EPA/600/4-89/020
August 1989
Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies
Field Operations for Surface Water Chemistry
A Contribution to the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Acid Deposition and Atmospheric Research Division
Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Monitoring, and Quality Assurance
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89I93
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97333
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Notice
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Notice
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally released bv thp 1 1 q
Enwonmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be coSt ued to represent Aaencv
pol,cy. It ,s being circulated for comments on its technical merit and^cylmSons ° V
names' °r C~ ial *"°«»«* *« not constitute
c°ntribution ^ the Nati°nal Acid Precipitation Assesisment Program The
E0n
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada
^^^
V^gas NS ^Ote0"0n A°TOy> E"*0"™"'3' Mooring Systems
Morris F A., D. V Peck, M. B. Bonoff, k. J. Cabbie, and S. L. Pferett. 1986. National Surface Water
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Abstract
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Abstract
This handbook describes methods used to collect surface water samples of low ionic
strength. It is intended as a guidance document for groups involved in acidic deposition monitoring
activities similar to those implemented by the Aquatic Effects Research Program.
The handbook defines the logistical needs of field operations. Those concerns include
designing a survey, establishing base sites and sampling schedules, defining field personnel needs,
developing sampling protocols, and implementing pilot surveys/communications networks, and
training programs. The handbook also describes lake and stream sampling operations, describes
various means of access, and provides standard operating procedures for physical and chemical
measurements.
The methods decribed in the handbook were developed for use in component projects of the
Aquatic Effects Research Program under the Acid Deposition and Atmosphesric Research Division
of the Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Monitoring, and Quality Assurance, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This program addresses the following quesstions relating to the
effects of acidic deposition on aquatic ecosystems:
1. The extent and magnitude of past change.
2. The change to be expected in the future under various deposition scenarios.
3. The maximum rates of deposition below which further change is not expected.
4. The rate of change or recovery of aquatic ecosystems if deposition rates are decreased.
This handbook was submitted in fulfillment of Contract Number 68-03-3249 by Lockheed
Engineering and Sciences Company (formerly Lockheed Engineering and Management Services
Company, Inc.), under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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Contents
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Contents
Section
Notice
Abstract
Figures
Tables
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols
Acknowledgments
1.0 Introduction to the Aquatic Effects Research Program
1.1 Overview
1.2 National Surface Water Survey (NSWSJ
1.3 Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) . . .
1.4 Episodic Response Project (ERP) .
1.5 Watershed Processes and Manipulations
1.6 Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME) Project
1.7 Biologically Relevant Chemistry (BRC) Project .
1.8 Indirect Human Health Effects (IHHE) Project
1.9 Technical Information Project
2.0 Overview of AERP Handbooks
2.1 Purpose of Handbooks
2.1.1 Types of Handbooks
2.1.2 Structure of Volumes . .
2.1.3 Interrelationship of Volumes
2.2 Content of Field Operations Handbook
3.0 Survey Planning Considerations
3.1 Overview of Field Operations . .
3.1.1 Measurements
3.1.2 Sample Holding Time
3.2 Access
3.2.1 Access Permission
3.2.2 Transportation
3.2.3 Access Kits
3.2.4 Sampling Platforms
3.3 Base Sites
3.4 Sampling Schedules
3.5 Field Personnel
3.5.1 Base Site Staff Positions ...
3.5.2 Specialized Base Site Positions . .
3.6 Sampling Protocols .......
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Section
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3.7 Sample Requirements ..................................... 10 of 14
3.7.1 Routine Sample ...................................... 10 of 14
3.7.2 Duplicate Sample .................................... 11 of 14
3.7.3 Blank Sample ....................................... 11 of 14
3.8 Training and Safety ....................................... 11 of 14
3.8.1 Training Program .................................... 11 of 14
3.8.2 Field Safety ........................................ 12 of 14
3.9 Communications ......................................... 13 of 14
3.10 Pilot Surveys ........................................... 14 of 14
3.11 References ............................................. 14 of 14
4.0 Lake Sampling Operations-Boats ................................ 1 of 7
4.1 Overview ...................... ......................... 1 of
4.2 Planning ............................................... 1 of
4.2.1 Sampling Teams ..................................... 1 of
4.2.2 Equipment ............................. ............ 1 of
4.2.3 Lake Access ........................................ 1 of
4.2.4 Training ........................................... 2 of
4.3 Field Personnel ................. ......................... 3 of
4.4 Field Operations .................. .............. ......... 3 of
4.4.1 Predeparture Activities ................................. 3 of
4.4.2 Arrival Activities ..................................... 3 of
4.4.3 Activities At Sampling Site .............................. 5 of
4.4.4 Onshore Activities .................................... 6 of
4.4.5 Postsampling Activities ................................ 6 of
4.5 Boat Safety ............................................. 6 of
4.5.1 Boat Trailer Hauling .................................. 6 of
4.5.2 Towing Precautions .................................. 7 of
4.5.3 Boating Precautions .................................. 7 of
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5.0 Lake Sampling Operations-Helicopters ............................ 1 of 7
5.1 Overview ............................................... 1 of 7
5.2 Planning ............................................... 1 of 7
5.2.1 Sampling Teams ..................................... 1 of 7
5.2.2 Equipment ............................ ............. 1 of 7
5.2.3 Lake Access ........................................ 2 of 7
5.2.4 Training ........................................... 2 of 7
5.3 Field Personnel .......................................... 3 of 7
5.4 Field Operations ......................................... 3 of 7
5.4.1 Preflight Activities .................................... 3 of 7
5.4.2 In-flight Activities .................................... 5 of 7
5.4.3 On-lake Activities .................................... 5 of 7
5.4.4 Postflight Activities ................................... 6 of 7
5.4.5 Flight Operations .................................... 6 of 7
5.5 Helicopter Safety-General Safety Precautions .................... 7 of 7
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6.1 Overview
6.2 Planning
6.2.1 Sampling Teams
6.2.2 Equipment
6.2.3 Stream Access
6.3 Field Personnel
6.4 Field Operations
6.4.1 Preparation for Sampling
6.4.2 Field Blank Sample Collection
6.4.3 Routine Sample Collection
6.4.4 Duplicate Sample Collection
6.4.5 Syringe Sample Collection
6.4.6 Hydrologic Measurements
6.5 Safety
6.5.1 Wilderness Travel and Camping
6.5.2 Map Reading, Compass Use, and Orienteering
6.5.3 Sampling in Flowing Water
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7.0 Determination of pH, Specific Conductance, Dissolved Oxygen,
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Overview - ...
7.1.1 Scope and Application •.
7.1.2 Summary of Method
7.1.3 Interferences
7.1.4 Safety
Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage
Equipment and Supplies
7.3.1 Apparatus and Materials
7.3.2 Consumable Materials
7.3.3 Reagents
Preparation
7.4.1 Instrument Assembly
7.4.2 Hydrolab Circulator Assembly and Test
7.4.3 Preparation for Calibration
7.4.4 Rinse Procedure
Hydrolab Calibration
7.5.1 pH Calibration
7.5.2 Specific Conductance Calibration
7.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen Calibration
7.5.4 Saving Calibration
Procedure
7.6.1 Premeasurement Procedure
7.6.2 In Situ Measurements
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7.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control ................ ....... . . 14 of 20 0
7.7.1 Calibration Quality Control Check ........................ 14 of 20 0
7.7.2 Field Quality Control Check .......................... ... 15 of 20 0
7.7.3 Postsampling QCC ..................... ....... . ...... 16 of 20 0
7.8 Instrument Maintenance ................................... 16 of 20 0
7.8.1 Daily Maintenance .................................... 16 of 20 0
7.8.2 Weekly Maintenance ................... ...... ......... 17 of 20 0
7.8.3 Troubleshooting ........... ................ . ...... ... 18 of 20 0
7.9 References ...................... ........ ............. ... 20 of 20 0
8.0 Determination of pH (Lotic) .............. ........ ........... ... 1 of 11 0
8.1 Overview .................... ... ...... .................. 1 of 11 0
8.1.1 Scope and Application ....... ............... ............ 1 of 11 0
8.1.2 Summary of Method .......................... ... ..... 1 of 11 0
8.1.3 Interferences ............................. . ...... .... 2 of 11 0
8.1.4 Safety ................... ........................ . 2 of 11 0
8.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage ................... . 2 of 11 0
8.3 Equipment and Supplies ............ ........... ^ .;.. ....... 2 of 11 0
8.3.1 Equipment ......................................... 2 of 11 0
8.3.2 Apparatus ............. ........................... . 2 of 11 0
8.3.3 Reagents and Consumable Materials ........ v ............. 3 of 11 0
8.4 Preparation .................................. .;..,.;..... 3 of 11 0
8.5 Calibration and Standardization ... .......... ........ .......... 3 of 11 0
8.5.1 ATC Probe Check .................................... 5 of 11 0
8.5.2 Calibration with NBS-Traceable Buffers . . . ..... ; ...... . .... ... 5 of 11 0
8.6 Procedure ................... .......... ......... .... .-•* . . 6 of 11 0
8.6.1 Field Quality Control Check ..... ................. . ...... 6 of 11 0
8.6.2 Sample Measurement ..... . . ........................ . . 6 of 11 0
8.6.3 Post-Deployment Quality Control Check ......... ....... • • • • 8 of 11 0
8.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control ..................... .... 8 of 11 0
8.7.1 Calibration Check .... ................ . ...... . ...... ... 8 of 11 0
8.7.2 pH Quality Control Check ........................ ..... . . 9 of 11 0
8.8 Routine Maintenance and Care ................... .- ....... .... 9 Of 11 0
8.9 References ............................................. 11 of 11^ 0
9.0 Determination of Specific Conductance (Lotic) ............. .......... 1 of 9 0
9.1 Overview ............. . .......... . ..... ............ . ----- 1 of 9 0
9.1.1 Scope and Application .............................. . ;. . 1 of 9 0
9.1.2 Summary of Method .................................. 1 of 9 0
9.1.3 Interferences ............................ .... ....... 2 of 9 0
9.1.4 Safety ............................................ 2 of 9 0
9.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage .................... 2 of 9 0
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9.3 Equipment and Supplies 2 of 9 0
9.3.1 Equipment . 2 of 9 0
9.3.2 Apparatus 2 of 9 0
9.3.3 Consumable Materials 3 of 9 0
9.3.4 Reagents 3 of 9 0
9.4 Preparation 3 of 9 0
9.5 Calibration and Standardization 3 of 9 0
9.5.1 Temperature Check 5 of 9 0
9.5.2 Initial Calibration Check 5 of 9 0
9.6 Procedure 6 of 9 0
9.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 7 of 9 0
9.7.1 Field Quality Control Check 7 of 9 0
9.7.2 Post-Deployment Quality Control Check 8 of 9 0
9.8 Instrument Maintenance . 8 of 9 0
9.8.1 Routine Maintenance 8 of 9 0
9.8.2 Troubleshooting . 8 of 9 0
9.9 References 9 of 9 0
10.0 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (Lotic) 1 of 9 0
10.1 Overview 1 of 9 0
10.1.1 Scope and Application 1 of 9 0
10.1.2 Summary of Method 1 of 9 0
10.1.3 Interferences 1 of 9 0
10.1.4 Safety - 2 of 9 0
10.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage 2 of 9 0
10.3 Equipment and Supplies 2 of 9 0
10.3.1 Equipment 2 of 9 0
10.3.2 Apparatus 2 of 9 0
10.3.3 Reagents and Consumable Materials 3 of 9 0
10.4 Preparation , . . 3 of 9 0
10.5 Calibration and Standardization 3 of 9 0
10.5.1 Calibration 3 of 9 0
10.5.2 Field Calibration . . . . 6 of 9 0
10.6 Procedure 6 of 9 0
10.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 6 of 9 0
10.7.1 Calibration Check 6 of 9 0
10.7.2 Post-Deployment Calibration Check 8 of 9 0
10.8 Routine Maintenance and Care 8 of 9 0
10.9 References .'• 9 of 9 0
11.0 Secchi Disk Transparency . 1 of 1 0
11.1 Overview i. 1 of 1 0
11.2 Procedure 1 of 1 0
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Contents (continued)
Section Page Rev.
12.0 Water Sample Collection-Van Dorn Sampler . 1 of 3 0
12.1 Overview 1 of 3 0
12.2 Water Sample Collection Procedure 1 of 3 0
12.3 Syringe Sample Collection Procedure 1 of 3 0
12.4 Cubitainer Sample Collection Procedure 2 of 3 0
12.5 QA/QC Samples 2 of 3 0
12.5.1 Duplicate Samples 2 of 3 0
12.5.2 Blank Samples 3 of 3 0
12.6 References 3 of 3 0
13.0 Water Sample Collection-Peristaltic Pump 1 of 4 0
13.1 Overview 1 of 4 0
13.1.1 Scope and Application 1 of 4 0
13.1.2 Summary of Method 1 of 4 0
13.2 Equipment and Supplies 1 of 4 0
13.3 Preparation 2 of 4 0
13.4 Assembly 2 of 4 0
13.5 Water Collection Procedure 2 of 4 0
13.6 QA/QC Samples 3 of 4 0
13.6.1 Duplicate Sample Collection 3 of 4 0
13.6.2 Field Blank Collection 3 of 4 0
13.7 References 4 of 4 0
14.0 Nitrate/Sulfate Aliquot 1 of 2 0
14.1 Overview 1 of 2 0
14.1.1 Summary of Method 1 of 2 0
14.1.2 Safety 1 of 2 0
14.2 Equipment and Supplies 1 of 2 0
14.3 Procedure 2 of 2 0
15.0 Anoxic Iron and Manganese Aliquot 1 of 3 0
15.1 Overview 1 of 3 0
15.2 Equipment and Reagents 1 of 3 0
15.3 Preparation 2 of 3 0
15.3.1 Preparation of Filters 2 of 3 0
15.3.2 Preparation of Aliquot Bottles 3 of 3 0
15.4 Procedure 3 of 3 0
16.0 Chlorophyll a Aliquot 1 of 3 0
16.1 Overview 1 of 3 0
16.2 Equipment and Supplies 1 of 3 0
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16.3 Procedure 2 of 3 0
16.3.1 Preparation and Sample Collection 2 of 3 0
16.3.2 Filtration 2 of 3 0
16.4 References 3 of 3 0
17.0 Collection and Preservation of Zooplankton ; 1 of 3 0
17.1 Overview 1 of 3 0
17.1.1 Scope and Application 1 of 3 0
17.1.2 Summary of Method 1 of 3 0
17.1.3 Safety 1 of 3 0
17.2 Equipment and Supplies 1 of 3 0
17.3 Procedure 2 of 3 0
17.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control '.'.'. 3 of 3 0
17.5 References 3 of 3 0
Appendices
A. National Surface Water Survey Blank Data Forms 1 of 12 0
B. Helicopter Safety Guidelines 1 of 6 0
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Figures
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Figures
Number Page Rev.
1-1 Regions sampled during the National Surface Water Survey „ . . . . 2 of 5 0
3-1 Base site organizational structure for the Western Lake Survey 7 of 14 0
5-1 Flowchart for helicopter sampling team activities 4 of 7 0
6-1 Flowchart for hydrology measurements 8 of 11 0
7-1 Hydrolab system components 2 of 20 0
8-1 Flowchart for pH meter calibration . 4 of 11 0
8-2 Flowchart for field pH measurement 7 of 11 0
9-1 Flowchart for conductivity meter calibration 4 of 9 0
9-2 Flowchart for field conductivity measurement 7 of 9 0
10-1 Flowchart for dissolved oxygen meter calibration 4 of 9 0
10-2 Flowchart for field dissolved oxygen measurement 7 of 9 0
14-1 Nitrate/sulfate aliquot label 2 of 2 0
15-1 Anoxic sample aliquot label . 2 of 3 0
16-1 Chlorophyll a aliquot label 2 of 3 0
17-1 Zooplankton sample label 3 of 3 0
A-1 Hydrolab calibration form 2 of 12 0
A-2 Lake coordinates form 3 of 12 0
A-3 Daily itinerary form 4 of 12 0
A-4 Field communication sheet 5 of 12 0
A-5 Incoming telephone record 6 of 12 0
A-6 Lake data form 7 of 12 0
A-7 Watershed characteristics form 8 of 12 0
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Figures
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Figures (continued)
Number Page Rev.
A-8 Stream data form 9 of 12 0
A-9 Hydrologic data form 10 of 12 0
A-10 Field sample label 11 of 12 0
A-11 Flight plan '. 12 of 12 0
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Tables
Number
3-1 Variables Measured in Acidic Deposition Studies
3-2 Possible Topics to be Covered in a Training Program
for Field Samplers
3-3 Contents of a First Aid Kit for Field Operations
3-4 Protective Gear Required for Each Sampling Team
3-5 Vehicle Maintenance and Safety Equipment
4-1 Field Sampling Check List for Sampling Water From Boats
4-2 Duties of Boat Sampling Teams
5-1 Field Sampling Check List for Helicopter Sampling
6-1 Field Sampling Checklist for Stream Sampling
7-1 Temperature Correction Factors for pH Buffers .
7-2 Oxygen Solubility at Indicated Pressure
7-3 Troubleshooting Directory
9-1 Factors for Converting Specific Conductance of Water to
Values at 25 °C
10-1 Solubility of Oxygen in Fresh Water
10-2 Altitude Correction Factors for Dissolved Oxvaen Measurements . .
Tables
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11 of 14
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13 of 14
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Acronyms
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Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols
Acronyms
AERP Aquatic Effects Research Program
ANC acid neutralizing capacity
ASTM American Society of Testing and
Materials
ATC automatic thermo compensator
BOD biological oxygen demand
BRC Biologically Relevant Chemistryproject
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
DDRP Direct/Delayed Response Project
DIG dissolved inorganic carbon
DO dissolved oxygen
ELS Eastern Lake Survey
ELS-I Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I
ELS-II Eastern Lake Survey - Phase II
ELT Emergency locator transmitter
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERP Episodic Response Project
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
ID identification
IHHE Indirect Human Health Effects project
LCD liquid crystal display
MIBK methyl isobutyl ketone
NAPAP National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program
NBS National Bureau of Standards
NLS National Lake Survey
NSS National Stream Survey
NSWS National Surface Water Survey
OAS Office of Aircraft Services
PCV pyrocatechol violet
QA/QC quality assurance and quality control
QCC quality control check
REW right edge of the water
SBRP Southern Blue Ridge Province
SRM standard reference material
TIME Temporally Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems project
USGS United States Geological Survey
VDC volts direct current
WLS Western Lake Survey
YSI Yellow Springs Instrument Company
Abbreviations and Symbols
"C degrees centrigrade
cm centimeter
CO2 carbon dioxide
ft feet
g gram
gal gallon
H+ hydrogen ion
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
HgCI2 mercuric chloride
KCI potassium chloride
L liter
M Molar
m meter
mg/L milligrams per liter
mL milliliter
mm millimeter
m/sec meters per second
N normality
NaOH sodium hydroxide
ppm parts per million
psi pounds per square inch
qt quart
W/V weight to volume ratio
/;mhos/cm micro-olms per centimeter
juS/cm micro Siemans per centimeter
% percent
± plus or minus;
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Acknowledgments
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Page 1 of 2
Acknowledgments
In addition to the publications listed in the Notice, methods presented iin this handbook are
based on methods contained in the following internal reports:
Bonoff, M. B., K. J. Cabbie, D. J. Chaloud, and L. A. Drewes. 1986. National Surface Water Survey
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Spring Variability Study, Pilot) Training Manual. U.s!
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 139 pp.
Cabbie, K. J., and G. D. Merritt. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase
II - Spring Variability Pilot Study and Spring Overturn Survey) Field Personnel Training Report
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada, Internal Report. 14 pp.
Drewes, L. A., K. J. Cabbie, D. J. Chaloud, A W. Groeger, and M. B. Bonoff. 1986. National Surface
Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability) Field Operations Manual
for Summer Sampling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegais, Nevada. Internal
Report. 87 pp.
Groeger, A. W., D. J. Chaloud, and M. B. Bonoff. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern
Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability and Biological Resources) Field Operations
Manua! for Spring, Summer, and Fall Sampling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las
Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 49 pp.
Hagley, C. A 1986. National Surface Water Survey National Stream Survey Summary of Training
Activities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 19 pp.
Hagley, C. A., C. M. Knapp, C. L. Mayer, and F. A. Morris. 1986. National Surface Water Survey
National Stream Survey (Middle-Atlantic Phase I, Southeast Screening, and Middle-Atlantic
Episodes Pilot) Field Training and Operations Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 126 pp.
Hillman, D. C., D. V. Peck, J. R. Baker, F. A Morris, K. J. Cabbie, and S. L. Pierett. 1985. National
Stream Survey Pilot Study Field Training and Operations Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 158 pp.
Merritt, G. D. 1986. National Surface Water Survey Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II - Summer
Stratification Survey) Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection >\gency, Las Vegas
Nevada. Internal Report. 8 pp. '
Metcalf, R. C., J. R. Wilson, G. D. Merritt, and M. E. Mitch. 1986. National Suirface Water Survey
Eastern Lake Survey (Phase II -1986 Spring Variability Pilot Survey) Field Operations Report'
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 39 pp.
Morris, F. A, L. A Drewes, and D. V. Peck. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Western Lake
Survey (Phase I) Field Personnel Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las
Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 60 pp.
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Acknowledgments
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 2 of 2
Morris, F. A., D. C. Hillman, R. F. Cusimano, K. J. Cabbie, S. L. Pierett, and W. L. Kinney. 1985.
National Surface Water Survey, Phase IA1 - Field Training and Operations Manual. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 178 pp.
Morris, F. A., D. V. Peck, D. C. Hillman, K. J. Cabbie, S. L. Pierett, and W. L. Kinney. 1985. National
Surface Water Survey, Western Lake Survey (Phase I) Field Training and Operations Manual.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 201 pp.
Nicholson, J. M., and V. A. Sheppe. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern Lake Survey
(Phase II) Fall Chemistry Survey Training Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las
Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 8 pp.
Peck, D. V., and C. M. Knapp. 1985. National Stream Survey Pilot Study, Summary of Training
Activities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 18 pp.
Peck, D. V., R. F. Cusimano, and W. L Kinney. 1985. National Surface Water Survey, Western Lake
Survey (Phase I - Synoptic Chemistry) Ground Samplers Training and Operations Manual. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 44 pp.
Todechiney, L R., K. J. Cabbie, and J. R. Wilson. 1986. National Surface Water Survey, Eastern
Lake Survey (Phase II - Temporal Variability) Field Operations Manual for Fall Sampling. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Internal Report. 87 pp.
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Section 1.0
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Page 1 of 5
1.0 Introduction to the Aquatic Effects Research Program
1.1 Overview
Concern over the effects of acidic deposition on the nation's surface water resources led the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to initiate research in the field in the late 1970's. Early
research, focusing on a diversity of potential effects, provided insight into those research areas
which were considered central to key policy questions. Recognizing the need for an integrated,
stepwise approach to resolve the issues, EPA implemented the Aquatic Effects Research Program
(AERP) in 1983 with its present structure, focus, and approach. The program, a part of the EPA
Office of Research and Development, is administered by the Acid Deposition and Atmospheric
Research Division in the Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Monitoring, and Quality Assurance.
The AERP is also a major component of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program's
(NAPAP) Aquatic Effects Research Task Group 6, a cooperative effort of niine federal agencies
tasked with addressing important policy and assessment questions relating to the acidic deposition
phenomenon and its effects.
This handbook of methods for field operations related to determining water chemistry is an
outgrowth of several AERP surveys. The purpose of this handbook is to provide general guidelines
and procedures, derived from specific AERP surveys, that can be adapted readily by different
research groups involved in acidic deposition monitoring activities.
Initially, AERP studies focused on process-oriented research at a few sites to generate
hypotheses for further testing and to identify key parameters associated with the effects of acidic
deposition on aquatic ecosystems. In 1983, after it was determined that regional assessments of
the effects of acidic deposition could not be made with confidence on the basis of available
historical data, the AERP redirected its focus to provide the required information. Weaknesses of
available data included possible inconsistencies in the selection of study sites, lack of data for
certain important parameters, inconsistent sampling and analytical methods, and little or no
information on quality assurance.
The AERP addresses four major policy questions relating to the effects of acidic deposition
on aquatic ecosystems:
1. The extent and magnitude of past change.
2. The change to be expected in the future under various deposition scenarios.
3. The maximum rates of deposition below which further change is not expected.
4. The rate of change or recovery of aquatic ecosystems if deposition rates are decreased.
An integrated, stepwise approach has been designed within the AERP to provide the
necessary data for assessment and policy decisions related to effects of acidic deposition on
aquatic resources. The approach employs statistically based site selection, standardized sampling
procedures and analytical methods, and rigorous quality assurance protocols. The AERP includes
five major research projects: the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS),, the Direct/Delayed
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Response Project (DDRP), the Episodic Response Project (ERP), the Watershed Processes and
Manipulations Project (WMP), and the Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME)
Project. Two additional projects, Biologically Relevant Chemistry (BRC) Project and Indirect Human
Health Effects (IHHE), have been incorporated into the AERP research design. The AERP projects
form an Integrated program to quantify the chemical status of surface waters, to predict the
response of biologically relevant water chemistry to variable rates of acidic deposition, and to
verify and validate the predictions.
The AERP projects are concerned primarily with assessing chronic, or long-term, acidification
of surface waters which are affected by sulfur deposition. The Episodic Response Project
assesses the importance of acute, or short-term, acidification and nitrate deposition. Components
of the Biologically Relevant Chemistry Project address issues of both chronic and acute
acidification.
1.2 National Surface Water Survey (NSWS)
The NSWS is divided into two components: the National Lake Survey (NLS) and the National
Stream Survey (NSS). Figure 1-1 shows the various regions sampled during the NSWS.
I Ozark Plateau* _J** fa£J J—
• ', JZggf /
\SJ National lake Survey (NLS)
ft National Stream Survey (NSS)
Overlap of NLS/NSS
'Eastern Lake Survey Phase I
'Western Lake Survey
3National Stream Survey
4National Stream Survey Screening
'National Stream Survey Phase I
Flgur* 1-1. Region* sampled during the National Surface Water Survey.
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The initial phase of the NLS consisted of the Eastern Lake Survey (ELS) and the Western Lake
Survey (WLS). The surveys, conducted in 1984 in the northeastern, midwestern, and southeastern
United States (ELS) and in 1985 in mountainous areas of the western United States (WLS), provided
baseline information about the current chemical status of our nation's lakes. A single water sample
was collected from each NLS lake during fall turnover, a period of minimum within-lake chemical
variability. This index sample represented the integration of chemical inputs and lake transforma-
tion processes which occur during other seasons.
During ELS, scientists used helicopters to access and sample 1,798 lakes: (with surface areas
between 4 and 2,000 hectares). Samples from 757 lakes (with surface areas between 1 and 2,000
hectares) were collected during WLS. Approximately one-half of the WLS lakes were located within
designated wilderness areas. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service! personnel reached
these lakes by foot or pack animal.
The second phase of NLS was initiated in the northeastern United States in 1986 and included
three seasonal chemistry surveys. Each of 147 lakes, selected from lakes sampled during Phase I
of the ELS, was sampled during the spring, summer, and fall at approximately the same location
on the lake sampled during Phase I. These surveys provided data necessary to characterize
seasonal patterns in water chemistry and to relate these patterns to the fall index conditions of
Phase I.
The NSS was conducted in the Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP), the Mid-Atlantic states,
and the Southeast. Designed to provide baseline chemistry information about streams, the NSS
included three components: a feasibility study (1985), the Mid-Atlantic Survey (1986) and the
Southeastern Screening Survey (1986).
1.3 Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP)
The purpose of DDRP is to provide data on watersheds and soils to complement the surface
water data of the NSWS. These data are used in three watershed acidification models to predict
the time scales over which surface waters are expected to become chronically acidic, given different
levels of acidic inputs.
The northeastern United States and the SBRP were studied during initial DDRP activities
Sampling at 180 sites in these two regions was completed by the winter of 1986. An additional 37
watersheds were sampled in the fall of 1988 in the Mid-Appalachian region.
1.4 Episodic Response Project (ERP)
The ERP has objectives similar to those of NSWS, but focuses on the magnitude, frequency,
and duration of episodic acidification and the effect of episodes on regional water chemistry and
watershed processes. The ERP is being conducted at a small number of watersheds believed to
represent the range of conditions found within a region, based on the results of NSWS and DDRP.
Empirical and conceptual models are being developed from these site-specific studies to address
the regional extent of episodes, using the NSWS statistical frame. The Fernow Experimental Forest,
a U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service research site, is the site for the first ERP
experimental studies.
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1.5 Watershed Processes and Manipulations
The Watershed Processes and Manipulations project, involving process-oriented research at
a small number of watersheds, is designed to assess the quantitative and qualitative response
of watershed soils and surface waters to altered deposition. Data gathered during this project
provides information about the interactions among biogeochemical mechanisms controlling the
response of surface waters to acidic inputs at various scales within watersheds, ranging from plot
to whole ecosystem studies. A number of complimentary studies, currently ongoing at a number
of sites, are included in this research effort. These studies include the Little Rock Lake
Experimental Acidification Project (northern Wisconsin), the Watershed Manipulation Project
(southeastern Maine), and the Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulation Project (Fernow, West
Virginia).
1.6 Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME) Project
The TIME Project, a long-term monitoring activity, evolves from existing projects within EPA
and NAPAP. TIME sites are selected by evaluating data from currently monitored systems and
from NSWS results. These sites, which will be established throughout the United States by 1990,
are monitored to quantify the rate, direction, and magnitude of changes in surface water chemistry
due to increased and decreased levels of acidic deposition. The TIME sites also provide
information on surface water chemistry that can be used to validate the conclusions of DDRP,
ERP, and the Watershed Processes and Manipulations Project.
1.7 Biologically Relevant Chemistry (BRC) Project
The BRC Project provides data that can be used to assess the risk that acidic deposition
poses to aquatic biota. Several complementary studies are incorporated as components of BRC.
One study is designed to determine the present status of fish populations in a subset of lakes
sampled during the eastern component of NLS and quantifies the chemical characteristics of these
lakes. Another study, planned in conjunction with ERP, will determine the effects of episodic
acidification on fish populations. Initial BRC sampling was conducted from June to September
1987 in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northwestern Wisconsin.
1.8 Indirect Human Health Effects (IHHE) Project
The IHHE Project targets two areas: (1) the alteration of drinking water supplies in response
to acidic inputs and (2) the accumulation of mercury and other potentially toxic metals in the
muscle tissues of edible fish. Emphasizing precipitation-dominated surface water systems, drinking
water studies include the examination of existing data to determine the potential modification of
drinking water quality by acidic deposition. In addition, existing process-oriented and survey data
are examined to evaluate the relationship between mercury bioaccumulation in sport fish and
surface water chemistry in areas receiving high levels of acidic deposition.
1.9 Technical Information Project
The Technical Information Project disseminates information on AERP activities to state and
federal agencies, other organizations, and technical audiences. Documentation for several AERP
projects is available. All documents can be ordered through the AERP status, a periodic update of
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program activities. If you would like to be included on the status mailing list, fill out the following
form and return it to the address indicated.
Would you like to be included on the mailing list for future editions of the AERP status!
Yes No
If you are on the mailing list for the AERP status, do you want to remain?
Yes No
Name:
Street:
City/State/Zip:
Return to: CERI, AERP Publications
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
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2.0 Overview of AERP Handbooks
2.1 Purpose of Handbooks
Numerous private, state, and federal groups have initiated research projects similar to those
developed as components of AERP. Existing AERP field and laboratory manuals and quality
assurance plans were not written for an overall methods application or for general use Developed
for specific survey requirements, available operational documents do not provide general guidelines
and procedures that can be adapted readily by different research groups. The AERP handbooks
are designed to fill this gap. As guidance documents for groups involved in acidic deposition
monitoring activities, the handbooks enable researchers to avoid duplication of efforts and to make
maximum use of tested methods.
2.1.1 Types of Handbooks
K,O»,, The AERP handbooks focus °n surface water chemistry, based on documents written for
NSWS, and on soil chemistry, based on DDRP reports. The handbooks contain procedures for field
operations, laboratory operations, and quality assurance criteria for water and soil monitoring
activities. Surface water chemistry and soil chemistry are discussed in separate three-volume sets
2.1.2 Structure of Volumes
Because AERP is a dynamic program, each document is contained in a three-ring binder to
facilitate inserting additions or modifications. Each document contains an independent Table of
Contents with titles, revision numbers, and effective dates of revisions; a complete updated Table
of Contents will accompany dissemination of each revision. The availability of each volume or
revision will be announced in the AERP status.
2.1.3 Interrelationship of Volumes
Each volume of a particular handbook set represents one aspect of an acidic deposition moni-
toring activity. Collectively, the field, laboratory, and quality assurance handbooks offer a
comprehensive guide to surface water chemistry or soil chemistry monitoring.
2.2 Content of Field Operations Handbook
This handbook contains procedures for the collection and transportation of surface water
samples. These procedures are based on methods used during various stages of NSWS The
field methods described in this handbook have been used for collecting surface water samples of
low ionic strength. Detailed procedures for collecting lake water and stream water samples explain
the different techniques used when collecting samples by helicopter, by boat, or from shore. The
handbook also describes the logistical prerequisites of survey planning and staffing needs.
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3.O Survey Planning Considerations
This section discusses planning considerations for field operations. Several aspects of the
survey design affect the planning of field operations such as means of access, schedules, base
site planning, staffing, protocols, training and safety, and communications. For large and expensive
projects, a feasibility survey is recommended to test protocols and logistics. The following discus-
sions emphasize broad-scale, regional surveys because they present particular logistical challenges.
However, projects of any size will benefit from consideration of these issues prior to implementation
of field operations.
3.1 Overview of Field Operations
Several aspects of the survey design have direct bearing on how field operations can be
organized and conducted. These include the geographic area covered by a survey, the sampling
time frame or "window" in which the survey must be completed, and the measurement and sample
requirements of a survey. Projects that cover a large geographic area in a short timefrarrie (such
as lake overturn) require a large number of sampling teams, rapid transportation between sampling
points, or both. During the Eastern Lake Survey-Phase I (ELS-I), approximately 2,000 lakes were
sampled during fall overturn in the Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest. Helicopters provided rapid
transport; their pontoons served as sampling platforms. Twelve two-person sampling teams were
employed. Transportation time was reduced by establishing base sites near clusters of lakes to
be sampled. Nearly autonomous units, base sites are fully equipped to perform all field operation
activities, yet are sufficiently mobile to be relocated after completing activities in a given area Base
site requirements are discussed in Section 3.3.
3.1.1 Measurements
Certain basic measurements (see Table 3-1) in surface waters are common to acidic
deposition studies. The number of measurements and the length of time required to perform them
including quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) activities, must be considered when
determining appropriate sampling schedules and personnel requirements.
3.1.2 Sample Holding Time
Sample holding time, defined as the maximum time between sample collection and analysis
before detectable changes in the variable of interest can be expected to occur, is a primary
consideration in planning field operations. Measures that can extend the holding times of specific
variables include eliminating air, refrigerating at 4 9C, freezing in dark storage, or adding chemical
preservatives to the sample. Standard reference books for analytical methods, including the
Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies, Laboratory Analyses for Surface Water
Chemistry (U.S. EPA, 1987), provide insightful method-specific measures. One way to ensure rapid
analysis of variables with short holding times (e.g., pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIG)
monomeric aluminum) is to locate mobile laboratories near base sites. Another way to achieve
rapid sample analysis is by using a centralized processing facility. Samples can be shipped from
the field to this central laboratory by overnight courier. Sample processing at the field site is not
recommended because there is a risk of contamination for most chemical constituents.
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Tabla 3-1. Variable* Measured In Acidic Deposition Studies
In Situ
Field Laboratory
Analytical Laboratory
Cormductance
Dissolved oxygen
Lake Temperature
pH
Secchi disk transparency
Aluminum, total monomeric and
[unexchangeable
Dissolved inorganic carbon, closed
system
Laboratory pH, closed system
Specific conductance
True color
Turbidity
Acid neutralizing capacity
Aluminum, extractable
Aluminum, total
Ammonium, dissolved
Base neutralizing capacity
Calcium, dissolved
Carbon, dissolved inorganic
Carbon, dissolved organic
Chloride, dissolved
Fluoride, total dissolved
Iron, dissolved
Magnesium, dissolved
Nitrate, dissolved
pH
Potassium, total
Potassium, dissolved
Silica, dissolved
Sodium, dissolved
Specific conductance
Sulfate, dissolved
True Color
3.2 Access
Before any field operation can begin, access considerations must be resolved. The following
subsections discuss several access concerns, including gaining permission to sample, determining
the proper mode of transportation, determining the sampling platform, and facilitating access during
field operations.
3,2.1 Access Permission
Written permission to sample should be obtained from the owner of the surface water to be
sampled and from owners of property which must be crossed in order to access the water body.
First, all owners must be identified. Various state and local agencies can provide helpful landowner
information. For AERP projects, the Soil Conservation Service proved helpful in identifying
landowners. Second, landowners should be contacted, either verbally, in writing, or both.
Information given to the landowner should be as specific as possible regarding how the water
body will be accessed, when, by whom, what will be done, and why. A pamphlet describing the
project can be a useful descriptive tool. Landowners may place restrictions on the mode of access.
For example, permission was denied for helicopter access to NSWS lakes in wilderness areas,
but permission was granted for access by hoofed animal (horses, mules, llamas) or by foot (hik-
ing). Similarly, use of motorized boats was denied for several municipal water system reservoirs,
but nonmotorized inflatable craft were permitted. Third, the landowner should sign a written
agreement, and the landowner and the sampling team each should receive copies of the agreement.
Many landowners may require a waiver of liability or proof of insurance. It is important to
remember that not all surface waters are privately owned. Permits may be required to access
publicly controlled water bodies. All permits and documentation of access permissions should be
completed and filed prior to the initiation of sampling.
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3.2.2 Transportation
restricted by access permission agreements, a variety of options are available for
™' 5eQCT°pteJSunqolp^d with P°ntoons served as the transport vehicle and sampling
rf « n • &f S~Z and WLSu Fixed-win9 a^raft were used during WLS to transport samp el
moriP,P^H^!WHen,r^0te u88,6 Sites and the mobile field laboratories. Other transportation
modes include 4-wheel drive vehicles, hoofed animals, foot power, skis, and! snowmobiles.
preferred .means of access can sometimes be determined from maps, although a
f'P IS Tec?m™nded to verify road conditions and to estimate trave times The
P Can-alS° be "£ed t0 comP|ete site identification and to meet with landowners
rnnr. H P6™881008- The season in which field operations take place should also be
considered; roads which are passable in summer may be impassable in winter snows or spring
3.2.3 Access Kits
^o^-ll9- N?^S^ sarnP|ers received access kits prior to sampling activities each day- These
access kits included lake maps with routes, boat launch areas, and sampling points" cobies of the
SSS?^^ta^: "ames- Cresses, and telephone numbers^iSow^ersTnd other
contacts pamphlets describing the project; placards to identify the access vehicle- and
to two ^ pS'^o The
3.2.4 Sampling Platforms
necesvePV[atrf0fm?nrnSH«SamP+lin^ °f ^ma" fsireams- sampling platforms are generally a
necessity. Platforms provide a stable surface from which samplers can operate Samolina
platform options mclude helicopters with pontoons, fixed-wing aircraft (for lame water bodlesJwSh
pontoons solid or inflatable watercraft (With or without motors^PerS^^
across-stream rigging. The sampling platform is chosen after clnsiderinc, ^^ accels perSion
^ ** is - -fu, tSP
3.3 Base Sites
Base sites are a temporary headquarters for localized sampling operations Thev are
TfsfsK a
*^
and ^omoe«5»m^,fan t)°USe Rers.onPeJ involved in field operations, sample processing operations
faboratort 3S5* ftaJSCt 1° ^Sf Samp,'e Processin9 and analysisHoperations, % mobile field
K ^SSSL u ni^ °olocatf d Wltn tne sampling teams. Modified trailers were used during NSWS
Sm^f m pH',?IC' true color- and turbidity measurements and to prepare chemfcally • stabHized
^SSSiSiS^SSifSfS at permanent laboratory faci.itie^. ^iHlff'&SSS
proauce tne Best results if the base site remains in one place for several weeks- thev are not
' Slte freU6 '
dowmSme ' 2 Slte fretqU6ntly mOV8S- ^ mobile field •abororie'equi e o 5 days
downtime w,th each move to ensure proper instrument operations. Requirements of mobile
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laboratories are discussed in detail in the Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies,
Laboratory Analyses for Surface Water Chemistry (US. EPA, 1987).
If helicopters are used as a means of access, the base site must include landing and fueling
facilities Most airports will accommodate helicopters if arrangements are made in advance.
During ELS-I and WLS, mobile laboratories were located at or near airport facilities.
Personnel at base sites are usually responsible for the shipment of samples to processing
facilities or to analytical laboratories. Most overnight courier services provide a complete listing of
their facilities and schedules. If volume is large, it is best to contact these facilities well in
advance. In some cases, the courier services may provide special services such as direct sample
pickup and delivery at the base site.
The basic facilities of the base site should include:
1. An area for instrument calibration.
2. Sufficient storage for all instruments, supplies, and related sampling gear.
3. A logistics room for office space, conferences, and daily planning and debriefing.
4. Ample refrigerator and freezer space for samples, reagents, and frozen gel packs.
Space can be leased or coordinated through local agencies involved in the project. Motels
can also serve as base sites; extra rooms or suites can be used for the base site facilities. If
motels are used, connecting rooms on the first floor should be requested and maids should be
instructed not to use any cleaning solutions in the calibration or storage rooms. Refrigeration and
freezer space, if not available through the motel or leased space, can be obtained at meat storage
lockers, icehouses, or dairies. Care should be taken to keep sampling gear and calibration
solutions separate from food items.
Additionally, it is recommended that accounts be established with local suppliers. While most
supplies can be shipped to base sites from a centralized warehouse, some items may be needed
more quickly or may be more convenient to purchase on site. Such needs might include clothing
and safety gear, small equipment related to sampling, and office supplies. Accounts for vehicle
repair and maintenance are also useful.
Personnel facilities and needs include lodging, food, banking services, laundry, and some
amenities. Rental houses or condominiums are an alternative to motel lodging and can be more
cost effective for sites in operation more than a few weeks. This type of lodging also provides field
personnel with an alternative to restaurant dining. Banking services are very important for
personnel on travel for more than a couple of weeks.
Emergency services should also be investigated for each base site, including police, fire;
hospitals, and search and rescue. Local telephone numbers should be included in the access kits
described in Section 3.2.3 and posted next to each telephone within the base site facilities.
Some sampling locations, situated far from an existing base site, may require overnight travel
and the establishment of a remote base site. In this case, a sampling team travels to the
sampling site, collects the required samples, and ships them from a remote location. The sampling
teairi must carry all needed equipment for calibration, sample collection, and sample shipment (e.g.,
Table 4-1).
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3.4 Sampling Schedules
Sampling schedules are developed after a desired sampling window has been chosen The
sampling window is often dictated by climatic conditions, such as lake overturn stratification
melting ice cover, or spring leafout. While subject to slight variation on a yearly basis approximate
windows can be determined from past climatic data. Windows vary with latitude elevation and
proximity to coastal areas; therefore, discrete windows should be determined for different
ecosystems. Once these windows are identified, a general schedule can be (developed to establish
a base site relocation scheme.
The following five steps guide the selection of base sites and tentative sampling schedules:
1. Identify (mark) each sampling location on a large-scale map (1:250,000 and 1-100000
scales were used for NSWS) and the type of access to be used (i.e., helicopter, 'vehicle,
2. Identify discrete clusters of sampling points, if possible. If clusters exist identify the
urban areas located within the cluster. Check these urban areas for availability of the
facilities needed to establish a base site (Section 3.3).
3. Draw concentric circles around potential base site locations. The diameter of the circle
should be approximately equal to the maximum distance that a team can sample and
return to the base site in one work day. A general guideline for these circles is to allow
approximately 100 miles diameter for road travel or approximately 300 miles diameter for
helicopter access. Where discrete clusters of sampling points do not exist it may be
necessary to identify all possible base site locations, construct the map circles, and
located I withTn tht ! circte'^ °nS based on the maximu™ number of sampling sites
4. Examine each point within the circle and verify that it can be sampled in a single work
day Identify those points that cannot be sampled in a single day due to the lack of
roads, long hikes, or other physical limitations. Also examine points lying outside the
map circles and verify that they cannot be reached easily from the base site If possible
construct another base site circle to include these points. If not possible, identify these
points as remote sites (overnight travel required).
5. After base sites have been selected, tentative routings and schedules should be worked
out. During ELS-I, base sites were initially established in the northern area As each
group completed sampling within the base site area, the entire team was relocated to a
more southern site. A total of 8 base sites was used to complete the survey. In addition
n remote base sites were employed during the survey.
snould be flexible to allow for ^d weather, equipment malfunctions,
HP nH -nn i r imPacts. uP°n schedules. A reasonable amount of downtime should
be included ,n all schedules. Base site relocation schedules should include contingencies for annual
variations in climate which may alter the sampling window
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3.5 Field Personnel
3.5.1 Base Site Staff Positions
A base site usually consists of a base coordinator and a number of two-person sampling
teams. Additional positions, such as a logistics coordinator, may be necessary depending on the
complexity of the project. If helicopters are used, the base site staffing also includes one pilot per
helicopter and one mechanic. Mobile laboratory positions are described in the Handbook of
Methods for Acid Deposition Studies, Laboratory Analyses for Surf ace Water Chemistry (US. EPA,
1987). Each of the standard base site positions is described below.
3.5.1.1 Base Coordinator-
Base coordinators direct field activities in a particular area. The base coordinator's primary
responsibility is to ensure a thorough and timely progression of lake sample collection and
shipment. Before the field sampling program begins, the base coordinator should select base site
locations, compile necessary information on each site, makes advance arrangements, assist in
training sampling personnel, schedule the sampling sequence, and assign sites to teams. After the
field sampling program begins, the base coordinator:
1. Contacts local property owners for access permission, as needed.
2. Maintains regular phone contact with sampling crews, local cooperators, and a centralized
communications center (Section 3.9).
3. Arranges shipping and receiving of samples and supplies.
4. Checks data forms and logbooks for legibility and completeness.
5. Monitors weather developments.
6. Coordinates daily scheduling and makes changes, as needed.
7. Initiates search and rescue of the sampling crews, if needed.
8. Maintains the project and personnel records.
3.5.1.2 Sampling Teams-
For most surveys, sampling teams composed of two scientists, the team leader and the
sampler, are satisfactory. The team leader maintains overall responsibility for the team
performance and safety and acts both as sampler and QA representative. The sampler assists the
team leader and performs on-site sampling duties. Specific duties of the team leader and sampler
are discussed in sections 4.3 and 4.4, 5.3 and 5.4 and, 6.3 and 6.4 for boat sampling, helicopter
sampling, and stream sampling, respectively.
3.5.2 Specialized Base Site Positions
Other positions in addition to the three previously described may be necessary. Large-scale
surveys may require a logistics coordinator to assist the base coordinator with field activities.
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Operations involving helicopters require pilots, mechanics, and a ground crew member. A duty
officer position is recommended for surveys that involve coordination of multiple government and
private organizations or surveys that generate media attention. Extremely complex surveys may
require a separate manager or coordinator for each major activity, each of whom report to the
overall base coordinator. The WLS is an example of a complex survey which involved helicopter
sampling, ground sampling with sample transfer teams, and use of mobile laboratories
Additionally, WLS was a collaborative effort of multiple EPA-research laboratories, regional offices,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and associated contractors. The base site
organizational structure of WLS is shown in Figure 3-1. Each of these specialized positions is
described below.
FIELD LABORATORY
OPERATIONS
FIELD LABORATORY
COORDINATOR
FIELD LABORATORY
SUPERVISOR
SAMPLING CREW(S)
& GROUND MEMBER
(1-2 PER SITE)
FIELD LABORATORY
ANALYSTS (3)
GROUND SAMPLING
TEAMS (2 PER TEAM,
8-12 TEAMS)
QUALITY ASSURANCE
TEAMS
Figure 3-1. Base site organizational structure for the Western Lake Survey.
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3.5.2.1 Logistics Coordinator-
Especially useful during large-scale surveys, the logistics coordinator assists the base
coordinator as needed. In addition, the logistics coordinator provides the following services:
1. Coordinates moves between base sites.
2. Maintains the supply inventory.
3. Verifies that all sampling supplies and access kits are complete.
4. Assists in setting up the calibration room.
5. Assists sampling personnel when they return from the field; checks the field data forms;
assists with post-sampling instrument quality control checks and meter maintenance.
6. Checks on road conditions.
7. Serves as a substitute sampler.
3.5.2.2 Pilots-
The pilot's primary responsibility is to safely transport field personnel and equipment to and
from the preselected lakes, the field site, or other predetermined sites. Pilots report directly to the
base coordinator. The pilots are responsible for the following tasks:
1. Insuring the safety of the sampling team and other individuals who may be involved with
the aircraft.
2. Filing a flight plan with Flight Services.
3. Filing an internal flight plan with the duty officer and/or base coordinator.
4. Arranging refueling at remote refueling stops; these stops are coordinated with the base
coordinator.
5. Reporting to the duty officer and Flight Services the time of departure at each stop and
closing out the flight plan at the end of the day.
6. Reporting to the duty officer for briefing on the next day's sampling plan and assisting
in route selection for sampling. Each evening, the pilot reviews and plots the next day's
sampling route.
7. Checking weather prior to take-off.
8. Aborting flight plan under unsafe conditions.
9. Maintaining an accurate Loran C operation.
10. Reading depth sounder to locate sampling site on lake.
11. Maintaining position of the helicopter while at the sampling site.
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3.5.2.3 Ground Crew Member-
NOTE: These duties may be performed by the base coordinator if the base site supports only
one sampling team.
The duties of the ground crew member are dictated by the needs of the helicopter sampling
team, duty officer, and base coordinator. Preflight departure activities include:
1. Calibrating instruments to be used by the field crew and completing the Hydrolab Cali-
bration Form (Appendix A, Figure A-1).
2. Assisting helicopter sampler teams in obtaining, transporting, and loading equipment and
supplies for the day's sampling activities.
Postflight departure activities include:
1. Meeting with the duty officer or base coordinator to get lists of lakes to be sampled the
following day.
2. Organizing all maps for the lakes to be sampled and completing appropriate parts of
field data forms, including a sketch of each lake drawn from a U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) 7.5 minute or 15 minute quadrangle map.
3. Obtaining required supplies and QC solutions from the field laboratory coordinator as
necessary. '
4. Completing Lake Coordinates Form (Appendix A, Figure A-2) for next day's sampling sites.
Postflfght return activities include:
1. Rechecking calibration of instruments in use during the day and providing completed
calibration forms to the base coordinator. H««U
2. Verifying that all equipment and supplies are ready for the next day.
3. Having defective equipment repaired or replaced through the duty olfficer.
4. Reporting to the duty officer for debriefing on the day's activities.
5. Delivering Lake Coordinates Form to the pilot for next day's sampling site.
3.5.2.4 Duty OffIcer-
The primary purpose of the duty officer position during the ELS-I was to provide a political
liason between government agencies and the media. These duties may be performed by the base
coordinator. The responsibilities of the duty officer include:
1. Coordinating activities of the base site with a centralized communications center.
2. Preparing sampling itineraries and flight plans.
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3. Tracking daily sampling activities via phone check-in (helicopter) or by contact with the
base coordinator (ground).
4. Tracking progress of sampling via maps and a written log.
5. Debriefing sampling teams each day.
6. Coordinating maintenance of field equipment and supply requests with sampling personnel
and the field laboratory coordinator.
7. Assisting the base coordinator with search and rescue efforts.
3.5.2.5 Sample Transfer Teams-
Sample transfer teams are additional personnel who accompany the ground sampling team.
After collection of samples, the sample transfer personnel transport samples as rapidly as possible
to a pre-arranged pick-up point with a helicopter or vehicle. The purpose of sample transfer teams
is to reduce the length of time between sample collection and processing at the mobile laboratory.
Sample transfer teams were used in the WLS where sampling of lakes in wilderness areas required
long hikes with all equipment carried in backpacks.
3.6 Sampling Protocols
Standardized protocols are essential to ensure comparability among sample measurements.
These protocols should include instrument calibration, quality control checks, measurement
procedures, maintenance schedules, troubleshooting guidance, and sample collection procedures.
The protocols developed for the AERP projects are described in this handbook. All protocols should
be developed, tested, and documented prior to initiation of field operations. Protocols can be
developed in conjunction with equipment evaluation experiments. Equipment evaluations are useful
to (1) verify manufacturers' specifications of instrument performance, (2) select among various
instrument models, and (3) determine instrument limitations.
The written protocols should be assembled into a field sampling manual. Manuals are
valuable tools both in training personnel and during sampling operations. This handbook is
Intended to provide the basis for field sampling manuals. The field sampling manual should also
contain copies of all standardized forms, with clear and complete instructions for their completion.
Copies of the forms developed for the AERP projects are contained in Appendix A.
3.7 Sample Requirements
The types of samples collected are dictated by logistical problems, QA and QC requirements,
and survey protocols. During AERP surveys, routine samples, duplicate samples, and blank
samples were collected for water chemistry analysis. Specialized samples (e.g., chlorophyll and
zooplankton) are discussed in sections 16.0 and 17.0, respectively.
3.7.1 Routine Sample
For AERP surveys, a routine sample consisted of one 4-liter (L) Cubitainer and four syringes.
Collection procedures are discussed in method-specific sections of this handbook. The syringe
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samples were collected for analyses of dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and two aluminum
analyses.
3.7.2 Duplicate Sample
A duplicate sample consisted of an additional set of sample containers that were collected
immediately following the collection of a routine sample. Generally, one duplicate sample was
collected per base site each day.
3.7.3 Blank Sample
Blank samples are deionized water collected from the sampling device using the same method
as for the routine sample. Blank samples consisted of a 4-L Cubitainer and two syringes drawn
for rnonomeric aluminum analyses. During NSWS one blank sample was collected per base site
each day in accordance with the specifications in the quality assurance plan.
3.3 Training and Safety
Recommended qualifications for sampling personnel include a knowledge of basic chemistry
or limnology, field sampling experience, a high level of work neatness and precision, and survival
and safety skills. As a condition of employment, it is recommended that personnel are certified in
cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and first aid or that these are subjects included in the training
program. A college degree in one of the physical sciences is recommended, but is not absolutely
necessary. Outdoor skills and attention to detail are necessary qualifications for field samplers;
organizational and management skills are needed by base coordinators. General physical fitness
and moderate strength are important qualities in field samplers, particularly if backpacking is
required to gain access to sampling sites.
3.8.1 Training Program
Training programs for field samplers should include thorough coverage of each procedure and
hands-on practice sessions. Table 3-2 lists possible topics to be included in a training program.
Tablet 3-2. Possible Topics to be Covered In a Training Program for Field Samplers
1. Employee orientation; project overview. 7. Data form use.
2. Water sample collection. 8. Field safety.
3. Sample handling, packing, and shipping. a. First aid and CPR
4. Instalment operation, calibration, maintenance, b. Wilderness survival
and packing. c. Communications
5. Limnology principles and/or stream hydrology d. Defensive driving; 4-wheel drive training
and hydrologic measurements. e. Water safety
6. Site reconnaissance. f. Helicopter safety
Theory and rationale for each rule and procedure should be covered in detail; a basic review
of limnological principles is recommended. A typical training schedule should include one day of
orientation, including explanation of rules and an overview of operations. >\nother day should be
devoted to each method or procedure, including general field procedures such as boat launching.
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Training should include lectures, a demonstration of procedures, question and answer sessions,
and hands-on sampling practice. At the conclusion of training, a written test is recommended. The
training period also permits assessment of potential sampling teams with complementary skills.
Safety training should include defensive and 4-wheel driving, water and boating safety,
advanced first aid, CPR, and survival skills. Specialized safety training is recommended for
helicopter sampling. A complete physical examination is recommended; complete medical
surveillance may be needed if hazardous materials are used.
For projects conducted in wilderness areas, training in orienteering is important. Map reading
skills are vital for field samplers. At least one full day should be devoted to orienteering skills, with
subsequent practice and testing.
3.8.2 FieldSafety
The AERP studies have an excellent safety record, with no on-site injuries. This record is due
primarily to the safety precautions included in each project and the emphasis placed on safety
throughout training and operations. In addition to the safety training mentioned above, field
samplers also should be provided with or required to have protective clothing and sturdy boots.
Each team should have a first aid kit with the contents listed in Table 3-3. Table 3-4 lists protective
gear that should be provided for each sampling team.
Tablo 3-3. Contents of a First Aid Kit for Field Operation*
1. Small gauze pads (4)
2. Large gauze pad (1)
3. Large muslin bandages (2)
4. Adhesive bandages (16)
5. Eye dressing unit (1)
6. Antiseptic unit of providone Iodine (1)
7. Roll of 2-Inch wide elastic bandage (1)
8. Roll of adhesive tape (1)
9. Ophthalmic irrigation solution
10. Aspirin tablets
11. Forceps
12. Scissors
13. Medihaler-Epi (for acute asthma attacks)
14. Chlor-Amine tablets (for allergic reaction)
15. Instructions for, using the above items.
Tablo 3-4. Protective Gear Required for Each Sampling Team
1. Tent
2. Rain shelter
3. Sleeping bags and pads
4. Backpacker stove
5. Headlamp
6. Flashlight
7. Backpacker lantern
8. Emergency food rations
9. Survival saw
10. Thermal blanket
11. Compass
12. Safety line
13. Waders
14. Waterproof matches.
As a safety precaution during AERP studies, sampling teams filled out an itinerary (Appendix
A, Figure A-3) for each sampling day. The itinerary contained proposed routes and schedules,
descriptions of samplers' clothing, vehicle identification, and scheduled check-in times. The base
and logistics coordinators reviewed each itinerary during the morning briefing and received check-
in phone calls from the samplers. Missing a check-in call resulted in initiation of search and rescue
activities.
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With the exception of helicopter sampling, field operations involve extensive driving. Potential
hazards involving motor vehicles include accidents and mechanical problems. Samplers should be
alert when driving and try to avoid these problems. Before driving, samplers should get plenty of
rest, avoid medication that causes drowsiness, and file an itinerary form with the base coordinator.
Daily travel should be limited to a maximum of 400 miles between two drivers. Table 3-5 lists the
maintenance and safety equipment that should be stored in the vehicle.
Table 3-5. Vehicle Maintenance and Safety Equipment
Maintenance Equipment Safety Equipment
Spare tire Warning triangle or flares
Lug wrench First aid kit
Jack and handler Fire extinguisher
Jumper cables Survival rations
Jj?0' kit Spare change of clothes for «ach person
Tire gauge Shovel H
Spare fuses Axe or saw
3.9 Communications
• -,• Communications are vital to any successful field project. In projects involving numerous
individuals, it is helpful to have an established chain-of-command so that all participants are
aware of their duties and the limitations of each person's authority.
The first level of communications is among the personnel at the base site itself Contacts
should be made with landowners several days prior to sampling to verify previously obtained
written permissions and to make arrangements for any obstacles (e.g., locked gates) Daily pre-
and postsamplmg debriefing sessions are also important to resolve problems, address questions
and issues, and discuss any proposed changes in protocols or schedules. When preparing to
relocate the base site, it is also helpful to reconfirm all arrangements made for the next site
Schedule changes necessitated by weather or other variables should also be conveyed to all
affected parties. y
The second level of communications is among base sites. One effective mechanism is a
regularly scheduled conference call among base site coordinators. Conference call topics might
include problem solving, discussion of protocol changes, supply needs, and discussion of schedule
changes.
During NSWS, a centralized communications center provided coordination of all aspects of
operations and served as a "clearing house" for all information. As many as six base sites a
processing laboratory, several analytical laboratories, a supplier of audit samples, a sample
management office, a quality assurance group, a central warehouse, and multiple levels of
management were involved simultaneously in various phases of NSWS.
The base site coordinators were required to contact the communications center twice daily
after sampling teams departed in the morning and after samples were shipped in the evening'
The processing laboratory also reported to the communications center twice daily after field
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samples were logged in and after processed samples were shipped. Analytical laboratories
contacted the communications center each day after sample receipt and log-in. In this way, the
communications center was able to provide complete sample tracking on a real-time basis so that
errors in identification were quickly resolved and samples that were lost or destroyed could be
collected again before the base site was relocated. The communications center also handled
requests for supplies and relayed the information to the processing laboratory and warehouse.
Additionally, the communications center participated in conference calls among base sites and
weekly management conference calls. Communications center personnel informed all parties of
day-to-day progress and any potential problems. The communications center also maintained
documentation on all calls, shipments, and samples. Copies of the forms kept by the
communications center are contained in Appendix A, Figures A-4 and A-5.
3.10 Pilot Surveys
The purpose of a pilot survey is to test the logistics plan, equipment, and protocols prior to
implementation of the full survey. Pilot surveys are recommended for large and expensive
programs, state-of-the-art measurements, or programs in which personnel safety issues must be
assessed before involving numerous people. In order to be useful, the pilot survey should employ
all plans for the full-scale project, including the same organizational positions, access mechanisms,
communications network, equipment, and protocols.
3.11 References
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1987. Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition
Studies: Laboratory Analyses for Surface Water Chemistry. EPA 600/4-87/026. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. 342 pp.
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4.O Lake Sampling Operations-Boats
4.1 Overview
Boats were used during the Eastern Lake Survey-Phase II (ELS-II) spring, summer, and fall
wfo IS£y. SUfVeyS 'I 1986' Boats were also used to samP'e lakes in wilderness areas during the
w/-S-Th's section describes lake access Planning, sampling activities, and safety considerations
related boat operations.
4.2 Planning
Planning should begin well in advance of a major survey. Objectives of the project should be
clearly stated and a thorough quality assurance plan should be specified. A detailed discussion
of planning considerations is contained in Section 3.0.
4.2.1 Sampling Teams
During NSWS, each boat team, consisting of two scientists, collected samples from an
average of 1.5 lakes per day. During each of the ELS-II seasonal studies,, 5 boat teams and 2
the^PH P %a"lS Su^pled, aPProximate|y 150 lakes in a one-month period (samplers worked Monday
through Friday). Helicopter teams are discussed in Section 5.0.
^iior.?n^P"n9 ?ean?sare. responsible for loading the vehicle, checking sampling equipment
collecting samples following prescribed protocols, and transferring the samples to the base
coordinator upon arrival at the base site. Section 4.3 lists on-site duties of the sampling team and
Section 4.4 describes sampling team field operations in detail.
4.2.2 Equipment
nmviHoH^'l? '?*« °1°°m"tor^f n^ded equipment for collecting water samples from a boat is
provided in Table 4-1. This list should be checked daily during field operations to ensure that all
equipment is packed prior to departure to the lake site. Inventories of consumable items should
be monitored daily and replenished as needed.
• * When possible, spare parts and equipment should be maintained at the base site and carried
into the field to minimize wasted time caused by malfunctioning equipment. The sampler should
notity tne team leader of any equipment malfunction immediately.
4.2.3 Lake Access
Written permission for lake access should be obtained prior to initiation of sampling Copies
of access agreements should be maintained at the base site in packets containing maps and data
forms; other copies should be carried into the field to aid in mitigating possible access disputes
Base coordinators should inform private landowners of the actual sampling date at least 24 hours'
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prior to arrival. The sampling team is responsible for maintaining good public relations in the field.
Under no circumstances should a vehicle be driven into an area where motorized vehicles *"*
prohibited. Section 3.2. discusses the procedure for obtaining access.
are
T«bl« 4-1. FIttd Sampling Check List for Sampling Water From Boats
I. Regular sampling
A. Hydrolab Gear:
1 - Hydrolab Surveyor II sonde unit with
storage cup or equivalent
1 - Calibration cup with cover
1 - Circulator assembly with cage and weights
1 - 50-meter cable
1 - Display unit
2 - Batteries
1 - 60-quart hard cooler
1 - Maintenance kit
1 - Moisture retardant spray
3 - Calibration solutions:
HaSO, (0.0001N)
147 pS/cm KCI
delonized water
B. Water Sample Collection Gear:
1 - Secchi disk with sounding line weight
2 - Van Dom samplers with messengers,
syringe fitting
* - Sample kits (Cubitainers, syringes, labels)
* - Soft coolers
* - Frozen gel packs
* - Syringe valves
* - Syringe protective cases (1 per sample)
* - Lake data forms
* - Delonized water for rinsing
* - Detonlzed water for blanks (when applicable)
* - Latex surgical gloves
C. Miscellaneous Equipment:
1 - Clipboard
2 - Waterproof markers
2 - Pens
2 - Pencils
1 - Field thermometer
1 - Field notebook
C. Miscellaneous Equipment (continued):
1 - Safety kit
1 - First aid kit
1 - Strapping tape
1 - Knife
1 - Tool kit
* - Topographic maps
* - Calibration forms
* - Kimwipes (box)
1 - Flashlight
2 - Head net
2 - Insect repellant
* - Waterproof matches
* - Drinking water
* - Sunscreen
* - Maps
* - Emergency phone numbers
* - Sealable plastic bags
* - Identification
II. Remote Sampling
1 - CO2 tank
1 - CO2 regulator with Tygon tubing and airstone
1 - Barometer/altimeter
1 - Calculator
1 - NBS-traceable thermometer
2 - Extra batteries with chargers
1 - Ring stand
1 - Ring stand clamp
* - Kimwipes (box)
1 - pH 4.00 buffer (5 gal)
1 - pH 7.00 buffer (5 gal)
1 - KCI (3 Molar)
* - Deionized water
* - Lake data forms
* - Calibration forms
* - Field communication sheets
* - Contact sheets
* - Shipping coolers
* Will vary according to sample load.
4.2.4 Training
All personnel should have a thorough understanding of survey procedures and protocols prior
to the implementation of field activities. Training should include lectures on survey objectives,
Instructions on safety and first aid, and several practice sampling runs. Personnel should discuss
any new problems, questions, and concerns that may develop during these training sessions.
Training is discussed in Section 3.8.
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4.3 Field Personnel
Field personnel at each base site include a base coordinator and at least one boat sampling
team. The sampling team consists of two samplers. The duties of the base coordinator are dis-
cussed in detail in Section 3.5.1.1. The on-site sampling duties of the sampling team are shown
in Table 4-2.
4.4 Field Operations
The following discussion of methods for field operations is drawn from lake sampling
activities during the spring, summer, and fall seasonal periods for ELS-II. Additional specialized
seasonal sampling activities may include collecting a sample for nitrate/sulfate analysis, anoxic iron
and manganese, chlorophyll or samples, and zooplankton samples. These activities are described
in sections 14.0 through 17.0.
In all of the sampling periods, one sample is taken from the deepest part of the lake. This
sample includes four syringes and one 4-L Cubitainer. Duplicate samples and field blanks are also
collected.
Complete temperature and conductivity profiles should be taken if the lake is stratified.
Secchi disk measurements should be taken before completion of the profile. Standard operating
procedures should be separated into predeparture, en route, arrival at sampling site, onshore, and
postsampling activities. Each component is described in this section. The sequence of operations
during each activity is outlined in Table 4-2.
4.4.1 Predeparture Activities
Prior to departure from the base site, Sampler #1 calibrates the Hydrolab and performs a
quality control check. Specific procedures for Hydrolab calibration are given in Section 7.1.2.
Sampler #2 loads the equipment and supplies. Meters, probes, and other sampling gear should
be packed so as to minimize physical shock and vibration during transport. Sample containers
(Cubitainers, syringes) are prepackaged into kits for each lake to minimize contamination potential.
Additional kits for assigned quality assurance samples and an extra kit for spare supplies should
be packed also. Two 4-L Cubitainers of deionized water are required for each field blank to be
collected.
The sampling team must set a sampling itinerary prior to departure (see Appendix A, Figure
A-3). This itinerary should include departure time, estimated duration of excursion, proposed call-in
schedule, route of travel, location of any overnight stops, and the estimated time of arrival at the
final destination (base site or other designated sample pick-up point). The base coordinator
initiates search and rescue measures if samplers miss designated call-in times.
4.4.2 Arrival Activities
Upon arrival at the designated lake, the sampling crew should verify the proper identification
of the lake. This can be accomplished by (1) comparing the lake shape to that shown on a USGS
7.5-minute map, (2) confirming the lake position relative to topographic features shown on the
map.or (3) receiving assistance from a local person familiar with the area.
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TabU 4-2. Dutl»» of Boat Sampling T«am»
Duties
Sampler No. 1
Sampler No.2
Prodoparture:
-calibrates Hydrolab
-inspects batteries
En Route to Lake:
Arrival at Lake:
At Sampling Site:
-drives to site
-verifies correct sampling site
-performs field quality control check
sample on Hydrolab
-navigates to sampling site
-determines anchor drop
-records data
-records meteorological site informa-
tion
-determines Secchi disk transparency
-equilibrates sonde unit
-lowers sonde unit through water
column
-attaches valves, neck labels, clear-
air bubbles
-place samples on gel packs
-performs final review of maps and
access routes
-completes field itineraries
-reviews equipment checklist
-loads vehicle and boat for travel
(tires, keel, pressure, electrical con-
nections, tie down, motor position,
etc.)
-navigates (furthest lake first)
-fills out field notebook (mileage,
notes)
-checks boat safety
-loads equipment into boat
-pilots boat
-operates display unit
-determines lake strata depths
-organizes sample kits
-prepares Cubitainers, syringe labels
-drops Van Dorn sampler to 1.5 m
-fills syringes and Cubitainers
-prepares Van Dorn sampler for sam-
ple collection (runs blank, if needed)
-gives aliquots to Sampler #1
REPEAT SAMPLE COLLECTION PROCEDURES FOR DUPLICATES
Proceed to Next Lake or Base Site:
Back at Base Site:
-transfers samples to hard cooler
-unloads boat
SECURE BOAT AND VEHICLE FOR TRAVEL
-drives
-helps unload boat
-performs Hydrolab QC check
-reviews forms for transcription
errors
-transfers data forms to base
coordinator
-navigates
-transcribes data and access infor-
mation
-prepares samples for transfer to
base coordinator
-completes lake data forms
After the lake is positively identified, the site description portion of the Lake Data Form
(Appendix A, Figure A-6) should be completed. The method of verification should be documented
in the "Comments" section of the data form.
NOTE: If weather conditions are unsafe, sampling should be suspended. Sampling can be done
in a light rain, with the sampling personnel protecting the sample from rain contamination.
No insect repellant or other contaminant should be on the hands of the sampling crew. Dis-
posable, nonpowdered latex gloves should be worn while sampling.
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The sampling crew travels by boat to the designated location (e.g., the deepest part of the
lake) marked on the lake sketch. If conditions permit (lack of wind, shallow water), the boat
should not be anchored. If the position cannot be maintained at the sampling location, the boat
should be anchored at a location well upwind of the sampling location. The boat should then be
permitted to drift over the sampling site, and the anchor line should be secured.
4.4.3 Activities At Sampling Site
After the boat is secured, the site depth should be measured. The site depth is determined
by lowering a Secchi disk on a calibrated line into the water. The site depth should be printed on
the data form. The second measurement to be taken should be the Secchi disk transparency
determination (Section 11.0). This measurement should be made in the shade of the boat; the
sampler must not wear sunglasses. The Secchi disk is slowly lowered on a marked line until it
disappears from view; this depth should be recorded on the data form. Then the disk is raised
slowly until it just reappears; this depth is recorded on the data form also. The Secchi disk
transparency, calculated later, is the average of the two recorded depths.
Stratification status is determined next. The Hydrolab should be allowed to equilibrate in the
lake for approximately five minutes. Then temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity
should be measured at 1.5 meters (m) below the lake surface and at 1.5 m above the lake bottom.
If the temperature between these two depths is greater than 4 °C, the Hydrolab should be raised
to 0.6 of the site depth and temperature, pH, DO, and conductivity should be measured again. If
there is still a greater than 4 *C difference between the 1.5 m depth and the 60 percent lake depth,
the lake is considered to be stratified and a vertical profile of temperature and conductivity should
be made. Specific measurement depth intervals and profiling procedures are discussed in
Section 7.0.
After the stratification profile is completed, the blank sample, routine sample, and duplicate
sample should be collected with a Van Dorn sampler as described in Section 12.0. Four syringes
(one for DIG, one for pH, and two for monomeric aluminum analyses) and one Cubitainer should
be filled from this sample. Blank samples and duplicate samples also should be collected through
the Van Dorn sampler. A duplicate sample is a second sample collected immediately after the
routine sample. When collecting a blank sample, the Van Dorn sampler should be rinsed with three
separate 200-milliliter (mL) volumes of deionized water, then filled with deionized water and sealed.
Two syringes (for monomeric aluminum analyses) and one Cubitainer should tie collected from this
sample. Specific operating procedures for the Van Dorn sampler and for sample collection
procedures should be covered thoroughly during training.
When finished with measurements and collection procedures, the boat team must:
1. Coil all lines and cables neatly, avoiding kinks in the cable.
2. Rinse the Hydrolab sonde with lake water and replace the storage cup filled with tap or
lake water for transport.
3. Empty the Van Dorn sampler of excess water and secure it for travel.
4. Replace and secure all gear.
5. Leave Hydrolab cables connected unless absolutely necessary to disconnect. (Connections
should be relubricated weekly to ensure that leakage does not occur.)
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Before the team leaves the lake site, Sampler #1 should verify that all forms and labels have
been properly completed and that all required samples and parameters have been taken or
measured.
4.4.4 Onshore Activities
Samples should be stored at 4 "C to minimize biological or chemical changes in the sample
until they are delivered to the laboratory. After the sampling procedures have been completed, the
boat is returned to shore. Onshore, the syringe valves are checked to be sure they are closed and
that no airspace exists in the syringes. The syringes should be placed into a holding container (a
food storage container of suitable size was used on all NSWS surveys) to minimize disturbance
and possible leakage. A 30-quart ice chest can be lined with frozen gel packs enclosed in scalable
plastic bags. The Cubitainers should be placed in the center of the ice chest, and the syringe con-
tainer should be placed on top of the Cubitainers. If possible, all samples collected from an
individual lake should be packed in the same ice chest.
All information in the field logbook should be transcribed to the proper forms by Sampler #2.
Sampler #1 should check all transcribed information for potential errors. The completed forms
should be enclosed in a scalable plastic bag for transport.
4.4.5 Postsampling Activities
At the base site, the ice chests and forms should be transferred to the base coordinator who
prepares the samples for shipment. Sampler #1 postcalibrates the Hydrolab (Section 7.0), and
Sampler #2 completes the necessary forms.
4.5 Boat Safety
There are several safety precautions related to the use of boats.
NOTE: See Section 3.8.2 for additional safety discussion.
4.5.1 Boat Trailer Hauling
When preparing to haul a, boat from one location to another, the following instructions should
be followed:
1. Lower trailer tongue onto ball, making sure the tongue seats properly on the ball. Then
fasten the safety latch or bolt. If this is difficult, the ball and tongue may not be joined
properly.
2. Plug in the connector for the trailer brake lights and turn signals. Have an observer stand
behind the vehicle while the driver applies the brakes and turn signals to assure all lights
are in working order. When launching the boat from a boat ramp, be sure to unplug this
connector before the trailer goes in the water.
3. Connect safety chains; allow for proper slack.
4. Double check all connections and lights. Inspect these connections frequently during
transport.
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4.5.2 Towing Precautions
Safety precautions related to towing the trailer and boat include the following:
1. Do not load too much weight or load weight unevenly into the boat. A capacity label on
the trailer lists the gross trailer weight. No more than 10 to 15 percent of the total weight
of the trailer should be distributed as the tongue weight (most heavy gear carried in the
trailer should be placed over or near the trailer axle).
2. Be careful when backing up. Use an observer for guidance if the line of sight is obscured.
3. Reduce speed accordingly when approaching dips, bumps, or generally rough road.
4. Be particularly careful when driving in bad weather such as wind, snow, rain, or ice. If
the trailer starts to "fishtail," let up on the gas but do not apply the brakes.
5. When being passed by large vehicles, maintain speed or accelerate slightly to keep trailer
sway to a minimum.
6. Check trailer tires daily. Underinflation is a common problem. Occasionally check the
warmth of the trailer hubs when on long drives. If they are hot to the touch, the grease
in the wheel bearings may be low.
4.5.3 Boating Precautions
When actually making use of a boat on a body of water, observe the following precautions:
1. Distribute the load evenly and maintain a low center of gravity within the boat.
2. There should be a personal flotation device in the boat for each person. Wear this at all
times when in the boat.
3. Make sure a fire extinguisher is in each boat.
4. If lightning occurs, return to vehicle or take shelter. Also, head for shore if heavy winds
or rough water are interfering with safe boating.
5. If the boat becomes swamped, remain with the boat. If the water iis cold, try to get as
much of your body out of the water (by propping yourself up on the boat) as possible.
Water conducts heat away from the body 25 times faster than air.
NOTE: Boating safety should be an integral part of training.
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5.0 Lake Sampling Operations—Helicopters
5.1 Overview
For sampling lakes in remote areas of the United States, AERP surveys! have relied on heli-
copters to gain access and to serve as sampling platforms. The ability to sample a large number
of lakes makes the use of helicopters advantageous when the sampling window is of relatively
short duration. This section describes lake access planning, sampling logistics, and safety
considerations necessary for helicopter operations. The procedures described are similar to those
used during ELS and WLS.
5.2 Planning
Planning should begin well in advance of a major survey. Objectives of the project should
be clearly stated and a thorough QA plan specified. A detailed discussion of planning considera-
tions is contained in Section 3.0.
5.2.1 Sampling Teams
During ELS and WLS, helicopter teams, which consisted of the pilot and two scientists (an
observer and a sampler) collected samples from an average of six lakes per day. During ELS-I, 7
helicopter teams sampled 1,612 lakes in a 2-month period. During WLS, 5 helicopter teams, along
with several boat teams, collected samples from 757 lakes in mountainous terrain in a 2-month
period.
Sampling teams supported by a ground crew person, are responsible for loading the
helicopter, checking sampling equipment, collecting samples following prescribed protocols, and
transfering samples to the ground crew member when the teams arrive at the airport. Their
activities are controlled by a duty officer or base coordinator, and, when in the helicopter, by the
pilot. Duties of the sampling team are separated into preflight, in-flight, on-lake, and postflight
activities. Section 5.4 describes these duties. Duties are performed in accordance with approved
methodology and QA and QC plans.
5.2.2 Equipment
Helicopter sampling teams should have the same basic equipment requirements as boat
sampling teams. Three additional items can be used to verify lake location, document the lake
sampled, and determine site depth. A LORAN C latitude/longitude locater, a 35mm camera, and a
depth finder are recommended, but are not essential for most sampling operations. Additional
safety equipment is required also. Field checklists (Table 5-1) should be used daily to ensure that
all equipment is packed prior to departure to the lake site.
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Table 5-1. Field Sampling Check List for Helicopter Sampling
I. Regular Sampling
A. Hydrolab Gear:
1 - Hydrolab Surveyor II sonde unit with storage
cup or equivalent
1 - Calibration cup with cover
1 - Circulator assembly with cage and weights
1 - 50-meter cable
1 - Display unit
2 - Batteries
1 - 60-quart hard cooler
1 - Maintenance kit
1 - Moisture retardant spray
3 - Calibration solutions:
HjSO, (0.0001N)
147 A/S/cm KCI
deionlzed water
B. Water Sample Collection Gear:
1 - Secchi disk with sounding line weight
2 - Van Dorn samplers with messengers, syringe
fitting
* - Sample kits (Cubitainers, syringes, labels)
* - Soft coolers
* - Frozen gel packs
* - Syringe valves
* - Syringe protective cases (one per sample)
* - Lake data forms
* - Deionized water for rinsing
* - Deionlzed water for blanks (when applicable)
* - Latex surgical gloves
C. Miscellaneous Equipment:
1 - Clipboard
2 - Waterproof markers
2 - Pens
C. Miscellaneous Equipment (continued)
2 - Pencils
1 - Field thermometer
1 - Field notebook
1 - Safety kit
1 - First aid kit
1 - Duct tape
1 - Strapping tape
1 - Knife
1 - Tool kit
* - Topographic maps
* - Calibration forms
* - Kimwipes (box)
1 - Flashlight
2 - Head net
2 - Insect repellant
- Waterproof matches
- Drinking water
- Sunscreen
- Maps
- Emergency phone numbers
- Scalable plastic bags
- Identification
II. Additional Helicopter Equipment
2 - Helmets with communications connectors
2 - Life vests
2 - Flight suits (Nomex)
2 - Gloves (Nomex or neoprene mittens and
cotton work gloves (optional))
1 - Safety harness
1 - Tether line (10 feet)
2 - Carabiners
2 - Sleeping bags
2 - Change of clothing appropriate for weather
and terrain
* Will vary according to sample load.
5.2.3 Lake Access
Written permission for lake access should be obtained prior to initiation of sampling.
Procedures for obtaining lake access are discussed in Section 3.2.
5.2.4 Training
•
In addition to thorough training in survey procedures and protocols (see Section 3.8), all
personnel flying in helicopters must have received proper flight safety training in classroom and on
on-site programs. Helicopter training includes a study of flight safety and practice with individual
sampling devices. One or two practice runs are recommended to ensure proper sampling
procedures are followed. After practice sessions, all personnel involved with the program should
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discuss any new problems, questions, and concerns that may develop during training sessions.
Helicopter safety is discussed briefly in Section 5.5 and in detail in Appendix B.
5.3 Field Personnel
Field personnel at each base site should include a base coordinator, a ground crew mem-
ber, and at least one helicopter sampling team. If there is only one helicopter sampling team, the
base coordinator may assume the additional responsibilities of the ground crew member. The
sampling team consists of the pilot and two scientists, the observer and the sampler. The duties
of field personnel, including those in specialized base site positions, are discussed in Section 3.5.
This section briefly describes the on-site sampling duties of the sampling team.
Sampling team duties should be divided between the observer and the sampler. The ob-
server sits in the front of the aircraft and is responsible for final identification of the lake and
recording of field data on the lake data form (Appendix A, Figure A-6). The sampler, stationed in
the rear of the helicopter, collects the samples and makes the necessary field measurements
following established protocols. Both crew members should assist the pilot in locating potentially
hazardous conditions (e.g., other aircraft, power lines, boats) throughout the flight. Personnel may
rotate between sampling and ground crew duties to reduce boredom and faitigue.
The sampling team checks and loads gear in the morning and transfers samples to the
ground crew member in the afternoon. Figure 5-1 illustrates helicopter sampling team activities.
Section 5.4 describes field operations of the helicopter sampling team.
5.4 Field Operations
Standard operating procedures should be separated into preflight, in-flight, sampling, and
postflight activities. Each component is described in this section. The sequence of operations
during each activity is depicted in Figure 5-1.
5.4.1 Preflight Activities
In preparation for a day of sampling, each helicopter sampling team:
1. Receives calibrated equipment and supplies from the ground crew member and verifies
completeness against the equipment check list (Table 5-1).
2. Loads equipment into the helicopter under supervision of the pilot to assure proper
weight distribution. The observer is responsible for determining that all equipment and
supplies are on board and in good repair.
3. Reports accurate weight of field sampling personnel and equipment to pilot.
4. Reports any changes in load weight to the pilot.
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HELICOPTER SAMPLING TEAM ACTIVITIES
PREDEPARTURE ACTIVITIES AT BASE SITE
I
1. Calibration of .equipment by Ground Crew Member
2. Check list of equipment and supplies
3. Load aircraft
4. Check list of lakes to be sampled, and confirm location
on maps
5. File flight plan with Base Coordinator
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
t
Aid in' navigation and aircraft observation
Verify lake identification
Record site description - watershed disturbances
Photograph lap card and two aerial photographs - note
azimuths
Locate suspected deepest portion of lake
I
SAMPLING SITE ACTIVITIES
*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Locate acceptable site with depth sounder and record
lake depth
Determine Secchi disk transparency
Set buoy for site positioning
Profile conductivity, pH and temperature .with Hydrolab
If necessary, prepare blank sample
Collect sample from 1.5 m with Van Dorn
Obtain DIG and pH syringe samples
Transfer remaining sample to 4-liter container
If necessary, prepare a duplicate sample
Verify that forms and labels are correct and complete
Store samples and equipment for flight
Depart from lake
t
LAST LAKE OF EXCURSION?
YES
RETURN TO BASE SITE
t
Unload samples and equipment
Check calibration on Hydrolab- record on lake data form
File lake data forms with Ground Crew Member
Attend debriefing with Base Coordinator or Duty Officer
Plan and prepare for next day's sampling
Flgur* 5-1. Flowchart for helicopter sampling team activities.
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5.4.2 In-flight Activities
Upon departure from the field base site, the observer assists in navigation, using maps and
aerial photographs. Upon arrival at the lake, the observer confirms the lake's identification and
after sampling directs the pilot to the next lake to be sampled.
If the observer verifies the lake in question is the proper lake to be sampled, he conveys
this message to the pilot and enters site description information on the lake data form. The pilot
has the ultimate decision-making power and responsibility for determining suitable conditions for
landing. His judgment is based on such considerations as weather conditions, amount of fuel
remaining, and physical hazards.
Upon approach to the confirmed lake, three photographs should be taken and the frames
are noted on the lake data form. The first photograph should be the "lap card" to record
information about the lake on film. The principal reason for photographing the lake is to confirm
that the lake sampled is the correct one. Therefore, the lake morphology is of prime interest. As
the pilot circles the lake, two photographs should be taken to document the shape of the lake.
5.4.3 On-lake Activities
After the lake is identified and photographed, there are a number of activities required to
complete the sampling tasks. Instructions for the sampling crew would include the following:
1. Locate the deepest (approximate) portion of the lake, record the depth, and mark it on
the lake sketch. Do not spend more than 5 to 10 minutes on this task. Use general
topography and lake morphology as a guide to direct the pilot to expected deep areas.
The pilot, through use of a depth sounder, will taxi until a deep area acceptable to the
team observer is located. A preferred site is one with a relatively smooth contour so
that sondes and sounding lines are not snagged.
If the lake is multilobed or dendritic and the location of the best sampling spot is
uncertain, the observer selects the best location, keeping in mind that a representative
sample is the ultimate objective. In the case of a multilobed or dendritic lake, the
largest, deepest, and most downstream section should be selected. Influences from
major inflows or localized watershed disturbances (e.g., erosion, clear cuttina) should be
avoided.
2. Set a buoy for site positioning by the pilot. Lower weighted line to the bottom and tie
off a line at the buoy. The helicopter may position itself approximately 10 to 20 meters
away for the best pilot vantage point; alternately, the helicopter may be positioned with
the buoy between the pontoons or with the buoy immediately in front of the helicopter
The pilot maintains the sampling position by visual contact with the buoy and by
constant readout from the electronic depth sounder. The observer then converts site
depth to meters. This aids the sampler in avoiding the bottom with the Hydrolab sonde
when monitoring the bottom minus 1.5 m. The Hydrolab cable should be marked in 1-m
increments.
3. Determine Secchi disk transparency as described in Section 11.0.
4. Take Hydrolab measurements to establish presence or absence of lake stratification as
well as to characterize the lake limnologically. Refer to Section 7.0 for operation of the
Hydrolab unit.
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5. Collect field blank sample, routine sample, and duplicate sample with the Van Dorn sam-
pler as described in Section 12.0.
a. If the lake is less than 3 m deep, try to obtain a clean (debris-free) sample from 1.5-
44 m with the Van Dorn sampler.
b. If a clean sample cannot be obtained from 1.5 m, rinse the sampler and lower it to
1.0m.
NOTE: Approximately 0.9 m of depth is required to allow for clearance of the stop-
pers when triggered to avoid entrapment of air or bottom debris.
6. Prepare to leave the lake when finished with measurements and collection procedures.
The helicopter team must:
a. Coil all lines and cables neatly, avoiding kinks in the cable.
b. Replace the Hydrolab sonde storage cup filled with tap or lake water for transport.
c. Empty the Van Dorn sampler of excess water, close all valves, and secure it for travel.
d. Replace and secure all gear.
e. Do not disconnect Hydrolab cables unless absolutely necessary. Periodic (once a
week) relubrication of connections will assure that leakage does not occur.
7. Verify (the observer) that all forms and labels are properly completed and that all required
samples and parameters have been taken or measured before the team leaves the lake
site.
5.4.4 PostiTight Activities
After leaving the lake, instructions for the sampling team include the following activities:
1. Transfer samples and forms (verified and signed by the observer) to the ground crew
member upon arrival at the airfield.
2. Report any problems with equipment or samples to the ground crew member who will
notify the base coordinator and the duty officer, as appropriate. Document all equipment
problems and corrective actions.
3. Brief the duty officer and base coordinator on the day's activities and report any
problems or suggestions.
4. Review the next day's sampling plan.
5.4.5 Flight Operations
Helicopter pilots must file required Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) flight plans and
safety plans. The pilots then proceed to their aircraft and prepare for takeoff. A typical flight day,
weather permitting, may be from 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. At each refueling stop, the pilot or crew
member reports to FAA Flight Services and to a field communications center. In the event that an
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»rH0«-rdUe+' ^-C^an,d reS,CUe is initiated aut°matically by FAA Flight Services 30 minutes
loci FM HtaK Svicel ^^-1^ • ™* d^ °ffiCer then mai"tains contact with S
to the pilots ervices- The FAA Fl'9ht Services number should be on the forms provided daily
5.5 Helicopter Safety-General Safety Precautions
mUSt C0m£ly with the applicable general safety rules for aerial
r es prescribed by federal and state standards, and, if Office of
Aircraft Services (OAS) helicopters are used, by OAS standards.
2'
Sor^^^K6!136'50""!].8^111 be allowed to board the helicopters. Authorization is
determined by base coordinators and, ultimately, by the pilot.
3' fo^araund^pw^mh *** 39Ty prOVideS Safety trainin9' ™8 trainin9 is mandatory
include members, sampl.ng teams, and alternate samplers. Training should
a. An audio-visual presentation on helicopter safety and ditching survival.
b. A lecture by a trained individual on helicopter safety and personal protective
equipment and a general orientation on helicopter capabilities and limitations.
4. The pilot is responsible for the safety of the helicopter and passengers at all times.
NOTE: Appendix B provides detailed safety instructions for helicopter operations.
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6.0 Stream Sampling Operations
6.1 Overview
The sampling program described in this section is patterned after the one used during Phase
I of the NSS. In that survey, more than 450 stream reaches were sampled -A\ both an upstream
and a downstream location during the spring baseflow period. The locations at which streams
were sampled were chosen on a statistical basis, without regard to accessibility. Consequently,
many streams were difficult to locate and sample. Because helicopters were not suitable for
accessing low order streams, samplers drove 4-wheel drive vehicles as close to stream sites as
possible and hiked in with supplies and backpacked out with samples.
6.2 Planning
Planning should begin well in advance of a major survey. Objectives of the project should be
clearly stated and a thorough QA plan specified. A detailed discussion of planning considerations
is contained in Section 3.0.
6.2.1 Sampling Teams
Sampling teams of two people increase safety and assure that all necessary equipment can
be transported. r
Experience gained during NSS-I indicates that one two-person team can collect samples
from an average of seven streams (at both an upstream and downstream location) during the
course of a 5-day work week. For these surveys, it was assumed that samplers can reach streams
within a 50-mile radius of the base site.
Sampling teams should be responsible for loading the vehicle, checking sampling equipment
collecting samples following prescribed protocols, and transferring the samples to the base coor-
dinator upon arrival at the base site. Duties of the sampling team are outlined in Section 6 3
Section 6.4 describes field operations in detail for collecting samples from streams.
6.2.2 Equipment
Table 6-1 lists recommended equipment and supplies for obtaining water samples from
streams. Sampling teams should check this list each day prior to sampling activities.
6.2.3 Stream Access
Written permission to sample should be obtained from the owner of the* stream site to be
sampled and from owners of property which must be crossed in order to access the water body
(see Section 3.2). Base coordinators should inform private landowners of the actual sampling
date at least 24 hours before arrival. Under no circumstances should a vehicle be driven into an
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T*bl« 6-1. Flold Sampling Checklist for Stream Sampling
I. Regular Sampling
A. pH Measurement
1 - pH meter/case
2 - Electrodes
1 - ATC probe
3 - 250-mL beakers
2 - pH 7.00 buffer (250 mL bottle)
2 - pH 4.00 buffer (250 mL bottle)
2 - H,SO4 solution 0.0001N (250 mL bottle)
1 - Efectrode filling solution
1 - Instruction manual
1 - Stopwatch
2 - Extra batteries
B. Conductivity
1 - Meter and case
2 - Extra batteries
1 - Probe and storage bottle
2 - 74 pS QCCS (250 mL bottle)
1 - Instruction manual
C. Dissolved Oxygen
1 - Meter and case
2 - Extra batteries
1 - Probe and bottle
1 - Calibration chamber
1 - Membrane kit/filling solution
1 - Instruction manual
D. Team Gear
* - Stream Information packets
* - Maps
1 - Field logbook
* - Forms
1 - Pump
2 - Batteries and cable
* - Sample kits (Cubitainers, syringes, labels)
* - Syringe protective cases
*.- Sampling boom
* - Extra sample labels
* - Scalable plastic bags
2 - Pens, pencils, marker
1 - Surveyor's tape
* - Deionized water for blanks (when applicable)
D. Team Gear (continued)
* - Deionized water for rinsing
1 - Calculator
* - Portable cooler
* - Large cooler
* - Frozen gel packs
* - Latex surgical gloves
1 - Kimwipes (box)
1 - Camera, film, batteries
1 - Clipboard
1 - Compass
1 - Knife
1 - Correction factor tables
1 - Staff gauge
1 - Steel rod
1 - Mallet
1 - Flow meter, batteries
2 - Waders
1 - Tarp
* - Ductape
- Strapping tape
- Emergency phone numbers
- Sunscreen
- Drinking water
- Insect repellant
E. Personal Gear (per person)
1 - Rain gear (coat and pants)
1 - Snake guards or gaiters
1 - Flashlight
1 - Nylon line
1 - Space blanket
1 - First aid kit
1 - Emergency rations
* - Matches (waterproofed)
II. Additional Vehicle Equipment
1 - Spare tire, lug wrench, jack
1 - Jumper cables
1 - Tool kit
2 - Spare fuses
2 - Flares
1 - Fire extinguisher
1 - Axe/machete
1 - Shovel
1 - First aid kit
1 - Spare keys/magnetic case
Will vary according to sample load.
area where motor vehicles are prohibited. The sampling team should be responsible for main-
taining good public relations in the field.
Prior to initiation of sampling operations, a reconnaissance dossier should be compiled for
each stream site. The dossier should include (1) topographic maps, highway maps, county maps,
and other useful maps; (2) a description of access routes (roads, waterways, and foot trails);
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(3) access permits (if required) and names of local contact persons who are familiar with the site
or who must be contacted in order to gain access.
In addition to the general training described in Section 3.8, stream sampler training also
should include river safety lectures, map and compass instruction, and streamside practice ses-
sions. Sample handling, sample shipping, and completion of forms are emphasized. Experienced
scientists should monitor teams during training to ensure consistent techniques among teams.
6.3 Field Personnel
Field personnel at each base site include a base coordinator, a logistics coordinator, and a
number of sampling teams. The duties of coordinators are described in Section 3.5. Sampling
teams consist of two scientists each. Their daily responsibilities include:
1. Providing the base coordinator with a daily itinerary of sites to be sampled, routes to be
followed, and descriptions of team members and their clothing.
2. Conducting the initial and final calibration and QC checks of pH (Section 8.0), conduc-
tance (Section 9.0), dissolved oxygen (Section 10.0), and flow meters (Section 6.4.6).
3. Traveling from the base site to the identified sampling sites.
4. Describing the stream site in question and transcribing the description to the appropriate
form (Appendix A, Figure A-7).
5. Taking three pictures at each site (a "Lap Card" which lists sampling date and time,
stream name and identification (ID), frame number of the lap card, and sampling team
ID; a picture looking upstream from the sampling location; and a picture looking down-
stream from the sampling location).
6. Marking the exact sampling location on a USGS 7.5 minute map.
7. Operating the peristaltic pump and the sampling boom to collect the Cubitainer and
syringe samples, as described in Section 13.0.
8. Measuring the in situ temperature, as described in Section 9.0.
9. Measuring the in situ conductivity, as described in Section 9.0.
10. Measuring the in situ dissolved oxygen, as described in Section 10.0.
11. Measuring the pH at streamside, as described in Section 8.0.
12. Recording all the sampling data on a stream data form (Appendix A, Figure A-8).
13. Taking hydrologic measurements and recording them on a Hydrologic Data form (Appendix
A, Figure A-9).
14. Checking ail data forms for completeness, accuracy, and legibility.
15. Preparing samples for shipment or transfer to the processing laboratory.
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16. Maintaining communications with the base coordinator.
17. Performing final quality control checks for the pH meter (Section 8.7.2) and conductivity
meter (Section 9.7.2).
18. Transferring custody of all samples to the base coordinator.
19. Attending a debriefing meeting daily to review activities and problems and to prepare for
the following sampling day.
6.4 Field Operations
The following discussion describes stream sampling activities.
6.4.1 Preparation for Sampling
1. Prepackage sample containers and pump tubing in sealed plastic bags to prevent con-
tamination.
2. Use indelible pens to mark all Cubitainers with identification information such as stream
ID, sample date, sample time, sampling team ID, sampling program, and sample type.
In addition, attach a label displaying the same information on the neck of the Cubitainer.
3. Do not expand Cubitainers before filling them; the weight of the water sample will cause
them to expand. Blowing into the Cubitainers to expand them can cause contamination.
4. Rinse all sample containers three times with sample water before filling.
5. Keep tubing clean before use. If contamination of the tubing is suspected, replace the
tubing. If no replacement tubing is available, pump water through the tubing for at least
two minutes while the discharge end is immersed in the stream. Note any potential
contamination.
6. Always have at least two charged batteries available for the peristaltic pump. Rotate
the use of these batteries.
7. If the peristaltic pump fails to operate, check the battery cable connections, check the
battery leads, press the reset button, and replace the battery if necessary.
6.4.2 Field Blank Sample Collection
1. Place the peristaltic pump on as level a surface as possible.
2. Affix the completed labels to one Cubitainer and to two syringes before filling, and mark
the labels with the word "Blank."
3. Attach a short tubing section to the peristaltic pump, being careful to keep the ends from
touching the ground or other contaminating surfaces.
4. Rinse the last 6 inches of tubing with deionized water and then immerse in a 4-L
Cubitainer of deionized blank water.
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5. Purge tubing (by using approximately 1/2 Cubitainer of deionized water) to ensure clean-
liness. Avoid allowing air bubbles to enter the tubing.
6. Turn the pump off. Immerse the intake tubing into the second Cubitainer of deionized
water.
7. Place a labeled, clean, 4-L Cubitainer under the collection tubing. Do not expand the
Cubitainer.
8. Turn the pump on and collect 100-200 ml_ of water in the Cubitainer. Cap and rotate the
Cubitainer so that the water contacts all surfaces. Discard the waiter.
9. Repeat the above rinsing procedure two more times.
10. Allowing the weight of the water to expand the Cubitainer, collect at least 3 L of deionized
water in the Cubitainer. Eliminate all air space and cap the Cubitaiiner tightly.
11. Collect two blank syringe samples by using the method described in Section 6.4.5. These
samples are for methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-extractable aluminum and pyrocatechol
violet (PCV) aluminum fractions. Rinse the two syringes three times and fill them with
deionized water from the pump tubing. Blanks are not collected for DIG or pH syrinqe
samples. °
6.4.3 Routine Sample Collection
1. Place the peristaltic pump on as level a surface as possible.
2. Affix a completed label to all the sampling containers before filling them.
3. Attach new tubing (10-foot section) to the pump. Leave approximately 20 cm of tubing
free. Attach the intake end of the tubing to the sampling wand, leaving 5 cm free.
4. Place the intake tubing, with the opening pointing upstream, into a flowing portion of the
stream. Immerse the intake tubing to middepth in the flow. Avoid letting the tubing end
contact the stream bottom or aquatic vegetation.
5. Turn the pump on. Purge the tubing for two minutes. Insert the discharge tubing into
the neck of a prelabeled, clean 4-L Cubitainer.
6. Collect 100-200 mL of water in the Cubitainer. Cap and rotate it so that the water
contacts all the surfaces. Discard the water.
7. Repeat the above rinsing procedure two more times.
8. Insert the discharge tube approximately 2 to 5 cm into the Cubitainer. Turn the pump on
and fill the Cubitainer with stream water (do not overfill).
9. Eliminate the air space from the Cubitainer; cap it tightly. Place it in the cooler with the
frozen-gel packs.
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10. Collect four 60-mL syringe samples as described in Section 6.4.5 and place two syringe
samples in each of two seaiable plastic bags. Place the bagged syringes in a protective
syringe case inside the cooler.
6.4.4 Duplicate Sample Collection
NOTE: Do not change the tubing between routine and duplicate sample collection.
1. After collecting the routine sample (Section 6.4.3), repeat the procedure with a second
4-L Cubitainer and four additional syringes.
2. Label each container "Duplicate."
6.4.5 Syringe Sample Collection
NOTE: Four syringe samples are collected for each routine or duplicate sample. Only two
syringes are collected for a blank sample. Each routine or duplicate sample syringe
is used for one of four analyses:
1. pH (not taken for blank)
2. Dissolved inorganic carbon (not taken for blank)
3. MIBK-extractable aluminum
4. PCV aluminum fractions
Since both pH and DIG determinations may be affected by contamination from atmospheric
carbon dioxide, it is essential that no outside air contact the samples collected for these deter-
minations. The syringes used for aluminum analyses can be contaminated easily by dust, hands,
or any metal objects.
1. Prelabel the syringes. The label should be attached so that the milliliter graduations are
visible and the label can be read with the syringe tip pointed up and away from the
reader.
2. Turn the pump on.
3. Insert the tip of the 60-mL syringe into the end of the tubing.
4. Let the force of the pumped water cause the syringe to fill. Rinse the syringe and dis-
card the water by depressing the syringe plunger.
5. Repeat the above rinsing procedure two times.
6. Insert the syringe into the tubing again. Collect 60 mL of fresh sample.
7. Affix the syringe valve. Close the valve and tap the syringe lightly to detach any trapped
air bubbles. Open the valve and expel the air bubbles, leaving between 50 and 60 mL of
sample in the syringe. Do not leave more than 60 mL of sample in the syringe. Close
the valve.
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8. Fill two syringes (pH and DIG) following steps 1-7 above and place the syringes together
in a scalable plastic bag in the syringe protective case in the coolter.
9. Fill a second set of two syringes (aluminum analyses) following steps 1-7 above and
place the syringes together in a second sealable plastic bag in the same syringe pro-
tective ca a H
tective case in the cooler.
6.4.6 Hydrologic Measurements
/A A" nydrojogic data should be recorded on a form similar to the NSWS Hydrologic Data Form
(Appendix A, Figure A-9). Hydrologic measurements are taken only at the downstream site for each
stream. Sampling personnel should enter a stream only if they can do so safely Section 382
presents appropriate safety considerations. Figure 6-1 depicts the course of action for hydrology
mscisursmsnts.
6.4.6.1 Electromagnetic Current Meter Calibration Check-
NOTE: This procedure has been written assuming a Marsh-McBirney Model 201D electro-
magnetic current meter is being used. This procedure may be used, with modification
with other meters meeting equivalent specifications.
daNy dUrinS r°Utine m°™9 ^ration and again
Hh-°Ut'd bS 1°-°° * °-20' The value obtained during morning calibration should
u In the comments section of the calibration form. The values obtained onsite
should be recorded on the Hydrologic Data form. ooiamea onsite
3. Once a week the zero value should be checked in static water. The probe should sit for
30 minutes with no disturbance. The value obtained should be 0.0 ± 0.1 The meter zero
should be adjusted if it is outside this range.
6.4.6.2 Stream Stage-
2.
hH *V'Sit. t0 ?3Ch downstream site, a steel rod should be hammered into the
»So3t S6K l-,a+IOC,al!°n W,hlch is out of tne main flow' Protected from debris, arid not
affected by bilateral flows from another stream.
Stream stage should be measured relative to the top of the rod twice during the first
™J?nCe im.mediate|y "Pop placement and again just prior to leaving the site following
samplmg Whenever possible, the elevation of the top of the steel rod (the reference
point) will be considered to be 3.00 feet, and stream stage measurements will be relative
to this value.
3. If an existing gauging station is available, it should be used, in addition to the steel rod
for all gauge measurements at this site. . iuu,
6.4.6.3 Discharge Measurement--
tte ton ?/!? JSfr uP°n arrival at tne downstream site, again measure stream stage relative to
the top of the steel rod. Measure stream discharge at each downstream site as described below:
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NO
READ AND RECORD STEEL ROD STAGE
I
STRETCH AND ANCHOR TAPE ACROSS STREAM
AND MEASURE AND RECORD STREAM WIDTH
I
DETERMINE NUMBER AND WIDTH OF INTERVALS
MOVE TO CENTER OF FIRST INTERVAL
MEASURE AND RECORD DEPTH
SET SENSOR AT 0.6 DEPTH AND
MEASURE AND RECORD VELOCITY
MOVE TO CENTER
OF NEXT INTERVAL
REMOVE TAPE AND
PACK EQUIPMENT
'
COMPLETE
SAMPLING
RETURN TO BASE OR
PROCEED TO NEXT SITE
Flguro 6-1. Flowchart for hydrology measurements.
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1. Facing downstream and beginning on the right edge of the water (REW), stretch a meter
tape across the stream perpendicular to stream flow at a uniform section of the channel.
If possible the channel should be approximately U-shaped, with no eddies or turbulence.
2. Measure and record the stream width. Leave the tape tightly suspended across the
stream, approximately one foot above water level.
3. Divide the total stream width into approximately ten equal-sized intervals. The minimum
number of intervals should be eight; the maximum number should be fifteen. To deter-
mine interval width, divide the total stream width by an integer value near ten and then
round down to a convenient number. An additional interval should be added if this
procedure results in an unmeasured section of stream greater than or close to one interval
in width.
4. Attach an electromagnetic current meter probe (Marsh-McBirney Model 201D or equivalent)
to a wading rod and check the internal electronics by turning the switch to "CAL." If the
meter calibrates in air, proceed with the measurements. The calibration check reading is
recorded in the comments section of the Hydrologic Data form (10.00 ± 0.20).
5. Move to the center of the first interval from the REW.
6. Read and record the stream depth at the center of the interval.
7. Place the current meter probe at 0.6 of the total depth (measured from surface) or 0.4
of the total depth as measured from the bottom. Orient the probe properly in the flow.
Wait 20 seconds to allow the meter to equilibrate, then measure amd record the current
velocity at the center of the interval. Use the lowest time constant scale that provides
stable readings.
8. Repeat steps (6) and (7) for all intervals.
NOTE: Interval depth is measured to ± 0.05 ft and stage is measured to ± 0.01 ft. All
other measurements are in metric units.
9. When sampling is completed and just prior to departure, again measure stage height by
using the steel rod.
10. Remove the steel rod from the site.
6.4.6.3 Hazardous Stream Conditions-
If conditions are too dangerous to enter the stream, use techniques described in this section
to estimate stream discharge.
1. Base an estimate of stream discharge on measurements or estimates of stream width,
mean channel depth, and mean current velocity.
2. Measure stream width with a meter tape or by the following method:
a. Facing the other shore, stand at the edge of the stream on land that is at the same
elevation as the water surface.
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b. Sight down the length of one extended arm toward the other shore.
c. Holding the extended arm at a fixed angle from the horizontal, pivot around until the
arm is pointing toward a location your partner can easily mark and which is at the
same elevation as the water surface.
d. Measure the distance from your feet to the mark and record this distance on the data
form as the estimated stream width.
3. Estimate mean channel depth by the following technique:
a. Estimate and record the mean depth of the whole channel area over which velocity
estimates will be made.
b. If there is more than one stream channel, record the mean depth and the width of
each one and note this information in the comments section of the Hydrologic Data
form.
c. If the stream bottom is visible, sketch a cross section of the channel on the back of
the field Hydrologic Data form.
4. Estimate current velocity by the following technique:
a. Choose a section of stream that is relatively straight and free of obstructions.
b. Measure and mark a distance of 2 to 10 meters along the shoreline, depending on the
size of the stream.
c. Drop an apple or an orange into the stream upstream of the starting point.
d. Measure the amount of time required for the object to be carried through the measured
section.
e. Divide the measured distance by the measured amount of time to obtain an estimate
of velocity (± 0.1 m/sec).
f. Repeat (c), (d), and (e) two more times. Record the average value of the three trials
on the data form and mark on the data form that flow was estimated, not measured.
6.5 Safety
All sampling personnel should be fully trained and competent in all skills outlined in this
section and must fully understand all safety procedures discussed. While away from the base
area, team members are responsible for their own safety and for each other's safety. General
field safety considerations are discussed in Section 3.8.2. Specialized training for stream sampling
includes wilderness survival and orienteering.
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6.5.1 Wilderness Travel and Camping
On many occasions several miles of hiking with heavy packs may be necessary to reach
sites. Samplers must be competent in wilderness survival skills in order to be fully prepared to
handle all conditions and situations that may arise.
Topics covered in survival training should include thermoregulation, methods of heat exchange
wet versus dry cold, physical response to cold, hypothermia, frostbite, and insulation qualities of
clothing types. In addition, poisonous plants, dangerous animals, and insects likely to be
encountered during sampling operations should be discussed.
6.5.2 Map Reading, Compass Use, and Orienteering
Samplers must be competent at map reading/compass use, and orienteering. They will be
required to determine and mark on a topographic map the exact location at which streams were
sampled; use maps, landmarks, and compasses to locate and travel to stream sites where no
trails exist; and determine the orientation of streams. Competency in these skills is essential for
safe wilderness travel.
A full course in map and compass use, including a field orienteering practical skills session
should be taught.
6.5.3 Sampling in Flowing Water
1. Samplers should receive a training course in stream crossing and belaying, tetherline use
and in-stream rescue.
2. Samplers should be supplied with chest waders or hip waders for use while sampling.
3. A safety line is recommended when entering water over 2 feet deep, streams where
footing is unsure, streams with rapidly flowing water, or when working in streams at
night. Flowing water over 3 feet deep or streams with extremely slippery streambeds
should not be entered.
4. Samplers should not enter a stream if they are alone at the site. When crossing streams
no more than one sampler should be in the water at one time.
5. When entering water at night or in poor light, samplers should exercise extreme caution
in selecting foot placements and in movement. A headlamp should be used to allow
freedom of hand movement for balance and for handling instruments
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7.O Determination of pH, Specific Conductance,
Dissolved Oxygen, and Temperature
Using an Integrated Monitoring System
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Scope and Application
This method uses one integrated monitoring system to measure pH, specific conductance,
dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature in low ionic strength waters. An integrated monitoring
system is advantageous (as compared to the use of separate meters) for several reasons. Only
a single sonde (underwater unit) and cable are needed, and several measurements can be made
simultaneously. This procedure is a compilation of similar procedures utilized during the AERP lake
surveys.
Measurements of pH, specific conductance, DO, and temperature are made at selected
intervals throughout the water column. For this reason, an extended cable is required. The AERP
surveys relied on Hydrolab model 4041 and Hydrolab Surveyor II sondes and meters. Both units
function in a similar manner with only minor differences in calibration techniques. The method
described here assumes that the Hydrolab Surveyor II and sonde are used. The method can be
modified and used for other instrumentation meeting equivalent specifications.
The basic system consists of five components: a display unit, data cable, sonde, circulator,
and battery pack (Figure 7-1). The Hydrolab pH system used in the AERP was modified with a
Beckman Red Label Lazaran reference electrode and a Beckman glass measuring electrode to
provide greater sensitivity in low ionic strength waters. Hydrolabs are used primarily for lakes
rather than streams; they are used to establish temperature stratification profiles and to determine
certain chemical characteristics.
7.1.2 Summary of Method
When the Hydrolab is in operation, all parameters are measured simultaneously at the sonde
unit. The resulting signals are transmitted in parallel up the cable to the display,unit. In the
display unit, the signals may be amplified or shifted. After this processing, the signals are ready
to be selected by the user (via the panel switch) for digital conversion and immediate display.
Calibration controls for each measurement are provided on the front panel of the display
unit. These controls are used to adjust the instrument before going to the field.
Hydrolabs should be calibrated before in situ measurements are taken!. Calibration settings
should be checked using a QCC solution immediately after calibration and again after field
measurements have been made. A field QCC should also be done on site prior to in situ
measurement. Daily and weekly maintenance procedures established by the manufacturer should
be followed.
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5100A
DATA LOGGER
(OPTIONAL)
BATTERY PACK
SVR2-SU
SONDE UNIT
SVR2-CX
CABLE
4041-CA
CIRCULATOR
SVR2-DU
DISPLAY UNIT
FlQuro 7-1. Hydrolab system components.
7.1.3 Interferences
The instrument should be at thermal equilibrium during calibration with the solutions being
measured and when in situ measurments are taken. Temperature change affects instrument
calibration and stability. If possible, the Hydrolab should be kept at temperatures above -10 "C.
Store the Hydrolab and calibration solutions in the same area.
Sonde sensor function is degraded gradually by immersion in natural waters containing oils,
plankton, and colloids. These cause a film to form on the sonde. Routine maintenance procedures
must be followed to keep sensors free of such film. Contact with sediments will degrade sensor
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function. When sampling in lakes, do not allow the sonde to drop into sediments. Low ionic
strength waters may require long equilibration times.
7.1.4 Safety
The calibration standards and protocols in this method pose no hazard to the sampler.
General safety guidelines for samplers operating on lakes and under remote conditions are provided
in sections 3.8, 4.5, and 5.5. Additional helicopter safety guidelines are contained in Appendix B.
7.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage
Because lake chemistry measurements are determined in situ; sample collection, preservation,
and storage are not applicable.
7.3 Equipment and Supplies
A Hydrolab Surveyor II system or its equivalent is required for lake chemistry measurements.
Supplies and other materials are described in sections 7.3.1 - 7.3.3.
7.3.1 Apparatus and Materials
1. Surveyor II manual.
2. Calibration cup and soft rubber cap.
3. Spare storage cup with hard white cover.
4. Plastic bucket (for discarded solutions).
5. Calibration stand (ringstand and vise clamp).
6. NBS-traceable thermometer.
7. Barometer, altimeter, or phone number of local weather bureau. Alternately, correct for
elevation.
8. 3 M KCI electrolyte solution.
9. Battery chargers.
7.3.2 Consumable Materials
1 Standardized calibration and field forms.
2. Soft paper wipes (Kimwipes or equivalent).
3. Complete maintenance kit, including cotton swabs (Q-tips), DO sensor papers, DO
electrolyte solution, small scissors, emory paper, silicone grease, small screwdriver, and
isopropyl alcohol.
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4. CRC (ether) spray.
7.3.3 Reagents
Water—Water used in all preparations should conform to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) specifications for Type I reagent grade water (ASTM, 1984).
pH calibration buffers-National Bureau of Standards (NBS)-traceable pH buffers at pH 4.00
and 7.00 (at 25 *C).
7.3.4.1 Potassium Chloride Stock Solution (1 N KCI)--
This stock solution is used to make the 147 /uS/cm standard. It should be prepared in at
least 1-L batches to minimize weighing and dilution errors. Prepare as needed and refrigerate at
4 *C. The 1 N KCI stock solution has a theoretical specific conductance of 111,900 pjS/cm at 25 "C.
This value should be verified by measuring at least three 35-mL samples contained in 50-mL
centrifuge tubes.
1. Fill a clean 1-L volumetric flask with approximately 500 mL of deionized water.
2. Weigh 74.553 g of potassium chloride (KCI, ultrapure, dried for 2 hours at 105 °C and
amputated).
3. Completely dissolve the KCI in deionized water and dilute to the 1-L mark. Mix again
thoroughly.
4. Store the stock solution in 500-mL bottles (deionized water-washed) that have been rinsed
three times with the 1N KCI solution. Label the bottles "1 N KCI Stock Solution" and
refrigerate at 4 *C.
7.3.4.2 Specific Conductance QCC Solution (0.001 N KCI)»
1. Fill a clean, labeled 1-L volumetric flask with approximately 500 mL of deionized water.
Obtain a 50-mL disposable beaker, rinse three times with 1 N KCI stock solution, and
pour 5 to 10 mL of stock solution into the beaker.
2. Use a calibrated 100- to 2,000-juL pipet (rinse pipet tip one time with solution) to deliver
1.000 mL of stock solution to the 1-L flask. Mix and dilute to the 1-L mark and mix again.
3. Label the containers and refrigerate the solutions if possible. If the solutions cannot be
refrigerated, store them in a cool, dark location.
7.3.4.3 pH 4.00 QCC Solution--
1. Prepare daily if possible.
2, Add 1.0 mL of 0.1 N H2SO4 to a clean, 1-L volumetric flask; dilute acid to 1 L with deionized
water.
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7.4 Preparation
7.4.1 Instrument Assembly
I. Apply an extremely thin film of silicons grease to all soft black rubber connections to
provide watertight seals. Do not allow silicone grease to contact the pin connectors.
Line up the raised dot on the 4-conductor socket of the data cable with the large pin at
the top of the sonde housing. Connect the 4-conductor socket of the data cable with the
large pin at the top of the sonde housing.
2. Connect the metal bail on the sonde to the eye screw on the data cable via the toggle,
clevis pin, and pin retainer.
3. Attach the metal locking connector at the surface end of the data cable to the labeled
TRANSMITTER socket of the display unit. Line up the keys and grooves, slide the plug
into the socket, and rotate the knurled locking ring to the right until it clicks.
4. Connect the battery pack to the display unit via the battery pack cable. Verify that the
display unit FUNCTION switch is OFF. Attach the end of the cable to the labeled 12
VOLTS DC socket on the display unit and lock it into position.
5. Remove the storage cup from the end of the sonde.
6. Verify that all connections have been made and tightened. Switch FUNCTION to BATT
position. The acceptable operating range is 11.5 to 13.9 volts. Replace the battery pack
if the voltage is less than 11.5.
7. Switch the display unit to TEMP and verify that the display unit initiates a high speed
self-test for approximately five seconds before displaying the temperature. If an error
message appears, consult the error message listing on the display uinit lid and the trouble-
shooting section of the Hydrolab user's manual.
7.4.2 Hydrolab Circulator Assembly and Test
The circulator assembly is required for measurement of DO in static waters and as a housing
to protect the fragile sensors located at the tip of the Hydrolab sonde unit. To attach the circulator
and check its operation proceed as follows:
1. Screw on the circulator.
2. Connect the 2-conductor socket of the data cable to the circulator. The two pins are
different sizes; it is critical to mate them properly and to use a straight motion to prevent
damage to the connector pins. Use silicone grease on the rubber connections.
3. Switch the display unit on and verify that the circulator motor starts and the impeller
rotates freely.
NOTE: The circulator is attached just before field measurements are taken; it is not to
be attached during calibration, except to confirm proper operation.
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7.4.3 Preparation for Calibration
1. Mount vise clamp to ringstand. Remove storage cup from sonde.
2. Remove KCl storage cap (soft black rubber cap) from pH reference probe.
NOTE: Cap may be covered with Paraf ilm to prevent loss of KCl solution. Do not replace
KCl cap until post-field QCC has been performed.
3. Screw calibration cup on the sonde unit. Set FUNCTION switch to TEMP. Once turned
on, the display unit must not be turned off until all calibrations are completed and saved.
7.4.4 Rinse Procedure
Before and after each sensor calibration, rinse the sensor as follows:
1. Fill calibration cup one-third full with deionized water.
2. Snap on soft cover and shake sonde for 10 seconds, contacting all surfaces with deionized
water.
3. Pour out water. Repeat twice more using fresh deionized water.
4. Remove cap and shake off excess water from sensors.
7.5 Hydrolab Calibration
The Hydrolab should be calibrated in the morning of each sampling day. Specific conductance
should be standardized with a 0.001 N KCl solution (specific conductance = 147 //S/cm at 25 SC).
To standardize the pH electrode, NBS-traceable buffers (pH = 4.00 and pH = 7.00 at 25 °C) should
be used. Dissolved oxygen measurements are calibrated with water-saturated air. This procedure
must be performed in a temperature-controlled environment to ensure thermal equilibrium of the
solutions.
Following acceptable calibration, the calibration should be checked using a QCC solution, a
standard of low ionic strength (0.001 N sulfuric acid solution) for pH (4.03 at 25 *C) and specific
conductance (42/uS/crri at 25 *C) measurements. If measurements of the QCC solution differ from
the theoretical values by more than 0.20 pH unit or by more than 15 /jS/cm, then the Hydrolab must
be recalibrated. If the recalibration fails, maintenance procedures should be performed. The
Hydrolab temperature probe should be checked by comparing the temperature reading of the QCC
solution to that from an NBS-traceable thermometer. The Hydrolab temperature reading should be
within ±1 *C of the NBS-traceable thermometer reading. Spare Hydrolabs should be available in
the field.
7.5.1 pH Calibration
The applicable pH range is between 3.0 and 8.0 pH units. The range may be extended by
the use of a wider range of pH calibration standards and pH quality control check (QCC) solutions.
The following steps must be completed for pH calibration:
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1. Complete rinse procedure (Section 7.4.4).
2. Rinse three times with small quantities of pH 7 buffer solution and discard.
3. Fill calibration cup with stock pH 7 buffer solution to a level just above the DO membrane
and mount sonde on ringstand.
4. Allow three minutes for the sonde and buffer solution to reach thermal equilibrium.
Monitor on TEMP display for stabilization.
5 Determine buffer pH in relation to buffer temperature (Table 7-1). Switch display to pH.
Use the ZERO toggle switch to adjust display pH to the value near 7.00 which is deter-
mined from Table 7-1.
Table 7-1. Temperature Correction Factors for pH Buffers"
Temperature Buffers
•C pH 4.00 pH 7.00
0 4.01 7.12
5 4.01 7.09
10 4.00 7.06
15 4.00 7.04
20 4.00 7.02
25 4.00 7.00
30 4.01 6.99
35 4.02 6.98
40 4.03 6.98
45 4.04 6.97
50 4.06 6.97
a Values given are for pH 4 reference buffer solution (National Bureau of Standards-Traceiable, SRM 185e) and pH 7
reference buffer solution (National Bureau of Standards-Traceable, SRM 186-1 and 186-11-c), prepared by American
Scientific Products, McGaw Park, IL, 60085.
6. Repeat steps 1 through 4 using stock pH 4 buffer solution, instead of pH 7.
7. Switch display to pH. Use the SLOPE toggle switch to adjust the displayed value to the
correct buffer pH value as determined from Table 7-1.
8. Repeat steps 1-4 a second time for pH 7. If the value displayed is outside the accep-
table range, the entire pH calibration procedure must be repeated,
9. After pH sensors have been calibrated to within acceptable limits, save the calibration
(see Section 7.5.4).
7.5.2 Specific Conductance Calibration
The Surveyor II has three specific conductance ranges and automatically switches to the
appropriate range for the values being measured. By calibrating with a standard that is above,
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but as near as possible to the expected data range, the most precise data will be obtained. The
following steps must be completed:
1. Complete the rinse procedure (Section 7.4.4). Fill the calibration cup about one-third full
with 147 piS/cm standard solution.
2. Cover the cup and shake the sonde; discard solution. Repeat a second and third time.
3. Mount the sonde in a vise clamp; fill the calibration cup with standard solution to a level
above the specific conductance block. The bores of the sensor must not contain any air
bubbles. If any bubbles are present, tap the calibration cup lightly to dislodge the bub-
bles, or refill the calibration cup.
4. Allow 1 to 3 minutes for the sonde and the standard solution to reach thermal equili-
bration.
5. Switch to TEMP; verify that the reading is stable.
6. Switch to COND. Use the SLOPE toggle switch to adjust the displayed reading to the
standard value (147 /uS/cm).
7. If the instrument cannot be adjusted to 147 juS/cm, recalibrate it with fresh standard. If
the problem persists, perform routine maintenance.
NOTE: The instrument should be calibrated with the 147 //S/cm solution at room
temperature. If the solution is below room temperature, calibrating to 147 pS/cm
may be difficult.
8. After specific conductance sensors have been accurately calibrated, save the calibration
(Section 7.5.4).
7.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen Calibration
Before beginning the DO calibration, verify that the DO membrane is in good condition (Sec-
tion 7.8.2). The standard for the DO calibration is water-saturated air; temperature and barometric
pressure affect the value of this standard. The sonde provides a temperature measurement;
absolute barometric pressure may be obtained from a mercury barometer, local airport, or weather
bureau.
NOTE: Be sure the barometric pressure is not corrected to sea level. If it is, it can be
unconnected by using the following formula:
Uncorrected BP = Corrected BP a 2.5 (A/100)
BP: Barometric pressure
A: Local altitude above sea level (feet)
DO calibration involves the following steps:
1. After rinsing (Section 7.4.4), fill the calibration cup with deionized water so that the DO
membrane is submerged about 1 cm. The cup will be nearly full.
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2. Snap on soft cover and agitate sonde gently for about 15 seconds. Set FUNCTION to
TEMP. Remove soft cover. Monitor readings; if temperature changes more than 0.1 °C
in 5 seconds, replace cover on sonde and repeat agitation.
3. When a stable temperature has been achieved, remove cover and carefully pour off enough
water so that the membrane is about 0.5 cm above the liquid. Blot away any water
droplets on the membrane surface with a Kimwipe or cotton swab.
4. Place the storage cap upside-down on top of the calibration cup. This is to keep air
currents out of the cup without changing the pressure in the cup. Wait 5 minutes.
5. Read the temperature; consult Table 7-2 for the DO concentration corresponding to that
temperature and the local absolute barometric pressure. Record 'this value. Use the
SLOPE toggle switch to set the display to the recorded value.
NOTE: Move the toggle switch toward the display to increase the value of the reading;
move the switch away from the display to decrease the value.
6. Save calibration (Section 7.5.4).
7.5.4 Saving Calibration
After completing each sensor calibration, save calibration as follows:
1. Switch display to BATT.
2. Pull both calibration toggle switches simultaneously toward you.
3. Wait until SAVE appears in the display, then release the switches.
NOTE: Do not turn the instrument OFF until all sensors have been calibrated and saved,
or sensor calibrations will be lost.
7.6 Procedure
7.6.1 Premeasurement Procedure
Initial calibration (Section 7.5) and the calibration QCC (Section 7.7.1) should be performed
in a controlled-temperature environment prior to transporting the Hydrolab instrument to the field.
The system should be kept intact during transport. If it is necessary to disassemble the
instrument, dust caps should be installed on all connectors and sockets to prevent moisture from
entering. The system should be protected from vibration and extreme temperature. Probes must
not dry out. They should be stored in tap water or temporarily in lake water, but not in deionized
water.
Complete the field QCC (Section 7.7.2) in an area protected from the wind, direct sunlight, and
other disturbances.
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T«UI» 7-2. Oxya«n Solubility at Indicated Pressure
Temperature
•c
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
P(H20)
4.58
4.93
5.29
5.68
6.10
6.54
7.01
7.51
8.04
8.61
9.21
9.84
10.52
1153
11.99
12.79
13.63
14.53
15.48
16.48
17.54
18.65
19.83
21.07
22.38
23.76
25.21
26.74
28.35
30.04
31.82
33.70
35.66
37.73
39.90
42.18
44.56
47.07
49.69
52.44
55.32
58.34
61.50
64.80
68.26
71.88
760
14.57
14.17
13.79
13.43
13.08
12.74
12.42
12.11
11.81
11.53
11.26
10.99
10.74
10.50
10.27
10.05
9.83
9.63
9.43
9.24
9.06
8.88
8.71
8.55
8.39
8.24
8.09
7.95
7.81
7.68
7.55
7.42
7.30
7.08
7.07
6.95
6.84
6.73
6.63
6.52
6.42
6.32
6.22
6.13
6.03
5.94
755
14.47
4.08
13.70
13.34
12.99
12.66
12.34
12.03
11.73
11.45
11.19
10.92
10.67
10.43
10.20
9.98
9.76
9.57
9.37
9.18
9.00
8.82
8.65
8.49
8.33
8.18
8.03
7.90
7.76
7.63
7.50
7.37
7.25
. 7.13
7.02
6.90
6.79
6.68
6.58
6.47
6.37
6.27
6.18
6.09
5.99
5.90
Pressure
750
14.38
13.98
13.61
13.25
12.91
12.57
12.26
11.95
11.65
11.38
11.11
10.84
10.60
10.36
10.13
9.92
9.70
9.50
9.30
9.12
8.94
8.76
8.59
8.43
8.28
8.13
7.98
7.84
7.70
7.57
7.45
7.32
7.20
7.08
6.97
6.85
6.76
6.64
6.54
6.43
6.33
6.23
6.13
6.04
5.94
5.85
(mm Ha)
745
14.28
13.89
13.52
13.16
12.82
12.49
12.17
11.87
11.57
11.30
11.04
10.77
10.53
10.29
10.06
9.85
9.63
9.44
9.24
9.05
8.88
8.70
8.53
8.38
8.22
8.07
7.92
7.79
7.65
7.52
7.39
7.27
7.15
7.03
6.92
6.80
6.70
6.59
6.49
6.38
6.28
6.18
6.09
6.00
5.90
5.81
740
14.18
13.79
13.42
13.07
12.73
12.40
12.09
11.79
11.50
11.22
10.96
10.70
10.45
10.22
10.00
9.78
9.57
9.37
9.18
8.99
8.82
8.64
8.47
8.32
8.16
8.02
7.87
7.73
7.60
7.47
7.34
7.22
7.10
6.98
6.87
6.76
6.65
6.54
6.44
6.35
6.24
6.14
6.04
5.95
5.86
5.77
Section 7.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 10 of 20
735
14.09
13.70
13.33
12.98
12.65
12.32
12.01
11.71
11.42
11.15
10.89
10.62
10.38
10.15
9.93
9.71
9.50
9.31
9.11
8.93
8.75
8.58
8.42
8.26
8.11
7.96
7.81
7.68
7.54
7.42
7.29
7.16
7.05
6.93
6.82
6.71
6.60
6.49
6.40
6.29
6.19
6.09
6.00
5.91
5.81
5.72
730
13.99
13.61
13.24
12.90
12.56
12.23
11.93
11.63
11.34
11.07
10.81
10.55
10.31
10.08
9.86
9.65
9.43
9.24
9.05
8.87
8.69
8.52
8.36
8.20
8.05
7.90
7.76
7.62
7.49
7.36
7.24
7.11
7.00
6.88
6.78
6.66
6.55
6.45
6.35
6.24
6.15
6.05
5.95
5.87
5.77
5.68
(continued)
-------
Table 7-2. Continued
Temperature
*C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
725
13.89
13.51
13.15
12.81
12.47
12.15
11.84
11.55
11.26
10.99
10.74
10.48
10.24
10.01
9.79
9.58
9.37
9.18
8.99
8.81
8.63
8.46
8.30
8.15
7.99
7.85
7.70
7.57
7.44
7,31
7.19
7.06
6.95
6.83
6.73
6.61
6.51
6.40
6.30
6.26
6.10
6.00
5.91
5.82
5.72
5.64
720
13.80
13.42
13.06
12.72
12.39
12.06
11.73
11.47
11.18
10.92
10.66
10.40
10.17
9.94
9.72
9.51
9.30
9.11
8.92
8.74
8.57
8.40
8.24
8.09
7.94
7.79
7.65
7.52
7.38
7.26
7.14
7.01
6.90
6.78
6.68
6.56
6.46
6.35
6.26
6.15
6.06
5.96
5.86
5.78
5.68
5.59
715
13.70
13.33
12.07
12.63
12.30
11.98
11.68
11.39
11.10
10.84
10.59
10.33
10.10
9.87
9.65
9.44
9.24
9.05
8.86
8.68
8.51
8.34
8.18
8.03
7.88
7.74
7.59
7.46
7.33
7.21
7.08
6.96
6.85
6.73
6.63
6.51
6.41
6.31
6.21
6.11
6.01
5.91
5.82
5.73
5.64
5.55
Pressure
710
13.61
13.23
12.88
12.54
12.21
11.89
11.60
11.31
11.02
10.76
10.51
10.26
10.02
9.80
9.68
9.58
9.17
8.98
8.80
8.62
8.45
8.28
8.12
7.97
7.82
7.68
7.54
7.41
7.28
7.15
7.03
6.91
6.80
6.68
6.58
6.47
6.36
6.26
6.16
6.06
5.96
5.87
5.77
5.69
5.59
5.51
fmm Hal
705
13.51
13.14
12.79
12.45
12.13
11.81
11.51
11.22
10.95
10.69
10.44
10.18
9.95
9.73
9.51
9.31
9.11
8.92
8.73
8.56
8.39
8.22
8.06
7.91
7.76
7.60
7.48
7.35
7.22
7.10
6.98
6.86
6.70
6.63
6.53
6.42
6.31
6.21
6.12
6.01
5.92
5.82
5.73
5.65
5.55
5.47
700
13.41
13.04
12.69
12.36
12.04
11.73
11.43
11.14
10.87
10.61
10.36
10.11
9.88
9.66
9.45
9.24
9.04
8.85
8.67
8.49
8.33
8.16
8.00
7.86
7.71
7.57
7.43
7.30
7.17
7.05
6.93
6.81
6.70
6.58
6.48
6.37
6.27
6.16
6.07
5.97
5.86
5.78
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.42
Section 7.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 11 of 20
695
113.32
12.95
12.60
12.27
11.95
11.64
11.35
11.06
10.79
10.53
10.29
10.04
9.81
9.59
9.38
9.18
8.97
8.79
8.61
8.43
8.27
8.10
7.95
7.80
7.65
7.51
7.37
7.25
7.12
7.00
6.88
6.76
6.64 .
6.53
6.43
6.36
6.22
6.12
6.02
5.92
5.83
5.73
5.64
5.56
5.46
5.38
690
13.22
12.86
12.51
12.18
11.87
11.56
11.27
10.98
10.71
10.46
10.21
9.96
9.46
9.52
9.31
9.11
8.91
8.73
8.54
8.37
8.21
8.04
7.89
7.74
7.59
7.46
7.32
7.19
7.06
6.94
6.82
6.70
6.59
6.48
6.38
6.27
6.17
6.07
5.98
5.87
5.78
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.42
5.34
(continued)
-------
TabI«7-2. Continued
Temperature
•c
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Section 7.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 12 of 20
Pressure (mm Hal
685
13.12
12.76
12.42
12.09
11.78
11.47
11.18
10.90
10.63
10.38
10.14
9.89
9.67
9.45
9.24
9.04
8.84
8.66
8.48
8.31
8.14
7.98
7.83
7.68
7.54
7.40
7.26
7.14
7.01
6.89
6.77
6.65
6.54
6.43
6.33
6.22
6.12
6.02
5.93
5.83
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.47
5.38
5.29
680
13.03
12.67
12.33
12.01
11.69
11.39
11.10
10.82
10.55
10.30
10.06
9.82
9.59
9.38
9.17
8.97
8.78
8.60
8.42
8.25
8.08
7.92
7.77
7.62
7.48
7.34
7.21
7.08
6.96
6.84
6.72
6.60
6.49
6.38
6.28
6.18
6.08
5.97
5.88
5.78
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.42
5.33
5.25
675
12.93
12.57
12.24
11.92
11.61
11.30
11.02
10.74
10.48
10.23
9.99
9.74
9.52
9.31
9.10
8.91
8.71
8.53
8.35
8.18
8.02
7.86
7.71
7.57
7.42
7.29
7.15
7.03
6.90
6.79
6.67
6.55
6.44
6.34
6.24
6.13
6.03
5.93
5.84
5.74
5.65
5.55
5.46
5.38
5.29
5.21
670
12.83
12.48
12.15
11.83
11.52
11.22
10.94
10.66
10.40
10.15
9.91
9.67
9.45
9.24
9.03
8.84
8.64
8.47
8.29
8.12
7.96
7.80
7.65
7.51
7.37
7.23
7.10
6.97
6.85
6.73
6.62
6.50
6.39
6.29
6.19
6.08
5.98
5.88
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.42
5.34
5.25
5.16
665
12.74
12.39
12.05
11.74
11.43
11.13
10.85
10.58
10.32
10.07
9.84
9.60
9.38
9.17
8.97
8.77
8.58
8.40
8.23
8.06
7.90
7.74
7.59
7.45
7.31
7.18
7.04
6.92
6.80
6.68
6.57
6.45
6.34
6.24
6.14
6.03
5.93
5.83
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.46
5.37
5.29
5.20
5.12
660
12.64
12.29
11.96
11.65
11.35
11.05
10.77
10.50
10.24
10.00
9.76
9.52
9.31
9.10
8.90
8.70
8.51
8.34
8.16
8.00
7.84
7.68
7.53
7.39
7.25
7.12
6.99
6.87
6.74
6.63
6.51
6.40
6.29
6.19
6.09
5.98
5.88
5.79
5.70
5.60
5.51
5.42
5.33
5.25
5.16
5.08
655
12.54
12.20
11.87
11.56
11.26
10.9S
10.69
10.42
10.16
9.92
9.69
9.45
9.24
9.03
8.83
8.64
8.45
8.27
8.10
7.94
7.78
7.62
7.47
7.34
7.20
7.06
6.93
6.81
6.69
6.58
6.46
6.35
6.24
6.14
6.04
5.93
5.84
5.74
5.65
5.55
5.45
5.37
5.28
5.20
5.11
5.03
650
12.45
12.11
11.78
11.47
11.17
10.88
10.61
10.34
10.08
9.84
9.61
9.38
9.16
8.96
8.79
8.57
8.38
8.21
8.04
7.87
7.72
7.56
7.42
7.28
7.14
7.01
6.88
6.76
6.64
6.52
6.41
6.30
6.19
6.09
5.99
5.88
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.42
5.33
5.24
5.16
5.07
4.99
(continued)
-------
Tabl«7-2. Continued
Temperature
•c
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
645
12.35
12.01
11.69
11.38
11.08
10.80
10.52
10.26
10.00
9.77
9.54
9.31
9.09
8.89
8.69
8.50
8.32
8.14
7.97
7.81
7.66
7.50
7.36
7.22
7.08
6.95
6.82
6.70
6.58
6.47
6.36
6.25
6.14
6.04
5.94
5.84
5.74
5.64
5.56
5.46
5.37
5.28
5.20
5.12
5.03
4.95
640
12.26
11.92
11.60
11.29
11.00
10.71
10.44
10.18
9.93
9.69
9.46
9.23
9.02
8.82
8.62
8.44
8.25
8.08
7.91
7.75
7.60
7.44
7.30
7.16
7.03
6.90
6.77
6.65
6.53
6.42
6.31
6.19
6.09
5.99
5.89
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.51
5.41
5.33
5.24
5.15
5.07
4.98
4.90
635
12.16
11.82
11.51
11.20
10.91
10.63
10.36
10.10
9.85
9.61
9.39
9.16
8.95
8.75
8.55
8.37
8.18
8.02
7.85
7.69
7.53
7.38
7.24
7.10
6.97
6.84
6.71
6.59
6.48
6.36
6.25
6.14
6.04
5.94
5.84
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.46
5.37
5.28
5.19
5.11
5.03
4.94
4.86
Pressure
630
12.06
11.73
11.41
11.12
10.82
10.54
10.28
10.02
9.77
9.54
9.31
9.09
8.88
8.68
8.49
8.30
8.12
7.95
7.78
7.62
7.47
7.32
7.18
7.05
6.91
6.79
6.66
6.54
6.42
6.31
6.20
6.09
5.99
5.89
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.50
5.42
5.32
5.24
5.15
5.06
4.98
4.90
4.82
fmm Ha)
625
11.97
11.64
11.32
11.03
10.74
10.46
10.19
9.94
9.69
9.46
9.24
9.01
8.81
8.61
8.42
8.23
8.05
7.89
7.72
7.56
7.41
7.26
7.12
6.99
6.85
6.73
6.60
6.49
6.37
6.26
6.15
6.04
5.94
5.84
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.46
5.37
5.28
5.19
5.10
5.02
4.94
4.85 -/
4.77
620
11.87
11.54
11.23
10.94
10.65
10.37
10.11
8.86
9.61
9.38
9.16
8.94
8.73
8.54
8.35
8.17
7.99
7.82
7.66
7.50
7.35
7.20
7.03
6.93
6.80
6.67
6.55
6.43
6.32
6.21
6.10
5.99
5.89
5.79
5.70
5.59
5.50
5.41
5.32
5.23
5.14
5.06
4.97
4.90
4.81
4.73
Section 7.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 13 of 20
615
11.77
11.45
11.14
10.85
10.56
10.29
10.03
9.78
9.53
9.30
9.09
8.87
8.66
8.47
8.28
8.10
7.92
7.74
7.59
7.44
7.29
7.14
7.00
6.87
6.74
6.62
6.49
6.38
6.26
6.15
6.05
5.94
5.84
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.45
5.36
5.28
5.18
5.10
5.01
4.93
4.85
.' 4.77
4.69
610
11.68
11.36
11.05
10.76
10.48
10.20
9.95
9.70
9.45
9.23
9.01
8.79
8.59
8.40
8.21
8.03
7.85
7.69
7.53
7.38
7.23
7.08
6.94
6.81
6.68
6.56
6.44
6.32
6.21
6.10
5.99
5.89
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.50
5.41
5.31
5.23
5.14
5.05
4.97
4.88
4.81
4.72
4.65
-------
Section 7.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 14 of 20
7.6.2 In Situ Measurements
The following steps are performed to take Hydrolab in situ measurements:
1. Remove the storage cup, install the circulator, and confirm that all connections are tight
and that the circulator is operating freely (7.4.2).
2. Verify that the battery reading is above 11.5 volts.
3. Lower the sonde into the water, holding it horizontally to dislodge air bubbles that may
be trapped in the specific conductance cell block.
4. Lower the sonde to the first depth of interest.
5. Switch the display to TEMP. Wait at least 5 minutes until readings are stable, indicating
that the sonde has reached thermal equilibrium.
NOTE: The DO sensor is generally the slowest to reach thermal equilibrium. Carefully
monitor DO stabilization and do not take measurements before equilibrium is
reached.
6. Record temperature, specific conductance, pH, and DO.
7. Lower the sonde to the second depth of interest.
8. Wait at least 3 minutes for stabilization. Record temperature, specific conductance, pH,
and DO.
9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for all depths of interest.
NOTE: Never lower the instrument deeper than 1.5 m from the bottom, because contact
could damage the sonde and disturb sediments.
10. Turn the unit off and raise the sonde to the surface. Remove the circulator and replace
the storage cup. If possible, store the sonde unit with tap water in the storage cup.
Lake water may be used, if necessary, until the unit is back at the base site.
7.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
7.7.1 Calibration Quality Control Check
A QCC for pH and specific conductance should be made following calibration and upon return
from the field in the evening. The values are to be recorded without adjustment. This check should
be performed in a temperature-controlled environment whenever possible.
Sulfuric acid solution is used as the QCC solution. Specific conductance and pH values are
recorded and compared to the theoretical values for the solution (pH 4.03 at 25 °C, specific
conductance 42 juS/cm at 25 °C) as described below:
1. Rinse sensors three times with deionized water; discard each rinse.
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2. Rinse sensors three times with the QCC solution. Discard each rinse.
3. Fill calibration cup with QCC solution to a level just above the DO membrane. Record pH
and specific conductance after allowing time for reading to stabilize (a minimum of 3
minutes).
NOTE: Make certain bubbles are not present in the bores of the specific conductance
block. If bubbles are present, tap lightly to dislodge the bubbles, or pour out the
QCC solution in the calibration cup and refill it.
4. Place a clean NBS-traceable thermometer in the calibration cup and stir the QCC solution
gently. Allow time for equilibration and then compare the temperature reading from the
thermometer to the reading given by the instrument. Record both values. Do not allow
the thermometer to touch any surface while the temperature is being read.
5. If the observed value differs from the true value by more than ±0.20 pH units or ±15 juS/cm
for specific conductance, follow daily maintenance procedures (Section 7.8.1) and repeat
calibration (Section 7.5). If results are still unsatisfactory, perform weekly maintenance
procedures (Section 7.8.2), consult the troubleshooting directory (Section 7.8.3), and consult
the Surveyor II manual. Calibrate and use a spare Hydrolab if the first Hydrolab cannot
be calibrated for pH, specific conductance, or DO or if temperature values from the
Hydrolab differ by more than 1 *C from an NBS-traceable thermometer.
6. Turn off Hydrolab, fill storage cup with tap water, and attach cup to sonde.
7.7.2 Field Quality Control Check
A QCC is performed at the field site before sampling operations begin, using the 0.0001 N
H2SO4 solution for pH and 147 juS/cm KCI solution for specific conductance. Do not make any
calibration adjustments in the field. Record data only. Do not store solutions or perform QCC in
direct sunlight. Record the values on the field data form. The following steps must be completed:
1. At the lake, remove the storage cup; attach the calibration cup.
2. Rinse the sensors three times with deionized water.
3. Rinse the sensors three times with small portions of the 0.0001 N Hj,SO4 QCC solution.
Fill the calibration cup so that the solution level is over the DO membrane.
4. After stabilization, record the pH and conductance of the 0.0001 N H2SiO4 on the field data
form. If the pH is ±0.20 pH unit from 4.00 or if the specific conductance is ±15 uS/cm from
42, note this on the field data form.
5. Rinse the sensors three times with deionized water.
6. Rinse the sensors three times with small portions of the 147 juS/cm KCI solution. Fill the
calibration cup over the specific conductance sensor; be certain that no bubbles are
trapped in the sensor bores.
7. After stabilization, record the pH and specific conductance of the KCI solution on the field
data form. If conductance is ±15 ^S/cm from 147, note this on the field data form.
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8. Repeat rinse procedure with deionized water before immersing sensors in the lake.
7.7.3 Postsampling QCC
The postsampling QCC comprises the following steps:
1. Follow Section 7.7.1, steps 1 through 4, for the postsampling QCC for pH and specific
conductance. Record the values on the calibration form.
2. Follow Section 7.5.4, steps 1 through 5, for the final check on DO measurement. Record
the values on the calibration form, but make no adjustments with the toggle switches.
7.8 Instrument Maintenance
7.8.1 Daily Maintenance
Hydrolab maintenance should be done after the postsampling QCC and before preparation
for the next sampling day. Hydrolab maintenance includes the following steps:
1. Clean the instrument of dirt by rinsing several times with tap water. A warm detergent
solution (Alconox) may be used if the sonde is extremely dirty. Fill the storage cup about
half full with dilute detergent solution. Attach the storage cup and shake vigorously. It
is very important that at least six rinses with tap water follow this treatment.
2. Inspect the sensor bores; remove any foreign matter with a cotton-tipped swab. Ensure
that the threaded area and the rubber sealing ring of the sonde endcap are free of grit.
3. Rinse the sensors thoroughly with tap water.
4. Visually inspect for the following:
a. Wrinkles, perforations, or slackness in the DO membrane.
b. Bubbles in the electrolyte under the DO membrane.
c. Obstructions in the specific conductance cell block.
d. Coatings or precipitates on any sensor.
NOTE: Corrective actions for items a through d are provided in Section 7.8.2.
e. Foreign matter in connectors and sockets, including cables (remove with cotton-tipped
swab).
f. Moisture in connectors and sockets (remove with CRC ether spray).
5. Service the pH reference electrode by wiping it with a piece of cotton moistened with
alcohol or acetone. Fill black storage cap with 3 M KCI and install over the reference
electrode tip.
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6. Check the battery voltage; recharge if less than 11.5 volts. Always keep a spare charged
battery for each Hydrolab.
7. Fill the storage cup with tap water and replace on sonde. Add Alconox to water to inhibit
bacterial growth if the unit will be stored more than two weeks.
8. If daily maintenance procedures do not correct problems, follow the routine maintenance
and troubleshooting protocols (Section 7.8.2 and Section 7.8.3, respectively),
7.8.2 Weekly Maintenance
Lightly lubricate the rubber internal mating surfaces of all sockets with silicone grease.
7.8.2.1 Circulator Maintenance--
Weekly circulator maintenance consists of the following procedures:
1. Remove the impeller by lifting it from the bearing post.
2. Remove excess lubricant and grit from the cavity in the bottom of the impeller using a
cotton-tipped swab.
3. Wipe off the bearing post and lightly relubricate it.
4. Turn the circulator on: verify smooth operation.
7.8.2.2 Specific Conductance Cell Block Maintenance-
Remove oxidation from the specific conductance cell block as follows:
1. Protect the pH electrode by slipping a piece of flexible, thick-walled Tygon tubing over it.
2. Remove the cell block by removing the screw (use a small screwdriver). Remove the small
O-rings on each of the six electrodes.
3. Examine the bores; remove any foreign matter with a cotton-tipped swab and warm
detergent solution.
4. Burnish the electrodes with a strip of fine (400 grit) emery cloth. Polish the entire
electrode, including the ends.
NOTE: Be careful not to scratch the pH electrode.
5. Wipe the electrodes with alcohol; flush out any residual grit with water.
6. Slip the O-rings back on the electrodes; push them down until they are flush against the
sensor body. Replace any damaged O-rings.
7. Reposition the cell block on the sensor body; tighten the screw until the O-rings are com-
pressed to approximately two-thirds of their uncompressed size.
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8. Rinse the entire sonde well to remove clinging debris.
7.8.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Maintenance--
If the DO membrane is slack, perforated, or torn, or if bubbles are evident under the mem-
brane, the membrane should be replaced. This does not need to be done weekly, but the mem-
brane should be checked daily. Replace as follows:
1. Remove the cylindrical membrane guard, the O-ring, and the membrane. Discard the
membrane and shake out all electrolyte from the reservoir.
2. Hold the sonde at a 45-degree angle. Drip electrolyte slowly onto the lower surface of the
reservoir so that it runs down the side wall and under the central electrode (anode). Be
careful not to trap bubbles under the anode. When the anode is nearly covered, mount
the sonde in a vise (sensors up), and fill until a large meniscus forms over the gold
electrode (cathode).
3. Handle the new membrane by its edges with clean forceps or gloved hands. Hold one end
of the membrane against the side of the DO sensor, (about 1 cm from the top) with your
left thumb. Grasp the other end of the membrane between your right thumb and
forefinger. In one smooth and rapid motion, stretch the membrane up and over the top
of the sensor and secure the end with your left forefinger, keeping the membrane taut.
4. Check for air bubbles. Large bubbles indicate that capillary flow drained the meniscus
away during stretching of the membrane (i.e., action was too slow). Return to the latter
part of step 2 and repeat.
5. Roll the O-ring into place, securing the membrane. Check that the membrane is taut and
free of wrinkles. Trim away excess membrane outside the O-ring with scissors. Replace
the cylindrical membrane guard.
6. Allow at least 12 hours "aging" time prior to calibration and use.
7.8.3 Troubleshooting
The Surveyor II initiates a self-test procedure every time it is turned on. If a problem occurs
in the self-test, the display will show an error message. Table 7-3 lists error messages and
possible causes and remedies. The operator may perform several tests to help localize a problem.
Problems and corrective actions are discussed in the Hydrolab Surveyor II manual. The self-test
will not reveal calibration errors or individual sensor malfunctions.
7.8.3.1 Sonde Response Test-
The sonde response test should be performed as follows:
1. Disconnect the data cable from the display unit and connect the I/O test cable in its
place.
2. Set FUNCTION switch to OFF. Pull both ZERO and SLOPE switches simultaneously
toward you. While holding the switches in that position, switch FUNCTION to TEMP.
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Tablo 7-3. Troubleshooting Directory
Symptom
Possible Cause and Remedy
a. Error Messages
'IOrP
'IOSE'
'H20'
Display flashing
??xxx
b. Display trouble, odd or missing
characters
c. Abnormal DO*, pH, specific conductance
reading-temp, depth normal
d. Individual measurement problems
e. Individual measurement problems,
sensor failures
f. Calibration difficulties
g. Data logging troubles
DU not receiving data-bad DU ART
board, bad SU ART board, bad cable,
water in SU-test using I-O tester
DU not sending data-bad DU ART board.
Serious problem. Immediately flush
transmitter 3 times with deionized
water. Finish with 50/50 alcohol,
deionized water, then air dry.
Low battery (between 10.0 - 9.5 volts)~recharge battery.
Parameter is out of range-check standard.
Display test
Stray leakage to water. Wet battery,
leaky connection, leaky cable
Prepare probes, check standard
Call Hydrolab Service Department
Prepare sensors, check standard
Low battery, broken 12 1C cable, bad
SU, bad 5100-A
*DU = deck unit
SU = spnde unit
DO = dissolved oxygen
3. If FAIL appears in the display, the malfunction is in the display uniit. If PASS appears
proceed to the next step.
4. Reconnect the dalia cable to the display unit. Connect the I/O test cable to the
submersible end of the data cable.
5. Repeat step 2. If FAIL appears in the display, the fault is in the data cable If PASS
appears, the problem is in the sonde.
NOTE: This test does not check the ground (pin C). This line must be checked for proper
connection with a continuity tester.
7.8.3.2 Display Test-
This is a check of the liquid crystal display (LCD) only, to ensure that all segments are opera-
ting:
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1. Turn FUNCTION to OFF. Punch the ZERO and SLOPE toggle switches simultaneously
away from you.
2. Switch FUNCTION to any sensor.
-* if the disolav is working, it will show -1.8.8.8. It will blink off, then on again and selected
3' J^SSfwniwSS If the display is not working or if it is incorrect, consult the
manufacturer.
7.9 References
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Hydrolab Corporation. 1984. Operations and Maintenance Manual for Hydrolab Surveyor II,
Austin.TX.
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8.O Determination of pH (Lotic)
8.1 Overview
The pH of an aquatic environment is regulated by abiotic (inorganic CO2 equilibria, surficial
geology, and anthropogenic pollutants) and biotic (photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition)
factors. A pH balance is usually maintained by the presence of buffering reactions within the
aquatic system. A shift in this balance can cause chemical and biotic repercussions.
The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+). The H+
activity is a measure of the "effective" concentration of hydrogen ions in solution; it is always equal
to or less than the true concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Values usually range from pH
1 to pH 14, with pH 1 most acidic, pH 7 neutral (at 25 °C), and pH 14 most alkaline. Each pH unit
represents a tenfold change in H+ activity (i.e., a pH 4 solution is 10 times as acidic as a pH 5
solution).
When the pH of a sample solution is measured, the hydrogen ions come into equilibrium with
the ion exchange surface (glass) of a calibrated pH electrode, which creates an electrical potential.
This voltage difference is measured by the pH meter in millivolts, then is converted and displayed
as pH units.
8.1.1 Scope and Application
This method is applicable to the determination of pH in samples from flowing waters of low
ionic strength. This procedure is similar to the one utilized in NSS. It assumes that pH
measurements will be made at streamside (Section 6.0).
Measurement of stream water pH may be done in situ. However, streaming potential effects
may reduce the accuracy of pH measurements from waters in motion. For this reason,
measurements are generally obtained from either closed chambers (U.S. EEPA, 1987) or open
beakers, with portable pH meters. The AERP surveys relied on Beckman model 121 meters and
Orion-Ross model BNC-8104 glass electrodes to measure the pH of stream waters. The method
described here assumes that the Beckman meter and Ross electrode are used. This method,
however, can be used with modification for other portable instrumentation meeting equivalent
specifications. This method is applicable to systems other than lotic systems.
Tine applicable pH range is 3.0 to 8.0 units. The range may be extended with use of a wider
range of pH calibration standards and pH QCC solutions.
8.1.2 Summary of Method
The pH meter and electrode are calibrated, and the quality of measurements determined,
prior to base site departure. At streamside, the meter is checked against a pH 4.00 QCC solution
and a pH 7.00 buffer standard. If the meter does not fall within specified limits for each check,
it should be recalibrated. The water sample used to determine pH is pumped from the stream
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through Tygon tubing into a beaker. A glass electrode and an automatic thermocompensator (ATC)
probe are placed into the sample, and its pH is displayed on the meter's digital readout.
8.1.3 Interferences
No interferences are known within the range commonly encountered in low ionic strenath
waters. a
8.1.4 Safety
The calibration standards, sample types, and reagents used in this method pose no hazard
to the sampler. General safety guidelines for samplers operating in flowing waters and under
remote conditions are provided in Section 6.5.
8.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage
Water samples for pH determinations are collected with a peristaltic pump and food-grade
Tygon tubing. The tubing is attached to the end of a fiberglass extension pole and placed in the
stream at midchannel and middepth. After the tubing is purged for one to two minutes, a 250-mL
sample beaker is rinsed three times with stream water. A sample of 150 to 200 mL is then pumped
into the beaker. This sample and a second, collected in the same manner, are used to determine
stream pH.
8.3 Equipment and Supplies
8.3.1 Equipment
Beckman 121 portable pH meter or equivalent.
8.3.2 Apparatus
1. Meter operation manual.
2, ATC probe.
3. Orion-Ross model BNC-8104 combination glass electrode.
4. Wash bottle (1 L).
5. Six 250-mL bottles for field rinse, pH 4.00 QCC solutions, and pH 4.00 and 7.00 buffer
standards.
6. NBS-traceable thermometer.
7. Watch or stopwatch.
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8.3.3 Reagents and Consumable Materials
1. Calibration and field data forms.
2. Deionized water-used in all preparations should conform to ASTM specifications for Type
I reagent grade water (ASTM, 1984).
3. pH calibration standards-commercially available pH buffers (NBS-traceable values of pH
4.00 and pH 7.00 at 25 9C).
4. pH 4.00 QCC solution; 0.0001 N-1 mL of 0.1 N H2SO4 diluted to 1 L with deionized water.
Prepare daily.
5. Six 250-mL disposable beakers.
6. Electrode filling solution (3 M KCI).
8.4 Preparation
NOTE: It is recommended that all personnel operating pH meters be familiar with the
operating procedures prior to using these meters. The pH meter must remain dry.
The pH meter should be enclosed in plastic with desiccant packets and should be
checked daily for moisture problems.
NOTE: The Orion-Ross pH electrode has a glass bulb. Care should be taken in handling the
electrode to prevent shock to the bulb. The electrode should always be carried
upright in a padded case or vest pocket.
1. Lower the pH electrode's fill hole collar to uncover the opening.
2. Make sure the pH electrode is properly conditioned for use. Refer to electrode instruction
manual. If response time is reduced to unacceptable levels, recondition the electrode as
described in Section 8.8.
3. Make sure the electrode and ATC probe are properly connected.
4. Verify that the reference filling solution is at least 3 cm above the sample line. If not,
adjust electrode and add filling solution as required.
5. Observe battery and probe error signal locations for indication of problems. If either
appear, troubleshoot as needed (see manufacturer's manual).
8.5 Calibration and Standardization
NOTE: Refer to Figure 8-1, Flowchart for pH Meter Calibration.
Using NBS-traceable buffers, meters should be recalibrated each morning to pH 4.00 and
pH 7.00. Calibration should be checked, first by reading the pH 4.00 and pH 7.00 buffers, then by
reading the lower ionic strength pH 4.00 QCC solution.
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CHECK ATC PROBE WITH
NBS THERMOMETER
DO
TEMPERATURES
AGREE WITHIN
±0.5? C
1
REPLACE ATC PROBE
UNCOVER ELECTRODE VENT
CALIBRATE METER WITH
pH 7.00 AND 4.00 BUFFERS
CHECK:
BUFFERS
BATTERIES
CONNECTIONS
TWIRL ELECTRODE
REPLACE ELECTRODE
CHECK CALIBRATION WITH
pH 7.00 AND pH 4.00 BUFFERS
READING
WITHIN ±0.02
OF TRUE
VALUE
FIRST
FAILED
ATTEMPT
1
QCC
VALUE
WITHIN ±0.10
OF 4.00
FIRST
FAILED
ATTEMPT
RECORD RESULTS ON
CALIBRATION FORM
COVER ELECTRODE VENT,
PACK EQUIPMENT
Figure 8-1. Flowchart for pH meter calibration.
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Time for equilibration of the pH electrode varies depending on the ionic strength of the
solution being measured. The criterion for a stable reading is no change of more than 0 01 pH unit
during a 60-second period. All measurements of pH during calibration, calibration checks QC
checks, and sample measurement use this criterion for a stable reading.
« «. T£e PH meter switcnes off automatically after a period during which no buttons are pressed
If the display switches off, press the "pH" key to restart the display.
8.5.1 ATC Probe Check
1. Immerse the electrode, ATC probe, and NBS-traceable thermometer into the rinse beaker
or pH 7.00 buffer.
2. Press the "pH" key and read the temperature on the display. The two temperature
readings should agree to within 0.5 "C. •§*»«"*«
3. If they do not agree, stir the solution and check the temperature again after a short
pause for equilibration.
4- Jlth3L8tHI do not agree> eitner the ATC Probe or the meter is malfunctioning. Replace
the ATC sensor and check the temperature again.
5. If this does not result in agreement with the NBS-traceable thermometer, refer to the
instrument manual for troubleshooting guidance.
8.5.2 Calibration with NBS-Traceable Buffers
NOTE: The "Auto-lock" key on the Beckman pH meter is used only during standardization, and
then only after a stable reading is attained. All measurements of samples/calibration
checks, and QC checks must be made with "Auto-lock" OFF.
NOTE: In the field, buffer solutions are carried in two 125-mL bottles. To avoid cross-
contamination clearly mark "rinse" on one bottle and its cap. Mark "test" on the
other bottle. Use 250-mL plastic beakers for initial standardiziation at the base site
These beakers should also be clearly marked "rinse" and "test,"
1. Press the "Clear" key on the pH meter.
2. Rinse the electrode and probe with deionized water and immerse the electrode and ATC
probe in the "rinse" beaker of pH 7.00 buffer.
3. Gently swirl the electrode and ATC probe in the buffer for 30 seconds.
4. Move the electrode and ATC probe to the "test" beaker of the same buffer. Do not swirl.
5. Press the "Standard" key.
6. Turn the "Auto-lock" feature OFF.
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7 Observe the pH display. When the display is stable (as defined in the second paragraph
of Section 8.5) for 60 seconds, turn "Auto-lock" ON. When the reading locks, the standard
has been stored in memory.
8. Rinse the electrode and ATC probe in deionized water.
9. Place the electrode and ATC probe in the rinse beaker of pH 4.00 buffer.
10. Repeat steps 3-8 above.
8.6 Procedure
NOTE: Refer to Figure 8-2, Flowchart for field pH measurement.
8.6.1 Field Quality Control Check
NOTE: Leave the "Auto-lock" OFF during this entire procedure.
1 Check the connection of the electrode and ATC probe. Twirl the electrode gently to remove
bubbles. Remove the KCI-filled storage cap and lower the collar on the reference solution
fill hole.
2. Rinse the electrode with deionized water.
3 Conduct an initial QC check by using pH 4.00 QCC solution. If the QC check is
unacceptable, recalibrate, then recheck the QC. If it is still unacceptable, calibrate and
use the spare electrode. If the spare electrode will not meet standards, the data must
be qualified.
4. Rinse the electrode and ATC probe with deionized water.
5. Record QCC pH and temperature readings on the field logbook form and record the pH
reading on the field data form.
8.6.2 Sample Measurement
1. Perform initial field quality control check (see Section 8.6.1).
2. After purging the tubing and rinsing the beaker three times, pump a 150- to 200-mL sample
of stream water into a 250-mL beaker.
3. Press the "pH" key and swirl the electrode and ATC probe in the sample for 3 minutes.
4 Collect a fresh sample and transfer the electrode and ATC probe. Let it sit, unswirled,
for 2 minutes, then begin watching for a stable reading (±0.01 pH units for one minute).
Record the pH, temperature, and time required for stabilization on the field data form.
5 Remove the electrode and ATC probe in such a way as to prevent them from touching
the ground or other surfaces and discard the sample. Collect a fresh 150-mL sample.
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CHECK METER WITH pH 4.00 QCC
CHECK pH 4.00
AND 7.00 BUFFERS
COLLECT SAMPLE, STIR
ELECTRODE AND ATC
PROBE (3 MINUTES)
±0.02, OF TRUE
VALUES
SOAK ELECTRODE
RECALIBRATE
USING pH 7.0CI
AND 4.00
BUFFERS
READ SAMPLE pH
FIRST
SAMPLE pH
READING
DO
READINGS
AGREE WITHIN
± 0.03 pH UNITS
IS
VALUE WITHIN
± 0.10 pH UNITS
OF TRUE
CHECK pH 4.00 QCC
QUALIFY pH MEASUREMENTS ON
STREAM DATA FORM (FORM 4)
Figure 8-2. Flowchart for field pH measurement.
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6. Immerse the electrode and ATC probe in a fresh sample. When the reading is stable,
record the pH, temperature, and time required for stabilization on the field logbook form.
7. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until two successive pH readings agree within 0.03 pH units. The
first reading is not used for successive comparisons, thus there are at least 3 sample
readings and stabilization times on the field data form. Record final pH and temperature
readings on the field data form.
8. If a duplicate sample is to be taken at this stream site, repeat steps 1-6. Record duplicate
pH and temperature readings in the appropriate spaces on the stream data form.
9. Perform a final QCC (Section 8.6.3) at each sampling site.
8.6.3 Post-Deployment Quality Control Check
1. Conduct a final pH 4.00 QCC check after the final sample pH determination at each site
(Section 8.6.1). Record pH and temperature readings on the field data form.
2. Press the "OFF" button on meter. Do not press the "Clear" key.
3. Replace the cap filled with 3 M KCI on the tip of the pH electrode and raise the collar on
the pH reference solution fill hole.
8.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Quality assurance and quality control procedures related to measuring pH are described in
the following subsections.
8.7.1 Calibration Check
A calibration check should be conducted immediately following calibration to verify the
accuracy of the calibration values stored in memory.
NOTE: Turn "Auto-tack11 OFF during this entire procedure.
1. Swirl the electrode and ATC probe in the "rinse" beaker of pH 7.00 buffer for 30 seconds.
2. Move to the "test" beaker. Do not swirl.
3. Press the "pH" key on the meter and observe the pH display. When the reading is stable
for 60 seconds, record the pH and temperature on the calibration form.
NOTE: If recalibrating in the field, record the pH and temperature on tha field data form.
4. If the displayed reading differs from the theoretical value at the measured temperature
(Table 7-1, Section 7.0) by greater than 0.02 pH units, recalibrate using both buffers.
5. Rinse the electrode and ATC probe in deionized water and proceed.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for the pH 4.00 buffer.
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8.7.2 pH Quality Control Check
NOTE: This procedure is conducted immediately following a successful initial calibration
check to ensure the accuracy of the calibration for relatively low ionic strength
unbuffered solutions. a '
NOTE: QC solution (Section 8.3.3) has a theoretical pH of 4.00 at 25 °C.
NOTE: Beakers marked "QCC solution rinse" and "QCC solution standard" are used for
morning calibrations at the base site.
NOTE: Leave the "Auto-lock" OFF during this entire procedure.
1. Swirl the electrode and ATC probe in the "QCC solution rinse" beaker for 3 minutes.
2. Move to the "QCC solution test" beaker. Do not swirl.
3. Press the "pH" key on the meter.
4" wbhSen£th8 P5 diS-play> u^ait two minutes- tne" begin timing the stability of the reading
o^ the clliSafion form 6° **™** (±°'°1 PH units> record PH and temperature
5' In!J1ehdiSI!:)laye? re?din9 differs from 4.00 by greater than 0.10 pH units, rinse the probe
and check again with a fresh beaker of QCC solution.
6. If the value is still unacceptable, prepare a fresh QCC solution and begin again.
7. If the value is still unacceptable, clear and recalibrate using both buffers.
8. When an acceptable QCC solution value has been obtained, push the "OFF" kev on the
meter and pack for transport to streamside.
NOTE: Calibration data are retained by the meter. Do not press the "Clear" kev or
calibration data will be erased. To restart pH measurements when the instrument
is off, press the "pH" key.
8.8 Routine Maintenance and Care
1 ™n m55er.snould be tealed in a plastic bag containing a desiccant package (e.g., silica
gel). The bag should be placed in a second sealable plastic bag for transport.
2. The meter should be stored so as to minimize physical shock during transport.
3. Avoid exposing the meter and electrodes to extremes of temperature or to direct sunlight.
4. Electrodes should be kept upright as much as possible, especially during transport.
5. The electrode and ATC probe should be carried wrapped in a plastic bag.
6. Keep the electrode filled with 3 M KCI.
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7. Always carry a spare, electrode which is known to be fully functional.
8 Approximately once a week, or more often if electrode response is sluggish or if the meter
vSlhSt standardize using a specific electrode, the following procedure is recommended.
a Carefully drain the filling solution from the outer chamber of the electrode through the
vent using a syringe equipped with a small diameter tube.
b. Using the syringe, the small diameter tubing, and deionized water, rinse and then drain
the chamber thoroughly.
c Rinse the chamber by filling, agitating, and draining it with 3 M KCI, then fill the outer
chamber with fresh 3 M KCI through the vent.
9 If the electrode response does not improve after completion of step 8, electrode etching
is recommended. Electrodes should be returned to the central processing laboratory for
etching If this is not possible, they may be etched in the field by using the following
process:
a. Drain the filling solution from the electrodes.
b. Rinse the filling chambers with deionized water and drain.
c. Refill with deionized water.
d. Prepare a 50 percent (W/V) NaOH solution by slowly adding 30 g NaOH to 30 ml
deionized water.
e. Stir the solution with the electrodes to dissolve the NaOH.
f. Stir the solution another 2 minutes with the electrodes.
g. Rinse the electrodes with deionized water.
h. Rinse the electrodes in pH 7.00 buffer for 2 minutes.
i. Drain the deionized water form the filling chamber.
j. Refill with 3 M KCI, agitate the electrodes and drain.
k. Refill with 3 M KCI, and twirl the electrodes overhead by their leaders to remove
bubbles.
NOTE: Etch electrodes in groups of three. Prepare a fresh NaOH solution for each group
of electrodes.
CAUTION: NaOH is extremely caustic. The solution is exothermic, and the solution will
become very hot. Prepare the etching solution in a very well ventilated room,
avoid breathing the fumes, and exercise extreme caution.
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8.9 References
U"S' E4tMH? nvir?nrien*al Protection Agency). 1987. Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition
OfSl nf £aboratPry ^se,s for Surface Water Chemistry. EPA 600/4 87/026 US EPA
Office of Research and Development, Washington, D C 342 pp °'/w». u.&. tPA,
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9.0 Determination of Specific Conductance (Lotic)
9.1 Overview
Specific conductance or conductivity is a measure which often can be linearly correlated with
the ionic strength of a solution. Specific conductance also can be used to generate a synthetic
ionic balance of a solution. This balance can be used as a check of measured cation and anion
concentrations.
9.1.1 Scope and Application
This method, which is similar to the one utilized in NSS, is applicable to the determination
of specific conductance in samples from waters of low ionic strength.
Streaming potential is generally not a problem during conductivity measurements. For this
reason, stream water measurements usually are taken in situ, but also may be obtained from open
beakers. Portable conductivity meters are used most commonly. The AERP surveys relied on
Yellow Springs Instruments Co. (YSI) model 33 S-C-T meters and model 3310 conductivity/
temperature probes to measure specific conductance. The method described here assumes that
the YSI meter is used and stream waters are sampled in situ. The method can be modified and
used for other instrumentation meeting equivalent specifications. The method is not limited to lotic
systems. Although inefficient under many circumstances, in situ specific conductance of a lake
water sample may be determined with some modification of this procedure.
The applicable range of measurements taken with the YSI is 2.5 to 50,000 fiS/cm (^mhos/cm)
at 25 "C (YSI, 1983). The specific conductance of most AERP-sampled streams ranged between
10 and 500 juS/cm (at 25 °C) (Kaufmann et al., 1988). However, only measurements in the range
of 50 to 1000 /LiS/cm (at 25 °C) are quality checked for accuracy with this method. Because the YSI
meter calibration is preset, the range cannot be extended. However, the range that is quality
assured can be extended by measurement verification with a wider range of QCC solutions.
9.1.2 Summary of Method
The YSI meter and probe are calibrated at the factory and refined adjustments are not
possible at the base station. The quality of specific conductance and temperature measurements
is determined with low-range, mid-range, and high-range QCC solutions prior to sampling. There
is no true meter calibration for this method. At streamside, the meter is checked against a single,
low-range QCC solution. A probe is placed into the stream and conductance values are displayed /.
on the meter's analog readout. Conductance readings are not temperature compensated. All
values are adjusted (based on sample temperature and a correction table) to specific conductance
at a reference temperature of 25 °C.
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9.1.3 Interferences
Temperature variations represent the major source of potential error in specific conductance
determinations. To minimize this error, meter quality control checks are conducted at the base site
under controlled temperatures, readings are adjusted relative to 25 "C, and temperature
measurements are checked against an NBS-traceable thermometer.
Natural surface waters contain substances (oils, humic and fuMc acids, suspended solids)
that may build up on metal surfaces of the conductivity probe. Such a build up interferes with the
operation of the electrode and should be removed periodically, following the manufacturer's
instructions (YSI, I983).
Measurements with the conductivity/temperature probe can be affected by objects in close
proximity. The manufacturer recommends that metal and nonmetal materials (including the stream
bottom) be kept at least 6 and 2 inches, respectively, away from the probe during all readings.
9.1.4 Safety
The calibration standards, sample types, and reagents used in this method pose no hazard
to the sampler. General safety guidelines for samplers operating in flowing waters and under
remote conditions are provided in Section 6.5.
9.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage
Since stream water specific conductance generally is determined in situ, sample collection
preservation, and storage are not applicable. Specific conductance is determined from an electrode
suspended at midchannel and middepth. Water samples may be collected from streams and
lakes with a peristaltic pump and Tygon tubing. A Van Dorn sampler also may be used for
collection of lake water samples from specified depths. A water volume of at least 200 mL is
required to measure specific conductance in a beaker. After the meter is prepared, the probe is
placed into the sample, and electronic and thermal equilibria are established. Measurements are
then taken.
9.3 Equipment and Supplies
9.3.1 Equipment
1. YSI model 33 S-C-T portable meter, or equivalent.
2. YSI model 33IO probe with cable, or equivalent.
9.3.2 Apparatus
1. Meter operation manual.
2. NBS-traceable thermometer.
3. Two 250-mL bottles for field rinse and test QCC (74 /uS/cm) solutions.
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4. Wash bottle (1 L).
9.3.3 Consumable Materials
, 1. Calibration and field data forms or logbook.
2. Six 250-mL disposable beakers for rinse and test QCC (74, I47, and 7I8 juS/cm) solutions.
9.3.4 Reagents
1. Deionized water-used in all preparations; should conform to ASTM specifications for Type
1 reagent grade water (ASTM, 1984).
2. 74 /LiS/cm field specific conductance QCC solution (0.0005 N KCI)-0.5 imL of 1 N KCI diluted
to 1 L with deionized water.
3. 147 juS/cm specific conductance calibration check solution (0.001 N KCI)--1 mL of I N KCI
diluted to 1 L with deionized water.
4. 718 /uS/cm specific conductance calibration check solution (0.005 N KCI)--5 mL of 1 N KCI
diluted to 1 L with deionized water.
9.4 Preparation
The following procedure should be performed daily. If the instrument is subjected to physical
shock, repeat this preparation process. Note that the probe should always be stored in deionized
water between uses.
1. Check probes for outward signs of fouling. Do not touch the electrodes inside the probe
with any object.
2. Plug the probe securely into the instrument jack.
3. Adjust the meter to "ZERO" with the set screw on the meter face so the needle coincides
with "0" on the scale.
4. Turn the mode control to "REDLINE." Adjust the redline control so that the needle will
line up with the red line on the meter scale. If alignment cannot be achieved, replace
the batteries.
9.5 Calibration and Standardization
NOTE: Refer to Figure 9-1, Flowchart for conductivity meter calibration.
Because the YSI conductivity meter is calibrated at the factory, temperature and specific
conductance measurements can only be compared to known standards to determine accuracy.
This is really a QCC and is termed meter calibration check. It should not be confused with true
calibration procedures. Meter zero and redline adjustments are made, but they do not relate to any
standard or known solution values.
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ADJUST ZERO AND REDLINE
DOES
REDLINE
ADJUST
CORRECTLY
CHECK TEMPERATURE
AGAINST NBS THERMOMETER
USE DO METER OR ATC PROBE
FOR CALIBRATION AND IN SITU
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
CHECK CALIBRATION WITH
ALL STANDARDS
74
STANDARD
AGREES WITHIN
±10 uS/cm
FIRST
FAILED
ATTEMPT
147
STANDARD
AGREES WITHIN
il5 uS/cm
SECOND
FAILED
ATTEMPT
7
PREPARE FRESH
718
STANDARD
AGREES WITHIN
±15uS/cm
THIRD
FAILED
ATTEMPT
REPLACE PROBE
AND/OR METER
RECORD RESULTS
ON CALIBRATION FORM
FIflurt 9-1. Flowchart for conductivity meter calibration.
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Perform initial temperature and calibration checks daily, prior to departure for the field sites.
All specific conductance readings should be recorded on calibration and field data forms. This
procedureutilizes and records both temperature-uncompensated and temperature-compensated
specific conductance values, where applicable. This practice reduces the probability of calculation
errors resulting in unrecoverable losses of data. Temperature correction factors (at 25 °C) used
for calculation of theoretical specific conductance values are listed in Table 9-1.
Table 9-1. Factors for Converting Specific Conductance of Water to Values at 25 *C (liased on 0.1 N KCI and
0.01 N NaN03 Solutions)^
*C Factor "C Factor *C Factor *C Factor *C Factor
32
31
30
29
28
27
0.89
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.97
26
25
24
23
22
21
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
20
19
18
17
16
15
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.19
1.21
14
13
12
11
10
9
1.24
1.27
1.30
1.33
1.36
1.39
8
7
6
5
4
3
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.58
1.62
' Wetzal, R. G.. and G. E. Likens, 1979. Limnological Analyses. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
When making measurements, the entire electrode and thermistor (located on top of the
electrode) should be fully submerged, but the electrode should not rest on the laottom of the beaker
or stream channel.
9.5.1 Temperature Check
1. Rinse the probe and NBS-traceable thermometer with deionized waiter before and after
submersion in QCC solutions.
2. Immerse the probe in the rinse beaker of the 74 /uS/cm standard. Be certain that the
thermistor is fully submerged.
3. Set the mode switch to "TEMP."
4. Compare the meter reading with that obtained by using an NBS-traceable thermometer.
The readings should agree within 0.5 *C of each other. Record values on the calibration
form.
5. If temperature readings do not agree, do not use the conductivity probe to measure QCC
solution temperature or in situ temperature at the sample site. Use an alternate method
for temperature measurements. Make note of this change on the field data form.
9.5.2 Initial Calibration Check
The base site calibration check consists of comparing specific conductance values of the
three QCC solutions to theoretical values that have been corrected for temperature. If
measurements do not fall within prescribed limits for each QCC solution, compare the meter values
to another meter and probe. If readings on the other meter are acceptable, use the other meter
or troubleshoot the original meter. If readings are unacceptable with the second meter, replace
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check solutions and check again. If readings for the two meters are still unacceptable,
troublsshoot one or both as described in Section 9.8.
1. Rinse the probe with deionized water.
2. Immerse the probe in the rinse beaker containing 74 juS/cm QCC solution. Agitate the
probe slightly. Remove the probe from the rinse beaker.
3. Immerse the probe in the standard beaker containing fresh solution. Determine the
temperature and record it on the calibration form. Set the mode selector to the "XT' scale.
4. Read the conductivity and record it as uncompensated conductivity on the calibration form.
Calculate the temperature-compensated specific conductance and record it on the
calibration form. The temperature compensated value should be 74 juS/cm ± 7 fjS/cm.
5. Repeat steps 1-4, using the 147 pS/cm specific conductance standard solution. The
temperature corrected value should be 147 juS/cm ± 15 juS/cm.
6. Repeat steps 1-4, using the 718 juS/cm specific conductance standard solution. The
temperature corrected value should be 718 juS/cm ± 72 fjS/cm.
9.6 Procedure
The probe should be fully submerged in the stream water and should not contact the stream
bottom. Note that in coastal areas, some streams may be affected by tidal influences. During
NSS, when corrected specific conductance at a site was determined to be greater than 500 /L/S/cm
in Inland streams, sampling was discontinued. If corrected specific conductance was determined
to be greater than 250 j/S/cm in coastal streams, sampling also was discontinued. Sampling sites
were moved upstream to the point where specific conductance first fell below 250 juS/cm.
1. Perform initial field quality control check (see Section 9.7.1).
2. Immerse the probe in the flowing portion of the stream, downstream from the pump
intake tubing.
NOTE: The probe should be fully immersed in the stream flow but should not be touching
bottom. This can be accomplished by placing it across the sampling boom.
3. Set "MODE1 selector to "XT' scale and read specific conductance. Record the value on the
field data form. Calculate the temperature compensated value or, alternately, the
conversion may be done by computer at a later date.
4. Between sampling sites, perform an additional field quality control check.
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9.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
9.7.1 Field Quality Control Check
Perform the QCC at each sampling site before and after in situ specific conductance deter-
minations. Record uncompensated and compensated QCC solution measurements on the field data
form.
NOTE: Refer to Figure 9-2, Flowchart for field specific conductance measurement.
SET UP CONDUCTIVITY METER
VALUE
(CORRECTED)
= 74±10
jjS/cm
MEASURE AND
RECORD IN SITU
CONDUCTIVITY AND
TEMPERATURE
QUALIFY SAMPLE MEASUREMENT
ON STREAM DATA FORM
(FORM 4)
CHECK AND RECORD
74jjS/cm QCC
VALUE
(CORRECTED)
= 74±10
pS/cm
QUALIFY SAMPLE MEASUREMENT
ON STREAM DATA FORM
(FORM 4)
PLACE PROBE IN
STORAGE BOTTLE,
PACK METER
Flguna 9-2. Flowchart for field specific conductance measurement.
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1. Follow the procedure in Section 9.5.2, steps 1-4 for Initial Calibration Check, using the 74
fjS/cm QCC solution carried into the field in two 250-mL plastic bottles, one labeled "rinse"
and one labeled "test." Record uncompensated QCC solution conductivity and temperature
values in the field logbook and on the field data form.
2. Calculate the compensated QCC solution specific conductance and record on the field data
form.
a. Compensated QCC solution reading must be 74 ± 10 juS/cm. If not, repeat QCC
solution check.
b. If an acceptable value is not obtained for the second QCC solution, proceed with the
in situ determination and final QCC.
c. If either the initial or the final QCC solution measurement does not fall within
acceptable limits, qualify all specific conductance values on the stream data form
associated with the unacceptable QCC solution value(s).
9.7.2 Post-Deployment Quality Control Check
After returning from the field, if any QCC solution measurements made during site sampling
operations were outside specified limits, repeat the calibration and QCC solution procedures
(Section 9.5), perform maintenance, or troubleshoot the meter according to Section 9.8, and the
manufacturer's operation manual.
9.8 Instrument Maintenance
9.8.1 Routine Maintenance
Refer to the instrument manual for probe cleaning instructions.
1. Store the probe in deionized water.
2. Before using a probe which has been stored dry, soak the probe in deionized water for
24 hours.
3. Always turn off the meter after use.
4. Keep the meter dry.
9.8.2 Troubleshooting
If acceptable QCC solution values are not obtained, compare values read by the other
sampling teams. If the readings obtained by other teams are also unacceptable, replace the QCC
solution in question. If the other teams are obtaining acceptable QCC readings, troubleshoot the
meter and probe.
1. Rinse the probe well and recheck the questionable solution.
2. Recheck "REDLINE1 and replace the batteries, if necessary.
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3 Using the 718 uS/cm with the meter set to the "X10" scale, press the "CELL TEST1 button.
If the reading falls more than two percent, the probe is fouled. Clean the probe according
to the manufacturer's instructions.
4 If these measures do not remedy the problem, replace the meter or probe, or both. To
determine whether it is the meter or the probe that is malfunctioning, switch probes with
another meter for which acceptable QCC readings have been obtained. If values obtained
are still unacceptable, the meter is malfunctioning. If acceptable readings are obtained,
the original probe is malfunctioning.
5 If the meter will not meet QCC for the 147 or 718 juS/cm standards and if no replacement
meter/probe is available, all field data forms for the day should include this information.
9.9 References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Volume 11.01, Standard Specification for Reagent Water, D 1193-77 (reapproved 1983). ASTM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Kaufmann P., A. Herlihy, J. Elwood, M. Mitch, S. Overton, M. Sale, J. Messer, K. Reckhow, K.
Cougan, D. Peck, J. Coe, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, C. Hagiey, and Y. Jager. 1988.
Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States.
Volume I: Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Relationships. EPA 600/3-88/021a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Yellow Springs Instrument Company. 1983. Instructions for YSI Model 33 and 33M S-C-T Meters.
Yellow Springs Instrument Company, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio.
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Page 1 of 9
1O.O Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (Lotic)
10.1 Overview
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the amount of oxygen concentration dissolved in
solution. In natural waters, minimal concentrations of oxygen are essential for survival of most
aquatic organisms. Measures of DO and temperature are used to assess water quality and the
potential for healthy aerobic organism populations.
10.1.1 Scope and Application
This method is applicable to the determination of DO in natural waters. The procedure is
similar to the one utilized in the NSS.
Moving waters are generally considered essential for accurate DO determinations. For this
reason, stream water measurements are usually taken in situ. Measurements of DO from beakers,
biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles, or lake strata can be accomplished with various probe
attachments and/or manual stirring procedures. Portable DO meters are commonly utilized in
stream studies. The AERP surveys relied on Yellow Springs Instrument Co. (YSI) model 54A oxygen
meters and model 5739 dissolved oxygen and temperature probes to measure DO. The method
described here assumes that the YSI meter is used and steam waters are sampled in situ. The
method can also be used with modification for other instrumentation meeting equivalent
specifications. The method is not limited to lotic systems. In situ DO measurements in lake
waters can be taken with minor changes in the procedure.
The applicable range of measurements taken with the YSI DO meter is 9 to 20 mg/L (ppm
O.,) (YSI, 1980). Because calibration is relatively simple, the meter can be calibrated either at the
base station or at the field site. Calibration accuracy is verified with a QCC at the base station.
10.1.2 Summary of Method
The DO meter and probe are air calibrated at the base station prior to field activities, on site,
and upon return. After each base station calibration, the quality of DO and temperature
measurements is determined by comparing readings to theoretical concentrations of air-saturated
deionized water. At streamside, the meter is recalibrated at ambient temperatures. The probe is
placed into the stream and the DO values are displayed on the meter analog readout. Dissolved
oxygen readings are adjusted to compensate for temperature and pressure (depth).
10.1.3 Interferences
Sources of potential error in DO determinations include low battery voltage, changing
instrument position after on-site calibration, lack of water flow across the membrane, loss of probe
membrane integrity (bacterial colonization or punctures), improper calibration, storage of probe in
deionized water, and poor membrane replacement techniques. Proper measurement and
maintenance procedures should alleviate these problems.
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Natural surface waters contain gases which may contaminate and tarnish the gold cathode,
causing erroneous measurements. If the probe is used for long periods with a loose fitting
membrane, silver may plate the cathode. These buildups can interfere with the operation of the
sensor and should be removed according to the manufacturer's instructions (YSI, 1980).
10.1.4 Safety
The calibration standards, sample types, and reagents used in this method pose no hazard
to the sampler. General safety guidelines for samplers operating in flowing waters and under
remote conditions are provided in Section 6.5.
10.2 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage
Stream water DO is generally determined in situ, hence procedures for sample collection,
preservation, and storage are not applicable. Dissolved oxygen is measured from a probe
suspended at midchannel and middepth. The only requirement for stable readings is sufficient
water flow (or probe stirring) to continuously replace oxygen at the water/membrane interface.
After the probe is placed into the sample and electronic and thermal equilibrium is established,
measurements are taken.
10.3 Equipment and Supplies
Sections 10.3.1 through 10.3.3 list the equipment, apparatus, and other materials used in the
procedure described here.
10.3.1 Equipment
1. YSI model 54A portable meter, or equivalent.
2. YSI model 4739 probe with cable, or equivalent.
10.3.2 Apparatus
1. Meter operation manual.
2. NBS-traceable thermometer.
3. Probe calibration chamber.
4. 1-gallon plastic bottle.
5. 3-galIon bucket.
6. Aquarium pump, air stone, and air tubing.
7. Calculator.
8. Watch.
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10.3.3 Reagents and Consumable Materials
1. Calibration and field data forms.
2. Replacement membranes.
3. Probe electrolyte.
4. Tap water.
10.4 Preparation
The DO meter is prepared daily, prior to calibration and on-site measurements. The probe
is always stored in tap water between uses. Stream water may be used, but should be replaced
with tap water when available. If the instrument is subjected to physical shock, repeat the
following preparation process:
1. Adjust the zero, using the screw on the meter face with the selector switch in "OFF"
position.
2. Turn the selector to "REDLINE." Adjust the "REDLINP knob to align the needle with the
red line on the meter panel.
3. Turn the selector to "ZERO." Adjust the needle to the "0" value with the "ZERO" control
knob.
4. Check the membrane on the probe for air bubbles.
10.5 Calibration and Standardization
Zero and redline adjustments to the meter are made, as noted above, prior to calibration and
field measurements. Perform calibration daily, prior to departure for the field sites, prior to sample
measurement, and again upon return to the base station. All DO readings and calculated
intermediate values should be recorded on calibration and field data forms. Calibration procedures
utilize temperature and altitude to calculate theoretical DO in water-saturated air.
NOTE: Refer to Figure 10-1 (Flowchart for DO meter calibration).
10.5.1 Calibration
1. Attach the moist air calibration chamber to the probe, release end clamp, and immerse
the probe in a water bath (bucket or stream). Turn the meter to "REDLINE." Equilibrate
the probe for 15 minutes.
2. Turn the selector switch to "TEMP," read the temperature of the chamber, and determine
the saturation value from the O2 solubility table (Table 10-1 and on back of meter).
3. Multiply the saturation value by the altitude correction factor (Table 10-2 and on back of
meter) to obtain a theoretical calibration value.
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Page 4 of 9
ADJUST MECHANICAL ZERO
WITH INSTRUMENT OFF
ADJUST ELECTRONIC ZERO
AND REDLINE
CHECK TEMPERATURE
WITH NBS THERMOMETER
AIR-CALIBRATE METER
(WATER-SATURATED AIR)
CHECK CALIBRATION
(AIR-SATURATED WATER)
YES
AGREE
WITHIN ±0.5 mg/C
OF AIR-CALIBRATED
VALUE
YES
CHECK:
-BATTERIES
-LONGER EQUILIBRATION TIME
.-PROBE MEMBRANE
REPLACE IF NECESSARY
RECORD RESULTS ON
CALIBRATION FORM
Figure 10-1. Flowchart for dissolved oxygen meter calibration.
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Table 10-1. Solubility of Oxygen In Fresh Water"
Temperature (*C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Temperature (*C)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
14.62
14.22
13.83
13.46
13.11
12.77
12.45
12.14
11.84
11.56
11.29
11.03
10.78
10.54
10.31
10.08
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
9.87
9.66
9.47
9.28
9.09
8.91
8.74
8.58
8.42
8.26
8.11
7.97
7.83
7.69
7.56
7.43
* Reprinted from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th Edition, p. 413 (American Public
Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1985).
Table 10-2. Altitude Correction Factors for Dissolved Oxygen Measurements
Atmospheric Pressure (mm Hg) Equivalent Altitude (feet) Equivalent Altitude (meters) Correction Factor
775
760
745
730
714
699
684
669
654
638
623
608
593
578
562
547
532
517
502
-540
0
542
1,094
1,388
2.274
2,864
3,466
4,082
4,756
5,403
6,065
6,744
7,440
8,204
8,939
9,694
10,472
11,273
-165
0
165
333
423
693
873
1,056
1,244
1,450
1,647
1,849
2,056
2,268
2,500
2,725
2,955
3,192
3,436
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.66
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Page 6 of 9
4. Turn the selector switch to the appropriate range position.
5. Adjust the "CALIBRATE1 knob until the meter reads the theoretical calibration value
determined in step 3. Allow two minutes to verify the stability of the reading. Readjust
if necessary.
6. Perform calibration check as described in Section 10.7.1.
NOTE: Calibration can be disturbed by physical shock, touching the membrane, or drying out
of the electrolyte.
1O.5.2 Field Calibration
Prior to on-site measurements, the meter is recalibrated at streamside. The probe is placed
into the calibration chamber (water removed), sealed, and placed into the stream for equilibration.
Calibration follows the procedures presented in Section 10.5.1. The only difference is the use of the
site altitude, obtained from appropriate topographic maps, and the lack of a post-calibration quality
control check.
10.6 Procedure
The probe end should be protected by the screw cap and fully submerged in the water. The
membrane end should not come in contact with the bottom, although the probe may lay on its side,
with the end elevated off the substrate. Refer to Figure 10-2, Flowchart for field DO measurements.
1. Calibrate the meter using the air calibration procedure (Section 10.5.1).
2. Attach the probe to the sampling boom.
3. Immerse the probe in flowing stream water at middepth.
4. Turn the selector to "TEMP." Allow the reading to stabilize. Record water temperature on
the field data form.
5. Turn the selector to the appropriate DO range. Allow the reading to stabilize. Record the
DO reading on the field data form.
10.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
10.7.1 Calibration Check
This quality control check is conducted after calibration at the base station, both before and
following field activities. The QCC consists of comparing calibrated meter readings to the
calculated DO of air-saturated deionized water, based on temperature and altitude. If measure-
ments do not fall within limits for a QCC, recalibrate the meter (before field use) or qualify field DO
measurements. If the meter cannot be calibrated so that it meets the QCC and a backup meter
is not available, either qualify field data collected with the meter or correct the problem as
described in Section 10.8.
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Section 10.0
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Page 7 of 9
UNPACK METER
AND ELECTRODE
AIR EQUILIBRATE 15 MINUTES
AT STREAM TEMPERATURE
CHECK REDLINE,
CHANGE BATTERIES
DO AIR CALIBRATION
DOES
METER
CALIBRATE
FIRST
FAILED
ATTEMPT
CHANGE MEMBRANE,
QUALIFY DATA
MEASURE AND RECORD
IN SITU DISSOLVED
OXYGEN AND
TEMPERATURE
PACK METER AND ELECTRODE
Figure 10-2. Flowchart for field dissolved oxygen measurement.
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Page 8 of 9
1 Air-saturate a bucket of deionized water by bubbling air through the water with an
aquarium pump and air stone for a minimum of one hour (preferably several hours).
NOTE: Avoid large changes in ambient temperature during saturation.
2. Place the probe in the sample and stir gently. Set the selector to "TEMP,1' read the
temperature of the bath, and determine the saturation value from the O2 solubility table
(Table 10-1 and on back of meter).
3. Check the temperature reading using the following procedure:
a. Immerse the probe in a bucket of water.
b Turn the selector knob to "TEMP." Check the real temperature on the meter against the
temperature obtained by using an NBS-traceable thermometer. Readings should agree
within 0.5 *C.
c. If the readings do not agree within 0.5 *C, do not use the probe to measure stream
temperature. Instead, use the conductivity meter or an alternate method. This change
should be noted on the field data form.
4. Determine the local altitude from a topographic map or obtain atmospheric pressure from
a mercury barometer. Determine the atmospheric correction factor (Table 10-2 and on back
of meter).
5. Multiply the saturation value by the atmospheric correction factor to obtain the theoretical
dissolved oxygen concentration of the water.
6. Turn the selector to the appropriate DO range and take the DO reading while stirring the
probe in the bucket. Calculate the difference between the calculated theoretical value and
the measured values. The measured readings should be within ±0.5 mg/L O2 of the
calculated value. Record values on the calibration form and the field data form.
a. If the reading is outside of the acceptance limits, recalibrate with water-saturated air
(Section 10.5) and repeat this calibration check.
b. If the reading is still not acceptable, check the probe and meter for malfunction.
10.7.2 Post-Deployment Calibration Check
After returning from the field, repeat the calibration and QCC procedures (Sections 10.5.1 and
10.7.1), perform maintenance, and/or troubleshoot the meter according to Section 10.8 and the
manufacturer's instruction manual. Record information on the calibration form and, where
appropriate, on the field data form.
10.8 Routine Maintenance and Care
Refer to the instrument manual for membrane replacement instructions.
1. Replace the membrane and electrolyte (or entire probe) if erratic readings are observed,
if calibration is not stable, if bubbles form under the membrane, or if bacterial growth is
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Section 10.0
Revision 0
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Page 9 of 9
observed on the membrane. Note especially the instructions concerning the pressure
compensation diaphragm and removal of hidden bubbles.
2. If calibration is unstable after membrane replacement, let the membrane equilibrate for
24 hours. If the meter must be used during this period, data may have to be qualified
with a comment such as "new membrane installed at site."
3. Check the meter and meter case frequently for moisture. The meter must be kept dry.
Open the meter back and allow it to dry overnight if the meter is moist.
10.9 References
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution
Control Foundation. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
16th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C.
Yellow Springs Instrument Company. 1980. Instructions for YSI Model 54A meters. Yellow Springs
Instrument Company, Yellow Springs, Ohio.
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11.0 Seechi Disk Transparency
11.1 Overview
The Secchi disk transparency measurement provides an in situ estimate of water clarity This
procedure requires no calibration and no quality assurance or quality control checks. Maintenance
is limited to visual inspection for damage to the disk and sounding line.
11.2 Procedure
NOTE: Secchi disk transparency determination is made in the shade of the helicopter between
the pontoon and fuselage or from the shaded side of the boat. If it is not possible
to perform the measurement in the shade, make a note of this.
NOTE: The sampler must not wear sunglasses. Photogray prescription lenses are
permissible if no other glasses are available. Their use should be noted.
1. Lower the Secchi disk on a calibrated line until it disappears from view. Record this
depth on the field data form.
NOTE: Calibrated line refers to depth markings made against a standard tape measure.
2. Raise the disk until it reappears, then record this depth also.
3. The average of these depths is the Secchi disk transparency.
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12.0 Water Sample Collection-Van Dorn Sampler
12.1 Overview
These procedures are applicable to the collection of water samples from lakes of at least
1.5 m depth. Either helicopters or boats may be used as the sampling platform. The Van Dorn
sampler was used as the primary water collection apparatus in all AERP lake surveys. All Van
Dorn samplers used in the AERP Lake Surveys were fitted with nylon Leur-Lok syringe fittings to
permit sample extraction without atmospheric contact.
This section describes the collection of standard lake water samples by using the Van Dorn
sampler. These standard water samples include a 4-L bulk Cubitainer sample, syringe samples,
and QA/QC samples. The collection of specialized seasonal samples are described in sections
14.0 through 17.0.
12.2 Water Sample Collection Procedure
1. Set the sampler by pulling the elastic bands and cups back and securing the latches. Do
not place hands inside or on the lip of the container; this could contaminate samples. To
reduce chances of contamination, wear thin, sterile laboratory gloves.
2. Rinse the 6.2-L Van Dorn sampler with surface water by immersing it in the water column.
3. Lower the Van Dorn sampler to the desired sampling depth.
NOTE: Sampling depth may be 1.5 m below lake surface, 1.5 m off lake bottom, or some
other depth as required by the survey design.
4. Trigger cups by releasing the messenger weight down the line.
5. Raise sampler and set on a clear, flat surface (helicopter pontoon or cooler lid) in a
vertical position.
6. Extreme care must be taken to avoid leakage of sample and introduction of air.
12.3 Syringe Sample Collection Procedure
NOTE: For AERP lake surveys, syringe samples were collected (one each) for DIG, pH,
extractable aluminum, and monomeric aluminum samples.
1. Unscrew valve at the top of the Van Dorn sampler. Remove plug from Leur-Lok syringe
fitting at bottom of sampler.
2. Withdraw a 50-mL aliquot into the 60-mL syringe. Expel as waste (do not expel into Van
Dorn). Repeat two more times.
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Page 2 of 3
3. Reattach syringe to the Van Dorn sampler with locking valve.
4. Withdraw a 60-mL aliquot, expel all air bubbles, and close valve on syringe.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 with additional syringes.
6. Attach completed labels (Appendix A, Figure A-10) to syringes; place syringes in plastic bag
or plastic container; place in cooler.
7. Maintain at 4 *C with frozen gel packs.
12.4 Cubitainer Sample Collection Procedure
1. Label sides of Cubitainer by using a permanent waterproof marker. Pop out the mouth
to expand Cubitainer size, using care not to touch the inner lip of the Cubitainer.
NOTE: Never expand Cubitainer by blowing into it; this could contaminate the sample.
2. Thoroughly rinse a clean 4-L Cubitainer with three separate 200-mL portions of sample.
Cap and rotate so that the water contacts all surfaces. Discard each rinse.
3. Completely fill the Cubitainer with sample remaining in the Van Dorn sampler. If
necessary, manually expand Cubitainer.
4. Compress Cubitainer to remove all headspace and cap it tightly. Tape clockwise with
electrical tape.
5. Complete and attach field sample label to the Cubitainer.
NOTE: This information should duplicate the information written on the Cubitainer wall
in step 1. The field sampler label should be attached to the Cubitainer neck with
a rubber band.
6. Place sample in cooler with frozen gel packs.
12.5 QA/QC Samples
12.5.1 Duplicate Samples
NOTE: During AERP surveys, one duplicate sample was collected for each sample batch,
defined as a group of samples processed in one day at an individual processing
facility. Additional replicates were taken during specific surveys for analytical
laboratory bias checks.
Immediately after collection of the routine sample, repeat sections 12.2 through 12.4. Mark
all samples as duplicate samples. If additional replicate samples are taken, label as triplicate, etc.
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12.5.2 Blank Samples
1. Rinse the Van Dorn sampler with 200 ml_ of deionized water three times.
NOTE: The deionized water should conform to ASTM specifications; for Type 1 reagent
grade water (ASTM, 1984).
2. Fill the Van Dorn sampler with deionized water.
3. Collect two syringe samples as described in Section 12.3.
NOTE: Blank syringe samples are not collected for pH and DIG analyses.
4. Complete and attach field sample label, identifying samples as blanks.
5. Thoroughly rinse a clean 4-L Cubitainer with three separate 200 mL portions of water from
the sampler.
6. Rinse and fill a Cubitainer with the deionized water from the Van Dorn sampler (see
Section 12.4). Compress the Cubitainer to remove headspace and cap it tightly. Tape
clockwise with electrical tape.
7. Place the Cubitainer and syringe container in a cooler with frozen geil packs.
12.6 References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Volume 11.01, Standard Specification for Reagent Water, D 1193-77 (reapproved 1983). ASTM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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13.O Water Sample Collection-Peristaltic Pump
13.1 Overview
Water samples are collected from natural water bodies by use of a peristaltic pump and
flexible tubing. The waters are directed into various sample containers for chemical analyses.
13.1.1 Scope and Application
This method is applicable to collection of waters from static and flowing waters. This
procedure is similar to the one employed in the NSS, which utilized a 12-volt direct current (VDC)
Masterflex Model 7533-30 pump motor with Quick Load head (Series 7020-50) and plastic Tygon
tubing (Type R-3603) to collect stream water. The description presented here of this method
assumes that the Masterflex peristaltic pump and accessories are used to collect flowing waters.
The method is not limited to lotic systems. Collection of lake waters from different depths within
the water column are possible with only few changes in this procedure. The method can also be
used with modification for other instrumentation meeting equivalent specifications.
13.1.2 Summary of Method
The pump head, tubing, and power cables are attached to the pump motor. The end of the
intake line (of appropriate length) is placed 20 to 30 cm below the stream surface and rinsed with
pumped water for three to five minutes. Sample containers (e.g., 4-L Cubitainer, nalgene bottles,
and syringes) are filled directly from water flowing out of the pump/tubing discharge. Syringes may
be filled without exposing water to the atmosphere. All sample containers are rinsed three times
prior to sample collection. Potential for cross-contamination is minimized by replacing all lines with
unused tubing at each stream site.
13.2 Equipment and Supplies
1. Battery (12 VDC) and power cable.
2. Pump motor.
3. Pump head.
4. Tygon tubing (10 to 20 feet per sampling site).
5. Sample boom.
6. Plastic sheeting.
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Section 13.0
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Page 2 of 4
13.3 Preparation
Prepare the battery pack that will operate the pump daily. Standard Nicad batteries are
charged 24 hours prior to use and discharged frequently to avoid memory. There are no routinely
maintained components to the pump/head assembly. Refer to the pump and Quick Load head
manual for cleaning and repair instructions. All sample containers and tubing should be
prepackaged in sealed plastic bags to prevent contamination from road dust.
13.4 Assembly
Place the pump, battery, and sample containers on a sheet of clean plastic laid over a flat
area adjacent to the stream. Connect the battery cable to the pump (positive and negative poles).
Attach the pump head and insert the appropriate length tubing so that 12 to 18 inches remain on
the output side of the head.
13.5 Water Collection Procedure
1. Assemble peristaltic pump.
2. Attach length of tubing (1/4 inch ID) to pump and sampling boom. Tubing length may
vary from 10 to 20 feet, as determined during site reconnaissance. Do not let tubing
come in contact with the ground.
3. Affix completed label to all sample containers before sampling. Mark these labels as
"Routine11.
4. Immerse intake tubing into flowing water of a stream at middepth or at a depth of 20
to 30 cm.
5. Turn pump on. Purge tubing for two minutes.
6. Insert discharge tubing 3 cm into neck of empty 4-L Cubitainer.
7. Collect 20 to 50 mL of water in Cubitainer. Cap and rotate so that water contacts all
surfaces. Discard water.
8. Repeat above rinsing procedure two more times.
9. Insert discharge tube into neck of Cubitainer and completely fill.
10. Cap Cubitainer tightly (no airspace should remain).
11. Rinse a 500-mL deionized-water-washed nalgene bottle as described above and com-
pletely fill (no airspace) for suspended solids analysis.
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Section 13.0
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Page 3 of 4
12. Collect 60-mL syringe samples (water unexposed to the atmosphere is necessary) as
follows:
NOTE: For AERP lake surveys, syringe samples were collected (one each) for DIG, pH,
extractable aluminum, and monomeric aluminum samples.
a. Affix label so that graduations are visible. '
b. Fill a 60-mL syringe with stream water by placing syringe tip on end of discharge
tubing and allow pump pressure to fill syringe. Expel water as rinse.
c. Repeat rinse procedure two more times and then fill syringe wi1:h fresh sample.
d. Affix syringe valve, tap side of syringe to collect air bubbles at tip, and then expel air.
Close syringe valve.
e. Repeat collection procedure above with three more syringes.
13.6 QA/QC Samples
13.6.1 Duplicate Sample Collection
NOTE: During AERP surveys, one duplicate sample was collected for each sample batch,
defined as a group of samples processed in one day at an individual processing
facility. Additional replicates were taken during specific surveys for analytical
laboratory bias checks.
A duplicate is collected completely independent of the routine sample and is taken to measure
natural variation. After collecting the routine sample, repeat the procedure described in Section 13.5
with a second set of sample containers. Before collecting the duplicate sample, label these
containers and mark them as duplicate samples.
13.6.2 Field Blank Collection
A blank sample is deionized water, meeting ASTM specifications for Type 1 reagent grade
water (ASTM, 1984), run through all field sampling gear; it is taken to measure potential field
contamination. The sample is generally collected with the same tubing used for routine samples,
but prior to actual routine water collection. Add all labels before sampling. Mark labels to indicate
blank samples.
1. Immerse intake tubing into 4-L Cubitainer of deionized water.
2. Purge tubing with at least 2 liters of deionized water. Discard the first liter of purge water.
Use the remaining purge water to rinse sample Cubitainer, syringes, and suspended solids
bottle. Rinse each container three times with approximately 20 to 50 ml_ of water.
3. Place rinsed 4-L Cubitainer under collection tubing and fill approximately half full with
remaining deionized water in the first blank water Cubitainer.
4. Immerse intake tubing into second Cubitainer of deionized water arid complete filling of
Cubitainer.
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Section 13.0
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Page 4 of 4
5. Eliminate airspace and cap tightly.
6. Fill rinsed suspended solids bottle with blank water, eliminate airspace, and cap tightly.
7. Fill two syringes with blank water described in Section 13.5, step 12.
NOTE: Syringe samples are not taken from blanks for DIG and pH measurements.
13.7 References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Volume 11.01, Standard Specification for Reagent Water, D 1193-77 (reapproved 1983). ASTM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Section 14.0
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Page 1 of 2
14.0 Nitrate/Sulfate Aliquot
14.1 Overview
In addition to the standard Cubitainer and syringe water samples collected during NSWS
additional special interest samples were collected in some of the individual component surveys'
These samples, which required immediate field treatment to preserve sample integrity included a
sample for nitrate/sulfate analysis. Other special interest samples are discussed in sections 150
16.0, and 17.0. '
14.1.1 Summary of Method
Nitrate is prone to rapid degradation in unpreserved, unrefrigerated samples. Preservation
at the field site is recommended if the raw sample cannot be refrigerated at 4 °C immediately or
cannot be processed by a laboratory within 24 hours of collection. During AERP surveys the water
sample was taken from the Van Dorn sampler; operation of the Van Dorn is; described in Section
12.0. The sample was collected in a 125-mL opaque aliquot bottle and immediately preserved with
5 percent mercuric chloride (5% HgCy. This procedure was used by ground samplers in the WLS.
14.1.2 Safety
In this procedure, 5% HgCI2 is the preservative. Mercury is a hazardous material although
at the low concentration used, normal safety procedures for handling chemicals are generally
adequate to ensure personnel safety. Gloves should be worn and all containers should be kept
tightly capped when not in use. As an added precaution, it is recommended that personnel
handling mercuric chloride receive analysis of body mercury levels both before; and after the survey.
14.2 Equipment and Supplies
1. Van Dorn sampler.
2. 125-mL aliquot bottle, opaque polyethylene, one per sample.
3. 5% HgCI2.
4. Eyedropper.
5. Electrical tape.
6. Sample labels, one per sample.
7. Plastic bag (sandwich size, one per sample).
8. Frozen gel packs.
9. Cooler.
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Section 14.0
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Page 2 of 2
14.3 Procedure
1. Rinse the sample bottle (125-mL, deionized-water-washed, amber, polyethylene bottle) with
three separate 20-mL portions of sample from the Van Dorn sampler. Cap the bottle
tightly each time and rotate the bottle to rinse all inner surfaces. Discard each rinse.
2. Fill the bottle to shoulder with sample from the Van Dorn sampler.
3. Using a dropper bottle, slowly add 2 drops (0.1 mL) of 5% HgCI2 to the bottle. Note the
amount of preservative used on the aliquot label. Cap the bottle tightly and invert it
several times to mix
4. Affix an aliquot label (Figure 14-1) and record all information, except laboratory-produced
information (batch and sample ID) with an indelible marking pen.
5. Tape the bottle clockwise with electrical tape and place it in a plastic bag. Keep the
samples at 4 *C.
NOTE: Bottle contraction may occur as a result of refrigeration. It may be necessary to
retighten and retape bottle lids after 1 to 2 hours at 4 eC.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for duplicate and blank samples.
EMSL-LAS VEGAS SPLIT
UrtfiItered-125 mL
Field Crew Data
Lake ID
Craw ID"
Sample Type (check one)
Routine
Duplicate
-cut here-
Date Sampled.
Ttma Sampled
Preservative:
Batch ID
Retd Lab Data
Sample ID_
Parameters: NOJ, SOf
mL
Figure 14-1. Nltrate/aulfate aliquot label.
-------
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15.3.2 Preparation of Aliquot Bottles
Section 15.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 3 of 3
associated with handling concentrated acids in the field this
ned m the laboratory. One bottle is needed for each anoxic
NOTE:
amber bottles due
and seal
15.4 Procedure
s
from
NOTE:
' and proceed from the
of this step with a
4'
3'
total samP|e volume sno"'d be 70 mL (minimum) to 110
m°10
5. Cap aliquot bottle, wrap clockwise with electrical tape. Seal in plastic bag and store at
6. Repeat from step 1 for any duplicates or blank samples.
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16.0 Chlorophyll a Aliquot
16.1 Overview
In addition to the standard Cubitainer and syringe water samples collected during NSWS
additional special interest samples were collected in some of the individual component surveys'
These samples, which required immediate field treatment to preserve sample integrity, included a
sample for chlorophyll a aliquot analysis. Other special interest samples are discussed in sections
14.0, 1S.O, and 17.0.
Chlorophyll a is one of several chlorophylls found in planktonic algae and is commonly
measured as an indicator of algal biomass. Chlorophyll a deteriorates rapidly after collection-
therefore, field filtration and immediate freezing are required. '
16.2 Equipment and Supplies
1. Van Dorn sampler.
2. 2-L amber widemouth polyethylene container or other suitable opaque sample container.
3. Filtration apparatus, hand operated.
4. Polycarbonate filter, 0.8/L/m pore size (two per sample).
5. Graduated cylinder, 250 ml_.
6. Deionized water and wash bottle. The deionized water should conform to ASTM
specifications for Type 1 reagent grade water (ASTM, 1984).
7. Forceps.
8. Centrifuge tube, 10-mL polycarbonate with screw-cap.
9. Aliquot label (see Figure 16-1), one per sample.
10. Scalable plastic bags.
11. Electrical tape.
12. Frozen gel packs or dry ice.
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Section 16.0
Revision 0
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Page 2 of 3
Iak8 ID
Crew —n—
Sample Type
Date Sampled Time
Volume Filtered
- , - mL
Batch ID "
Sample ID
Preservative: -20 *C
Parameten Chlorophyll
Figure 16-1. Chlorophyll a aliquot label.
16.3 Procedure
16.3.1 Preparation and Sample Collection
1 Load filter holder with a filter. Rinse thoroughly with deionized water. This may be done
prior to going to the field. If so, the filter holder should be transported in a scalable
plastic bag. A second filter should be taken as a back-up.
2. Thoroughly rinse graduated cylinder and sample bottle with deionized water.
3. After collection of all other water samples, gently agitate the residual sample in the Van
Dorn sampler and decant into sample container. Label container and store at 4 C,
NOTE: Storage time should be as short as possible. If sampling from a boat, sample
may be stored until shore is reached. Helicopter samplers should filter sample
immediately.
16.3.2 Filtration
NOTE: Chlorophyll can degrade rapidly when exposed to bright light. The entire filtration
procedure must be performed in subdued light. Centrifuge tubes containing sample
filters must also be kept in subdued light.
1. Gently invert the sample container three times and decant exactly 250 mL of sample into
the graduated cylinder.
NOTE: The volume must be exact for later use in analytical calculations. If sample size
is less than 250 mL, record actual volume to the nearest mL.
-------
Section 16.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 3 of 3
2. Pour sample into the top of the filter holder, replace holder cap and pump sample through
the filter using the hand pump. Filtration pressure should not exceed 7 psi to avoid rupture
of fragile algal cells.
3. Thoroughly rinse the upper portion of the filtration apparatus wi1;h deionized water to
dislodge any remaining cells adhering to the sides. Check the volume of the lower
chamber, which traps the filtrate, to ensure that it does not make contact with the filter
membrane.
4. Remove the filter from the holder with clean forceps. Avoid touching the filter where the
algal cells are deposited. Fold the filter in half, then into quarters, and insert into a
screw-cap, 10 mL centrifuge tube. Place the tube inside a sealable plastic bag and tape
to the underside of a frozen gel pack. Sandwich the sample between two gel packs, and
store inside a cooler beneath the Cubitainers and syringes. Transfer to a -20 *C
(minimum) freezer as soon as possible.
NOTE: Filters should be frozen immediately, and kept frozen until analysis can be
performed. Severe deterioration can occur under varying temperature conditions.
16.4 References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Volume 11.01, Standard Specification for Reagent Water, D 1193-77 (reapproved 1983). ASTM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
-------
-------
Section 17.0
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Page 1 of 3
17.O Collection and Preservation of Zooplankton
17.1 Overview
In addition to the standard Cubitainer and syringe water samples collected during NSWS,
additional special interest samples were collected in some of the individual component surveys!
These samples, which required immediate field treatment to preserve sample integrity, included
zooplankton samples. Other special interest samples are discussed in sections 14.0 through 16.0.
The following procedures describe the collection and preservation of zooplankton samples.
Identification and species counts provide an estimate of zooplankton community composition, an
important indicator of biological health of an aquatic ecosystem. The procedures presented here
were developed for and employed during the ELS-II summer seasonal survey.
17.1.1 Scope and Application
These procedures are most applicable to lakes of 3 m or more in depth. Generally these
procedures should not be used in lakes of less than 1.5 m in depth. Additionally, these procedures
are recommended only for use in seasons of zooplankton productivity.
17.1.2 Summary of Method
Three vertical tows are taken at the deepest part of the lake, from 1.5 m above the bottom
to the surface. Collected matter is transferred from the collection net to a sample container and
immediately preserved with a buffered formalin-sucrose solution. Preserved samples may be
stored indefinitely for subsequent identification and count of zooplankton species. Zooplankton
collected by this procedure retain body shape. This facilitates subsequent identification.
17.1.3 Safety
Formalin is considered a hazardous material and should be treated as such. The solution
and all samples containing the preservative must be stored separately from all other samples.
While handling formalin, personnel should wear gloves and eye protection and avoid respiration of
fumes (mechanical respiratory protection is not required). Formalin is a restricted article; therefore
shipments should be made only by personnel and carriers trained and authorized'to do restricted
article shipping. A toxic substance safety plan should be prepared.
17.2 Equipment and Supplies
1. Wisconsin Style plankton net, 80 //m mesh.
2. Sample containers, 250-mL, widemouth glass jars with screw lids.
-------
Section 17.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 2 of 3
3. Deionizod water, meeting ASTM specifications for Type 1 reagent grade water (ASTM,
1984).
4. Formalin solution, prepared as follows:
a. Dilute formaldehyde in a 1:1 volume ratio with deionized water.
b. Add 3 g of Borax per liter of formalin; the pH of the solution should be pH 7.5-8.0.
c. Add an odor reducer as per instructions on label (optional).
d. Rinse clean containers three times with small (10 ml_) portions of the formalin mixture;
discard rinses. Fill each bottle and cap tightly. Tape the lids clockwise with electrical
tape. Label the bottles "Formalin." One-liter Tox bottles (Teflon-wrapped glass) or
two-liter opaque polyethylene bottles may be used.
CAUTION. Due to safety concerns, steps 1 through 4 should be conducted in a true
fume hood, (not a clean air station), by an analyst wearing a lab coat,
safety glasses, Viton gloves, and a (optional) respirator.
e. Store the formalin in a cool place. Refrigeration is desired but not necessary.
f. Before use, add sucrose in a 20 percent weight:volume ratio.
NOTE: Formalin must be kept cool once sucrose has been added.
17.3 Procedure
1. From the boat stern, lower the plankton net to 1.5 m above the bottom of the lake.
Record depth.
NOTE: If lake is less than 3 m deep, carefully drop the net to the lake bottom.
2. Pull the net upward at a constant and moderate pace (not less than 10 rn/minute) until
the net reaches the surface.
3. Thoroughly rinse the net by splashing lake water through the sides so that all particulate
matter is rinsed down into the sampling bucket. Care should be taken to ensure that
splash water is not allowed to enter the net through the open mouth. Visually inspect the
netting to ensure all particulate matter has been washed down into the sampling bucket.
4. Without loosening the drain stopper within the sampling bucket, carefully disconnect the
basket from the net. Place the drain hole above a 250-mL glass sample jar. Remove the
drain stopper. With a wash bottle containing deionized water, rinse all the particulate
matter in the sampling bucket into the sample jar. Final volume should be approximately
200 ml.
5. Add 50 mL of 50 percent formalin (prepared as described in Section 17.2) to the sample
to yield a final concentration of approximately 10 percent formalin and 4 percent sucrose.
-------
Section 17.0
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 3 of 3
6. Cap and label (Figure 17-1) bottle. Tape cap clockwise with electrical tape and place in
plastic bag. Keep separate from other water samples. Samples do not require
refrigeration, but should be stored in a cool place.
7. Repeat the above procedure from the side of the boat and a third time from the bow.
Lake ID-
Grew —
sampled
Time Sampfed—: '—
Depth meter*
Tow Kfo;—• •—of—
ID
Sample ID
Preservative: Formalin
Parameters: Zooplanktoo
Figure 17-1. Zooplankton sample label.
17.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
No QA or QC procedures are applicable to the collection procedures. Due to the spatial
distribution variability of zooplankton within a lake, the replicate tows should not be considered as
true QA duplicates.
17.5 References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1984. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vojume 11.01, Standard Specification for Reagent Water, D 1193-77 (reapproved 1983). ASTM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
-------
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 1 of 12
Appendix A
National Surface Water Survey Blank Data Forms
The National Surface Water Survey forms shown in this appendix are facsimiles of the forms
used in field operations.
Figure Number Form Title Page
A-1 Hydrolab calibration form 2 of 12
A-2 Lake coordinates form 3 of 12
A-3 Daily itinerary form 4 of 12
A-4 Field communication sheet 5 of 12
A-5 Incoming telephone record 6 of 12
A-6 Lake data form 7 of 12
A-7 Watershed characteristics form 8 of 12
A-8 Stream data form 9 of 12
A-9 Hydrologic data form 10 of 12
A-10 Field sample label 11 of 12
A-11 Flight plan 12 of 12
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 2 of 12
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
HYDROLAB SURVEYOR II CALIBRATION FORM
MPTPR 10: OPEW ID: NAMF-
CALIBRATION INFORMATION
UNCORRECTED
BAROMETRIC
DATE TIME PRESSURE (mm Hg)
PRE-CAL
POST-CAL
TEMP
7.00 BUFFER
4.00 BUFFER
7.00 BUFFER
VOLTAGE
pH CALIBRATION CHECK
THEOR. ADJUSTED
(• C) VALUE INITIAL Y/N FINAL REGAL
If Y. go
to Recal.
CONDUCTIVITY CALIBRATION CHECK
THEOR. ADJUSTED
TEMP (« C) VALUE** INITIAL Y/N FINAL
0.147 pS/cm
GAL SAVED?
TEMP
PHE-CAL
POST-CAL
oA, siwpn*
DO CALIBRATION
THEOR.
(° C) VALUE
CHECK (IF APPLICABLE)
ADJUSTED
INITIAL Y/N FINAL
C02 QUALITY CONTROL CHECK SOLUTION
PRE-DEPLOYMENT POST DEPLOYMENT
THEOR. METER DIFF. THEOR. METER DIFF.
TEMP. (+/-!• C)
pH (+/- 0.1 5)
COND. (+/-20 pS/cm)
COMMENTS:
NBS
*
*
NBS
*
*
* Table 7-2, Surveyor II procedures
** Table 7-1, Surveyor II procedures
Figure A-1. Hydrolab calibration form.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 3 of 12
DATE.
WEIGHT
TEAM.
CREW
PILOT
LAKE l.D.
LATITUDE
xx° xx.xx1
LONGITUDE
xx° xx.xx'
TOTAL WEIGHT
NAME
Figure A-2. Lake coordinates form.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 4 of 12
DATE:
TEAM I.D.:.
APPROXIMATE
CHECK-IN TIME::
VEHICLE
DESCRIPTION:.
ESTIMATED
TIME OF RETURN:.
LICENSE NO.:.
SAMPLER #1
SAMPLER #2
NAME:
CLOTHING:
DESTINATIONS:
ROUTES OF TRAVEL:
Flour* A-3. Dally Itinerary form.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 5 of 12
FIELD COMMUNICATION SHEET
Date: / /_
Time:
Base Site:
Caller Name: _
Receiver Name:
Sampling Summary:
Number of Lakes visited:
LAKE ID +
Sample
Type
COMMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Legend:
Sample Type: R=Routine; D=Duplicate; B=Blank
SHIPPING SUMMARY: (TO LAS VEGAS)
Number of Syringes:
Number of Cubitainers:
Number of Shipping Coolers:.
Flight Information:
Airline Flight #
Shipped Via: Fed Ex.
Airbill #:
. Other .
Saturday Delivery: D
Origination
Dep.
Destination
Arrival
Wnnthorr Nlnvt rtav'a Prnicr.tinn-
Audit Samples Requested:
Ratrh in-
DatB Rnroivorl-
Date Shipneri-
\torifiori
(In Las Vegas) Date: / /
(Tn (-.nnlrar.t 1 ah ) Initials-
Figure A-4. Field communication sheet.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 6 of 12
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION SHEET - NSWS
DATF OF r.AI 1 • TIMF OF nAI 1 •
<-!AI 1 FR MAMF- RFCFIVFR
PURPOSE
1 REQUEST NUMBER!
RN-
11)
- INCOMING TELEPHONE RECORD
LOCATION-
NAMF-
CORRECTIVE ACTION
' NOTIFIED I
WAREHOUSE
(Y,N)
(2)
tn)
tA)
ts)
| INFORMATION |
CD
to)
t^
(K>
(R)
f FOLLOW UP |
rn
(9)
U)
tR)
F/flur» A-5. Incoming telephone record.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 7 of 12
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
LAKE DATA FORM 1D
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Air Temp. +/— °C
(circle)
D Light D Moderate D Strong
EST. WIND DIRECTION: (from)
ON ONE DE PSE OS Dsw Dw QNW
CLOUD COVER:
PRECIPITATION: n PREV. D Current
D None D Rain O Snow n Sleet
RATE
D Light D Moderate a Heavy
SAMPLES COLLECTED:
1.5m D D BLANK D
NON-VARIABILITY LAKE D
FALL VISIT 1 O VISIT 2 D VISIT 3 rj
DEPTH
1.5m O
BOTTOM -1.5m . — O
AT °C (1.5,-B-1.5m
0.6 SITE DEPTH
_o
AT °C(1.5.-0.6DEPTt
Lake I.D.
Lake Name
£ DD MMM YY
Q ACCESS state
„ 0 HELICOPTER
I D DIRECT VEHICLE
H n OTHFR
SITE DEPTH:
SECCHI DEPTH:
Visible To Bottom D
-OR- n
DISAPPEAR . — m *— I
REAPPEAR . m C
IN SITU LAKE DATA
(Total Shipment)
FIELD CREW DATA I.D./
SIGNATURE
RamplAr /
QC sign
Hydrolab Quality Control Data —
Meter ID:
DECK CABLE SONDE >«,,
Initial- . pH L,;
n' Final- - pM O
Initial: //S/cmO
Final: juS/cmL/
H2SO4 {pH 4.00) . pH O
5 KCL(147us/cm-1) /jS/cmQ
FIELD QC TOLERANCES
°C uS/cm pH' D.O.
___0 0 . 0 .
__0 O . O .
:_^0
||FA>4° C PROCEED.
•C D.O. I IF NOT. STOP HERE
__ — O . j/S/cm pH
«: . 0 —0 __0
LAKE DIAGRAM (from topographic map)
(Quadranole Namo and State) ,,ND,CATE ox O.ACBAM,
(Lake owner Topo . elc ]
N
COMMENTS
1
1
1
1
1IFAX°CFILLIN 1
FOLLOWING DATA BLOCK J
SITE DEPTH „_
CHECK ONE C flS/Cm
D*20m D>20m
4 5 _O O
6 10 _O O
8 15 _O O
0 20 _O O
2 25 O O
4 30 _O O
6 35 _O O
8 40 _O O
o 45 . _O _: O
50 _O O
Data Qualifiers
® Instrument Unstable
® Slow Stabilization
0) Did Not Meet QCC
& ® © Other {explain
in Comment section]
FIELD NOTBS: (NOT FOR KEYPUNCH)
•C. |lSten
H&O. -— - --- '
KCL _
FORM DISTRIBUTION WHIT&SAI . PINK
FIELD LAB USE
TRAILER- m
.niTnw in
nni ITINF
n( IPI ICATP
Rl ANK
ra-ini FH TPHP
MOBu.e IAB Press firmly with black ballpoint Revijc-i e/at
Figure A-6. Lake data form.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 8 of 12
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
FORM 7
D D M M M Y Y
DATE-
STREAM ID U/L STREAM NAME
COUNTY STATE
1:250.000 MAP NAME MAP DATE
1:24,000 MAP NAME MAP DATE
LATITUDE: ° ! '
LONGITUDE: ° '
STREAM WinTH (m)
STBPAM riPPTH (m)
It
MEAS. EST.
D D
n n
WATERSHED ACTIVITIES/DISTURBANCES
(Chock all that apply)
BANK COVERAGE WITHIN 100 METERS OF O
STREAM BED (Check all that apply)
O Roadways Along Stream:
D Paved
O Unpaved
Q Crossings Abovo Stream:
D Culvert
, D Bridged
D Grade
G Dwellings:
D Single
D Multiple
D Agriculture:
D Pasture
D Fenced
D Unfenced
Distance From
Stream (meters)
G Ahovn Ritft
n 01 hi*
PHOTOGRAPHS
FRAME ID AZIMUTH
^ .. O LAP CARD
o •
o •
FIELD CREW DATA
S^MPI FR 1
5AMP1 FR ?
CHECKED RY
Type Absent Sparse Moderate Heavy
<25'A 25-75% >75V.
Deciduous Trees: D D HI O
Coniferous Trees: D D D D
Shrubs: .d P D D
Wetland Areas: D D D D
Grasses and Forbs: Q D D D
MOSS: a D a a
Rocky/Bare Slopes: D D O D
STREAM SUBSTRATE O
(Check all that apply)
Type Absent Sparse Moderate Heavy
• <25Vi 25-75% >75%
Boulders: >2Scm D D D O
Cobble: 6-25 cm DODO
Gravel: 0.2-6 cm D D D Q
Sand: < 0.2 cm D D Q D
Silt and Clay: D D D D
Aufwuchs: n D D D
COMMENTS:
DATA QUALIFIERS
(9\
FORM DISTRIBUTION
White Copy — ORNL
Pink Copy — EMSL-LV
Yellow Copy — FIELD
Revised 1-86
GILL'S (702) 362-2100
Figure A-7. Watershed characteristics form.
-------
Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 9 of 12
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
STREAM DATA
FORM 4
STREAM ID:
STREAM NAME:
SAMPLE DATE:
O D M
PROGRAM:
D PHASE 1
D SCREENING
D EPISODE PILOT
TIME
START :
FINISH :
U/L
PI F\/ATI<~>N-
PHASE 1 V
M M Y Y
SAMPLES COLLECTED
D ROUTINE
D DUPLICATE
D BLANK
GAUGE HEIGHT (It)
O
O
pH Y N
(FIELD RECALIBRATION?) D D
OCCS = pH 4.00
QCCS INITIAL: . O
ROUTINE j-
SAMPLE TEMP.:
DUPLICATE _
SAMPLE TEMP.
QCCS FINAL: _
O
-o 0
O
°c O
o
EPISODE SAMPLE TYPE Q
D BASE FLOW - EPISODE ONLY
D BASE FLOW - EPISODE AND PHASE 1
n RISING STAGE
n PEAK STAGE
D FALLING STAGE
RAIN Q
(CHECK ONE ONLY)
DNO
D PREV D MOD
D LIGHT D HEAVY
CLOUD COVER
%o
UNCOMPENSATED
CONDUCTIVITY US cm-1
QCCS INITIAL: O
QCCS TEMP:
IN SITU:
STREAM TEMP.:
QCCS FINAL:
QCCS TEMP.: _
°cO
O
-c O
o
>c O
SHIPPING INFORMATION
D D M M M Y Y
nATF RUlPPFn-
cuipprn cnnu.
TO-
AIRRII.I NO-
D FED. EX D SATURDAY DELIVERY
D ^<~»MMFRnIAI
TOTAI « nc SAMPI PS
H OF SAMPLES THIS
r;nni FR
DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg / 1
QCC = Theoretical — Measured
INITIAL: _ tl O
IN SITU: O
COMMENTS:
COOLER TEMPERATURE
AT SHIPMENT ON RECEIPT
• n °r.
PATCH in
PI ROUTINF SAMPI F ID
d BLANK SAMPI F in .
EPISODE SAMPLES ID:
n RIRF
n PFAK
HcAi i
NOT SAMPLED
D INACCESSIBLE
D NO ACCESS PERMIT
DCOND.> 500 uS/cm
n pH<3.30
n
FIELD CREW DATA
= »«JOI CD 1
SAMPI FR ?
SAMPI pp. i
CHFCKFn RY -.
DATA QUALIFIERS
A INSTRUMENT UNSTABLE
D SLOW STABILIZATION
Q DID NOT MEET QCC
y
7
FORM DISTRIBUTION
WHITE COPY — ORNL
PINK COPY — EMSL-LV
ORANGE COPY — MOBILE LAB
Revised 1-6-86
GILL'S (702) 362-2100
Figure A-8. Stream data form.
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Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 10 of 12
NATIONAL SURFACE WATER SURVEY
HYDROLOGIC DATA
FORM 4A
SHEET.
M M M
DATE:
FLOW METER ID:.
STREAM ID: L_
STBPAM WAMP-
SAMPLE TYPE:
D PHASE I
O SCREENING
D EPISODE PILOT
EPISODE TYPE: CHECK ONE
D BASE - EPISODE ONLY
n BASE - EPISODE AND PHASE I
D RISING
DPEAK
D FALLING
ESTIMATED HYDROLOGY: _ EST. . MEAS. s-^
DEPTH (max.-ft.) . {-) D D {-J
TIME START: : W,DTH (meters) Q D -p Q
TIME END: : VELOCITY (m sec -1) O d D O
MEASURED HYDROLOGY:
TIME: STAGE (ft) STEEL ROD STAGE (ft.)
WIDTH (m)
START :
FINISH : _
Right Edja of Water (m)
—
INTERVAL CENTER (m)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. (min)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
. O
. O
. O
O
. O
O
. O
O
O
. O
O
. O
. O
O
O
O
O
Inlorual WWIh
DEPTH AT
CENTER (It)
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
0 0
(nm)
VELOCITY AT
CENTER (m sec "1 )
0
O
O
O
0
O
O
0
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
COMMENTS:
FIELD CREW DATA:
rtncw in;
SAMPI CP 1.
SAMPI fa ?•
CHFCKPO BY*
DATA QUALIFIERS
® INSTRUMENT UNSTABLE
© SLOW STABILIZATION
@ DID NOT MEET QCC
rf?>
@
©
FORM DISTRIBUTION
PINK COPY — EMSL-LV
YELLOW COPY - FIELD
Revised 1-86
GILL'S (702) 362-2100
Figure A-9. Hydrologlc data form.
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Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 11 of 12
LAKE ID
DATE SAMPLED
SAMPLE
(Check
ROUTINE
DUPLICATE
BLANK
BATCH ID
CREW ID
TIME SAMPLED
TYPE
One)
SAMPLE ID
Figure A-10. Field sample label.
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Appendix A
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 12 of 12
FLIGHT PLAN
riATF
A/n |Mn fl/p nni Off
COMPANY NAMF PH"NF
PILOT'S NAMF
PAX WT
WT
FUEL ON BOARD T/ORW,
ROUTE OF Fl IRHT-
PROPOSFH FIIFI STOPS:
ACTUAL T/0 TIMF-
CHECK-IN
TIME LOCATION TIME LOCATION
PRnpospn ACTIIAI
ppnpnspn ArriiAi
PROPOSFO AI^T'IAI
pRnpnspn ArriiAi
COMMENTS:
PILOT'S SIGNATURE APPROVED BY
Figure A-11. Flight plan.
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Appendix B
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 1 of 6
Appendix B
Helicopter Safety Guidelines
B.1 General Responsibilities
B. 1.1 Responsibilities of Passengers
Passengers should pack equipment and supplies safely to avoid problems during flight. The
following items should be included:
1. Clothing for the weather expected and the activities planned at the destination.
2. Medication for motion sickness, if needed. Those who are susceptible to motion sickness
may need to take preventative medication. Anyone afflicted with acrophobia may also
have problems as a passenger.
3. Survival gear needed for rugged, remote terrain and inclement weather.
B. 1.2 Responsibilities of Pilot
The pilot is responsible for the safety of the aircraft at all times. Before each flight, the pilot
checks fuel supply and inspects the aircraft carefully. The pilot also inspects the radio, compass,
and other navigation equipment and makes sure all cargo is properly secured. Completion of a
weight and balance plan is an FAA safety requirement.
The pilot's other responsibilities include the following activities:
1. Before embarking, the pilot should always check current and forecasted weather conditions
along the flight route and at the destination. Detailed weather information can be obtained
at the time the pilot files the flight plan with the FAA Flight Service Station.
2. The pilot uses the weather information for plotting the route of flight, based on the
performance characteristics of the aircraft that will be used.
3. If weather conditions are unfavorable, the pilot may decide to postpone the trip. Two
types of weather that adversely affect flying are high winds and fog. Near large bodies
of water and in coastal areas, fog is the most common and persistent weather hazard.
A few degrees of change in temperature can cause fog to form rapidly over a wide area,
making it dangerous to navigate and to land.
4. Helicopters have limitations related to weather conditions and maximum wind speeds.
Plan survey activities so that the limitations are not exceeded.
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Appendix B
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 2 of 6
5. The operation of helicopters is normally limited to daylight hours. Daylight hours are
defined as one-half hour before sunrise and one-half hour after sunset.
B.1.3 Helicopter Sampling Personnel Responsibilities
B.1.3.1 Check-in Procedures-
1. Helicopter personnel should check in with the base site at scheduled intervals during the
day. Helicopter personnel should provide the base coordinator with an estimated time of
arrival, updated through the day as necessary.
2. If the estimated time of arrival is changed because of wind, weather, sampling difficulties
or other problems, it is important that the pilot notify the nearest Flight Service Station so
that search and rescue procedures are not initiated unnecessarily.
B.1.3.2 Search and Rescue--
1. A search along the sampling route filed in the flight plan is initiated by ground crew
personnel.
2. If this fails to locate missing personnel, federal, state, and local authorities, as
appropriate, should be notified.
B.2 Flight Plans
Flight plans are extremely important to the safety of any flight. A suggested flight plan
format is depicted in Appendix A, Figure A-11.
1. A flight plan is recorded on a simple form that is completed after the flight arrives at its
destination.
2. The reverse side of the flight plan has a preflight checklist with space for recording
information such as enroute weather, weather advisories, weather at the destination, and
winds aloft.
3. Flight plans are filed by the pilot with the local FAA Flight Service Station. The pilot is also
responsible for reporting any changes in flight plans and for reporting arrival at the
destination, which completes the flight plan.
4. The flight plan provides the basic information necessary to search for the aircraft if it is
delayed and does not reach its destination within a short period after your estimated time
of arrival.
5. If the aircraft has flight difficulty and has to make a forced landing and the pilot and
passengers were not able to call for help, a series of search procedures must be taken
to locate the aircraft.
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Appendix B
Revision 0
Date: 2/89
Page 3 of 6
B.3 Safety Equipment
1. A flight helmet (equipped with radio headphones) provides hearing and impact protection
and allows communication among personnel while aboard the helicopter.
2. A Nomex flight suit provides some protection against fire and hypothermia.
3. A safety harness prevents falls from the helicopter while sampling.
4. Life vests or personal flotation devices are required for each person on board.
5. Fire-retardant gloves, constructed of Nomex and leather, must be supplied.
6. Leather boots should be worn.
B.4 Ground Operations
B.4.1 Preparing and Loading Equipment and Materials
1. To avoid chemical damage to or contamination of aircraft, chemicals and samples must
be carefully packaged.
2. Each item of field equipment and each box of material should be weighed and marked with
its weight before it is packed on the aircraft. This allows the pilot to calculate the weight
and balance plan.
3. The cargo should be placed in locations designated by the pilot and tied down securely.
4. The chin section of the helicopter, located directly in front of the front passenger's feet,
consists of a thin, clear plastic material. Do not place or drop anything in this area.
B.4.2 Approaching the Aircraft
1. Since propellers and rotors are often difficult to see and avoid, especially when they are
rotating, there are important precautions that should be followed:
a. Always keep clear of helicopter rotors.
b. Approach any aircraft in view of the pilot, so you can be seen before the pilot starts
engines or moves the aircraft.
c. Stay at least 100 feet from helicopters at all times unless required to go nearer.
d. Keep clear of the tail boom of a helicopter and avoid walking under it or anywhere near
the tail rotor blades.
e. Approach a helicopter on the same level as the helicopter. If you approach from a
higher level than where the helicopter is standing or hovering, you may be dangerously
close to the blades.
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f. Walk when approaching or leaving a helicopter; move in a crouch because the main
rotor blades can be blown below their normal operating level.
g. Whenever rotors are turning on a helicopter, passengers, pilots, and crew members
should wear protective helmets.
h. Goggles should be worn by all personnel who load, service, fuel, or fly in helicopters
to prevent eye injury from dust and dirt stirred up by the rotors.
i. Hearing protection should be worn when working around helicopters to prevent hearing
loss.
B.4.3 Landing Areas
1. Safe use of landing areas requires certain precautions and safety measures. Smoking
regulations should be enforced at all landing areas.
2. Landing areas should be equipped with adequate fire extinguishers for possible emergency
use during landing and takeoff. Several large dry chemical or foam fire extinguishers
should be available.
3. Ground vehicles should not be moved near an aircraft until its rotors or propellers have
stopped.
4. Unpaved helicopter landing and refueling areas should be swept or wetted down to prevent
gravel or dust from being blown about. Landing areas should be kept clean.
B.4.4 Refueling
The following precautions should be taken before aircraft are refueled:
1. A fire extinguisher should be available.
2. The fuel tank or fuel truck and the aircraft should be electrically grounded.
3. The engine should be shut off and propellers or rotor blades stopped.
4. There should be no passengers on board the aircraft.
5. No unauthorized persons should remain within the refueling area.
6. No smoking should be allowed within 100 feet of the refueling operation.
Training of ground personnel should include:
1. Review of standard procedures.
2. Review of notification procedures.
3. Practice in emergency fire fighting and first-aid procedures.
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Safety considerations in ground operations include:
1. Ways of approaching the aircraft.
2. Fire fighting preparations.
3. Refueling precautions.
B.5 In-Flight Precautions
1. The seat belt and shoulder harness of each occupant of an aircraft should be properly
fastened prior to takeoff and until the aircraft is completely stopped after landing. Seat
belts should not be removed except when necessary activities require temporary removal,
and they should not be removed below 1000 feet altitude without authorization of the pilot.
2. There should be no smoking during takepffs, landings, or use of o>ygen. Smoking is
permitted during the flight only with the pilot's permission.
3. Passengers should keep clear of the controls and should not move around during the
flight. If any maps or papers are used during the flight, they should be held securely so
they do not interfere with operation of the aircraft. No object should be thrown from any
aircraft in flight or on the ground.
4. At low altitudes, passengers can assist the pilot by keeping alert for hazards, particularly
other aircraft, radio towers, and power and telephone lines. During landings the pilot may
ask for assistance in seeing that the runway is clear of all aircraft or that there is tail
rotor clearance.
B.6 Emergencies in Flight
Passengers should be prepared for emergencies which may occur during a flight, particularly
if the flight is over remote areas or water.
B.6.1 Forced Landing
1. During a forced landing, passengers should follow the instructions of the pilot.
2. The pilot may ask passengers to jettison doors, inflate flotation equipment, assist the
injured, or exit the aircraft.
3. Passengers can also assist the pilot in activating emergency signaling equipment if
requested.
B.6.2 Water Survival
Certain safety and survival equipment is required in every aircraft operating over water on an
extended flight. Safety and survival equipment includes a life vest or personal flotation device for
every person and a wet suit if required by water and air temperatures.
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B.6.3 Emergency Locator Transmitters
As standard safety equipment, aircraft have emergency locator transmitters (ELT) which are
automatically activated in the event of a crash to send out a radio signal. The ELT has a normal
range of 150 miles on a VHP frequency of 121.5 megahertz and a UHF frequency of 243.0 megahertz.
B.6.4 Helicopter Ditching Survival
1. Since relatively few helicopters are forced to ditch, there is limited information about the
possible problems, and it is easy to underestimate the hazards involved in such an
emergency landing.
2. Helicopter crews tend to believe that water provides a safe emergency landing surface and
that ditching is a relatively simple maneuver. However, ditching is always a dangerous
procedure, and helicopters have been lost in rivers and bays as well as in larger bodies
of water. Unplanned ditchings have resulted from weather conditions, night operations
over water, running out of fuel, and mechanical failure.
3. If ditching is anticipated, passengers should secure all tool boxes, cargo, and equipment
that may be loose. They should remain securely strapped in their seats, locate the exits,
and follow the directions of the pilot. Problems of escaping from an aircraft in the water
include:
a. Inrushing water which tends to force cabin occupants into rear corners of cabin and
to cause disorientation in locating exits.
b. Difficulty in locating personal flotation devices.
c. Difficulty reaching or opening exits. It is important to know where emergency exit
releases are located prior to going down and to have doors positioned or latched to
minimize amount of inrushing water.
d. Difficulty in getting to the surface because of dark or murky water.
e. Damage to aircraft or spilled fuel.
B.6.5 Accident Reporting
1. In case of an accident, the appropriate agency should be notified.
2. An aircraft accident form should be completed and expedited to the proper authorities.
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