pollutants
on aquatic life. The Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory -
Cincinnati conducts research to develop, evaluate, and promulgate methods
to:
Measure the presence and concentration of physical, chemical and
radiological pollutants in water, wastewater, bottom sediments,
and solid waste.
Concentrate, recover, and identify enteric viruses, bacteria, and
other microorganisms in water.
Measure the effects of pollution on freshwater, estuarine, and
marine organisms, including the phytoplankton, zooplankton,
periphyton, macrophyton, macroinvertebrates, and fish.
Automate the measurement of the physical, chemical, and
biological quality of water.
Conduct an Agencywide quality assurance program to assure
standardization and quality control of systems for monitoring
water and wastewater.
The effectiveness of measures taken to maintain and restore the
biological integrity of the Nation's surface waters is dependent upon our
knowledge of the changes in the taxonomic composition of aquatic life
caused by discharges of toxic substances and other pollutants, and upon
the level of our understanding of the complex relationships that prevail
in aquatic ecosystems. The phytoplankton play a key role in coastal
waters because they often serve as the base of the food chain and are an
important source of atmospheric oxygen. The abundance, species
composition, and diversity of phytoplankton are sensitive to pollutants
and are useful in detecting and quantifying adverse effects of pollutants
on the bio.logical integrity of marine ecosystems. Taxonomic keys and
related reference materials for the phytoplankton are widely scattered in
the scientific literature, thereby complicating the task of identifying
the organisms and interpreting the data. This manual was developed to
serve as a companion to the (1973) USEPA Biological Field and Laboratory
Methods Manual, and was prepared to expedite the analysis of samples
collected in marine biomonitoring programs in the Atlantic coastal waters
by consolidating the keys for the identification of the common species of
marine phytoplankton in a single, easily-used reference.
Robert L. Booth
Director
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory - Cincinnati
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PREFACE
Phytoplankton comprise a diverse assemblage of mostly microscopic flora
that inhabit the marine and fresh waters of the earth. Through their photo-
synthetic activities they generate oxygen and represent the primary producers
in the majority of food cycles in water based ecosystems. They may also be
responsible for contributing to adverse environmental conditions associated
with toxin production, hypoxia, or anoxia. In addition, specific phyto-
plankton populations and assemblages have been used as indicators to various
types of water masses, or water quality conditions. The importance of
phytoplankton to the eastern coastal waters of the United States and the
increasing interest directed to this community, were the major reasons for
preparing this identification manual to the more common forms found in this
region.
The purpose of this manual is to provide a general reference to Atlantic
coast phytoplankton for technical personnel, and others, that do not have
formal professional training in phytoplankton taxonomy. There are numerous
identification keys in this field; however, many are not readily available,
and several are in languages other than English. In addition, due to the
numerous phylogenetic groups in this category, an extensive reference library
is generally required. In preparing this manual, several of the more uni-
versally accepted references were used as the basis for the descriptions and
illustrations. However, this manual is not intended to be an all inclusive
reference or a substitute to many of the classical keys available in phyto-
plankton systematics. To the contrary, it is hoped that through this
introduction, individuals will become more interested in phytoplankton
studies, seeking out the original literature and eventually other identifi-
cation keys. Several of these references have been provided in a later
section.
The selection of the species presented in this manual came from the data
files of the author encompassing 20 years of phytoplankton studies along the
eastern continental shelf waters of the United States. The most: frequently
encountered phytoplankters were selected, along with several species and
representatives from groups considered characteristic to this region. It
should be understood that each area along the east coast may at times be
represented by a diverse number of species, including many not represented
in this reference. Particularly, coastal sections under the influence of
river outflow and shoreline drainage may sporadically, or seasonally contain
an assortment of other species. Even with these exceptions, the species pre-
sented in this -manual are intended to provide the more characteristic phyto-
plankters in the waters of the U.S. eastern continental shelf.
The reader is cautioned that a considerable amount of reorganization
has taken place within phytoplankton systematics over the past decade. As
iv
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a point of reference, the author has elected to mainly follow the classifi-
cation system suggested by Hendey (1974), Parke and Dixon (1976, and
Van Landingham (1967-1978). The reader should understand that parts of this
system may not correspond to those accepted by other authors and that sys-
tematic revisions are continuously in progress.
It should also be recognized that the eastern coast of the United States
is an extensive, dynamic, and diverse region, with a continental shelf that
is generally broad and. subject to numerous environmental variables that will
influence the presence and development of phytoplankton. These variables
include the climatic factors associated with the subtropical conditions in
the southern portion to the impact of colder, boreal waters from the north.
Within this area occur a variety of current systems and other phenomena that
produce Gulf Stream rings, various upwelling regions and outflow from major
estuaries. The phytoplankton of this region is composed predominantly of
diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and prymnesiophyceans. Concentra-
tions are highest nearshore and in association with upwelling areas or major
estuaries. The Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Euglenophyceae are also.
common, and frequently found in high numbers. Generally, total concentra-
tions decrease across the shelf, rising again at various sites along the
shelf margin, with Georges Bank representing an area of high productivity
(Marshall, 1984). Seasonal changes in the abundance and composition of
phytoplankton assemblages are characteristic of the northeastern sections,
with Cape Hatteras a geographic reference for generally dividing, but not
restricting, the development of many of the northern and southern species.
For this eastern shelf region of the United States, over 700 phytoplankton
species have been identified (Marshall, 1980).
Lastly, when the author originally began this manual, he was asked to
include approximately 100 phytoplankters that would characterize the popula-
tions for the eastern shelf waters of the United States. He gradually added
species, until the total number increased to 173. Although the inclusion of
additional species would still be appropriate, there comes the time when the
adding of yet another species becomes impractical due to budgetary and time
restraints. Readers may also prefer original illustrations and additional
coverage of those taxonomic groups that were only superficially covered in
this manual. The use of illustrations from other references was a choice to
reduce cost and expedite the manual's completion. Restriction in the scope
of coverage for the various categories was mainly a response to the initial
intent of the project and that the manual was not intended to be an all
inclusive reference for each category, or for both estuarine and shelf
species. More could also be said about phytoplankton assemblages associated
with specific water masses, composition of estuarine plumes, and seasonal
successional -patterns for the geographic regions included in this manual.
However, neither were these tasks or an. indepth coverage of the various
phytoplankton categories part of the original assignment, and the author
regrets the absence or brevity given to these categories. For this reason,
additional emphasis was placed on providing an expanded reference section,
where the reader may obtain further information and address topics beyond the
original intent of this manual.
Harold G. Marshall
v
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ABSTRACT
This identification manual is designed for general usage by individuals
who have not had formal training in phytoplankton systematics of access to
the numerous keys and taxonomic references usually necessary to identify
marine phytoplankton. This manual contains 173 species, representing 9
taxonomic groups, that the author considers among the more common species
found on the United States eastern coast. The user is also provided with a
list of additional identification references for the major taxonomic groups,
phytoplankton studies for the United States east coast, and recommended col-
lection and preparation techniques.
vx
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface iv
Abstract vi
Acknowledgements viii
1. Introduction 1
2. Phytoplankton Categories 2
3. Identification Keys 4
4. Phytoplankton Descriptions 15
5. Phytoplankton Illustrations ... 56
Figure Sources . ' 100
Bibliography ..... 102
Glossary 117
Index to Species ............... 128
via.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Appreciation is given to Dr. Paul W. Kirk of Old Dominion University for
his helpful suggestions and extensive review of the manuscript, to Nadean
Salalila for typing the manuscript, and Deborah Miller for preparing many of
the drawings used in the manual. Special thanks is given to Vivian J.
Marshall for her continued support and assistance throughout its preparation
and to Charles K. Rutledge for data analysis required of phytoplankton
records at Old Dominion University. Further acknowledgement is given to the
publishing companies and authors, listed in the references, that gave permis-
sion to copy figures used in this manual.
The phytoplankton data base represents collections from 30 cruises in
the NOAA sponsored Ocean Pulse/NEMPS and MARMAP Programs between 1969 and
1982 and from 13 cruises aboard the Duke University R/V EASTWARD,, between
1964-1972. Appreciation is given for the assistance provided in all of the
cruises and to a cadre of exceptional graduate research assistants over the
years who have made various contributions to this total phytoplankton effort.
All samples were analyzed at the Old Dominion University Phytoplankton
Laboratory, Norfolk, Virginia.
Vlll
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
An identification key is provided for the major phytoplankton groups.
Once the species group is established, the identification key for that
category may be used to bring the user to a specific genus, and direct
reference to species described in the manual. The description given for
each species includes its dimensions and general distribution in the United
States eastern coastal and shelf waters.
This area represents the region between Cape Canaveral, Florida and
Nova Scotia, including the Gulf of Maine. Although several common estuarine
species are also given, the manual is not intended to be a reference for the
various estuarine systems along the east coast. The dimensions given for
each species represent general ranges associated with growth patterns
throughout the year and in most cases include other geographic areas of the
world oceans. Local species should correspond to these sizes, but will not
necessarily encompass the entire range of dimensions. No attempt is made
to provide a synopsis of geographic ranges in world seas for these species.
Rather, descriptions are given to characterize each species (e.g. oceanic,
neritic, estuarine, tropical, temperate, etc.) with general comments as to
.occurrence and expected concentrations. In cases where the name has been
changed, or is in question> an asterisk has been placed after the scientific
name, with the name that was replaced given below in parenthesis.
It is assumed that most users will be working with preserved samples
containing a single, but common phase of the phytoplankter's life cycle.
Unfortunately with many of the phytoflagellates, considerable distortion and
loss of flagella are associated with preservation, so the examination of
live cells is often necessary for identification. Difficulties also arise
in distinguishing many of the species that have not been processed or
cleared through careful preparatory procedures. In addition, many groups
require electron microscopy before an accurate identification can be made.
In these cases additional methodology beyond the objectives of this manual
would be required. Several references involving procedures and additional
identification keys have been provided in the reference section. The readers
are recommended to review collection and preservation procedures (e.g. in
Sournia, 1978) to select the methods most appropriate in their work.
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SECTION 2
PHYTOPLANKTON CATEGORIES
Phytoplankton systematics has undergone major revision over the past
several decades. Many of these taxonomic changes have been based on the
results of more refined biochemical assays of pigments and metabolic by-
products, and by previously unknown morphological features revealed through
electron microscopy. However,'the literature still contains many differences
of opinion on the classification of the phytoplankton groups. Revisions
within several categories are still in progress, and include the reclassifi-
cation of Cyanophyta as cyanobacteria (Stanier et al., 1971), and numerous
generic and species reclassifications in other categories.
. The user of this manual should realize a considerable range of morpholo-
gical variation occurs commonly among the phytoplankton. For example, the
shape and size relationships of certain structures may not conform precisely
to the illustrations given for that species. These morphological differences
may be due to genetic or environmental factors, or both. In many phyto-
plankters there appear to be growth variations in response to temperature,
resulting in "cold water" forms that frequently differ from their "warm
water" counterparts in the development of spines and other extremities (the
former generally being shorter). In others, the differences between cold and
warm water forms of the same species may be more subtle, as in the coccolith
basal plate structure of EmLI-Lania (Coccolithus) huxleyi (Mclntyre and Be,
1976). Sexual dimorphism is another source of size variation noted in some
phytoplankton.
Even though one can often recognize such variations in form and develop-
ment, the user of this manual is cautioned not to "force" an unknown organism
into a particular species designation. Frequently, the phytoplankter can be
identified only to genus, and if a species determination is necessary, a
sample can be forwarded to an expert for species verification. In such cases,
making illustrations, or taking photographs with the accompanying dimensions
for any questionable species should become common practice in phytoplankton
studies. Many investigators retain their original samples in a suitable
preservative or make a reference slide for subsequent analysis of these
populations.
Collections may also contain a variety of non-phytoplankton organisms
and other particulate matter that were present within the water column. Com-
mon zooplankters often include tintinnids and copepods at near shore loca-
tions/ with a variety of stages of different larval types and adults over the
entire shelf. Fungal spores, debris, pollen and relict skeletal structures
of diatoms are also frequently noted.
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The phytoplankton categories included in this manual are the following.
I. Chrysophyceae
A. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
B. Chrysophyceae (Golden Algae)
II. Dinophyta (Pyrrhophyta)
A. Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates)
III. Haptophyta.
A. Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae)
IV. Cyanophyta
A. Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae, Myxophyceae, Bluegreen Algae)
V. Cryptophyta
A. Cryptophyceae (Cryptomonads)
VI. Chlorophyta
A. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
B. Prasinophyceae (Prasinophytes)
VII. Euglenophyta
A. Euglenophyceae (Euglenoids)
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SECTION 3
IDENTIFICATION KEYS
MAJOR PHYTOPLANKTON CATEGORIES
la. Cells solitary, colonial, or filamentous. Non-filamentous
cells spherical to elongate, often in gelatinous matrix;
without chloroplasts or nuclei, pigments diffused, usually
blue green, olive-green, or brown in color; in many fila-
ments cell widths larger than their length; filaments may
be separate, or in bundles Cyanobacteria
lb. Not as above 2
2a. Cells green, with one or more chloroplasts and nucleus 3
2b. Cells not green, may be yellow-green, brown, reddish-
brown, yellow-brown; possess chloroplasts 5
3a. Cells with one or more green chloroplasts, a cell wall
and starch reserve ;- Chlorophyceae
3b. Green unicells, motile, with flagella arising from either
a gullet or a depressed, lobed area 4
4a. One or two flagella attached at anterior end, flagella
associated with a gullet or furrow; fusiform, cylindri-
cal, or ovoid in shape, chloroplasts usually abun-
dant Euglenophyceae
4b. One to eight flagella arising from a depressed, often
lobed area of the cell. Cell shape globular, or
pyramidal Prasinophyceae
5a. Cells with one or more flagella 6
5b. Cells without flagella 9
6a. Mostly flagellate unicells, possess two dissimilar
flagella and a distinct nucleus, cells generally
spherical, oval, flattened, or needle-shaped, often
with spines, horns or other structures; some have a
plate like armored pattern, some a transverse restric-
tion (girdle) around the cell that contains the
flagellar insertions Dinophyceae
4
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6b.
7a.
7b.
8a.
8b.
9.
Cells not as above
Flagellated unicells, having two flagella that are
equal or slightly unequal in length, cell shape is
oval, or asymmetric and flattened, an anterior
reservoir is often present -
Cryptophyceae
Cells not as above
Mainly unicellular nanoplankters, motile and non-
motile cells, most contain external scales visible
with electron microscopy, some 'possess ornate
coccoliths over outer cell
Prymne s iophyc eae
Motile and non-motile cells occurring singularly or
in colonies. Bi-flagellate cells usually have
flagella of unequal length inserted laterally and
at oblique angle to each other. Several species
have scales. In the silicoflagellates, a rhomboid
or hexagonal shaped skeleton is present
Chrysophyc eae
Unicellular, filamentous or colonial cells composed
of two overlapping valves of silica; usually cir-
cular, oval, rod, or boat shaped. In single cells,
two views (valve and girdle) dissimilar. Valve
sculpture has a radiating pattern that is centrally
or laterally oriented, or is associated with a median
line showing bilateral symmetry. In colonial forms,
spines or thread-like cell connections are common Bacillariophyceae
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
la.
Ib.
2a.
2b
3a.
Cells with valves that are linear, elliptical,
sigmoid, lanceolate, may have a true raphe or
cleft on one or both valves (Pennales)
Cell valves without a raphe, have markings with
a radiating orientation, often around a central
point, valve outline usually circular, or oval;
some cells are elongated and tubular; cells
singularly or in chains (Centrales)
Valves without a true raphe on both valves, some
have pseudoraphe, rectangular to rod shaped in
girdle view
Possesses a true raphe
Cells in a band, zigzag, or star-like formation
17
- 3
11
- 4
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3b.
4a. Cells in star shaped patterns 5
4b. Cells in zigzag or band like formation 6
5a. Linear, valve view shows one end rounded, other
wedge-shaped ThalassiothTw
5b. Spirally twisted colonies, cells linear with
dissimilar ends Asterianella
6a. Cells forming zigzag patterns 8
6b. Cells in band-like arrangement 9
8a. Valve view linear, girdle view oblong, distinct
intercalary bands, possess internal septa ' : Grammatophora
8b. Cells linear, girdle view, elongated, rectangular,
with rounded ends Thatassionema
9a. Valves lanceolate, cells with rectangular-tabular
appearance, lack internal septa; punctae
interrupted at the center Plag-iogpamma
9b. Valves linear lanceolate, surface punctate, with
irregularly scattered pattern Cymatos-iTa
lOa. Valves lanceolate, or lanceolate rhombic, with
pseudoraphe, and punctae common R'hccp'ho'ne'is
lOb. Valves elliptical, narrow hyaline space or pseudo-
raphe on epivalve; straight raphe on hypovalve Cocooneis
lla. Possess raphe within a keel ; 15
lib. Raphe is not within a keel 12
12a. Valves linear, lanceolate, or oval, and punctate;
possess straight raphe ; 13
12b. Valves and raphe sigmoid 14
13a. Valves constricted in the middle D-Lploneis
13b. Valves possess distinct striae Navi-cula
14a. Valve- striae transverse and longitudinal Gyrosigma
14b. Valve striae oblique and transverse Pteiacos'Lgma.
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15a. Cells singular, valve oblong, tapering into
hair-like spines Cyli-ndrotheoa
15b. Cells singular or in colonies 16
16a. Cells in colonies, valve view linear, girdle
view rod-like, rectangular; live cells have
gliding movement over adjacent cells Baci.l1a.ria
16b. Occur singular or as short, rigid chain of
cells, marginal keel Nitzschia
17a. Cells single, or in chains, valves oval to polygonal,
valves possess processes, or large spines 20
17b. Not as above : . 18
18a. Cells elongate, or tubular, with valves circular
or oval; single or in chains; intercalary bands
often noted 31
18b. Not as above ' 19
19a. Cells single, valves circular to oval; disc,
rectangular, or drum shaped 36
19b. Cells may be single, but usually in chains, disc
or cylindrically shaped, valves circular; cells
may be connected by one or more thread-like
connections to form a chain, or chains may lack
connecting threads 39
20a. Possess long setae, cells connected in chains
at the base of the setae Chaetoeeros
20b. Not as above 21
21a. Valves circular, with setae directed outward
from valve margin 33
21b. Possess thick setae, spines, horns, or slight to
long processes, valves circular to oval, or poly-
gonal; may be united at ends of horns or processes
to form chains : ' 22
22a. Ribbon-like pattern of chain formation, girdle
view square, cells flat, subdued processes Stveptotheoa
22b. Not as above : 23
23a. Bipolar, with valve processes, apertures mainly
oval to narrow elliptical, in short chains 24
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23b. Not as above ---------------------------------------------------- 26
24a. Cells flat, marginal processes large, hammer-like
ends, apertures broad oval to rectangular ------ Cli>ma,Godium
24b. Not as above -------------------------------------------------- 25
25a. Wedge-shaped cells, flat, with thick processes,
chains often twisted or curved. Apertures between
cells narrow elliptical ----------------------------- -------- Euoampia
25b. Cells united in chains, in contact at centers and
corners, small apertures near margins ----------------------- Bellevoohea
26a. Cells cylindrical, valves circular with two short,
blunt processes near margin, connecting adjoining cells ---- Cerataul'ina
26b. Not as above ---------------------------------------------------- 27
27a. Valves may have long processes and spines, cells single
or in chains ------------------------------------------------- --- 28
27b. Valves having 3 or more angles and a central spine -------------- 30
28a. Each valve with two long processes tipped with a
claw-like structure ------------------------------------------ Hemiau'lus
28b, Not as above ---------------------------------------------------- 29
29a. Cells usually connected at one corner, valves
triangular or quadrangular ---------------------------------- Biddutph-ia
29b. Valves usually elliptical, possessing two elongated
processes and two long spines ------------------ - ------------- Odontella
30a. Cell is prism shaped, 3-4 cornered, appears cylin-
drical, with a large straight spine arising from
each valve ------------------------------------------------------ Ditylim
30b. Valves triangular, cells forming straight chains,
connected by central spine ------------------------------- L'it'hodesmLion
31a. Cells single, or in straight or curved chains; with
eccentric conical or sub-conical valves ending in a
spine. Numerous intercalary bands common ---------------- Rh-izosolen-La
31b. Cells not as above ---------------------------------------------- 32
32a. Cells in chain connected by slender central spine,
with marginal threads secreted between cells,
valves depressed in center ------------------------------- Schvodevella.
32b. Cells not as above ------------- -------------------------------- 3^
Terminal setae radiate, outward and bifurcate
8
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33b. Setae from both ends of cell directed in the
same direction Covethron
34a. Singularly or in short chains, girdle view
rectangular, numerous intercalary bands, with
a marginal spur-like spine on valve surface Guinapdia
34b. Not as above ; 35
35a. Flat, circular valves, possessing a row of
small marginal spines , Detonula
35b. Cylindrical, very narrow cells in short chains Leptoeyl-indrus
36a. Surface of valve divided into radial sections,
alternately raised and depressed Aatinoptychus
36b. Valve surface not divided into radial sections 37
37a. Disc shaped cells, possessing a wide and complete
peripheral, ribbed extension Plariktoniella
37b. Valves circular, but not as above 38
38a, Valve surface flat, convex, or concave Coscinod'isaus
(Cyelotella, Thalassios-ira)
38b. Valve surface undulating , Cyolo-tefla
39a. Cells united in chains by one or more thread like
connections between adjacent cells 40
39b. Cells in a chain, not connected by thread like
connections 43
40a. Cells united by single thread or in a gelatinous,
fine thread-like mass Thalassiosira
40b. Cells in a chain united by numerous connecting
threads ' . 41
41a, Cells connected by marginal circle of long spines,
cells mostly elliptical, or cylindrical Skeletonema
41b. Cells connected by spines or threads not
marginally located " 42
42a. Cells oblong, oval, or circular; valves areolate,
with cells in a chain connected by several spines Stephanopyxis
42b. Cells rectangular, connected by numerous fine
threads , Coscinos-ira
9
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43a. cells disc shaped, valves distinctly punctate ParaUa
43b. Discoid; or globose, elliptical, or cylindrical => Melosiva
(Cyolotella)
DINOPHYCEAE
la. Possess flagellated vegetative cells 2
lb. Vegetative cells not flagellated, cells fusiform,
hyaline, with protoplasmic threads from nucleus
to cell wall; produce flagellated reproductive
stage " Pyrocystis
2a. Flagella inserted apically 3
2b. Flagella inserted laterally 4
3. Cell flattened, some forms have an anterior spine,
some with an anterior depression; cell cordiform,
lanceolate, oval, or rotundate Pvoroeentrwi
4a. Cells either tubular, ovate, sub-circular, or
flattened; girdle anterior, with girdle and
sulcus having distinct lists that are often
supported by ribs or spines '5
4b. Cells not as above 7
5a. Cells elongated, with flattened anterior end and _
an extended hypotheca, tube-like Amph^solema
5b. Cells not elongated, possess distinct lists 6
6a. Epitheca small, girdle lists obliquely oriented with . .
anterior list funnel shaped, and having support ribs . D^nophys^s
6b. Girdle and sulcal lists large, with sulcal list often
extended below antapex Ornithoeeraus
7a. Cells thecate (with plates) '-- 8
7b. Cells not thecate J 12
8a. Possess distinct apical horn, with two antapical _
horns dissimilar in length and shape Cevafrwm
8b. Cell not as above 9
10
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9a. Cell club to spindle shape, elongated, with small
epitheca; girdle is distinct, broad, deep, and
anteriorly placed; epitheca and hypotheca often
acute with an antapical spine Oxytoxwi
9b. Cell not as above 10
lOa. Cell shape generally spherical,- but variable;
girdle near equator displaced so right end is
below left (a descending spiral; left handed),
may have apical horn and antapical spines. Plate
formula is 3-4', 0-4a, 6", 6c, 5-10s, 5-6"1, 1 p
1"" (Taylor, 1976) .. _________ _____ Gonyaulax
lOb. Cell not as above ? - . H
lla. Cells round to .top-shaped, some species have apical
and antapical horns or spines; girdle usually equa-
torial, but may be displaced right or left handed
(ascending or descending), epitheca and hypotheca
approximately equal. Plate formula: 4', 2-3(4)a,
7", 5"', 2"" (Taylor, 1976) Pro-bop evidinium
lib. Spindle-shape, with irregular outline, conical epi-
theca with acute antapex, girdle is equatorial, but
displaced h .girdle width. Plate formula: 4'",'2a,
7", 5"', 2"" (Campbell, 1973) Eeteyooapsa
12a. Cell small, less than 18 ym, elliptical to arrow-
head shape in outline, girdle wide; epicone.
conical to hemispherical, with smaller, rounded ' "
hypocone _ ._____ Katodini-wn
12b. Cell not as above ; 13
13a. Cell fusiform to ovate, girdle always displaced
more than 1/5 body length, sulcus often extending'
on epicone Gyy?odi,ni.wn
13b. Cell spherical to biconical, girdle equatorial to
sub-equatorial with or without slight left handed
displacement (less than 1/5 body length), sulcus
may extend on epicone : Gynmodiniim
Ptychodiscus
CYANOBACTERIA (Cyanophyceae)
la. Unicellular, or colonial organization 2
Ib. Distinct filamentous form g
11
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2a.
2b.
3a.
3b.
4a.
4b.
5a.
5b.
6a.
6b.
7a.
7b.
8a.
8b.
9a.
9b.
lOa.
lOb.
Cells separate, in a linear arrangement,
enclosed in a sheath
Cells not as above
Cells within a gelatinous matrix
Johannesbccp't'is-b-la
____:_______ 3
_.. 4
Gelatinous envelop thin, or absent; cells spherical
oblong to cylindrical, have transverse division,
cells small, 1.4-5.0 ym. :
Cells arranged in rows within matrix at right angles
to each other, forming flat colonies
Cells not as above
Synechococcus
- Merismoped-ia
_________ c
Cells clustered in matrix, spherical, ovoid, to
pyriform, tendency for radial arrangement of
cells '
Cells not as above "
Cells closely surrounded by a muscilage envelope
Gomphosphaeria
6
Cells loosely scattered in a muscilage envelope, shape
spherical or elongated, often in dense concentrations Micvocyst-is
Cells spherical to hemispherical after division,
within a distinct non-vesicular sheath often in
groups of 2-4 cells
Cells spherical, possess concentric layers of musci-
lage envelopes
Cells endophytic in diatoms
Cells not as above
Trichomes spiral, lacking apparent cross walls
Filaments with cross walls
Chpoocoecus
Gloeooapsa
R-ichelia
__ g
Sp-ivulina
_.._ 10
Trichomes without heterocysts, or a visible sheath
or gelatinous matrix
Oso-illatovia
Trichomes with heterocysts, within a gelatinous
matrix
Nostac
12
-------
CHRYSOPHYCEAE
la. Cell with siliceous skeleton 2
Ib. Cell lacking siliceous skeleton 3
2a. Skeleton box shaped; possess a basal ring that is
quadrate, or rhombic, with usually spines at the
corners Dietyochu
2b. Skeleton with basal and apical rings, joined by rays,
with several spines extending outward from basal ring Di-stepTwnus
3. Cell elliptical, spherical, to pyriform, with two
unequal length flagella inserted anteriorly; one
flagellum is longer than body length; posteriorly
rounded Ocfaromonas
HAPTOPHYCEAE
The systematics of the species presented here are based on coccolith struc-
ture. Details of these structures can only be seen with electron microscopy.
Light microscopy may allow certain genera to be recognized by the trained
observer, with confirmation coining from sub-sample examination with an
electron microscope.
la. Cells possess placoliths 2
Ib. Cells have other types of coccoliths 3
2a. Cell spherical to sub-spherical, with oval placoliths,
and a 'large elliptical central area, surrounded by T-
shaped elements fimilian-ia
2b. Cell spherical to sub-spherical, placoliths circular,
robust, 18-31 elements composing placolith in contact
with suture line that is curved; small central pit-
like depression at center of placolith Cyolocoeoo'li.tTius
3a. Cell spherical, with cyrtoliths that bear a long rod,
or nail shaped extension rising perpendicularly from
an oval basal plate of a cyrtolith Rhabdosphaera
3b. Cell not as above 4
4a. Cell body cylindrical, with boat shaped scapholiths Calc-iosolenia
4b. Cell body spherical, ovoid, to pyriform, with
caneoliths Syracosphaera
13
-------
CRYPTOPHYCEAE
1. Asymmetric body shape, two flagella inserted
anteriorly, with rows of trichocysts along ventral
furrow or gullet 2
2a. Gullet or furrow simple or rudimentary, lined with
up to two rows of trichocysts Chroomonas
2b. Gullet or furrow more developed, with three or more
rows of trichocysts Cryptomonas
CHLOROPHYCEAE
1. Single spherical to ellipsoidal cells, with one
parietal chloroplast : 2
2a. Cell division into two-daughter cells not enclosed
by mother cell wall ; ' Nannochloris
2b. Cell division within mother cell wall, usually into
four daughter cells, but may divide into 2, 4, 8,
16 or more cells before leaving mother cell ^ C'hlove'Llct.
EUGLENOPHYCEAE
1. Free living, motile, single cell, without a capsule
or cell wall, 1-2 flagella, inserted anteriorly,
chloroplasts common; body shape ovoid, fusiform,
to cylindrical, and elastic in living forms 2
2a. Two flagella, originating in terminal reservoir EutTept'ia
2b. Single flagellum,arising from terminal reservoir Euglena
PRASINOPHYCEAE
1. Motile unicells; shape typically ovoid, pyramidal
to cordate, and lobed; 1-8 flagella, may possess
trichocysts, usually with one chloroplast, with
stigma and pyrenoid present, granular > ; 2
2a. Distinct lobes, cell shape elongated elliptical or
pyramidal, with sides more straight, 4 anterior
flagella ' Pyramimonas
2b. Slightly lobed, with area between lobes, oval shape,
broadly rounded posterior, 4 anterior flagella TetPaselmis
14
-------
SECTION 4
PHYTOPLANKTON DESCRIPTIONS
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
Actinoptyohus senarius Ehrenberg*
(Figure 1)
Single-celled, circular in valve view, valve surface divided into six
alternately raised and depressed sectors, having a small hexagonal central
area and hexagonal areolae. Cell diameter 20-150 ym.
A cosmopolitan, neritic species, frequently noted along the east coast
and over the shelf, but never in high concentrations. *(A. undulatus Bailey)
Aster-ionella glaoialis Castracane*
(Figure 2)
Cells united to form star-like, spiral colonies; commonly 6-20 cells
to a colony; cells linear with dissimilar ends, the larger end having a
triangular head, the other end rod-like. Length of valve 30-150 vim.
Estuarine-neritic, a widespread, and very common species. Often in very
high concentrations during spring and fall. *(A. japori-ioa Cleve et Muller)
Bao-illav-La paxUl-Lfer (Muller) Hendey*
(Figure 3)
Cells colonial, or free, girdle view is long rod-like rectangular.
Valve view linear, lanceolate. Keel, centrally located, with keel puncta
7-9 in 10 ym. Striae 20-21 in 10 ym. Living colony exhibits gliding move-
ment, with cells sliding back and forth over each other. Length of valves
70-250 ym,.width 5-6 ym.
Common coastal species, found in estuarine and neritic waters, but not
in large numbers. * (B. paradoxa 'Gmelin; Nitzsahia paxi-llifer (Muller)
Heilberg)
delicat-ultm cleve
(Figure 4)
Cylindrical cells, connected by fused setae of adjoining cells to form
short chains; connecting setae extend outward, bifurcate in a plane at right
angles to pervalvar axis. Terminal setae do not bifurcate, are'curved- and
directed toward inside of the chain. 6-12- setae present per cell. Cell
15
-------
diameter 6-40 ym, length 20-60 ym. Chains up to 20 cells. Valvular view
often visible, showing radial pattern of setae.
Oceanic-neritic, commonly found in temperate waters over the shelf,, but
not in large concentrations.
BelTevochea malleus (Brightwell) Van Heurck
(Figure 5)
Cells in flat chains, rectangular in girdle view, narrow, with adjacent
cells in contact except for small apertures near the margins. Valves trian-
gular with central area slightly raised with a ring of puncta. Valve width
80-110 ym, pervalvar axis 20 ym.
Neritic. Wide distribution in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
in warm waters along southeast coast and in the Gulf Stream.
Common
Biddulphia alternans (Bailey) Van Heurck*
(Figure 6)
Cells single, or in chains, valve view triangular, with straight, or
unevenly concave sides, girdle view rectangular; chains composed of cells
united at one corner presenting girdle view. Cells also benthic, attached
to substrate. Length of valve side 27-50 ym.
A neritic, widely distributed species more common near shore, but not
in high concentrations. * (Triceratiwn altemans Bailey)
Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey*
(Figure 89)
Cells cylindrical, united to form short chains, with valves slightly
rounded, and with two short processes connecting adjoining cells that are
slightly separated. Valve diameter 11-56 ym.
Mainly a temperate, neritic-estuarine species, often common, in shelf
collections. * (C. beTganii, (Peragallo) Schiitt)
Chaetoceros of fine Lauder
(Figure 10)
Colonial, cells cylindrical, united to form chains, with girdle
view rectangular. The valves are elliptical with a flat or weakly convex
surface where corners touch adjacent cells, with delicate and almost straight
setae. The aperture between the adjacent cells is narrow and elliptical.
Terminal setae much larger, thicker and divergent. Both wide aind narrow-
width forms known. Valve diameter 7-30 ym.
A neritic-estuarine species, common in temperate to tropical waters,
more abundant during warmer months.
16
-------
Chaetoeeros ablant-lewn Cleve
(Figure 11)
Cells, rectangular in girdle view, forming short, straight chains.
Valves slightly convex, with a small centrally located spine. Cell divided
rather equally in thirds, composed of the two valve mantles, separated by the
girdle, with presence of very slight constriction where girdle and valve
mantle join. Setae arise within valve margin, are almost straight and are
directed obliquely; terminal setae shorter than others, and slightly bent
along axis of chain. Diameter 10-46 ym.
An oceanic species, wide-spread in colder waters of the North Atlantic
and Arctic. Usually not found in large concentrations.
Chaetoceros coare-tatwn Lauder
(Figure 12)
Cells cylindrical, united to form chains. Valves elliptical to circu-
lar, valve mantle and girdle area distinct. Cells and setae robust, setae
arise from valve margin, extend outward at approximately right angles, about
a third of their length they curve backwards; terminal setae distinct and
thicker, posterior setae large, curved, horseshoe shaped, heavily spined,
with anterior setae thick and spinal. Valve diameter 30-45 ym.
Oceanic, occasionally found over the shelf, being more common to sub-
tropical and tropical waters, but not in large concentrations. Epiphytic
protozoa (e.g. VoTt-icella ooean-loa) are often attached to the cells.
Chaetoceros compression' Lauder
(Figure 15)
Cells rectangular in girdle view, united to form straight chains; setae
delicate, arising from valve margin, crossing with setae from adjacent cell
and then directed at right angles to chain axis. Apertures range from a slit
to 4 or 6 sided opening. Valve diameter 10-30 ym.
Neritic-estuarine, with wide distribution but generally considered a
cold water species more common to the northeastern shelf.
Chaetoceros eonaawLcovne Mangin
(Figure 13)
Cells united' in colonies, or separate, with cells generally square to
rectangularly shaped in girdle view; chains slightly twisted, valves dis-
similar, epivalve rounded with setae arising near the valve center. The
lower valve surface is flat, with setae coming from nearer the valve margin.
The girdle area is distinct. Setae more narrow at their base, having small
spines, and are directed, obliquely backward, with a slight bow over their
length. Valve diameter 12-36 ym.
Oceanic-arctic species, more common to the colder north temperate and
boreal shelf waters, but abundant.
17
-------
Chaetoceros deb-lie cieve
(Figure 14)
Cells united to form long twisted chains. The girdle view of the valve
is rectangular, with a flat surface, a slightly raised margin, and four
distinct corners bearing thin setae that tend to bend toward the same side
of the chain. Adjoining cells are separated by a narrow oval aperture, being
in contact at the cell margin, or base of the setae. Resting spores often
found centrally located in the cells. Valve diameter 8-40 ym.
Neritic, north temperate species, common to colder shelf waters, often
reaching high concentrations.
Chaetoceros decip-iens cieve
(Figure 17)
Cells united to form straight, stiff chains. The girdle view is rec-
tangular, with setae arising at right angles to the chain from a slightly
raised valve margin; setae fusing together in pairs near the valves, then
separate outward. The terminal setae at both ends of the chain are distinct,
being thicker, and emerging from the valve in an oval pattern, with the
setae eventually directed in an almost parallel direction along the chain
axis. The apertures between cells will vary in their shape seasonally, being
smaller and more linear in winter, and larger and more oval in summer. Valve
diameter 10-80 ym.
Mainly an oceanic species, common in arctic, boreal, and north temperate
waters; often reaching large concentrations; range extends to tropical
waters.
Chaetocevos divevsum cieve
(Figure 18)
Cells united in short straight chains. The girdle view is rectangular,
with cells having two types of setae, each arising from the corners of the
cell. One type is a thicker more heavy form, possessing fine spines and
directed in a broad curve that is pointed in line with the chain axis; the
other setae are thin, more delicate and directed in an oblique pattern.
There is a very narrow, linear aperture between adjacent cells. The valves
are elliptical, with the terminal setae directed outward, in the direction
of the chain axis. Valve diameter 8-12 urn.
Neritic. Common to tropical and subtropical regions, and warmer waters
over the shelf.
Chae-toceros lorenz-Lamm Grunow
(Figure 9)
Cells solitary or in short chains; rectangular in girdle view, with
valve flat or raised slightly in the center. Setae long and stiff arising
directly from valve surface, where they fuse with those of the adjacent
cell, space between cells from elliptical to narrow hexagonal in shape.
Setae divergent. Valve diameter 15-60 ym.
18
-------
Neritic. Common in tropical to temperate waters, often noted in
estuaries.
Chaetocevos peYUVianwn Brightwell
Not Illustrated
Cell usually solitary; possessing long stiff setae, with setae arising
from the central part of the epitheca, and occupying most of the valve
surface; these setae turn abruptly and sweep backward. The hypothecal
setae develop obliquely, with their ends usually divergent but some may
converge. Setae usually with small spines. Valve diameter 10-44 ym.
Oceanic-neritic.
waters.
Broad distribution in warm temperate to tropical
Chaetooevos soo-iale Lauder
(Figure 16)
Cells rectangular in girdle view, united in short, curved chains; often
found together in mucilaginous colonies; setae often develop into long
slender extensions that appear to hold cell clusters together. Apertures
range from narrow to hexagonal. Valve diameter 6-12 ym.
Neritic, common from temperate to tropical waters
ClimaoodLwn fvauenfeldianum Grunow
(Figure 19)
Cells flat, united into chains, possessing large, marginal processes
that give each side a T-shaped appearance, and forming a large oval aperture
between adjoining cells. Valve width (apical axis) 70-225 ym, across per-
valvar axis 10-30 ym.
Oceanic-neritic, mainly a sub-tropical and tropical species, with wide
distribution, but not abundant.
Cocoone-is scutellum Ehrenberg
(Figure 20)
Cells solitary, valves elliptical, dissimilar, with upper valve having
a pseudoraphe and obvious punctae in transverse rows; the lower valve with
marginal rim, median line with a small circular central area, and straight
raphe. Valve length 45-60 ym, width 30-40 ym.
A widely distributed species, -more common near shore along the east
coast. Represented by several varieties.
Castracane*
(Figure 21)
Cells usually solitary, cylindrical; possess dome-shaped valves (ends)
that have a circle of delicate, and mainly straight, spines, radiating out-
19
-------
ward; the spines of both valves oriented toward the same valve.
diameter 12-60 ym, cell length (pervalvar axis) 40-240 ym.
Valve
Oceanic-neritic. More common to Arctic and north temperate waters.
Frequently found in the eastern shelf waters from Maine to Florida, but not
in large numbers. *(Corethrcn hystrix Hensen).
Cosoinodiscus central-is Ehrenberg
(Figure 22)
Cells discoid, with valves possessing radial areolation, and having a
central rosette; areolae becoming smaller moving from the center outward,
with 5-6 per 10 ym near the margin. Girdle view shows a narrow girdle
section, composed of'several girdle'bands within the two convex valves.
Small spinulae may also be found along valve margin. Valve diameter 100-
300 ym, pervalvar axis 50-60 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Generally a temperate species, common along the east
coast.
Cosoinodiscus caneinnus W. Smith
(Figure 23)
Large, single-celled species, drum-shaped in girdle view, with slightly
convex, or flattened valves; delicate areolation over valve decreasing in
size from the center outward, with 14-15 areolae occurring per 10 ym near
margin; central area often appears "clear", with rosette not clearly visible
or absent; valve margins have delicate spinulae from which extend hyalin
lines to center of valve; girdle view shows several intercalary bands;
often there are numerous small chromatophores present. Valve view diameter
200-500 ym, but mostly between 350-45C) ym, with similar size for the per-
valvar axis.
Neritic, temperate species, common in Gulf of Maine and the northeast
coast where it often reaches high concentrations.
Cosdnodisous gvani-i Gough
(Figure 24)
Cells discoid, valves with delicate areolae and a central rosette;
areolae radially oriented, becoming smaller from center outward with 11
occurring per 10 ym near margin. Distinctive feature is girdle view which
is cuneate, with one side about twice as wide as the other. Valve view
diameter 80-200 ym.
Neritic. A temperate species, with wide distribution.
northeastern shelf waters.
Found mainly in
Coscinodiscus lineabus Ehrenberg (Figure 25)
Cells discoid, valves flat to slightly convex, areolae appear to be in
20
-------
straight lines parallel to diameter, areolae slightly smaller near margin,
ranging from 6 at the center to 7 per 10 ym at the margin; valve margin
distinct and radially striated, marginal spinulae present. Valve view dia-
meter 40-120 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, common along the east coast, but
not in high concentrations.
Cosci-nodiscus moceg-inatus Ehrenberg
(Figure 26)
Cells discoid, valves flat to slightly rounded, with large well-defined
areolae, 2-3 occurring per 10 ym at center and 3-4 at the margin; margin is
wide and radially striated. Valve view diameter 40-100 ym, but more fre-
quently in lower half of this size range.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, frequently noted from east coastal
waters, but not in large concentrations.
Cosoinod-lsous nitidus Gregory
(Figure 27)
Cells discoid, valves generally flat, covered with large granules in an
irregular pattern, being larger at the center and decreasing in size toward
the margin; small punctae located radially near margin. Valve view diameter
25-75 ym.
Neritic.
waters.
Wide distribution, but not in high concentrations in coastal
Cosoinodi-scus oculus-iipidLs Ehrenberg
(Figure 28)
Cells discoid, large, valves slightly convex, with large polygonal
areolae and a central rosette usually composed of five, or less, large
areolae. Other areolae at center 3%-4% per 10 ym, to 23s-332 near margin.
Narrow margin with radial striation. Valve view diameter 120-260 ym.
Oceanic-neritic.
waters.
Wide distribution, common in the northeastern coastal
Cosoinodiscus rod-Lotus Ehrenberg
(Figure 29)
Cells discoid, coin-shaped valves;, thin in girdle view, flat, or
slightly curvey, polygonal areolae in radiating pattern, with no rosette;
areolae 3-4 per 10 ym, but smaller near margin, 6-7 per 10 ym. Valve view
diameter 35-140 ym.
Oceanic and neritic.
but not in large numbers.
Wide distribution, being common in shelf waters,
21
-------
Coscinodi-scus waHes-ii, Gran et Angst
(Figure 30)
Cells cylindrical, large, drum-shaped, slightly concave, with broad
mantle and girdle bands; valve areolae about 6 per 10 ym, no rosette,
central area of valve clear, with radiating hyaline lines. Valve view
diameter 230-350 ym.
Neritic species. Common along the east coast.
Coscinos'iva poly chorda. (Gran) Gran
(Figure 31)
Cells cylindrical, rectangular in girdle view with rounded icorners,
cells united in loose chains by 4-9 gelatinous threads between adjacent
valves, valves slightly convex with surface areolae 8-10 per 10 ym. Valve
diameter 25-75 ym.
Neritic.
numbers.
North temperate species, widely distributed, but not in large
Cyclotella menegh-Lniana Kutzing
(Figure 36)
Cell drum-shaped, solitary or in a short chain; valve face in girdle
view shows an undulating pattern where the margins of adjacent cells in a
chain are in contact. Possess a marginal, striated zone containing 6-10
striae in 10 ym. Cell diameter 5-35 ym.
Estuarine. Mainly associated with near shore, littoral region, but
sometimes noted in the estuarine and near shore neritic plankton of temperate
waters.
Cyclotella strata (Kutzing) Grunow
(Figure 32)
Cells discoid, solitary, or in short chains of 2 or 3 cells, girdle
view essentially rectangular, but showing the undulating pattern of the valve
edge. Valve is circular, with surface having a diametrical fold and divided
into central and marginal areas; the marginal area is about half the radius
and is radially striated (8 striae per 10 ym). Valve diameter 20-60 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. A species often noted at near shore stations and in
estuaries, along with Cyclotella oasp-ia and C. meneghin-iand.
Cylindrotheca clostevi,im (Ehrenberg) Reiman et Lewin* (Figure 33)
Cells single, valve oblong, with ends tapering into fine hair-like
spines that may be slightly curved; faint striation on valve, with two
centrally located chromatophores. Length of valve 30-400 ym, more
typically 125-150 ym.
22
-------
Neritic-estuarine. Common in near shore waters; often abundant.
Sometimes confused with Ni-tssahia longissima. * (N-itssehia
(Ehrenberg) Smith).
Cymatosiva belg-ioa (Grunow)
(Figure 34)
Valves linear-lanceolate, small, with rounded apices; surface punctate
in irregular transverse pattern. Linear in girdle view, with slightly in-
flated central and terminal sections. Spines present on valve surface.
Valve length 12-30 ym, width 3-5 ym.
Littoral-neritic. Common at near shore stations near sandy beaches.
Wide distribution along the east coast.
Detonula confewaeea (Cleve) Gran
(Figure 35)
Cells cylindrical, united in short chains. Valves circular, flat, with
a marginal row of tooth-like spines. Cells one to three times longer than
their width. Valve diameter 5-15 ym.
Neritic. Frequently noted near shore.
D'iplone'is orabro Ehrenberg
(Figure 55)
Valves solitary, panduriform, elliptical-cuneate segments; valve surface'
costate, with costae alternating with double rows of small areolae; central
nodule quadrate or sub-circular. Variations in shape and size common.
Apical axis 35-150 by 35-60 ym in width.
Neritic. Found at near shore locations, but not abundant. Numerous
varieties of this species are generally common.
brig'httiiel'i-L'i (West) Grunow
(Figure 37)
Cells elongated, appear cylindrical with rounded ends, but valve is
prism shaped, 3 or 4 cornered, with rounded edges, 3-8 times as long as wide;
each valve has one large, straight central spine, within a ring of smaller
spines. Valve diameter 25-85 ym, pervalvar axis 80-130 ym, length of spine
20-50 ym.
Neritic species with wide distribution and common in shelf collections,
but seldom abundant.
Euoconp-La zodiacus Ehrenberg
(Figure 38)
Cells flat, united to form chains; spirally curved girdle view shows
adjacent cells attached at outer cell margin by two stout processes, with
23
-------
narrow lanceolate to oval-shaped apertures between cells. Cell width 30-96
pm, pervalvar axis 40-50 ym.
Neritic-oceanic, with wide distribution, but usually in low concentra-
tions .
Granvnatophora marina (Lyngbye) Kiitzing (Figure 39)
Cells oblong in girdle view, united at ends to form chain with a zigzag
pattern. Valves linear, with rounded ends, and striated. Valve length
60-80 ym, width 10-12 ym.
Littoral species. Widespread distribution, common in coastal waters.
Guinardia fZaceida (Castracane) Peragallo
(Figure 40)
Cells cylindrical, single or in short chains; girdle view rectangular,
numerous intercalary bands, with adjoining cells in contact, valve surface
nearly flat with characteristic marginal spur obvious in girdle view. Valve
diameter 30-80 ym, pervalvar axis 45-160 ym.
Neritic, temperate species, common, but not found in high concentra-
tions ,
Gyxosigma balt-iewn (Ehrenberg) Cleve
(Figure 41)
Cells solitary, valves linear, elongate, sigmoid, with obtuse apices;
raphe sigmoid and central, with a small and elliptical central region; valve
surface striate with striae in transverse and longitudinal lines, 11-13 per
10 ym, with girdle narrow and plain. Valve length 240-500 ym.
Littoral species with wide distribution, common near estuaries.
Gyrosigma fasciola (Ehrenberg) Cleve
(Figure 42)
Cells solitary, lanceolate, with attenuated ends, curved in the opposite
directions and each comprising about 1/4 of the total cell length. Centrally
located raphe, striated valve surface, with transverse and longitudinal
striae; striae very fine, with transverse striae 21-24 per 10 ym. Valve
length 100-300 ym, width 15-18 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Wide distribution, common in coastal waters, but
never abundant.
Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow (Figure 43)
Cells in chains, or solitary; in girdle view cells oblong, with long
24
-------
thin processes on each corner, each terminated with a spine, with the pro-
cess parallel to pervalvar axis. Valve surface flat to slightly concave,
with a wide mantle. Apertures between adjacent cells large and rectangular
due to long connecting processes. Cell width (apical axis) 10-75 ym.
Mainly neritic, but also described as oceanic, found in tropical and
temperate waters. Frequently noted over the eastern shelf, being more
common south of Cape Hatteras, but not in high concentrations.
Hemiaulus sinensis Greville
(Figure 44)
Cells typically united in chains, straight, or curved; valve view
elliptical, generally oblong, slightly convex, with two stout processes
located at either end of the cell, each process having a slight bend, but
parallel to the pervalvar axis; valve mantle wide, having areolae in radial
pattern that is off-center to center of the valve, 7-8 areolae per 10 ym.
Cell width (apical axis) is 12-90 ym.
Neritic species, found occasionally over the shelf, but more often
associated with tropical and temperate waters where it is common, but never
abundant.
Leptooylindrus danious Cleve
(Figure 4*5)
Cells cylindrical, narrow and elongated in girdle view, united end to
end in short, straight chains; cell length generally 2-5 times the diameter.
Valves mainly flat, circular, and without spines. Numerous chromatophores
common. Valve diameter 6-16 ym, pervalvar axis typically 30-60 ym, but may
be longer.
Neritic and estuarine, with wide distribution along the east coast. A
major dominant during spring and fall outbursts near shore and at the shelf
margin, often a co-dominant with S~ke1etonema costatum..
Leptooylindrus minimus Gran
(Figure 46)
Cells cylindrical and elongated, similar to Leptocylindrus dccnicus, but
more narrow, possessing only two chromatophores. Chain of cells also tends
to be slightly curved, thread-like. Valve diameter 3-6 ym, pervalvar axis
40-50 ym.
Neritic and estuarine species with wide distribution, often present
with Leptocylsindrus danious during seasonal outbursts, where it may reach
large concentrations.
Lithodesmium undulatim Ehrenberg (Figure 47)
Cells forming straight chains, held together by a central spine that
25
-------
connects the adjacent cells, with a conspicuous aperture between cells.
Girdle view common, with cells rectangular, and the margin irregular.
Valves triangular, with each side having an undulating pattern, and each
valve with a centrally located spine. Valve surface possesses radially
arranged areolae. Valve length (one side) 35-65 ym.
Neritic species, found more often south of Delaware Bay; occasionally
abundant.
Melosiica distorts (Ehrenberg) Kiitzing
(Figure 48)
Cells cylindrical, united to form short chains, length of cell slightly
greater than width, puncta in longitudinal rows in girdle view. Valve
diameter 4-20 ym.
A common freshwater species that occasionally is found in estuaries and
river plumes over the shelf.
Melosiva moniliformis (O. F. Muller) Agardh
(Figure 53)
Cells short, cylindrical, united in chains; often seen during division
with cells connected in pairs by the girdle. Valves circular, convex, with
valves and girdle punctate. Valve diameter 23-60 urn.
Estuarine-neritic. A near shore species, common in estuaries, and often
in estuarine plumes.
Melosira manmuloides (Dillwyn) Agardh
(Figure 54)
Cells united in short chains; shape of frustules globose to slightly
oblong; valves hemispherical, with fine puncta radially organized on the
valve surface. Valve diameter 28-35 ym.
An estuarine-neritic species, often found near shore. Not found in
high concentrations.
Nitzsehia del-Lcat'issima cieve
(Figure 49)
Cells united in rigid chains, valves thin, needle-like, finely tapered;
keel central with puncta small, 22-26 per 10 ym. Cells in girdle view
narrowly rectangular. Cells in chain have short area where tips overlap.
Valve length 55-90 ym, width 1.5-2.5 ym.
Neritic. Reported in temperate and subtropical areas along the east
coast. Frequently confused with other flitsdhia spp. Its status is in
question, and may be composed of several species; including N. deliaatula
(see Hasle, 1965).
26
-------
Nitsschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs
(Figure 50)
Cells solitary, valves linear-lanceolate, with ends extended into long
tapering processes. Marginal keel with keel puncta 6-10 per 10 ym. Valve
length including processes 150-450 ym, more typically around 200 ym, 6-7 ym
wide.
Neritic. Frequently noted in samples near the coastline.
fused with the smaller Cylindvotheoa. elostevi-wn.
Often con-
Nitssohia pungens Grunow*
(Figure 51)
Cells linear-lanceolate, acute, united in rigid chains, with the ends of
the cells overlapping approximately one-third their length (or more); in
valve view both sides of central area convex, valve striae 11-16 per 10 ym;
cells more pointed and narrow than Ni-tsschia seriata. Valve length 70-160
ym, width 2.3-4.8 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Mainly a temperate species that is common and with
a wide range along the east coast; often in high concentrations during
spring and fall months. *(N. pungens attantica Cleve).
N-itzsch-La seriata Cleve
(Figure 52)
Cells spindle-shaped, united in rigid chains, with the tip of adjacent
cells overlapping 1/4 to 1/3 their total cell length. In valve view the
central part of the cell has one convex and one almost straight side, with
the valve tapering to slightly rounded ends. The girdle view is linear to
lanceolate. Keel eccentric, with puncta not obvious. Valve striae 14-18
per 10 ym. Valve length 80-148 ym, width 5.5-8 ym.
Neritic. More common to colder waters and the northeastern portion of
the U.S. eastern shelf. May be confused with N. pimgens.
Odontella mdbi1iensi,s (Bailey) Grunow*
(Figure 7)
Cells single, rarely in chains, often seen as a two-celled unit after
division. In girdle view, cell is rectangular to sub-octagonal in shape.
Has wide girdle band; valves possess narrow tubular processes directed
diagonally outward. The central valve area has two spines on each surface
that are set apart from each other. Fine punctate markings on valve.
Apical cell axis: 45-200 ym, breadth 50-90 ym.
Neritic. A temperate species frequently found in low concentrations.
*(E-lddubghia moKl-Lens-Ls (Bailey) Grunow).
Odontella sinens-is (Greville) Grunow*
(Figure 8)
27
-------
Cells single, or united by their spines to form short chains., Girdle
view rectangular; valve surface slightly concave, having short processes,
and two long spines arising close to the processes. Cell length 120-300 ym.
A widely distributed species, mainly found over the shelf in temperate
waters, but not in high concentrations. *(Odontella okinensis (Greville)
Grunow, Biddulphia s-inensis Greville) .
ia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve*
(Figure 56)
Cells discoid, dense, usually united to form short chains, directly con-
nected valve to valve, girdle view showing distinct oblong pattern of cells
within rectangular section of chain; end sections typically have an open,
concave pattern of a single valve. Valves strongly marked with punctae.
Valve diameter 36-60 ym.
Neritic-littoral species. Common, with a wide distribution in temperate
and sub-tropical waters, but not in high concentrations. *(Melosira sulcaba
(Ehrenberg) Kutzing).
Plagiogrcoma variheurckii- Grunow
(Figure 57)
Cells usually united in short chains, with a rectangular-tabular
appearance in girdle view with inflated ends. Valves lanceolate, decreasing
in size from the middle to the ends. Valve width (apical axis) 20-35 ym,
transapical axis 4-5 ym.
Littoral-neritic-estuarine. Widespread distribution, mainly in warm
temperate waters, but not in high concentrations.
Planktoniella sol (Waiiich) shutt
(Figure 58)
Cells solitary, disc-shaped, with central body of cell surrounded by
wing-like expansion. Central body appears similar to Thalass-iosira
eccentrica, having convex valves with distinct polygonal areolation in tan-
gentially curved lines. Valve diameter (central body) 30-180 ym, including
wing, up to 360 ym.
Oceanic-neritic.
Never abundant.
Wide distribution in subtropical and tropical waters,
Pleurosigma aestuarH (Brebisson) W. Smith (Figure 59)
Cells solitary, valve lanceolate with sigmoid-shape, raphe centrally
28
-------
located, valve striae oblique and transverse with 20 per 10 ym. Valve length
84-148 ym, width 28-34 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Common from temperate waters, but not in high
numbers. . .
T?tew?os-igma angulatum (Quekett) w. Smith
(Figure 60)
Cells free, valves rhomboid-lanceolate, sigmoid, with raphe central and
sigmoid, central nodule small. Valve surface striate, with oblique and
transverse striae, 18-22 per 10 ym. Valve length 120-280 ym, width 36-65 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Common near shore in vicinity of estuaries and
coastal marshes.
PleuTos-igma obsowrum W. Smith
(Figure 61)
Cells free, narrow, slightly sigmoid, with bluntly rounded ends, and
raphe sigmoid. Valve striae oblique and transverse, 25-30 per 10 ym. Valve
length 90 120 ym, width 10-12 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Found close to shore and near estuaries.
Pleiwosigma stTigoswn w. Smith
(Figure 62)
Cells solitary, valves lanceolate, sigmoid, with raphe sigmoid, central,
but more eccentric toward the ends. Valve striae oblique and transverse,
18-22 per 10 ym. Valve length 160-300 ym, width 30-36 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Common near shore in vicinity, of estuaries.
Rhaphone-is amph'iceTOS (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg
(Figure 63)
Cells single. Valves lanceolate, or lanceolate-rhombic, usually broad,
with pronounced ends. Valve with pseudoraphe and large punctae on the sur-
face in curved radiating lines, about 6 per 10 ym. Considerable variation
in form. Valve length 40-45 ym.
Estuarineneritic. Wide distribution. More common near shore.
Rhaphoneis sux"irella (Ehrenberg) Grunow
(Figure 64)
Cells single, small, valves broadly elliptical to ellipticallanceolate,
with large puncta over valve surface in slightly curved radiating lines
separated by a pseudoraphe which widens towards the end of the valve. Valve
length 20-50 ym, width 12-26 ym.
29
-------
Estuarine-neritic. Wide distribution, but more common near shore and
by estuaries.
Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell
(Figure 65)
Cells elongated, rod-shaped, straight, tubular, with valves conical and
ending in a slightly curved process. Girdle represented by two dorsiventral
rows of polygonal scale-like segments, with margins appearing as a zigzag
line. Valve diameter 8-15 ym, length up to 1 mm.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution and common along entire eastern
shelf waters. Often in high corcentrations.
RkLzosolen-ia alata f. gvac-ill-Lma (Cleve) Gran
(Figure 66)
This form is very similar to Khi-zoso1en~ia alata except it is thinner,
with the valves less conical and more extended. Valve diameter 4-6 ym, cell
length up to 500 ym.
Neritic. A temperate species, common along the east coast.
RhizosoZenia alata f. indica (Peragallo) Gran
(Figure 67)
Cells wider and shorter than Khizosolen-ia alata. Apex of valves gene-
rally has a thin, curved process directed obliquely. Occasionally cell will
have two different types of apical development, one like R. alata, the other
like this form. Valve diameter 20-60 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Frequently noted along the eastern shelf, but more
common south of Cape Hatteras.
Rhizosolenia calcap-awis Schultze
(Figure 68)
Cells cylindrical, elongated. Valves conical, slightly eccentric, each
having an extended curved spine arising from the valve apex. The girdle
band pattern is rhombic, scale like. Valve diameter 30-70 ym. Cell length
up to 1 mm.
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread distribution in tropical and subtropical
waters. Frequently found along the east coast.
Rhizosolenia castvaoane-i Peragallo
(Figure 69)
Cells large.- cylindrical. Valves small, conical with apex terminated
into a short spine, blunt and directed obliquely. Pattern of girdle scales
wavey. Valve diameter 150-380 ym, length of cell 600-1000 ym.
30
-------
Oceanic, tropical and subtropical.
but in low numbers.
Found frequently in the Gulf Stream,
Rkizoso'ienia deli-oatula, cleve
(Figure 70)
Cells cylindrical, united in short straight chains; girdle view rec-
tangular, valves joined by flat surfaces, but with slightly rounded corners,
producing a slight indentation at the margin where two cells meet. Valves
have a short, small marginal spine that fits into furrow of adjoining cell;
this spine is usually noticeable on terminal valves of the chain. Valve
diameter 12-20 ym, cell length (pervalvar) 40-60 ym.
Neritic. Temperate species, very common in the northeastern shelf
waters, often in high concentrations -during spring and fall outbursts.
Rhizosolenia frag-i-1-issima Bergon
(Figure 71)
Cells cylindrical, united in short chains; girdle view slightly oblong,
longer than it is wide, with the ends rounded. The valves are convex, with
a short, centrally located spine, obliquely, directed and fitting into a de-
pression in the adjoining cell. Due to the structure and manner that the
spines connect adjacent cells, the girdle view often shows a greater degree
of indentation along one margin than the other. Girdle composed of ring-
shaped bands that are usually difficult to see. Valve diameter 12-60 ym,
cell length (pervalvar) 30-80 ym.
Neritic.
the coast.
Frequently found over the shelf, being more common nearer to
Rhizosolen-ia imbvloata Brightwell
(Figure 72)
Cells cylindrical, large, solitary, or in chains; valves conical,
oblique and pointed by a distinct spine that appears as a continuation of the
valve margin. The girdle view shows large scale-like bands that are directed
around the cell. Valve diameter 25-100 ym, cell length 300-500 ym.
Neritic.
shelf.
Frequently noted in temperate and subtropical waters over the
Rhizosolenia Tobusta. Norman
(Figure 73)
Cells cylindrical, single"or in short chains; valves conical with
broadly curved ends, ending in a short spine. Girdle view often crescent-
shape., with valve ends directed to the same side, or in an S-shape when
pointed to opposite sides. Valve is striated longitudinally, with the
girdle markings having a circular, ring-like pattern. Valve diameter 40-150
ym, cell length up to 500 ym.
31
-------
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, frequently noted over the shelf,
but appears to be more common in warmer waters.
Rhizosolen-La setigera Brightwell
(Figure 74)
Cells rod-like, cylindrical, with each valve tapering into a long stiff
spine that is usually straight. Valves are conical, but depending on the
view, the direction of the valve spine and girdle pattern may vary. In a
lateral view the spine is usually more obliquely directed and there is a
zigzag plate pattern on the girdle, whereas a ventral or dorsal yiew would
show more of a shield-like plate pattern. Valve diameter 6-25 ym, cell
length up to 300 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Widespread distribution in temperate waters, common
along the east coast, often abundant.
Sh-izosolenia shmbsole-i- cleve*
(Figure 75)
Cells cylindrical, single, or in chains, often flattened; valves
conical, with one side as a straight continuation of the cell, the other
side of the valve having an oblique pattern. The spine is short with small
wings at its base, decreasing in size along the spine. The girdle scales
show different patterns according to position of the cell; when the valve
spine is centrally in line the plate margin presents a zigzag line, but
where the spine is eccentric there is a ring-like pattern around the cell.
Valve diameter 6-20 ym, cell length 300-500 ym.
Neritic. North temperate species, noted along the east coast, more
common north of Cape Hatteras. * (R. -imbricata var. shrubsole-i (Cleve)
Schroder)
RhLzosolenia stolterfothii, Peragallo
(Figure 76)
Cells cylindrical, elongated, curved, and united to form a curved chain.
Valves flattened, with a small marginal spine that fits into a depression in
the adjoining cell; there is a slight indentation along the chain margin
where two cells meet. Girdle bands are faint and annular. Valve diameter
15-45 ym, cell length up to 250 ym.
Neritic, estuarine.
east coast.
Widely distributed, frequently found along the U.S.
Rhizosolenia styl-ifoimis Brightwell
(Figure 77)
Cells cylindrical, straight, long, usually solitary. Valves obliquely
conical, and possessing an apical spine. The cell margin generally appears
as a continuous straight line running along the dorsal surface of the valve
to the apical spine. The oblique plane of each valve bears a depression that
32
-------
is not apparent in the lateral view. This depression serves for the place-
ment of the spine from an adjoining cell during cell formation. At its base,
the spine has 'two small lateral wings. The girdle has two dorsiventral rows
of scale-like plates, which in a lateral view appear in a zigzag pattern,
but with rounded angles. Valve diameter 20-100 ym, cell length up to 1.5 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. A widely distributed species in north temperate waters.
Common and often abundant over the eastern continental shelf. Of note is the
cyanophycean endosymbiont, R-icheUa in-teToelluLaT-ls, that is frequently found
associated with this species (.and several other Rhi-zosoT^enla spp.).
Schroedevella delioatula (Peragallo) Pavillard* (Figure 78)
Cells cylindrical, usually elongated with length 2-5 times the breadth,
forming straight chains. Variations in form occur in regard to the size of
the cell and the distance between adjoining cells, with smaller sizes more
prevalent in warmer waters. Valves circular, almost flat, distinctly
depressed in the center, where a spine arises; other small, marginal spines
encircle the valve and connect to spines from the adjacent cell. The
girdle bands give a faint annular pattern around the cell. Valve diameter
18-42 ym, cell length (pervalvar axis) 16-100 ym.
Neritic. Frequently noted over the eastern continental shelf, but often
confused with Laudex"ia 'boTeatis. More, common in warmer waters * (Detonula,
pumila (Castracane) Schutt)
Skele-bonema costatum (Greville) Cleve
(Figure 79)
Cells generally cylindrical, or oblong, with rounded ends, joined by
spine-like connections to form straight filaments. Space between cells is
usually greater than the cell size. Variations in cell size common within a
given sample and seasonally. Cell diameter 8-16 ym.
One of the most common and abundant neritic and estuarine species.
High concentrations usually associated with estuaries, near shore locations,
and during spring and fall outbursts. Found in lower concentrations at
mid-shelf locations.
Stephanopyx'i-s palmeT-iana (Greville) Grunow
(Figure 80)
Cells cylindrical, oblong, or elliptical, in short chains; with a flat,
or slightly convex valve, bearing stout marginal spines (10-22) that connect
to those of adjoining cell. Valve-areolae are hexagonal, slightly smaller
near girdle, 1^-3 per 10 ym at valve center and 5-7 per 10 ym near girdle
line. Valve diameter 35-150 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Frequently found along the east coast, but more often
in subtropical, or warmer waters. Sometimes confused with Stephanopyx-is
33
-------
Stxeptotheca tomes-is shrubsole*
(Figure 81)
Cells rectangular, almost square, flat, and united in a ribbon-like
chain that is twisted along its length. Cells not separated in the chain,
but have a small prominence on one valve that fits into a corresponding de-
pression in the valve of adjacent cell. No aperture between adjoining cells.
Valve diameter 40-100 ym.
Neritic. Widely distributed species, frequently noted over the shelf,
but not in high concentrations. *(S. thamesls)
Thalassionema nitzschioides Hustedt
(Figure 82)
Cells linear, straight, united to form zigzag chains. In girdle view,
elongated rectangular, with rounded ends, cells connected at ends, often
chain contains united pairs of recently divided cells. The range of cell
length often results in either a long or a short form within the sample.
Valve length 30-80 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. A common species with wide distribution in north
temperate waters and along the east coast. Often found in high concentra-
tions.
Thalassiosira eecentv-ica (Ehrenberg) Cleve*
(Figure 83)
Cells discoid, valves almost flat, with beveled edges and a narrow
margin bearing short apiculi. Valves have hexagonal areolae that are
arranged in parallel and slightly curved rows. Areolae 7-8 per 10 ym at
center of the valve and 10-11 per 10 ym near the margin. Valve diameter
40-120 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Widely distributed and common along the east coast.
* (Coscinodiseus ecaentr-icus Ehrenberg)
Thalassiosira grav-ida cleve
(Figure 84)
Cells disc-shaped, united by a thick thread to form short chains.
Girdle view rectangular, with rounded edges. Valves flat, with marginal
spines, a central apiculus, with fine radial striation. Valve diameter 20-
60 ym
Neritic. A widespread northern species, common in cold waters and
areas north of Cape Hatteras.
Thalassiosira novdenskioldi-i cleve
(Figure 85)
Cells united in chains by a fine thread. In girdle view cells are
short-rectangular, appearing octagonal due to distinctly beveled, or rounded
34
-------
corners. The valve is slightly convex, having a central depression, from
which arise the central thread; marginal spines are also present. Valve
diameter 12-40 ym.
Neritic. A cold water species common in the Gulf of Maine and a sea-
sonal dominant north of Cape Hatteras.
Thalassiosi-pa rotula Meunier
(Figure 86)
Cells disc-shaped, united by a thick central thread to form short
chains. Valves flat, slightly rounded at margins, lacking spines. Girdle
view presents a rather flat, narrow, rectangular appearance, with a
moderately wide space between adjacent cells. Valve diameter 30-50 ym.
Neritic. Cold water species, common dominant in northeastern coastal
waters during winter and early spring.
Thalassio si-ra subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran
(Figure 87)
Cells discoid, single, usually found embedded in gelatinous mass.
Valves round, having a convex surface, without distinct sculpture; one
small spinula and one apiculus at valve margin. Girdle view shows annular
segments. Valve diameter 15-32 ym; pervalvar axis 10-15 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Frequently noted along the east coast. There are
also several smaller (3-15 ym diam.) Thalassiosira spp. somewhat similar in
shape, and some with threadlike extensions, that are found over the shelf
with some present in estuaries (see Hasle, 1983). Included with these
smaller species is Thalassiosira oestrupi-i- var. venri-ckae reported in
Chesapeake Bay and on the shelf (Marshall, 1984).
Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow
(Figure 88)
Cells united into star-shaped colonies, girdle view is narrow-linear,
with squared ends. Valve view is linear, with one end wedge-shaped, the
other rounded; the valve surface has a marginal row of punctae. Valve
length 80-120 ym, width 2-4 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread;
often in large concentrations.
north temperate to the tropics, found
CHRYSOPHYCEAE
Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg
(Figure 90)
Cell skeleton quadrate, or rhomboid,.with spines at corners of the
skeleton. A silicoflagellate. Skeleton 10-45 ym wide.
35
-------
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread distribution found over entire continental
shelf, but not in high concentrations. Skeletons more frequently noted than
living specimens, especially in areas of upwelling, with numerous variations
recognized.
Distephcmus speculum (Ehrenberg) Haeckel*
(Figure 91)
A silicoflagellate, with the basal ring of the skeleton hexagonal; the
corners usually bearing spines. Inward pointing spines may also be present.
Diameter of basal ring 30-40 pm.
Oceanic-neritic. Widely distributed over entire continental shelf,
but usually in low concentrations. Both skeletons and living specimens
common in some areas. Wide variation in skeletal structure. *(Dictyooha
speculum Ehrenberg)
Ochromonas ccccoli-n-iana Campbell
(Figure 92)
Cells single, oval to pyriform, rounded posteriorly and truncated ob-
liquely anteriorly; two unequal length flagella inserted in a slight depres-
sion anteriorly. Length 10-20 ym, width 8-11 pm.
Estuarine. The example given for this genus is usually associated with
the smaller estuarine creeks and river systems.
DINOPHYCEAE
Amphisolenia bidentata Schroder
(Figure 119)
Central body portion spindle-shaped, with anterior end slightly twisted
and tapering, expanding to a head 2-3 times wider than long:, epitheca
usually convex. The posterior end is drawn out, slightly twisted, with an
elbow-shaped bend near the end. Length 700-990 pm.
Oceanic. Wide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters.
noted in near shore waters.
Often
Ceratium arct-icum (Ehrenberg) cleve
(Figure 93)
Body breadth similar to, or slightly greater than length. Horns diver-
gent. Epitheca with sides convex and shorter than hypotheca, the apical
horn strongly bent, with the antapical horns far apart, with the left horn
having a slight curvature, and the right horn straighter; theca sculptured.
Width of cell body 48-60 pm, length of apical horn 165-240 pm.
Oceanic and neritic. A widespread cold water form similar to C.
longipes. Frequently found in the Gulf of Maine and northern shelf waters.
36
-------
Care should be taken not to confuse this species with C. longi-pes. Note:
Refer to the Glossary for definition of left and right sides of dinofla-
gellates.
Cevatiim
Gourret
(Figure 101)
Compact cell body, with long divergent antapical horns, greater than
60° from apical horn; apical horn is directed almost perpendicular to the
plane of the girdle, with the left antapical horn having a bend slightly
posteriorly from its base, then extending in a broad curve. The right
antapical horn may be initially directed more laterally or posteriorly, then
forming a broad curve. Width of cell body 60-92 ym, cell length 400-950 ym.
Oceanic. Tropical and the warmer coastal waters. This species is
variable in its form and is often confused with (7. massiliense.
contoTtim (Gourret) Cleve
(Figure 94)
Body, slightly contorted, with the right antapical horn twisted, and
directed inwardly, then toward end of apical horn; the epithecal contour
on the right side is strongly convex and oblique, with the apical horn
offset to the left and bent. Posterior base of cell is rounded (convex)
with the non-twisted left horn curving in the direction of apical horn.
Cell length 200-500 ym.
Oceanic. Widespread, tropical, warm water species. Variable forms.
Cevatiwn extension (Gourret) Cleve*
(Figure 95)
An elongated, needle-shaped cell, the cell body narrowly fusiform, with
epitheca extended into long apical horn; it may be found with, or without
the development of the right antapical horn. Most frequently it is absent,
with the left antapical horn posteriorly directed and longer than the epi-
theca and ,the apical horn. When the right antapical horn is present, it is
short; with the length of the left antapical horn and apical horn more
similar in length. Cell body width 20-30 ym, cell length 500-1750 ym.
Oceanic. Widespread, tropical species, frequently noted, but not in
high concentrations. *(C. biceps Claparede et Lachmann).
CeTat~iwn fuvoa (Ehrenberg) Claparede et Lachmann
(Figure 96)
Cell linear, with epitheca gradually tapering from the girdle, without
interruption along the apical horn. Considerable variability in form. Anta-
pical horns mostly parallel, directed posteriorly, but dissimilar, with the
right horn, which is often directed slightly outward. These antapical horns
are often toothed. Cell body width 30-50 ym, cell length 100-280 ym.
37
-------
Neritic, estuarine, oceanic. Widely distributed along the coast.
Ceratium fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin
(Figure 97)
Needle-shaped, from almost straight to slightly bent cell. Epitheca
long and tapering into extended and slightly bent apical horn. Hypotheca
with left antapical horn usually longer than apical horn and epitheca, and
slightly bent dorsally; the right antipical horn is absent, or rudimentary.'
Cell body width 15-30 ym, cell length 200-700 ym.
Oceanic. Widespread species, common in samples over the eastern shelf.
Variations in form common.
Cevatiwn lineatwn (Ehrenberg) Cleve
(Figure 98)
Cell body longer than it is wide, epitheca triangular, then is extended
into apical horn, giving "funnel" appearance, hypotheca more trapezoidal,
with antapical horns divergent and dissimilar, with the right horn directed
slightly outward and is 1/3-2/3 shorter than the left horn. Cell body width
25-47 ym, cell length 35-65 ym.
Oceanic, mainly a temperate and cold water species, often found, but
not in large concentrations. Generally separated from C. mi-nutign by its
divergently oriented antapicals.
Ceratium longipes (Bailey) Gran
(Figure 99)
Cell with strongly bent apical horn, epitheca slightly triangular,
hypotheca with right antapical horn emerging directly below the girdle and
bending toward the apical horn; the left antapical horn develops at a lower
point below the girdle having a sharper bend, approaching the same direction
as the apical horn. The horn curvature pattern presents a somewhat "stream-
lined" appearance. The posterior portion of the hypotheca is convex. The
antapical horns are frequently toothed, with the theca sculptured. The
orientation of the antapical horns and their more robust pattern distinguish
this species from C. avettcwn. Cell body width 50-60 ym, cell length 150-
200 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Temperate and cold water species common in Gulf of
Maine and northeastern shelf waters. Often in high.concentrations.
Ceratiitm lunula (Schimper) Jorgensen
(Figure 102)
Apical horn of first cell in a chain longer than those of the other
cells; apical horn centrally located; epitheca is triangularly shaped,
hypotheca shorter with a straight posterior; antapical horns long, forming
a broad, curve, with ends slightly divergent or parallel to the apical horn.
Width of cell body 85-100 ym.
38
-------
Oceanic. Warm water species of wide distribution in tropical and sub-
tropical waters. Variations in shape common.
Cerat-lim macroeeros (Ehrenberg) Van Hoffen
(Figure 103)
Long-horned species, body compact, being longer than broad, with apical
horn slender, slightly off-center, but with a broad base, usually straight,
or slightly bent. Hypotheca longer than epitheca, with posterior area be-
tween horns rather straight and oblique. The antapical horns extend outward
approximately a body width, then curve anteriorly and often in parallel to
the apical horn. The left antapical horn is posteriorly directed befqre
forming its curve, with the right antapical horn emerging nearer the girdle
than the left horn and is first outwardly directed, then curves anteriorly
to form a broad curve. A posterior list is frequently found at the base of
the left antapical horn. A variety associated with this species is var.
gallicum (Fig. 103b), being smaller with shorter and more abruptly curved
antapicals. Cell body width 45-60 (100) ym.
. Oceanic. Temperate to tropical species, with wide distribution, com-
monly found on the eastern continental shelf.
Cerat-i-wn massil-Lense (Gourret) Karsten
(Figure 104)
Large, long-horned species, shape variable, with several associated
forms recognized. Epitheca with convex sides and long apical horn that
bends slightly posteriorly. Hypothecal base straight, or slightly convex,
with the left antapical horn directed posteriorly, then bending anteriorly.
The right antapical horn arises nearer the girdle, then bends inward. The
bases of the antapical horns are approximately at right angles to each
other. The antapicals may be wavy, with their ends inwardly curved. Small
fins may be present at the base of the apical horn as well as, small spines
along the posterior margin of the antapicals. Cell body width 60-85 ym..
Oceanic-neritic. Widely distributed species, common in tropical and
sub-tropical waters. Often noted in Gulf Stream.
Cerati.im minutum Jorgensen
(Figure 100)
Small, ovoid in shape; epitheca rounded, tapering into a short apical
horn, hypotheca trapezoidal with a straight angled base, with antapical
horns of unequal length; the right antapical horn being shorter and not
well developed. Cell body width 25-58 ym.
Wide distribution. Noted in shelf waters usually in low concentrations,
CeTati-wn tviahoceros (Ehrenberg) Kofoid (Figure 105)
Cell with three very long and thin horns, epitheca with slightly convex
39
-------
sides, with a centrally located straight apical horn. Hypotheca slightly
shorter than epitheca, with a rather straight and oblique posterior and a
fairly straight left side. The left antapical horn arises from a short basal
piece dorsally to the left, then curves forward and apically. Both antapical
horns extend in a broad curve in the direction of the apical horn, tending
to bring all three horns parallel to each other. The ends of the antapical
horns may be straight or wavy. Cell body width 37-48 ym. Length of apical
horn 200-248 ym.
Tropical and sub-tropical species.
concentrations.
Wide distribution, but not in high
Ceratiwn tripos (O. F. Muller) Nitzsch
(Figure 107a,b)
Large, variable in form, with the body about as broad as it is long,
the epitheca not large, with an obliquely set apical horn that has a broad
base. Hypotheca with a broad posterior, and a somewhat concave left side.
Antapical horns dissimilar, the right one shorter, arising near the girdle,
with a bend tending to point in the same direction as the apical horn. The
left antapical horn tends to form a more abrupt rounded curve, with both
antapicals tending to blend in posterior profile, with a smooth to irregular
pattern of curvature.
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread distribution. Pound along the east coast,
often in high concentrations, and sometimes producing summer blooms. This
species is variable, producing a Ceratium tripos "complex" with intergrades
often noted among several of the recognized varieties. Some investigators
have collectively placed these forms under C. tripos (see C. tripos var.
atlanticim and C. tripos var. bdlticwn, Figs. 107 and 108).
Ceratium tripos var. atlanticim (Ostenfeld) Paulsen
(Figure 108)
Epitheca with convex sides and apical horn only slightly obliquely set.
Antapical horns generally similarly bent, diverging outward, but with right
horn size variable, often reduced. Base of hypotheca flat, or slightly
convex and continuous with antapical horns to present a broad, but not
smooth, rounded outline. Chain formation common, with variable forms present
in chain. Cell body width 60-90 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread along the east coast.
Ceratiwn tripos var. balticum Schiitt
(Figure 107c,d)
Apical horn straight, and being slightly oblique or in a plane that
tends to be more perpendicular to the girdle; hypothecal posterior tends to
be rounded obliquely; the antapical horns and hypotheca tending to form a
broad curve; with this posterior outline often irregular. Antapical horns
differ in length, the left being larger, thicker at the base, bent divergent
to the apical horn. The right horn has a more defined bend, more parallel
40
-------
to apical horn. Cell body width 60-80 ym.
;
Oceanic-neritic. Common for the northeastern coastal waters.
CeTabi-vm vultvu? Cleve
(Figure 106)
A common chain forming species, variable in form; the first cell
having a long straight or slightly bent horn; posterior cells have very
short apical horn, bent at the base; apical horns with lists. Epitheca
triangular and broad based; hypotheca also triangular, the left antapical
horn directed first posteriorly, then bending sharply and curving in same
direction of apical horn. The right antapical horn arises directly below
the girdle and bends abruptly anteriorly. In some forms the antapicals
diverge from apical horn. Lists common on each horn. Width of cell body
75-85 ym.
Oceanic. Tropical and sub-tropical species, frequently noted over the
southeastern shelf.
Dingphysis acuminata Claparede et Lachmann
(Figure 109)
Cell oval in lateral view, small, slightly convex epitheca, but vari-
able, with hypotheca having a rounded, often a "rough" posterior due to one
or more very small protuberances; both girdle lists small with or without
spines, with left sulcal list narrow, supported by three main ribs and
extending slightly more than half the body length. The theca has numerous
poroids. Length 40-50 ym, width 20-38 ym.
Neritic. Wide distribution along the' east coast.
Dinophysis aouta Ehrenberg
(Figure 110)
Cell oval or obovoid, laterally compressed; being wider beyond the
middle with a blunt point posteriorly, and off-center; epitheca slightly
rounded, both girdle lists may or may not be ribbed, but are short, and
funnel shaped; a left sulcal list, supported by spines, extends about 2/3
of the hypotheca.. Antapex tends to be obliquely conical. Theca with
numerous small poroids. Variations in shape common. Length 54-94 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, common-
Di-nophysis caudata Saville-Kent
(Figure 111)
Elongated, irregularly shaped cell, variable, with a long hypotheca
forming a finger-shaped, tapering, extension. The large left sulcal list
supported by spines, extends along one side of the epitheca, the other side
often has a small fin. Length 72-110 ym.
41
-------
Oceanic-neritic.
eastern coast.
Temperate and warm water species, common along south-
Dinophysis
Pavillard
(Figure 112)
Cell ovoid in lateral view, variable, about 1h times longer than wide,
cell is widest below its middle and broadly, evenly rounded posteriorly; the
epitheca flat to convex, with funnel-shaped anterior girdle list twice as
wide as girdle; the left sulcal list has no prominent lobes, is about 0.6 as
long as the cell. Length 50-75 ym.
Neritic. Warm water species, frequently noted along southeastern coast
and in the Gulf Stream.
Dinophysi-s hastata stein
(Figure 113)
Cell ovoid, although broadest just below the middle. Epitheca small,
with distinct funnel-shaped anterior list 1.5-2.5 times as wide as girdle;
hypotheca with a sulcal list 0.5 to 0.75 body length, usually supported by
ribs of which the most posterior is longest and slightly oblique. A winged
spine is located posteriorly. This antapical spine and a posterior part of
sulcal list may be absent in some fission specimens (see Taylor, 1976).
Neritic. Warm water species noted along the southeastern coast and in
the Gulf Stream.
Dinophysis norvegisa Claparede et Lachmann
(Figure 114)
Cells obovoid with the hypotheca forming a bluntly pointed posterior.
Hypotheca widest near the middle, with a left sulcal list supported by spines
and extending slightly more than h body length. Numerous small thecal pores .
present. Often confused with D. acuta. Length 55-65 ym.
Neritic. Wide distribution. Frequently noted along the east coast.
Dinophysis ovwn Schiitt,
(Figure 115)
Cell variable, irregularly and broadly ovoid, broadest below the
middle, with the hypotheca having a broadly rounded posterior. Epitheca
very small, slightly convex, with funnel-shaped anterior list, usually
non-ribbed; sulcal list is broad, extending about one-half the body length.
Poroids over theca. Length 45-65 ym.
Oceanic. More frequently noted in sub-tropical waters, but not in high
concentrations.
42
-------
Dinophysis punctata Jorgensen
(Figure 116)
Cell ovoid, small, epitheca convex, with anterior girdle list wide and
funnel-shaped, posterior list low. Hypotheca with rounded posterior.
Sulcal list broad and supported by spines, extending about 2/3 body length.
Theca with poroids. Length 25-40 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, but not abundant.
Di-nophy sis schuettii Murray et Whitting
(Figure 117)
Cell ovoid, oval, to spherical; epitheca small, with a high anterior
list that is ribbed and funnel-shaped. The sulcal list is webbed, supported
by strong spines that extend beyond membrane. Another long winged spine
extends obliquely from the posterior end of the cell. Length 30-70 ym.
Neritic. Found in tropical waters in low concentrations.
Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparede et Lachmann) Diesing
(Figure 121)
Cells somewhat ovoid, epitheca having convex sides, tapering to a short
apical horn; hypotheca with convex sides, with or without two or more anfca-
pical spines. Girdle wide, oblique, descending and displaced at least twice
its width. Length 24-50 ym,. breadth 30-40 ym. Plate formula: 3', Oa, 6",
6"', lp, 1"" .
Neritic and estuarine. Widespread, frequently found over the shelf and
within estuaries.
Gonyaulax tamcn?ensis Lebour*
(Figure 120)
Cells subspherical, slightly longer than wide, girdle only slightly dis-
placed with a descending spiral. No apical horn, but with two very small
antapical plate flanges that have been previously reported as small spines.
Length 28-50 ym (most commonly 36-38 ym), breadth 28-48 ym. Plate formula:
4', Oa, 6", 6c, 7s+t, 6"', lp, 1"" (Taylor, 1976).
Neritic near-shore species, associated with coastal and estuarine
areas. Summer blooms common. * (Pro t agony aulax tamarensis (Lebour) Taylor).
There are several Gonyaulax species in a "tamarensis group" where routine
identification is often difficult. This includes Gonyaulax excavaba
(Braarud) Balech which is responsible for toxic blooms in New England .coastal
areas and other sites along the northeastern coast, causing paralytic shell-
fish poisoning. See Taylor and Seliger (1979, Loeblich and Loeblich (1975).
-Gynmodiniion splendens Lebour* (Figure 122)
Cells large, unarmored, epicone broadly sub-hemispherical, apex bluntly
43
-------
pointed/ sides angled, and straight or slightly concave. Hypocone trape-
zoidal, with two posterior lobes separated by a distinct depression. Sulcus
does not enter epicone. Numerous chloroplasts. Length 50-75 ym, width 38-
60 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. Wide distribution along the east coast
*(Gytmodinium nelsoni Martin). Campbell (1973) considered the species re-
presented in Fig. 122 as G. nelsoni, based on the random distribution and
size of the chloroplasts; in contrast to a radiating pattern and more
elongated and slender chloroplasts originally associated with
-------
funnel-shaped and both ribbed; right sulcal list small, left sulcal list is
well-developed, extending to the dorsal side of the cell, with three distinct
lobes. Length 40-120 ym. ' '
Oceanic. Warm water species occasionally found over the southeastern
shelf and occasionally in the Gulf Stream. Widely distributed in tropical
and sub-tropical waters.
Oxytoxum m-i1ne?"l Murray et Whitting*
(Figure 127)
Cell spingle-shaped, epitheca broad, tapering into a long asymmetrical
process; hypotheca cone-shaped, long, with antapical end pointed. Theca
areolate. Length 125-135 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Warm water form, commonly found over the southeastern
shelf and in the Gulf Stream. *(0. subulatwn Kofoid)
Oxytoxum saolopax Stein
(Figure 128)
Cell lanceolate, with epitheca bulbous, or pyriform, with a thin apical
spine. Hypotheca long, conical, ending in an antapical spine that sometimes
has a swelling at its base. Length 70-120 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Warm water speices, found over the southeastern shelf
and in the Gulf Stream.
aporum (Schiller) Dodge*
(Figure 129)
Cell oval, laterally constricted, without pores, having two chloro-
plasts. Length 30-34 ym, width 21-28 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, but mainly in low concentrations.
* (EscuvLella apOTa Schiller)
PTOTOcentrum balti-cim' (Lohmann) Loeblich III*
(Figure 130)
Cell round to slightly oval, variable, but somewhat round in side view.
There are very small apical projections beside the flagellar pores, with
minute spines, detectable with electron microscopy, on the valves. Length
9-10 ym, width 7-20 ym. '
Neritic. Wide distribution, .often found in high concentrations.
* (Exuv-iella. 'balt-loa Lohamnn)
- gracile Sch'utt (Figure 131)
Cell lanceolate, asymmetrical, at least twice as long as broad.
45
-------
anterior end rounded and may or may not have a long spine; the posterior end
of the cell is pointed. The valves have pores and depressions. Length
40-65 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, may be confused with
ffiicans. Frequently in northeastern shelf water, also noted in larger.
estuaries.
Prorooentnm micans Ehrenberg
(Figure 132)
Cell may be slightly heart-shaped, having a broadly rounded anterior
end, usually bearing a distinct short spine; the posterior end of the cell
is slightly pointed. Cell is broadest around the middle, usually less than
twice as long as broad and laterally compressed. However, the body shape
and development of the apical spine is variable. The valves have pores
and depressions. Length 35-70 ym, width 20-50 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Widely distributed along the east coast, being very
common within Bays and estuaries and over the entire shelf.
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller*
(Figure 133)
Cell oval to heart-shaped in valve view, with the anterior end rounded
to flattened, having a slight depression. An anterior spine is small, often
not visible. The posterior end is usually rounded, or slightly pointed.
Variable shape. Using electron microscopy, minute spines indicated on the
plates, which also have pores, mainly along the plate margin. Length 14-22
ym, width 10-15 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Frequently found along the east coast, common
within bay and estuarine systems often reaching bloom concentrations in
spring. *(Exuviella mapiae-leboux'eae Park & Ballantine: E. .minima
Pavillard; Prorocentmm tr-iangulatum Martin)
Protoperidinium brevipes (Paulsen) Baiech*
(Figure 134)
Cell ovoid to rhombic in outline, epitheca conical to narrow-
hemispherical; hypotheca truncated with antapical plates often with
posterior spines. Girdle ascending, central and wide. No chloroplasts.
Length 20-45 ym, width 20-35 ym. * (PTotopevidinium=PeTidiniwn)
Neritic-estuarine. Wide distribution along coast.
Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Baiech
(Figure 135)
Epitheca conical in ventral view, with sides convex, then tapering into
an apical horn. Girdle descending, with lists. Hypothec.a convex, forming
two acute antapical horns. Spines absent. Length 50-100 ym.
46
-------
Neritic.
tions.
Widespread distribution, common, but not in high concentra-
coni,aim (Gran) Balech
(Figure 136)
Cell in ventral view symmetrical, pentagonal; epitheca triangular with
sides flat, or slightly concave, with first and seventh precingular plates
triangularly shaped. Girdle straight, slightly descending. Hypotheca
biconical, and variable in shape. Spines absent. Length 70-104 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Wide distribution.
Ppotopevidin-Lum depression (Bailey) Balech
(Figure 137)
Cell broad, flattened obliquely dorsiventrally, axis oblique, epitheca
convex, then constricting slightly to form large apical horn; hypotheca
extended, with two antapical horns diverging slightly. Girdle slightly
descending. Considerable variation in shape, antapical horn development, and
girdle displacement; especially between cold and warm water forms. Length
100-200 ym, width 75-150 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Widely distributed. Common along the east coast.
PTotopevid-Lni-im leonis (Pavillard) Balech
(Figure 139)
. Rhomboid in ventral view, with both epithecal and hypothecal margins
straight, epitheca cone-shaped, hypotheca with a depression between two
antapical horns. Girdle narrow and may be slightly descending. Differs
from P. aon-lown by quadrangular shape, instead of triangular, of the first
and seventh precingular plates. Cell diameter 65-95 ym, length 70-80 ym.
Oceanic. Wide distribution over the continental shelf.
PTotopevLdin-Lim ocean-icwn (Van HcSffen) Ba-lech
(Figure 140)
Cell elongated, dorsiventrally flattened; epitheca conical, concave;
tapering to the apical horns; girdle displaced about two cingular widths,
with a descending spiral; apical and antapical horns elongated and oblique.
Longitudinal axis obliquely displaced. Shape and size variable. Length 150-
250 ym. P. oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke at Dodge (See Figure 145) is con-
sidered by some investigators as a separate species, due to its difference in
size and shape of the apical and antapical horns,, and smaller size (length
120-170 ym), whereas others consider this another form within the P.
ooean-Lcim complex.
Neritic-oceanic.
trations.
Found over the shelf. Common, but not in high concen-
47
-------
Protoperidiniwn pall-Ldum (ostenfeld) Balech
(Figure 141)
Slightly rhomboid to pyriform in ventral view, cell generally dorsi-
ventrally flattened; girdle slightly ascending, with numerous choroplasts;
epitheca cone-shaped, with hypotheca slightly rounded, without horns, but
having two antapical spines and a false spine arising from the extended
sulcal margin on the left side. Size and shape variable. See P. pellucidum.
Length 55-105 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Common over the continental shelf; sometimes found
within the larger bays.
Pzotopefidiniim pellucidum (Bergh) Schutt
(Figure 142)
Cell shape variable, pyriform to broadly oval, girdle ascending slight-
ly; epitheca cone-shaped, with apical horn reduced in size; hypotheca without
antapical horns, but with two antapical spines and a false spine on the left
side from a posterior sulcal fin. Similar to P. palt-Ldum but is smaller,
lacking chloroplasts, and is circular in cross section. Variability in shape
common; antapical spines may be longer and slender, with a slightly longer
apical horn (See Figure 142d) . Length 40^-68 ym, width 35^-70 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Wide distribution. Common.
Protoperidiniim pentagonwn (Gran) Balech
(Figure 143)
Cell pentagonal in ventral view asymmetrical with left side slightly
smaller than right; epitheca cone-shaped, hypotheca trapezoidal with two
antapical horns, slightly developed, each with a small spine separated by
shallow hollow that is flat to irregular in outline. Girdle median, spiral
descending, with lists; sulcus short. Length 75-100 ym.
Neritic-oceanic. Noted along the east coast.
Protoperidinium steini-i. (Jorgensen) Balech
(Figure 144)
Cell shape round to pyriform. Epitheca tapering to a long apical horn;
hypotheca hemi-spherical, bearing two long antapical spines, each broadly
winged. Girdle has slight ascending spiral, with lists. Length 39-88 ym.
Oceanic-neritic.
waters.
Wide distribution, reported from both warm and cold
Ptychodiscus brev-Ls (Davis) Steidinger*
(Figure 118)
Cell non-armored, slightly wider than it is long, epicone broad, with
a slight apical process; hypocone posteriorly indented and bilobed. Girdle
displaced 1-2 widths, descending; sulcus extends into epicone. Variable in
48
-------
size and shape. Width 20-40 ym.
Neritic-estuarine. Major toxic dinoflagellate along the Florida west
coast and Gulf of Mexico; often associated with "Red Tide" events.
* (Gyrmodin-iim breve Davis) See Steidinger and Joyce, 1973.
Pyrocyst-is fusiformis Wyville-Thomson et Blackman
(Figure 138)
Large vegetative cells (cysts), size variable; usually thin and fusi-
form, or with one end more rounded. These cells produce numerous small,
motile thecate cells resembling Gonyaulax. There are broad differences in
the size range given for forms of this species. In P. fusiformis f.
biooniaa, the cell has a smaller length to width ratio, with the ends more
rounded, and is generally less than 400 ym in length. Length 200-600 ym.
Oceanic. Associated with warm waters and the Gulf Stream.
HAPTOPHYCEAE (Prymnesiophyceae)
Electron microscopy is required to observe the fine details of coccolith
structure for these species.
Calaiosolenis murray-i- Gran*
(Figure 146)
Cylindrical body, tapered at ends, with spine-like extensions at both
ends; cell covered with a diamond-shaped pattern of coccoliths, 2.5-3.5 x
1.0-1.3 ym. Cell body 59-80 ym in length, 4-5 ym wide.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution, but usually found in low concentra-
tions. * (Calc-losolen-ia si-nuosa Schlauder) . -
Cyolooocool-Lthus leptopova (Murray et .Blackman) Kamptner*
(Figure 147)
Spherical cell; coccoliths broad, circular, convex and overlapping, each
with a central depression. With electron microscopy the coccolith elements
are seen in contact to each other, forming a curved, radial pattern; each
coccolith having 18-31 elements. Coccolith diameter 6.3-7.2 ym, cell
diameter 13-18 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution. Common over the continental shelf.
* (Cyoloooeool-i-fhus leptopOTUS (Murray & .Blackman) Kamptner)
Emll-ian-ia huxleyi, (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler*
(Figure 148)
Cell spherical; with coccoliths oval and convex. Coccolith length
2.9-3.8 ym, width 2.0-3.1 ym. Cold and warm water forms have differences in
number of elements and shield structure noticeable in electron microscopy.
49
-------
Cell diameter 6-8 ym.
Oceanic-neritic. Wide distribution over the entire eastern continental
shelf, often found in high concentrations. Due to their small size they are
often overlooked. *(Coccolithus huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner, Pontosphaeva
huxleyi Lohmann)
Rhdbdosphaeva olao-lgev Murray et Blackman*
(Figure 149)
Cell spherical, with rod, or club-shaped coccoliths, having an oval
basal plate; scattered over cell surface. Length of coccolith appendage
3.6-5.0 ym. Cell diameter 8-12 ym.
Oceanic. Wide distribution and common over eastern continental shelf,
but usually not in high concentrations. *(Combined here with Khabdosphaeva
Lohmann)
Syraaosphaera pulchra Lohmann
(Figure 150)
Cell oval to pyriform. Coccoliths elliptical, up to 4.5 ym long,
coccoliths at anterior end different, possessing a vertically oriented ex-
tension. Cell length 9-26 ym.
Oceanic. Wide distribution and common over the eastern continental
shelf, but usually in low concentrations.
CYANOPHYCEAE
Chvoocoocus lirmeticus Lemmermann
(Figure 152)
Cells spherical, with adjacent faces of cells flattened after division,
cells irregular dispersed in gelatinous colonies. Blue-green, red, violet.
Cell diameter 6-12 ym. * (Anacyst'is aevuginosa Drouet et Dailey)
Estuarine-neritic. Wide distribution. Common along the east coast
near estuaries and coastal wetlands.
Chroococeus turgidus (Kutzing) Naegeli*
(Figure 153)
Cells spherical, solitary, or in colonies of 2-4 cells, adjacent faces
of cells flattened. Blue-green, violet, red, or olive. Cell diameter 12-
50 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. Widespread distribution. Common at near shore
locations along the east coast. *(Anaaystie dimidiaba. (Kutzing) Drouet et
Daily)
50
-------
Gomphosphaeria aponina Kutzing
(Figure 155)
Cells spherical, oval to pyriform in shape, forming closely packed
colony of cells in matrix with sheath-like margin. Blue-green, .olive,
yellowish, violet, or red. Cell diameter 4-15 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. Widespread distribution along east coast. Common
at near shore stations.
Johannes'baptist'La pellueida (Dickie) Taylor et Drouet (Figure 156)
Cells discoid, forming colony of cells arranged in a single row, with
the cells separated. Blue-green or olive. Diameter of filament up to 20 ym.
Neritic. Widespread distribution along the east coast; often found in
larger estuaries. '
Merismoped'ia punatata Meyen*
(Figure 151)
Cells in flat, rectangular to irregular colonies; cells round, oval, or
cylindrical, arranged in series of rows at right angles to each other. Blue-
green, olive or violet. Cell diameter 4-10 ym.
Found in estuarine and coastal waters along the east coast. More
common near shore. * (Agmenellum thermale (Kiitzing) Drouet et Daily)
Microcyst-is elebans Kutzing*
(Figure 154)
Cells elongate, ovoid to cylindrical, dividing in a plane perpendicular
to the long axis, cells embedded in gelatinous matrix, cells 2-6 ym in dia-
meter, usually. 2-3 times as long as broad. Blue-green, olive-green, violet,
or red.
Found in a variety of aquatic and marine habitats, having a wide distri-
bution. More common near shore and by wetlands. *(Coaaochlovis elebans
Drouet et Daily)
Nostoa commune Vaucher
(Figure 157)
Trichomes of spherical to barrel-shaped cells constricted at the cross
walls; cell size often variable within a trichome. Trichomes straight,
curved, or spiraled. Heterocysts 2-12 ym in diameter. Sheath absent, or not
clearly visible. Cell diameter 1.5-10 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. Wide distribution along the east coast. More
frequently noted near the shore, often in vicinity of coastal wetlands and
estuaries.
51
-------
Oscillatoria erythraea (Ehrenberg) Geitler*
(Figure 158)
Cells cylindrical, may be shorter, or longer than broad, protoplasm
homogenous, or granulose, terminal cell cylindrical, bulbous-inflated, or
truncate-conical, Trichomes 3-30 pm in diameter, straight, curved, or
spiraled, with differences in cell width within a trichome common. Cell
length 2-27 pm. Trichomes long and short, sheaths may or may not be present.
Trichomes often interwoven in clusters. Blue-green, yellow-green, olive,
brown, red, or violet.
Oceanic-neritic. Common over the eastern continental shelf, often
reaching high concentrations. *0soillatoria evythraea represents a common
marine species in which Drouet has placed several filamentous species of
similar form and structure. These include Tr"ichodesmi,im eryfhraeim
Ehrenberg, T. thiebaut-i-L Gomont, T. ehrengergii, Montangne, Skujaella
erythraea de Toni, Oscillatoria hildebrandbii Geitler, and others. There are
different viewpoints regarding the validity of these species as well as,
placing them under 0. erythvaea.
Riohelia intercellularis Schmidt
(Figure 77>
Barrel-shaped cells, bluegreen, in short filaments with a larger
spherical-shaped heterocyst at one, or both sides. Found as a frequent endo-
symbiont in Rhizosolenia styliformis and other Rhizosolenia spp. Cell size
5.5-10 pro, heterocysts 9-12 pm in width.
Oceanic-neritic. Widespread over the eastern continental shelf.
Sp-Lrut-Lna subsalsa oersted
(Figure 159)
Cells form spirally twisted, cylindrical trichomes, with ends hemi-
spherical, and with no cross walls. Diameter 0.4-4 pm. May be naked, or
enclosed in mucus. Blue-green, olive, brown, red, or violet.
Estuarine-neritic, Widely distributed along the east coast. Most
common near shore and in estuaries. Drouet recognized this as the only
species in this genus, but with variations in form common.
Synechococcus spp.
(Figure 160)
Cells spherical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal; 0.5-2.0 pm in size. Common-
ly found scattered within a water sample, and ubiquitous in marine and
estuarine waters (Waterbury et al., 1979; Johnson and Sieburth, 1979). Dis-
tinction among the species within this genus would be impossible with light
microscopy (see Stanier et al., 1971).
Ubiquitous across the shelf. Often present in very high concentrations
within coastal estuaries and estuarine plumes. *(Includes Anaaystis marina
(Hansb.) Drouet et Daily)
52
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CRYPTOPHYCEAE
Chroomonas canph-ioxe-ia (Conrad) Butcher*
(Figure 161)
Cell ovoid, anterior end obliquely truncated, posterior end tapering.
Length 10-19 ym, width 4-10 ym. Two equal flagella about h body length.
* (Rhodomonas amph-ioxei- Conrad). -
Estuarine-neritic. More common to local estuaries, especially along
southeastern coast. This species is representative of other members of this
genus found along the east coast.
Cryptomonas pseudobaltiea Butcher
(Figure 162)
Cell 18-30 x 5-8 ym, slightly flattened, usually ovoid. The cell has
convex sides, a sub-obtuse posterior, with an obliquely truncate and obtuse
anterior. Two flagella of equal length.
Estuarine-neritic. This species is given as a representative type.,
Various Cryptomonas spp. are present along the east coast, often in high
concentrations at mid-shelf locations. Cryptomonads are better preserved
with Lugol's solution than formalin, which usually destroys or distorts many
of these cells, giving inaccurate estimations of their presence.
PRASINOPHYCEAE
Pyrami-monas micron Conrad et Kufferath
(Figure 163)
Cell broadly ovoid, with convex sides, posteriorly rounded, with the
anterior end having four broad lobes, and four flagella, which are longer
than the cell. Cell length 4-8 ym, width 4-8 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. P. micron is representative for the genus, which
has several species in estuaries along the east coast. See Campbell (1973)
Tetraselmis gracitis (Kylin) Butcher
(Figure 164)
Cell has ellipsoid shape, compressed, with the posterior end rounded;
anterior end .with two lobes and four flagella. Cell length 8-12 ym, width
6-9 ym. . . .;
Estuarine-neritic. This is a common representative for the genus which
usually has several species in the estuaries along the coast. See Campbell
(1973) .
53
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CHLOROPHYCEAE
Chlo'rel'La marina Butcher
(Figure 165)
Cells ovoid, 4-6 x 7-10 ym, cell walls thin and smooth. Chloroplast
fills most of the cell as an irregular parietal plate; finely granular.
Grass green.
Estuarine-neritic. Often in high concentrations at near shore loca-
tions; common within estuarine habitats and plumes.
salina Butcher
(Figure 166)
Cells spherical, 4-7 ym diameter, with thin, smooth cell walls and
saucer-shaped chloroplast that mostly fills the cell. Grass green, finely
granular; the pyrenoid is central and large.
Estuarine-neritic. Often in high concentrations at near shore loca-
tions and within estuarine plumes.
A "Chlovella" complex is frequently noted within the estuaries and bay
systems along the east coast and over the shelf, and often in association
with coccoid cyanobacteria. The Chlorella can usually be distinguished from
this group with light microscopy by their distinct chloroplasts 'and more
granular appearance. The relationship among Chlovella vulgaris Beijerinck,
C. salina and C. marina is not clear and needs reevaluation. Butcher (1952)
originally made the distinction between C. salina and C. vulgaris on the
basis of a thinner cell wall and the marine habitat for C. salina, C.
"OuLgaris is considered a cosmopolitan species, spherical to ellipsoidal in
shape, with a size range 2-10 ym, and parietal cup-shaped, or girdle-shaped
chloroplast (see Fott and Novakova, 1969).
Nannochloris atomus Butcher
(Figure 167)
Cells spherical, pale green and finely granular; cell wall is thin and
smooth. Chloroplast saucer-shaped, filling most of the cell. Cell diameter
2-3 pm. The distinction between N. atomus and the Chlovella group above is
also not clear. See Sarokin and Carpenter (1982).
Estuarine-neritic.
estuarine habitats.
Wide distribution along the east coast and in
EUGLENOPHYCEAE
Englena proxima Dangeard
(Figure 168)
Cells without walls varying greatly in shape, fusiform to clavate and
lanceolate, often blunt-obtuse tapering posteriorly. One long flagellum,
54
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readily visible, extending from gullet. Numerous discoid, grass green
chloroplasts (25-40); stigma present, paramylum bodies numerous and ovoid;
nucleus large, central, or slightly posterior. Length 60-90 ym, width
18-25 ym.
Estuarine. This is a representative species for the genus that has
numerous species within estuarine and marine waters along the coast.
EutTept-ia lanowii Steuer
(Figure 169)
Cells elongated, cylindrical, varying in shape from compact to elongat-
ed; having two flagella of unequal length inserted at anterior end. Peri-
plast smooth; scattered discoid paramylum bodies. Numerous green discoid
chloroplasts. Similar in appearance to Eutveptia viri-dis Perty which has
a striated periplast. Length 16-60 ym, width 4-10 ym.
Estuarine-neritic. Widespread distribution along the east coast.
55
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SECTION 5
PHYTOPLANKTON ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Actinoptyohus sencceius Ehrenberg. a. Valve view,
b. Girdle view. Reprinted with permission of the
Ray Society (Lebour, 1930).
Figure 2. Astez"Lone11a glao'Lat'is castracane. Girdle view.
Reprinted with permission of the Ray Society
(Lebour, 1930).
Figure 3. Baoillaria paxillifer (Muller) Hendey. Colony in
girdle view. Reprinted with permission of Otto
Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Figure 4. Baoteriastrum del-ioatulim cleve. a. Colony in
girdle view, b. Valve view. Reprinted with
permission of Otto Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey,
1964).
Figure 5. Bellevochea. malleus (Brightwell) Van Heurck. a.
Girdle view, b. Valve view. Reprinted with
permission of Otto Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey,
1964).
Figure 6. BiddulpTvLa alternans (Bailey) Van Heurck. a.
Girdle view, b. Valve view. Reprinted with per-
mission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt,
1939). *
56
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B
A\!
57
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Figure 7. Odantella mdb'LI'Lensis (Bailey) Grunow. Girdle
view. Reprinted with permission of Otto Koeltz
Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Figure 8. Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow. Girdle
view. Reprinted with permission of Otto Koeltz
Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Figure 9. Chaetooeros lorengianum Grunow. Girdle view.
Reprinted with permission of the Centre National
de la Researche Scientifique (Tregouboff and
Rose, 1957).
Figure 10. Chaetoceros affi-ne Lauder. Showing characteristic
types of chains in .girdle view. Reprinted with
permission of University of California Press (Cupp,
1943).
Figure 11. Chastooevos atlanticwn Cleve. Entire chain and
enlarged section in girdle view. Reprinted with
permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt,
1930).
58
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59
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Figure 12. Chaetoceros coarctatum Lauder. chain of cells in
girdle view, with attached Vorticella ooeanlca.
Reprinted with permission of University of
California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Figure 13. Cfaaetocevos conoavicorne Mangin. Different girdle
views of cells. Reprinted with permission of
University of California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Figure 14. ChaetoceTos deb-Lie Cleve. Girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of A. Asher and Company (Gran, 1908)
Figure 15. Chaetoceros compression Lauder.
Figure 16.
Chaetoceros compression Lauder.' Different girdle
views of cells. Reprinted with permission of Uni-
versity of California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Chaetoceros soeiale Lauder. Girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1946).
60
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61
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Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
ChaetooeTOS deci.p'iens cleve. Several examples of
cell chains showing variations in cell widths and
apertures. Reprinted with permission of University
of California Press (Cupp, 1946) .
diver sum Cleve. Cells in girdle view.
Reprinted with permission of University of Cali-
fornia Press (Cupp, 1946) .
Ctimaoodium frauenfeld-ianum Grunow. Chain of cells
in girdle view. Reprinted with permission of Otto
Koeltz Antiquariat (Karsten, 1907) .
Cooeone-Ls soutellim Ehrenberg. Valve view. Reprinted
with permission of Harper and Row Publishers, Inc.
(Boyer, 1916) .
Corethron cvi-ophilwn Castracane. Several examples of
dividing and mature cells. Reprinted with permission
of University of California Press (Cubb, 1946) .
62
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19
63
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Figure 23.
Figure 22. Cosoinodisous centralis Ehrenberg. a. Girdle view.
Reprinted with permission of'the Ray Society
(Lebour, 1930). b. Sections of valve view enlarged.
Reprinted with permission of Johnson Reprint Corpora-
tion (Hustedt, 1930).
Coscinod-Lscus coneinnus W. Smith, a. Valve view,
b. Valve view section enlarged, reprinted with per-
mission of University of California Press (Cupp,
1946), and c. Girdle view, reprinted with permission
of the Ray Society (Lebour, 1930).
Figure 24. Coscinodiscus granii Gough. a. Girdle view, b.
Valve view, c. Center of'valve showing rosette.
Reprinted with 'permission of Johnson Reprint Cor-
poration (Hustedt, 1930).
Figure 25. Coscinodiscus 1-Lneatus Ehrenberg. Valve view and
enlarged section. Reprinted with permission of
Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Figure 26. Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg. Valve view.
Reprinted with permission of University of
California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Figure 27. Coscinodi-sous n-itidus Gregory. Valve view. Re-
printed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corpora-
tion (Hustedt, 1930).
Figure 28. CoscinodLscus oculus-iTidis Ehrenberg. a. Valve
view, with the center enlarged to show rosette
(b and c). Reprinted with permission of Johnson
Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
64
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24
65
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Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure- 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg. a, b. Valve
view, c. Girdle view. Reprinted with permission
of A. Asher and Company (Gran, 1908).
Coscinodiscus wailesi-i Gran et Angst, a. Girdle
view, b, c. Valve view sections. Reprinted with
permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1943).
Coscinosiva polydhorda (Gran) Gran. Girdle
view of cells in chain formation. Reprinted with
permission of Otto Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey,
1964).
Cyolotella striata (Kutzing) Grunow. a. Girdle
view, b. Valve view. Reprinted with permission
of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Cylindrotheoa olostewLwn (Ehrenberg) Reiman et
Lewin. Girdle view. Reprinted with permission
of Otto Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Cymatosira belgica Grunow. Chain of cells in
valve and girdle views. Reprinted with permission
of A. Asher and Company (Peragallo, 1897).
Detonula confervacea (cleve) Gran. Girdle view.
Reprinted with permission of Otto Koeltz Anti-
quariat (Hendey, 1964).
Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutzing. a. Girdle view
of two cells, b. Valve view. Reprinted with per-
mission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt,
1930).
Ditylum 'bvighbwelli.'i (West) Grunow. Reprinted with
permission of the Ray Society (Lebour, 1930).
66
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67
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Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Eucconpia zodiacus Ehrenberg. a. Chain of cells
in girdle view, b. Enlargement of two cells in
chain. Reprinted with permission of University
of California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Grcanmatophora marina (Lyngbye) Kutzing. a. Girdle
view, b. Girdle view of dividing cell, c. Chain
of cells. Reprinted with permission of University
of California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Guinardia flacoida (Castracane) Peragallo. Girdle
Reprinted with permission of the Ray Society
1930).
view.
(Lebour,
Gyrosigma baltiewn (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Valve view.
Reprinted with permission of Harper and Row Pub-
lishers, Inc. (Boyer, 1916).
Gyrosigma fasciola (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Valve view.
Reprinted with permission of Harper and Row Pub-
lishers, Inc. (Boyer, 1916).
Hemiaulus TiauGkii Grunow. a. Girdle view, b. En-
largement of cell processes. Reprinted with per-
mission of University of California Press (Cupp,
1943).
Hemiaulus sinensis Greville. a-c. Cells in girdle
views. Reprinted with permission of University
of California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Leptooylindrus danious Cleve. Girdle view. Re-
printed -with, permission of the Ray Society (Lebour,
1930).
Leptocylindrus minimus Gran. Girdle view. Re-
printed with permission of the Ray Society (Lebour,
1930).
68
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B
44
45
69
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Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg. a. Chain of cells
in girdle view, b. Valve view. Reprinted with per-
mission of the Centre National de la Researche
Scientifique (Tregouboff and Rose, 1957).
Melos-ira distans (Ehrenberg) Kiitzing. Examples of
cells in girdle view. Reprinted with permission
of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Nitzschia del-Lcat-issima Cleve. a. Girdle view,
b. Valve view. Reprinted with permission of
University of California Press (Cupp, 1946).
Nitzschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs. Reprinted
with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1946).
Nitzsehia pungens Grunow. a. Valve view, b. Girdle
view, c. Chain of cells in girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1946).
Nitzsehia seriata Cleve. Valve views. Reprinted
with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1946).
70
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B
51
71
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Melos-Lva mon-iliform-is (Muller) Agardh. Girdle view
of chain of cells. Reprinted with permission of Otto
Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Melosira nwrmuloid.es (Dillwyn) Agardh. Girdle view
of chain of cells. Reprinted with permission of Otto
Koeltz Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Diploneis cvdbro Ehrenberg. Valve view. Reprinted
with permission of Harper and Row Publishers, Inc.
(Boyer, 1916).
Pay alia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Chain of cells
in girdle view. Reprinted with permission of Johnson
Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Plagiogvamma vanheia'c'kii Grunow. a. Valve view,
b. Girdle view of cells. Reprinted with permission
of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Planktoniella sol (Wallich) Schiitt. Valve view. Re-
printed with permission of Harper and Row Publishers,
Inc. (Boyer, 1916).
Plew?os-igma aestuccrii (Brebisson) W. Smith. Valve
view. Reprinted with permission of Harper and Row
Publishers, Inc. (Boyer, 1916).
Pleuros-Lgma angulatum (Quekett) w. Smith. Valve view.
Reprinted with permission of Harper and Row Publishers,
Inc. (Boyer, 1916).
Figure 61. Pleiaosigma obsourwn W. Smith. Valve view. Reprinted
with permission of Harper and Row Publishers, Inc.
(Boyer, 1916).
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Pleuros-igma strigosum w. Smith. Valve view. Reprinted
with permission of Harper and Row Publishers, Inc.
(Boyer, 1916).
Rhaphoneis ampkleevos (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg. Valve
view. Reprinted with permission of A. Asher and Com-
pany (Peragallo, 1897) for Figure 63a and Harper and
Row Publishers, Inc. for Figure 63b.
Rhaphoneis suviella (Ehrenberg) Grunow. Valve view.
Reprinted with permission of Johnson Reprint Corpora-
tion (Hustedt, 1930).
72
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73
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Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.
Figure 71.
Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell. Representative girdle
view of different sized cells. Reprinted with per-
mission of University of California Press (Cupp, 1943).
RhLzosolenia alata f. gTaoilli-ma (Cleve) Gran. ^Girdle
view of cells. Reprinted with permission of Univer-
sity of California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Rhizosolenia alata f. indioa (Peragallo) Gran. Girdle
views. Reprinted with permission of University of
California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Kkizosolenia oaloav-avis Schultze. Girdle views. Re-
printed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Hustedt, 1930).
RTvizosolenia castvaeanei Peragallo. Girdle view. Re-
printed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Hustedt, 1930).
Rhizosolenia del-ioabula Cleve. Chain of cells in
girdle view. Reprinted with permission of Otto Koeltz
Antiquariat (Hendey, 1964).
Rhizosolen-ia fragiHssima Bergon. Chain of cells in
girdle view. Reprinted with permission of A. Asher
and Company (Gran, 1908).
74
-------
X
65
71
66
67
75
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Figure 72.
Figure 73.
Figure 74.
Figure 75.
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
Rhizosolenia imbvicaba Brightwell. Girdle,views of
sectioned cells. Reprinted with permission of
Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt, 1930).
Rhizosolen-ia robusta Norman. Girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Hustedt,
1930).
Khizosolenia setigeva Brightwell. Girdle view. Re-
printed with permission of the Ray Society (Lebour,
1930)-
Rhizosolenia steubsolei, Cleve. Cell in various girdle
views. Reprinted with permission of the Ray Society
(Lebour, 1930).
Rhizosolenia stolterfothU Peragallo. a. Banding on a
frustule, b. Chains of cells in girdle view. Reprin-
ted with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1943) .
Rhizosolen-ia styUformis Brightwell. Different views
of the cell in girdle view. Central cell contains
endosymbiont Richelia -intercellularis Schmidt. Re-
printed with permission' of University of California
Press (Cupp, 1943).
76
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76
77
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Figure 78. Schroedeve'Lla del'Lcatula (Peragallo) Pavillard.
a. Chain of cells in girdle view, b. Ends of two
cells showing zigzag pattern of connecting threads,
c. Chain of cells containing both dividing auxo-
spores and normal cells, d. Chain of cells with
an auxospore. Reprinted with permission of Univer-
sity of California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Figure 79. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. Chains of
different sized cells in girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of University of California Press
(Cupp, 1943).
Figure 80. Stephanopyxis palmefiana (Greville) Grunow. a, b.
Chainsof cells in girdle view, c. Resting spores.
Reprinted with permission of University of
California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Figure 81. Streptotheca tomes-is Shrubsole. Chains of cells in
girdle view. Reprinted with permission of Otto
Koeltz Antig^iariat (Hendey, 1964) .
Figure 82. Thalassionema n-Ltsschio-ides Hustedt. Long (a) and
short (b) forms of colonies in girdle view. Re-
printed with permission of the Ray Society (Lebour,
1930).
78
-------
nil
78
80
79
82
79
-------
Figure 83.
Figure 84.
Figure 85.
Figure 86.
Figure 87.
Figure 88.
Figure 89.
Thalassiosira eccentT-ioa (Ehrenberg) cleve.
a. Valve view, b. Girdle view. Reprinted with
permission of the Ray Society (Lebour, 1930). ;
TlialassiosiTa grawlda. cleve. Chain of ceils in
girdle view. Reprinted with permission of the
Ray Society (Lebour, 1930).
Thalassiosira novdens'kio'ld-Li cleve. a. single
cell in girdle view, b. Chain of cells in girdle
view. Reprinted with permission of Johnson Re-
print Corporation (Hustedt, 1930) .
Thalassiosiva votula Meunier. a. Valve view of
cell, b. Chain of cells in girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation i
(Hustedt, 1930).
Thalassi-osira subtili-s (Ostenfeld) Gran. a. Cells
in valve view, b. Cell in girdle view. Reprinted
with permission of the Ray Society (Lebour, 1930).
Thalassi.ot'kr'ix fvauenfeld-li- Grunow. a. Cells in
girdle view, b. Valve view, c. Colony of cells.
Reprinted with permission of University of
California Press (Cupp, 1943).
Cerataul-ina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey. Girdle views
showing different perspectives. Reprinted with
permission of University of California Press (Cupp,
1943).
80
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'V li
85
B
84
86
87
B
89 VV
81
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Figure 90. Dietyocha fibula Ehrenberg. Skeletons. Reprinted
with permission of Geological Society of America,
'Inc. (Loeblich, III et al., 1968).
Figure 91. Distephanus speculum (Ehrenberg) Haeckel. Skeleton.
Reprinted with permission of Geological Society of
America, Inc. (Loeblich, III et al., 1968).
Figure 92. Oehromonas caroliniana Campbell. Reprinted with
permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell, 1973),.
Figure 93.
Figure 94.
Figure 95.
Figure 96.
Figure 97.
Figure 98.
Figure 99.
Ceratittm aretieum (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Ventral view.
Reprinted with permission of the Marine Biological
Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Ceratium contovtwn (Gourret) cleve. Dorsal view.
Reprinted with permission of Johnson Reprint
Corporation (Schiller, 1937) .
CeTabiwn extension (Gourret) Cleve. Reprinted with
permission of the Marine Biological Association of
the U.K. (Lebour, 1925) .
Ceratium fwcoa (Ehrenberg) claparede et Lachmann.
Ventral view. Reprinted with permission of the
Marine Biological Association of the U.K. (Lebour,
1925) .
fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin . Ventral view.
Reprinted with permission of the Marine Biological
Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925) .
Ceratium 1i.nea.tvm (Ehrenberg) Cleve. Ventral view.
Reprinted with permission of A. Asher and Company
(Paulsen, 1908) .
longipes (Bailey) Gran. Ventral view.
Reprinted with permission of the Marine Biological
Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925) .
Figure 100. CeTobiim minutwn. Jorgensen. Ventral (a) and dorsal
(b) views. Reprinted with permission of the Marine
Biological Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
82
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83
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Figure 101.
Figure 102.
Figure 103.
Figure 104.
Figure 105.
Figure 106.
Ceratium oarriense Gourret. Different cell forms.
a. Ventral view. Reprinted with permission of the
Centre National de la Researche Scientifique
(Tregouboff and Rose, 1957), and b. Dorsal view.
Reprinted with permission of the Johnson Reprint
Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Ceratium lunula (Schimper) Jorgensen. Cells from
a chain formation; first cell has longer apical
horn (a), other cells in chain possess a shorter
horn (b). Reprinted with permission of Johnson
Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1937) .
Cevat-ium macroceros (Ehrenberg) Van Hoffen. Var-
ious cell types. Reprinted with permission of
Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Ceratium massiliense (Gourret) Karsten. Different
cell types, a. Ventral view . Reprinted with
permission of the Centre National de la Researche
Scientifique (Tregouboff and Rose, 1957) and b.
C. massiliense f. protuberans (Karsten) Jorg.
Reprinted with permission of the Johnson Reprint
Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Ceratium triehoceros (Ehrenberg) Kofoid. Reprinted
with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Schiller, 1937).
Ceratiim vultuv Cleve. a. Two cells in series, b.
Single cell. Reprinted with permission of Johnson
Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
84
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85
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Figure 107.
Figure 108.
Figure 109.
Figure 110.
Figure 111.
Figure 112.
Figure 113.
Figure 114.
Figure 115.
Figure 116.
Figure 117.
Ceratiwn tripos (O. F. Muller) Nitzsch. Ventral
(a) and dorsal (b) views. Reprinted with permis-
sion of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller,
1937) ; and Ceratium tripos var. 'balticum Schutt.
Ventral (c) and dorsal (d) views. Reprinted with
permission of Marine Biological Association of the
U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Ceratium tripos var. atlanticum (Ostenfeld) Paulsen.
Ventral view. Reprinted with permission of Marine
Biological Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis acwninata Claparede et Lachmann. Reprint-
ed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Schiller, 1933).
Dinophysis aeuta Ehrenberg. Reprinted with permis-
sion of Marine Biological Association of the U.K.
(Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis caudata Kent. Reprinted with permission
of Marine Biological Association of the U.K.
(Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis fortii Pavillard. Reprinted with permis-
sion of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller,
1933).
Dinophysis hastata Stein. Reprinted with permission
of Marine Biological Association of the U.K.
(Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis norvegica Claparede et Lachmann. Reprint-
ed with permission of Marine Biological Association
of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis OVwn Schutt. Reprinted with permission
of Marine Biological Association of the U.K.
(Lebour, 1925).
Dinophysis punctata Jorgensen. Reprinted with per-
mission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller,
1933) .
Dinophysis sohuettii Murray et Whitting. Reprinted
with permission of the Marine Biological Association
of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
86
-------
87
-------
Figure 118. Ptychodiscus brevis (Davis) Steidinger. Drawing
by H. Marshall.
Figure 119. Amphisolenia bidentata Schroder. Drawing by D.
L. Miller.
Figure 120.
Figure 121.
Figure 122.
Figure 123.
Figure 124.
Figure 125.
Ganyaulax tamarensis Lebour. Ventral (a), dorsal
(b), epitheca (c), and hypotheca (d) views. Re-
printed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corpora-
tion (Schiller, 1937). Note: The epithecal view
presented in this original illustration is actually
a mirror image of the correct pattern (Loeblich and
Loeblich, 1975).
Gonyaulax spin-ifera fClaparede et Lachmann) Diesing.
Ventral (b) and dorsal"(a) views. Reprinted with
permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller,
1937).
Gyrmodinium splendens Lebour. Ventral view.
Redrawn with permission of Peter H. Campbell
(Campbell, 1973).
Gyrodin-Lum spirals (Bergh) Kofoid et Swezy. Reprint-
ed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Schiller, 1933).
Heterocapsa triquetr>a (Ehrenberg) Stein. Reprinted
with permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell,
1973).
Figure 126.
Figure 127.
Figure 128.
Re-
Katodiniian rottmdatwn (Lohmann) Loeblich III.
printed with permission of Peter H. Campbell
(Campbell, 1973).
Ornifhooevous magnifious Stein. Reprinted with
permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller,
1933).
Oxytoxum milneri Murray et whitting. Reprinted with
permission of the Centre National de la Researche
Scientifique (Tregouboff and Rose, 1957).
Oxytoonm scolopax Stein. Reprinted with permission
of A. Asher and Company (Paulsen, 1908).
88
-------
119
127
125
89
-------
Figure 129. Prorocentrum aporum (Schiller) Dodge. Reprinted
with permission of J. E. Dodge (Dodge, 1974).
Figure 130 * Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich III.
Reprinted with permission of J. D. Dodge (Dodge,
1974).
Figure 131. Prorooentrwn gracile Schutt. Reprinted with per-
mission of J. D. Dodge (Dodge., 1974) .
Figure 132. Prorocentmtm micans Ehrenberg. Reprinted with per-
mission of J. D. Dodge (Dodge, 1974).
Figure 133. Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller. Various
shapes. Reprinted with permission of J. D. Dodge
(Dodge, 1974).
Figure 134. Protoperidinium brevipes (Paulsen) Balech. Ventral
(a), dorsal (b), epithecal (c), and hypothecal (d)
views. Reprinted with permission of Johnson Reprint:
Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Fioure 135 Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Balech. Ventral
(a) and dorsal (b) views. Reprinted with permission
of Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Fiaure 136 Protoperidinium ooniown (Gran) Balech. Ventral (a),
dorsal (b), epitheca (c), and hypotheca (d) views.
Reprinted with permission of Marine Biological
Association of U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Fiaure 137 Protoperidinium depresswn (Bailey) Balech. Reprint-
" ed with permission of Marine Biological Association
of U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Figure 138. Pi/rocystis fusiformis Wyville-Thomson et Blackman.
Vegetative cell. Original drawing by D. L. Miller.
90
-------
136
D
91
-------
Figure 139 Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard) Balech. Ventral
(a), dorsal (b), epitheca (c), and hypotheca (d)
views. Reprinted with permission of the Marine
Biological Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Figure 140. Protaperidinium oceanicum (Van Hoffen) Balech.
Different views. Reprinted with permission of
Johnson Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
Piaure 141 Protaperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech.
" Ventral (a) and dorsal (b) and epithecal (c) views.
Reprinted with permission of the Marine Biological
Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925) .
Figure 142. Protoperidinium pellucidum (Bergh) Schiitt. Ventral
(a), dorsal (b), epithecal (c), and hypothecal (d)
views; (e) A variation in cell shape. Reprinted
with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Schiller, 1937) .
Figure 143. Protoperidin-Lwn penbaganwn (Gran) Balech. Ventral
(a), dorsal (b), epitheca (c), and hypothecal (d) views,
Reprinted with permission of the Marine Biological
Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Figure 144. Protoperidiniwn steinii (Jorgensen) Balech. Ventral
(a), dorsal (b), epithecal (c), and hypothecal (d)
views. Reprinted with permission of Marine Biologi-
cal Association of the U.K. (Lebour, 1925).
Figure 145. Protoperidiniim oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke et ^
Dodge. Reprinted with permission of Johnson Reprint
Corporation (Schiller, 1937).
92
-------
93
-------
Figure 146.
Figure 147.
Figure 148.
Figure 149.
Figure 150.
Figure 151.
Figure 152.
Figure 153.
Figure 154.
Figure 155.
Figure 156.
Caloiosolenia rmway-L Gran. Reprinted with permis-
sion of the Centre National de la Research Scienti-
fique (Tregouboff and Rose, 1957).
Cyclococcolithus leptopora (Murray et Blackman)
Kamptner. Reprinted with permission of Johnson
Reprint Corporation (Schiller, 1930).
Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmarin) Hay et Mohler. Reprint-
ed with permission of Johnson Reprint Corporation
(Schiller, 1930).
Rhdbdosphaera claviger Murray et Blackman. Reprint-
ed with permission of the Centre National de la
Researche Scientifique (Tregouboff and Rose, 1957).
Syracosphaera pulohva Lohmann. Drawing by D. L:
Miller.
Merismoped-ia punctata Meyen. Reprinted with permis-
sion of University Press of Virginia (Humm, 1978).
Chroocooous Umnetious Lemmermann. Reprinted with
permission of University Press of Virginia (Humm,
1978).
Chrooooccus turgidus (Kutzing) Naegeli.
by H. Marshall.
Drawing
Miorooystis elebans Kiitzing. Reprinted with per-
mission of University Press of Virginia (Humm,
1978). Redrawn by D. L. Miller.
Gomphosphaeria aponina Kiitzing. Cell colonies.
A and B. Drawings by H. Marshall. C. Reprinted
with permission of University Press of Virginia
(Humm, 1978).
Johannesbaptistia pellucida (Dickie) Taylor et
Drouet. A. Filaments. Drawings by H. Marshall.
B. Reprinted with permission of University Press
of Virginia (Humm, 1978).
94
-------
153
95
-------
Figure 157.
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
Figure 160.
Figure 161.
Figure 162.
Figure 163.
NostOG commune Vaucher. Representative trichomes
Reprinted with permission of J. Cramer Publishers
(Drouet, 1978).
OsciUatoria erythraea (Ehrenberg) Geitler. Reprint-
ed with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
(Humm and Wicks, 1980).
SpiruHna subsalsa Oersted. Reprinted with permis-
sion of University Press of Virginia (Humm, 1978).
Synechococcus sp. A. Reprinted with permission of
University Press of Virginia (Humm, 1978). B. Drawn
by H. Marshall.
Chroomonas amphioxeia (Conrad) Butcher. Reprinted
with permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell,
1973).
Cryptomonas pseudobaltica Butcher. Reprinted with
permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell, 1973).
Pyvamimonas micron Conrad et Kufferath. Reprinted
with permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell,
1973).
96
-------
odoooooomxcQ
97
-------
Figure 164. Tetraselmis gracUis (Kylin) Butcher. Reprinted
with permission of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell,
1973).
Figure 165. Chlorella marina Butcher. Drawing by D. L.
Miller.
Figure 166. Chlorella salina Butcher. Drawing by D. L.
Miller.
Figure 167. Nannochloris atomus Butcher. Drawing by D. L.
Miller.
Figure 168. Euglena proxima nangeard. Reprinted with permis-
sion of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell, 1973).
Figure 169. Eutreptia lanowii Steuer. Reprinted with permis-
sion of Peter H. Campbell (Campbell, 1973).
98
-------
167
99
-------
FIGURE SOURCES
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100
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Karsten, G. 1906. Das Phytoplankton des Atlantischen Oceans nach dem
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Van Landingham, S. L. 1967-1978. Catalogue of the fossil and recent
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Von Stosch, H. A. 1975. An amended terminology of the diatom girdle.
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3. DINOPHYCEAE
Abe, T. H. 1967. The armoured' dinof lagellata.: II. Prorocentridae and
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Anderson, D. M. and Wall, D. 1978. Potential importance of benthic
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Balech, E. 1971. Microplancton de la campana oceanographica. Revta Mus.
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Balech, E. 1974. El genero Protoperidiniurn Bergh, 1881 (Peridinium
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Balech, E. 1976. Clave illustrada de Dinoflagelados Antarticos. 2
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Bursa, A. 1959. The genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg. Morphodynamics,
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Dodge, J. D. 1982. Marine dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her"
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Graham, H. W. 1942. Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and ecology of
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Graham, H. W. and N. Bronikovsky. 1944. The genus Ceratium in the
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Kisselew, I. A. 1950. DinoflageHates of marine and fresh waters of the
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Kofoid, C. A. and O. Swezy. 1921. The free-living unarmored Dinofla-
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Loeblich, Jr., A. R. and A. R. Loeblich, III. 1966. Index to the
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Loeblich, Jr., A. R. and A. R. Loeblich, III. 1970-1974. Index to the
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Loeblich, L. A. and A. R. Loeblich, III. 1975. The organism causing
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4. KAPTOPHYCEAE
Black, M. 1968. Taxonomic problems in the study of coccoliths.
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i "
Halldal, P. and J. Markali. 1955. Electron microscope studies on
coccolithophorids from the Norwegian Sea, the Gulf Stream, and the
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Hay, W. W., H. P. Mohler, P. H. Roth, R. S. Schmidt and J. E. Boudreaux.
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Hibberd, D. J. 1976. The ultrastructure and taxonomy/of the Chryso-
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Loeblich, Jr., A. R. and H. Tappan. 1966. Annotated index and biblio-
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Mclntyre, A. and A. Be. 1967. Modern Coccolithophoridae of the Atlantic
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Okada, H. and A. Mclntyre. 1977. Modern Coccolithophores of the
Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Micropaleontology, 23(1): 1-55,
13 pi.
Okada, H. and A. Mclntyre. 1979. Seasonal distribution of modern cocco-
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Pierce, R. W. and G. F. Hart. 1979. Phytoplankton of the Gulf of
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Schiller, J. 1930. Coccolithineae. In: L. Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-
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5. CYANOPHYCEAE
Carr, N. G. and B. A. Whitton (Eds.). 1982. The Biology of the Cyano-
bacteria. Botanical Monographs, Vol. 19. Univ. California Press,
Berkeley. 688 pp.
Cocke, E. C. 1967. The Myxophyceae of North Carolina. Edwards Brothers,
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Desikachary, T. V. 1959. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural
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Drouet, F. 1973. Revision of the Nostocaceae with cylindrical tri-
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Drouet, F. 1981. Revision of the Stigonemataceae with a summary of the
classification of the blue-green algae. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia.
Heft 66, J. Cramer. 221. pp.
Drouet, F. and W. A. Daily. 1973. Revision of the coccoid Myxophyceae.
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110
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Johnson, P. W. and Sieburth, J. McN. 1979. Chroococcoid cyanobacteria
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phototrophs. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 42: 77-98.
Stanier, R. Y., R. Kunisawa, M. Mandel, and G. Cohen-Bazire. 1971.
Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (Order
Chroococcales). Bacteriological Reviews, 35(2): 171-205.
Waterbury, J., s. Watson R. Guillard, and L. Brand. 1979. Widespread
occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium.
Nature, 277: 293-294.
6. CHLOROPHYCEAE
Butcher, R. W. 1952. Contributions to our knowledge of the smaller
marine algae. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 31: 175-190.
Butcher, R. w. 1959. An introductory account of the smaller algae of
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Fott, B. and M. Novakova. 1969. A monograph of the genus Chlorella.
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Prescott, G. W. 1951. Algae of the western Great Lakes area. Cranbrook
Inst. Science. Bull. No. 31. 946 pp.
Ralfs, J. 1848. The British Desmidieae. Reeve, Benham, and Reeve Publ.
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Sarokin, D. J. and E. J. Carpenter. 1982. Ultrastructure and taxonomic
observations on marine isolates of the genus Nannochloris (Chloro-
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Scott, A. M. and G. W. Prescott. 1961. Indonesian desmids. Hydrobio-
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Tiffany, L. H. and M. E. Britton. 1952. The algae of Illinois. Univ.
of Chicago Press, Chicago. 407 pp.
Ill
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7. OTHER GROUPS
Butcher, R. W. 1961. An introductory account of the smaller algae of
British coastal waters. Part VIII, Euglenophyceae = Euglenineae.
Fishery Investigations: Series IV. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisher-
ies and Food, London, p. 1-17, 3 pi.
Butcher, R. W. 1967. An introductory account of the smaller algae of
British coastal waters. Part IV, Cryptophyceae. Fishery Investiga-
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London, p. 1-54, 20 pi.
Campbell, P. H. 1973. Studies on brackish water phytoplankton. Sea
Grant Publ. Unc.-SG-73-07. Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
406 pp.
Carter, N. 1937. New or interesting algae from brackish water. Arch.
Protistenkd., 90(1): 1-68, 8 pi.
Ettl, H. 1978. Xanthophyceae. 1. Tiel. Band 3. In: A. Pascher:
Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Gustar -Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
530 p.
Gemeinhardt, K. 1930. Silicoflagellatae. In: L. Rabenhorst,
Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Osterreich, und der Schweiz. Akad.
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Hargraves, P. E. 1980. The life history of Pyramimonas amylifer Conrad
(Prasinophyceae). J. Plankton Res. 2: 99-108.
Hulburt, E. M. 1965. Flagellates from brackish waters in the vicinity
of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. J. Phycology, 1(2): 87-94.
Loeblich, III., A. R., L. A. Loeblich, H. Tappan, and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.
1968. Annotated index of fossil and recent"silicoflagellates and
ebridians with descriptions and illustrations of validly proposed
taxa. Geol. Soc. America, Boulder, Colorado. 319 pp.
Marumo, R., Y. Kawarada, and H. Takano. 1966. Marine plankton of Japan.
I. Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae.
Tokyo, Sorosha. 69 pp.
Schiller, J. 1930. Silicoflagellatae von Dr. Konrad Gemeinhardt.
Coccolithineae. In: L. Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flbra, von Deutsch-
land, Osterreich und der Schweiz. Akad. Verlag, Leipzig, Vol. 10,
Abt. 2. 273 pp.
Skuja, H. 1948. Taxonomie des phytoplanktons einiger seen in Uppland,
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112
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Thomsen, H. A. 1982. Planktonic choanoflagellates from Disko Bugt, West
Greenland, with a survey of the marine nanoplankton of the area.
Meddelelser om Grjzfaland, Bioscience 8: 3-35.
Throndsen, J. 1969. Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters. Nytt Maa
Bot. 16(3-4): 161-216.
Throndsen, J. 1974. Planktonic choanoflagellates from North Atlantic
waters. Sarsia 56: 95-122.
8. EAST COAST AND VICINITY
Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of
Maine. Bull. Bureau Fisheries Document No. 968. 15: 381-486.
Campbell, P. H. 1973. Studies on brackish water phytoplankton. Sea
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406 pp.
Carpenter, E. J. 1971. Annual phytoplankton cycle of the Cape Fear
River estuary, North Carolina. Chesapeake Sci. 12: 95-104.
Falkowski, P. G., Hopkins, T. S., and J. Walsh. 1980. An analysis of
factors affecting oxygen depletion in the New York Bight. J Mar
Res. 38: 479-506.
Gran, H. H. and T. Braarud. 1935. A qualitative study of the phyto-
plankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including obser-
vations on hydrography, chemistry and turbidity). J. Biol. Bd. Can
1: 279-467.
Hasle, G. R. 1976. The Biogeography of Some Marine Plankton Diatoms.
Deep Sea Research 23: 319-338.
Hulburt, E. M. 1967. Some notes on the phytoplankton off the south-
eastern coast of the United States. Bull. Mar. Sci. 17: 330-337.
Hulburt, E. M. and J. Rodman. 1963. Distribution of phytoplankton
species with respect to salinity between the coast of southern New
England arid Bermuda. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8: 263-269.
Hulburt, E. M. and R. S. MacKenzie. 1971. Distribution of phytoplankton
species at the western margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bui Mar
Sci. 21: 603-612.
Hustedt, F. 1955. Marine Littoral Diatoms of Beaufort, North Carolina.
Duke Univ. Press, Durham, N.C. 67 pp.
Lillick, L. C. 1940. Phytoplankton and planktonic Protozoa of the off-
shore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 31: 149-191.
113
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Malone T. C. 1978. The 1976 Ceratium tripos bloom in the New York
Bight: Causes and consequences. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 410,
U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. 14 p.
Malone T. C., W. Esaias, and P. Falkowski. 1979. Chapter 9. Plankton
dynamics and nutrient cycling. Part 1. Water cycling processes. In:
R L Swanson and C. J. Sindermann (Eds.): Oxygen Depletion and Asso-
ciated Benthic Mortalities in New York Bight, 1976. NOAA Northeast
Fisheries Center, Rockville, Md. p. 193-217.
Marshall, H. G. 1969. Phytoplankton distribution off the North Carolina
coast. Am. Midi. Nat. 81: 241-257.
Marshall, H. G. 1971. Composition of phytoplankton of the southeastern
coast of the United States. Bull. Mar. Sci. 21: 806-825.
Marshall, H. G. 1976. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern
coast of the USA. I. Phytoplankton composition. Marine Biol. 38:
81-89.
Marshall, H. G. 1978. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern
coast of the U.S.A. II. Seasonal assemblages north of Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina. Marine Biol. 45: -203-208.
Marshall, H. G. 1980. Seasonal phytoplankton composition in the lower
Chesapeake Bay and Old Plantation Creek,.Cape Charles, Virginia.
Estuaries 3: 207-216.
Marshall, H. G. 1980. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern
coast of the USA. Part III. Checklist of phytoplankton. Sp. Report
101. Old Dominion Univ. Res. Foundation, Norfolk, Va. 19 pp.
Marshall, H. G. 1982. The composition of phytoplankton within the
Chesapeake Bay plume and adjacent waters off the Virginia coast,
U.S.A. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci. 15: 29-43.
Marshall, H. G. '1982. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern
coast of the USA. IV. Shelf waters between Cape Lookout, North
Carolina, and Cape Canaveral, Florida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 95(1):
99-113.
Marshall, H. G. 1984. Phytoplankton of the northeastern continental
shelf of the United States in relation to abundance, composition,
cell volume, seasonal, and regional assemblages. Rapport et Proces-
Verbaux.. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 183: 41-50.
Marshall, H. G. 1984. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern
coast of the USA. V. Seasonal density and cell volume patterns for
the northeastern shelf. J. Plankton Res. 6(1): 169-193.
Marshall, H. G. and M. S. Cohn. 1983. Distribution and composition of
phytoplankton in northeastern coastal waters of the United States.
Es.tuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci. 17: 119-131.
114
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Martin, G. W. 1929. DinoflageHates from marine brackish waters of New
Jersey. Univ. Iowa St. Nat. Hist. 12(9): 1-32.
Mulford, R. and J. Norcross. 1971. Species composition and abundance of
net phytoplankton in Virginia coastal waters, 1963-1964. Chesapeake
Sci. 12: 142-155.
Olsen, P. and M. Cohn. 1979. Phytoplankton in lower New York Bay and
adjacent New Jersey estuarine and coastal areas. Bull. New Jersey
Acad. Sci. 24: 59-70.
Pratt, D. M. 1959. The phytoplankton of Narragansett Bay. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 4: 425-550.
Smayda, T. J. 1957. Phytoplankton studies in lower Narragansett Bay.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 2(4): 342-359.
Smayda, T. J. 1973. A survey of phytoplankton dynamics in the coastal
waters from Cape Hatteras to Nantucket. In: Coastal and Offshore
Environmental Inventory, Cape Hatteras to Nantucket Shoals. Mar.
Publ. Ser. No. 2, Univ. Rhode Island, pp. 3-1 to 3-10.
Steidinger, K. A. and E. A. Joyce, Jr. 1973. Florida Red Tides. Ed.
Ser. No. 17, Mar. Resu Lab., Florida Dept. Nat. Res., St. Petersburg,
Florida. 26 pp.
Tester, L. A. and K. A. Steidinger. 1979.
Hutchinson Island, Florida: 1971-1974.
Marine Res. Publ. No. 34. pp. 16-61.
Nearshore marine ecology at
VII. Phytoplankton. Florida
Tyler, M. A. and H. H. Seliger. 1978. Annual subsurface transport of a
red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom ,area: Water circulation patterns
and organism distributions in the Chesapeake Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr.
23(2): 227-246.
Whitford, L. A. and G. J. Schumacker. 1969. A manual of the freshwater
algae in North Carolina. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station Tech. Bui. No. 188. 313 pp.
Wood, E. J. F. 1968. Dinoflagellates of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent
areas. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida. 143 pp.
Wood, E. J. F. -1968. Studies of phytoplankton ecology in tropical and
subtropical environmenta of the Atlantic Ocean. Part 3. Phytoplank-
ton communities in the Providence channels and the tongue of the
ocean. Bull. Mar. Sci. 18: 48-543.
9. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
Dale, G. 1979. Collection, preparation, and identification of dino-
flagellate resting cysts. In: D. L. Taylor and H. H. Seliger (eds.).
115 '
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Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Elsevier/North Holland, Inc.
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N.Y. pp.
Hasle, G. R. and G. A. Fryxel. 1970. Diatoms: Cleaning and mounting
for light and electron microscopy. Trans. Amer..Microsc. Soc. 89:
469-474.
Patrick, R. and C. W. Reimer. 1966. The diatoms of the United States
exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Vol. 1. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, No. 13. 688 pp.
Sournia, A. (ed.). 1978. Phytoplankton Manual. United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientic Cultural Organization. Paris. 337 pp.
Steidinger, K. A. 1979. Collection enumeration and identification of
free-living marine dinoflagellates. In: D. L. Taylor and H. H.
Seliger (eds.). Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Elsevier/North Holland,
Inc., N.Y. pp. 435-442.
Stein, J. (ed.). 1973. Handbook of phycological methods. Cultuure
methods and growth measurements. Cambridge University Press. 448 pp.
116
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GLOSSARY
acute: Ending in a sharp point.
akinete: Single celled, non-motile resting spore, common in filamentous
cyanophyceae.
annular: Ringlike, having the form of a ring.
antapex: In a motile dinoflagellate, the posterior end of the hypocone or
hypotheca.
antapical: Away from the apical region; in dinoflagellates commonly used
in reference to antapical horns that arise from the hypotheca.
antapical plate: The plate, or one in a set of plates, of the antapex in
an armored dinoflagellate.
anterior: In reference to -dinoflagellates, that part of the cell that is
in the direction of movement.
anterior intercalary plates: In armored dinoflagellates, the plates located
between the apical and precingular plates.
aperture: In diatoms, .refers to the space between adjacent cells in a chain.
apex: The tip, or highest point; usually refers to the anterior end, the
end in the direction of forward movement.
apical axis: The longitudinal axis of the diatom valve; the breadth or
width of the diatom is the diameter along the apical axis in a cen-
trales diatom, or the distance along the apical axis in a pennales
diatom.
apical plate: The plate, or one of a set of plates, of the apex in an
armored dinoflagellate.
apiculus: A large, marginal nodule, containing a pore, often found near the
valve margin of centric diatoms (plural, apiculi).
ar'eola: Minute opening, a rounded or polygonal area or cavity, in the wall
structure of diatom cell wall (plural, areolae).
areolation: Presence of areolae; openings.
117
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armored: Dinoflagellates possessing a cellulose wall composed of valves, or
plates,, that may have surface markings.
ascending spiral: In dinoflagellates, when the girdle is displaced so the
right end is above the left. Also referred to as a right handed spiral.
Opposite to descending spiral.
auxospore: In diatoms, the cell (zygote) formed by sexual reproduction, or
a vegetative cell that expands in size.
basal ring: In silicoflagellates, the central part of the siliceous
skeleton,
benthic: Refers to the bottom region of oceans, the continental shelf and
other water habitats.
bifurcate: Divide into two parts.
bloom: A large and sometimes rapid growth of phytoplankton, often asso-
ciated with hypoxic conditions and giving a distinct color to the water.
boreal: Pertaining to the northern temperate forms, but not the Arctic
species.
bulbous: Shaped like a bulb; having a prominent and rounded end.
central nodule: The thickening on the inner face of the wall of some diatoms
that separates a pair of rapheal fissures.
centrales: A division of diatoms where the cells have a radiating or concen-
tric sculpture around a point or points, without a raphe or pseudoraphe
(adj. centric).
chloroplast: Cell organelle containing photosynthetic pigments.
chromatophore: A colored body in a cell which has a pigment other than
chlorophylll that is predominant.
cingulum: Part of a diatom thecal girdle; may be composed of connecting
and intercalary bands; in dinoflagellates synonymous with girdle,
contains the transverse flagellum.
clavate: Club shaped.
coccolith: A calcium carbonate structure that with other coccoliths collec-
tively form an external envelop of a coccolithophore cell. They consist
of separate elements formed by the Golgi apparatus within the cell;
they are diverse in structure and appearance, representing one basis
for the taxonomy within this group.
coccolithophorid: The single cell, or protoplast, of one of the coccolith
forming Haptophyceans (syn. coccolithophore).
.118
-------
conical: Cone-shaped. ,...". ;.-,..
connecting band: In diatoms, a single unit of a girdle, a hoop-shaped struc-
ture attached to a diatom valve; may be separated from valve by addi-
tional formation of intercalary bands.
cordate (cordiform): Heart shaped.
cosmopolitan: Wide distribution in world oceans.
costa: An internal or external rib-like thickening on a diatom valve. May
contain punctae (plural, costae).
cuneate: Tapering to a point at the base, wedge-shaped.
cyst: The resting stage or spore of a unicellular alga.
descending spiral: In dinoflagellates, when the girdle is displaced so the
right end is below the left. Also referred to as a left handed spiral.
Opposite to ascending spiral.
discoid: Having the form of a disk, disk-shaped.
dorsal: Reference to the back; in dinoflagellates that part of the cell
opposite the side containing the sulcus. See ventral.
dorsi-ventral: Having distinct dorsal and ventral sides.
endosymbiont: An organism living symbiotically within the cell or another
organism.
epicone: In unarmored dinoflagellates, the anterior portion of the cell,
separated from the posterior half (hypocone) by the cingulum (girdle).
epitheca (epivalve): In diatoms, the larger of the two halves, that is part
of the diatom frustule, composed of a valve and cingulum; or in
armored dinoflagellates refers to the area anterior to the girdle, and
is usually composed of plates.
epivalve: See epitheca.
equatorial: Reference to the median region, in dinoflagellates determined
in relation to an axis from apex to antapex.
femtoplankton: Plankton with a size range of 0.02 to 0.2 ym. This category
would include viruses.
filiform: Thread-like.
frustule: The diatom cell wall, or exoskeleton; composed of two opposing
silicious valves, each valve may have one or more connecting bands.
Often compared to the two halves of a petri dish.
119
-------
fusiform: Rounded and tapering from the middle toward each end, spindle-
shaped.
girdle: Encircling, or middle; in diatoms the region, between the epivalve
and hypovalve; in dinoflagellates the transverse groove containing the
transverse flagellum, and synonymous with cingulum, and the transverse
furrow.
girdle band: See connecting band.
girdle view: Side view of a diatom. The girdle is exposed.
gullet: Reference to the tube-like opening found in the euglenoids; within
its margin the flagella originate.
heterocyst: An enlarged, thick-walled cell common to the cyanophyte trichome.
horn: Structured process common to many dinoflagellates (e.g.,
spp.). Right and left horns distinguished by their location in re-
ference to the sulcus; apical horn associated with apical region of
the epitheca, antapical horns with the hypotheca.
hyaline: Clear, transparent.
hypocone: In unarmored dinoflagellates, the posterior portion of the cell,
separated from the anterior half (epicone) by the cingulum (girdle) .
hypotheca (hypovalve) : In diatoms, the smaller of two valves, that is part
of the diatom frustule, composed of a valve and cingulum; or in
armored dinoflagellates, the area posterior to the girdle, and is
usually composed of plates.
infraspecific divisions: Refers to classification below the species level
(e.g., sub-species, variation, form).
intercalary bands: Additional intermediate bands that form between the con-
necting bands and valve of certain diatoms, producing an inrease of
length along the pervalvar axis.
keel: A raised, longitudinal ridge common to certain diatoms bearing the
raphe .
lanceolate: Shaped like the head of a lance, tapering more sharply to one
end from a rounded base.
lateral: Pertaining to the side; in contrast to dorsal or ventral.
left antapical horn: In dinoflagellates, the antapical horn located on the
left side. See definition for left side.
left handed spiral: See descending spiral
120
-------
left side: In dinoflagellates, when viewing from the dorsal surface, with
the apical end forward, the left and right sides may be determined. The
dorsal surface being the side opposite the sulcus.
linear: A single line, or lines; or like a line, long and narrow.
list: A fine membrane-like extension of the cell, often found associated
with the girdle and sulcus margin in certain dinoflagellates.
littoral: A region along the shore; reference to living on or near the
shore.
longitudinal flagellum: In dinoflagellates, the flagellum that arises from
a sulcal pore and is directed posteriorly along the sulcus.
longitudinal furrow: Synonymous with sulcus.
mantle: See valve mantle.
microplarikton: Plankton with a size range of 20 to 200 ym.
nanoplankton: Plankton having a size range between 2.0 and 20.0 ym.
neritic: Reference to the part of the ocean that is associated with the
continental shelf; that part between the coastal low tide mark to the
shelf margin.
net plankton: Those plankton typically captured in nets, having a size
greater than 50 ym.
nodule: A small thickening, rounded to conical, in the valve walls of many
pennate diatoms, usually includes a central and two terminal nodules.
oblique: slanting, not straight up or down, or straight across.
obovoid: Inversely ovoid, with the broader end anterior, or outermost.
obtuse: Not sharp; blunt, or rounded.
oceanic: Marine, waters seaward of the continental shelf margin.
oval: Ellipse-shaped, equally rounded at the ends.
ovate: Egg-shaped.
ovoid: Oval, with one end more pointed than the other.
panduriform: Fiddle-shaped.
parietal: Attached to the inside wall of the cell or hollow organ.
121
-------
pelagic. Pertaining to the oceans, water above the bottom, divided into
neritic and oceanic areas.
pennales: A division of diatoms where the cells are typically bilaterally
symmetrical and have a valve outline similar to a boat, or rod (adj.
pennate).
pervalvar axis: The axis through the center point of two diatom valves.
The length of the cell is the distance along the pervalvar axis.
picoplankton: Plankton with a size range of 0.2 to 2.0 ,fjm. This category
would include bacterioplankton.
plastid: The cell organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigments;
chloroplast.
the
plate tabulation: Refers to the orderly classification of thecal plates in
armored dinoflagellates, and represents the basis for their classifica-
tion. The plates are arranged in specific groups, in an encircling
pattern around the cell, these are the apical ('), precingular ("),
girdle or cingulars (c) , sulcals (s) , postcingular ("')/ arid antapical
("") plates. The plate formula presents the number of plates in each
category, followed by the symbol for each category. Since some forms
have additional intercalary plates between the basic five groups, they
may also be inserted in the plate formula. The number followed by the
letter "a" is used if the plates are anterior and between the apical
and precingular plates, or the letter "p", if posterior and between
the postcingular and antapical plates. For instance, the plate tabu-
lation for the genus Gonyaulax is 3-4", 0-4a, 6", 6c, 5-10s, 5-6"', lp,
1"".
plate view: Reference to the view commonly presented by one of the opposing
valves in the genus ProTOcentrum.
poroids: Minute openings, or areas, within the areolae of diatom valves, or
the minute depressions found in the thecae covering of some dinofla-
gellates.
postcingular plates: In armored dinoflagellates, the epithebal plates next
to the cingulum.
posterior: In dinoflagellates, toward the antapex.
posterior intercalary plates: In armored dinoflagellates, the plates between
the postcingular and antapical plates.'
precingular plates: In armored dinoflagellates, the epithecal plates next
to the cingulum.
process: A protuberance, often similar to a conical shaped needle, extend-
ing outward from the cell, may be hollow, solid, simple, or branching.
122
-------
protoplast: The cell and its contents, exclusive of the cell covering or
cell wall.
pseudoraphe: Clear area on valve between rows of striae or costae in some
pennate .diatoms.
puncta: A thin area, or a depression in diatom valves. A row of punctae
will form a stria (plural, punctae).
pyriform: Pear-shaped.
quadrate: Square, or rectangular.
raphe: A longitudinal fissure, or pair of fissures, on one or both valves
of some pennate diatoms.
resting spore: A period of cell reorganization and temporary dormancy;
often initiated by adverse or changing environmental conditions, with
the potential for the cell to continue growth with the return of
favorable conditions.
right antapical horn: In dinoflagellates, the antapical horn located on the
right side. See definition for left-right side.
right handed spiral: See ascending spiral.
right side: See left side definition.
rosette: A circular arrangement of large areolae found in the center of the
valve of certain centrales diatoms.
rhomboid: Shaped like a parallelogram with equal opposite sides, but not a
rectangle.
sculptured: Not smooth, a valve or thecal surface containing markings or
cavities.
seta: Long, hollow, thread-like, often delicate outgrowth arising from the
valve margin-of various diatoms (plural, setae).
sigmoid: Shaped like the letter S.
silicoflagellate: Refers to certain chrysophytes having a silica cytoskele-
ton, formed by a framework of silicious rods, including spines in some
species.
spindle: Shaped like a spindle, rounded in the center and tapering at each
end.
spine: A small process.
123
-------
spinule: A small spine, may contain a pore, often found along the margin of
certain centrales diatoms. Cells are often connected by gelatinous
threads that pass through spinules of adjacent valves.
stria: A linear orientation of areolae or puncta, common to a diatom
valve; in light microscopy appears as a fine line (plural, striae).
sub-hemispherical: Slightly hemispherical in shape.
sulcus: A longitudinal groove or furrow in dinoflagellates, partially con-
taining the longitudinal flagellum; located on ventral side, dividing
the cell into left and right halves. Synonymous with longitudinal
furrow.
tabular: Having the form of a tablet; flat and thin.
temperate: That area between the tropics and polar circle.
thecal plates: The outer cell covering of many phytoflagellates is referred
to as the theca, which is found in some species to be subdivided in
plate-like units.
transapical axis. The transverse axis of the diatom valve, which passes
through the pervalvar axis and across the apical axis.
transverse groove. The girdle, or cingulum found in certain dinoflagellates
that contains the transverse flagellum, and separates the epicone or
epitheca from the hypocone, or hypotheca.
trichocyst: A cell organelle, that can eject hair-like substances (syn.
ejectosonte).
trichome: Thread-like series of cells common to the cyanobacteria (cyano-
phyceae) that may, or may not be enclosed in a gelatinous sheath.
truncate: Having no apex; as when a cone or pyramid shaped;object has its
apex cut off by a transverse line.
ultraplankton: A general category, referring to plankton with a size range
of 0.5 to 10.0 ym.
unarmored: In dinoflagellates, cells that do not have an outer cellulose
wall composed of valves, or plates.
valve: In diatoms, one of the two halves of a diatom frustule, found in the
epitheca or hypotheca. In some dinoflagellates, as in PrOTOoentTim,
one of two opposite halves of the cell.
valve face: Part of the valve surrounded by the valve mantle; what is nor-
mally seen in a valve view.
124
-------
valve mantle: In diatoms, that portion of the valve seen in the girdle
view that is usually differentiated by slope.
valve view: In diatoms, surface view of the valve face.
velum: A thin perforated layer of silica over an areola.
ventral: In dinoflagellates, refers to side having the sulcus; opposite to
dorsal.
ventral area: In dinoflagellates, the plate area associated with the ends
of the girdle; in Ceratium, the ventral area is prominent and gene-
rally broad, with the sulcus representing a narrow furrow along its
left border.
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INDEX TO SPECIES
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
Figure
1 Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg, 15, 56
2 Asterionella glad-alts Castracane, 15, 56
3 Bacillaria paxillifer (Muller) Hendey, 15, 56
4 Bacteriastrum delicatulim cieve, 15, 56
5 Bellerochea malleus (Brightwell) Van Heurck, 16, 56
6 Biddulphia alternans (Bailey) Van Heurck, 16, 56
7 Biddulphia mobiliensis (See Odontella mobiliensis)
8 Biddulphia sinensis (See Odontella sinensis}
89 Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey, 16, 80
10 Chaetoceros affine Lauder, 16, 58
11 Chaetoceros atlanticum cieve, 17, 58
12 Chaetoceros coarctatim Lauder, 17, 60
15 Chaetoceros compression Lauder, '17, 60
13 Chaetoceros concavicorne Mangin, 17, 60
14 Chaetoceros debile cieve, 18, 60
17 Chaetoceros decip-Lens cieve, 18, 62
18 Chaetoceros diversion is, 62
9 Chaetoceros lorenzianum Grunow, 18, 58
Chaetoceros preuvianum Brightwell, 19
16 Chaetoceros sociale Lauder, 19, 60
19 Climacodium frauenfeldianum Grunow, 19, 62
20 Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg, 19, 62
21 Corethron criophilum Castracane, 19, 62
22 Coscihodiscus central-i-s Ehrenberg, 20, 62
23 CoscinodLscus conc-Lnnus W. Smith, 20, 64
24 Cosci.nod'Lscus granii Gough, 20, 64
25 Coscinodiscus li-neatus Ehrenberg, 20, 64
26 Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, 21, 64
27 Coscinodiscus nitidus Gregory, 21, 64
28 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, 21, 64
29 Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, 21, 66
30 Costinodiscus wailesii Gran et Angst, 22, 66
31 Coscinosira poly chorda (Gran) Gran, 22, 66
36 Cyclotella meneghiniana Kiitzing, 22, 66
32 Cyclotella striata (Kiitzing) Grunow, 22, 66
33 Cylindrotheca closteriim (Ehrenberg) Reiman et Lewin, 22, 66
34 Cymatosira belgica Grunow, 23, 66
35 Detonula confervacea (cieve) Gran, 23, 66
55 Diploneis crabro Ehrenberg, 23, 72
37 Ditylum brightuelii (West) Grunow, 23, 66
38 Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg, 23, 68
39 Grammatophora marina (Lyngbye) Kiitzing, 24, 68
40 Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) Peragallo, 24, 68
41 Gyrosigma balticum (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 24, 68
128
-------
Figure
42 Gyrosigma faso-Lola (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 24, 68
43 Hemiaulus hauok-Li. Grunow, 24, 68
44 Hemiaulus sinens-Ls Greville, 25, 68
45 Leptooylindrus dan-Lous cleve, 25, 68
46 Leptooylindrus min-Lmus Gran, 25, 68
47 Lithodesmium undulation Ehrenberg, .25, 70
48 Meloslra distans (Ehrenberg) Kiitzing, 26, 70
53 Melosira moniliformi-s (Muller) Agardh, 26, 72
54 Melosira nummuloides (Dillwyn) Agardh, 26, 72
49 Nitzsohia del-Loatissima cleve, 26, 70
50 Nitzsohia long-Lssima (Breb.isson) Ralfs, 27, 70
51 Nitzsohia pungens Grunow, 27, 70
52 Nitssohia seriata cleve, 27, 70
7 Odontella mobiliensis (Bailey) Grunow, 27, 58
8 Odontella slnensis (Greville) Grunow, 27, 58
56 Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 28, 72
57 Plagiogramma variheurckii Grunow, 28, 72
58 Plankton-Leila sol (Wallich) Schutt, 28, 72
59 Pleurosigma aestuari-L (Brebisson) W. Smith, 28, 72
60 Pleurosigma angulatum (Quekett) W. Smith, 29, 72
61 Pleurosigma obsourum w. Smith, 29, 72
62 PleuTOS-Lgma strigosum w. Smith, 29, 72
63 Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 29, 72
64 Rhaphone-Ls sur"Lz>ella (Ehrenberg) Grunow, 29, 72
65 Rh-Lzosolen-La alata Brightwell, 30, 74
66 Rhizosolen-La alata f. graoill-Lma (Cleve) Gran, 30, 74
67 Rh-Lzosolen-La alata f. -Lndica (Peragallo) Gran, 30, 74
68 Rh-Lzosolen-La aalcav-avls Schultze, 30, 74
69 Rh-Lzosolenia oastraoane-L Peragallo, 30, 74
70 RhLzosolenia del-Loatula Cleve, 31, 74
71 Rhizosolen-La fpag-Ll-Lssi-ma Bergon, 31, 74
72 Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell, 31, 76
73 Rhizosolenia robusta Norman, 31, 76
74 Rh-Lzosolenia setigera Brightwell, 32, 76
75 RhLzosolenia sh^ubsole-L cleve, 32, 76
76 ' Rhizosolenia stolterfothii, Peragallo, 32, 76
77 Rh-Lzosolenia- styliformis Brightwell, 32, 76
78 Sahroedevella delioatula (Peragallo) Pavillard, 33, 78
79 Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 33, 78
80 Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Greville) Grunow, 33, 78
81 Streptotheaa tamesi-s Shrubsole, 34, 78
82 Thalassionema nitzsohioides Hustedt, 34, 78
83 Thalass-Losira eooentrioa (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 34, 80
84 Thalassiosira gvavida cleve, 34, 80
85 Thalassiosira nor-denskioldii cleve, 34, 80
86 Thalassiosira rotula Meunier, 35, 80
87 Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran, 35, 80
88 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii- Grunow, 35, 80
129
-------
CHRYSOPHYCEAE
Figure
90
91
92
Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg, 35, 82
Distephanus speculum (Ehrenberg) Haeckel, 36, 82
Ochromonas caroliniana Campbell, 36, 82
DINOPHYCEAE
Figure
119 Amphisolenia bidentata Schroder, 36, 88
93 Ceratium arcticum (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 36, 82
101 Ceratium carriense Gourret, 37, 84
94 Ceratium contortion (Gourret) Cleve, 37, 82
95 Ceratium extension (Gourret) Cleve, 37, 82
96 Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg) Claparede et Lachmann, 37, 82
97 Ceratium fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin, 38, 82
98 Ceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 38, 82
99 Ceratium longipes (Bailey) Gran, 38, 82
102 Cera.t-i.um lunula Schimper, 38, 84
103 Ceratium macroceros (Ehrenberg) Van Hoffen, 39, 84
103 Ceratium macroceros var. gallicum Kofoid, 39, 84
104 Ceratium mass-License (Gourret) Jorgensen, 39, 84
100 Ceratium minutum Jorgensen, 39, 82
105 Ceratium trichoceros (Ehrenberg) Kofoid, 39, 84
107 Ceratium tripos (O. F. Muller) Nitzsch, 40, 86
108 Ceratium tripos var. atlanticwn (Ostenfeld) Paulsen, 40, 86
107 Ceratium tripos var. balticim schutt, 40, 86
106 Ceratium vultur cieve, 41, 84
109 Dinophysis acuminata Claparede et Lachmann, 41, 86
110 Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg, 41, 86
111 Dinophysis caudata saville-Kent, 41, 86
112 Dinophysis fortii Pavillard, 42, 86
113 Dinophysis hastata stein, 42, 86
114 Dinophysis norvegica Claparede et Lachmann, 42, 86
115 Dinophysis ovum Schiitt, 42, 86
116 Dinophysis punctata Jorgensen, 43, 86
117 Dinophysis schuettii Murray et Whitting, 43, 86
121 Gonyaulax spinifer (Claparede et Lachmann) Diesing, 43, 88
120 Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 43, 88
118 Gymnodinium breve (See Ptychodiscus brevis)
122 Gymnodinium splendens Lebour, 43, '88
123 Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh) Kofoid et Swezy, 44, 88
124 Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein,'44, 88
125 Katodinium rotundatwn (Lohmann) Loeblich III, 44, 88
126 Ornithocercus magnificus stein, 44, 88
127 Oxytoxum milneri Murray et Whitting, 45, 88
128 Oxytosum scolopax stein, 45, 88
129 Prorocentrum aporum (Schiller) Dodge, 45, 90
130
-------
Figure
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
139
140
145
141
142
143
144
118
138
balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich III, 45, 90
Prorocentmtm graoile Schutt, 45, 90
Prorocentrum mieans Ehrenberg, 46, 90
Proroaentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, 46, 90
Protoperidinium brevipes (Paulsen) Balech, 46, 90
Pvotoperidinium olaudioans (Paulsen) Balech, 46, 90
Protoperidinium oonicwn (Gran) Balech, 47, 90
Protopevidinium depression (Bailey) Balech, 47, 90
Protoperidiniwn leonis (Pavillard) Balech, 47, 92
Protopevidinium ooeanioum (Van Hoffen) Balech, 47, 92
Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke et Dodge, 48, 92
Protoperidiniim pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech, 48, 92
Protopevidiniwn pellucidwn (Bergh) Schutt, 48, 92
Protoperidinium pentagonim (Gran) Balech, 48, 93
Pvotoperidinivm steinii (Jorgensen) Balech, 48, 92
Ptyohodiscus bvevis (Davis) Steidinger, 48, 88
Pyvocystis fusiformis Wyvilie-Thomson et Blackman, 49, 90
HAPTOPHYCEAE
Figure
146
147
148
149
150
Caioiosolenia murrayi Gran, 49, 94 '
Cycloeocoolithus leptopora. (Murray et Blackman) Kamptner, 49, 94
Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler, 49, 94
Khabdosphaera alaviger Murray et Blackman,. 50, 94
Syyacosphaera pulchTa Lohmann, 50, 94
CYANOPHYCEAE
Figure
152 Chpoocoocus limneticus Lemmermann, 50, 94
153 Chvoococous tuTgidus (Klitzing) Naegeli, 50, 94
160 Anaoystis marina (See Synechococous spp.)
155 Gomphosphaevia aponina Kiitzing, 51, 94
156 Johannesbaptistia pelluoida (Dickie) Taylor et Drouet
151 Merismopedia punctata Meyen, 51, 94
154 Miorooystis elebans Kiitzing, 52, 94
157 Nostoe commune Vaucher, 51, 96
158 Oscillatoria erythraea (Ehrenberg) Geitler, 52, 96
77 Riohelia interaetlularis Schmidt, 52, 76
159 Spivulina subsalsa Oersted, 52, 96
160 SynechocoGcus spp, 52, 96
131
-------
CRYgTOPHYCEAE
Figure
161 Chvoomonas amphioxeia (Conrad) Butcher, 53, 96
162 Cryptomonas pseudobalt-ioa Butcher, 53, 96
PRASINOPHYCEAE
Figure
163
164
Pyrctmimonas micron Conrad et Kufferath, 53, 96
Tetraselmis gracilis (Kylin) Butcher, 53, 98
CHLOROPHYCEAE
Figure
165
166
167
Chlov&lla me&ina Butcher, 54, 98
ChloTella salina Butcher, 54, 98
Nannoohlori-s atomus Butcher, 54, 98
EUGLENOPHYCEAE
Figure
168
169
Euglena proximo. Dangeard, 54, 98
Eutreptia lanowi-i- Steuer, 55, 98
132
- 646-116/20724
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