-------
TABLE 5-13. TOTAL FACILITY CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
Case 4 - Indirect Combustion, Solids Recycle
(Fluidized bed combustor)
(Taback, et al., 1986)
Base Case
Room and pillar
Retort gas
Combustion
Upgrade
Total
Alternate #1 SOX
Emissions, kg/1000 m3 of Oil
CO HC NO,, SO,,
X 2v
150 20 345 20
125 35 921 106
11197 3359 224
11497 205 4626 350
: PM
181
185
653
1019
HB^S removal - activated carbon and hypochlorite
NOX~ NH-j removal - water and acid wash
PM
HC
Room and pillar
Retort gas
Combustion
Upgrade
Total
Reduction
(from Base Case)
% Reduction
Alternate #2 NOX
PM
Room and pillar
Retort gas
Combustion
Upgrade
Total
Reduction
- dry venturi/baghouse
and CO - vehicles/catalytic converter
CO HC NO,, SO,,
2t X
15 2 345 20
125 35 756 8
11197 3359 224
2 60 No Data
11340 97 4460 252
158 108 166 98
1 53 4 28
- ammonia injection for retort staged
PM
181
53
187
.
420
599
59
'combustion for combustor gas cascading
bed spent shale combustor
- dry venturi
CO HC NO,, SO,,
3v 2C
15 2 345 20
125 35 63 8
423 423 169
565 97 831 197
10775 0 3629 55
PM
181
3
9
193
227
(from Alt. #1)
% Reduction
95
0
81
22
54
5-28
-------
X
B. Alternate #1
The first alternate uses an acid wash to remove ammonia from the
retort gas, activated carbon and hypochlorite process to remove H^S and
organic sulfur from the retort gas and the dry venturi/baghouse for
particulate control on the burned retort gas and the exhaust gas from the
spent shale combustion unit, and catalytic converters on mine vehicles to
reduce CO and HC levels by 90 percent.
The acid wash reduces the NOX emissions associated with the retort gas
from 921 kg/1000 m3 of oil to 756 kg/1000 m3 of oil. However, because the NO.
o
emissions from the spent shale combustor are so high (3400 kg/1000 m of oil)
the reduction in facility NOX emissions is only 4 percent.
The activated carbon H9S removal process reduces the SO., emissions
^ X
from combusting the retort gas from 106 kg/1000 m3 of oil to 8 kg/1000 m3 of
oil. The overall facility SOX emission is reduced by 28 percent.
The dry venturi/baghouse with a space velocity of 0.5 m/sec (1.5
ft/sec) reduces particulate from the retort gas and combustor flue gas from
838 kg/1000 m3 to 240 kg/1000 m3. The overall facility particulate emission
is reduced by 59 percent.
C. Alternate #2
The second alternative uses ammonia injection for NO reduction from
burning the retort gas and staged combustion for N0_ reduction from the spent
X
shale combustor.
A fluidized bed is essentially a single stage device where high
turbulence provides equal concentrations of reactants throughout the bed.
This fact makes it difficult to design a single fluidized bed unit to provide
the temperature and excess oxygen control necessary to reduce the NO formed in
the combustion process. The staging effect could be achieved by using a
series of fluidized beds followed by combustion chambers; however, this
concept would result in multiple units requiring solids transfer and would be
quite complicated. Therefore, to utilize this NOX control, a cascading bed
combustor as described in Section 2.4.9 is used in place of the fluidized
bed. As the cascading bed is essentially a staged device, it provides easy
access and means for control of individual stage temperatures and
5-29
-------
concentrations. Therefore, the NO reduction can be achieved without the
excessive CO emissions that are typical of the fluidized bed combustor.
The dry venturi/baghouse with the higher space velocity is also
applied.
Ammonia injection for the combusted retort gas reduces the NO
o
emissions from 756 to 63 kg/1000 m of oil. The staged combustion on the
cascading bed spent shale combustor reduces the N0_ emissions from 3359 to 423
-A
kg/1000 m (based on an exit concentration of 50 ppm NO ). The overall
facility N0_ emission is reduced by 81 percent.
A. - ' -
5.2.5 Modified In-situ With Indirect Combustion, Gas Recycle Above Ground
Process - Case # 5
A. Base Case
The base case consists of a modified in-situ retort supported by an
indirect combustion - gas recycle above ground retort. The in-situ retort
produces 60 percent of the oil.
The gas from the in-situ retort is cleaned with the standard water
wash for ammonia removal and either direct or indirect conversion of l^S for
sulfur gas control. The combusted gas is passed through a baghouse for
particulate control. The schematic for this process is shown in Figure 5-6.
The expected emissions for three alternatives are presented in Table 5-14.
5-30
-------
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5-31
-------
TABLE 5-14. TOTAL FACILITY CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
Case 5 - Modified In-situ
Indirect Combustion Above-Ground
Base Case
Room and pillar
Retort gas in-situ
Above-ground
Upgrade
Total
Alternate #1 SOX-H2S
NOX-NH3
PM - dry
Emissions, kg /I 000 m3 of Oil
CO
150
72
53
25
300
removal
removal
HC
20
35
150
205
NOX
345
7342
369
8056
S0x
20
2033
968
3020
PM
181
739
, 74
994
- activated carbon
- water and
acid wash
venturi/baghouse
HC and CO - vehicles/catalytic converter
Room and pillar
Retort gas in-situ
Above-ground
Upgrade
Total
Reduction
(from Base Case)
% Reduction
CO
15
72
53
2
142
158
52
HC
2
35
0
60
97
108
53
NOX
345
2375
302
3022
5034
62
S0x
20
191
50
261
2760
91
PM
181
211
21
413
581
58
Alternate #2 N0_ - ammonia injection
A.
PM - dry
venturi/baghouse
HC and CO - vehicles/catalytic converter
Room and pillar
Retort gas in-situ
Above-ground
Upgrade
Total
Reduction
(from Alt. #1)
% Reduction
CO
15
72
53
2
142
0
0
HC
2
35
0
60
97
0
0
NOX
345
254
25
624
2398
79
sฐx !
20
191
50
261
0
0
PM
181
11
1
193
221
53
5-32
-------
B. Alternate 1 !
The first alternate process scheme uses catalytic converters for mine
vehicles, an acid and water wash for ammonia removal, the activated carbon-
hypochlorite process of H2S and organic sulfur removal and the dry
venturi/baghouse for particulate control.
The acid wash reduces the NOX emissions from burning the in-situ
1
retort gas from 7342 to 2375 kg/1000 nr and reduces the NO,, emissions from
X
burning the above ground retort gas from 369 to 302 kg/1000 m3. The higher
effect on the in-situ retort gas is due to relatively high gas volume produced
by the in-situ retort which results in high ammonia emission rates from either
the water wash or acid wash towers. The overall facility NO emission is
reduced by 62 percent.
The activated carbon-hypochlorite process reduces the S0_ emissions
,. x
from 3020 to 261 kg/1000 mj of oil for a 91 percent reduction.
The dry venturi/baghouse reduces the particulate emissions associated
with burning the retort gases (in-situ & above ground) from 813 to 230 kg/1000
3
m of oil. The overall facility reduction in particulate emissions is 58
percent. The use of catalytic converters on mine vehicles reduces the CO and
HC levels from mining by 90 percent, and the total CO and HC levels by 52 and
53 percent respectively.
C. Alternate #2
The second alternate control scheme uses ammonia injection for post
combustion NOX control and the dry venturi/baghouse with the higher space
velocity for particulate control.
NOX emissions from combustion of the retort gas are reduced from 2677
O
to 279 kg/1000 nr of oil for an overall facility reduction of 79 percent.
Particulate emissions from combustion of the retort gas are reduced from 232
o
to 12 kg/1000 nr of oil for an overall facility reduction of 53 percent.
The above information for Case #5 is summarized in Table 5-14.
5.2.6 Summary
The following discussion evaluates the differences between the five
cases and the effect on the overall facility emissions.
5-33
-------
A. Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Emissions
Carbon monoxide emissions for the base case conditions are reasonably
consistent with the exception of case #4, the indirect combustion, solids
recycle with a fluidized bed spent shale combustor which has extremely high CO
emissions. The alternate 1 conditions reduce the CO emissions by
approximately 90 percent due to the addition of catalytic converters to the
mine vehicles and engines. However, this has little effect on Case #4 CO
emissions. The alternate 2 conditions, using a cascading bed spent shale
combustor with its superior means for controling combustion conditions at each
i Q
stage of the combustion process reduces the CO emissions to 570 kg/1000 m of
oil; however, the facility CO emissions for Case #4 are still considerably
higher than the other four cases. No additional means of control seems
feasible.
The hydrocarbon emissions are consistent for all of the cases
considered. The addition of the catalytic converters reduce these hydrocarbon
emissions from the mining operations by 90 percent and no further reduction
seems feasible.
B. Particulates, Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides (PM, NOX, SOX)
1. Retort Gas Combustion The emissions from combustion of the retort
gas for particulates, nitrogen and sulfur oxides are shown in Figures 5-7, 5-8
and 5-9.
These figures indicate that there is wide variation in emission levels
for the five processes based on the PSD permit application proposed technology
(Base Case conditions). For particulates, the emission levels vary from 200
o
to 800 kg/1000 m of oil; for nitrogen oxides the emission levels vary from
1000 to 8000 kg/1000 m3 of oil; for sulfur oxides the emission levels vary
from 350 to 3000 kg/1000 m3 of oil.
The first alternative considered was the use of the activated carbon
enhanced ^S removal process, an acid wash for improved ammonia removal and
the addition of a dry venturi - baghouse for post combustion particulate
control. Referring to Figures 5-7, 5-8 and 5-9, the emission levels for
alternate #1 show considerably less variation, particularly for sulfur oxides
(ranging from 100 to 250 kg/1000 m3 of oil) and particulates (range from 50 to
5-34
-------
en
3
o
o
o
o
I
M
CO
CO
BASE CASE
ALTERNATE #1
ALTERNATIVE
#1 #2 #3
#4 #5
ALTERNATE #2
CASE #1
CASE #2
CASE #3
CASE #4
CASE #5
Figure 5-7. Nitrogen oxide emissions from retort gas combustion.
Summary for five cases. (Taback, H.J., et al., 1986)
5-35
-------
S
o
ง
r-l
O
CO
M
OT
cn
BASE CASE
CASE #1
H CASE #2
B CASE #3
H CASE #4
D CASE #5
ALTERNATE #1
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATE #2
Figure 5-8. Sulfur oxide emissions from retort gas combustion. Summary for
five cases. (Taback, H.J., et al., 1986)
5-36
-------
en
o
o
o
i i
MISSIONS K
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
BASE CASE
ALTERNATE #1
ALTERNATIVE
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
BSBSaE
ALTERNATE #2
CASE #1
0 CASE #2
B CASE f 3
CASE #4
D CASE #5
Figure 5-9. Particulate emissions from retort gas combustion.
for five cases. (Taback, H.J., et al., 1986)
5-37
-------
O - '
200 kg/1.000 nr of oil). The variation of nitrogen oxide emissions is still
considerable, ranging from 1000 to 4000 kg/1000 m3 of oil. Essentially, the
acid wash only removes the residual ammonia without affecting the organic
nitrogen content and has no effect on the thermal NO,,; therefore, there is
X
relatively little improvement in the NO emission rate. i
The second alternative considered was ammonia injection for NO
control from boiler and/or furnace combustion, staged combustion for control
of NOX emission from the spent shale combustor and the dry venturi - baghouse
with an increased space velocity which improves collection performance at the
expense of increased pressure drop. Again, referring to Figures 5-7, 5-8 and
5-9, it is apparent that the addition of these controls essentially levels the
performance of all five processes.
2., Total Facility Emissions The particulate, nitrogen oxide and sulfur
oxide emission levels for alternate #2 conditions along with the total
facility emissions are shown in Figures 5-10, 5-11 and 5-12. The particulate
emissions (Figure 5-9) still show variation from 4 to 12 kg/1000 m3 of oil.
However, the absolute value is considerably less than the particulate
emissions from the mining and solids handling operations and the total
facility is essentially equivalent for all five cases ranging from 180 to 200
kg/1000 m3 of oil.
The nitrogen oxide emissions, Figure 5-11, range from 75 to 500
kg/1000 m3 of oil. While this is still a significant variation, again the
absolute magnitude of the values is such that the net variation in the total
NOX emission for the five facilities is less than 2 to 1 ranging from 400 to
800 kg/1000 m3 of oil.
The sulfur oxide emissions, Figure 5-12, range from 100 to 250 kg/1000
3
m of oil and are essentially the same for the total facility as there are no
other significant sources of sulfur emissions.
The basic conclusion derived from the above analysis is that, although
the air emission levels for the different retort processes with controls
proposed in the PSD permit applications can vary considerably, sometimes by as
much as two orders of magnitude, the application of control techniques that
5-38
-------
c
r-
o
"a
o
o
o
T 1
a
SNOISS:
i
200
180
160 -
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
#1 #2 #3
#4 #5
ALTERNATE #2
RETORT GAS COMBUSTION
TOTAL
FACILITY
Figure 5-10. Particulate emissions for total facility. Summary for
five cases. (Taback, H.J., et al., 1986).
5-39
-------
900
800
700
ns 600-
ง 500
a 400
ง 300
m 200-
w
w 100-
o-
CASE #1
E3 CASE #2
H CASE #2!
13 CASE #4
D CASE #5
ALTERNATE #2
RETORT GAS COMBUSTION
TOTAL
FACILITY
Figure 11. Nitrogen oxide emissions for total facility. Summary for
five cases (Taback, H.J., 1986). ""
5-40
-------
M
O
O
en
(3
o
0
o
t 1
p
CO
O
H
CO
co
M
@
300 '
250
200
150 '
100
50
]
!
0 i
#1
CASE #11
E2 CASE mi
5 CASE #3
H CASE #4
D CASE #5
ALTERNATE #2
RETORT GAS COMBUSTION
TOTAL
FACILITY
Figure 12. Sulfur oxide emissions for total facility. Summary for five
cases (Taback, H.J., et al., 1986).
5-41
-------
statenent d
q,,es cms
ฐU .hale reeo,ery procass.
tb.
ซPPU-
that
to
5-42
-------
are either improvements over proposed technology or more suitable for a
specific application, result in similar emission levels for all five processes
considered. This statement does need to be qualified by the fact that some of
the control techniques considered have not been applied specifically to the
oil shale recovery process. However, these techniques have been proven at the
full scale level in various other difficult control applications.
5-42
-------
SECTION 6.0
REFERENCES
Agarwal, A. K. Assessment of Solid Waste Characteristics and Control
Technology for Oil Shale Retorting. EPA-600/7-86-019, NTIS PB86 198371,
1986. ]
Anonymous. Parachute Creek Shale Oil Program. Union Oil Company
Brochure, 1983, 12 pp. :
Anonymous. Clear Creek Shale Oil Project - Joint Venture. PSD Permit
Application for Upgrading in Grand Valley. Environmental Research &
Tech., Fort Collins, CO, 1982. \
Anonymous. Permit Application. Paraho-UTE Facility. Prevention of
Significant Deterioration. Utah Air Conservation Program. Paraho
Development Corp., Grand Junction, CO, November 1981.
Anonymous. Perspective on the Emerging Oil Shale Industry. EPA
Environmental Assessment, EPA-625/9-81-005, NTIS PB83-171769, 1983.
ARCO Coal Company. Black Thunder Haul Road Supply, 1980.
Ball, B. C. "An investigation into the Potential Economics of Large-
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Banks, C. E., et al. "Simulated Dewatering Requirements at an Oil Shale
Surface Mine. Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado." Mineral Industries
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Barke, W. L., et al. Evaluation of Processes for Liquefaction and
Gasification of Solid Fossil Fuels. Volume 2 - Oil Shale and Tar
.Sands: Mining and Liquid Recovery. Stanford Research Inst.iMenlo Park,
CA, Project No. ECC-2896, 1975, 267 pp.
Bartok, W., et al., Basic Kinetic Studies and Modeling of NO, Formation in
Combustion Processes, AIChE Symposium Series 68 (126): 30, 1972.
Bates, E. R., and K. Jakobson. "Status of EPA's Pollution Control
Guidance Document For Oil Shale." Fourteenth Oil Shale Symposium,
Golden, CO, 1981. ',
Bates, E. R., and T. L. Thoem. Environmental Perspective on the Emerging
Oil Shale Industry. EPA Report No. EPA-600/2-80-205b, NTIS PB 81 186942,
1981.
Bates, E. R., W. W. Liberick, and J. Burckle. Oil Shale; Potential
Environmental Impacts and Control Technology. Environmental Research
Brief, U.S. EPA Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory", Cincinnati,
OH, Report No. EPA-600/D-84-036, NTIS -No. PB-84-190743, 1985, 14 pp.
6-1
-------
Baughman, G. L., and T. A. Sladek. "Shale Oil Recovery Methods." Mining
Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 1,1981, pp. 43-47.
Beychok, M. R. and W. J. Rhodes. Comparison of Environmental Design
Aspects of Some Lurgl-Based Synfuels Plants, 6th Symposium on
Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion Technology, Denver,_CO, October
1981.
Bland, V. "Evaluation of Sodium Sorbent Utilization in Flue Gas
Desulfurization." KVB Report 72-806930-2020, Interim Report Research
Project 1682-2 for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA,
1985. Unpublished draft report.
Booker, J. D. "Oil Shale Retorting in the First Commercial Plants."
Proceedings of the 16th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference. Technologies for the Transition. ASME Publ., Vol. 1, 1981,
pp. 47-51.
Bourcier, D. R., et al. "Preliminary Evaluation of Heavy Metals in
Dustfall in the Intermountain West Region." 14th Annual Conference Trace
Substances in Environmental Health, Columbia, MO, 1980.
Braun, R. L., et al. Mathematical Modeling of the Cascading-Bed Retorting
System and Comparisons of Model Calculations with LLNL Pilot Retort Data,
5th Briefing on Oil Shale Research, Lawrence Llvermore National
Laboratory, October 1985. :
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of Interior. Laboratory and Field
Studies of Soil Stabilizers, Engineering Research Center, Denver, CO, ~~~~
1982.
Burnham, A. K. Review and Comparison of Chemistry of In-Sltu and
Aboveground Processing, 5th Briefing on Oil Shale Research, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, October 1985.
Calvert, S. "How to Choose a Particulate Scrubber. Chemical Engineering.
84(18): pp. 54-68, 1977.
Calvert, S., J. Goldschmid, D. Lelth, and D. Metha. Wet Scrubber System
Study, Volume I - Scrubber Handbook. EPA-R2-72-118a, NTIS No. PB213016,
1976.
Capital and Operating Costs of Selected Air Pollution Control Systems.
Prepared by Card, Inc. EPA-450/5-80-002, 1978. !
Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co. PSD Permit Application. Prevention of
Significant Deterioration. (Amendment), 1982.
6-2
-------
Cavanaugh, E. C., et al. Atmospheric Pollution Potential from Fossil
Fuel Resource Extraction, On-Site Processing, and Transportation. Radlan
Corporation, Austin, TX, Report No. EPA-600/2-76-064, NTIS No. PB-252649
1976, 292 pp.
Cena, R. J., General Description for a One Ton/Day Rapid Pyrelysls, Solid
Recycle Retort. 5th Briefing on Oil Shale Research, Lawrence-LIvermore
National Laboratory, October 1985.
Cha, C. Y., and D. Chazin. "A Survey of Current Technologies for
Production of Oil from Oil Shale by In-Situ Retorting Processes: Their
Technical and Economic Readiness and Requirements for Further
Developments." AIChE Symposium Series. Vol. 78, No. 216, 1982, pp. 1-17.
Chappell, W. R., and D. D. Runnells. "Toxic-Trace Elements and Oil Shale
Production." llth Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental
Health: Abstract. 1977. ~~~~~
Chevron Shale Oil Company. Clear Creek Shale Oil Project. Joint Venture
Mine and Retort Facilities. PSD Permit Application. Vol. 1,
Environmental Research & Technology, Fort Collins, CO, 1982.
Cieslewicz, W. J. "Selected Topics of Recent Estonian-Russian Oil Shale
Research and Development." Colorado School of Mines Quarterly. Vol. 66,
No. 1, 1971.
Colorado School of Mines: Proceedings of the First Five Oil Shale
Symposia, 1964-68. Vol. 59, No. 3, 1964, 911 pp.
Committee on Synthetic Fuel Safety. Safety Issues Related to Synthetic
Fuels Facilities, NTIS PB82-258682, 1982.
Cooperative Inst. for Research in Environmental Science, Boulder, CO.
Environmental Chemistry of Oil Shale Development. Interim Technical
Progress Report, January 1 - August 1, 1983. Report No. DOE/ER/60121-1,
1983. 11 pp.
Cotter, J. E., et al. Fugitive Dust at the Paraho Oil Shale
Demonstration Retort and Mine.EPA-600/7-79-208, NTIS No. PB80-
122591,1979.
6-3
-------
Cox, C. H., and 6. L. Baughman. "Oil Sands: Resource, Recovery, and
Industry." Mineral & Energy Resources, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1980, Publ .,
Colorado School of Mines.
Damon J. E., et al. "Economics of SCR Post Combustion NOX Control
Processes " In Proceedings of the 1982 Joint Symposium on Stationary
Combustion NOX Control,Vol. II, EPA-600/9-85-022b, NTIS No PB85-235612,
1985.
Daum K. A., et al. "Analysis of Sulfur Control Strategies for the Oil
Shale Industry." J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol. 32, No. 4,
1982. pp. 391-392. '.
Dennis, R., ed., Handbook on Aerosols. TID-26608. Technical Information
Center, Energy Research and Development Administration, Tennessee, 1976.
Denver Research Institute, Pollution Control Technical Mannual: Lurgi Oil
Shale Retorting with Open Pit Mining, EPA-600/8-83-005, NTIS PB83-200204,
1983.
Denver Research Institute. Pollution Control Technical Manual: Modified
"In--Situ" Oil Shale Retortig Combined with Lurgi Surface Retorting, EPA
600/8-83-004, NTIS PB83-200121, 1983.
Denver Research Institute. Pollution Control Technical Manual: TOSCO 2
Oil Shale Retorting with Underground Mining, EPA-600/8-83-003, NTIS PB83-
200212, 1983.
Department of Energy, Office of Technology Impacts, Environmental Control
Costs for Oil Shale Processes. Washington. DC, October 1979. ;
Detailed Emissions Calculations for Oil Shale Mining and Ore Handling and
Construction - Related Activities Associated with the Clear Creek Shale
OiT Project. Appendix 2, 1982.
Diaz J. C. and R. L. Braun. Mathematical Modeling of Oil Shale Retorting
in a'Pluidized-Bed Pyrolyzer and Lift-Pipe Combustor, 5th Briefing on Oil
Shale Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October 1985.
Domahidy, 6., et al. "Air Pollution control for Oil Shale
Applications." Proceedings from the 1983 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium,
pp. 271-280.
Duir, J. H., B. A. Christolini, and C. F. Griswold. "Oil Shale'Retorting
Technology." Chemical Engineering Progress. Vol. 79, No. 2, 1983. pp.
45-50. i
6-4
-------
Duir, J. H., et al. "Union Oil Shale Retorting Technology." Chemical
Engineering Progress. Vol. 6, No. 3, 1982, p. 264.
Dunn, D. W., T. A. Bonner, and S. C. Cheng. Oxides of Nitrogen/Ammonia
Control Technology for Oil Shale Retort Emissions (Final Report).
Monsanto Research Corp., Dayton, OH, Report No. EPA-600/2-84-078, NTIS
Wo. PB84-171453, 1984, 89 pp.
Dyni, J. R. "Lacustrine Oil Shales and Stratigraphy of Part of the
Kishenehn Basin, Northwestern Montana." Mineral & Energy Resources.
Vol. 26, No. 4, 1983, Publ., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.
Dziegiel, H. T., et al. The Thermal DeNOx Demonstration Project. In:
Proceedings of the 1982 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NO
Control, Volume II, EPA-600/9-85-022b, NTIS No. PB85-235612, 1985. *
Edgar, T. F., et al. Environmental Effects of In-Sltu Gasification of
Texas Lignite. EPA Report EPA-600/7-81-035, NTIS PB81-171654, 1981.
Edward, M. S. J3_ 2s Removal Process for Low-Btu Coal Gasification. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM 6077, January 1979.
Environmental Protection Agency. Manual for Methods of Quickly
Vegetating Soils of Low Productivity, Construction Activities. Office of
Water Programs, Applied Technology Division, Washington, DC., 1975.
Environmental Protection Agency. Iron and Steel Plant Open Dust Source
Fugitive Emission Evaluation, EPA-600/2-79-103, NTIS No. PB299385, 1979.
Environmental Protection Agency. Technology Assessment Report for
Industrial Boiler Applications: Particulate Collection. EPA-600/7-79-
178h, NTIS No. PB80-176365, December 1979.
Environmental Protection Agency. Air Pollution Engineering Manual,
Second Edition. AP-40, May 1973.
Environmental Protection Agency. Capital and Operating Costs of Selected
Air Pollution Control Systems. EPA-450/5-80-002, December 1978.
Environmental Protection Agency. Development of Emission Factors for
Fugitive Dust Sources, EPA-450/3-74-037, NTIS No. PB238262, 1974.
6-5
-------
Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, AP-42, 1985.
Environmental Protection Agency. Extended Evaluation of Unpaved'Road
Dust Suppressants in the Iron and Steel Industry. Prepared by Midwest
Research Institute, EPA-600/2-84-027, NTIS No PB84-154350, 1984.^
Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Emissions from Lurgi Coal
Gasification Plants. EPA-450/2-78-012, NTIS No. PB279012, March" 1978.
Evans, R. J., et al. "Development of a Sampling Train for Environmental
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Weiss, H. "Retorting of Oil-Shale - Background, Status and Potential of
the Lurgi Ruhrgas (LR) Process." American Chemical Society Abstracts..
Vol. 183, March 1982, p. 26.
Wendt, J.O.L. "Fundamental Coal Combustion Mechanisms and Pollutant
Formation in Furnaces", Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., Vol. 6, pp. 201-222,
1980.
White, J.J. Role of Electrostatic Precipitators in Particle Control: A
Retrospective and Prospective View. Jour. Air Poll. Control Assoc. Vol.
25, No. 2., 1975.
6-17
-------
White River Shale Project. Prevention of Significant Deterioration of
Air Quality - Oil Shale Tracts Ua and Ub. Bechtel Petroleum, Inc., San
Francisco, CA, Job #14188, August 1981. '-.
Wong, C. M., R. W. Crawford, A. K. Burnham, and P.E. Miller-. From Bench-
Top to Pilot Scale: Determination of Sulfur Gases by Triple.Quadripole
Mass Spectrometry (TQMS), 5th Briefing on Oil Shale Research, Lawrence"
Livermore National Laboratory, 1985.
6-18
-------
APPENDIX A
TRACE ELEMENTS
Western oil shale from the Green River Formation is a fine-grained,
sedimentary rock that contains about 20 wt% organic material in a mineral
matrix composed primarily of dolomite and calcite. Also present in trace
quantities are compounds of certain metals considered to be hazardous to human
health. These may be in the form of sulfides, as substitution products in
major mineral phases, or as organometallic compounds (Desborough et al. 1976;
Fox et al. 1982; Fish 1983). These trace metallic compounds are mobilized and
released to the environment when oil shale is processed.
These hazardous compounds are released as dust, in gaseous form or as
contaminants in product or waste streams. Fugitive dust and particulates,
largely raw and retorted shale fines and suspended soil material, are produced
by mining, crushing, screening, haulage, retorted shale disposal and other
material handling operations.
Trace elements present in the raw shale are redistributed during
retorting among the oil, retort gases, process water and retorted shale. The
low to medium Btu gas produced during retorting may be subsequently used for
power generation or as a heat source. Depending upon an element's mineral
residence, the retort operating conditions and subsequent offgas handling,
some of the trace metals may be emitted from the retort plant as gases and
particulates. Trace metals may also be released during the refining of the
crude shale oil. However, such emissions are expected to be similar to those
from conventional refineries. This source has not been specifically studied
for shale oil refineries and is thus not discussed here. ' i
Table A-l summarizes and compares emission factors and rates for those
operations that are unique to the oil shale industry, namely, retorting and
material handling. The database and assumptions explicit in these estimates
are discussed at greater length in subsequent sections. These same trace
elements may also be emitted from other conventional emission sources at an
oil shale facility, including industrial oil- and coal-fired boilers and
diesel engines; however, emissions from those sources are expected to be low
A-l
-------
TABLE A-l. SUMMARY OF TRACE ELEMENT EMISSION FACTORS AND
EMISSION RATES FOR RETORTING AND SOLIDS HANDLING
Emission Rate Per
As
B
Ba
Be
Br
Cd
Cl
Co
Cr
Cu
F
Fe
Hg
Mo
Mn
Ni
Pb
Sb
Se
Th
U
V
Zn
Emission
Retorting^1)
(mg/bbl)
M3-770
<24-<292
>33
0-1070
1300
<0.3-<3
<6-151
<8
<1040-<4000
39-208
15-940
<1
<0.3-<2
<18
<12-<17
Factors
Materials
Handling^2'
(mg/bbl)
1.8
2.6
18
0.090
0.16
0.029
6.9
0.33
1.2
1.2
49
720
0.0032
0.90
11
0.79
0.79
0.071
0.082
0.21
0.15
4.0
2.7
10,000
Retorting'1^
(ton/yr)
>0. 05-3.1
<0.1-<1.2
>0.1
0-4.3
5.2
<0.001-<0.04
<0.02-0.6
<0.03
'
<4.2-<16
0.2-0.8
<0. 004-0. 02
<0.02-<0.2
<0.02
<0.1
<0.004
>0.06-1.8
<0.004
<0.001-<0.008
<0.07
<0.05-<0.07
BPD Capacity
Materials
Handling^2'
(ton/yr)
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.004
0.001
0.0001
0.03
0.001
0.005
0.005
>0.2
2.9
0.0001
0.004
0.04
0.0032
0.0032
0.0003
0.0003
0.0008
0.0006
0.016
0.01
Total
| (ton/yr)
>0. 06-3.1
0.01
0.1
>0.004
>0.1
0-4.3
5.2
0.001
0.005-0.6
0.005
>0.2
2.9
0.2-0.8
0.004-0.02
; 0.04
0.0032
0.0032
0.0003
0.06-1.8
0.0008
0.0006
0.016
0.01
(1) Assumes no trace elements are removed in criteria-pollutant control
technology and that no special technology is installed to reduce trace
elements.
(2) Assumes particulate and fugitive emissions are controlled as specified
in company permit applications.
A-2
-------
compared to retorting and material handling operations. They would be similar
to emissions reported for these elements in other industries. Therefore,
these conventional sources are not covered here, and the reader is referred to
the following references: for boilers (Krishnan and Hellwig 1982 and
Littlejohn 1984); for diesel emissions (NRG 1981).
Table A-l shows that retorting is the principal source of; trace
element emissions, particularly of the volatile elements As, Br, Cd, Cl, Hg
and Se. Although no data have been reported for F, it is anticipated that it
would be emitted during retorting because it is chemically similar to the
other halides that have been reported in retort gases (Br, Cl and I).
Material handling, which releases about 30 g/bbl of particles, contributes
greater than 1 mg/bbl of As, Cl and F, as well as the nonvolatile elements B,
Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, V and Zn.
Of those elements that are emitted in significant quantities, only Pb,
Be, F and Hg are covered in the PSD permit applications for various
projects. Table A-2 compares PSD emissions with emissions calculated in this
study.
The most striking discrepancies between the PSD permit applications
and this study occur for Hg. The PSD permit applications assumed that little
or no Hg would be emitted from the retort, typically arguing that Hg is
released in the elemental form and therefore would condense out or be
otherwise removed in the retort system. However, some studies reviewed here
indicate that the majority of the retort Hg is present as organomercurials
that are not expected to condense or be otherwise lost. Therefore, it is
possible that PSD applications, as presently filed, greatly underestimate Hg
emissions.
This section reviews available literature on hazardous, noncriteria
trace elements released to the atmosphere during the production of crude oil
from Green River oil shale. Emission factors are estimated and compared with
those used by industry in PSD applications.
A-3
-------
TABLE A-2. COMPARISON OF PERMIT APPLICATIONS ESTIMATES OF Be, F, Hg AND
Pb EMISSIONS WITH THOSE DETERMINED IN THIS STUDY
(tons/yr)
Be
PSD This
Study
(tons/yr)
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek
Cottonwood
Paraho
Syntan
Union B
White River
0
(2)
0.001
(1)
(1)
0.0024
(1)
>0.005
>0.04
>0.02
>0.02
>0.02
>0.04
>0.04
F Hg
PSD Thls PSD This
Study Study
(tons/yr) (tons/yr)
7.8
(2)
0.93
2.9
1.45
1.45
1.8
>0.2 0.003
>2 (2)
>1 0.05
>1 (1)
>1 (1)
>2 (1)
>2 , (1)
0.2-1 ;
2-8 ;
1-5
1-3
1-4 ;
2-7
2-8 ;
Pb
PSD Thls
Study
(tons/yr)
0.15
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.03
(2)
0.46
0.004
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
(1) Negligible
(2) Not reported
A-4
-------
RETORTING
The principal source of trace element emissions at an oil shale
facility is the retort itself. During retorting, raw shale is pyrolyzed to
release organic vapors, and retorted shale may be combusted to recover
energy. The high processing temperatures, from 500 to 700 C in surface
i
retorts and up to 1200 C in in-situ retorts, can mobilize some of the trace
elements in the raw shale and redistribute them among gases, oil, process
water and retorted shale.
The majority of the trace elements are present in the gaseous state in
unprocessed retort gases, which contain very low particulate concentrations.
These gases would only reach the environment as a result of leaks or during
upset conditions. However, most developers will generate power from the large
quantities of low Btu gas produced during retorting. Combustion of these
gases to produce power or in a flare to control emergency gas purges can
generate significant quantities of respirable particulates that are highly
enriched in volatile trace elements, including As, Br, Hg and Se.
The quantity of trace elements volatilized during retorting has been
',
studied by making direct, gas phase measurements and by mass balances in which
gas phase emissions are calculated by difference. These studies have revealed
that trace element emissions during retorting are primarily controlled by
retorting temperature, retort configuration, and operation of the raw shale
bed. Raw shale mineralogy, heating rate and/or retorting atmosphere may also
affect trace element partitioning.
This section summarizes what is presently known (August 1985) about
trace element emissions from oil shale retorts. Emphasis is placed upon Hg,
Cd, As and Se because they are volatile in oil shale retorts and may be
present in the untreated gases at relatively high concentrations. Available
data for other less volatile elements are also summarized.
The vast majority of the trace element data reviewed here was
developed using small laboratory retorts or pilot scale demonstration
facilities in which gases were not processed and treated as presently planned
A-5
-------
for commercial facilities. Therefore, the applicability of this information
to commercial oil shale plants is highly uncertain.
Retort gases at a commercial plant will be processed and treated to
remove particulates, SO , NO and hydrocarbons. In most proposed commercial
processes, the gases are compressed, heavier hydrocarbons are removed (the
shale oil) and treated gases are mixed with natural gas and burned.
Therefore, the information presented here is typically for uncontrolled
emissions unless otherwise noted.
Ranges are reported for emission factors and are presumed to apply
equally to all types of processes, unless specifically excepted.
Mercury
Because Hg and its compounds are the most volatile among the trace
elements that occur in oil shale, many studies have been conducted on its
distribution during retorting. These studies have demonstrated that Hg is
volatilized from the shale between 160 and 380 C, well in advance of shale
pyrolysis and oil evolution, and is redistributed among the retorted shale,
shale oil, water and gases. From 23 percent up to 100 percent of the Hg
originally present in the raw shale is partitioned into the gases, depending
upon raw shale mineralogy and retort operation.
o
Mercury concentrations of from less than 0.2 up to 8200 ijg/m .have
been reported in retort gases, and emission rates of up to 60 ig/min have been
measured at field in-situ retorts. Emission factors of from 39 to 208 mg/bbl
have been determined for five separate retorts based on continuous offgas
measurements.
In uncombusted gases, the majority of this Hg is present as
organomercurials, principally dimethylmercury, while in combusted gases,
elemental Hg predominates. Particulate Hg concentrations in uncombusted gases
are low and typically are 1-2 percent of the total Hg, while in combusted
gases, they account for over 30 percent of the total Hg. Reported
concentrations of Hg and its compounds in shale gases typically exceed OSHA
A-6
-------
and American Congress of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
standards for workroom air, and thus may be environmentally significant.
Mass Balance Studies. Most investigations of the distribution of Hg
-in oil shale retorts have used mass balances in which the amount of Hg present
in retort inputs (raw shale) are compared with those in retort outputs
(retorted shale, water, oil, gas). In fact, most early evidence for the
emission of Hg from retorts came indirectly from such studies by measuring all
outputs except the gas stream and then calculating the gas phase by
difference. Subsequent studies in which Hg in the gas stream was directly
measured substantiated these earlier estimates.
Average Hg mass balances for four types of oil shale retorts are
summarized in Table A-3 as a percentage of raw shale Hg. The imbalance is the
percentage of raw shale Hg that is not recovered in the measured products and
thus includes experimental error. The gas phase is rarely measured in such
studies, and it is typically assumed to be equal to the imbalance. This
approach has been validated for Hg in several studies (Fox 1985a;' Hodgson
et al. 1982) by making continuous gas phase measurements.
These studies (Table A-3) demonstrate that the majority of the Hg is
mobilized from the raw shale and redistributed among the products. A small
amount, from 1 percent to about 10 percent, is nonvolatile and is retained in
the retorted shale at temperatures up to 1000 C. Although higher percentages,
from 18 to 33 percent, have been reported in the retorted shale, these are due
to incomplete retorting and/or deposition of volatilized Hg on cool raw or
retorted shale (Fox et al. 1977; Hodgson et al. 1982; Fruchter et al. 1980),
as discussed later. The majority of the Hg, from 70 percent up to
100 percent, is redistributed to the gases, although some may be subsequently
retained on cool retorted shale (e.g., Paraho). Lesser quantities are
partitioned to the oil and water.
Hodson et al. (1982) and Olsen et al. (1985) used a 5.5 kg, externally
heated retort to study the effect of shale temperature, heating rate and shale
type on Hg partitioning. A typical Hg emission profile from these studies is
shown in Figure A-l. They found that Hg evolution in western shale starts at
160 C, peaks at 190 to 240 C and terminates at 250 to 320 C, well in advance
A-7
-------
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A-8
-------
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A-9
-------
of shale pyrolysis and oil production. This is similar to the I^S evolution
profile from organic sulfur (Wong 1983).
They also found that from 2 percent up to 14 percent of the Hg
originally present in the raw shale was not volatilized at 500 to 750 C and
remained in the retorted shale. This is consistent with other studies in
which maximum retorting temperatures reached 760 to 1025 C (Fox 1985a; Fox
1980, Fruchter et al. 1978). Therefore, a small fraction of the Hg in raw
shale is nonvolatile at retorting temperatures and is not redistributed during
retorting or emitted to the atmosphere.
Thus, the retorting temperature of commercial processes, which range
from 500 C to 1200 C, should have no significant effect on the quantity of Hg
that is mobilized from the raw shale, since volatilization is essentially
complete by 320 C. Differences in the amount of nonvolatile Hg are probably
due to differences in raw shale mineralogy, while the amount actually present
in the gases depends on other aspects of retort operation, as discussed below.
Concentrations. Direct measurements of total Hg in the offgases from
several types of retorts are summarized in Table A-4. In the majority of
these studies, total Hg was continuously measured throughout the runs using
Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy (Girvin and Fox 1981). All of the
measurements were made in uncontrolled offgas following the condensation of
heavy hydrocarbons (i.e., the shale oil).
Mercury concentrations in uncombusted retort shale gases range from
o
less than 0.2 up to 8200 vg/m . Generally, much higher concentrations have
been measured in gases from small laboratory retorts than from the much larger
pilot and field retorts (Table A-4). These differences are partially due to
Hg losses by condensation and adsorption in the extensive offgas plumbing
systems of these larger field retorts (Hodgson et al. 1982, 1984) and
differences in gas flow rates.
Laboratory retorts are carefully constructed and operated to minimize
losses by condensation and adsorption. However, it is possible that when a
commercial retort reaches steady state with respect to Hg, it may well behave
A-10
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-------
much as a laboratory retort, since Hg losses by condensation and adsorption
would no longer be significant.
i
Differences between laboratory and field Hg concentrations are also
due to short duration sampling of highly variable offgas emissions, which
results in low concentrations for pilot and field in-situ retorts;. Laboratory
studies are also typically conducted in an inert atmosphere with sweep gas
volumes limited to rates required to remove the oil product from the reaction
zone.
Very little information is available on Hg concentrations in combusted
retort gases. The three studies reported in Table A-4 indicate that
concentrations range from 0.2 to 75 Pg/m3, typically at least a factor of
three lower than in corresponding uncombusted gases. Natural gas combustion
air and combustion by-products reduce stack gas concentrations, compared with
uncombusted retort gas. Particulate Hg is formed during combustion, as
discussed below, and some probably settles out.
t
Emission Factors. Mercury emission factors were estimated from the
raw data for the Hg mass balances summarized in Table A-3 and the;
concentrations presented in Table A-4. The resulting factors (Table A-4)
range from 39 to 208 mg of Hg per barrel of oil produced, which scales to 14.2
to 7-5.9 metric tons per year for a 1,000,000 bbl/day industry. This wide
range in emission factors is primarily due to variations in raw shale Hg
content and system losses.
Emission Profiles. The temporal distribution of Hg in offgases varies
for surface and in-situ processes. Mercury is uniformly emitted from surface
processes, while for vertical modified in-situ (VMIS) retorts (i.e.,
Occidental, Rio Blanco), it is nonuniformly emitted in a pulse during the
final one-third of each retort burn (Figure A-2).
The nonuniform distribution typical of VMIS retorts is attributed to
their unique operation (Fox 1985a; Fox et al. 1978). A VMIS retort consists
of a stationary bed of rubblized shale through which a reaction zone is
vertically propagated by sweep gases that are continuously introduced at the
top of the retort. Mercury present in the raw shale is released at 160-320 C,
A-12
-------
10,000
1,000
.|5
60
100
10
Laboratory Reto
(Hodgson et. al 1982)
Controlled-State
Retort (Fox,
1985a)
Occidental
Retort 6
20 40 60 80 100
PERCENT OP SHALE BED RETORTED
Figure A-2. Mercury emissions from in-situ retorts as a function of percent
burnccnmplete' (Frucheter et. al. 1983, except as noted).
A-13
-------
10,000
1,000
100
oo
fa
10
Laboratory Reto
(Hodgson et. al 1982)
Occidental
Retort 6
Rio Blanco
Retort 0
I
I
Controlled-State
Retort (Fox,
1985a)
0 20 40 60 80 100
PERCENT OP SHALE BED RETORTED
Figure A-2. Mercury emissions from in-situ retorts as a function of percent
burnecomplete {'(Frucheter et. al. 1983, except as noted).
A-13
KVB72 807530-2031 R#101
-------
well in advance of pyrolysis. This Hg is carried down the bed by the sweep
gases and is eventually deposited on the cool shale ahead of the reaction
zone. This deposited Hg is subsequently revolatilized when the bed heats up.
This process of successive volatilization and deposition continues
during retorting, retarding the release of Hg from the retort. When the shale
bed is saturated with Hg and/or the retort gets sufficiently hot, Hg is
volatilized and swept out of the retort. If the shale bed is saturated with
Hg before the reaction zone reaches the bottom of the retort, Hg will be
uniformly released at a low level prior to the appearance of the pulse. This
behavior has been observed during two field experiments (Occidental, Rio
Blanco) and in laboratory simulations of the in-situ process (Figure A-2).
Additional substantiating evidence (Fox 1985a) was also provided by
studying the Hg profile along a partially retorted shale bed (Figure A-3).
Individual 0.5 ft segments of the bed were separately recovered and analyzed
for Hg;, Cd and other elements. Both Hg and Cd accumulated in cool zones below
the point at which retorting had been terminated. Mercury accumulation is
evident in the peak at zone 17.
The above-discussed emission profile was not observed at the
Geokirietics retort (Figure A-2), a horizontal true in-situ retort,: nor at Rio
:
Blanco Retort 1 (Hodgson et al. 1984). Hodgson's measurements at Rio Blanco
Retort: 1 were made during the latter half of the run and did not span a long
enough time period to observe a Hg peak. Hodgson observed large temporal
variations in the Hg emission rate, both within and between days, presumably
due to large variations in retorting conditions used in an attempt to control
retorting. Additional variability is expected from natural variations in raw
shale mineralogy (Hodgson et al. 1984).
The cause of the relatively uniform Hg emissions from the ;Geokinetics
retort is uncertain. Since it is a distinct technology and differs
substantially from VMIS, it is not unreasonable to anticipate a different
emission profile. Mercury may have been deposited downstream of the exit gas
piping, in unretorted regions of the retort, or in the overburden above the
retort.
A-14
-------
I
Oi
w
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3.0
2.0
1.0
I T
i i i i i rn TT
Maximum Retorting Temp. = 540 C
Retorting Atmosphere = N
Heating Rate = 1 C/min
Isothermal Advance Rate = 1.8 m/day
Retorting
Terminated
I I
6 8 10 12 14 16
RETORT ZONE
18 20 22 24
Figure A-3.
Variation of Hg and Cd along the shale bed in an interrupted
run oftfche 20-Kg controlled state retort. Zones 'are numbered
consecutively from the top to the bottom of the retort. Each
zone is 15 cm (0.5 ft) in length (Fox 198.0).
A-15
-------
The nonuniform emission profile typical of most in-situ retorts
(Figure A-2) is not expected for suface retorts, which are operated as plug
flow reactors with co- or countercurrent gas flow (i.e., Union B, Paraho).
The shale bed continuously moves while the reaction zone is stationary.
Mercury emission profiles for these retorts are expected to be relatively
uniform, with minor fluctuations in offgas Hg concentrations due to
differences in the Hg content of the raw shale feed. Although no,long-term
monitoring has been conducted at a surface retort, several samples collected
over a four-month period by Fruchter et al. (1979) definitely displayed this
type of behavior. '
However, Hg emissions from these types of processes are reduced by a
process similar to that occurring in in-situ retorts. If retort gases contact
retorted shale that is not subsequently reheated, Hg will be deposited on the
shale. For example, In the Paraho process, the shale moves downward,
countercurrent to recycle gases, which move upward. Retorted shale and
recycle gases meet near the bottom of the retort, providing opportunity for
adsorption of gas-phase constituents onto the solids.
The Hg mass, balance for the Paraho direct-mode process (Table A-3)
provides clear evidence for the occurrence of this mechanism. In that studjr,
only 23 percent of the Hg present In the raw shale was found in the retort
gases, an unprecedentedly low amount, while 72 to 100 percent has been found
in the gases from other retorts (Table A-3). In contrast, 33 percent of the
Hg was found in the retorted shale, while 2 to 12 percent has been found in
most other retorted shales. (The high values of 18 and 29 percent in
Table A-3 are due to incomplete retorting of the shale bed and Hg ;accumulation
in partially retorted shale in the bottom of the retort.) Apparently, Hg in
the recycle gas in the Paraho retort is deposited on cool retorted shale in
the bottom of the retort. A similar mechanism has been postulated to control
offgas Hg concentrations for the Union B process (UOC 1985). '.
Mercury Speciation. The majority of the Hg measured in uncombusted
shale gases exists in the gaseous state. Hodgson et al. (1982) reported that
the particulate Hg concentrations in two offgas samples from the Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory 5.5 kg retort were 5 and 14 Jig/m3, contributing 1.1 and
A-16
-------
1.7 percent of the total Hg. Similarly, Fruchter et al. (1978) reported that
the particulate Hg concentration in a single offgas sample from the
LETC 10-ton retort was 0.15 ug/m3, or 3.0 percent of the total Hg. Work
reported by Ondov et al. (1982) suggests that the particulate fraction is
mostly oil mist. ;
Some of the gaseous Hg is converted into particulate Hg when the gases
are combusted. Mercury volatilized during retorting is converted; into
elemental and oxide forms and condenses, either homogenously or on the
surfaces of even smaller ash particles. Similar behavior has been widely
reported for Hg from many other combustion sources (e.g., Gladney et al.
1976).
Fruchter et al. (1978) found that 32 percent of the Hg in the stack
gases from an offgas burner on the LETC 10-ton retort was in the particulate
O :
form (0.6 ug/m ), while only 3 percent of the Hg was in the particulate form
before the burner (0.15 ug/m ). He also later reported (Fruchter et al. 1979)
that Hg in dust from the Paraho thermal oxidizer was enriched by a factor of
140 times, relative to retorted shale, indicating significant condensation of
Hg in the thermal oxidizer.
The specific Hg compounds present in the gases have been observed to
vary in both time and by source (Table A-5). Organomercurials dominate in
untreated gases (Hodgson et al. 1982, 1984; Olsen et al. 1985), while
elemental Hg and particulate Hg dominate in combusted stack gases (Fruchter
et al. 1978, 1979). However, early in retorting, before hydrocarbons are
released into the gas stream (i.e., during startup of a commercial plant),
elemental Hg dominates. Later, when hydrocarbon vapors are present,
organomercurials, primarily dimethylmercury and diethylmercury, predominate
(Qlsen et al. 1985); traces of elemental Hg, mercuric chloride, methylmercury
chloride, di-n-propylmercury, and methylethylmercury may also be present.
These alkyl Hg compounds are widely acknowledged to be the most toxic
Hg species (WHO 1976; ACGIH 1983), and even small releases of untreated retort
gases, such as from process leaks or during upset conditions, could result in
health effects. The concentrations of alkyl Hg compounds reported by Olsen
A-17
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A-18
-------
et al. (1985) greatly exceed the threshold limit value of 10 Mg/m3 established
for alkyl Hg compounds in workroom air (ACGIH 1983).
The organomercurials in the untreated gas would"be combusted in most
commercial processes and converted into elemental Hg and HgO, which are
considerably less toxic. Only traces of methylmercury chloride and
dimethylmercury have been observed in combusted retort gases (Fruchter et al.
1978).
Pollution Control. The foregoing sections have demonstrated that from
39 to 208 mg of Hg may be emitted for every barrel of oil produced
(Table A-3). For each 10,000 BPD of production capacity, this corresponds to .
an emission rate of 0.2 to 0.8 ton/yr of Hg.
However, shale gases will be variously processed and treated to remove
the criteria pollutants prior to discharge to the atmosphere. Commercial oil
shale plants will include technology to reduce particulates, SO,,, NO and
X i X
nonmethane hydrocarbons, as discussed in other chapters of this report. The
effectiveness of this technology in reducing Hg emissions from oil shale
retorts has not been studied experimentally. ,
Some studies have used thermodynamic calculations to predict the
effect of various pollution control devices on offgas Hg concentrations (U.S.
DOE 1979; Cathedral Bluffs 1981). These analyses, which characteristically
conclude that essentially all of the offgas Hg is removed in the pollution
control devices, assume that the Hg is present in its elemental form. In
fact, the majority is present as highly volatile organomercurials (Table A-5)
that would not condense or precipitate out in the pollution control devices.
Very few studies have experimentally determined the effect of
pollution control devices on trace element emissions. The authors are not
aware of any studies that demonstrate that gaseous Hg or very small
particulates that are highly enriched in trace elements are removed in any of
the pollution control technologies proposed for oil shale plants.
It is widely acknowledged that particulate reduction technology, such
as electrostatic precipitators, do not remove very fine combustion
A-19
-------
particulates that may be highly enriched in trace elements (e.g., Kaakinen
1974; Gladney et al. 1976; Klein et al. 1975; Krishnan and Hellwig 1982).
Scrubbers are likewise ineffective (Mansour and Jones 1978; Kaakinen 1974). A
sizeable (and presently unquantified) fraction of trace element emissions from
oil shale retorts may be present in this form.
It is significant to note that all of the six proposed commercial oil
shale projects that have submitted PSD applications (Table A-l) have estimated
that Hg emission rates are considerably less than discussed herein and that no
gaseous Hg is emitted; the major source of Hg emissions in these PSD
i
applications is from fugitive dusts, which are primarily raw and retorted
shale fines.
Company estimates of Hg emission rates are based on Hg measurements in
untreated gases from pilot plants and/or on the assumption that the majority
of the Hg occurs as elemental Hg and thus would condense out in the pollution
control devices and offgas plumbing. However, in all cases where the authors
were able to examine the supporting data, the claim of no gaseous Hg emissions
is unsubstantiated. Technology conventionally used to control Hg emissions in
other industries have been summarized and reviewed by Sittig (1976).
Cadmium . '
Very few studies have been conducted on the distribution of Cd during
oil shale retorting, primarily because Cd is difficult to accurately measure
o
in oil shale materials. Cadmium concentrations of from 1 Jig/m to over 1000
n - - '
ug/m ' have been directly measured in retort gases. Since these concentrations
O
greatly exceed the ACGIH recommended limit of 50 iig/m on Cd and its compounds
in work-room air, these concentrations may be environmentally significant.
Mass balance studies reveal that for most commonly encountered
retorting conditions, an average of from 12 percent to 29 percent of the Cd
originally present in the raw shale is lost from the retort, presumably in the
retort gases. If losses to the offgas plumbing system are not considered,
this corresponds to the emission of from 0 to 175 mg of Cd per barrel of oil
produced. Generally, Cd losses increase with increasing retorting
temperature, and thus are expected to be higher for in-situ retorts.
A-20
-------
Mass Balance Studies. Cadmium mass balances for three types of oil
shale retorts are summarized in Table A-6. None of these studies directly
measured Cd in the gases. However, the imbalances or system losses, which are
the percent of the raw shale Cd that was not recovered in the retorted shale,
oil and water, provide an upper-limit estimate of the amount of Cd that may be
distributed to the gases.
These studies demonstrate that the majority of the Cd is either
nonvolatile and retained in the retorted shale, or it is lost from the retort,
presumably to the gases. An average of 12 to 33 percent of the Cd was not
recovered in these studies and was presumed to be volatilized from the raw
shale. Therefore, the potential exists for Cd emission from virtually all
commercial processes.
However, some of the volatilized Cd may have a short residence time in
the gas. Hodgson (1985) found that 14 percent of the Cd originally present in
the raw shale had condensed in the gas sampling lines, while in another study,
Fox (1980) found that Cd was removed from the gases at <390 C and deposited on
the partially retorted shale (Figure A-3).
In contrast, in the modified Fischer Assay retort (Goodfellow and
Atwood 1974), all of the Cd was recovered in the retorted shale in two
separate studies using different analytical methods (Fox 1985b; Shrendrikar
and Faudel 1978). This is believed to be due to the rapid heating rates, from
2 to 14 C/min, and the relatively short time (20 mins) that the retort is held
at its maximum temperature of 500 C. If this is the correct interpretation,
then little or no Cd may be volatilized from fluidized bed combustors, such as
those proposed for the Union C, Lurgi and Chevron processes.
These studies (Table A-6), which reported Cd losses for a range of
retorting conditions, clearly demonstrate that the fraction of the Cd lost
from the retort increases with increasing retorting temperature. The data :ln
Table A-6, except that for the Fischer Assay, is plotted in Figure A-4 as a
function of maximum retorting temperature. This not only demonstrates that
the percentage of the Cd lost and presumably volatilized increases with
temperature, but also that the magnitude of the loss is inversely related to
the capacity of the retort.
A-21
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A-22
-------
This inverse relationship is analagous to the one previously noted for
Hg (gas concentration decreases as capacity of retort increased, Table A-4)
and likely has a common source, namely system losses. Cadmium may deposit
within the retort, either in the shale bed or offgas system, due to nonuniform
heating and/or sweep gas flow. In small laboratory retorts, such as the
5.5-kg retort used by Hodgson, retorting can be precisely controlled, and
relatively uniform temperatures and sweep gas flow rates can be maintained
throughout the retort cross-section and length. Any Cd volatilized within
such a retort would probably be released from the retort into the offgases,
and the only losses would occur in the offgas and sampling system. However,
as the retort is scaled up, bed heterogenities and/or poor process control can
cause nonuniform bed temperatures and sweep gas flow rates, which allow the Cd
to deposit in cool regions along the bed or on the retort walls.
Convincing evidence for the occurrence of such a trapping; mechanism in
larger retorts has been presented by Fox (1980). Cadmium profiles through a
partially retorted shale bed (Figure A-3) indicate that Cd is readily removed
from the gases at temperatures of less than 390 C and is deposited on the
shale bed ahead of the reaction zone. Some Cd also may be deposited behind
the reaction zone (see peak at zone 13 in Figure A-3).
Concentrations. Very few direct measurements of Cd in shale gases
have been attempted, and available measurements are believed to greatly
underestimate actual offgas Cd concentrations. However, the available
measurements do substantiate that Cd is volatilized from in-situ retorts and
emitted in the untreated gases. Some Cd may also be emitted from surface
retorts, but the evidence is less conclusive than for in-situ retorts.
Hodgson (1985) used an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a
single-slot burner to continuously measure Cd in gases from the LBL 5.5-kg
retort charged with retorted shale previously heated to 500 C. Cadmium
""" ' O
concentrations of up to 1000 iig/m were observed. However, these
concentrations may be low. The Cd mass balance demonstrated a low recovery
and simultaneous measurements using an impinger technique were higher. . The Cd
was evolved from the shale over a temperature range of 775 to 950 C and peaked
A-23
-------
at 890 C. However, 33 percent of the Cd had been previously volatilized in an
earlier run at 500 C in which the gases were not monitored.
Cadmium concentrations in discrete samples of offgases from two
separate in-situ retorts have also been reported (Rinaldi et al. 1981; Ondov
I
et al. 1982). Rinaldi et al. (1981) reported gaseous Cd concentrations of
. o , - '
about 1 ug/m in each of three samples taken at the demister inlet and outlet
and the incinerator outlet of a Geokinetics field burn. The concentration of
Cd in offgas particulates from the LLL 6000-kg simulated in-situ retort was
2.7 yg/g (Ondov et al. 1982). However, neither investigator demonstrated that
his sampling and analytical methods were suitable for collecting and
.,'.!,.
accurately quantifying Cd in shale gases. Furthermore, a few grab samples
cannot be presumed to represent a lengthy retorting experiment, particularly
in light of the nonuniform emission profiles documented for these retorts (Fox
1985a). ;
Emission Factors. Cadmium emission factors were estimated from raw
data for the Cd mass balances summarized in Table A-6, adjusted for a
14 percent loss to system plumbing (Hodgson 1985). The resulting factors,
shown in Figure A-4, range from 0 to 1070 mg/bbl and average 285 mg/bbl, which
scales to 104 metric tons/year for a 1,000,000 bbl/day industry. \
.There is presently inadequate information to develop factors for
specific retorting processes. However, based on the information reviewed
here, the lower end of this range (0 to 260 mg/bbl) might be used for surface
retorts and the upper end (175 to 1070 mg/bbl) might be used with the higher
temperature in-situ processes. It is presently uncertain whether a fluidized
bed combustor would contribute additional Cd emissions.
Emission Profiles. The temporal distribution of Cd in offgases has
not been measured but is expected to be similar to the Hg profiles discussed
previously and summarized in Figure A-2. The nonuniform emission ;of Hg for
in-situ retorts is due to its accumulation along the shale bed, ahead of the
reaction zone, as shown in Figure A-3. This retards the release of Hg,
causing a nonuniform emission profile (Figure A-2), as discussed previously.
Since Cd also accumulates along the shale bed (Figure A-3), it is also
expected to be nonuniformly emitted.
A-24
-------
to
3
u
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
I
I
T
/\ LBL 5.5-Kg Retort (Hodgson 1985)
LETC 20-Kg Retort (Fox 1980)
LLL 125-Kg Retort (Fox et. al 1977;
Fox 1980)
/(1070mg/
BBL)
(260 mg/
BBL)
Cf
(110 mg/BBL)
(330 mg/BBL)
(175 mg/BBL)
I
I
I
(0 mg/BBL)
I
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
CENTERLINE RETORT TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure A-4. Effects of maximum retorting temperature on Cd loss from oil
shale retorts. Values in parentheses are Cd emission factors
in mg Cd volatilized per barrel of oil produced.
A-25
-------
Cadmium Speciation. The Cd species present in shale gases have not
been determined. However, they are expected to include some of the same
species reported for Hg since both Cd and Hg are Group lib metals and have
similar chemistries. In particular, both metals are known to form
organometallics of the type R2M and RR'M, where R and Rf are alkyl groups and
M is the metal (Hagihara et al. 1968). However, the thermal stability of Cd
compounds is also the lowest among the organometallics of the Group lib
metals, and the only organocadmium compound that is stable under ambient
conditions is dimethylcadmium.
Pollution Control. The foregoing sections indicate that from 0 up to
1070 mg Cd may be released to the gases for every barrel of shale oil produced.
(Figure A-4). For each 10,000 BPD of production capacity, this corresponds to
the emission of up to 4 ton/yr of Cd. The effectiveness of criteria-pollutant
control technology in reducing these emissions is unknown and cannot even be
speculated upon due to limited information.
No emission or ambient air quality standards exist for Cd, and it is
not addressed in any existing oil shale PSD permit. Therefore, no control
technology has been required to remove Cd. However, the potential magnitude
of Cd emissions and the well-established toxicity of Cd and its compounds
indicate that further study of this element is warranted.
Selenium
Selenium concentrations of 4.2 Mg/m to over 18 yg/m^ have been
reported in the gases from in-situ retorts. Since these are well below the
o
OSHA. standard of 200 ug/m on Se and its compounds in workroom air, these
concentrations probably are not environmentally significant. Selenium has not
been detected in gases from surface processes. Emission factors of >15 to
940 mg/bbl have been estimated for in-situ retorts.
However, some mass balance studies suggest that much higher Se
concentrations could occur in gases from in-situ retorts. For retorting
temperatures of 900 C to over 1000 C, from 8 to 27 percent of the Se is
unaccounted for in the products and presumed to be lost to the gases.
A-26
-------
Mass Balance Studies. Selenium mass balances for four types of oil
shale retorts are summarized in Table A-7. These studies demonstrate that the
majority of the Se, from 69 percent up to 100 percent, is nonvolatile and is
retained in the retorted shale. Little or no Se is apparently volatilized at
500 C since near-zero mass balances were obtained for both the Paraho direct
and Fischer Assay retorts. At temperatures greater than about 890 C in
in-s:Ltu retorts, from 8 percent up to 27 percent of the Se originally present
in the raw shale (Fox 1985b) is not accounted for in the products, suggesting
that it is volatilized and emitted from the retort.
Selenium behavior at temperatures from >500 C up to about 870 C is
uncertain because mass balances within this range have positive imbalances due
to a sampling and/or analytical problem. This obscures any Se losses since
the ipositive imbalance is greater than the loss.
' *l
However, Ondov et al. (1982) measured a Se concentration of9 yg/nr in
the gases from one of the same retorts studied by Fox (1980) operated at
840 C. This corresponds to the volatilization of about 0.1 percent of the raw
shale Se. This low distribution is much too small to detect in mass balance
studies.
[
Concentrations. Although Se has been directly measured in retort
gases and particulates, the available measurements are believed to
underestimate actual offgas Se concentrations. However, the available
measurements do substantiate that Se is volatilized from in-situ retorts and
is present in the untreated gases. There is currently no evidence that Se is
emitted from surface retorts. i
Ondov et al. (1982) used coconut charcoal absorption tubes to trap
gaseous Se emitted during a run of LLL's 6000-kg simulated in-situ retort.
Adsorbed vapors were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. Three discrete
samples were taken during this run at 59 hr, 101 hr and 121 hr following
retort ignition. The first sample was collected when the average centerline
temperature was 842 C and lean shale was being retorted; it contained 8.9
O ' '
Pg/m of Se. The next two samples were taken when the average centerline
temperature was 945 C and rich shale was being retorted. The capacity of the
charcoal tube for Se was exceeded for both of these samples, and;only minimum
A-27
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values of 18 ug/m and 14 ug/nr were reported. The actual concentrations
could be higher. During this run, Se concentrations in the particulates were
0.1 to 2.5 iJg/g.
In another study at a Geokinetics in-situ retort, Se concentrations of
o
0.5 and 4.2 ug/m were measured at the demister outlet and the incinerator
outlet, respectively. Corresponding particulate loadings at the (demister
inlet and incinerator outlet were 5 and 10 Mg/g, respectively. The accuracy
or representativeness of these samples is unknown. However, they are of the
same order of magnitude as those reported by Ondov et al. (1982) at the LLL
simulated in-situ retort.
Emission Factors. Selenium emission factors were estimated from raw
data for the Se mass balances reported by Fox (1980) (Table A-7) and from the
gas measurements reported by Ondov et al. (1982).
Ondov's measurements indicate that for a retorting temperature of 842
C in lean shale, 12 mg of Se was emitted per barrel of oil produced. For a
retorting temperature of 945 C in rich shale, over 9 mg of Se was emitted per
barrel of oil. The combined emission for the entire run is >15 mg/bbl. This
is estimated to be .about 0.3 percent of the Se originally present in the raw
shale.
The six Se mass balances reported by Fox (1980) for the LLL simulated
in-situ retorts indicate that from 420 to 940 mg of Se was lost from the
retort for each barrel of oil produced. These values are over an order of
magnitude higher than values calculated from Ondov's direct gas phase
measurements. It is highly probable that some of the Se lost in Fox's studies
was deposited in cool regions within the retort and offgas plumbing system, as
previously reported for both Cd and Hg, and was not present in the gas
\
stream. It is also possible that Ondov's values are very low, due both to
nonuniform emissions from in-situ retorts and the reported saturation of the
collection device.
Thus, for in-situ retorts, the Se emission factor ranges from greater
than 15 to 940 mg per barrel of oil, based on available data. The emission
A-29
-------
factor for surface retorts is believed to be near zero. Additional
experimental studies are required to improve these estimates.
Arsenic
Mass Balance Studies. The volatility of As and its compounds is
similar to that of Se and much less than Hg and Cd. Mass balance studies are
not useful for estimating the amount of As volatilized and potentially emitted
because less than 1 percent of the raw shale As is lost, which is considerably
less than the experimental error in such studies. Additionally, the As mass
balances reported in most studies (Fox 1980, Wildeman and Meglen 1978; Fox
et al. 1977) are flawed by high positive imbalances resulting from an
analytical problem.
Concentrations and Emission Factors. Only two studies have reported
enough information to reliably estimate the amount of As volatilized and
emitted from oil shale retorts. In the first such study, Fruchter et al.
(1980) completed an As mass balance for the Paraho semiworks retort. Total As
o
ranged from 13 to 55 ug/m in the thermal oxidizer stack gases and from 120 to
o
155 ug/m in the recycle gases. Since these, as well as other reported As
concentrations, are well below established OSHA and ACGIH standards for
workroom air, they are not believed to be environmentally significant. This
is equivalent to about 0.07 percent of the As present in the raw shale and
corresponds to an emission rate of 330 mg/hr and an emission factor of
65 mg/bbl.
t
In another study, Ondov et al. (1982) measured the total As
concentration in three samples of gas from a run of the LLL 6000-kg simulated
in-situ retort, as previously described above for Se. Arsenic concentrations
o
ranged from 5.5 to greater than 17 ug/m ; corresponding As concentrations in
particulates were 0.3 to 2.5 ug/g. This is equivalent to an emission factor
for the entire run of greater than 13 mg of As per barrel of oil and
corresponds to the emission of about 0.01 percent of the As originally present
in the raw shale. This value, which is an order of magnitude or more lower
than emission factors for the Paraho and Union B retorts, is believed to be
A-30
-------
low, as previously discussed above for Se. The higher temperatures of the LLL
retort should result in higher emissions.
o
Higher As concentrations, from 11 to 380 Mg/m, have been reported by
UOC (1985) for the Unisulf offgases from their Brea pilot plant (simulates the
Union B retort). Concentrations in Unisulf gases are reduced when natural gas
and air are added prior to combustion, resulting in stack concentrations of
o
0.1 to 28 Vg/m . This corresponds to an emission rate of 12 g/hr and an
emission factor of 740 mg/bbl. This is estimated to be about 0.01 percent of
the As originally present in the raw shale.
Significantly higher concentrations of gaseous As were reported by
Rinaldi et al. (1980) for a Geokinetics in-situ retort. The As concentration
at the demister inlet was 130 Pg/m3 while at the demister outlet, it was 38
Cl Q ;
Pg/nT. The concentration dropped to 0.4 Pg/m at the incinerator stack.
These data are consistent with those reported by Fruchter et al. (1979) for
the Paraho retort. Corresponding As concentrations in particulates were 401
Pg/g at the demister inlet and 140 Pg/g at the demister outlet. Apparently,
gaseous As is converted into particulate As, as reported by Fruchter et al.
(1978) for another in-situ retort. This is common to most combustion sources.
Arsenic Speciation. Fruchter has reported As speciation data for
gases from several oil shale retorts (U.S. DOE 1980; Fruchter et al. 1983;
Fruchter et al. 1979; Fruchter et al. 1978). These measurements i(Table A-8)
indicate that gaseous arsenic trioxide and arsine occur in all samples.
Traces of arsine have also been variously reported by the U.S. DOE (1980) for
the Paraho direct mode retort (0.17-0.46 Pg/m3) and by Rinaldi et al. (1981)
for a Geokinetics in-situ retort ซ5 to 5 Mg/m3).
Traces of organoarsenic compounds, including methylarsine and
dimethylarsine, were reported in uncombusted stack and recycle gases from both
in-situ and surface processes. These compounds were not found in the thermal
oxidizer gases, presumably because they are combusted and converted into
arsenic trioxide.
Arsenic particulate concentrations (Table A-8) are very low (0.4-1.2
ug/m~) in uncombusted retort gas, constituting from 1 to 3 percent of the
A-31
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A-32
-------
total As, and are somewhat higher (2.5-19 Pg/m ) in flared gases, contributing
from 35 to 64 percent of the total As. Arsenic volatilized during retorting
is converted into elemental and oxide forms which condense, either
homogenously or on the surface of even smaller ash particles. This is
substantiated by the enrichment of As in thermal oxidizer ash (Table A-9) and
is consistent with numerous studies of other combustion sources ('i.e., Gladney
et al. 1976).
Other Trace Elements
Concentrations of other trace elements measured in gases from several
retorts are summarized in Table A-9, together with the data previously
discxissed for Hg, Cd, Se and As. This summary indicates that the only other
elements that have been detected in shale gases are the halogens, Br (>25
yg/mj) and Cl (>980 ug/m3), and Cr, Fe, Mo, Pb and Sb. Neither of the
halogens exceed OSHA or ACGIH limits for workroom air. Flourine may also be
emitted from in-situ shale retorts and should be measured.
Of the remaining elements which have been detected (Cr, Fe, Mo, Pb,
Sb), only Sb compounds are expected to be volatile at retorting temperatures
(CRC 1968; Dean 1979). The presence of the other nonvolatile elements is most
likely due to sample or system contamination. Nevertheless, additional study
of these elements is probably warranted.
Radon, a radioactive gas, has also been reported in gases from two
separate burns of Rio Blanco retorts (Fruchter et al. 1983). Average Rn
concentrations during these two runs were 6.7 pCi/L and 28.3 pCi/L. This
corresponds to an emission factor of 6 yCi of Rn per barrel and an emission
rate of 3.3 VCi/s.
When shale gases are combusted, many of the above-discussed gaseous
trace elements are converted into condensed phases, in processes similar to
the production of ash in power plant boilers. The resulting fine particulates
are enriched in the volatile trace elements, notably As, Cl, Br, Cd, Hg and
Se. Some of these fine particulates would be removed in electrostatic
precipitators or scrubbers, but the majority of them will probably be emitted.
A-33
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js :n T-i ci
H ;Pn M O
~H CM CO ซ*
A-34:
-------
Fruchter analyzed a single sample of ash from the Paraho thermal
oxidizer and computed enrichment ratios relative to retorted shale. The dust
composition and enrichment ratios are reported in the first two columns of
Table' A-9. These data rather dramatically demonstrate this enrichment
phenomenon. Note that As, Br, Hg and Se, all of which were found to be
volatilized in this review, are significantly enriched in the oxidizer dust.
The enrichment factor for Sb also suggests that it may be volatilized.
Retort emission factors are summarized and ranked in Table A-10.
Interestingly, when emissions are normalized to oil yields (the emission
factor), Cl emerges as the element emitted in the greatest quantities,
followed by Cd, Se, As, Hg, Cr, Br and Mo. ! .
MATERIAL HANDLING
Because oil shale is a low grade fuel source that contains about a
half a barrel of oil per ton of rock, large amount of rock material must be
handled at an oil shale plant. For each barrel of oil that is produced in an
above-ground retort, about 2 tons of rock must be mined, crushed, sieved,
hauled and loaded into the retort. About 80 percent of these 2 tons remains
after the oil has been removed. This retorted shale must be cooled, unloaded
from the retort, hauled, placed and compacted in a disposal pile. Additional
solid material, primarily mine overburden, soil used to reclaim the disposal
pile, and superficial material disturbed during construction must also be
handled. At in-situ retorts, for each barrel of in-situ oil that is produced,
about 2 tons of raw shale must be mined and either disposed of on the surface
or processed in an aboveground retort.
The handling of these enormous quantities of material generates large
amounts of fugitive dust that must be controlled. The majority of the
fugitive dust at an aboveground retort is raw and spent shale fines and
suspended soil material. At an in-situ retort, the majority is raw shale
fines and suspended soil material.
Oil shales are enriched in some trace elements, notably As, B, Cd, Mo
and Se, compared to average crustal material. They also contain 'rather high
concentrations of silica. The next two sections summarize what is presently
A-35
-------
TABLE A-10. SUMMARY OF UNCONTROLLED TOTAL (GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE)
TRACE ELEMENT EMISSION FACTORS FOR OIL SHALE RETORTS
(mg/bbl)
Retort ;
Emission Factor
Element (mg/bbl oil)
Cl
Cd
Se
As
Hg
Cr
Br
Mo
Fe
Ba
Pb
Zn
V
Cu
Mn
Co
U
Ni
Sb
Th
Rn
1300
0-1070
>15-940 I
>13-770
39-208
<6-151
>33
-------
known about trace elements and silica in fugitive dusts produced by solid
material handling at oil shale plants.
Trace Elements
Several investigations have reported the composition of fugitive dust
at the Anvil Points site as operated by Paraho (Cotter et al. 1979; Cotter
et al. 1978; Fruchter et al. 1979; Garcia et al. 1981; Hargis et al. 1983).
Most of these studies and other company data are summarized in the Paraho data
compendium prepared by the U.S. DOE (1980). All of these studies are
generally consistent. The following discussion is largely based on the
studies reported by Cotter et al. (1979), Fruchter et al. (1979) and U.S. DOE .
(1980b) because they are the most comprehensive.
At Anvil Points, retorting, crushing and retorted shale disposal
generated the largest quantity of fugitive dust. The dusts had a bimodal
distribution, and the majority of the particles were either >7 Mm or
<1.2 Mm. The respirable fraction, defined as particles less than 3.3 Mm in
diameter, generally constituted greater than 50 percent of the fugitive dust.
The chemical characteristics of fugitive dust from several different
locations at the Anvil Points site are very similar to those of raw and
retorted shales. However, As, Cr, V, Sb and Co were enriched in the
respirable fraction of most samples (Fruchter et al. 1979). This is probably
due to the presence of thermal oxidizer dust (Table A-9). Tr-ace elements
associated with thermal oxidizer dust are accounted for in the retort emission
factors.
Because shale-plant fugitive dusts from material handling are
primarily raw and retorted shale fines, emission factors for this source can
be reliably calculated from raw and/or retorted shale composition data. Trace
element emission factors for fugitive dusts produced by material handling are
summarized in Table A-ll. These were estimated by multiplying the average
particulate emission rate from all material handling operations
(63.5 lb/1000 bbl) by estimated average dust concentrations. We estimated
dust composition by multiplying the average raw shale composition in column 1
of Table A-ll by 1.3 to convert it to a retorted shale basis. This provides
-------
TABLE A-ll. SUMMARY OF CONTROLLED TRACE ELEMENT EMISSION FACTORS FOR
FUGITIVE DUSTS GENERATED BY MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS
AT OIL SHALE FACILITES
As
B
Ba
Be
Br
Cd
Cl
Co
Cr
Cu
F
Fe
Hg
Mo
Mn
Ni
Pb
Sb
Se
Th
U
V
Zn
Mahogany
Zone
Raw Shale^1'
(ppm or
g/106g)
48
70
478
2.4 2
4.2<2>
0.77
184'2'
8.8
33
33
1,300
19,200
0.086
24
289
21
. 21
1.9
2.2
5.7
4.1
106
72
Retorted
Shale*3^
(ppm or
g/106g)
53
__
609
-.
0.81
12.3
46
51
26,900
0.03
30
396
31
30
28
2.8
8.4
6.2
136
87
Controlled
Emissipn
Factor''4 >
(mg/bbl)
1.8
2.6
18
0.090
0.16
0.029
6.9
0.33
1.2
1.2
49
720
0.0032
0.90
11
0.79
0.79
0.071
0.082
0.21
0.15
4.0
2.7
(1) Average for 125 samples from two cores from the Naval Oil Shale Reservej,
as reported by Giauque, et. al. (1980).
(2) Average of 12 Mahogany-zone composite samples as reported by
Ppulson et. al. (1977).
(3) Average for 25 samples of retorted shale, as reported by Fox (1980).
(4) Computed from average particulate emissions for permitted mining and
retorted shale disposal emissions for six plants (63.5 lb/1000 bbl) and
Mahogany Zone raw shale composition (Column 1) converted to a retorted
shale basis or factor = (raw shale) (1.3) (63.5) (37.48 x 10~2 g bbl/lb
103 bbl).
A-38
-------
an upper limit for dust composition and also tends to significantly
overestimate volatile trace element emissions associated with particulates.
A process- and site-specific dust concentration could also be
estimated from a knowledge of the fraction of the dust that is raw and
retorted shale and soil. Extensive and reliable chemical composition data
exist for raw shales (Giauque et al. 1980; Tuttle et al. 1983; Dean et al.
1981; Desborough et al. 1976), retorted shales (Fruchter et al. 1979; Fox
1980; U.S. DOE 1980) and soils (Dean et al. 1979) from oil shale regions and
can be used for such estimates. Typical retorted shale composition data are
provided in Table 11 for convenience. ;
Silica
Silica (quartz) in airborne dust is a respiratory health concern.
Some evidence exists that prolonged exposure to silica-bearing shale oil dust
can cause pneumoconiosis. ;
In an industrial hygiene study at the Anvil Points Mine (Hargis et al.
1983), the free silica content in 10 dust samples from the crusher and retort
areas ranged from 7 to 9 percent. A single sample taken in the mine area had
a silica content of 4 percent. Assuming a maximum quartz content of
10 percent, the threshold limit values for total and respirable dust are 2.5
o -
and 0.8 ug/m . The majority of the dust samples in most studies have exceeded
these values. However, it is important to realize that this was an
experimental facility with no dust control, and workers were not exposed for
long periods.
These silica concentrations correspond to an emission rate of 25 to
57 Ibs/day of Si02 and an emission factor of 1.2 to 2.6 g/bbl of Si02.
A-39
-------
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
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the Work Environment with Intended Changes for 1983-84," American Congress of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2nd Printing^ 93 pp.,
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' CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, R. C. Weast (Ed.), The Chemical Rubber
Co., Cleveland, OH, 49th Ed., 1968.
Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co., Prevention of Significant Deterioration, 1981.
Cotter, J. E., et al. "Sampling and Analysis Research Program at the Paraho
Shale Oil Demonstration Plant," U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/7-78-065, NTIS No. PB
284027, 71 pp., 1978.
Cotter, J. E., et al. "Fugitive Dust at the Paraho Oil Shale Demonstration
Retort and Mine," U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/7-79-208, NTIS No. PB80122591,- 78
pp., 1979.
Dean, J. A., (Ed.) Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, 12th Ed., 197"9T~^' '
Dean, W. E., et al. "Geochemical Variation in Soils in the Piceance Creek
Basin," Western Colorado, Geological Survey Bulletin 1479, 47 pp., 1979.
Dean, W. E., et al. "Geochemical and Mineralogical Analysis of U.S. Geologic
Survey Oil-Shale Core CR-2, Piceance Creek Basin," Western Colorado, U.S.
Geological Survey Open File Report 81-596, 25 pp., 1981.
Desborough, G. A., et al. "Concentration and Mineralogical Residence of
Elements in Rich Oil Shales of the Green River Formation, Piceance Creek
Basin, Colorado, and the Uinta Basin, Utah A Preliminary Report," Chemical
Geology, Vol. 17, pp. 13-26, 1976.
Donnell, J. R. and V. E. Shaw. "Mercury in Oil Shale from the Mahogany Zone
of the Green River Formation, Eastern Utah and Western Colorado," Journal of
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Fish, R. H. "Organometallic Geochemistry, Isolation and Identification of
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Shale," in Geochemistry and Chemistry of Oil Shales, F. P. Miknis and J. F.
McKay (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series 230, American Chemical Society, Washington
D.C., pp. 423-432, 1983.
Fox, J. P. The Partitioning of Major, Minor and Trace Elements During
Simulated In-situ Oil Shale Retorting. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report
LBL-9062, Berkeley, CA, 1980.
A-40
-------
Fox, J. P., A. T. Hodgson, and D. C. Girvln. Trace Elements In Oil Shale
Materials in Energy and Environmental Chemistry, Fossil Fuels, Vol. 1.. Keith,
L. H. (Ed.), Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 69-102, 1982.
Fox, J. P. "Distribution of Mercury During Simulated In-situ Oil :Shale
Retorting," Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 316-322,
1985a. ;-
_Fox, J. P. Unpublished mass balance data for the Fischer assay retort, Fox
.Consulting, Berkeley, CA, 1985b.
Fox, J. P, et. al. "The Partitioning of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn During
Simulated In-situ Oil Shale Retorting," 10th Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings,
Colorado School of Mines Press, Golden, CO, pp. 223-237, 1977.
Fox, J. P., et. al. "Mercury Emissions from a Simulated In-situ Oil Shale
Retort," llth Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings, Colorado School of Mines Press,
Golden, CO, pp. 55-75, 1978.
Fruchter, J. S., et al. "High-Precision Trace Element and Organic Constituent
Analysis of Oil Shale and Solvent-Refined Coal Materials," in Analytical
Chemistry of Liquid Fuel Sources. P. C. Uden, S. Siggia, and H. B. Jensen
(Eds.), ACS Advances in Chemistry Series 170, American Chemical Society,
Washington, D.C., pp. 255-281, 1978.
Fruchter, J. S. et. al. Source Characterization Studies at the Paraho
Semi works Oil Shale Retort. Battelle Pacific Northueat Lahnrat-m-y Popart- PNL-
2945, Richland, WA, 70 pp., 1979.
Fruchter, J. S., et al. "Elemental Partitioning in an Above-ground Oil Shale
Retort Pilot Plant," Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 14, No. 11.
pp. 1374-1381, 1980. ~~~
Fruchter, J. S. et al. "Potential Air Emissions from Oil Shale Retorting," In
Oil Shale, the Environmental Challenges III. K. K. Peterson (Ed.), Colorado
School of Mines Press, Golden, CO, pp. 139-164, 1983.
Garcia, L. L., H. F. Schulte, and J. J. Ettinger, J. J. "Industrial Hygiene
Study at the Anvil Points Oil Shale Facility," American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal. Vol. 42, pp. 796-804, 1981~
A-41
-------
Giauque, R. D., et al. Characterization of Two Core Holes from the Naval Oil
Shale Reserve Number 1, U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/7-81-024. NTTS PRS1 1fi77^fi
176 pp., 1981.
Girvin, D. C. and J. P. Fox. On-line Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
for Mercury Analysis in Oil Shale Gases, U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/7-80-130 95
pp.,, 1980.
-Girvin, D. C., et al. "On-Line Measurement of Trace Elements in Oil Shale
-Offgases by Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy," in Energy and Environment
Division Annual Report 1979, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-10486,
pp. 5-29 5-33, 1980.
Gladney, E. S., et al. "Composition and Size Distribution of In-stack
Particulate Material at Coal-Fired Power Plant," Atmospheric Environment, Vol.
10, pp. 1071-1077, 1976. !
Goodfellow, L. and M. T. Atwood. "Fischer Assay Oil Shale Procedures of Oil
Shale Corporation," Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines. Vol. 69, No. 2
pp. 205-219, 1974. ' ,
Hagihara, N. et al. Handook of Organometallic Compounds, W. A. Beniamin, Inr.,
New York, 1044 pp., 1968.
Hargis, K. M., et al. "Aerosol Sampling and Characterization in the Developing
U.S. Oil Shale Industry, in Aerosols in the Mining and Industrial Work
Environments, Vol. 2, Characterization, V. A. Marple and B. Y. H. Liu (Eds.),
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 481-499, 1983.
Hodgson, A. T. Unpublished data from a laboratory study of Cd partitioning In
a 5.5-kg Fischer Assay-type retort, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley,
CA, 1985. i
Hodgson, A. T., et al. Mercury Mass Distribution During Laboratory and
Simulated In-situ Oil Shale Retorting, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report
LBL-12908, 39 pp., 1982.
Hodgson, A. T., et al. "Mercury Emissions from a Modified In-situ Oil Shale
Retort", Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 247-253, 1984.
Kaakinen, J., Trace Element Study in a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Power Plant,
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 186 pp., 1974.
Klein, D. H., et al. "Pathways of Thirty-Seven Trace Elements Through Coal-
Fired Power Plants," Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 9; pp. 973-
979, 1975. ~ f
Krishnan, E. R. and G. V. Hellwig. "Trace Emission from Coal and Oil
Combustion," Environmental Progress, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 290-295, 1982.
A-42
-------
Littlejohn, R. F. "Emission of Trace Elements from Coal-Fired Industrial
Boilers. A Survey of Relevant Literature," Energy Research, Vol. 8, pp. 375-
386, 1984.
Mansour, M. N. and D. G. Jones. Emission Characteristics of Parafio Shale Oi. 1
as Tested in a Utility Boiler, Electric Power Research Institute-Report EPRT
AFr709, 1978.
National Research Council (NRC), Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust,
"National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 169 pp., 1981.
Olsen, K. B., et al. "Partitioning and Chemical Speciation of Volatile Trace
Elements During Inert Gas Oil Shale Retorting," Proceedings of First Annual
Oil Shale/Tar Sands Contractors Meeting, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Morgantown, "WV,
1985. ! -..- .
Ondov, J. M., et al. Measurements of Potential Atmospheric Pollutants in
Offgases from the Lawrence Ltvermore National Laboratory's 6-Tonne Retort,
Experiment L-3, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report UCRL-53265, 44 pp., 1982.
Poulson, R. E., et al. Minor Elements in Oil Shale and Oil-Shale Products,
Laramie Energy Research Center Report LERC/RI-77/1, 1977.
Rinaldi, G., et al. Environmental Characterization of Geokinetics In-situ Oil
Shale Retorting Technology. U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/7-81-021 (NTIS PB 81-163-
727), 1981. '
Shendrikar, A. D. and G. B. Faudel. "Distribution of Trace Metals During Oil
Shale Retorting," Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 12,'No. 3, pp.
332-334, 1978. :
Sittig, M. Toxic Metals. Pollution Control and Worker Protection, Noyes Data
Corp., Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 349, 1976.~~~~
Tuttle, M. L., et al. "Inorganic Geochemistry of Mahogany Zone Oil Shale in
Two Cores from the Green River Formation," in Geochemistry and Chemistry of
Oil Shales, F. P. Miknis and J. F. McKay (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series 230,
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 249-267, 1983.
Union Oil Company, Air Quality Technical Report, Parachute Creek Shale Oil
Program, Phase II, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Walnut Creek, CA, 1985.
Union Oil Company, PSD Permit Application for Union's Phase II Oil Shale
Mining and Retort Facility, 1982. ;
U.S. DOE, Environmental Control Costs for Oil Shale Processes, U.S. Department
of Energy Report DOE/EV-0055, Washington, D.C., 450 pp., 1979.
U.S. DOE, Environmental Research on a Modified In-situ Oil Shale Process,"
U.S. Department of Energy Report DOE/EV-0078, Washington, D.C., .94 pp., 1980a.
A-43
-------
U.S. DOE, Paraho Environmental Data, U.S. Department of Energy Report DOE/EV-
0086, Washington, D.C., 1980b. i
Wildeman, T. R. and R.R. Meglen, "Analysis of Oil Shale Materials for Element
Balance Studies," in Analytical Chemistry of Liquid Fuel Sources; P. C. Uden,
S. Siggia, and H. B. Jensen (Eds.), ACS Advances in Chemistry Series 170,
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 195-212, 1978. -
Wong, C. M. Quantitative Analysis and Kinetics of Trace Sulfur Gas Species
-from Oil Shale Pyrolysis by Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry, ;Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory Report UCRL-89361, 1983. :
World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Health Criteria 1. Mercury,
Geneva, 131 pp., 1976. " ~~~~ :
A-44
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APPENDIX B
CODISPOSAL EMISSIONS
Codisposal is the combining of two or more waste streams for
disposal. For oil shale development, it refers to the simultaneous disposal
of wastewaters and low volume solid streams with the retorted shale. These
materials would be blended with the retorted shale prior to disposal and/or
added at the pile. The types of materials that have been considered for
codisposal and their approximate quantities are summarized in Table B-l.
Wastewaters and raw shale rejects together can comprise over 30 percent by
weight of the total disposed material. The balance of the solids would
comprise up to 1 percent by weight of the disposed material.
Among those materials proposed for codisposal (Table B-l), the only
ones that presently appear to be environmentally important with respect to air
emissions are the wastewaters. Much of the present controversy surrounding
the issue of codisposal involves these waters and, in recent years, the term
"codisposal" has been used exclusively to designate the disposal of
wastewaters with the retorted shale (e.g., Persoff et al 1984; Hawthorne
1984). These waters include the process streams which may comprise over half
of the water codisposed with the retorted shale.
The principal environmental concerns attributed to codisposal are its
effect upon leachate composition and its contribution to air emissions. The
wastewaters proposed for codisposal include process waters that contain high
concentrations of organic carbon, dissolved solids and several trace
elements. Many of these compounds are individually unregulated, and they
include a number of substances that are malodorous and toxic. Those compounds
that are volatile could be emitted directly to the atmosphere during cooling
and wetting or from the pile surface, while those that are soluble may be
leached by precipitation percolating through the pile. :
These potential emissions and leachates may be controlled by
pretreating one or more of the wastewaters to remove volatile ,and/or soluble
materials. The design options include steam stripping and biological
treatment. Various end-of-stream control technologies may also be used.
i
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AT A TYPICAL COMMERCIAL
OIL SHALE FACILITY (Heistand 1985)
Material Weight Percent
Retorted Shale 85
Various Wastewaters <5 ป 20
Raw Shale Rejects (1) <2 -ป-!10
Water Treatment Sludges (2) 0.8
Flue Gas Desulfurization Chemicals (2) 0.3
Off-Specification Byproducts (3) 0.1
Biological Sludges (2) 0.05
Oily Solids 0.04
Scrap and Garbage 0.004
Oil Upgrading Catalysts 0.003
Fuel Gas Cleanup Chemicals <0.001
(1) Includes dusts from air pollution control devices, raw shale feed
preparation fine rejects and low-grade ores.
(2) This material is primarily (about 90 wt. %) water.
(3) Primarily sulfur and coke (for projects using the TOSCO II retort).
B-2
-------
Those that have been proposed for codisposal air emissions include Venturi
scrubbers and flaring of flue gases. ,
B.I CODISPOSAL OF WASTEWATERS
The balance of this section discusses the codisposal of wastewaters
and retorted shale. Relatively large volumes of water are required for
retorted shale disposal ranging from 5 to 25 weight percent. This water is
used to cool the hot retorted shale, moisturize the retorted shale to
facilitate compaction and control dust at the pile surface. Various
wastewaters are employed for this purpose to minimize the use of fresh water.
The codisposal of wastewaters with retorted shale is divided into
three phases, as follows:
Phase I: Cooling of retorted shale from 500-750 C to
300 C;
Phase II: Wetting retorted shale to optimum moisture
content during which the temperature is reduced
from 300 C to about 80 C; and,
Phase III: Disposal in a landfill.
These three phases correspond to discrete periods when environmental impacts
may occur. The following subsections define and describe Phase I through
Phase III codisposal processes. '
B.I.I Phase I Cooling
In most projects that have been proposed, cooling and moisturization
are carried out in separate process units. Following the extraction of oil,
the retorted shale is at pyrolysis (500 C) or combustion (>500-750 C)
temperatures, depending upon the type of process. This hot material must be
cooled prior to disposal to permit safe handling and to prevent fires in the
pile. This is typically done with water in indirect processes (e.g.,
TOSCO II, Union B) and with flowing gases (i.e., air and recycle gas) in
direct processes (e.g., Paraho, Superior). Those processes that use gas
B-3
-------
cooling are not of interest here because water is not used for cooling and
codisposal is not involved until the moisturization phase. '
!
Two types of processes for cooling hot retorted shale have been
proposed in the literature. The first, the rotating drum steam generator, is
used, with the TOSCO II process (e.g., BLM 1975; C-b 1976; TOSCO 1982). Hot
spent shale is introduced into conventional rotating drum coolers where its
temperature is reduced by tumbling and by water sprays. The use and design of
such coolers has been described in the literature (Perry and Chilton 1973).
The second, water immersion quenching, has been proposed for the
Superior and Union B retorts, which are designed with the cooler attached to
the retort to achieve a positive seal. In the Union B retort, hot retorted
shale falls by gravity down chutes through a shaft cooler where it is cooled
by water sprays. Steam generated during quenching and cooling is condensed,
scrubbed and returned to the shaft cooler, while noncondensable vapors are
recycled to'the retort or flared (Duir et al 1983; UNOCAL 1986; Deering et al
1984, 1985).
Phase I cooling should not have a significant impact on the
environment so long as it occurs in a closed system. Most of the water used
in cooling is flashed to steam, condensed and recycled. Dust is removed by
high efficiency baghouses or scrubbers. Condensible vapors stripped from the
pores of the retorted shale or released when the wastewaters contact the hot
retorted shale are .scrubbed from the gas stream and become part of the
recycled condensate; noncondensable vapors may be recycled to the ;retort or
flared. Contaminants in the cooling waters that are not volatile under
cooling conditions, primarily inorganic substances and gases trapped in
retorted shale pores, may be subsequently volatilized and/or leached.
B.I.2 Phase II Moisturization
Additional water may be added to retorted shale prior to disposal in
the pile. This water serves to further cool the retorted shale, typically
from about 300 C to 80-90 C and to bring the codisposed solids (Table B-l) to
their "optimum moisture content". This quantity of water, which may range
from 7 to 25 weight percent, represents the amount of water required to
B-4
-------
compact the material to a specified dry density with the least compactive
effort.
Two processes have been proposed for moisturizing retorted shale prior
to disposal. The first, rotating drum moisturization, has been proposed for
the TOSCO II and Lurgi processes (RBOSC 1981; TOSCO 1982). This process
operates similar to the rotating drum steam generator described above, except
the steam produced is not used to generate electricity. The second, water
immersion, has been proposed for use with the Union B process. In this
process, the retorted shale and other solids are blended with wast&water in a
pug mill (UNOCAL 1986). The gases and solids resulting from moisturization
are typically routed through a Venturi scrubber in which wastewaters are used
to scrub vapors and entrained solids from the flue gases.
Phase II moisturization is not utilized in all proposed commercial
projects. In the Paraho-Ute Project (Paraho 1982), the majority of the
retorted shale would be disposed in a relatively loose fill encased in a
blanket of highly compacted, impervious retorted shale. The only water used
in retorted shale disposal is added at the pile and therefore is part of the
Phase III disposal process, as discussed below.
Phase II moisturization may lead to significant environmental
consequences if appropriate control technology is not installed. Organic
compounds associated with the wastewaters may be volatilized and emitted at
the scrubber. The temperatures during Phase II moisturization ซ300 C) are
too low to volatilize any trace elements, with the possible exception of
arsenic which has been found in volatile organic forms in process waters.
B.I.3 Phase III Disposal !
The cooled retorted shale is transferred by conveyor belt or by truck
to the disposal site where the solids are placed by traveling stacker (movable
conveyor) or truck. Rubber-tired compaction equipment compacts the retorted
shale to the specified density, typically over 85 lb/ft3. The pile itself
will be constructed in lifts or windrows of 6 to 24 inches. Each individual
lift will be compacted to a specified field density, and when a portion of the
pile reaches its final configuration, the surface will be reclaimed.
B-5
-------
Additional water may be sprayed on the retorted shale during transit
and as needed at the pile to replace water lost by evaporation and for dust
control. Since retorted shale surface temperatures are high (65 to 90 C) on
placement and evaporation rates in the region are high (>50 in/yr), up to
30 weight percent of the moisturization water may be evaporated during
placement and compaction and must be replaced. Higher quality surface or
ground waters, rather than wastewaters, have been proposed for this use by
some developers due to potential worker exposure to wastewaters. Those
projects that do not use wastewaters for retorted shale cooling and
moisturization prior to disposal (e.g., Paraho 1982) may add 5 to 10 weight
percent wastewater to control dust at the pile.
The retorted shale will cool during transport, placement and
compaction during which time organic compounds may be volatilized. As each
successive lift is added, additional material may volatilize. This
volatilization process is expected to continue until the pile surface is
reclaimed. The soil layer proposed by most developers is expected to sorb and
trap any volatile emissions from underlying retorted shale.
B.2 CODISPOSAL AIR EMISSIONS
When wastewaters contact hot retorted shale, volatile compounds
present in the waters can be emitted as gases (Phases I and II). Nonvolatile
compounds are transferred to the solids and emitted with particulates. The
moisturized solids continue to release vapors when disposed in the pile
(Phase III) until the pile surface is reclaimed. Such emissions are not
unique to oil shale operations, and the emission of organic vapors from
disposal sites and soil surfaces has been widely reported (e.g., from
pesticide applications, solvent disposal). The phases referred to here (I, II
and III) are defined in Section B.I.
From an air emission standpoint, the compounds of greatest concern are
the volatile organic ones, particularly those containing nitrogen. These
compounds comprise over 95 weight percent of the emissions from cddisposal,
the balance (5 weight percent) arising from codisposed organics associated
with particulates. Most of the trace elements and inorganic ions present in
wastewaters are not volatile at the temperatures involved in codisposal. The
B-6
-------
organic compounds, however, include many with high vapor pressures at the
temperatures prevalent in codisposal (80 C-300 C), which are malodorous (e.g.,
alkylpyridines) and toxic (e.g., nitriles). These substances maybe emitted
with codisposal flue gases and are regulated as nonmethane hydrocarbons under
the Clean Air Act. However, many of the individual compounds of concern are
not regulated.
The nonvolatile organic compounds, which may be present on
particulates from codisposal operations, include a number of mutagenic and
carcinogenic compounds, including the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs)
and possibly nitrated and aminated PNAs. These substances could pose an
inhalation hazard for workers in the vicinity of the wetting and disposal
operations. Organics associated with particulates may be emitted during all
three of the codisposal phases.
B.2.1 Characterization of Codisposal Air Emissions
Phase I, II and III gaseous emissions have been simulated and
characterized in laboratory studies (Hawthorne 1984; Hawthorne et al 1985) and
modelled (Persoff et al 1984).
B.2.1.1 Laboratory Studies. Hawthorne (1984) simulated Phase I and II
emissions by heating 2 grams of retorted shale to four temperatures (80 to
450 C) and contacting it with 0.2 mL of oil shale process water. The vapors
were collected in a Tenax trap and analyzed and quantitated by gas,
chromatography/mass spectrometry. All of the samples used in these
experiments were from a run of Laramie Energy Technology Center's 150-ton
simulated in situ retort.
The results of Hawthorne's Phase II simulation are summarized in
Figure B-l, which plots the mass concentration of total organic carbon in
micrograms of TOG per milliliter of process water (yg/mL) as a function of
retorted shale temperature. Considerably more organic carbon was volatilized
from the gas condensate than from the retort water. Gas condensates have a
higher fraction of volatile compounds because they are condensed from the gas
stream, while retort waters are aqueous extracts of the oil. Figure B-l can
be used to estimate Phase I and II codisposal emissions.
B-7
-------
ง
8
8
u
H
K to
o o)
J nJ
p to
E-i W
0)
s-
1000
900
'D800
700
600
500
400
300
200
CQ
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
PHASE I AND II EMISSIONS
A
Condensate
600 Img/L)
Retort Water
= 21tiO mg/L)
100
200
300
400
500
RETORTED SHALE TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure B-l. Mass concentration of total organic carbon as a result of cooling
and moisturizing retorted shale with process waters. (Adapted
by J. Fox from Hawthorne, 1984).
B-8
-------
The classes of compounds found by Hawthorne In these experiments are
summarized in Table B-2. The most abundant classes in descending, order of
concentration are: pyridines, phenols, ketones, anilines, pyrroles, nitriles
and quinolines. These classes contain a number of malodorous (e.g.,
pyridines) and toxic (e.g., nitriles, phenols) compounds. Since many of them
are irritants to the eyes and upper respiratory tract (e.g., ketones,
pyridines), worker exposure should be considered. Nonmethane hydrocarbons are
very minor components of the emissions, contributing less than 2 percent of
the emitted organic carbon. The specific compounds volatilized during
Phase II wetting were essentially the same as those found in the air space
above oil shale process water samples (Hawthorne and Sievers 1984; Hunter
et al 1985).
Hawthorne also quantitated Phase III emissions that would' occur from
an 80 C pile surface during lift construction. This was simulated by
measuring organic carbon emissions over time from a 14 weight percent
codisposed mixture. An 80 C, 2g sample of retorted shale was contacted with
0.30 mL of process water and mixed, and emissions were quantitated as the
sample cooled over a 49 hr period. The results of this simulation are plotted
in Figure B-2 (solid lines), together with an extrapolation to 100 C (dashed
line), based on temperature relationships from Figure B-l. Figure B-2 can be
used to estimate the quantity of organic carbon emitted from the pile surface
during construction.
Hawthorne found that the organic carbon emission rate following
moisturization decreased logarithmically with time. At the end of 49 hours,, a
period equivalent to that required to construct a lift in many commercial
processes, the total organic carbon emission rate was negligible, amounting to
0.014 to O.llug C/mL/hr. |
Thus, it may be anticipated that the emission rate from a!given area
of the pile will be cyclical. The emission rate will increase when each new
lift is added and thereafter decrease logarithmically over time until the next
lift is added, and so on. When the final pile depth is reached, the surface
will be covered with top soil and reclaimed. Emissions following reclamation
have not been studied but will probably be negligible due to: (1) logarithmic
decay over time noted by Hawthorne (1984); and (2) sorption of vapors by
B-9 :
-------
TABLE B-2. CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMITTED AS A RESULT
OF COOLING AND MOISTURIZING RETORTED SHALE WITH
PROCESS WATERS ( yg EMITTED/mL OF PROCESS WATER)
(Hawthorne et al, 1985)
MASS CONCENTRATION (yg/mL)
Gas Condensate Retort Water
Retorted Shale Temperature Retorted Shale Temperature
COMPOUND CLASS
Total alkylpyridines
Total alkylanilines
Total alky Iquino lines
Total alkylpyrroles
Total alkylnitriles
Total alkylphenols
Total ketones
Total alkylthiophenes
Total alkylbenzenes
450
242
20
8.2
20
13
73
45
3.7
0.6
250
184
15
5.8
16
11
58
39
2.3
0.5
150
157
16
4.2
17
10
50
41
2.0
0.4
80
62
4.4
0.4
8.2
4.1
12
23
1.3
0.3
450
88
10
6.5
7.3
14
33
21
5.5
3.4
250
66 !
7.6
4:.2
5.1
9.6
24
19;
2.2
0.5
150
70
5.6
3.0
3.5
5.3
16
15
1.0
0.2
80
23
0.8
0.8
1.3
1.4
4.3
10
0.6
0.1
Total identified emitted
compounds (Mtot) 427 332 299 1.16
% of emitted compounds
identified 84 87 88 85
Total emitted organic
carbon 295 222 201 80
191 139 119 42
78 79' 85 82
140 100 84 31
(1) Percent of emitted compounds identified was determined by dividing the total
integrated area of the chromatographic peaks of the identified species by the
total integrated area of all peaks in the flame ionization detector
chromatogram.
(2) Total emitted organic carbon was estimated by calculating the amount of total
emitted species as hydrocarbons and multiplying this result by the quantity
0.84yg of C/l.OOyg of hydrocarbon.
B-10
-------
nil r
Mill! !T
CO
en
co r^io in
rH
O
n
o (Ticoir--
m
o ^
o
I
ง
s-
0)
3 ซO
& 0)
a) 4J
0) .
o ^
(0 0)
-------
organic matter in soils (e.g., Spencer et al 1982; Lokke 1984). However,
microbially mediated reactions may occur within the pile, which would release
byproduct gases (e.g., Wildung and Garland 1985; Hassler et al 1984).
B.2.1.2 Mathematical Model. Emissions from Phase III codisposal operations
have also been estimated by mathematically modelling the major processes that
occur in the near-surface pile environment (Persoff et al 1984). | They divided
Phase III emissions into three processes which were separately modelled, as
follows: (1) expulsion of gases from internal pore space during compaction]
(2) diffusion of vapors to the lift surface following compaction; and (3)
emission of particulates. They used their model to estimate the emission
rates for six nitrogen heterocycles from a 50,000 BPD facility in,which the
retorted shale was moisturized to 15 weight percent with untreated Occidental
O
gas condensate and compacted to 85 Ib/ft at a temperature of 85 C (a worst-
case).
The factors that determine the actual emission rate of a particular
compound depend on the chemical content of the waste water, the spent shale,,
interaction between the water and spent shale and the partitioning of the
compounds between the solid, liquid and gaseous phase. '
Persoff et al (1984) used a mathematical model to calculate the
partition coefficients and interstitial void volumes to estimate daily
emission rates of pyridine, methyl dimethly and trimethly pyridines,
quinolines, and pyrroles.
Many simplifying assumptions were made and research should be
undertaken to develop actual data. This analysis was not intended to
determine all singularly accurate values but rather to illustrate'the
framework of the interpretation of the laboratory and field data as they
become available. The assumptions used are summarized in Table B-3.
A. Removal of Volatile Solutes by Absorption j)n Spent Shale
Nitrogen compounds can be removed from the waste water by absorption
onto the spent shale which would decrease its concentration and eventual
emission rate. An evaluation was made of the absorption potential of
collidine (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine). A simulated in-situ spent shale from the
B-12
-------
TABLE B-3. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR PHASE II EMISSION CALCULATIONS
(Persoff et al, 1984)
Production rates:
Moisturization:
Compacted density:
Height of compacted lift:
Active disposal area:
No sorption of solutes to solid phase.
Disposal shale temperature:
oil: 50,000 bbl/day
spent shale: 1.4 ton/bbl oil
15% moisture (i.e., 15g water/lOOg
spent shale); moisturizing water is
Oxy-6 condensate
85 lb/ft3 (1.36 metric tons/m3)
0.5m (1 lift/day)
93,000 m2
85 C
B-13
-------
Laramie Research Center (LRC) 10-ton retort was used. The primary data can be
fit by a Langmuir isotherm:
C/Q = (I/A B) + (C/A)
where:
C = equilibrium phase concentration of collidine (yg/ml)
Q = equilibrum solid phase concentration of collidine (yg/g)
A = sorption capacity (yg/g)
B = constant (ml/yg)
Using values for A and B of 0.274 y/g and 0.029 ml/g, respectively,
for concentrations of collidine less than 100 yg/ml, the degree of absorption
that would occur would be less than 1.4 yg/ml. Therefore, removal of
collidine by absorption would be minimal. Similar data analyses are needed
for the other compounds of interest at the relevant temperatures. However,
for this analysis, the removal of volatile solutes by absorption on spent
shale is considered negligible. ;
B. Emission of Compounds During Compaction; Expulsion of Gas From Pore
Space ~
Estimation of Gas Composition in Pore Space
To estimate emission by expulsion of inertial air, both the
composition of the expelled air and its volume must be determined. The
expelled air will have equilibrated with defined masses of solids spent shale
and moisturized water. Because solute removal by absorption would apparently
be minimal, as discussed above, only equilibration of air and moisturizing
water need be considered. Partial pressure that would be exerted by each
constituent in the gas phase would be equal to the product of its'mole
fraction in the liquid phase, its liquid phase activity coefficient, and the
vapor pressure of the pure compound. These values for the heterocyclic
nitrogen compounds from an Oxy-6 gas condensate and the resulting head space
composition are shown in Table B-4.
B-14
-------
TABLE B-4. NITROGENOUS HETEROCYCLES IN OXY-6 GAS CONDENSATE AND
ESTIMATED HEADSPACE COMPOSITION (Persoff et al, 1984)
Compound
Pyridine
Methylpyridines
Diinethylpyridines
2-, 4-, 6-Trimethyl-
pyridines
Quinolines
Pyrroles
Mole
Fraction
x 106a
3.35
4.25
7.91
10.41
1.64
1.32
Activity
Coefficient1*
12.29
64.99
358.79
2054.33
1918.22
12.29d
Vapor
Pressure
of Pure
Compound
(85 C)
294
183
114
71
<4
183
Mass Concentration
in Headspacec
mg/m3
56
276
2036
10806
83
12
Based on pooling all isomers.
Activity coefficient calculated by UNIFAC.
c Mass concentration at standard temperature and pressure (i.e., 0 C and
1 atm). ;
Activity coefficient assumed to be same as pyridine.
B-15
-------
Volume of Gas Expelled During Compaction
Once the compoisiton of the gas In the pore spaces has been calculated
(for this example, head space over pure waste water was assumed) the
calculation of emissions by expulsion of inertial air requires a value for.the
volume expelled. The volume of gas expelled can be estimated directly from
the bulk density of spent shale during emplacement and after compaction (0.865
O -
and 1.36 metric tons/or*, respectively) and from the solid density of the spent
shale (2.5 metric tons/m3). Using these values, it can be shown that 0.356 m3
of inertial gas is expelled during compaction of the spent shale generated
from production of one barrel of oil.
C. Emission of Compound After Compaction; Diffusion to Surface of Lift
After compaction it can be assumed that the pile will remain hot for
24 hours until the next lift is in place. Although each lift will cool by
radiation and evaporation of water, such cooling is limited because the shale
is placed on a previously compacted lift which is still above ambient
temperature. Spent shale that is black (i.e., contains residual char) will
gain heat from solar radiation. Surface temperatures of 65 C have been
observed on sunny summer days for black spent shale that has been previously
been cooled to ambient temperature. Thus, 65 C can be taken as the lower
temperature limit for cooling a spent shale on hot days. It is approriate to
consider hot weather conditions for codisposal scenarios studies since air
pollution management is generally directed at limiting severe episodes rather
than annual average concentrations.
For the diffusion of compounds (e.g., nitrogenous heterocycles), the
following assumptions were made: (i) the surface of the disposal pile is a
zero-concentration boundary; (ii) the concentration of nitrogenous
heterocycles is uniform throughout the pile immediately after compaction;
(iii) and the bottom of the lift is a zero-flux boundary.
An analytical solution based on on a three-phase matrix to determine
an "effective diffusivity" was used to estimate the fraction of each solute
that would diffuse to the surface of the pile during 24 hours. The results of
these calculations are summarized in Table B-5.
B-16
-------
TABLE B-5.
ESTIMATED LOSS OF NITROGENOUS HETEROCYCLES
VIA DIFFUSION (Perspff et al, 1984)
Compound
Diffusivity m2/sec x 10 5
Gas Liquid
Phase Phase Effective3
Fraction Lost
Henry's From Disposal
Constant1* Pile in 1 Day3
Pyridine
Methyipyridines
Dimethylpyridines
2-9 4-, 6-Trimethyl-
1.36 0.000321 0.00461
1.21 0.000283 0.0121
1.10 0.000255 0.0325
4.75 0.148
14.54 ! 0.231
44.85 0.377
pyridines
Quinolines
Pyrroles
1
1
1
.01
.02
.47
0
0
0
.000233
.000247
.000355
0
0
0
.0813
.00734
.00281
135
10
2
.15 :
.35
.59
0.
0.
0.
590
181
115
a Method of calculation shown in Persoff et al (1984)
Henry's constant = (vapor pressure of pure compound)(activity coefficient)/
(total pressure)
B-17
-------
Two important effects are not considered in this analysis. The first
is evaporation of water from the pile. Considerable water loss may be
expected at 85 C. Evaporation of water will cool a pile while also making the
remaining liquid phase more concentrated. The second effect that also
contributes to considerable volatilization is "wicking". As the moisture
content in the upper region of the pile decreases relative to he lower region
of the pile, the resulting moisture potential gradient causes moisture to move
upward toward the surface. This results from capillarity. This flow of water
within the pile causes an advective transport to the surface in addition to
the diffusive transport modeled.
The calculated emission rates for nitrogeneous heterocycles that would
result if spent shale were moisturized with Oxy-6 is condensate (undiluted and
untreated except for ammonia removal) are summarized in Table B-6. Emissions
from particulates were calculated directly using the value of 2 grams of
fugitive dust per barrel of oil (Crawford et al 1977) and assuming that the
f
dust contained 15 percent moisture which in turn had the concentrations of
nitrogeneous heterocycles are shown in Table B-6. The emissions from the
particulates are minimal when compared with those from diffusion and
expulsion.
B.2.1.,3 Comparison of Facility Emissions. Persoff's estimates of Phase III
gaseous emissions are compared in Table B-6 with those calculated from
Hawthorne's experimental data using the procedures detailed below. Overall,
Persoff's model predicts TOG emission rates that are about a factor of two
higher than those measured by Hawthorne (1984). Individual compound and class
emission rates estimated from these two methods deviate by as much as a factor
of seven. When one realizes that Persoff's model was not calibrated or
validated with authentic data and that all variables were estimated from
procedures such as those presented in Lyman et al (1982), it is truly
remarkable that the two sets of estimates are as close as they are.
The cause for the discrepancy between Hawthorne's laboratory
simulsition and Persoff's model predictions is not known precisely,; but
inaccurate input data is certainly an important factor. In general, it is
believed that both methods tend to overestimate Phase III emissions.
Hawthorne's estimates are probably high because he did not compact his
\
B-18 ' I
-------
TABLE B-6. COMPARISON OF PHASE III CODISPOSAL GASEOUS EMISSION
RATES CALCULATED BY TWO INDEPENDENT METHODS
COMPOUND OR CLASS
Pyridine
Methylpyridines
Dimethylpyridines
2-, 4-, 6-Trimethylpyridines
Quinolines
Pyrroles
TOTAL
MASS
(Ib/hr)
Hawthorne
(1984)
7.0
10.3
12.5
11.0
.3
2.9
43.9
EMISSION RATE
hg/1000 m3 of oil
Persoff
et al (1984)
2.2
5.2
20.2
51.0
,1.9 ;
.6
81.0
Ratio
(P/H)
0.3
0.5
1.6
4.6
7.0
0.2
1.8
(1) Both sets of estimates "were calculated for a 50,000 BPD facility in which
the retorted shale is -moisturized to 15 weight percent with a gas
condensate and compacted to 85 lb/ft3 at a temperature of 85 C.
B-19
-------
samples, and he continuously flushed them with air during the experiment, both
of which would tend to increase emissions compared to the field case.
Persoff's estimates are also probably high because his model did not
consider evaporation, which occurred in Hawthorne's simulation and which is
significant in the arid high mountain desert terrain of oil shale regions.
Free-water surface evaporation in many areas exceed 50 in/yr. This
evaporation will cool the pile surface, reducing emissions that strongly
depend on temperature. Gas expulsion may also not be as significant as
suggested by Persoff's model, which assumed that all of the interstitial gases
was expelled. In fact, gases may be trapped within internal pores, and only
those pores near the surface of a lift may contribute. Although Persoff's
model did not consider adsorption, there is presently no evidence that it is
important for nitrogen heterocycles at the pH and temperatures common in
codisposal (e.g., Zachara et al 1986; McGowan and Sorini 1985; Routson and Li
1980).
B.2.2 Summary l
Codisposal of process waters is estimated to release about
*%
188 kg/1000 mj of oil of organic vapors to the atmosphere. This is greater
than the average facility (all sources) hydrocarbon emission rate of
o " . -
160 kg/1000.mฐ of oil calculated from seven oil shale PSD applications.
Codisposal of the waters would contribute an additional 5.7 kg/1000 m3 of oil
of organic material to normal particulate emissions, which average
340 kg/1000 m3 of oil for the same seven projects (Taback and Goldstick 1986).
B-20
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES l
Anonymous. Shale Oil Project (C-b), Detailed Development Plan and Related
Materials, Vol. 1, Submitted to Area Oil Shale Supervisor, Grand "Junction, CO
-(1976)..
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Final Environmental Statement, Proposed
Development of Oil Shale Resources by the Colony Development Operation in
Colorado, U.S. Department of Interior (1975).
Crawford, K. W:-,*C; H. Prien, L. B. Baboolal, C. C., Shih, A. A., Lee. "A
Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Impacts from Oil Shale
Developments." EPA/600/7-77-069, NTIS PB- 272283, 1977. '
Deering, R. F., R. 0. Dhondt, and J. E. Hines. "Process for Cooling,
Depressurizing and Moisturizing Retorted Oil Shale," U.S. Patent 4,461,673
(1984).
Duir, J. H., C. G. Griswold, and B. A. Christolini. "Oil Shale Retorting
Technology," CEP, February 1983, p. 45-50 ,
Hassler, R. A., D. A. Klein, and R. R. Meglen, R. R. "Microbial Contributions
to Soluble and Volatile Arsenic Dynamics in Retorted Oil Shale," J. Environ.
Qual., Vol. 13, No. 3, 1984. p. 466.
Hawthorne, S. B. "The Emission of Organic Compounds from Shale Oil
Wastewaters," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, 1984.
Hawthorne, S. B. and R. E. Sievers. "Emission of Organic Air Pollutants from
Shale Oil Wastewaters," Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 18, No. 6, 1984. p. 992.
Hawthorne, S. B., R. E. Sievers, and R. M. Barkley. "Organic Emissions from
Shale Oil Wastewaters and their Implications for Air Quality," Environ. Sci.
Technol., Vol. 19, No. 10, 1985. p. 992. !
Heistand, R. N. "Estimating Solid Wastes from Oil Shale Facilities,"
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Oil Shale Symposium, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado, 1985. p. 291.
Hunter, L., P. Persoff, P. and C. G. Daughton. "Identification and Correlation
of Volatile Components in Oil Shale Retort Wastewaters," in Chemistry for
Protection of the Environment, Leuven, Belgium, September 10-13, 1985.
Lokke, H. "Sorption of Selected Organic Pollutants in Danish Soils;," Ecotox.
Environ. Safety, Vol. 8, 1984. p. 395.
B-21
-------
Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, D. H. (Eds.) "Handbook of
Chemical Property Estimation Methods," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1982). -
McGowan, L. J. and S. S. Sorini. "The Effect of Residual Carbon-on Adsorption
of Organic Compounds by Retorted Oil Shale," in Proceedings of the Eighteenth
Oil Shale Symposium, Colorado School of Mines Press, Golden, CO, 1985. p. 317.
_i>
. Paraho Development Corp., Paraho-Ute Project Technical Report, prepared by
-Paraho Development Corp. for Bureau of Land Management in conjunction with the
Uintah Basin Synfuels Environmental Impact Statement, 1982.
Perry, R. H. and C. H. Chilton. "Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th Edition,"
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973.
Persoff, P., L. Hunter, L. and C. G. Daughton. "Atmospheric Emissions from
Codisposed Oil Shale Wastes, A Preliminary Assessment," Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory Report, LBID-890, 1984.
Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company, Modification to the Detailed Development Plant,
Lurgi Demonstration Project, Tract C-a, submitted to the USGS Deputy
Conservation Manager-Oil Shale, 1981.
Routson, R. C. and S. W. Li. "Collidine Sorption on a Silt Loam Soil and a
Spent Shale," Soil Sci., Vol. 130, No. 5, 1980. p. 233.
Spencer, W. F., W. J. Farmer, and W. A. Jury. "Review: Behavior of Organic
Chemicals at Soil, Air, Water Interfaces as Related to Predicting; the
Transport and Volatilization of Organic Pollutants," Environ. Toxic. Chem.,
Vol. 1, 1982. p. 17. ;
Tosco Development Corporation (TOSCO), Project Description, Technical Report,
San Wash Shale Oil Project, Uintah County, UT, Report prepared for Utah Bureau
of Land Management, 1982.
UNOCAL, Draft Environmental Monitoring Plan, Phase I Project (Unishale B),
Vols. I and II, prepared by UNOCAL Energy Mining Division for Department of
Treasury, May 1986.
Wildung, R. E. and T. R. Garland. "Microbial Development on Oil Shale
Wastes: Influence on Geochemistry in Soil Reclamation Processes,
Microbiological Analyses and Applications," R. L. Tate III and D. A. Klein
(Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1985. p. 107.
Zachara, et al. "Quinoline Sorption to Subsurface Materials: Role of pH and
Retention of the Organic Cation," Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 20, No. 6,
1986. pp. 620-627. <
B-22
-------
APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF PSD PERMIT APPLICATION EMISSIONS
These are the data reported in the applications for Prevention of
Significant Deterioration (PSD) Permits. The data are presented in six tables
as follows: ;
Table C.I - Gaseous Emissions
The data are sorted by (1) Project, (2) Pollutant and (3);General
Process. This sort provides the total emissions for each project; i.e., total
emissions of CO from Cathedral Bluffs. The information is used to determine
and compare total facility emissions.
Table C.2 - Particulate Emissions
The data are sorted by (1) Project and (2) General Process. This sort
provides the total particulate emissions for each project. The information is
used to determine and compare total facility emissions.
Table C.3 - Gaseous Emissions
The data are sorted by (1) Pollutant, (2) Process and (3),Project.
This sort provides emissions for each process within the project. The
information is used to determine and compare emission rates for each general
process category (mining, retort, etc.) within each facility; i.e;, NOX
emissions from mining process for each project.
Table C.4 - Particulate Emissions
""" ~ " ~ ' f
The data are sorted by.(1) General Process and (2) Project. This sort
provides particulate emissions for each process within the project. The
information is used to determine and compare emission rate for each general
process category (mining, retort, etc.) within each facility.
C-l
-------
Table C.5 - Gaseous Emissions
The data are sorted by (1) Pollutant, (2) Specific Process and (3)
Project. This sort provides emissions for each process. The information is
used to determine and compare average value for specific processes; i.e., CO
emissions from blasting and particulate emissions from underground:vehicles.
Table C.6 - Particulate Emissions
This data is sorted by (1) Specific Process and (2) Project. This
sort provides emissions for each specific process. The information is used to
determine and compare average values for specific processes.
Each category is used for the data base sort routines and is described
below.
C.1 PROJECT !
The projects included in the data base are: |
Project Name
Process Description
Cathedral Bluffs
Clearcreek Oil Shale
Cottonwood
Paraho
Union B
Syntana
White River
Oxydental MIS/Lurgi modified in-situ with above
ground Lurgi solids recycle retort
Above ground Chevron - Fluidized Bed Retort and
spent shale combustion with solids recycle
Above ground circular grate retort with;fluidized
bed combustion of spent shale and fines
Above ground Direct Heat Retort
Above ground Indirect Heat - Gas Recycle
Above ground T 3 Process - direct heat - semi-batch
Above ground circular grate (Superior) with Union B
and Tosco II
C-2
-------
C.2 POLLUTANT ;
The pollutants included are:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (C)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOV)
A.
Sulfur Oxides (SOY)
A.
Particulates (PM)
C.3 GENERAL PROCESS
The General Process categories:
Category Description
1. mining
2. retort
3. gas utilization
4. upgrading, storage
C.4 SPECIFIC CATEGORIES
The Specific Categories are described in Table 4-1 in the'text and
indicated in the various tables.
C-3
-------
ProjecF
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
.Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdrai Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs.
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs.
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
f". - - -
r~~ general process
fflining-beloB
utility
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
;: upgrade
i upgrade
i upgrade
utility
retort .
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
' ' ' ' upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
aining-belos
utility
retort
retort
. ' retort
upgrade
upgrade
, upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
aining-belos
utility
. retort
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade .
upgrade
I .upgrade
.! ' upgrade
:"'.: . "-TABLE; c-i. GASEOUS EMISSIONS
specific process * addition pollu t-tons/d cat!
sine shaft vents
steas boilers
flares
sponge oilreboiler
recycle gas heater
incinerator
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforaer
sine shaft vents
steas boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
H2 Recycle Heater
incinerator
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforser
storage
tine shaft vents
steaa boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
incinerator
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforier
sine shaft vents
steas boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater .
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
incinerator
reforser
'co
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
" ' HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
NQx
NQx
NOx
NOx
NQx
NOx
NOx
ซ0x
NOx '
NOx
. ,
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SQx
SOx
SOx
SOx
Sfls
'SOx "
,30
.05
.00
' .01
.05
.00
.00
.01
.01'
.05
.08
.08
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
- ,
.91
1.89
.00
.09
.70
.02
.02
.07
.12
2,21
.06
.28
.02
".04
.30
,01
.03
.05
.24
.33
"8
3?
38
40
40
43
43
43
43
43
8
37
38
40
40
43
43
43
43
43
43
3
37
38
40
40
43
43
43
43 '
43
8
37
38
40
40
43
43
43
43 .
43
"cafcf
1 "
3
3
3 :
3
4
4
4
4
4 :
i ;
3
3 ;
3
3 :
4
4 ;
4 ,'.
4
4
4
1
3
3
3 ;
3
4
4
4 .
4 .
4 ;
1 ;
3
3
3
3
4
4 :
4
4 '-
4 ' ;
oil
158.37
23.78
.18
3.33
25.21
.67 .
.90
2.85
4.66
28.06
39.47
42.80
.57
4.52
.14
.14
.57
.81
4.76
475.12
989.24
2.62
48.04
369.06
9.04
12.84
39.00
62.78
1159.03
29.96
147.44
8.09
20.45
S56.95
5.23
17.60
28.54
126.98
173.12
-% H - B i*
i X total
ฃ3.86 ;
9.59 "
.07 '
1.34
10.16 '
.27
.36 "
1.15
.1.88 r
11.31-
: jis. :-- -
42.09
45.64
.61
4.82
.15 .. .
.15
.61
.86
5.07
;
,""'-
15.00
31.24
.08 .
1.52. ,-
11.65
.29
.41
1.23
1.98
.36.60
.*- .;-:
4:19
20.64
1.13 i'
2.86
21.97
.73
2.46 ' i .
3,99 .""-
17.78 ,
24.23
-------
TABLE C-l.. Continued
Project
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
.Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek.
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek,
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil!
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
mi
Oil
Oil
00
r ' v ' '
r'- ---...-
general process
mining-above
aininq-below
iining-belos
sining-beloB
sining-above
aining-above
Bining-above
sining-above
utility
retort
retort
retort
lining-above
ffiining-belos
sining-belos
ffiining-above
aining-above
sining-above
upgrade
upgrade
ffiining-above
sining-abave
ffiining-belDซ
Bining-belos
sining-belos
sining-above
tining-afaove
sining-above
sining-above
ffiining-above
utility
retort
retort
retort
sininq-above
fiining-beloB
Bsininq-beltm
sining-above
specific process
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
vent
top soil
top soil
raw shale haul
spent shale haul
steas superheat
char coabustion
char combustion
TE6 Concentrator
vehicles
., . . ,".
crushing/screening
vent
top soil
raw shale haul
spent shale haul
fugative
storage
vehicles
- - - :
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
vent
top soil
top soil
top soil
raw shale haul
spent shale haul
steai superheat
char coBBustion
char cosbustion
TE6 Concentrator "
vehicles
crushing/screening
vent
top soil
V
addition
prisary
removal
load
coal gri
road sai
priiary
reioval
road asai
, ,
prismry
reioval
load
load
coal gri
road fflai
pritary
resoval
pollu
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CQ
CO
CO
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
-i
NGx
NDx
SOx
NOx
NO*
NO*
NOs
NOx
iffix
m
MX
NOx
ซQx
NOs
-\
SOx
SOx
Sflx
s-tons/d
,05
.36
.72
1.23
.03
.00
.03
.06
.58
176.04
.05
.00
.01 .
.11
.17
.01
.01
.01
3.26
.13
.01
.02
.03
.75
1.30
.20
.00
.01
.19
,14
1.87
. 86.90
.15
.00
.05
.07
.12
. .01
cat!
2
2.
6
8
9
10
16
32
37
40
40
43
53
6
8
9
16
32
44
46
53
2
2
6
8
9
10
10
16
32
37
40
40
43
53
6
a
9
,ป
-
cat
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
r
i
2
2
2.
4
4
4
1
1
1
i
2
2
2
2
2
3
3 .
;3
4
4
1
1
2
- kg/IOOOt
2 oil
2.97
22.66
45.03
77.62
1.83
.17
2.11
3.94
36.41
11071.92
2.97
.11
.70
7.19
10.96
.57
.68
.51
, 204.89
i 7.99
.57
1.43
1.71
47.03
81.61
12.44
.06
.74
11.99
8.73
i 117.57
5465.19
9.53
.29
3.42
4.34
7.48
.86
-,- ' ..= j
^ ' fl? . -
3V"r : .' -v- .: "'" :"
X .total
.03
.20
.40
.69
.02
,00
.02
.03
-32
98.26
.03
.00
.01
.! pf- ; t
3.08'- ' """ " '
4.70
.24
.29 . -
.22
87.80
3.42
.24
; '&'"*''>' i'''' ' ~-
.02
.03
.82
1.42
.22
.00
.01
.21
.15
2.04
94.85 '
.17
,00 :
.06
! I
it
', .78
1.35
.15
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Project general process
specific process addition pollu ซ-tons/d catl cat2 *9/j?j0i
total
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Parahc-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
Shale Oil lining-above
Shale Oil sining-above
Shale Oil sining-above
Shale Oil utility
Shale Oil retort
Shale Oil retort
Shale Oil retort
Shale Oil sining-abave
sining-beloB ground
nining-beloB ground
upgrade
retort
upgrading
( upgrading
eining-beloH ground
upgrade
retort
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
aining-beloi* ground
aining-beloป ground
upgrade
retort
upgrading
upgrading
sining-beloa ground
upgrade
retort
upgrading
upgrading
flining-faeloH
sining-beloB
sining-beloB
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
top soil
raH shale haul
spent shale haul
steac superheater-soi
char coibustion
char coibustion
TE6 Concentrator
vehicles
blasting
eobile equipeent
package boiler
power generation
hydrotreater feed fur
reforier furnace
aobile equipment
package boiler
power generation
hydrotreater feed fur
reforaer furnace
storage
storage *day)
storage
storage
storage
blasting
aobile equipaent
package boiler
poser generation
hydrotreater feed fur
reformer furnace
sobile equiptent
package boiler
poser generation
hydrotreater feed fur
reforaer furnace
blasting
blasting
vehicles
F6D
F6D
Tosco ball heater & 1
F6D
load SOx
SGx
SOx
i 80s
coal gri Sflx
SOx
SOx
road aai SQx
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
crude sh HC
crude sh HC
hydrotre HC
fuel oil HC
diesel & HC
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NO*
KOX
SOx
SOx
SOx
SQx
SOx
CO
CO
CO
steaa bo CO
superior CO
CO
hydrotre CO
.00
.01
.01
.49
.05
8.06
.00
.00
.52
.67
.01
.39
.01
.15
.21
.00
.07
.00
.03
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
3.17
.02
6.25
.09
2.00
.23
.05
3.97
.00
.11
.41
.41
.57
.15
.09
.05
.01
10
16
32
37
40
40
43
53
2
8
37
37
43
43
S
37
37
43
43
46
46
47
48
49
2
8
37
37
43
43
8
37
37
43
43
2
2
8
37
40
40
43
2
' 2
2
- 3
: 3
!3
; 4
4
; i
l
3
'3
4
;4
1
3
3
4
4
4
;4
4
4
4
i
|i
'3
3
;4
4
1
3
3
$
4
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
.06
.68
.51
30.82
2.97
506.80
.11
.29
77.39
99.67
.83
58.57
.98
22AB
30.98
.16
10.26
.16
3.91
.82
1.22
1.05
.04
.37
473.97
3.74
936.25
13.18
300.03
34.31
7.07
595,18
.03
16.65
45.76
45.76
62.58
16.14
9.51
5.17
1.53
'.01
. 12
.09
5.55
.53
91.33
.02
.05
,
29.81 I
38.39
.32
22.-S6
.38
JJ.54
63.26
.33
20.95
.33
7.99
1.66
2.48
2.15
.08
.75
i ^
27.44
.22
54.21
i
.76
17.37
5.25
1.08
91.11
.00
2.55
24.88
24.88
34.03
8.78
5.17
2.81
.83
C-6
-------
TABLE C-i:. Continued
it-
Project
syntana
syntana ;'
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana -.;:
syntana
syntana
syntana
nuntans
nwnf ans
. sy 11 LQII&
syntana
syntana
syntana '-.'.
syntana
- syntana ',
. syntana '.
syntana
syntana
syntana ;
syntana
syntana
syntana ~
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union j -
Union " ,
i"
/
general process
upgrade
upgrade
iining-bsloB ,
retort
-'.- retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
sining-belos
ffiining-faeloB
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
, upgrade
aining-beloa
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
retort
.' retort
upgrade
fiining-beloB
isining-beloB
ffiining-beloK
iining-above
tining-above
Bini rig-above
utility
.coab. -retort
retort
upgrade
, upgrade
specific process
FGD
hydrogen
vehicles
F8D
F8D ,
Tosco ball heater & 1
F6D
FGD'
hydrogen
oil storage tanks
fugitive eiissions
blasting
vehicles
FGD
steast
retort indirect heate
rep "'"," \1
Tosco ball heater & 1
FGB
FGB
hydrogen
vehicles
FGS
steas
claus plant
F6D
retort indirect heate
FSB . " ..; ; , .
Tosco ball heater & 1
FB8
drilling
blasting
raB shale resoval/sca
ras shale
spent shale
spent shale
steas - . .
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fractionater
dearseniter
addition polls
hydrogen CO
furnace CO
HC
steaa bo HC
superior HC
HC
hydrotre HC
hydrogen HC
furnace HC
HC
HC
NOx
SOx
steaa bo NOx
NQx
HOx
superior NOx
NOx'
hydrotre NOx
hydrogen KOx
furnace N0>:
SOx
steas bo SOx
SOx
SOx
ciaus pi SQx
SOx
superior SOx
80s
hydrotre SOx
CO
CO
engines/ CO
topsoil CO
hauling CO
aroosiing CO
CO
CO
CO
reboiler CO
purge he CO
'- -- . .,.- -
- ' . ;* ' ""' = .
i B-tons/d
.16
.23-
.18
,03
.02
,51
.00
.03
.04
.03
' .52
^
.23
2.70
r
.99
.57
.16
1.90
2.20
.20
.91
.51
.53
, .40
.09
:<
.00
1.14
.55
.01
.05
"' '"; .01
2.66
.03
.33
.01
.00
catl
43
. 43-..
8
37
40
40
43
43
43
46
54
2
8
37
39
' 40
40 '
43
43
43
8
37
37
39
39
39
40
40
43
1
2
8
.11
32
36
37
40
' 40
43
43
cat2
4
: 4 ' .
1 '
' 3
3
3
4
'4
: 4.
4
4
. 1
1 1
.,___ ___
3
3
;' 3
i 3
4
4
4
i
: 3
3
3
3
3
: 3
3
: 4
1
1
; i .
2
2
2
3
3.
,3
4
' 4"
.
kg/1000t3
oil
17.87
25.33-
19.42
2,83
1.79
55.87
.29
3.20
4.71
3.12
57.07
25.03
297.37
108.80
62.58
17.77
210.16
242.30
21.53
100, 13
56.27
57.97
44.46
9.51
.09
79.71
38.75
.43
3.77
,50
185,67
'2.44
23.13"
..38.
..32
' ^~~^f-.
_':.", ..'. !'-L"^^s}
V i 1. 1
A -total
9.72
13.78
: ta:.'
13.10
1.91
1.21
37.67
.20
2.16
3; 17
2J11
38.48
; Jlj%-:
2r17
25,79
; . J
9.44"
. grjjj--
1,54
18.23
21^02
i pv*
' 3.74
17,33
9.77
10,06
7.72
1.65
^"'
.02
16,09
7.82
.09
76 , '
.10
37,49
.49
4.67
,08
.06 ; ' '
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
{: ' -
Project
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
.Union
... - j,-. j*. . ^_L, ,. - ._ , ...
.- '--'- - ,;
f
general process
. upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
;-.- upgrade
upgrade
sining-ahove
- sining-beioB
1 sining-beloB
aining-beloB
oining-above
' mining-above
sining-above
\ ' . utility
coib. -retort
-".- retort
upgrade
upgrade
, upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
'. ;' - - upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
0 . .upgrade
upgrade
aining-above
upgrade
siining-belos
aining-belpB
aining-belos
sining-above
, sin ing-above
sining-above
','-". utility
ccfflb. -retort
: retort
V . upgrade
upgrade.
upgrade
upgrade
j upgrade
upgrade
.:''- upgrade
i- aining-above
specific process
dearseniter
unicracker
steaa boiler
stean boi 1 er
reforffier furnace
vehicles/engines
drilling
blasting
ras shale reaoval/sca
ran shale
spent shale
spent shale
steas
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steam boiler
steas boiler
reforier furnace
storage tanks
oil storage
siscellaneous
vehicles/engines
fugative
drilling
blasting
raป shale reacval/sca
raB shale
. spent shale
spent shale
- " steas
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steaa boiler
steal boiler
-reforffier furnace
vehicles/engines
addition pollu s-tons/d
charge h CO
charge h CO
no air p CO
snth air CO
CO
CO
- .J
HC
HC
engines/ HC
topsoil HC
hauling HC
grooming HC
HC
HC . '
' ' "*. HC
reboiler HC
purge he HC
charge h HC
charge h HC
no air p HC
with air HC '-"
HC
HC
HC
table 4- HC
HC
HC
NOs
NOs
engines/ NOs
topsoi 1 80s
hauling NOx
grooving HOx
^SOs
NOs
'ffis
reboiler ffflx
purge he NOs
charge h Kfls
charge h fes
no air p N0>:
si th air NOs
NOs
NOx
.02
.03
.51
.51
.26
.97
.00
.18
.00
.02
.00
.05
.00
.06
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
' .01
.05
1.10
.02
.84
.11
1,10
.01
.29
2.97
.03
.31
.05
3.54
' .42
4.14
.05
.04
,20
.26
.56
.67
3.22
.25
'catl cat2
43
43
43
43
43
53
1
2
8
11
32
36
37
40
40
'43
43
43
43
43
43
43
46
46
46
53
54
1
2
8
1.1
32
36
37
40
40
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
53
: 4
4
,4
4
' 4
4
1
1
1
: 2
2
12
'3
3 -
3
4
4 '
,4
~4
;4
4
'4
: 4
'4
4
r4
;4
~T~"
1
.1
; i
2
2
2
.3
'3
;3
:4
4
'4
;4
4
4
u
4
1 -^ ' i~" '
f ' ' *" "" '
k9/1^ฐ"3 I total
""'1.65'
2.09
35.38
35.38
18.01
67.57
.03
12.87
.14
1.24
.16
3.80
.30
4.26
.06
,06 ,
.32
.38
.70
.70
3.36
77.08
1.46
58.85
7.36
77.08
.42
20.23
207.74
2.31
21.46
3.42
247.31
29.22
289.16
3.30
2.79
14.14
18.07
39'. 25
47,05
225.12
17.69
,33
.42
7.14
7.14
3.64 "-"
13.64 "-"
: t
.01
5.14
,06
.49 .
.06
1,52
;12
1^70 ;
" -^03 --
.03
.13
'.. hs
.28
i2B
1.3.4
3O1
.58
23.52
2,94
30.81
1
.04
1.70
17.48
.19
1.81
.29
20.81
2.46
24.;33
.28
.23
1.19
* 1.I52'
3.30
3.96
18.94
1.49
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
"t. -' : ------- - --
-;ซ
Project
Union . ', "
Union
Union i
Union ''
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union '
Union
Union '..-
Union
Union ;
Union '......-
Utah-cottonwood
Utah-cottonsood
Utah-cottommod
Utah-cottonaood
Utah-cottonaood
ytah-cottonBood
Utah-cottonsood
Utah-cottonseed
Utah-cottonseed
Utah-cottonBcod
Utah-cottonHOod
Utah-cottonaQod
Utah-cottonBood
Utah-cottonsood
Utah-cottonseed
Utah-cottonsood
Shite River Shale Proj
Shite River Shale Proj
ihite River Shale Proj
Unite River Shale Proj
ซhite River Shale Proj
_ _ ._ -.. - , , . .
;- - - . - . r -
f"-*" '- :'..- >t-"
general process
aining-beloi*
sining-beloH
aining-beloB
tuning-above
Bining-above .
jiining
sining-above
utility
coab. -retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upqrade
upgrade
upgrade
sininq-abcve
siining-faeloB ground
iining-beloB ground
retort
upgrade
upgrade
aining-beloB ground
retort
upgrade
upqrade
upgrade
sining-belos ground
lining-belos ground
.retort
upqrade
tining-belos ground ..
retort
ffiining-beloB
iEininq-belos
utility
retort
retort
. . , - - --._- . . . .
. ^ r ^..ป,, . ,_ (.- 1H,.^ J
specific process
drilling
blasting
ras* shale retoval/sca
raw shale
spent shale
dusping shale
spent 'shale
steals
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fractionater
dearseniter
.dearseniter
unicracker
steaa boiler
steaa boiler
reforier furnace
vehicles/engines
blasting
vehicles-cosbustibn e
fluid bed coabustor
fugitive
fugitive
vehicles-coabustion e
fluid bed coibustor
product storage
fuel oil storage tank
fuqitive
blasting
vehicles-combustion e
fluid bed cosbustor
fugitive
vehicles-coibustion e
fluid bed coabustor
blasting
vehicles
steaffi
Tosco bail heater & 1
recycle gas heater
',. - ,-..
- - -. . ?.
addition
engines/
topsoii
hauling
grooaing
reboiler
purge he
charge h
charge h
no air p
Bith air
on site
on site
on site
.
union b
:-v :- .
poliu s
80s
SOs
SQx
SOx
SOs
SOx
SOs
SOs
SOs
SQx
SOs
SOs
SOs
SOx
SOs
SOs
SOs
SOs
CO
CO
.CO
CO
CO
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HOs
KOx
HOs
SOx
-'
S0>!
80s
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
>.iV. k
-tons/d
.00
.03
.19
.00
.02
.04
.00
2.02
.29
3.34
.01
.01
.05
.06
.11
.11
.15
.02
.40
.24
.48
.03
.13
. .07
.02 .
.11
.34
.22
1.12
20.12
.06
.08
3.91
.87
1.10
.44
.15
.32
'i "" ' "1
catl
i
2
8
11
32 :
33 ;
36
37
40
40 i
43
43 :
43
43
43 ;
43
43
53
2
8
37
53 ,
53
8 '
37 ;
46
48
54
2
8
37
53
8
37
2
8
37
40
40 ;
cat.
1
i
i
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
4.
4
1
3
4
4-
4
i
1
3
4.
1
3
1
1
3
3
3
\
i-kg/lOOOi3
oil L
.02
2.38
13.00
.16
1.31
2.85
.24
141.16
20.39
233.74
.76
.63
3.36
4.25
, 7.55
7.55
10.15
1.17
80.33
46.97
95.57
6.85
25.21
14.51
3.08
22.49
68.55
43.88
223.05
4020.34
11.24
16.14
781.58
51.58
65.17
26.33
8.97
18.80
t
I total
.63
1.27
5.07
6.97
20.26
20.90
22.80
23.43
25.33
25,33
27.23
27.23
27.23
27.23
27.23
27.23
27 .'23
33.56
.me-:. -
',31*51
18.42
37.49 .
2.69
9.89
13.36
2.84
20.70
63.11
ฃ-'-.-
1.02
5.19
.93.53
.26
: f - - .
2.02
97.98
f-_.
24.37
30.89
12.50
4.25
8.90
; C-9
-------
TABLE C'-l. Continued
'.' s-
i -.. ,- ' .:, , :- , - - > ". ,
f '
Project general process
Hhite River Shale Proj upgrade
Hhite River Shale Proj stining-beloH
White' River Shale Proi utility*
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proj upgrade
Hhite River Shale Proj upgrade
Hhite River Shale Proj upgrade
ffitite River Shale Proj upgrade
Hhite River Shale Proj iining-belos
Hhite River Shale Proj eining-belos
Hhite River Shale Proj utility
Hhite River Shale Proj retort " "..
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proj upgrade
inte River Shale Proi Siininq-below
Hhite River Shale Proi utility
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite River Shale Proi retort
Hhite River Shale Proj retort
Hhite fiiver Shale Proj upgrade
'-'-' ' ' ' '..- ' ">'- ; -. - --:1
specific process additio
reformer furnace
vehicles
steasi '
Tosco ball heater & 1
recycle gas heater union
reforaer furnace
- valvesjfiangesspuipss
crude storage
. crude shale oil stora
blasting
vehicles
' steas
gas treatment plant
Tosco ball heater It 1
recycle gas heater union
reforaer furnace
vehicles
steaa
gas treatsent-claus t
retort 1
Tosco ball heater Ic 1
recycle gas heater union
reforser furnace
? T
n pollu
CO
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
NOs
HOs
NOx
ซ0x
NQx
8Bx
NO?:
80s
SDK
SOx
SOx
Sflx
SOx
SOx
a-tons/d
.69
.34
.32
.83
.06
.14
1.02
.46
. .48
/
.47
5.24
4.77
.07
1.02
2.01
4.32
.38
1.63
.36
.10
.07
.14
'I
cat!
43
8
37
40
40
43
44
46
46
2
8
37
39
40
40
43
8
37
39
40
40
40
43
" ', -
cat2
'4
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
3
4
; i.
3
3
, 3
3
3
4
- -.?_
'*- ' m
kg/1000i 3
oil
40.62
20.31
19.13
49,00
3.81
8.22
60.17
27.29
28.69
27.94
310.42
282.59
4.14
60.17
119.27
255.73
22.51
96.70
21.06
6.18
3.92
8.33
~ i __|^
^ t -if,- ;. kf-,~! i
total
19.23
-,--" '-" -_..
9;38
8.83
' 22,62
1.76
3.79
27,78
12-60
13,24
: t "
2.63
29,28
26.65
,39
5.68
11.25
24.12
! 1
' I4!i8
60.93
13.27
- 3.89
2.47
.5.25
; ft
C-10
-------
TABLE C-2. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
^ --""' "' 1 ' *
project
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluff s
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral 'Bluff s
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
fliT
Oil
" " '* .
t
general process
Eining-belov!
sining-above
Bining-abcve
aining-above
sining-above
aining-above
sining-abo
sining-abo
fflining-above
raining-abo
sining-above
tining-above
aining-abo
aining-above
sining,-abo
'aining-abo
. coib-utility
retort
cosh. -retort
cosb. -retort
cosb-upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
fflining-abo
isining-belos
sining-helos
sining-heios
sining-belcw
fflining-beloB
sining-beloB
aining-above
aining-above
sining-above
sining-above
sining-above
mining-above
fflining-above
aining-above
sining-above
fflining-above
si fiing-above
sining-above
: sining-^above
aining-above
.sitting-above
sining-above
__ , ; . . tj -.- v^. r-_. .;'. , -v
'. .... _ ^
specific process'
sine shaft vents
reclais drashole
ras shale
raw shale
r 39 shale .
ras shale"
raซ shale storage
ras shale storage
raw shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale ...
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale storag
steas boilers
incinerator
sponge oil rebel le
recycle gas heater
reforser furnace
H2 Recycle heater
H2 charge heater
Oil charge heater
fugitive ciust
drilling
drilling
blasting
blasting
priaary crushing
vehicles-vent
surface soils
surface soils
surface, soils
surface soils
surface soils.
ravs shale
, r as shale :
' rm shale
ras shale
raซ shale
int waste
int Haste
raw shale' ...
raM shale ;
r as' shale
spent shale
r '^ - y v -...:; ^ ' J ^ . ;
... . ' . ,r [:
additional desc
0
0
crushing buildi
screening plant
transfer house
conveyor-stacke
5 day
5 year
conveyor -retort
stacker conveyo
conveyor
transfer house
conveyer discha
transfer
distribution
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
haul roads
inter, waste
0
inter, saste
0
0
0
resoval-drill
resoval
resoval -blast
haul
sind
crushing
crushing-2nd
crushing-3rd
conveying
conveying
dusp
haul
dusp
wind errosion
Bind
conveying
cat!
8
9
13
13
15
15
18
21
24'
30
30
31
31
31
33
34
37"
40
40
40
43
43
43
43
54
1
1
2
2
6
8
9
9
9
11
12
13
13'
14
15
15
16
16
17
19
22
30
,1 ป
"_!,,
.
i cat
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.
2
2
2:
2
2
i v.f- --:
' mjm: -^"'
s pol E
ps
ps
pit)
ps
pis
ps
ps
ps
pa
psi
pa
ps
ps
' ps
ps
ps
ps
pa
pa
ps
ps
ps
pa
ps
ps :
PH
PH
PH
PH
PR
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
; PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
!.'- -.^ _. " i
,'J, , - -r"
, ;i: j
s-ton/d
. .17
.01
.00
-.00'
,02
' .05
; .01,
i -^
M
.05
.04
' .02
; .04
.04
; .07
: .01
'.03
.00
.00
.03
.03
.00
.00
; .01
'".00
\ .00
.01
.10
,26
.00
.40
,01
.13
.25
,36
l ,00
.00
.' .01
, -M
.02
; .si
, .01
.15
.12
.00
.04
' .18
"." " ~^.~. ^ --" " f
j " " __^^- "^sL
ig/1000ซ 3
oil
88.46
2.7.1
1.62
1.43
9.04
25.21
3.80
5.42
2.313
, 25.21
20.93
9.04
20.93
20.93
38.52
2.85 .
14.27
.38
1.90
14.74
16.98
.57
1.71
2.85
1.43
.26
.74
6.22
16.27
.21
25.34
.74
8.28
-15.58
22.83
.21
.29
.68
.91
1.13
51.03 .
.34
9.36
7.53
.02 '
2.57
11,59
x. --
,- 'L -:',_,
I tot
26,
.
.
2.
7.
1.
1.
.
7.
6.
2.
6.
6.
11.
1 .
4.
.
.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
-
3.
8.
.
'"-13.
.
4.
8.
11.
'
*
26.
' - 4.
3.
.
1.
5.
T - V* -Vi
, i^h ,- j
al
54
81
49
43
71
56 ,
14
63
71
56
28
71" "'"-"
28
28
56
86
28
11
57
42 "
09
17
51
86
43
JTIr
13 ^ '
38
19
35
11 "
01
38
25
00
72
il
15
35
47
58
23
18 '
81
87
01
32
95
C-ll
-------
TABLE C-2. Continued
T%
... . ... -, -
project ]
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
.Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek ishsle Oil
cottonseed
cottonseed ..
cottonseed ,'
cottonseed
cottonseed -;
cottonseed
cottonseed . ..
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonwool!.
cottonseed
cottonseed. !
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed ' " :
cottonseed ;
cott'onsood
cottonseed !
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed ;
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ,
Paraho-Ote '
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute '
Paraho-Ute \[
Parahe-Ute ;
-..- . =..,- -;---
IS
'. V '
general process
iining-above
coffib-retort
coab-retort
cosb-utility
coipb-retert
coEb-retort
cosh-retort
Bining-above
sining-above
aining-beles
aining-bflow
lining-belos
sining-belos
si ning-above
aining-abovE
raining-above
Mning-above
siningtabove
iiti ning-above
'aining-above
งi ning-above
si ning-above
aining-abeve
' fining-above
fiii ning-above
aining-above
ining-above
isining-abcve
si fling-above
'ai Ring-above
fflining-above
tinihg-above
aining-above
fflining-above
cos-retort
coib-upgrade
coab-upgrade
aining-beles
fflining-beloB
isining-beles
iining-beloป
sining-belos
fflining-faeloB
sining-above
si ning-above
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
specific process
spent shale
retort gas
TE8 Concentrator
steaa superheat
char combustion
char cosbustion
char coibustion
vehicles
coal
aining
transfer
ras shale
vehicles-cosbustie
ras shale
ras shale
ran shale
ras shale
ras shale.
ras shale
Vis shale
ras shale
ras shale
ras shale
ras shale
fines
fines
fines
fines ' '".
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale-fines
spent shale-fines
spent shale
spent shale
shale fluid bed co
fugitive
fugitive
iiining
blasting
conveying
crushing/screening
crushing/screening
isobile equipment
surface soils
ras shale
additional" desc
haul
0 '. '
0
0
feed binsfsourc
coal grinding
0 " .
0
0
0
transfer points
prisary crushin
0
crusher -luap br
screening
surge bin
storage-load in
storage-reclaifi
stpr.ageUiveJsi
MerageCdeadlsi
retort feed bin
retort feed si!
retort feed. con
retort discharg
FBC discharge b
cenveyor-transf
FBC feed bin .'"
storage silo
conveyor
disposalUoad i
loading/duiaping
storage bin
disposal-sind
disposal -grooii
0
paved roads
unpaved roads
0
0
0
priaary
secondary
0
sind
tertiary crush/
'.'"": '. " " ' "F A"" J
catl cate pel ir-ton/d
32
37
37
37
40
40
40
53
54
1 .
5
6
8
13
13
15
18
18
18
21
'23
23-
24
25
26
26
27
27
30
33
33
34
35
36
40
53
53
1
2
4
6
7 ,
8
12
14
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
1
i
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
: 2
2 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 ,
2
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
,Pซ .02
pit
PH .00
Pfi .14
PH
PH ! .09
PH 10.24
PH .17
Pfi .01
-./
pa .11
pa .05
ps , .03
ps .06
pa .02
pis .03
ps .02
pro .00
pa ~' .00
psi i.03
pa ; .01
pa ,' .00
ps '.00
pa .00
pa ! .00
pa i .01
ps , :'.ot
P!B .01
pi : '.0!
pa
pffl , ,
pffl
ps . i .01
pa .03
ps .33
pa ; .04
pii ' .01
pi .06
pa .04
pis .17
pi .03
pa ; .08
pa .08
pa .02
Pffi ;.07
pa" '.24
. . - ' .
._ . ^^
kg/1000ซ3'
oil
i.
.
8.
5.
643.
10.
,
21.
9.
5.
11.
4.
5.
3.
*
6.
2,
'
. 1.
1.
1.
.1.
1.
5.
. 66.
8.
37"
23
96
71.
77
50
65!
76 :
61
26
42
8.1
60
23
30
60
8?
77
7f
79
T]
79
09
09
09
09
12
01
53
20
2.18
11."
5.
25.
5.
12.
12,
3.
10,
36.
M
7!
4i3
10
16
16
06
19
355
I total
.
i.
97.
5,
..
12.
5.
3.
6.
2,
3,
1.
"
3.
1.
*
- *
2.
38.
.
.1.
6.
70
03
36
37
74
39
VlT
35
: |it
f --i .
50
52
02
56
76
22-,"
85"
1.7
34,
96
59
46
46
46
46 '
63 '
63
63
63
64
87.
23
-9 i -
71
25
46
i R
1.70
7.
1.
3.
3.
1.
2.
10.
dU
50
60
60
00
40
50
C-12
-------
CABLE. C-2., Continued
_
project
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute , .
Paraho-Ute '
Paraho-Uie
Paraho-Ute ';."..
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute '
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
"Paraho-Ute --.
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute :
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Parahc-Ute ;
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana ,
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana , ,
syntana ;. .-.. ..'
syntana
syntana ', ., . v '.
syntana ;
syntana
syntana ,
syntana .
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana ;
syiitana
syntana i %
syntana
syntana
svntana
_^ :
,-
general process
tining-above ground
. tining-above ground
sining-above ground
. aining-above ground
Biining-above ground
sining-above ground
fflining-above ground
raining-above ground
siining-above ground
. sining-above ground
si rung-above ground
mining-above ground
sining-above ground
sining-above ground
sining-above ground
fflining-above ground
sining-above ground
upgrade
coab-retort
upgrading
upgrading
Bining-beloB
Eining-beloB
aining-belovf
sining-above
sining-above
' 'Sining-above
fflining-above.
fflining-above
fflining-above
sining-above
(sining-above
si Ring-above
sining-above
iining-above
siining-above
utility
retort ; __.
retort
retort
, retort
retort
upgrade
, upgrade
. iainino-above
_- *.-
specific process"
raw shale
raป shale
rm shale
ras shale
rass shale
rm shale
raa shale
fines
fines
ras shale
fines
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent -shale
spent" '.shale
spent shale
package boiler
poser generation
hydrotreater feed
refofaer furnace
sining
blasting
vehicles
ras shale
raw shale
ras shale
raw shale
raB shale
ras shale
fines transfer
fines
fines . '_
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
steaa
FSB . .
retort indirect he
F6B
Tosco ball heater
Tosco ffioisturizer
FBB
FSB
fugative
UK- .... -,- '-.; ';_ .-ซ
^' ' ?r^'
additional desc cat!
trans, fr. live 15
convey/transfer 15
sasple & seigh 15
screening/trans 15
live storage 18
emergency stora 21
retort feed 24
conveyor-transf 26
to bin 26
fines transfer/ 26
storage 26
conveying 30
to bin ,' 30
convey ing-A 30
retort overflow 31
retort discharg Si-
storage ; 34
0 37
0" 37
0 43
0 ' 43
o i
0 2
0 8
prisary crushin 13
secondary crush 13
storage 18
storage-Mind 22
retort feed-tos 24
conveyor feed 24
0 26
storage-Hind 27
maintenance 29
storage-load-tr 34
storage-Bind 35
storage-sainten 36
0 37
steaffl boiler 37
0 39
superior heater 40
0 : ' '" . .40"
0 42
hydrotreater 43
hydrogen refers 43
truck traffic 53
. -r *-">' --.- f-
,i/f J,,'.
cate pol is
2 ps
2 ps
2 po
2 pa
2 'pa.
2 ps
2 ps
2 ps
2 ps '
.-' 2 ps
2 ps
2 ps
2 ps
2 ps
2 ' ps
2 pa
2 pst
3 PH
3 PR
4 BE
4 PH
;
i ps
i ps
1 pa
2 ps
2 ps
2 . ps
2 ps
2 pcs
2 ps
2 ps:.
2 pa
2 ps
2 pa
2 pa
2 ps
3 ps
3 ps
3 ps
3 ps
3 pa
3 ps
4 pis
4 ps
4 pe
!*' '!' " "
inr. /j
-ton; a
.01
.05
'.10
: .16
.00
, .11
; .04
; .01
.01
; .01
.11
; .01
.02
.03
.04
.23
; .22
[ .00
i .35
..: .01
; .is
.13
.18
.14
.01
.29
.03
.04
.00
: .00
.01
.02
.05
' .02
.16
.24
: .05
.03
''.34
.06
.00
',.06'
.28
s. :\- .-.;.., \J:.
-,.. /
'' -, '; - * *~T"
kg/1000ii3!
oil ^
1.77
7.34
14.27
24.60
.14
16.10
5.38
.82
1.14
1.79
16.50
1.30
2.213.
4.24
5.38,.
34.24.
33.50
.33
51.70
.82 '
19.57
13.91
19.32
15.31
1.42
32.14
3.47
4.77
.18
.35
.85
2.64
5.87
'" 1.89
17.62
26.33
5.89
3.48
37.73
6.13
.53
6.61
30.44
-~; '^-ฃL- : ' *.
i
y fnfaj
ft {.ULCl
.50'
2.20
4.20
7.10
.04
4.70
1,60
.40 '.'
.40
.50
3.80
.37
.70
i.30
1.60
10.00
7.90
.09
15.00
.30
5.70
___ i-
5.87
8.16
6.46
.60
13.57
1.47
2.01 "
.07
.15
-r I
.06
1.12
2.48
.80
7.44
11.12
2.49
1.47
15.93
2.59
.22
2.79
12.85
?:*.
C-13,
-------
TABLE C-2. Continued
" -
project
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Shite
White
Shite
Shite
Shite
Shite
Shite
Shite
Shite
White
Shite
White
Shite
Shite
Shite
White
Shite
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
Ri ver
River.
River
River
River
River
i
v'
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
iShale
Shale
iBhale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
. /
"
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
, ^ ^^_-., ,_
ซ4 ..--., -. -, - ,<- J r ,.
general process specific process
siining-beloB
sining-beioB
fflining-belos
sining-belog
siriing-beloH
aining-beloB
isining-beloH
"aining-ab'ove
fflini rig-above
mining-above
isining-afaove
irdning-above
Bining-above
mining-above
aining-above
sining-above
Bining-above
sin ing-above
ffiining-above
aining-above
Biining-above
aining-above
Biining-afaove
.utility
retort
retort
aining-above
sining-above
Bining-above
Bining-above
lining-belos
ainihg-belo*
aining-belos
aining-beloB
aining-above
ai'ning-abDve-
sining-above
ffiining-above
nifiing-above
sining-above
isining-above
aining-above
Bining-above
sining-above
aining-above
liiining-above
sin ing-above
drilling
blasting
reoovai
. conveying
. rm shale crushing
crushing
,raป shale removal/
ras shale
r as shale
ras shale
raw shale
.. raป shale storage
storage silos
.." rass shale storage
. ras shale storage
retort pad
; spent shale convey
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale dispos
spent shale-storag
spent shale
steat -'.-
sponge oil strippe.
gas recycle heater
vehicles/engines
vehicles/engines
vehicles/engines
fugative dust
fining
crushing.
crushing
vehicles
conveyor surge bin
retort feed silos
ras shale stockpil
conveyor feed-unib
conveyor feed-supe
fines reclaim conv
fines-storage
fines
spent shale discha
spent shale convey
spent shale dispos
spent shale dispos
spent shale dispos
additional desc
0 ,
0
0
priiary
priaary.
engines/vehicle
topsoil hauling
crushing/second
crushing/tertia
conveying/trans
load out
o -
load in
Bind erosion
gind errosion
0
stacking
hauling
truck dusping
0
Bind errosion
grooaing/cospac
0
0
0
light duty
road taint/acce
diesel
0 "" * '." ' '
0
prisary
secondary
0
0
three
load/groosMnd
0
transfer
0
reclait/sind/tr
storage/conveyo
un/tos/sup
0
load in
wind erosion
groosing
"catl
1
'2
3
4
6
8
ii
13
14
15
"18"
18
18
19
19
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
53
53
53 "
54
1
6
7
8
$5
18
18
24
24
26
27
27
30
30
34
35
36
cate po! t-ton/d * . .
1
1
1
i
i
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2^ '.
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
i
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2'
2
2
2 :
2
2
2
2
2
pss .00 "
PH .01
pa .03
PH ' .17
PH ' .07
PH . ; .63
ps ,JO
pa .01
PH '.12
PH .41
PH ' ,01
P'H : .00
PH. ,'.01
PH .0!
PH ;.00
pa ' : .01
pa .08
pst ' .02
ps : .05
pa .03
Pfl
pa . .01
ps .03
ps ; .09
ps '.01 '
PH ^.10
pis \ .04
pa t .05
"pa ' !.15
PH " !,36
; f
,'pa .26
pi .14
ps ; .04
ps .27
pa .01
pa .05
ps : .12
pB .01
pa .05
ps .00
pa ,07
ps .14
.pa .01
pa ' .05
pa .02
pi .05
pa . 36
.34
.50
2.31
11.5?
4.63
43.78
7.15
'.49
8.61
28.7!
'.59
.06
.50
.77
.19
.36
5.55
- 1.54
3.16
1.98
.57
1.93
6.09
. .61
7.31
2.64
3.5-!
10.62
'24.95
15.31
8.4(;
2.63
15,85
.86
2.69
6.93
.51
2.6(?
.17
4.4J
8.54
.37
3.22
1.07
2.7?
21.60
'-% total
.19
.28
1.28
6.40
2.56
24.18
3.95
.27
4,76
15.85
, i'32 ' ' ' -
.04
.27
.43
.10
.20
3.07
.85
1.75
1.09
.32
1.07
3.36
' .34
4.03
1.46
1.96
5.86
13.78'
7J7
3.98
1.23
7.42.
.40
1,26
3.25 .
.24
1.26 : .
.08
2.06
4.00
.17
1.51
.50
1.31
10.12
c-14/:
-------
ABLE C-2. Continued
steals ~0
Tosco ball heater 0
recycle gas heater union
elutriator 0
37
40
40
41
Tosco elutriators and loisturizer 41
processed shale BO 0 42
reforier furnace 0 43
3
3
3
3
3
pa
ps
pro
.72
.44
.19
.05
.13
.41
42.515
26.06
11.28
3.0?
7,7!?
24.513
project general process ' specific p'rocess additional desc call cate pol a-ton/d oij , X total
White River Shale Project utility
Shite River Shale Project retort
Hhite River Shale Project retort
White River Shale Project retort
White River Shale Project retort
Shite River Shale Project retort
Shite River Shale Project upgrade :
19.93
12.21
5.29
1.45
3.65
11.50
M" i- -
!-.' IT
C-15
-------
GASEOUS EMISSION?
Project
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
.. Clear Creek'iShale
.Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana :
_ i
Union
Union
Union-.
Utah-cottonttood
Btah-cottonsciod
Shite -River iihale
White River. Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale-
Clear Creek Shale
Union
Union
Union :
Catherdral Bluffs
-. Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Oil
Oil
Oil
-Oil
Projec
Projec
Oil
Oil
Oil '
Oil
Oil
general process
sining-beloซ ,
Bining-above
sining-belos
sining-belDB
sining-beloB
iining-beloB ground
tining-belos ground
sining-beloB
siining-belos ~
eining-belQB
sining-beloH
inining-beloe
sining-beloe
tining-belcs ground
sining-belos ground
sining-beloH
mining-above
mining-above
Bining-above
sining-above
mi ning-above . "
Bining-above
Bining-above
utility.
retort
retort
retort
utility
,,::,';*. '-,;-^< ,-,",,/-:--
specific process additional
sine shaft vents
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening 'primary
vent ,
blasting
Bobile epipaent
blasting
blasting
vehicles . '- -' '
drilling
blasting
rm shale ressval /seal engines/ve
blasting
vehicles-coibustion eq
blasting
vehicles
top soil resjoval
top soil load
ras shale haul
spent shale haul
raw shale topsoil ha
spent shale hauling
spent shale grociing/c
steaa boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle, gas heater
steaB superheat
poliu ii-tdn/d "
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
co :
CO
co
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
.30
.30
.05
.36
.72
1.23
.52
.67
.41
- '.41
.57
j
.00
i.14
.55
>
.40
.24
.87
1,10
,*
'.03
.00
.03
.06
.01
.05
.01
.05
.00
.01
.05
";'"-'/ .10
.^
-
j
i a ~ ~
cat cat ^^fV total
8
2
2
6
8
2
2
8
1
2
8
2
8 ."
2
8
9
10
16
32
11.
32
36
37
38
40
40
i
1
1
1
1
.1
1
i
i"
i
i
i
i
I
i
i
i
'.i
2
.2
2
2
i
2
3.
3
3 .
3
158.
158.
' 2.
22.
45.
77.
37
37
97
66
03
62
77.39
99.67
45.
45.
62.
79.
38.
80.
46.
51.
65.
1.
2.
3.
3.
23.
3.
25.
52.
76
76 '
58
09
71
75
33
97
158
57
83'
17 '
11
94
43
77'
50
78
18
33
21
30
-63^86 ' .
63.'86
.03
.20
,40
-69
\ ' f i
29.81
38.39"
24
24
26
7
31
18
24
30
9
1
21
-*1 i
.88
.88
.02
.09
.82
.51 '
.;42
.37 ,
.'89
.. ฃ-- '
J02
.00
..02
.03
^ f*- -g^
.09
.76;
,10
|i , _-- .
.59
.07
.34 .
.17
; r
TABLE C-3. Continued
/ C-16 ,'
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued,
Project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
ParahQ-Ute ' . '
ParahD-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union , . . . .
Union
Utah-cottonaood
Shite River Shale Projec
Shite River Shale Projec
Shite River Shale Projec
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creel: Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana i
Union j
Union
Union
general process
retort
retort
upgrade
retort
retort
retort
retort
utility
coffib. -retort
retort
retort
utility
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
retort
si ni no-above
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade ,
-
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
specific process
char cosbustion
char cosbuEtion
package boiler
poser generation :
F6D
FGD
Tosco ball heater & li
steaa
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fluid bed cosbustor
steas
Tosco ball heater & li
recycle gas heater
incinerator
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforser
TE8 Concentrator
vehicles
hydrotreater feed furn
refprBer furnace
F8D
FBD
hydrogen
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
- : . .... -
additional
coal grind
- -
steal boil
superior h
: - ---
union b
road saint
hydrotreat
hydrogen r
furnace
.' = ' ' tr= -,=
reboiler
purge heat
charge hea
pollu
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
.CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
Co :
C8 .
CO
CO
CO
s-ton/d
176.04
,05
.01
.39
i
.15
'.09
.05
2.66
.03
.33
.48
~\
~ .44
.15
.32
.00
.00
.01
.01
.05
.00
.01
,01
.15
*,
.01
,11
. .23
=-.
.01'
* '.00
"-.02
cat
40
40
37
n
37
40
40
37
40
40
!37
37
:40
40
43
43
43
:43
:43
1
43:
53
' 43
43
:43
:43
43
43
43
;43
J . 1-V
cat
3'
3
3;
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.3
4
4
4
4
4
'4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
.4"
4
-.* -, -,- .-,, .3
Tg/1000t3
: oil
ii07i;92
2.97
.83
58.57
16.14
.9.51
5.17
185.67 ^
2.44
23.13
95.57
26.33
8.97
18.80
.67
.90
2.85
4.66
28.06
,11
.70
.98
22.18
1.53
17.87
25.33
.38
.32
1.65
.1 . . - ซr :
-| .;_!- - r^-' t ;-
.1 total
b-~-
' 98,26
.05
_jซ_vj r
1 fc
s=i.-
.32
22:56
n_p -
8J8
5.17
2,81
e
~ 37.49
'.49
4.67
; Jt";
37,49
! fr-.
i2;so
4.25
8.90
____! ^-^1,
,_
,36
1.15:
1.88
11,31 ' . >
s .
l=~
,00
.01
f..
,,. ซ.-.. j
.38
8i54
; t-
,83
9.72
13.78
A
L ^" '
.08
.06
.33
C-17
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued .. -.''.'. .
;==.*=-
Project
Union
Union
Union ...
Union ' -
Union
Utah-cottormsod
Utah-cottonsood
White River Shale
Catherdrai Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Utah-cottonseed
Shite River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Union
Union
Union
~t . :,-- - :..:,. ... .,'. - , . .- -
' general process specific process
upgrade
"'.' upgrade
" : upgrade
upgrade
fflining-above
upgrade ,
upgrade
Projec upgrade
sining-beloB
Oil iining-belos
Oi.l sining-beioB
sining-belos
Bining-beloB
sining-belos
tining-beloe
sining-belos
flining-beiow
Projec sining-belos
Oil sining-abeve
Oil sin ing-above
Oil laining-above
fflining-above
aining-above
sining-above
uni cracker
" steasi boiler
. steai boiler . . .
reforier furnace
'vehicles/engines
fugitive
fugitive
reforier furnace
Bine shaft vents
crushing/screening
vent
ground Eobile equipment
vehicles
drilling
blasting
raw shale resoval/scal
ground vehicles-cosbustion eq
vehicles
top soil
raw shale haul
spent shale haul
rav* shale
spent shale
spent shale
additional pol
charge hea CO
no air pre CO
"sith air p CO
"'" ' " CO
-'CO.
on site ve CO
on site ve CO
CO
HC
priaary HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
engines/ve HC
HC
HC
retoval HC
HC
HC
topsoil ha HC
hauling HC
grooiing/c HC
?" '- -, " '" *- '
iu s-ton/d
..03
.51
.51
.26
.97
_-
.03
.13
-i
'".69
.08
'"?'
.11
.17
--
.21
"
.18
.00
.18
ฐ
.07
.34
^
.01
.01
.01
>
.00
.02
.00
cat
4J
43
43
43
JL
53
53
43
8
8
8
8
1
2
8
8
8
9
16
32
11
32
36
,
cat
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
'l
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
_^ -T -^ '
"T ; -i . > ".. ." f , i. ' -h' . "L> / ' '
^ฐ'3,X total
*** " L,,,.,,,
2.09
35.38
35.38
18.0,1
67.!J7
6.135
25.21
40.62
39.47
7.19
10.96
30.98
19.42
.03
. 1-2.87
14.51
, 20.31
.57
.68
.51
.14
- 1.24
.16
.42
7.14
7.14
13. 6J " '
2.69
9.89
19v23
i Sv
42.09
: &*"
3.08
4.70
t-
63.26
1 M
13.10
- i If
,01
5J14
13.36
1 jv"1 "1
9.38
.24
.29
.22
K:-i,
,06
.,49
.06
*'-
Catherdrai Bluffs
utility
steas boilers
HC
.08 37 3 42.80 45.64
C-18
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
Project
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
i
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union i
, .
Utah -cot tonaood
Mhite River Shale
Hhite River Shale
Khite River Shale
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Eluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ,- :
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ;
Paraho-Ute !
Paraho-Ute
fi
. ' general process
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
retort
retort
retort
retort
utility
coab. -retort
. retort
retort
Projec utility
Projec retort
Projec retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upqrade
Oil upgrade
Oil upgrade
Oil iining-above
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
specific process
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle qas heater
package boiler*
poser qeneration
F6D
. FSB ;
Tosco ball heater & li
V ' i'
steals ' .
sponge oil stripper
oas recycle heater
fluid bed cosbustor
steas
Tosco ball heater 4-li
recycle gas heater
H2 Recycle Heater
incinerator
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforser
storage
fugative
storage
vehicles
hydrotreater feed furn
reforaer furnace
storage
storage (day)
storage
storage
storage ,
additional poll
HC
HC
HC
! ' HC
HC
steai boil HC
superior h HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
union HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
road iaint HC
HC
HC
crude shal HC
crude shal HC
hydrotreat HC
fuel oil HC
diesel 4 g HC
u s-ton/d
.00
.01
f
v .00
.07
.03
.02
.51
- >
.05
.00
.06
'* i
.02
.32
.83
.06
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
3.26
.13
.01
4 -='
.00
.03
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
Udl
38
,40
40
37
37
37
40
40
,
37
40
40
,
37
37
:40
40
43
43
43
-43
,33
43
44
46
53
43
43
46
46
47
48
;49
cat
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4"
4
4
4
4
4
f
4
4
4
kTiooo^
oil ?
.57
4.52
.16
10.26
2.83
1.79
55.87
3.80
.30
4.26
3.08
'19.13
49.00
3.81
.14
.14
.57
.81
4.76
204.89
7.99
.57
.16
3.91
.82
1.22
1.05
.04
.37
-:- "I' 1 ~ T-TT---'
r I1 ,-
total
.61
4^82
i ฃ'-
20.95
: |l;
1.91
1.21
37.67
f*-
1.52
.12
L70
i jg*
ifc ''''"'
S-:
8.83
22^62
1.76
: p= -"
.15
.15
.61 . '
.86
5.07
K
87.80
3.42
.24
: ฃ;:
.33
7.99
1.66
2.48
2.15
.08
.75
C-19
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
Project
syntana :
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union : ;
Union '',.
Union
Union :
Union
Union
Union
Union ;
Union !;
Union, '*"'
Union
Union
Utah-cottonHood
Utah-cottonHDod
Utah-cottonseed
Unite River Shale
White River Shale
, White River Shale
Shite River Shale
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek .Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute !
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
f. ,
general process
r , upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
, upgrade
.--"upgrade.
' ' " upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
; upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade ,
isining-above
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Projec upgrade
Projec upgrade
Projec upgrade
Projec upgrade
aining-beloH
Oil sining-above
Oil ffiining-belos
Oil oining-beloB
Oil sining-beloB
iiining-belos ground
sining-beloB ground
Mning-beloB
fflining-belos
specific process
F8D
F6D
hydrogen
oil storage tanks
fugitive enissions
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steas boiler
steas boiler
reforaer furnace
"storage tanks " ""
oil storage
Miscellaneous
vehicles/engines
f ugative
product storage
fuel oil storage tanks
fugitive
reforaer furnace
crude storage
crude shale oil storag
sine shaft vents
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
vent
blasting
uobile equipaent
blasting
vehicles
additional pollu
hydrotreat HC
hydrogen r HC
furnace HC
HC
HC
reboiler HC
purge heat HC
charge hea HC
charge hea HC
no air pre HC
with air p HC
HC
; " HC
HC ''
table 4-7? HC
HC
HC
ซC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
. ffls
HOx
NO?,
priiary N0>:
HOx
NOs"
HOs
80s
ffl-ton/d
.00
.03
.04
.03
.52
. ,/
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.05
1.10
.02
.84
.11
1,10
.11
.34
.14
1.02
.46
.48
.91
,.'
.02
.03
.75
1.30
3.17
/
.23
2.70
cat
43
,43
:43
146
54
43
43
43
43
143
43
43
46
146
46
53
54.
'46
48
54
43
44
46
46
8
2
2
6
8
2
8
2
8
cat",
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 .
4
4 .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'I
kg7lOOOซ 3
oil
.29
3.20
4.71
3.12
57.07
.06
M
.32
.38
.70
.70
3.36
77.08
1.46,
58.85
7.36
77.08
22/49
68.55
8.22
60.17
27.29
28.69
475.12
1.43
1.71
47.03
81.61
473.97
25.03
297.37
p"
I total
.20
2,16
3.17
2.11
38.48
: f?.?:~*.
.03
.03
,13
.15
.28
^28
1.34
30,81
.58
23.52
30.81
Jft,
20JO
63.11
1 t
3.79
27.78
12.60
13.24
15.00
*,:-,;
.02
.03
.82
1.42
f. -.-
27.44
! f-
'2.17
25.79
! I"
C-20
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
-Jt =-
Project
Union
Union
Union
Utah-cottonsood
Utan-cottonHood
Mhite River Shale Projec
Wnte PJฅDr Shale Projec
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union
Union i .
Union
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana !.
syritana
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union ,
'" r-- : '- - - --
f-
fc
general process
sining-below
sining-beioB
raining-beloB
sining-beloB ground
Biining-beloB ground
iining-beloB
Binino-faeloB
aining-above
sin ing-above
(sining-above
sining-above
aining-above
flining-above
mining-above
iining-above
utility
retort
retort
retort
utility
retort
retort
upgrade
retort .
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
utility
cosb. -retort
.- . , -- - ,--....-.-...
'; -
* . . . ---, *- -- , -
specific process additional
drilling
blasting
ras shale reaoval/scal engines/ve
blasting
vehicles-coBbustion eq
blasting
vehicles
top soil retoval
top soil . load
top soil lead
rm shale haul
spent shale haul
ras shale topsoii ha
spent shale hauling
"spent shale 'groosing/c
steaB boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
steas superheat
char cosibustion
char cosbustion coal grind
package boiler
poser generation
FBB steas boil
steal
retort indirect heater
FSD superior h
Tosco ball heater & H
steai
sponge oil stripper
_ ^
poil
NOx
NQK
fids
NOs
KOs
ซfln
ffis
NQx
NOx
SOs
ซ0s
NOs
NOs
NOx
NOs
N0>:
NOs
NOs
NOx
NOs
NOs
NOs
NOs
NOs
NOK
WOs
NOs
NOs
NOs
NOs
NOx
= 1- -, ~. ' ' --5*
u a-ton/d
.01
.29
2.97
/
,22
1.12
.47
5.24
,'
.20
.00
.01
.19
.14
.03
.31
.05
-,-
LS9
.00
.09
.70
'-S
1.87
86.90
.15
.02
6.25
i.71
.99
.57
f
3.54
.42
1 .
cat
'1
2
8
2
8
2
8
9
10
10
16
:32
11
32
:36
37
38
:40
40
,37
40
40
37
37
37
,37
,39
40
140
37
:40
. cuL
1
1
1
i
!
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
r. *,1 -
m
, ,,L -, .,
kg7lOOOt 3
oil
, .42
20.23
207.74
43.88
223.05
27.94 .
330.42
12.44
.06
.74
11.99
8.73
2.31
21.46
3.42
989.24
2.62
48.04
\369.06
117.57
5465.19
9.53
3.74
936.25
188.84
108.80
62.58
247.31
29.22
i ft
. - *.
V 1_1 n?
/. total
.04
1.70
17.48
: ' fc^.
li.02
5J9
: ft-
f-i.t
2,63
25f2S t.
rr*
^22
.00
.01
.21
.15
I
.19
1.81 .
.29
: F.
31.24
.08
1.52
11,65
r w-
2.04
94.85
.17
.22
54.21
f-
16.38
9,44
. 5;43
1*'
20.81
2.46
C-21
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
;
Project
Utah cottonwood
White River Shale Projec
, Shite River 'Shale Projec
Hhite River Shale Projec
yttite River Shale Projec
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
.Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale Oil
TJoar frpofc Rh^lp fit 1
Paraho-Ute >
syntana
syntana h
cyntana '
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union '>'
Union
Shite River Shale Projec
Catherdral SlUffs
general process
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
retort
si ni hg~aboฅe
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upgrade *
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
sining-above
upgrade
upgrade
raining-feeloB
/- . . . . -_ :
...-.- ...
; specific process additional poilt
gas recycle heater NOx
fluid bed coabustor NQx
steas NOs
gas treatsent plant NOx
Tosco ball heater & li NOx
recycle gas heater union NOx
incinerator NOx
H2 Recycle Heater NOx
H2 Charge Heater NOs
oil charge heater NOx
ref orser NOx
TES Concentrator NOx
vehicles road saint NOx
hydrotreater feed furn ' ' NQX
reformer furnace NOX
FSD hydrotreat SOx
FGB 'hydrogen r SOx
hydrogen furnace NOx
' fractionater reboiler NQx
dearseniter purge heat SOx
: ' dearseniter " charge hea N8x
unicracker charge hea NOx
steas boiler no air pre NQx
steat boiler " ปith air p NOx
reforaer furnace NOx ,
vehicles/engines NOx
fugitive on site ve NOx
reformer furnace , NOx
--.:-:,
sine shaft vents SOx
4.14
20.12
^
4.77
.07
1.02
2.01
1
.02
.02
.07
.12
2.21
.00
.05
.09
2.00
X
.16
1.90
2.20
, .,-. ''-
.05
, .04
.20
.26
.56
.67
3.22
.25 .
f ^
.06
J
4.32
-i
.06
'"'-,
cat
40
37
39
40
40
43
43
43
.43
43
43
53
43
43
43
43
43
f
43
43
143
43
'43
43
53
43
$
caf
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 .
4
4
4
4
4 .
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
i
kg/10(
01
289.
4020.
282.
4.
60.
119.
9.
12.
39.
62.
1159.
3.
13.
300.
17.
210.
242.
3.
2.
14.
18.
39.
47.
225.
17.
11.
255.
29.
)0ซ-
1!
16
34
59
14
17
27
04'
84
00
78
03
29
42
18
03
77
16
30
30
79
14
07
25
05
12
69
,24
;73
,96
- - -;
5rJ
24.
"93;
26.
5.
11.
1,
1.
36.
It
17.
i
1,
18.
21.
1,
1.
3,
; 3.
18,
1,
24.
4",
ri
_t '
al
33
If--- -'-
53 *_!'"'
f.
65
39
68
25
1;
29
41
23
98
60
00
06
fe ,..,
76
37
&-**
54
23 -:
02
fe;
28 '
23
19
52
30
96
:94
49
^""JL "" "
,26
iฐ" 'l-L'
12 ; "
Y**
,19
*-.:;; ,
C-22
-------
TABLE C-3.
Project
Continued
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union ;
.Union
Union
Utah-cottonsood
Shite River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek I3hale
Union
Union
Union
Union
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute '"
Oil
Oil
Projec
Oil-"
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
r
general proa
aining-beloB
aining-feeloii
sining-beloH
aining-beloH
aining-beloH
fflining-beioB
iining-belos
sining-belos
aining-beloB
tining-above
sin ing-above
Bining-above
pin ing-above
iining-above
sining-above
ffiining
tining-above
utility
retort
retort
retort
utility
retort
retort
upgrade
retort
.,..::;;:,;.
SEE specific process additional
crushing/screening prisary
vent ".
ground sobile equipsent
vehicles
drilling
blasting
rasi shale reioval/scal engines/ve
ground vehicles-cosbustion eq
vehicles
top soil resoval
top soil load.
rm shale haul
spent shsle haul
rm shale topsail ha
spent shale hauling
dusping shale
spent shale grooaing/c
steasi boilers
flares
sponge oil reboiler :
recycle gas heater
steaa superheater -sour
char cosbustion coal grind
char cosbustion
package boiler
poser generation
.:
-
pollu IB-ton /d
SOx
SQx
SQx
SQx
SOx
Sflx
SQx
SOx
SQx
SQx
SOx
SQx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SQx
SQx
SQx
SOx
SQx
SOx
SQx
SOx
SQx
SQx
SOx
,07
. 12
*
,23
-- -?
.20
- *
.00
.03
.19
.08
,38
,01
, . .00
.01
.01
'- y
.0*0
.02
.04
. ' ,00
.28
.02
.04
,30
- ฅ
.49
.05
8.06
/
,05
3.97
j
K
\< '''.= <
cat cat
6
8
1
8
8
(
1
2
8
8
8
9
10
16
32
11
32
33
"36
[
37
38
40
40
'
37
40
40
37
37
'
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
i
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
. - "-
8 oil * l
4.34
7.48
34.31
21.53 ":
.02
2,38
13.00 ".
16.14
22.51
.136
.06
.68
.51
.16
1.31
2.85
.24
147.44
8.09
20.45
156.95
30.82
2.97
506,80
7.07
595.18
1
: -, ;_-. - -'~S
total
.78
l!35
5.
3.
i.
5.
2.
14.
6.
20.
20.
22.
20,
1.
2.
21.
5.
91.
1.
91.
, ^
25
P"
74
"far.
IT"
63
27
07 " "
fr' ..>'
02_____.
J*
18
&-..*
15
01
Of
$?'*
97
26
90
80
f
64
13
86
97
K - ~;
55 " ;
53'
33
|; t
08
11
si''
syntana
retort
FGB
steal boil SOx
.91 37 3
100.13
17.0
C-23 [
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
Project
syntana
syntana ;'
syntana
syntana
syntana
syn ana
Union
Union ;
Union
Utah -cottons sod
Shite River Shale
Hhite River Shale
finite River Shale
Shite River Shale
Shite River Shale
Catherdral Bluffs
Gatherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute "''.
Parahn lit P
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union ;
Union
1
;.
general proces
utility
retort
, .. -. retort' . ,
retort
retort
retort
utility
coib. -retort
retort
retort
Projec utility
Projec retort
Projec retort
Projec retort
Projec retort
, - . . .-.
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Oil retort
Oil isining-above
upgrading
upgrading
imnradp
upgrade
;" upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
mining-above
: - - -- . . . ^.
E specific process
' steaos
claus plant
F6B '' :
retort indirect heater
' F6B
Tosco ball heater & li
steaa ''
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
fluid bed cosibustor
steaa
gas treatment -claus ta
retort li
Tosco ball heater It li
recycle gas heater
- , - /
- - , :. -. ,.;.,..ป ;,v.,:- :.t * .
H2 Recycle Heater ,
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
incinerator
reformer
TE6 Concentrator
vehicles
hydrotreater feed furn
ref orser furnace
: FSB
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steara boiler
steals boi ler
reforaer furnace
vehicles/enqines
"?" ' "- ' 1 .ป
ri- ' - ~ ~
additional pollu
;sos
80s
claus plan 80s
" . . SOs
superior h SOs
SOx
, - ',,;, - -^
' 80s
80s
SOs '
, , , , -
SOs
SO)!
SOs
SOs
SQs
union SQx
.-'..'- ii. t. .
80s
SOs
SOs
SOs
SOs
80s
road saint SQs
' ' 80s
80s ..
hvdrotreat SOs
reboiler SOs
purge teat SOs
charge hea SOs
charge hea SOs
no air pre 80s
Bith air p SOs
80s
80s
, . -.. ,,
s-ton/d
"-- .51
.53
.40
, - i
2.02
.29
3.34
3.91
1.63
.36
.10
.07
:;2.16
, .01
.00
.11
.09
?
.01
.01
- .05
. .06
.11
.11
' -- .15
:'_.'*-:.: .02
;
cat
37
39
39
M
40
40
" 37
40
40
'37
37
39
40
40
40
*-[ '._-
43
43
43
. 43
43
|
^53
bi
43
43
'
43
43
43
4i
43
43
:43
53
i-zsl
3
3
3
J
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-j
d
3
3
,ป -;
' 4
4
4
4'
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
:kg/10^.3
oil
56.27
57.97
44.46
'" 141V16"
20.39
233.74
781.58
96.70
' 21.06
6.18
3.?2
127.86
- ,;. , f . -
5.23
17.60
28.54
126.98 :
173.12
351.47
.11
.29
.40
.03
16.65
9.51
.76
.63
3.36
4.25
7.55
7.55
10.15
1.17
___4____lrv:
V * nf n 1
A tQIfil
9^77
10.06
7.72
r^^B::
23^43
25.33
25.33
i fr ;
97.98
5:- -
60,,93
13.27
3.89
2.47
80.57
-:- '-: [jf'iv - .." -.:;
,73
2.46
3.99
17,78
24.23
49.20
,of
.05
.07
;00 '
2.55
f*
U65 "
27.23
27.23
27.23
27.23
27,23
27.23
27.23
33.56
; f
1 C-24 \l-
-------
TABLE C-3. Continued
Project genera! process specific process additional pollu a-ton/d cat caf 0^{ 3 total
__.. _... ..._,. -~ .ปซ.. ___ ____. _,____-.-. -. -. - ^ซ
Shite River Shale Projec upgrade refoner furnace 80s .14 43 4 8.33 5.25
.:-:.; - . >. .-.: . :, , r,, , , - . , .,. .|4. ' 8.33 5.25
"c-25 f.
-------
TABLE C-4. PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS
project
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
;Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottormood
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute '
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana t
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
ffiute River Shale
White River Shale
Shite River Shale
Shite River Shale
^ Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs .
i
- general process specific process
stininq-belovj sine shaft vents
Oil aining-beloB drilling
Oil fflining-beloB drilling
Oil sin ing -be! OB blasting
Oil iBining-beloM blasting
Oil aining-below pritary crushing
Oil fflinino-below vehicles-vent
itining-beloป ground sining
ffiining-beloB ground transfer
sining-belos ground ra$ shale
sining-belos ground vehicles-coabustio
. - . -
iining-faeioB ground ffiining
(aininq-beles ground blasting
sining-beles ground conveying
' .mining-be! OB ground crushing/screening
aininq-beloB ground crushing/screening
irdriinq-beloB ground labile equipment
sining-teloH sining
oining-beioB . blasting
fiining-beioH vehicles
sininq-beloH drilling
ffiining-beloB blasting
aininq-belos reaoval
fdning-beloB . eonveving
sininq-beleB . raw shale crushing
fflining-beloB crushing
siining-beloB raw shale resovai/
Project fiining-beloH sining
Project aining-belov) ' crushing
Project tinsnq-beioe crushing
Project isinino-belov) vehicles
sining-abcve reclais drashoie
sining-above ras shale
raininq-above rae shale
mining-above raw shale
additional desc
d
inter, saste
0
inter, easte
0
0
0
o ;
transfer points
priaary crushin
0
- ----,--
0 '
0
0
priiary
secondary
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
priiaary
priisary
engines/vehicle
0 .
priaary
secondary
0
0
crushing buildi
screening plant
transfer house
catl
8
1
1
2
2
6
8
i
5
6
8
-
1
2
4
6
7
8
1 ,
2
8 -
i ;
2
3
4
6
6
8
1
6
7
8
9
13
13
15
cat!
1
1
i
1
1
1 '
1
1
1
i
1"
1
1
1
1
1
1 '
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
s pel ซ-ton/d
OS ' 1 /
PH .00
Pซ .01
Pfi .10
PH .26
Pfi .00
PH ' .40
pa .11
ps .05
ps .03
ps ,06
j-
SSi : .04
pa .17
ps .03
ps .08
pa .08
pa : .02
ps .13
pง .1.8
ps . 14
7 r
pss .00
PH .01
pa ; .03
Pfi .17
PH . .07
PH : .63
pa ,10
pa ' .26
pia .14
pi .04
pn .27
'. 1
Pi8 ' ,01
pa .00
ps .00
'ps .02
kg/1000n3
oil
88,46
. 88.46
.26
74
6.22
16.27
.21
25.34
21.76
9.61
5.26
11.42
5.71
25,48
5.10
12.16
12.16
3.06
13.91
19.32
15,31
"" .'.34'
,50
2.31
11.59
4.63
43.78
7.15
15.31
8,49
2.63
15.85
2.71
1.62
1.43
9.04
_ j - ซ
I total
26.54
26.54
.13
,38
3.19
8,35
.11
13.01 -,
t-
12,50
5.52
3.02
6.56
jty.r-J
1.70 ~:
7.30
1.50 .
3.60
3.60
1.00
fe ---.;--
5.87
8.16
6.46
' fl::-.-
.19 '
.28
.28
.40
2.56
24.18 ..
7.17
3.98
1.23
7.42
; ฃ.
.81
.49
,43
2.71
C-26
-------
TABLE C-4. Continued
project
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
.Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear, Creek Shale Oil
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed.
cottonseed . '
cottcnsood
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed
cottonseed .,'
cottonsood
cottonseed :
cottonseed . ....
cottonseed ' ; -
- ~ ' "L. " ,
qeneral process specific process
iining-above ras shale
Eiining-abo ras shale storage
ffiining-abo raw shale storage
fflining-above ras shale
ffiining-abo spent shale
fiining-ahove spent shale
sining-above " spent shale
aining-abo spent shale
ffiining-afaove spent shale
iining-abo . spent shale
iining-abo spent shale storag
ffiining-above surface soils
dning-above surface soils
sining-abeve surface soils ^
ffiining-above surface soils
tsining-above surface soils
Bining-above ras shale
iining-above ras shale
.iining-above ras shale
sining-above ras shale
ffiining-above ras shale
aining-above int waste
fflining-above int saste
sining-above raw shale
iining-above r as shale
iining-above ras shale
fflining-above spent shale
sining-ahove spent shale
-
aining-above ground ras shale
siining-abcve ground ras shale
iining-above ground ras shale
iining-above ground ras shale
sining-above ground ras shale
sining-above ground raw shale
aining-above ground ras shale
fflining-above ground raa shale
aining-above ground ras shale
ffiining-above ground ras shale
mining-above ground ras shale
sining-above ground fines
ffiinirig-above ground fines
ffiining-above ground fines
sining-above ground fines
ffiining-above spent shale
ffiining-above spent shale
ฐ
additional desc cat;
conveyor-stacks 15
5 day 18
5 year 21
conveyor-retort 24
stacker conveyo 30
conveyor 30
transfer house 31
conveyer discha 31
transfer 31
distribution 33
0 34
reaoval-drill 9
reioval 9
resioval-blast 9
haul " 11
Bind 12
crushing 13
crushing-2nd 13
crushing-3rd 14
conveying 15
conveying 15
"duip : 16
haul / 16
duffip 17
sind err esi on 19
sind " 22
conveying 30
haul 32
crusher-lusp br 13
screening 13
surge bin 15
storage-load in 18
storage-reclaiB 18
storage (live) si 18
storagefdeadJsi 21
retort feed" bin 23
retort feed sil 23
retort feed con 24
retort discharg 25
FBC discharge b 26
cenveyor-transf 26
FBC feed bin 2?
storage silo 27
conveyor 30
dispesalXload i 33 ,
..
I ca
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
'.2
2
2
2
2
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
"2
2
*2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
te pol
pi
psi
pa
pffi
pffi
~pa
pa
'-pi
po
pi
pa_
'-
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
Pfi
Pfi
PH
Pfi
Pfi
. PH
PH
Pfi
PH
pi
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
. PBl
ps
:pa
PS
pa
pi
pffi
pa
pi
pi
pa
ffi-ton/d
.05
.01
.01.
: .00
, .05
.04
i .02 '
.04
.04
, .07
M
'
.01
. .13
.25
: .36
.00
1 .00
.01
.01
.02
.81.
.01
; .15 .
.12 "
.00
.04
.18
.02
,* '<
.02
.03
.02
.00
.00
: .03
' .01
:.00'
. .00
. ; .00
; .00
! .01
.01
.01
.01
, -, '.... .ฑ_
7g7lOOO.r
oil
~2^2i^
3.80
" 5.42
2.38
25.21
"'20.93
9.04
20.93
20.93 .
38.52
2.85
.74
.8.28
15.58
22.83
''. .21 .
, .29
.68
.91
1.13
51.08
- .34
. 9.36
7.53
.02
2.57 .".
11.59 "
1.37
4.81
5.60
3.23
.30
.60
6.89
2.77
.79
.79
" .79
..7?
1.09
1.09
'. 1.09
' 1.09,,'
1 M
I total
7.56
1.14
1.63
.71
7.56
6.28
2.71
6.28
6.28 '
11.56
.86
, J:;-
.38 '
4.25
8.00
11.72 '
.11
.15
.35 ""
.47
.58
26.23
.18 '
.4.81
3.87
4i
1.32
; 5.95
.70
*'-'
2.76
3.22
1.85
.17
.34
3.96
^1.59
'."46"
.46
.46
.46
.63
.63
.63
.63 '
C-27
-------
TABLE C-4. Continued
project
cottonseed
cottonseed ,
cottonsood
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute
Parahe-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute , ;
Paraho-Ute , .
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ..
Paraho-Ute ;
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
syntana
" .
syntana '
syntana
syntana .,
syntana '
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union i
Union
Union
Union
__ J . " '- i . ," """ !- " " "'V'K
genef al" process " specific process "
sining-above spent shale-fines
aining-above " spent shale-fines
aining-above spent shale
aining-above spent shale
aining-above ground surface soils ,
aining-above ground rat? shale.
aining-above ground rats shale
aining-above ground ras shale
"sining-above ground raซ shale
aining-above ground ras shale
- aining-abcve ground raw shaie
fflining-above ground ras shale
sining-above ground ras shale.
aining-abeve ground fines ...
sining-above ground fines _
aining-above ground ran shale .
ai Ring-above ground fines
aining-above ground spent shale
aining-above ground spent shale
fflining-above ground spent shale
aining-above ground spent shale
iining-above ground spent shale
fflining-afaove ground spent shale
aining-above Lraซ shale
sining-above ras shale
aining^abeve r as shale
Bining-above ras shale
aining-above ras shale
aining-above ras shale
ฃ fflining-above fines transfer
fflining-above fines
aining-above fines
aining-above spent shale
sining-above spent shale
iining-above spent shale
sining-above raซ shale
aining-afaove ras shale
aining-above ras shale
aining-above ras shaie
raining-above . ras shale storage
sitting-above storage silos
r . iining-above . r as shale storage
fflining-above . ras shale storage
"additional desc cat!
loading/duisping 33
storage bin 34
disposal -wind 35
disposai-grooai 36
Bind : 12
tertiary crush/ 14
trans, ff. live 15
convey/transfer 15
saaple & seigh 15
screening/trans 15
live storage 18
eaergency stora 21
retort feed 24
conveyor-transf 26
;to bin 26
fines transfer/ 26
storage 26
conveying 30
to bin 30
conveying-A 30
retort everfl os 31
retort discharg 31
storage 34
prisary crushin 13
secondary crush 13
storage . 18
storage-Kind 22
r etofC f ee'd-tos 24
conveyor feed 24
0 * 26
storage-Hind 27
aaintenance'" 29
storage-load-tr 34
storage-sind 35
storage-sainten 36
topsoil hauling 11
crushing/second 13
crushing/tertia 14
conveying/trans 15
load out 18
0 '""" $8
load in 18
Bind erosion 19
cat
2
2
2
"2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2"
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2'
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
e pol
pa
PB
pa
pa
pi
pa
pa
pa
pa
pE
pa
pa
ps
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pas
' ps
pn
pa*
.' Pซ
pt
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
pa
*
pa
Pfi
PH
PH
PH
PH
Pfi
PH
s-ton/d
.01
.03
' " ,33
1
.07
' .24
' -01
.05
' ': .10
'.16
.00
.11
' .04
.01
: .01
.01
' .11
.01
.02
; .03
; .04
.23
' .22
.01
,29
,03
' .04
' .00
.00
: .01
; .02
; .05
.02
,16
_ui24_.
.01
.12
.41
! .0$
: .00
i.Ol
.01
;.oo
./.-. 3- ' 1, /
oil '
,.-
1.12
,5.0$
66.55
$0.19
36.35
1.77
7.34
$4.27
24,6"3
.14
$6.10
5.38
.82
: 1.14
1.7?
16.50
1.30
2.28.
4.24
5.3B
34,24
33.50
^ 1.42 '
32.14
3.47
4,77
.18
.35
.85
2,64
5.87
"1.89
17.62
26.33
.49
'8,61
28.7$
.5?
.06
.50
.77
1(?
1 total
.64
2.87
38.23
! #>;
2.40
10.50
.50
2.20
4,20
7.10
.04
4.70
1.6^0
.40
.40
.50
" 3.80
.37
.70-
. i ,
$.30
1.60
10.00
7.90
"" M
$3.57
1.47
2.01
.07
.15
.36
1.12
2.48
.80
7,44
11.12
^ jr
.27
4.76
15.85
.32 .
.04
.27
,43
.10
C-28
-------
TABLE C-4.
project
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Shite River
Shite River
Shite River
White River
White River
White River
Shite River
Shite River
White River
tthite River
Shite River
White River
White River
-i .
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Continued
^.
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
cottonsood
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
.
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shsie
Shale
,'
',
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
t -' ? V V-
gehefal process
fflining-above
iaining-abeve
sining-above
iining-above
raining-above
Bining-above
aininu-above
aining-above
aining-above
mi nine-above
sining-above
iainihg-above
fining-above
mining-above
sining-above
aininq-above
aining-above
iining-above
sining-above
ssining-above
sining-above
coifa-utility
retort ,
cofflb, -retort
ccab. -retort
coab-retort
coab-retort
coffib-utiiity
coffib-retort
ccab-retort
cosib-retort
coffs-retort
upgrade
cosb-retort
utility
retort
retort ... . '
'specific process
retort pad
spent shale convey
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale dispos
spent shale-storag
spent shale
..'". . ":' - _
conveyor surge bin
retort feed silos
raซ shale stockpil
conveyor feed-unio
conveyor f eed-supe
fines reclaifi conv
fines-storage
fines
spent shale discha
spent shale convey
spent shale dispos
spent shale dispos
spent shale dispos
"steaa boilers
incinerator
sponge oil reboile
recycle gas heater
retort gas
' TE6 Concentrator
steat superheat
char coobustion
char coibustion
char coffibustion
shale fluid bed co
package boiler
poser generation
. steal
F6D
retort indirect he
^;\>vr-->>.
additional desc
snnd errosion
0
stacking
hauling
truck dustping
0
wind errosion
grooMng/coapac
- s . " ^ ; -^ ' .- ^
0
three
load/groosArind
0
transfer.
0
reclaiiMnd/tr
storage/conveyo
un/tos/sup
0
load in
Hind erosion
groaning
~ '*-' . '-ฃ . - , -: L --
6
0
0
0
0 '
0
0
feed binsCsourc
coal grinding
0
0
0 , .
0
o ;
steal boiler
0
?!.;.;-
>;-'-': V;v;-
?'* -,: ,-' f'. *
cat! cate pol
19
30
41
42
33
34
4b
36
15
18
18
24
24
26
27
27
30
30
34.
35
36
37
40
40
40
37
37
37
40
40
40
40
37
37
37
37
W
2 pis
2 pis
2 pia
2 pa
2 pst
2 PH
2 pffl
2 . pi
2 ps
2 ps
2 pB
2 pa
2 ps
2 pi
2 pffl
2 pฎ
2 ps
2 pง
2 ,.. Pฎ
2 pi
2 pa
3 pa
3 pa
3 ps
3 ps
3 pit
3 PH
3 Pซ
3 PH
3 PH
3 PK
3 pป
3 PH
3 PH
3 pe
3 pi
3 pB
s-ton/d
.01
.08
.02
.05
.03
i.Ol
f .03
;?'
F - ,
.01
.05
.12
; .01
' .05
' .00
; .07
.; .14
.01
.05
.02
: .05
,36
-; -9-4
'.03
.00
:- .00
: .03
; .06
.00
.14
: .09
10.24
-10.47
.04
I .04
.00.
', .35
: .35
i
1 -
.05
1
^ ' a ' , -'i-\-:-
,~ --,- it -: h-
;* -- ;?* "-. ".
kg7ToOOซ3
oil
.36
5,55
1.54
3.16
1.98
.57
1.9,5
55.02
.86
2.6'?
6.93
.51
2.69
.17
.: 4.41
8.54
.37
3.22
1.07
2.79
21.60
55.85
14.27
.38
1.90
'14.74
31.29
.23
8.96
5.71
643.77
658.6?
8.20
8.20
.33
51.70
52.03
' 5.89
r^
f - . ' J"-
i
l total
3.
1.
1.
-
1.
30.
.
1.
3.
1.
ซ
2.
4.
1.
1.
10.
26,
4.
.
4.
9.
.
1.
.
97.
too.
. 4.
' 4.
,
15.
15.
2.
T fr
20
07
85
75
09
32
07
38,
40
26
25
24
26
08
06
00
17
51
50
31
12
16
28'
11
57
42
39
- -- '-- -
03
36
87
74
00
L
71
71
09
00
09 .-.
49
C-29 -^
-------
TABLE C-4. Continued
project
syntana i
syntana
syntana . ; ' ~
, - . -, -
Union
Union i
Union ' :*
:- ':
yhite River Shale
Mhite River Shale
'Hhite River Shale
White River iihale
Shite River Shale
Shite River Shale
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
, Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Cathedral Bluffs
Clear Creek-. Shale
Clear Creek Shale
cottonisood
.cottomiood
Paraho-llte
Paraho-Ute
. syntana.
syntana :
syntana
Union :,
Union
Union
Union
yhite River Shale
""'Tv':. "
general process
retort
retort
retort
utility
retort
retort
Project utility.
Project retort
Project retort
Project retort
Project retort
Project retort
ccsb-upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
fiining-abo
Oil tining-afaove
Oil aining-above
cosb-upgrade
coab-upgrade
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
- upgrade
iining-above
sining-above
siining-above
aining-above
fining-above
Project upgrade
specific process
FSD
Tosco ball heater
Tosco aqisturizer
.' " ' -'='= i- -: ':?-
steaa " ' :
sponge oil strippe
gas recycle heater
steas
Tosco hall heater
recycle gas heater
eiutriator
Tosco elutriators
processed shale so
-- '" : " -'^ ""
reforaer furnace
H2 Recycle heater
H2 charge heater
8il charge heater
fugative dust
vehicles
coal
fugitive
fugitive
^ .. ... 5- f
hydrotreater feed
rsforter furnace
...
FSD
F6D -_
fugative .
vehicles/engines
vehicles/engines
vehicles/engines
fugative dust
reformer furnace
"
fp :"
. . /. ..._..-_.
7 v ",.
additional desc
superior heater
0
o'
*"<"' " '"" " y"ป. ">
o
0
0 -
0
0
union
0
and soi stumer
0
,' . ,.... .
0
0
0
0
haul roads
0
0
paved roads
unpaved roads
i ,, : .- ; ;;--. . ;-
0
0
hydrotreater
hydrogen refers
truck traffic
light duty
road aaint/acce
diesel
0
o .'';'.
"cat"!
40
40
42
37
39
40
37
40
40
41
41
42
, .,
43
43
43
43
54
53
54
53
53
"43
43
43
43
53
"53
53
53
54
43
--_,-- .- ', - ^
* i ' --_ ,;ซ '" '
'cite pol ซ
3 pa
3 pi
3 pป
* .--'.' .-. ' -
3 ps
3 ps
3 PH
3 pa
3 pffi
3 pa
3 Pfi
3 . ps
3 pffl
*-*" ' ' ''" *
4 pm
4 pa
4 ps
4 p0
4 pa
4 Pfi"
4 Pfi
4 ps
4 pB
4 pa
4 PH
4 psi
4 ps
4 " ps
4 ps.
4 pa
4 ps
4 PH
4 ps
,
1
; v| L". .;, r-
-ton/d "
.03
i l34
>06
;.48
>09
,01
,10
: j.20
.72
."44
.19
.05
.13
1.53
; .03
'.00
.00
; .01
:.00
.04
.17
.01
;,ia
'. ,01
.06
,-j.07,
i
.01
i .13
...14
^.00
.06
"' .28
:,;.34"
: .04 "
!,05
.15
; .36
; ,60
-'.41
2^,78*
kg/ IOC
oi!
3,
37.
6,
53.
6.
*
7.
14.
42.
26.
11.
3.
7.
90.
16.
r
1.
2.
1.
23.
10.
11.
2.
11.
13.
19.
20.
c
6.
30,
37.
2.
3.
10.
24.
41.
24.
24.
2345.
-j
!
46
73 "
13
23
09
61
3!
00
5!s
06
2i5
o(;
79
77
98
57
71-
85
45.'
54
50
68
19
18
24
42
82
57
38
53
61
44
58
64
54
62
95
74
55
55'
58*
!
;2 tot
1.
15.
2.
"22.
3.
.
4.
7.
19.
12.
5.
1.
3.
' 42.
5.
7.
5.
5.
1.
6.
7.
5.
6.
2.
12.
15,
1.
1.
5.
13.
23.
11.
11.
800.
i 'i-
-T - ^.-FTJ-"
ai
47
93
f<9 '
47
T .- ' '--...
36
34
03
73
93 ;
21
29
45
65
53
09
17
51
86 ':
43
06
39
35
74
25
46
71
30
70
00
22
79
85
86 ',
46 ' .
96
86
78
05
50 .
50
oo*s
C-30
-------
TABLE C-4. Continued'
Pr~oject 'general process "specific process
additional poilu a-ton/d ' cat cat k8/1^0i *1total
Union sining-below
Clear Creek 'Shale Oil sining-above
Clear Creek I3hale Oil aining-beloB
Paraho-Ote tining-beloB ground
syntana ' , -' ' -. " siining-belQB
syntana ' -. aining'-beloป
Union sining-belos
Utah-cottensood aining-belos ground
tJhite.River Shale Projec fiining-belos
Clear Creek Shale Oil einino-beles
Catherdral Bluffs aining-beloB
Clear Creek Shale Oil eining-belos
Paraho-tite , , ; iBining-below ground
syntana Bining-belos
drilling
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
sine shaft vents
vent
mobile equipment
vehicles
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
CO
prisary CO
CO
CO
" CO
:'' CO
,.05
.52
.41
,41,
1.14
.40
.87
.72
.30
1.23 8
' .67 8
.57 8
.09
2.97
.22,66
77,3?
45.76
45.76
79.71
80.33
51.58
45.03
158.37
77.62
99.67
62.58
.02
.03
.20
29,81
24.88
24.88
16.09
31.51
24.37
.40
63.86'
:;69
38.39
34.03
c-31
-------
"" "" r 'TABLE C-5. GASEOUS '.
Proiect
Union
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Shale
Shale
union
Utah-cottonaood
Hhite River Shale
Clear Creek 'Shale
Catherdral Bluffs
' Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute Y .
syntana
Union '
Utah-cottoRH0od
White River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Union - r
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Union i
Union
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana ''
Union ;
Oil"
Oil
Prpjec
Oil
Oil
Projec
Oil ''
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
general process
aining-below
aining-above
aining-beloB
aining-beloH ground
mining-belos
iTnrng-Deioe
flining-belos ground
osining-beloB
fsining-belos
sining-beloH
sining-beloH
ffiining-belog ground
liiining-beloH
siining-beloB
mining-belcH ground
sining-belos
fflining-above
sining-above
aining-above
aining-above
aining-above
nining-above
fflining-above
utility
utility
upgrade
retort
retort
utility
specific process
drilling
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
Blasting
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
sine shaft vents
vent
aobile equipaent
vehicles
rae shale resoval/sc
vehicles-coabustion
vehicles
top soil
top soil
rass shale
ras shale haul
spent shale haul
spent shale
spent shale
steas boilers
steaa superheat
package boiler
poHer generation
FSD
steaa
EMISSIONS
additional pollu is-tons/d
CO
' ; " to"
CO
CO
CO
- UU
CO
CO
primary CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
engines/ve CO
CO
CO
removal CO
load CO
topsoil ha CO
CO
CO
hauling CO
grocffiing/c CO
CO
C8
CO
CO
steas boil CO
CO
-:- .00
705
.36
.52
.41
1,14-
.40
.87
^~
'"'.72
,
.30
1.23
.67
.57
" .55
.24
1.10
.03
.00
" "~~- .01
.03
.06
.05
T
.01
>
.05
.58
.01.
.39
,15
2.66
cat
1
2
2
2
'
2
2
2
v
. 8
.8
8
8
a
8'
8
9
10
'
11
;
16
32
32
36
:
: 37
37
37
37
37
37
-
. kg/lOOOi-5
cat oil
1
1 "
1
1
1
i
1
1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
,09
.09
' :2.97
22.66
77.39
45.76
79. 71
80.33
51.58
45.03:
158.37
77.62
99.67
62,58
38.75
46.97
65.17
1.83
.17
.'43
2.11
3.94
3.77
.50
23.78
36.41
.83
58,57
16.14
185.67
':
i "-ปฃ-
-r -f .--
^ total
29.
24.
16.
31.
24.
63.
38.
34.
7.
18.
30,
.
02
02
03
20
81
88
i ' &*
:. ,;
09
51
37
; ff_ '
w
! fjj~
86
69
39
03
82
'42." ' '
89
-:" .'.,
02
fff-
00
ฃ. "j"
fe: ;
.02
.03
.76
fiY
.10
' m - -
: 9.59-
.32
.32
22.56
8.78
37.49
j C-32
-------
TABLE C-5. Continued
1
Project
Utah-cottonssod
Unite River Shale Projec
Catherdral
Catherdral
Catherdral
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
syntana
syntana '
Union
Union
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Shale Oil
Shale Oil
yhite River Shale Projec
Hhite River
Catherdral
Catherdral
Catherdral
Catherdral
Catherdral
Clear Creek
ParahB-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union,
Union
Union
White River
Clear Creek
Union
Shale Projec
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Shale Oil
!
Shale Projec
Shale Oil
Utah-cottonssod
Utah-cottormnod
Union
i
'-
general process
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
retort
retort
retort .
retort
coab. -retort
retort
retort
retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
retort
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
aining-above
aining-above
upgrade
upgrade
jBining-beloH
specific process
'fluid bed coab'ustor
steaa
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
char coabustion
char combustion
F6D . . .. . .
Tosco ball heater It
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
Tosco bail heater &
recycle gas heater
incinerator
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reformer
TES Concentrator
hydrotreater feed fu
reformer furnace
F6D
F6B
hydrogen
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steajt boi 1 er
steas boiler
reformer furnace
reforaer furnace
vehicles
vehicles/engines
fugitive
fugitive
drilling ,
additional
- --,- .-. -' ,:..,
coal grind
superior h
union b
hydrotreat
hydrogen r
furnace "
reboiler
purge heat
charge hea
charge hea
no air pre
with air p
road saint
on site' ve
on site ve
pollu
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO '
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
HC
i-tons/l
" "'-'-.IB
.44
4.75
.00
.-;
.01
.05
176.04
.05
.09
.05
.03
.33
. .15
.32
.00
,00
.01
.01
.05
.00
.01
.15
.01
' .16
.23
.01
.00
.02
.03
.51
.51
.26
.69
-ซ:
.01
.97
,03
.13
1.14
.00
' ,,-K- -"
cat
"3f
3?
38
40
40,
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
''43
43
43
, 43-
43-'
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
1
53
53
53
53
i
I-
<_
rkg/1000t3
cat oil
3"
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
t
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
,4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
'91,57
26.33
443.2?
.13
3.33
25.2!
11071.92
2.9?
9.51
5.17
1 .. 2.44
23.13
8,97
18.80
.67
,90
2.815
4.66
28.06
.IS
.913
22.18
1.53
17.87
25.33
.3i!
.32
-1.65
2.09
35.38
35.38
18.0$
40,62
.70-
67.57
6.815
25.21
100.32
'" "' ,n
F"i
I total
3?:
4V'
12.50
129.
,
1.
10.
98.
.
5.
. 2.
.
4.
4.
8.
.
1.
1.
11-
,
.
8.
.
9.
13.
.
.
.
.
7.
7.
3.
19,
".
13.
2,
9.
26.
.
1?
04
o?
i- -"
34
16
26
03
17
81
49
67
25
90
~T "" fe
,i
27
36
15
88
31
00
38
54
83
72
78
ds
06
33
42"
1,4
14
64 '" '"
23
f
01
64
69
89
22
01
i . ft';
V&
f-.
Union
aining-beloB
blasting
HC
2 1
C-33
-------
TABLE C-5. Continued
i
Project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
Utah-cottonBood .
Hhite River Shale' Projec
Clear Creek Shale Oil
; Union
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union
Union
Catherdral Bluffs
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
Utah-cottonsood
.Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
syntana :
syntana
, Union
Union
Hhite River Shale Projec
Mhite River Shale Projec
general process
fiining-belos
isining-beloa
siining-belcH
iiining-below ground
sining-beicB
fiirnng-beloB
isining-beloH ground
ffiining-beloป
sining-above
Bining-above
sining-above
sining-lbove
raining-above
sining-above
utility
upgrade
retort
retort
utility
retort
retort
retort
retort
retort
retort
cosib. -retort
retort .
retort
retort
specific process
crushi no/screens nq
sine shaft vents
vent
raobile equipment
vehicles
rm shale reaoval/sc
vehicles-coibustion
vehicles
- -
top soil
raw shale
ras shale haul
- - - - -
spent shale haul
spent shale
spent shale ,
steals boilers
package boiler
poser generation
FGB
steaa
fluid bed coiabustor
steas
flares
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
F8B
Tosco ball heater &
sponge oil stripper
gas' recycle heater,
Tosco ball heater &
recycle gas heater
.**- ,-, '
additional poll
Driaar'y". HC
HC
HC
;HC
HC
engines/ve HC
HC
HC
1 - .U, , ft
reiovai HC
topsail ha HC
HC
' - ;
: HC
hauling HC
groosing/c HC
HC
HC
HC
steas boil HC
HC
HC
HC
"' V'""HC ':
HC
HC
superior"!] HC
HC
HC
HC
.' ' HC
union HC
*
u 6-tons/d
.11
.08
.17
: .21
.18
.18
.07
.01
.00
.01
.01
' .02
.00
.08
.00
.07
.03
.05
.02
.32
~j
.00
.01
.02
.51
.00
.06
.83
.06
! '
ca'
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
"8
9
11
16
32
32
'.
36
i
37
37
37
3?
37
37
37
;
' 38
40
40
40
40
40
4p
40
40
i
,. fc
t cat
1
1
1
i ":
i
i
i
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
g/1000ป 3
oil
7.19
39.47
10.96
30.98
19.42
12.87
14.51
20.31
.5?"
.14
.6S
.51
'1.24 "..
.16
42.80
.16
10.26
2.83
3.80
3.08
19.13
.57
4.52
1.79
55.87
.30
4.26
49.0(3
3.81
!! total
3.08 '
: jK---.-
42.09
4.7.0
" 63,26
' 13.10
5.14
13.36 ::
9.38
.24 "
.06 '
,29
.22
" .49 ::
.06 l|
" c;J
45.64
.33
20.95
1.91
1.52.
2.84
8.83
; f
.61
4.82
1..21
37.67
.12
1.70
22,62 .
1.76"
f ' '
C-34
-------
Project
Catherdrai Bluffs
Catherdrai Bluffs
, Catherdrai Bluffs
Catherdrai Bluffs
Cstherdral Bluffs
Catherdrai Bluffs
Psraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
.syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union ^~ -..''.',
Bhite River Shale
Clear Creek 'Shale
Hhite River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute :
Paraho-Ute |
syntana ...
Union
Union
Union
Utah-cottonmjod
Shite River Shale
8hite River Shale
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-lfte .
Utah-cottonatiod
Paraho-Ute
Clear Creek Bhale
Union
,r. '-' ' "-
general process
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
'upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Projec upgrade
Oil, upgrade
Projec upgrade
Oil upgrade
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade '
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Projec upgrade
Projec upgrade
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upgrading
- - -
Oil sining-above
'sining-above
':...
specific process
H2 Recycle Heater
incinerator
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
reforser
storage
hydrotreater feed fu
reformer furnace
FGD '_'
FSB "- ' -
hydrogen
fractionater "_
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker : "
steaffl boiler
steal boiler
reforser furnace
reforaer furnace
*
fugative
valves, flangeSjpuraps
storage
storage
storage (day)
oil storage tanks
storage tanks
oil storage
Biscellaneous
product storage
crude storage
crude shale oil stor
storaoe
storage
fuel oil storage tan
storage
vehicles
vehicles/engines
,
additional poll
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
hydrotreat HC
hydrogen r HC
furnace HC
reboiler HC
purge heat HC
charge hea HC
charge hea HC
no air pre HC
Bith air p HC
HC "
HC
HC
HC
HC
crude shaf HC
crude shal HC
HC"
HC
'*. HC
table 4-7? HC
HC
HC '
HC
hydrotreat HC
... . ,_, vฑ, ,
fuel oil HC
HC
diesel & g HC
road saint HC
HC
u fi-tons/d
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.03
', - .00
:' .03
.04
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
,05
- .14;
3.26
1.02
. ' ?
,13.
.01
.01
.03
1.10
.02
-.84
.11
.46
.48
! .01
- J
.00
.00
. -_
.01
H
cal
43
43
,43
43
43
43
43
4,3
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
1
44
44
<
46
46
46
"46
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
48
48
i
49
53
53
: ca
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
' kg/iOOOi
[i oil
.14
.14
,57
.81
4.76
.16
3.91
.29
3.20
4.71
.06
.06
.32
.38
.70
.70
3,36
8.22
204.89
60.17
7.99
.82
1.22
3.12
77.08
1.46
58,85
22.49
27,29
28.69
1.05
.04
,37
.57
7.36
- , ฃ
3,
;sX total
.15
.15
.61
.86
5.07
.33
7.99
.20
2".tt "'".
3.17
.03
.03 '" .'"''
.13
~ .15
.is
",28
1.34
3.79
*--
87.80 .
27.78
~ -.'
3.42
1/66
2.48
"2.T1
30.81
.58
23.52 "
..20.70
12.60
13.24 '' .
2.if5" ,
.08
f'V'
.75
-.-
.24
, L94 "
: c-35
-------
TABLE C-5. Continued
'_
Project
syntana
Union
Utah-cottonsood
Union <
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ote ;
syntana
Union
Utah-cottonwood
Mhite River Shale
, Clear Creek Shale
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
Utah-cottormaod
Shite River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek Shale
Union
Clear Creek Shale
Clear 'Creek Shale
Union
Union
Oil
Oil
Projec
Oil
Oil
Projec
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
general process
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
sining-below
eining-above
aining-belots
sining-beloB ground
sining-.beloB
sining-beloB
mining-beioB ground
sining-belos
ftining-beloB
fflining-belos
siining-beloss
sirdng-beloH ground
fflining-beloB
sining-beloB
fliining-belDB ground
sining-belos
sining-above
isining-above
sining-above
aining-above
mining-above
iining-above
fflining-above
sining-above
specific process
fugitive eaissions
fugative " ''.
fugitive
drilling
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
blasting
crushing/screening
sine shaft vents
vent
sobile equipsent
vehicles
raป shale reaoval/sc
vehi cl es-coibust i on
vehicles
top soil
top soil
top soil
ras shale
ras? shale haul
spent shale haul
spent shale
spent shale
'additional pel lu ra-tons/d
''.' 'HC '
, HC
HC
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
.NOx
SOx
" " '. 'NOx
NOx
primary NOx
NOx
NOx '
NOx
NQx
engines/ve SOx
NOx
NQx
resiaval NOx
load NOx '
load NOx
topsoil ha NOx
NOx
NOx
hauling NOx
groosing/c NOx
.52
1,10
.' ..34
.01
. :*
.02
.03
.23
.29
"'.22"
,47"
... - "i.
.75
'_ _' .75
.91
"1.30
3.17
2.70
2.97
1.12
5.24
.20
.00
.01
.03
.19
.
.14
.31
... . ~,
.05
cat
34
54 '
54
l"
2
2;
2
2
2""
2
i
6; "
8
8
8
8,
8
s;
8;
9
1
10
10
11
i
16
32
32
36
cat k9/10j
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
r
i
i
i
i
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
|f 3X total
57.07
77.08
68.55
1
1
25
20
43
27
47
47
475
" ' 81
473
297
207
223
310
12
2
11
8
21
3
.42
.43
.71
.03
.23
.88
.94
.03
.03
.12
.61
.97
.37
.74
.05
.42
.44
.06
.74
.31
.99
.73 .
.46
.42
. 38.48
,30.31
63.11
Ji, B~
"""".04
.F .;=-
' '.02 "" *
"" .03
. 2.17
1.70
1.02
2.63
* '
.82
82
15.00
1.42" ""
27.44
25.79
17.48
5.19
29.28
; ; ,
t -.
.22
,00 ;
.19
,''
.21
>-
.15
1.81
V\: "
.29
Iv
Catherdral Eiiuffs utility
steara boilers
NOx
1.89 37 3
989.24
31.24
j C-36 L ,
-------
TABLE C-5. Continued,
Project
Clear Creek Shale
ParahQ-Ute
ParahQ-Ute
syntana
syntsna
Union
Utah-cottonseed
-Shite River Shale
Catherdrsl
syntana
White River
Gather dral
Catherdral
Bluffs
Shale
Bluffs
Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale
Clear Creek
syntana '
syntana
Union
Union
Shale
I - f
Shite River Shale
Mhite River
Catherdral
Catherdral
- Catherdral
, Catherdral
Catherdral
Clear Creek
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Hhite River
Shale
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Shale
."" "
Shale
general process
Oil utility
upgrade
retort
retort
utility
utility
retort
Projec utility
retort
retort
Projec retort
retort
retort
Oil retort
Oil retort
retort
retort
coffib. -retort
retort
Projec retort
Projec retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Oil retort
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade ,
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade "
upgrade
upgrade
Projec upgrade
specific process
steai superheat
package boiler
poser generation
F6D
steai
steaii ' '
fluid' bed coabustor
steal .
flares
retort indirect heat
gas treataent plant
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
char cosbustion
char coabustion
F8D
Tosco ball heater &
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
Tosco ball heater '&
recycle gas heater
incinerator
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heatsr
oil charge heater
reforter
TE6 Concentrator
hydrotreater feed fu
ref oraer furnace
' F80 - V
F8D
hydrogen
fractionater
dearseniter
dearseniter
unicracker
steas boiler
. steas boiler
reforier furnace
.reforrser furnace
additional
steai boil
.
.;.
.
coal grind
superior h
union
tr
hydrotreat
hydrogen r
furnace
reboiler
purge heat
charge hea
charge hea
no air pre
idth sir p
. . .,,
pollu s-tons/d
H0>:
NOs
NQx
ซQ>;
tfflx
ซSs
SOs
N0>:
Sflx
SOx
NOx
'HOx
SQx
ซ0x
SOx
HOx
NOx
ซ0>;
NOx
H0>:
NOx
ซ0x
NOx
NOx
NOx
N0>:
NOx
NOX
HOX
NOx
NOx
NOx.
NOx
NOx
HOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NQx
NOx
1.87
.02
6.25
1.71
3.54
20.12
4.77
.00
.07
.09
.7,0
86.90
.15
.99
.57
.42
' 4.14
1.02
2.01
.02
.02
.07
.12
2.21
.00
.09
2.00
' .16
1.90
2.20
.05
.04
.20
.26
.56
.67
3.22
4.32
--,^Ll
' cat
37
37
3,7
37
37
37
37
37
38
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
'-,,
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
'cat'
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.3
3
3
-.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 -
4
4 .
4
4
kg/lOOOi 3
oil
117.57
3.74
936,25
188.84
247.31
4020.34
282.59
2.62
4.14
48.04
369.06
5465.19
9.53
108.80
62.58
29.22
289.16
60.17
119.27
9.04
12.84
39.00
62.78
1159.03
.29
13. 18
300.03
17.77
210. 16
242.30
3.30
2.79
14.14
18.07
39.25
47.05
225.12
255.73
s_: :,
. ~~-
"r~T . i
'|j "total
't-atl 1-
2.04
.22
54,21
16.38
20.81
93.53
26.65
! .tt.
.08
,
.'"W 'fl,
i,
11.
94.
.
9.
5.
2,
24.
5.
11.
.
.
1.
1.
36.
.
. .
17.
1.
18.
21.
.
.
1.
1.
3.
3.
18.
24.
t^-
f ^
!>'- --. =.;,;-
S2
65
85
17
44
43
M
33
68
25
, "-
L "~ " LT_ " _ r
f w~ : --
29
41
23
98
60
00
76
37
54
23
02
28
23
i
-------
TABLE C-5. Continued
Project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union ,
Utah-cottomซjod
Union
Union
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Catherdral Bluffs-
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute ; ,- '-...
syntana
Union'
Utah-cottonsood
Mhite fiiver Shale Projec
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union !
Clear Creek Shale Oil
. -
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union
Union
' -' ' ' .'-
Union i- ' ;
Catherdral Bluffs
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute- ' '
syntana ,
i . . . .
,.. -- , ...
general process
mining-above
iining-above
upgrade
nining-beloB
fsining-beios
iining-belos
sining-beioH
sining-belos
sining-beloB ground
iaining-below
sining-beloB
fsining-belos ground
iining-beloB
aining-above
aining-above
aining-above
sining-above
ainimj -above
sining-above
aining
iining-above
- --.,. *..- . i.
utility
utility-
upgrade
retort
retort
. -- - '''- '
..,.-., ,.--.- t -* T. -: -
specific process additional
vehicles road saint
vehicles/engines
fugitive " on site ve
drilling
blasting
..--.. -^
crushing/screening prinary
sine shaft vents
vent
aobile equipsent
vehicles
raw shale resoval/sc engines/ve
vehicles-coibustion
vehicles
top soil reaoval
top soil load
ras shale topsoil ha
ras shale haul
'spent shale haul .
spent shale hauling
dusping shale
: .--- :-,'. -:. .- : :i ::
spent shale grooaing/c
-ป-...-! ... ;-[.. -.1 r.;-. - ,,,, ,;u -
steas boilers
steas superheater-so
package boiler
poser generation
F8D _ steas boil
pollu 8
NOx
NOx
SOx
"SOx
Sflx
t
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
- *
SOx
SOx
-V
SOx
SOx
.',-"
SOx
SOx
SOx
;- J
SOx
. -, . . ,T<
SOx
SOx
SOx ,.
SOs
SOx
t-tons/d
.05
.25
.06
,00
.. - ^
":" " .03'
..
.07
.06
.12
.23
.20
.19
.08
.38
.01
.00
.00
,01
-
.01
.02
.04
"'.00
.28
.49
.05
3.97
.91
- f-.-
,,- ,-.r
,-!ป.,
cat
53
^
53
t
___
2
6
[
8
8
8
B"
8
8
8
9,
10
11
1
16
32
32
33
36 '
37
37
37
37
37
i -
cat
4
4
4
1
i-
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
2
v
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
. ,
= kg/1000i 3
oil
3.42
17.69
11.24
.02
' 2.38 '
4,34
29.96
7.413
34.31
. 21.53
13.00
16.14
22.5!
.86
.06
. 16
.68'
" .51
1.31
2.815
.24 '
. 147.44 .
30.82
7.07
' -595.18
100. 13
3? _
I total
" .06
1.49
.26; '
^63 I
^ i;ir- -
t- .
.78
--t
4.19
1.35
5; is
3.74
5.07
2.02
14.18
;i
.15
fc -.
;*-
6.97
_ซ;
.' , i ' , - t -.
'ฃ- '-' . -. "
.09 "V"""
20.26 / "
" f;-
20.90
ปt-
22.'80
20.64
5.55
1.08
91.11
17.38
"A
-\ C-38
-------
TABLE C-!>.
-.-
Project
syntana
Union
Utah-cottonsaod
ซhite River Shale
Catherdral
syntana
syntaua
syntana
Hhite River
Catherdral
Catherdral
Bluffs
Shale
Bluffs
Bluffs
Clear Creefe Shale
Clear Creek
syntana
syntana
Union
Union
Shite River
White River
ffiiite River
Catherdral
Catherdral
Catherdral
Shale
iihale
Shale
Shale
Bluffs
Bluffs
Bluffs
Catherdral Bluffs
Catherdral
Clear Creek
Paraho-Ute
: Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Shite River
Clear" Creefe
Union
Bluffs
Shale
Shale
Shale
I
Continued
*
general process
utility
' utility
retort
Projec utility
retort
retort
retort
retort
Projec retort
retort
retort
Oil retort
Oil retort
retort
retort
coib. -retort
v ' "retort
Projec retort
Projec retort
Projec retort
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Oil retort
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
upqrade .
upgrade
upgrade
upqrade
; upgrade
upgrade
upgrade
Projec upgrade
Oil tininq-above
sining-above
specific "process
steas
steass
fluid bed costbustor
steas
flares
claus plant
F6D
retort indirect heat
gas treataent-claus
sponge oil reboiler
recycle gas heater
char cosbustion
char coibustion
F8B
Tosco ball heater &
sponge oil stripper
gas recycle heater
retort
Tosco ball heater &
recycle gas heater
H2 Recycle Heater
H2 Charge Heater
oil charge heater
incinerator
reforier
TES Concentrator
hydrotreater feed fu
reforaer furnace
FSB
fracticnater
dearseniter
dearseniter
uni cracker
steaffl boiler
steasi boiler
reforier furnace
reforaer furnace,
vehicles
vehicles/engines
additional pcllu
SQx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
claus plan SOx
SOx
SOx
" "SQx
SOx
coal grind SOx
Sflx
superior h SOx
SQx
SOx
SOY"
SOx
SOx
union SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
SOx
hydrotreat SOx
reboiler SOx
purge heat SOx
charge hea SOx
charge hea SOx
no air pre SOx
with air p SOx
SOx
SOx
road saint SOx
SOx
a-tons/d
2,02
3.91
1,63
.02
.51
.36
*
.04
.30
.05
8.06
-.53
. .40"
.29
3.34
.10
.07
.01
.03
.05
.24
,33
.00
.00
.11
.09
.01
.01
.05
.06
.11
.11
.15
.14
.00
.02
,f
cat
37
37
37
. 37
38
39
39
39
39
i
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
4<>
40
i
.43''
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
i
53
53
--'
;~kg/1000ป3
cat oil
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3-V
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
141.16
781,58
. 96.70
8.09
56.
21.
27
06'
-'26.45
156.
95
i 1
I total
23,43
97.98
60.93
k
1.13
9.
13,
2.
21.
2.97
506,
811
57.97
44.
20.
233.
6.
3.
5.
17.
28.
126,
173,
,
..
16,
9.
.
a
3.
4.
7.
7.
10.
8.
1.
46
39
74
1!)
92
23
60
54
98
12
11
03
65
51
76
63
36
25 .
55 .
55
15
33
29
17
91,
10.
7.
25.
25.
3.
2,
:
2.
3.
17.
24.
.
.
2.
1.
27.
27.
27.
27.
27.
27.
27,
5.
.
33.
f":
77
27
f
86
'?
53
33
06
72
33
33
89
47
_, .^
iai "'
73
46
99
78 ';
23
02
00
55
65
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2'5, " 'I'
ฃ'
05
56
:
415.IOS
36042.71* 3051.45*
G-39
-------
TABLE C-6. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
==,-. ~-
project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
cottonsood
Parsho~Ute
syntana
Union
Unite River Shale Project
Clear Creek Shale 8il
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Psraho-lite ' :
eyntana
Union ! ' '
Union
Paraho-Ute
Union
cottonseed
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
rnttonwond
v -
general process
ssining-belcB
ai ning-bel OH
aining-belcB ground
nining-belos ground
aining-beloB
Biining-beloB
stining-beloB
Btining-beloB
oining-belGB
aining-belcB ground
aining-belos
sining-beloB
mi ning-bel OB
sining-below ground
: , . : ..
aining-beloB
ai ning-bel os ground
sining-below
ffdninn-belos qround
*
- ^~. ,,.,-,
specific prcc
drilling
drilling
raining
aining
aining
drilling
mining
blasting :
blasting
.
biastino
blasting
. ,.;,_..,^^ .L. .....
blasting
reroval
conveying
conveying
transfer
priaary crush
raซ shale
,- .:-: .,- ,-..;
additional d
inter, waste
0
0
0
0 '
0
0
inter. Baste
0
----- -
0
0
"''-' -,- ' -,
V
0
0
o .:
transfer poi
0 '
prifiary crus
cat
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
: ll
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
. *:.
cat i
1
1
_.i
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2'
3
4
4
5
6 :
4
,;:---
s-ton/d
.00
.01
i
.11
.04
.13
.00
.26
.10
.26
.17
.18
5 !
,01
.03
.03
i
.17
.05
.00
'.03
Vg/1000ซ 3
oil
^2ir
.74
21.76
5.71
13.9!
.34
15.31
6.22
16.27
25.413
19.32
.-".50
2.3!
"" 5.10
11.5?
9.61
.2r
.. 5.26
./ , . **.,-
total
.13
.38
12.50
ฃ - :-
1.70
f\v -,
5.87 :
&'-' -
.19
,"
7.17
ฃ . .
3.19
8.35
: J-"-': :
' 7.30 ' 'J
; fe. - -'
5. ";- ' * '
" ,28
1.28
:" - =
1.50 '
' - '.
6,40 '
: ." : "-''-
r 5.52' -
*-- "
AI
!>' - -
3.02
-------
TABLE C-6, Continued
ir- --H
project
Paraho-Ute
' Union
Union
Shite River
Paraho-Ute
White River
CB
Clear Creek
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
White River
Clear Creel;
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Clear Creek
Union
.. -
general process
. aining-beloH ground
. i ^
Bining-beloH
dning-beloB
Shale Project sinihg-beles?
. - fiining-belos ground
Shale Project ciining-belos
aininq-beloH
Shale Oil fiininq-faeloH
i aining-belos ground
* .r. , -' ... , f , :- = ^ f
ffiining-belos ground
Qininq-belos
sining-below
iihale Project mnirig-beloB
sining-above
Shale Oil aining-above
Shale Oil aini rig-above""
Shale Oil aining-abeve
Shale Oil sining-above
jiining-above
r ; '-'
"specific proc additional d
crushing/sere pritary
" " . . --
raw:shale cru priaary
crushing priaary
crushing priaary
' ^L ~ - r - ~ L "^"
crushing/sere secondary
.. . .,-,. - -'
crushing secondary
sine shaft ve 0
-: _ , ' .- . -
vehicles-vent 0
vehicles-coab 0
1, .-..--:,->"'. : '.*-.. ---:. -
sobile eguips "0
': . , ' '
vehicles 0
ras shale res engines/vein
- --- - -
vehicles 0
reclais drawh 0
surface soils resoval-dril
surface soils resoval
surface soils resoval-blas
surface soils -haul
ras shale topsoilhaul
*.'
, : .
cat cat i-ton/d
1 6 .08 "
i
1 6 .07;
1 6 ,63
'- . ' .' i
-i
1 6 .14
I
1 7 .08
- ;
17 .04
i
i"'"a'"" .h
1 8 .40
18 .06
. -- - -^. - jf -
1 8* .02
18 .14
--- j
i 8 ,.10
. ,-. -; ,
1 8 .27
2 9 .01
29 .01
29 .13
29 .25
2 11 .36
2 11 .Oi:
:
'? ~^~~'^[
"ig/ToOOii 3 , , , ,
' oil z total
12,16 .--- 3.60
;T~
4.63 2.56
43.78 24,18
c.
K .
8.49 3.98
R-,-1,
12.16 3.60
: ;1.' -'
2.63 1.23
i fe- ,
88.46 ' 26.54"
: fi"- '
25.34 13.01
.I,-: .
11.42 6.56 '
?.::-' ft
- \ " '" ' ! T
"3.06" 1.00
S "t
15.31! 6.46
7.15 3.95
J*:- .-
15.85 7.42 ""
'ฃ-- -
2.7$ .81
2
,74 .38
8.28 4.25
15.58 8.00
22.83 11.72
C""T
.ฅ} .27 ":~
C-41
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
project --
Clear .Creek Shale Oil
Parahomte
CB . y ;'. '
. CB
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
cottonseed ,
cottonปDod
syntana
syntana
Union
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ote
Union
CB
CB "...-.
Clear Creel; Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
cottonseed
Paraho-ilte ."-.-'
Paraho-Ute
".
i
.-
1 "-
general . process
siining-above
sining-above ground
'- aining-above
sining-above
sining-above
sining-above
jiining-above ground
tining-above ground
fiining-above
sining-afaove
fflining-above
fflining-above
aining-above ground
.- aining-above
sining-above
fflininq-above
si Ring-above
mining-above
ffiining-abeve ground
lining-above ground
fflining-above ground
- --' ^ -;... -. /
specific proc
surface soils
surface soils
". r'3ป shale
., rag shale
ras shale
raw shale
raw shale ,
. rae shale
raw shale
raw shale
raป shale
ras shale
raป shale
rass shale
raw shale
ras shale
raw shale
raw shale
raw shale
raป shale
rm shale
f- _ -. . .
-...,.
' r ' ." ",
additional d cat
Bind 2
Bind 2
crushing faui 2
screening pi 2 ,
crushing 2
crushing-Znd 2
crusher-iusp 2
screening 2
priiary crus 2
secondary cr 2
crushing/sec 2
crushing-3rd 2
tertiary cru 2
crushing/ter 2
transfer hou 2
conveyor -st a 2
conveying 2
conveying 2
surge bin 2
trans, fr. 1 2
convey/trans 2
-
cat
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
i
13'
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15,
, ":, >:., -" ... ...
., , : _"""J[
as-ton/d
.00
I
.07
i 1_
.00
.00
"M
.01
. ;
.02
.03
i
.29
1
.12
"
.01-
|
.24 .
T ''
.41
.02
.05
.02
.81
'_
.02
.01
.05
g/lOOOi %
oil
"".21
10.1?
1.62
1.43
.2?
.6IJ
4.81
5.60
1.42
32.14
: 8.61
.91
:36.35
28.71
9.04
25.2!
1.13
51. OB
3.23
1.77
7.34
m
f\ arf"
-. . 1 f^--
-.^-..:^'-^i,-2
!,X total
.31
2.40
5"
.49
.43 '
: .: :'
.15
.35
. f ,
2.76
3.22
V- - -'.
.60
13.57
r . . r" -. *"--
4.76 . '
"~
- .., j-. ,,-- ',- -,.
.47
fe.
10:30
r '
15.85
2.71 " ' "
- 7.56
'': -
.58
26.23
' F;
1.85
.50
2.20
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
project
Paraho-Ute '
Parahq-Ute
Union
Shite River Shale Project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
. CB '" . '
cottonseed
cettonwood
cottonseed /
Paraho-Ute . .
syntana
Union " ;
Union
Union ; '""
Shite River Shale Project
finite- River Shale Project
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Union
Union
CB
. . ' L_^.
general process
ftining-above ground
fftining-sbove ground
aining-above.
Bining-above
sini fig-above
sining-above
iining-above
. ffiining-abo
iining-above ground
ffiining-above ground
fiining-above ground
fiining-above ground
sining-above
sining-above
eining-above
sining-aboye
siining-above
sining-above
Bining-above
sining-above
" aining-above
aining-abo
specific proc
rm
raw
shale
shale
raw shale
conveyor surg
int saste
int waste
ras shale
raw shale sto
ran shale
raซ shale
ratf shale
raw shale
"raB shale
ran shale sto
storage silos
ras shale sto
retort feed s
raw shale sto
ras shale
ras. shale sto
retort pad
ras shale sto
additional d
saspie S: sei
screening/tr
conveying/tr
0
duip
haul
duap
5 day
storage-load
storage-reel
storageUive
live storage
storage
load out
0
load in
three
load/groosi/B
ปind errosio
wind erosion
Bind errosio
5 year
; ^ -;; ; :- \ .
cat cat s-ton/d
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2'
2
2
2
2
.15
15
15 *
f
15
16
16
17
18
18"
18
18
18
18
18
18
IS
- ,'
18
18
"ir""'
19
21
.10
.16
;
.01
!
.01
.15
.12
;
.01
'
.00
.00
.03
.00
i
.03
1
.00
.01
.01
.05
12
'''~'M '
!
.00
.01
.01
.01
oil
--- n,27
24.60
"",." ".5?
.86
.34
9.36
7.53
3.80
.30
.60
"6.8!?
.14.
3.47
.Oft
.50
.77
2.69
6.93'
^02
'.19
.36
5.42'
5.42
/ . i A
I total
' 4.20
7.10
; ...
.32.
f
'.40'
i,:;--
. 4.8'1
3.87
; e1.;. -
1
1.14
' * '-Tt
.34 ;
3.96
i t -:
.04
^ jfl'J.''
1.47
1 UN 1 a
.04
.27
.43
; ,';
1.26
3.25
ฃ*,--
M' "
.10
.20
, JJK
1.63
1.63 .
C-43
t :x -
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
_____ ._ ^ ., .;
projecf _
cottonseed ;
Paraho-Ute
Clear Creek Shale Oil
syntana
cettonHood
cottonseed .
CB
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute !*-..
i
syntana . <
syntana
Shite River Shale' Project
Hhit'e River iJhale Project
cettcnsood _ , ,
cottonHood
cottonseed i /
. Paraho-Ute ;
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ;
Paraho-Ute ;
1 "
syntana
general process
aining-above
ffiinirig-abeve
sining-above
siining-above
aining-above
aining-above
tining-above
si Ring-above
mining-above
ffiining-abeve
fflining-above
ffsining-above
fflining-above
sining-above
sin ing-above
aining-above
fflining-above
atining-above
isin ing -above
sining-above
sin ing -above
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
ground
V
." ." 'specific proc
rat? shale
ras shale
ravs shale
raซ shale
ra*s shale
ras shale
ras shale
raw shale
raป shale ; ,
raซ shale
rm shale
conveyor feed
conveyor feed
ras shale
fines
fines
fines
fines
raป shale
fines
fines transle
fc-4Tl-
TL: r'-" v. . a
additional d
storage (dead
esergency st
Bind
stor age-si nd
retort feed
retort feed
conveyor -ret
retort feed ,
retort feed
retort feed-
conveyor fee
0
transfer
retort disch
FBC discharg
conveyor-tra
convey or -tr a
to bin
fines transf
storage
cat
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
cat
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
.01
1
. .11
( f
.04
.04
X ''
.00
.00
1
,00 -
.00
;
.04
.00
.00
.01
.05
- .00
.01
.01
i
.01
.01
.01
.11
^ 1
* vo'i
,
:.:"~ * ;~7'
kg/lOOOi 3 v . . .
i A ZDlai
01 1
2.77 1.5^9
j.
16.10 4.70
ft-T^
2.57 1.32
jf_
4.77 2.01
#iป
.?
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
.project ;. ., ' .
Unite 'River Shale Project
cottonseed ".
cottomsoDd ' .
syntana
. Mhite River ' Shale Project
.White fiiver iihale Project
syntana :
CB r - .
CB , : ' '
Clear Creek 13hale Oil
I-
cottonseed
Paraho-Ute
ParahQ-Ute " .
Paraho-Ute i
Union
Hhite River Shale Project
tthite fiiver ishale Project
CB
: CB '"
CB ;
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute ' \
|-
J"
general process
sining-above
&i Ring-shove ground
'-irdning-above ground
lining-above
Ein ing-above
ssining-above
sining-above
aining-abo
sining-above
fflining-above
. si Ring -above
ffiining-afaove ground
aining-above ground
.. iining^above ground
sining-above
inining-above
fflining-above
Biining-above
iBJninง-abo
fiining-above
sining-above ground
iining-above ground
specific proc
fines reclaia
fines
fines ' " "
fines
fines-storage
fines
fines
spent shale
spent shale
. spent shale
spent shale
=.-- . -=:
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale c
- spent shale d
spent shale c
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
spent shale
additional d cat
0 2
FIC feed bin 2
storage silo 2
storage-Bind 2
reclais/sind 2
storage/conv 2
aaintenance 2
stacker conv 2 "
conveyor 2
conveying 2
conveyor 2
conveying 2
to bin 2
conveying-A 2
0 ' 2
un/tos/sup 2
0 2
transfer hou 2
conveyer dis 2
transfer 2
retort overf 2
'retort disch 2
V + M -"""kg/1000t3
cat i-ton/d s oij
26
27
27
27
27
27
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
3t
31
31
.00
-.
.01
.01
i
.02
, :
,07
.14
-
.05
' :
.04
- ,; :
.18
> :
, !
.02
.03
r r
.08
; ,
.01
.05
-f \
,02
.04
.04
.04
.23
,
- .17
1.09
IM
2.64
8.54
5.87
25.21
20.93
11.59
2.28
4.24
5.55
.37
3.22
9.04
20.93
20.93
5.38
34.24
X total
.08
:
.63
.63
i *' - . i
1.12 ;
r-:- .
2.06
, 4,00
|fl. .
2.48
f""
6.28
r
5.95
h_
.70
1.30
T~ |j'ft
3.07 "
ฃ,
.17
1.51
r;':;"
2.71
6.28
6.28
.*'"'-
1.60
10.00
_ -. "-"
i..C-45_J. s
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
t
project
Union
Union
CB
cottqnHood
cottomsood
Union
CB
cottonsood
Paraho-Ute
syntana
Union
general process
Siining-above
specific proc additional d cat cat t-ton/d j^^Jjj ? total
Clear Creek Shale Oil " nining'-above
sining-above
sining-abo
aining-absve
ffiining-above
aining-above
siining-abo
aining-above
ffiining-above ground
aining-above
aining-above
Hhite River Shale Project aining-above
cottoneood
syntana
Union
sining-above
fflinlng-above
ffiining-above
ite River Bhale Project sining-above
spent shale stacking 2 31 M
"spent shale" 'haul
' 2 32 .02
1.37 .70
spent shale hauling 2 32
3.1i 1.75
spent shale distribution 2 53 .07 58.52 J11.56_
spent shale disposal flea 2 33
spent shale-f loading/duip 2 33
spent shale truck duspin 2 "33" .05
spent shale s 0
2 34 .01
2.85
spent shale-f storage bin 2 34 .01 _^ 1.JJ? ,64
spent shale storage 2 34 .22 33.50 7.?0
spent shale storage-load 2 .34 .02
spent shale d 0
2 34
spent shale d load in 2 34 '.J2 1.07
spent shale disposal-sin 2 35 _ .03 5.01 2.fl7
spent shale storage-Bind 2 35 Ah 17.&2
spent shale-s Bind errosio 2 35 .01
.57 .32
spent shale d wind erosion 2 35 _ .05 2.79-
'.C-46.JT
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
.
.project . '- ' : - " :.
cottonseed
syntana
Union
Shite River Shale Project
CB
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
Paraho-Ute ; ...-.',-
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana ,.---- , -
Shite Piver Shale Project
syntana
Union . '"
CB
CB - '
CB
Clear Creek iShale Oil
Clear Creek Shale Oil
ฃ-
\.
general process
fiininq-abave
-
,-.-.- - - _ _ . -
sining-above
si ning-above
sining-above
cosb-utility
cosBb-retort.
coab-retort
coffib-utility
upgrade
coab-retort
utility
retort
utility
utility
retort
retort
retort
coab. -retort
cosb. -retort
cosib-retort
coiEb-retort
. _. _ -. = .in, j.
specific proc additional d
spent shale disposal-gro
-.- - _ ;. -_
spent shale storage-sain
' spent shale grpoaing/coB
spent shale d Qrootinq
steais boilers 0
retort gas 0
TES Concentra 0
steas superhe 0
package boile 0
power generat 0
steas . 0
FBD steas boiler
steaa 0
steas 0
retort indire 0
sponge oil st 0
incinerator 0
sponge oil re 0
recycle gas h 0
._ ,"..-.' :..._.
char cosbusti feed bins?so
, char cosbusti coal grindin
cat
2:
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
cat
36
.: J
36
36
36
-
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
; - . ;
iB-ton/d
.33
.24 '
r
: .03
.36
X '
.03
f i
.00
.14
.00
.35
.05
?
.09
"' ".r
.72
.01
:-
.00
.03-
;
.09
f. ,"-''.-- 9 i - - Mf"**-
kg/l
-------
::>$
T
TABLE C-6. Continued
project
syntana
general prccesV
fflinifig-above
specific proc additional d'cat cat m-ton/T k8/10^ฐ* X total
MM _ __ . __-. ..ป ^ ^,: ^
fugative" truck traffi 4 53 '_.JjgJ."". ... 30."4^ ,12/fe
Union
Union
On ion
CB
Clear Creek iBhale Oil
Union
id Piing-above
iining-aijGve
lining-above
aining-abo
aining-above
aininQ-above
Vehicles/engi Tight duty t 53 '.t'4
vehicles/engi road iaint/a 4 53 .05
vehicles/engi diesel 4 53 ,15
2.64 ' 1.46
3.54 1.96
10,62 5.86
fugative dust haul roads 4 54 .00
1.43 .43
coal
fugative dust 0
4 54 .01
4 54 .36
24.95 13,73
C-49T
-------
TABLE C-6. Continued
1
1
project '
Clear Creek Shale
cottonseed
syntana
syntana
Union
Mhite River Shale
8hite River Shale
White River Shale
^'" tthite River Shale
syntana
Shite River Shale
CB
- CB .-,'.,-
CB
CB
Paraho-Ute
Paraho-Ute
syntana
syntana
Mhite River Shale
Clear Creek Shale
cottonseed
cottonseed
1 .
f
general process
Oil coiab-retort
cos-retort
retort
retort..
retort
Project retort
Project retort
Project retort
Project retort
retort
Project retort
coisb-upgrade
- - - upgrade
upgrade
i upgrade
upgrading
upgrading
upgrade
" -- upgrade
Project upgrade ,
Oil giining -above
coib-upgrade
coib-upqrade
specific proc
char coafausti
shale fluid b
F8D
Tosco ball he
gas recycle h
Tosco ball he
recycle gas h
elutriator
Tosco elutria
Tosco soistur
processed sha
reformer furn
H2 Recycle he
H2 charge hea
Oil charge he
hydrotreater
reformer furn
F6ป
F6D
reforaer furn
vehicles
fugitive
fugitive
additional 'd
0 .
0
superior hea
0
0
0
union '
:0
and ioi star i
0
o'
0'
0
o
0
(I
0
hydrotreater
hydrogen ref
0
paved roads
unpaved road
cat
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3.
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
cat
40
- .-ฃ'
f
40
?
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
53
53
53
;' -'/*" :,"i
B-tb?i/d
10.24
1
.04
<
.03
.34
I \
.10
. i ',
,44
.-"..19
.13
.06
*
.03
.00
;00
.01
.0"!
.13
.00
,06
.41
.17
,06
..,,,./
kg7lOOOt3
oil
643.
8.
3.
37.
7.
26.
11.
3.
7.
6.
16.
1.
2.
19,
6.
24.
10.
2.
11.
77"
20
48
73
31 .
06
28
W
79
13
98
57
71
85
82
57
53
61
55
50
18
24
.;- : ป _-
'i total i
97.
4.
i.
15,
4.
12.
5.
1.
3.
.2.
5.
5,
2.
11.
5.
i.
6.
74 |
r !":,;
f -, * +? '
71.- '
&.-..:,.
47
93
T" -
03 '""" "
21 . ::
29
45 ' |
65
i ~~&'-*-
59
,**- 1
09 : j
17" ' \
51
86
i "~zl
T ""*',
30 ' ^ \
70 . J
i _/|
22
79'
r- .. j.,,.
50
: . t- J
39" "T
5 I
25 :
46 1
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT MO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Air Pollution Control Alternatives
For Shale Oil Production Operations
5. REPORT DATE1
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
H. J. Taback, R. J. Goldstick
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB,* Inc., 18006 Skypark Boulevard, Irvine, CA 92714
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-3166
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Dec.1 85-Dec.87
14. SPONSORING;AGENCY CODE
01880.
1S EdWard R' BateS (EPA' H^ERL> Cincinnati, OH
-7774)- <*) Under Subcontract to Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wakefield, MA
..ABSTRACTThe available air emission data and air pollution control technoloay data
tor the production of shale oil are consolidated, evaluated and presented in'a manner
DPrmir^nni" r,^-Pr0:ieCt d?rlop!rs i".PrePai"i"9 environmental impact .statements and
permit applications as well as to their respective regulatory approval agencies The
covered include subsurface .and surface mining; raw shale sizing and handling;
.VcnIntSehfii-n9 Sc!?eme5' bo1jh 1n Sltu and above-ground; spent shale
....._.., spent shale disposal and.product upgrading. Air pollution control tech-
su ?^er,CฐVe1d lnCl?de TฐSt ฐf the t^1t1onal processes for nitrogen oxlS (NOJ
sulfur comDounds. peculate, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and-darbon monoxide (CO)
icently-developed processes such a's: Catalytic mufflers for
_ combustion for NOX; caustic-charcoal-sodium hypochlorite scrubbing,
. ion and dry sorbent injection for organic sulfur and SOX; and
3articul-te materials, moving bed granular filters and dry Venturis for fine '
vPn-- i'S TChed that 1f state-of-the-art control technology is applied the
verall emission levels per unit of oil produced will be essentially the same for in
itu or above-ground retorts and for retorts that are either directly, or indirectly
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Oil Shale
Retorting
Desulfurization
NOX Control
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Air Emissions
13B
086
07A
07D
07B
131
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReportI
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
573
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------