EPA/600/6-90/002b (Revised)
August 1995
Pathogen Risk Assessment Model for Land
Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge
Vol. II: User's Manual for LANDAPP
(Version 4.02)
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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DOCUMENT DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Norman E. Kowal, Work Assignment Manager
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Authors
Marialice Wilson, Project Manager
Dr. Charles T. Hadden
Jennifer Webb Chason
John D. Le Jeune
Dr. M. Alauddin Khan
Dr. Barney Cornaby, Technical Review
Science Applications International Corporation
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Reviewers
Dr. Elizabeth D. Caldwell
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
Fort Collins, CO 80521
Robert E. Mooney
Department of Microbiology
University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH 03824
Maureen E. Leavitt
Bioremediation Specialist
Science Applications International Corporation
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. MODEL OVERVIEW 1
3. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 3
4. INPUT PARAMETERS 3
5. HOW TO RUN THE MODEL 3
6. PRELIMINARY DECISIONS ABOUT THE MODEL RUN 4
6.1. Selecting a File for Parameter Values .4
6.2. End Time of Practice and Frequency of Printing 5
6.3. Selection of Practice, Pathogen Type, Population
and Density 5
6.4. Selection of Time and Climate Parameters 8
7. SELECTING VALUES FOR KEY PARAMETERS 9
7.1. Model Parameters 10
7.2. Rainfall 14
7.3. Optional Process Functions 18
7.4. Infection Risk Parameters 19
7.5. Summary of Initial Conditions 20
7.6. Groundwater Transport Parameters 21
8. RECOVERING THE DATA 23
8.1. Sample Input and Output 23
8.2. Testout File 24
APPENDIX A. TABLES OF PARAMETERS AND DIAGRAMS OF PRACTICES
FOR LANDAPP A-l
APPENDIX B. COMMON ERROR MESSAGES B-l
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USER'S MANUAL FOR LANDAPP (VERSION 4.02):
PATHOGEN RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR
LAND APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
1. INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this User's Manual is to provide directions for the use
of Version 4.02 of LANDAPP, a revision of the land application computer model described in
Pathogen Risk Assessment for Land Application of Municipal Sludge: Volume I, Methodology
and Computer Model (EPA/600/6-90/002A, 1989) and Volume II, User's Manual (EPA/600/6-
90/002B, 1989). For a clear understanding of the LANDAPP model, its variables and process
options, the user should consult the original documentation. LANDAPP is a dynamic model that
can incorporate site-specific data while allowing process functions to be dependent on
environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall. Improvements have been made in the
groundwater subroutine, resulting in changes in a few parameters. However, with these
exceptions, the model is very similar to its predecessor. The rationale and description of the
methodology and the structure and function of the model are essentially unchanged.
With the improved groundwater subroutine, arbitrary values for unsaturated zone transport
and for retardation in groundwater have been replaced by calculated values. Even so, results
using the revised model indicate that an infective dose of pathogens does not reach the
groundwater well because of the adsorption of pathogens onto soil particles in the unsaturated
zone. Surface runoff from land-applied sludge is the primary source of health risk, implying
that good management practices, such as minimal slope, sufficient distance from surface water
and sludge application in dry weather, would reduce the risk of infection from pathogens in
sludge.
2. MODEL OVERVIEW. This model evaluates the potential risk to humans from exposure
to pathogenic microorganisms following land application of municipal sewage sludge. The five
municipal sewage sludge management practices addressed by the model are listed in Table A-l.
These practices include (1) application of liquid sludge for production of commercial crops for
human consumption, (2) application of liquid sludge to grazed pasture, (3) application of liquid
sludge for production of crops processed for animal consumption, (4) application of dried or
1
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composted sludge to residential gardens, and (5) application of dried or composted sludge to
residential lawns.
Although each practice listed in Table A-l is different, all five practices share common
characteristics. The computer model represents the compartments and transfers among
compartments of the five management practices. The compartments are the various locations,
states or activities in which sludge or sludge-associated pathogens exist; they vary to some extent
among practices. In each compartment, pathogens either increase, decrease or remain the same
in number with time, as specified by "process functions" (growth, die-off or no population
changes) and "transfer functions" (movement between compartments). The population in each
compartment, therefore, generally varies with time and is determined by a combination of initial
pathogen input, "transfer functions" and "process functions." The populations of pathogens in
the compartments representing human exposure locations (designated with an asterisk in Figures
A-l through A-5 and in Table A-2), in conjunction with appropriate intake and infective dose
data, are used to estimate human health risk. All compartments that appear in one or more of
the five sludge management practices are listed in Table A-2. Those compartments marked with
an asterisk represent exposure sites for the human receptor:
3* inhalation or ingestion of emissions from application of sludge or tilling of
sludge/soil,
5* inhalation or ingestion of windblown or mechanically generated particulates,
6* swimming in a pond fed by surface water runoff,
7* direct contact with sludge-contaminated soil or crops (including grass, vegetables,
or forage crops),
12* drinking water from an offsite well,
13* inhalation and subsequent ingestion of aerosols from irrigation,
16* consumption of vegetables grown in sludge-amended soil,
18* consumption of meat or
20* consumption of milk from cattle grazing on or consuming forage from sludge-
amended fields.
A complete description of every compartment in each of the five sludge application practices can
be found in Pathogen Risk Assessment for Land Application of Municipal Sludge: Volume I,
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Methodology and Computer Model. Background information to provide the user with an
understanding of the structure and function of the model is available in Pathogen Risk
Assessment for Land Application of Municipal Sludge: Volume II, User's Manual.
3. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS. This program requires an IBM-
compatible personal computer (PC) installed with MS-DOS. It does not require a math
coprocessor, but it will run significantly faster if one is present. The CONFIG.SYS file must
be written to allow at least 20 open files (i.e., CONFIG.SYS must contain the line FILES =20).
The CONFIG.SYS file must also contain the line DEVICE=ANSI.SYS,
DEVICE=VANSI.SYS, or an equivalent statement for an ANSI device driver. The program
may not run on a networked system. If a network user receives the error message "Cannot
execute LANDAPP.EXE", it may be necessary to log out of the network and reboot the PC.
4. INPUT PARAMETERS. Most input parameters remain the same as those in the previous
version of the land application model; they are described in detail in Volumes I and II of
Pathogen Risk Assessment for Land Application of Municipal Sludge. For complete explanation
and documentation of the parameters, the user should consult these two volumes (EPA/600/6-
90/002 A&B). These parameters, as well as the new parameters added in LANDAPP 4.02, are
summarized in Tables A-3 through A-10 in Appendix A.
5. HOW TO RUN THE MODEL. The LANDAPP model is provided to the user on a floppy
disk. Although the model can be run using the floppy disk only, it is recommended that the
LANDAPP file be copied to a hard disk, if available, before the model run. Output files also
should be saved to the hard disk, if possible. (Important: Any existing data files that will be
retrieved for the current model run should be copied to the same disk drive and directory as
LANDAPP before starting the model.)
To start the LANDAPP model, the user will change to the directory containing the model
(e.g., CD\SLUDGE) or load the program diskette into one of the PC floppy drives. Then the
user will enter the drive name and the model name, for example:
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CrLANDAPP
This will load the model into the computer and the following screen will appear:
K
PATHOGEN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR
LAND APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
VERSION 4.02
U.S. EPA, August 1995
DO YOU WANT TO ENTER VALUES FROM
THE KEYBOARD OR FROM A FILE?
"K" OR "F")
6. PRELIMINARY DECISIONS ABOUT THE MODEL RUN. The model will ask the user
a series of preliminary questions about the model run. Each of the user's keyed-in responses
appears on the screen on the left margin beneath the question. Then each response is entered
by pressing the "enter" key. Once a response has been entered, the screen will "scroll" to the
next question. (Warning: It is not possible to scroll backwards to a previous question once a
response has been entered. However, the output file can be saved for future editing - see
Section 8.)
6.1. Selecting a File for Parameter Values. The model asks the user if parameter values
will be entered from the keyboard or an existing file. If the user enters "F" for FILE, the
following message will appear:
ENTER THE NAME OF THE INPUT FILE.
(8 CHARACTER MAXIMUM)
TEST.IN
If the user enters "K" for KEYBOARD entry of parameter values, the model will ask for a name
for the output file. In this example, the user entered the name "TEST.OUT" for the output file.
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ENTER A NAME FOR THE OUTPUT FILE.
(YOU MAY USE UP TO 8 CHARACTERS)
TEST.OUT
Then the following screen will appear:
*** SLUDGE PATHOGEN MODEL ***
ENTER VALUES FOR THE FOLLOWING
(PRESS RETURN AFTER EACH):
1. END TIME OF PRACTICE IN DAYS
300
2. PRINTING SAMPLE RATE IN HOURS
6.2. End Time of Practice and Frequency of Printing. The "end time of practice" refers
to the total number of days for which the model will simulate transport following introduction
of land application of treated sludge. The LANDAPP model can simulate pathogen transport
to other subsurface compartments for periods as brief as 1 day and up to a maximum of 2000
days.
Frequency of printing results refers to the reporting intervals for the model output. Usually,
the user will request the results to be reported in daily intervals (response = 24).
6.3. Selection of Practice, Pathogen Type, Population and Density. The user now is
asked to specify one category of land application practice for the model run. The answer to this
question determines which form of sludge is applied and which pathways are evaluated. There
is no default value for this entry. In this example, the user selected practice 1, application of
liquid sludge for production of commercial crops for human consumption.
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PROVIDE PRACTICE NUMBER
YOUR CHOICES ARE:
1 APPLICATION OF LIQUID SLUDGE FOR PRODUCTION
OF COMMERCIAL CROPS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
2 APPLICATION OF LIQUID SLUDGE TO
GRAZED PASTURE
3 APPLICATION OF LIQUID SLUDGE FOR PRODUCTION
OF CROPS PROCESSED FOR ANIMAL CONSUMPTION
4 APPLICATION OF DRIED OR COMPOSTED SLUDGE
TO RESIDENTIAL GARDENS
5 APPLICATION OF DRIED OR COMPOSTED SLUDGE
TO RESIDENTIAL LAWNS
The user is now asked to specify one category of pathogen for the model run. The answer to
this question determines the default values for pathogen-specific parameters that will appear later
in the program. Only one pathogen type can be modeled during each model run. There is no
default value for this entry. In this example, the user selected a bacterial pathogen, number 1.
PROVIDE PATHOGEN TYPE
YOUR CHOICES ARE:
1 SALMONELLA (BACTERIA)
2 ASCARIS (PARASITE)
3 ENTEROVTRUS (VIRUS)
At this point, the user may review and edit the parameter values.
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THE VARIABLES LISTED BELOW MAY BE
CHANGED FROM THEIR DEFAULT VALUES:
POPL(l-22)dNITIAL PATHOGEN POPULATIONS
OF COMPARTMENTS IN PRACTICE.
[SEE MANUAL FOR DESCRIPTIONS.]
DEFAULT = 0.0)
1. TYPE THE NUMBER "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT
VALUES AND CONTINUE WITH THE PROGRAM.
2. TYPE THE NUMBER "2" IF YOU WISH TO LOAD A
PATHOGEN POPULATION INTO A COMPARTMENT.
If the user entered 1 to accept the default condition, the model begins with no pathogens in any
compartment. To simulate a starting condition in which some compartments have an initial
pathogen load, enter "2" as in the example.
PROVIDE POPL SUBSCRIPT IN THE RANGE OF 1-22.
The user entered the number of the compartment to be modified, and the model requests the
population to be added to that compartment.
PROVIDE NEW VALUE OF THIS POPULATION
1E3
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When the appropriate value has been entered, the program loops back to the preceding prompt,
allowing the user to alter each compartment until satisfied with the initial populations in each
compartment. At that point, the user enters "1".
The user must provide the initial concentration of pathogens in the sludge to be applied.
There is no default for this entry. Enter the concentration of pathogens of the type previously
specified, in number/kg dry wt. Do not use commas or spaces. Typical values are listed in
Table A-3, but model results will be more useful if values descriptive of the specific sludge
batch are entered. In this case, an artificially high number was entered to demonstrate the low
probability of infection by pathways other than surface runoff.
PROVIDE SLUDGE PATHOGEN DENSITY (NUMBER OF PATHOGENS
PER KILOGRAM (DRY WEIGHT) OF APPLIED SLUDGE)
ENTER A TORM SUCH AS 100000 OR 1E5
1E12
6.4. Selection of Time and Climate Parameters. U.S. EPA pathogen reduction
requirements require a waiting period between sludge application and land use. The waiting
period depends on both the class of sludge treatment and the type of land use. For a description
of sludge treatment classes, see 40 CFR Part 503, Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal. To
establish these waiting periods, the user is asked to enter the time at which sludge application
ends. If the option of irrigating with liquid sludge has been selected, enter the number of days
on which sludge is used as irrigation water. In this example, sludge irrigation lasts 5 days.
WHEN DOES SLUDGE APPLICATION CEASE (DAYS)?
(FOR A SINGLE APPLICATION, ENTER "0".)
The user is then asked to specify the class of sludge treatment.
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LAND ACCESS RESTRICTIONS VARY WITH THE CLASS
OF SEWAGE TREATMENT. WHAT CLASS APPLIES TO
THIS MODEL RUN? (ENTER A OR B).
Because die-off rates are dependent on ambient temperature, the model uses an annual air
temperature cycle in calculating process functions. The calculated air temperature during the
model run depends ,on the time of year and the extremes of monthly average air temperature at
the location being modeled. The user enters the number of the month and the day.
WHEN DOES THE PRACTICE BEGIN?
MONTH (1-12):
6
DAY (1-31):
The user is asked to provide monthly average temperatures for January and July to serve as
minimum and maximum temperatures for the temperature cycle calculation. Average minimum
and maximum temperatures at several locations in the United States are provided in Table A-4.
Note that temperatures are requested in Celsius. The local weather bureau of the area being
modeled can also provide these average minimum and maximum temperatures.
WHAT IS THE LOCAL AIR TEMPERATURE RANGE?
JANUARY AVERAGE AIR TEMP. (DEC C):
5.3
JULY AVERAGE AIR TEMP. (DEC C):
25.9
7. SELECTING VALUES FOR KEY PARAMETERS. The next series of screens allows
the user to view and modify the key parameters of the LANDAPP model. These parameters are
organized under the following headings: model parameters, rainfall, optional process functions,
infection risk parameters and subsurface transport.
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7.1. Model Parameters. The majority of the parameters used by the program are specified
at this step. These variables provide the operating conditions for most of the model calculations,
so they should be selected to describe as accurately as possible the condition you want to model.
First, the user is reminded which practice and pathogen have been selected. Then the 87
basic parameters scroll through, allowing the user to review their values. Default values appear
on the screen for each parameter. (Note: If an existing input file had been retrieved, the file
values would appear instead of the default values.)
The model allows the user to edit any or all parameter values. Parameter definitions and
default values are presented in Tables A-5 and A-6. The values can be edited and re-edited in
any order (see page 14 of this manual for instructions): To .accept all values, the user types " 1".
10
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THE DEFAULT VALUES FOR MODEL PARAMETERS
DEPEND ON THE PRACTICE AND PATHOGEN CHOSEN.
YOU HAVE CHOSEN PRACTICE 1
AND PATHOGEN 1 SALMONELLA
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
THE CURRENT VALUES ARE:
POSITION
VARIABLE
1 PATHDN
2 APRATE
3 ASCBSf
4 TREG
5 UPLIM
6 APMETH
7 AREA
8 TEMP
9 AQUIFR
10 POROS
11 FILTR8
12 RESERVD*
13 TRAIN
14 RDEPTH
15 TK
16 TIRRG
17 IRMETH
18 DILERR .
19 NIRRIG
20 IRRATE
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
CURRENT VALUE
l.OOOE+12
l.OOOE+04
.000
.000
l.OOOE+09
1.00
10.0
.000
10.0
.300
2.00
.000
-2.00
5.00
.000
.000
.000
.000
2.00
.500
CHANGED
BY USER
RESERVD is no longer used by this version of the model but has been reserved for future updates.
11
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POSITION
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
PRESS RETURN
POSITION
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
PRESS RETURN
VARIABLE
DEPTH
COUNT
TWIND
DWIND
WINDSP
EPSMLT
ESILT
EHT
SCRTT
COVER
AEREFF
BREEZE
HT
ANDAY
TMAX
TMEST
SLOPES
NTRCPS
SLOPEP
NTRCPP
TO CONTINUE
VARIABLE
ASLSUR
FSSUR
FRRAIN
RESERVD
SUSPND
FCROP1
FCROP2
FCROP3
FCROP4
FCROP5
FCROP6
FCROP7
RESERVD*
SSWTCS
PSTMG
CSTSS
SSTCS
CSTSSW
DTCTMT
DTCTMK
TO CONTINUE
CURRENT VALUE
2.50
.000
60.0
6.00
18.0
.330
.400
2.00
7.50
.000
l.OOOE-03
4.00
1.60
41.0
25.9
5.30
2.060E-02
2.11
4.490E-03
1.43
CURRENT VALUE
.900
1.00
.000
.000
2.000E+03
l.OOOE-08
6.000E-03
l.OOOE-03
l.OOOE-04
1.020E-02
.000
2.000E-04
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.750
.000
.000
CHANGED
BY USER
CHANGED
BY USER
' RESERVD is no longer used by this version of the model but has been reserved for future updates.
12
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POSITION
VARIABLE
CURRENT VALUE
CHANGED
BY USER
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
PRESS
TMTSS
TMTH
TMTU
HTM
UTM
CROP
TCULT
TCROP
THARV
YIELD1
YBELD2
YIELD3
HAY
PLNT1
PLNT2
PLNT3
PPG
CATTLE
COWS
STORAG
RETURN TO CONTINUE
POSITION VARIABLE
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
FORAG
ALFALF
SCNSMP
FATTEN
TSLOTR
INFALF
INFBET
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
1.00
-2.00
720.
1.800E+03
2.500E+07
2.500E+07
l.OOOE+06
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
CURRENT VALUE CHANGED
BY USER
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.330
140
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
13
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1. TYPE THE NUMBER "1" IF YOU WISH TO ACCEPT THE
CURRENT VALUES AND CONTINUE WITH THE PROGRAM.
2. PROVIDE P SUBSCRIPT IN THE RANGE OF 2-87
IF YOU WISH TO CHANGE A PARAMETER OF THE MODEL.
TYPE "99" IF YOU NEED TO SEE THE LIST AGAIN
13
To change any value, enter the number of the parameter to be changed (listed under the
heading POSITION in the table). For any parameter number selected except for parameter 13
(TRAIN), the user will be prompted:
PROVIDE NEW VALUE OF PARAMETER NAME
The program will loop back, listing the parameters until the user enters "1" to accept all values.
Each time the sequence is printed, the new value will be printed at the appropriate location and
an asterisk will appear in the column labeled CHANGED BY USER.
7.2. Rainfall. If the user entered 13 as in the example above, the subroutine RAINS will
be called. The user will be asked to specify the number of rain events and the start time of
each. (Note: The model cannot handle more than 10 rain events.)
GIVE THE NUMBER OF RAIN EVENTS (BETWEEN 1 & 10)
1
GIVE THE START TIME (IN HRS) OF RAIN EVENT NO. 1
30
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The user entered 30, a starting time that would call for rain on the second day. Time is
measured from the beginning of the model run (time=0 at the beginning of sludge application
in Compartment 1). The user is then asked to review and either accept or change the parameters
for pathogen transport by surface water. These are the parameters that are used to calculate
surface runoff and sediment transport during a rain event.
RAIN NO. 1AT 30.00 (HRS)
0
THE PARAMETERS FOR PATHOGEN TRANSPORT BY SURFACE WATER
MAY BE OPTIONALLY CHANGED
NUMBER PARAMETER
2 PDUR
3 PTOT
4 BTLAG
5 . CN
6 AMC
7 STAD
8 USLEK
9 USLEL
10 USLES
11 USLEC
12 USLEP
13 PI
14 WSOIL
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
FROM THEIR DEFAULT VALUES:
CURRENT VALUE
2.00
5.00
.500
80.0
2.00
.400
.400
3.00
.250
.500
1.00
5.000E-04
1.33
1. TYPE "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES
FOR RAIN NO. 1 AND PROCEED TO NEXT RAIN.
2. TYPE THE NUMBER ("2"-" 14") CORRESPONDING TO THE
PARAMETER THAT YOU WANT TO CHANGE.
Default values for these parameters are listed in Table A-7. To change any of the parameters,
enter the appropriate parameter number and provide the new value.
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PROVIDE NEW VALUE OF RAIN DURATION (PDUR) (HRS).
TYPE "-10" TO KEEP PARAMETER UNALTERED.
RAIN NO. 1AT 30.00 (HRS)
THE PARAMETERS FOR PATHOGEN TRANSPORT BY SURFACE WATER
MAY BE OPTIONALLY CHANGED
NUMBER PARAMETER
2 PDUR
3 PTOT
4 BTLAG
5 CN
6 AMC
7 STAD
8 USLEK
9 USLEL
10 USLES
11 USLEC
12 USLEP
13 PI
14 WSOIL
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
FROM THEIR DEFAULT VALUES:
CURRENT VALUE
5.00
5.00
.500
80.0
2.00
.400
.400
3.00
.250
.500
1.00
5.000E-04
1.33
1.
2.
TYPE "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES
FOR RAIN NO. 1 AND PROCEED TO NEXT RAIN.
TYPE THE NUMBER ("2"-" 14") CORRESPONDING TO THE
PARAMETER THAT YOU WANT TO CHANGE.
In this example, the user changed the duration of the first rainfall to 5 hours and wants to change
the total rainfall to 20 cm (parameter 3, PTOT).
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PROVIDE NEW VALUE OF TOTAL PRECIPITATION (PTOT) (CM).
TYPE "-10" TO KEEP PARAMETER UNALTERED.
20
The program will loop back until the user enters "1" to indicate, satisfaction with the surface
runoff and sediment transport parameters for that rainfall.
RAIN NO. 1 AT 30.00 (HRS)
THE PARAMETERS FOR PATHOGEN TRANSPORT BY SURFACE WATER
MAY BE OPTIONALLY CHANGED FROM THEIR DEFAULT VALUES:
NUMBER
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
PARAMETER
PDUR
PTOT
BTLAG
CN
AMC
STAD
USLEK
USLEL
USLES
USLEC
USLEP
PI
WSOIL
CURRENT VALUE
5.00
20.0
.500
80.0
2.00
.400
.400
3.00
.250
.500
1.00
5.000E-04
1.33
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
1. TYPE "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES
FOR RAIN NO. 1 AND PROCEED TO NEXT RAIN.
2. TYPE THE NUMBER ("2"-"14") CORRESPONDING TO THE
PARAMETER THAT YOU WANT TO CHANGE.
17
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ARE YOU FINISHED WITH RAIN NO. 1? (Y/N)
Y
If a mistake has been made or the user wants to change another parameter value, enter "N".
The program will loop back to allow more changes. If, as in the example, the values of the
parameters are satisfactory and the user wants to proceed to the next rain event (RAIN EVENT
NO. 2) the program responds:
CURRENT VALUES ACCEPTED
The user then is prompted to enter parameters for each rain event specified, with the program
looping back for each rainfall specified until the user enters "1" to indicate satisfaction with the
values of the parameters for that rain event.
When all the rains have been defined by selecting the appropriate parameter values, the
program loops back to the original list of 87 parameters to allow the user either to change any
additional values or to accept the current values.
7.3. Optional Process Functions. Process functions (growth or inactivation rates) are
included in the program as defaults. Default inactivation rates for Salmonella, Ascaris and
enterovirus in moist soil and Salmonella in dry particulates are temperature dependent, whereas
inactivation rates of Salmonella, Ascaris and enterovirus in water and in aerosols are variables
whose defaults are listed in Table A-8.
The user may choose growth or inactivation rates that will override the default conditions
for these variables. Except for aerosols, rates should be entered as the logarithm (base 10) of
the fractional survival or growth after 1 hour (e.g., an inactivation rate resulting in 10% survival
after 1 hour would be entered as -1). For aerosols (HCRIT), the rate should be entered as the
logarithm of fractional survival after 1 minute. (Note: DO NOT ENTER -5. This is the
18
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internal flag setting indicating that default conditions are to be used. You may use -5.0001 or
-4.9999 or any other number close to-5.)
OPTIONAL GROWTH OR INACTIVATION RATES MAY BE ENTERED
TO REPLACE THE DEFAULT VALUES (SEE THE USER MANUAL
FOR A DESCRIPTION OF THE DEFAULT CONDITIONS).
1. ACCEPT VALUES
2. PROC1 - MOIST SOIL
3. PROC2 - DRY PARTICIPATES
4. PROC3 - WATER SUSPENSION
5. HCRIT - DROPLET AEROSOL
CURRENT VALUE
-5.000000
-5.000000
-5.000000
-2.800000E-02
IF YOU WISH TO CHANGE THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE, ENTER
THE NUMBER. TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES, ENTER "1".
In this example, the user was satisfied with the default values and entered "1'
CURRENT VALUES ACCEPTED
7.4. Infection Risk Parameters. Infection risk parameters are used in the exposure
calculations. Most have to do with food processing and storage, but parameters 5 and 6 describe
soil and crop ingestion, and 33-35 are physical parameters for pond size and for exposure to
paniculate and liquid aerosols. The user is given the option of changing the default values (see
Table A-9).
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THE INFECTION RISK PARAMETERS LISTED BELOW MAY BE
CHANGED FROM THEIR DEFAULT VALUES.
NUMBER
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
PARAMETER
COOKA
COOKP
COOKS
DRECTC
DRECTS
IBLAN
ICAN
ICANG
ICOOK
IFREE
IFREG
IPAST
ISTRH
ISTRP
IWASH
PASTE
PASTA
VALUE
l.OOOE-05
l.OOOE-05
l.OOOE-30
.100
.100
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
1.00
.000
1.00
l.OOOE-09
l.OOOE-03
NUMBER
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
PARAMETER
PASTP
TEMI2
TEMI4
TEMP2
TEMP4
TMIS2
TMIS4
TMP2M
TMP7F
TMP7N
TSTM2
TSTR2
TSTR4
TSTR7
VOLPND
XDIST
YDIST
VALUE
l.OOOE-03
4.00
4.00
7.00
.000
24.0
24.0
4.00
-4.00
20.0
720.
168.
120.
720.
100.
200.
.000
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
1. TYPE "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES
AND CONTINUE WITH THE PROGRAM.
2. TYPE THE NUMBER ("2" - "35") CORRESPONDING TO
THE PARAMETER THAT YOU WISH TO CHANGE.
7.5. Summary of Initial Conditions. A list'of initial pathogen concentrations by
compartment will appear, along with a summary of other data for the model run.
20
-------
PRACTICE STOP TIME= 300 DAYS
PRINT SAMPLING RATE (IPRNT) = 2 HOURS
PRACTICE NUMBER =1
PATHOGEN = 1 SALMONELLA
NUMBER OF COMPARTMENTS THIS PRACTICE =
INITIAL POPULATIONS FOR COMPARTMENTS:
16
COMPARTMENT 1
COMPARTMENT 2
COMPARTMENT 3
COMPARTMENT 4
COMPARTMENT 5
COMPARTMENT 6
COMPARTMENT 7
COMPARTMENT 8
COMPARTMENT 9
COMPARTMENT 10
COMPARTMENT 11
COMPARTMENT 12
COMPARTMENT 13
COMPARTMENT 14
COMPARTMENT 15
COMPARTMENT 16
SLUDGE PATHOGEN DENSITY =
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
l.OOOOE+03
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
l.OOOOE+12 NUMBER/KG
THERE ARE 1 RAIN EVENTS WHICH OCCUR AT:
I TRAIN(I) [Hrs]
1 30.00
7.6. Groundwater Transport Parameters. The parameters used to calculate pathogen
transport in groundwater are listed, and the user is given the option of changing the default
values (see Table A-10).
21
-------
THE PARAMETERS FOR PREDICTING
VIRAL AND BACTERIAL
TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER AFTER LAND APPLICATION OF
SEWAGE SLUDGE MAY BE CHANGED
DEFAULT VALUES.
FROM THEIR
NUMBER PARAMETER CURRENT VALUE
2 WCSAT
3 ANRAIN
4 EVAP
5 XWELL
6 DT
7 . GRADI
8 USATCND
9 GSATCND
10 DSTAR
11 DSATZN
12 SMRSLP
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE
.437
150.
.500
50.0
1.00
l.OOOE-02
6.400E-07
5.800E-05
l.OOOE-06
3.50
8.52
1. TYPE "1" TO ACCEPT THE CURRENT VALUES
AND CONTINUE WITH THE PROGRAM.
2. TYPE THE NUMBER ("2" - "18") CORRESPONDING TO
THE PARAMETER THAT YOU WISH TO CHANGE.
At this point, the model run will be initiated. The model will display a summary table showing
daily calculations made of the probability of infection and of pathogen concentrations in each
compartment. (Hint: If the user wishes to stop the model run, type "CTRL C". Results will
not be displayed, and the run must be re-initiated.)
Appendix B contains a brief summary of some common error messages and suggested
methods for solving potential problems that may be encountered as you run the program.
22
-------
8. RECOVERING THE DATA. After the run has been completed, the user will see the
reminder,
.-. . RUN COMPLETE
YOU WILL FIND THE INFECTION PROBABILITY OUTPUT FROM
THIS RUN IN THE FILE YOU SPECIFIED.
To view the results, the user can use a word processor, text editor or the TYPE command using
the filename provided by the user at the second prompt after invoking the model: "TYPE
FILENAME.OUT". The file will then scroll up the monitor screen. The scrolling can be
stopped by typing "CTRL S". It will continue if the user strikes any key.
To print the results, use the print functions of a word processor or text editor, or type
"CTRL p!1 to activate the printer echo mode of the computer; then "TYPE FILENAME.OUT".
The file should then be printed. This file contains the descriptive header supplied by the user,
a summary of the parameters accepted and the probability of infection for each day. The output
file also gives the concentration of pathogens in each of the compartments.
8.1. Sample Input and Output. The preceding pages represents model session, including
the queries of the program for keyboard input of parameter values and the input supplied to the
program by the user. The following pages represent the results of one model run using those
input parameters. The "test.out" file contains a summary of the input parameters, default values
and those modified by the user for the model run. Results are also included in this file.
The results consist of a table headed "PROBABILITY OF INFECTION," with columns
indicating the day of the model run and the risk of infection for exposure on that day, one
column each for ONSITE exposure, OFFSITE exposure, food consumption (EATER),
groundwater consumption (DRINKER), and exposure to surface water (SWIMMER). The risk
is expressed as the probability of infection, in a scientific notation format. Thus, on page 28
the table indicates probabilities of infection on day 21 of 3.059x10-" (3.059E-11) for onsite
exposure to soil and 0.7987 (7.987E-01) for a person swimming in the onsite pond. In other
23
-------
words, it is extremely unlikely that direct onsite exposure to soil would lead to infection, but a
swimmer is quite likely (80% probability) to be infected.
The following "test.out" file resulted from the example session described in this User's
Manual. Note that the computer run terminated at 102 days because all compartments = 0.
8.2. Test.outFUe.
^. j. j. $. £ $. % ^
TEST.OUT
PRACTICE STOP TIME= 300 DAYS
PRINT SAMPLING RATE (IPRNT) = 2 HOURS
PRACTICE NUMBER = 1
PATHOGEN = 1 SALMONELLA
NUMBER, OF COMPARTMENTS THIS PRACTICE = 16
INITIAL POPULATIONS FOR COMPARTMENTS:
COMPARTMENT 1
COMPARTMENT 2
COMPARTMENT 3
COMPARTMENT 4
COMPARTMENT 5
COMPARTMENT 6
COMPARTMENT 7
COMPARTMENT 8
COMPARTMENT 9
COMPARTMENT 10
COMPARTMENT 11
COMPARTMENT 12
COMPARTMENT 13
COMPARTMENT 14
COMPARTMENT 15
COMPARTMENT 16
l.OOOE+03
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
RAIN EVENT NO.
STARTING AT 30.00 HOURS
1. ANTECEDENT MOISTURE (AMC)
2. AREA
3. AREA (AREAK)
4. BASIN TIME LAG (BTLAG)
5. CURVE NUMBER (CN)
6. RAIN DURATION (PDUR)
7. PI
8. TOTAL RAIN (PTOT)
9. STORM ADVANCEMENT (STAD)
10. USLEC
11. USLEK
2 (-)
l.OOE+01 (HECTARE)
l.OOE-01 (KM**2)
5.00E-01 (HOURS)
8.00E+01 (-)
5.00E+00 (HOURS)
5.00E-04 (-)
2.00E+01 (CM)
4.00E-01 (-)
5.00E-01 (-)
4.00E-01 (-)
24
-------
12. USLEL
13. USLES
14. USLEP
15. SOIL BULK DENSITY (WSOIL)
3.00E+00 (-)
2.50E-01 (-)
l.OOE+00 (-)
1.33E+00 (G/CC)
THESE RESULTS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INPUT PARAMETERS:
PRACTICE:
PATHOGEN:
SALMONELLA
THE DEFAULT VALUES AND THOSE CHANGED BY THE USER ARE
LISTED BELOW.
POSITION
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26"
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
VARIABLE
PATHDN
APRATE
ASCIN
TREG
UPLIM
APMETH
AREA
TEMP
AQUIFR
POROS
FILTR8
RESERVD
TRAIN
RDEPTH
TK
TIRRG
IRMETH
DILIRR
NIRRIG
IRRATE
DEPTH
COUNT
TWIND
DWIND
WINDSP
EPSMLT
ESILT
EHT
SCRIT
COVER
AEREFF
BREEZE
HT
ANDAY
TMAX
TMIN
ACCEPTED VALUE
l.OOOOOE+12
10000.
.00000
.00000
1.OOOOOE+09
1.0000
10.000
.00000
10.000
.30000
2.0000
.00000
-2.0000
5.0000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
2.0000
.50000
2.5000
.00000
60.000
6.0000
18.000
.33000
.40000
2.0000
7.5000
.00000
l.OOOOOE-03
4.0000
1.6000
41.000
25.900
5.3000
CHANGED
BY USER
25
-------
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
.81
82
83
84
85
86
87
SLOPES
NTRCPS
SLOPEP
NTRCPP
ASLSUR
FSSUR
FRRAIN
RESERVD
SUSPND
FCROP1
FCROP2
FCROP3
FCROP4
FCROP5
FCROP6
FCROP7
RESERVD
SSWTCS
PSTMG
CSTSS
SSTCS
CSTSSW
DTCTMT
DTCTMK
TMTSS
TMTH
TMTU
HTM
UTM
CROP
TCULT
TCROP
THARV
YIELD1
YIELD2
YIELD3
HAY
PLNT1
PLNT2
PLNT3
PPG
CATTLE
COWS
STORAG
FORAG
ALFALF
SCNSMP
FATTEN
TSLOTR
INFALF
INFBET
2.06000E-02
2.1130
4.49000E-03
1.4350
..90000
1.0000
.00000
.00000
2000.0
l.OOOOOE-08
6.00000E-03
l.OOOOOE-03
l.OOOOOE-04
1.20000E-02
.00000
2.00000E-04
.00000.
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.75000
.00000
.00000
. .00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
1.0000
-2.0000
720.00
1800.0
2.50000E+07
2.50000E+07
l.OOOOOE+06
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.33000
139.90
26
-------
PROCESS VARIABLES FOR DIE-OFF OF PATHOGENS
VARIABLE VALUE
PROC1 - MOIST SOIL -5.000000
PROC2 - DRY PARTICULATES -5.000000
PROC3 - WATER SUSPENSION -5.000000
HCRIT - DROPLET AEROSOL -2.800000E-02
THE INFECTION RISK PARAMETERS USED
IN THIS MODEL RUN ARE:
NUMBER
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
PARAMETER VALUE
COOKA l.OOOE-05
COOKP l.,OOOE-05
COOKS l.OOOE-30
DRECTC . 100
DRECTS .100
IBLAN .000
ICAN .000
ICANG .000
ICOOK .000
IFREE .000
IFREG .000
IPAST . 000
ISTRH 1.00
ISTRP .000
IWASH 1.00
PASTE l.OOOE-09
PASTA l.OOOE-03
NUMBER
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
THE PARAMETERS CHOSEN FOR GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT
NUMBER
2
3
4
5
'6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PARAMETER
WCSAT
ANRAIN
EVAP
XWELL
DT
GRADI
USATCND
GSATCND
DSTAR
DSATZN
SMRSLP
VALUE
.437
150.
.500
50.0
1.00
l.OOOE-02
6.400E-07
5.800E-05
l.OOOE-06
3.50
8.52
PARAMETER
PASTP
TEMI2
TEMI4
TEMP2
TEMP4
TMIS2
TMIS4
TMP2M
TMP7F
TMP7N
TSTM2
TSTR2
TSTR4
TSTR7
VOLPND
XDIST
YDIST
ARE:
VALUE
l.OOOE-03
4.00
4.00
7.00
.000
24.0
24.0
4.00
-4.00
20.0
720.
168.
120.
720.
100.
200.
.000
27
-------
PROBABILITY OF INFECTION
DAY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ONSITE
O.OOOE+00
9.313E-01
8.896E-01
8.141E-01
6.886E-01
4.912E-01
2.462E-01
7.568E-02
1.692E-02
3.396E-03
6.606E-04
1.268E-04
2.411E-05
4.545E-06
8.492E-07
1.574E-07
2.894E-08
5.279E-09
9.551E-10
1.715E-10
OFFSITE
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
1.725E-02
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+OO
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
EATER
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
DRINKER
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
SWIMMER
O.OOOE+00
9.610E-01
9.639E-01
9.602E-01
9.563E-01
9.519E-01
9.470E-01
9.417E-01
9.359E-01
9.295E-01
9.224E-01
9.146E-01
9.061E-01
8.967E-01
8.863E-01
8.749E-01
8.624E-01
8.487E-01
8.335E-01
8.169E-01
PROBABILITY OF INFECTION
AY
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
ONSITE
3.059E-11
5.411E-12
6.393E-13
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
OFFSITE
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
EATER .
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.'OOOE+OO
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
DRINKER
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
. O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
O.OOOE+00
SWIMMER
7.987E-01
7.787E-01
7.568E-01
7.328E-01
7.066E-01
6.781E-01
6.471E-01
6.135E-01
5.773E-01
5.387E-01
4.977E-01
4.547E-01
4.103E-01
3.651E-01
3.199E-01
2.758E-01
2.339E-01
1.950E-01
1.600E-01
1.292E-01
28
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLES OF PARAMETERS AND DIAGRAMS OF PRACTICES FOR LANDAPP
-------
-------
Table A-l. Sludge Management Practices and
Descriptions in Pathogen Risk Assessment Model
PRACTICE
DESCRIPTION
Application of Liquid Treated Sludge for Production of
Commercial Crops for Human Consumption
n
Application of Liquid Treated Sludge to Grazed Pastures
m
Application of Liquid Treated Sludge for Production of
Crops Processed before Animal Consumption
IV
Application of Dried or Composted Sludge to Residential
Vegetable Gardens
Application of Dried or Composted Sludge to Residential
Lawns
A-l
-------
Table A-2. Compartments Included in the Sludge Management Practices
Compartment
Name and Number
Application
Incorporation
Application/Tilling
Emissions
Soil Surface
Particulates
Surface Runoff
Direct Contact
Subsurface Soil
Groundwater
Irrigation Water
Soil Surface Water
OffsiteWell
Aerosols
Crop Surface
Harvesting
(Commercial) Crop
Animal Consumption
Meat
Manure
Milk
Hide
Udder
Liquid Sludge Dried or Composted
Management Practices Sludge Management Practices
I
1
2
3*
4
5*
6*
7*
8
9
10
11
12*
13*
14.
15
16*
n
1
2
3*
4
5*
6*
7*
8
9
10
11
12*
13*
14
17
18*
19
20*
21
22
m
i
2
3*
4
5*
6*
7*
8
9
10
11
12*
13*
14
15
17
18*
19
20*
21
22
IV V
1 1
3* 3*
4 4
5* 5*
7* 7*
8 8 "
9 9
11 11
14 14
15
16*
* Asterisk indicates exposure compartments.
A-2
-------
Table A-3. Proposed Initial Value Menu for
Pathogen Concentration Parameter, PATHDN
Estimated Mean Organisms/kg (dry wt) of Material*
Material Salmonella Ascaris Viruses
Raw Liquid Municipal
Sludge
Liquid Digested Sludge
(Anaerobic)
Liquid Digested Sludge
(Aerobic)
Dried Digested Sludge
Composted Sludge
Sludge-Amended Soil
5 x 105
5 x 104
- 5 x 104
1 x 103
1 x 106
2 x 103
5 x 103
5 x 103
5 x 103
5 X 102
1 x 10°
1 x 10°
5 x 10s .
1 x 10s
1 x 105
1 x 104
5 x 101
- 3 x 103
"Values were derived from the published literature on pathogen densities in sludge, summarized in the following
sources: .
U.S. EPA. 1991. Preliminary Risk Assessment for Parasites in Municipal Sewage Sludge Applied to Land. Office
of Research and Development, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. March.
EPA/600/6-91/001. NTIS PB91-182352/AS.
U.S. EPA. 1991. Preliminary Risk Assessment for Bacteria in Municipal Sewage Sludge Applied to Land. Office
of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. July.
EPA/600/6-91/006.
U.S. EPA. 1992. Preliminary Risk Assessment for Viruses in Municipal Sewage Sludge Applied to Land. Office
of Research and Development, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. June.
EPA/600/R-92/064.
A-3
-------
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Table A-7. Parameters for Subroutine RAINS
Position
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Name
PDUR
PTOT
BTLAG
CN
AMC
STAD
USLEK
USLEL
USLES
USLEC
USLEP
PI
WSOIL
Default
Value
2
5.0
0.5
80
2
0.4
0.4
3.0
0.25
0.5
1.0
1/SUSPND
1.33
Function
Duration of rainfall (hr)
Total rainfall (cm)
Basin time lag (hr)
Curve number
Antecedent moisture conditions
Storm advancement coefficient
USLE K value (soil credibility factor)
USLE L value (slope length factor)
USLE S value (slope steepness factor)
USLE G value (cover management
factor)
USLE P value (supporting practices)
Pathogen suspension factor
Bulk density of soil (g/cm3)
A-9
-------
Table A-8. Optional Variables for Growth or Inactivation Rate
Compartment
Practice
I II III IV V
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
PROC1
PROC1
PROC1
PROC2
PROC3
PROC1
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
HCRIT
PROC1.
PROC1
HCRIT
PROC1
PROC2
PROC3
PROC1
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
HCRIT
PROC1
PROC1
HCRIT
PROC1
PROC2
PROC3
PROC1
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
PROC3
HCRIT
PROC1
PROC1
PROC1
PROC2
PROC1
PROC3
PROC1
PROC1
PROC1
PROC2
PROC1
PROC3
PROC1
Definitions:
PROC1 =
PROC2 =
PROC3 =
HCRIT =
Growth or inactivation rate for pathogens in soil
Growth or inactivation rate for pathogens in dry participates
Growth or inactivation rate for pathogens in water
Inactivation rate for pathogens in water droplet aerosol
PROCn =
HCRIT =
where:
logio(Nl+1/N,)
N is the number of organisms in the compartment
t is the time in hours (PROCn) or minutes (HCRIT)
A-10
-------
Table A-9. Parameters for Subroutine RISK
Position
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name
COOKA
COOKP
COOKS
DRECTC
DRECTS
IBLAN
ICAN
ICANG
ICOOK
IFREE
IFREG
IPAST
ISTRH
ISTRP
Default
Value
l.E-5
l.E-5
l.E-5
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Definition
Survival of Ascaris during cooking
Survival of enterovirus during cooking
Survival of Salmonella during cooking
Ingestion rate of crop surface from direct
contact (g/day)
Ingestion rate of soil from direct contact
(g soil/day)
Flag for blanching of vegetables
Flag for canning sequence. If ICAN = 1 ,
the vegetable-exposure risk calculation
will include the effects of storage of raw
vegetable, washing, blanching, canning,
storage of cans and cooking.
Flag for vegetable canning only
Flag for cooking of vegetables and meat
Flag for freezing sequence. If
IFREE=1, the vegetable-exposure risk
calculation will include the effects of
storage of raw vegetable, washing,
blanching, freezing, frozen storage and
cooking.
Flag for vegetable freezing only
Flag for pasteurization of milk
Flag for storage of vegetables before
processing. When ISTYRH=1, the
effects of storage on the pathogen
population are included in the vegetable-
exposure risk calculation. When
ISTRH =0, these effects are not included.
Flag for storage of processed vegetables
A-ll
-------
Table A-9. (Continued)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
IWASH
PASTE
PASTA
PASTP
TEMI2
TEMI4
TEMP2
TEMP4
TMIS2
TMIS4
TMP2M
TMP7F
TMP7N
TSTM2
TSTR2
TSTR4
TSTR7
VOLPND
1
l.E-9
0.001
0.001
4
4
7
0
24
24
4
-4
20
720
168
120
720
1.E2
Flag for washing of vegetables
Survival of Salmonella after
pasteurization
Survival of Ascaris after pasteurization
Survival of enterovirus after
pasteurization
Temperature (°C) of milk storage before
pasteurization
Temperature (°C) of milk storage after
pasteurization
Temperature (°C) of vegetable storage
before processing
Temperature (°C) of frozen meat storage
Time (hours) of milk storage before
pasteurization
Time (hours) of milk storage after
pasteurization
Temperature (°C) of meat storage after
slaughter
Temperature (°C) of storage of frozen
foods
Temperature (°C) of storage of canned
foods
Duration (hours) of meat storage
(unfrozen between slaughter and freezing)
Duration (hours) of vegetable storage
before processing
Time (hours) of storage of frozen meat
Duration (hours) of vegetable storage
after processing
Volume (m3) of runoff pond
A-12
-------
Table A-9. (Continued)
34
35
XDIST
YDIST
200
0
Distance (meters) downwind between
paniculate source and exposed individual
Lateral distance (meters) of human
receptor from a line directly downwind of
aerosol source
A-13
-------
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Definition
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Saturated water content (
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§
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Definition
o
e a
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B
s
t
y Ji
a
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I
Slope of soil moisture ret
curve (dimensionless)0
CO
CO
8
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00
oo
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Subsurface
Soil
Groundwater
Offstto
Well
Application
Incorporation
Soil
Surface
Crop
Surface
Harvesting
Commercial
Crop
Irrigation
Water
Application/Tilling
Emissions
External
Source
FIGURE A-
Input/Output Diagram for Practice I-Application of Liquid Sludge
for Production of Commercial Crops for Human Consumption
A-16
-------
Application
Application/Tilling
Emissions
Soil
Surface
Crop
Surfaca
Animal
Consumption
Manure
Irrigation
Water
External
Source
FIGURE A-2
Input/Output Diagram for Practice II--Application of Liquid
Sludge to Grazed Pastures
A-17
-------
Application/Tilling
Emissions
External
Source
FIGURE A-3
Input/Output Diagram for Practice IIIApplication of Liquid Sludge
for Production of Crops Processed before Animal Consumption
A-18
-------
Application
Subsurface
Soil
Application/Tilling
Emissions
FIGURE A-4
Input/Output Diagram for Practice IV--Application of Dried
or Composted Sludge to Residential Vegetable Gardens
A-19
-------
Application
Subsurfaca
Soil
Incorporation
Soil
Surface
Application/Tilling
Emissions
Direct
Contact
,/X.
14
Crop
Surface
11
Soil Surface
Water
FIGURE A-5
Input/Output Diagram for Practice V-Application of Dried
or Composted Sludge to Residential Lawns
A-20
-------
APPENDIX B
COMMON ERROR MESSAGES
-------
-------
Common Error Messages
ogram too big to fit in memory. If there is less than -540 K of free conventional memory, there will not
be enough space for the program to load. This is likely to happen on computers with memory-resident
programs like Windows or a memory manager, or if expanded memory takes up conventional memory
space. You may be able to reconfigure your system to free up conventional memory by moving device
drivers and memory-resident programs to high memory. However, the easiest solution is to make a boot
disk for the A drive. Insert an empty disk in the A drive and type
FORMAT A:/s < ENTER >.
You must also make a CONFIG.SYS file on the bootable disk. The file must have the line
FILES=20.
Nothing else is necessary. Make the file with a line editor or write it with a word processor and save it as
DOS text. Be sure it is saved on the boot disk, or it may write over the CONFIG.SYS that defines the usual
operating conditions for your computer.
To run the model, make a directory and copy the program into it. Insert the boot disk into Drive A, reboot
the computer, change to the drive and directory with the model, and type
LANDAPP < ENTER >.
When you have finished with the model runs, remove the floppy disk from Drive A and reboot the
computer. Your usual operating conditions will be restored.
n-time error F6700. This message is usually accompanied by a message like
OPENifilename).
The message technically means "heap space limit exceeded". It actually means that there is insufficient
conventional memory available to open all of the files necessary to run the program. The easiest solution
is to use the boot disk described in the previous paragraph.
n-time error F6501. This message is usually accompanied by a message like
KEAD(filename).
It means that the file name given it, usually the input file, is not valid. Check the name of the file to be
sure that you are spelling it correctly and have it in the directory from which you are running the model
program.
B-l
-------
run-time error F6422. This message is usually accompanied by a message like
WKLTEiftlename) and CLOSE(PATHOUT).
It means that there is insufficient space on the drive you are using to run the model. If you are running
from a floppy disk, copy the model to a hard drive with more available disk space. If there is insufficient
disk space on the hard drive, temporarily remove or compress files. The most common reason for this error
is the generation of a very large RAINS file by long-lasting rainfalls.
run-time error F6417. This message is usually accompanied by a message like
OPEN(/zfenome). Also,
Cannot load overlay: too many open flies
These error messages mean that the system is configured for too few files. The default number of files that
can be open at the same time is usually 8. Your CONFIG.SYS file must contain the line
FILES=20
(you can have a number higher than 20, but not lower). If necessary, rewrite the CONFIG.SYS file with
a line editor, or rewrite it with a word processor and save it as a DOS text file. You must reboot the
computer after you change the CONFIG.SYS file.
run-time error F6501. This message is usually accompanied by a message like
invalid INTEGER.
It means you have entered a letter, word or non-integer number where the program requires an integer.
Rerun the program and be sure to use an integer at that point in the data entry or in the input file.
B-2
-------
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