NTIS PB 82 109810
                                                       June 1981
             FIELD STUDIES ON USBM AND TOSCO II RETORTED OIL SHALES:
             Vegetation, Moisture, Salinity, and Runoff, 1977-1980
                                        by
                 M.K. Kilkelly, W.A. Berg, and H.P. Harbert, III
                   Colorado State University.Experiment Station
                         Fort Collins, Colorado   80523
                              Grant Number CR804719
                                 Project-Officer :

                                 Edward R.  Bates
                        Energy Pollution Control- Division
                  Industrial Environmental  Research Laboratory
                            Cincinnati, Ohio   45268
                  INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL' RESEARCH LABORATORY
                       OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
                      U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                            CINCINNATI,  OHIO   45268
  salt movement within the soil/shale profile.  Research plots with two
  types of retorted shales (TOSCO II and USBM) with leaching and soil cover
  treatments were established at two locations:  low-elevation (Anvil Points)
  and high-elevation (Piceance Basin) in western Colorado.  Vegetation was
  established by intensive management including leaching, N and P  fertilization,
  seeding, mulching, and irrigation.

       After seven growing seasons, a good vegetative cover remained with
  few differences between treatments, with the exception of the TOSCO retorted
  shale,  south-aspect, which consistently supported less perennial vegetative
  cover than other treatments.  With time, a shift from perennial  grasses to
  dominance by shrubs was observed.  Rodent activity on some treatments had
  a significantly negative effect on vegetative cover.
17.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
                                            b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                                       c.  COS AT I Field/Group
  Resources Management
  Synthetic Fuels
  Waste Disposal
  Agronomy
Land Reclamation
Oil Shale
Pollution
Soil Chemistry
Colorado
Solid Waste
Land Disposal
TOSCO Spent Shale
68D

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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
                             2.
                                                          3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION"NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  Field Studies on USBM  and  TOSCO II Retorted Oil
  Shale:  Vegetation, Moisture,  Salinity and Runoff,
  1977-1980.
                                 5. REPORT DATE
                                    July 1981
                                 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
  M.K.  Kilkelly; W.A. Berg;  H.P.  Harbert, III
                                                          8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
  Department of Agronomy
  Colorado State University
  Fort Collins, CO  80523
                                 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                    CCZNIA	
                                 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                                              CR804719
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  Energy Pollution Control  Division
  Industrial Environmental  Research Laboratory
  Office of Research and  Development
  US EPA. Cincinnati. OH  45268	
                                 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                    Final 1977-1980
                                 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                   EPA 600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT

       Field studies were  initiated in 1973 to investigate  the vegetative
  stabilization of processed oil ^hales and to follow moisture and soluble
 .salt movement within  the soil/shale profile.  Research  plots with two
  types of retorted shales (TOSCO II and USBM) with  leaching and soil cover
  treatments were established at two locations:   low-elevation (Anvil Points)
  and high-elevation (Piceance Basin) in western  Colorado.   Vegetation was
  established by intensive management including leaching, N and P fertilization,
  seeding, mulching, and  irrigation.

       After seven growing seasons, a good vegetative cover remained with
  few differences between  treatments, with the exception  of the TOSCO retorted
  shale, south-aspect,  which consistently supported  less  perennial vegetative
  cover than other treatments.  With time, a shift from perennial grasses to
  dominance by shrubs was  observed.  Rodent activity on some treatments had
  a significantly negative effect on vegetative cover.
17.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                             b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                              c.  COSATI field/Group
  Resources Management
  Synthetic Fuels
  Waste Disposal
  Agronomy
Land Reclamation
Oil Shale
Pollution
Soil Chemistry
Colorado
Solid Waste
Land Disposal
TOSCO Spent  Shale
USBM Spent Shale
Anvil Points
Piceance  •	
68D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                    19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
                        UNCLASSIFIED 	
                        21. NO. OF PAGES

                            119	
                                              20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                                                 UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                        22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                           105

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                                 DISCLAIMER
     This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
nor does mention of trade 'names of commercial products constitute endorsement
of recommendation for use.

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  FIRST
  LINE OF
                 TYPING
 -.CEMTFR
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DROPPED
HEAD,
3EGiN
EJECTIONS	
HERE
FOREWORD
                        I
               When  ener(gy  and material resources are extracted, processed, converted,
          and used,  the ^related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on
          our health oft'en  require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution
          control methods be  used.  The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory -
          Cincinnati (lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and
          improved methodologies that will meet these needs both efficiently and
          economically. =

               This  study investigated the vegetative stabilization of TOSCO II and
          JJSBMjprocessed shales, .with and without soil covers at a__l£w-eJLevation_ 	,
          u"(Anvil Points} and  a' high-elevation dPiceance Basin) in western Colorado."
          Parameters such as  moisture and soluble salts in the treatment profiles
          were also  monitored.  Results should |be useful to government agencies and
          private industries  involved with developing control technology methods for
          retorted oil;-,shale  disposal.  For more information, contact the Oil Shale
          and Energy Mining Branch of the Energy Pollution Control Division.
                                                 David G. Stephan
                                               j     Director
                                  Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                                                   Cincinnati
BEGIN
LAST LINE
OF TEXT
                                            BGTTOW OF
                                            !f AGE AREA;
                                            OUT SIDE

                                          j FOT; TABLES
                                          VA'vD ILLUS-
           EPA-237 (Cin.)
           (4-76)
                                          PAGE NUMBER

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                                  ABSTRACT


     Field studies were initiated in 1973 to investigate the vegetative sta-t
bilization of processed oil shales and to follow moisture and soluble salt
movement within the soil/shale profile.  Research plots with two types of
retorted shales (TOSCO II and USBM) with leaching and soil cover treatments
were established at two locations:  low-elevation  (Anvil Points) and high-
elevation  (Piceance Basin) in western Colorado.  Vegetation was established
by intensive management including leaching, N and P fertilization, seeding,
mulching, and irrigation.

     After seven growing seasons, a good vegetative cover remained with few
differences between'treatments, with the exception of the TOSCO retorted
shale, south-aspect, which consistently supported less perennial vegetative
cover than other treatments.  With time, a shift from perennial grasses to
dominance by shrubs was observed.  Rodent activity on some treatments had a
significantly negative effect on vegetative cover.

     After initial  irrigation for..establishment, the /vegetation was dependent
on seasonal precipitation.  Spring snowmelt'resulted in. recharge-of-profiles
to depths of 60 to  120 cm.  By fall, plant-available':, moisture was .-depleted. ,
by evapotranspiration.  Although ;the.fine-textured .TOSCO.retorted shale.
usually produced the greatest-;runoff of all, treatments,, the.  surface .runoff..  •
andtsediment, yields were generally-low due to  the.adequate vegetative.cover. •
Initially, some accumulation of, soluble salts .occurred at-.the surface •  • ..
because of ineffective leaching.  With subsequent  weathering, salinity
decreases throughout the entire  profile of most treatments were observed.
Recorded surface temperatures of the black TOSCO retorted shale were suffi-
ciently high to limit seedling establishment and increase surface evaporation.

     This  report follows an initial report by  Harbert and Berg  (1978) which
detailed the construction, establishment techniques, and interpretation  of
measurements from 1973 to  1976.
                                     '.iv

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                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                         Page


FOREWORD	 .     iii
ABSTRACT,	i	 . .	      ,iv
FIGURES	      vi
TABLES .......  	    Viii
APPENDIX  TABLES  •	       x
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS	 .    xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	     xiv
     Section
         I     INTRODUCTION  	     1

        II ,    CONCLUSIONS	     3

     "•III- '  : RECOMMENDATIONS, '.'\. .... . .  ...  ..... -.  .  .'. .  . ..  ...     6

 . , .-•   .iv  •  • MATERIALS; AND •METHODS;.	  ....  ............  .  .  ...    7

         V     RESULTS .'AND 'DISCUSSION  ......................    12
                     Precipitation  	    12
                     Low-Elevation Study Site	    13
                          Vegetation	    13
                          Moisture in retorted shale and  soil
                               treatments	    14
                          Leaching and movement of soluble salts   .  .    20
                          Runoff  and water quality	    23
                          Surface temperatures  	    26
                     High-Elevation Study Site  	    28
                          Vegetation  .	."	    28
                          Moisture in retorted shale and  soil
                               treatments	    29
                          Leaching and movement of soluble salts   .  .    35,
                          Runoff  and water quality 	    37


LITERATURE CITED	    42

APPENDIX TABLES	-.	    43
                                       v

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                                  FIGURES
Figure                                                             •     Page


   1        Location of low- and high-elevation study sites ......   7

   2        Diagram of the low- and high-elevation study treatments .   .

   3        Seasonal moisture profiles for, TOSCO retorted shale and
            soil treatments, north-aspect, low-elevation study,
            1976-1980	 . .	16

   4    .    Seasonal moisture profiles for TOSCO retorted shale and
            soil treatments, south-aspect, low-elevation study,
            1976-1980	17

   5        Seasonal moisture profiles for USBM retorted shale and
            soil treatments, north-aspect, low-elevation study,
            1976-1980 . .  . .. ,	 . . ....  . .   .  18

   6        Seasonal moisture, profiles for.,USBM retorted.shale and i,  .   .
            soil treatments', south-aspect, low.-elevation: study,;.
            1976-1980. ............ 	 ..............  19

   7        Soluble salt profiles of the low-elevation study •
            treatments, 1976, 1978, 1980	'. .   .  22

   8        Maximum temperatures at 1 cm depth for TOSCO retorted
            shale and soil treatments at the low-elevation study,
            1978	27

   9        Seasonal moisture profiles for TOSCO retorted shale and
            soil treatments, north-aspect, high-elevation study,
            1976-1980	31

  10  '      Seasonal moisture profiles for TOSCO retorted shale and
            soil treatments, south-aspect, high-elevation study,
            1976-1980	32

  11        Seasonal moisture profiles for USBM retorted shale and
            soil treatments, north-aspect, high-elevation study,
            1976-1980	33
                                     VI

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Figure                                                                  Page


  12        .Seasonal moisture profiles for USBM retorted shale and
            soil treatments, south-aspect, high-elevation study,
            1976-1980	, .'	 .  34

  13        Soluble salt profiles of the high-elevation study
            treatments, 1976, 1978, 1980  .............  .^ .  36
                                    VI1

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                                   TABLES
Table                                                                    Page

  1         Physical and chemical characteristics of TOSCO  II and
            USBM retorted shales	     9
  2         Seed mixtures and rates for the low-elevation study,
            June 11, 1973	    11

  3         Seed mixtures and rates for the high-elevation study,
            June 10, 1975	    11

  4         Monthly precipitation for the low- and high-elevation
            study sites, 1976-1980	'	    12

  5         Vegetative cover for the low-elevation study treatments,
            1976-1980  ; .. .-	    13

  6         Vegetative .cover-by species .categories'/for :the''low- .
            elevation .study treatments,. 1976-1980 .-..-..:.,  ... .'  .......  15

  7         Surface runoff-from two.-summer storms for  the low-
            elevation study, 1977	    24

  8         Spring snowmelt runoff for the low-elevation study,
            April 4, 1978	    25

  9         Spring snowmelt runoff for the low-elevation study,
            1979	    25

 10         Spring snowmelt runoff and analyses for the north-aspect
            of the low-elevation study, March 26, 1980	    26

 11         Vegetative cover for the high-elevation study treatments,
            1976-1980	    28

 12         Vegetative cover by species categories for the high-
            elevation study site, 1976-1980	    30

 13         Surface runoff from spring snowmelt and a  summer  storm
            for the high-elevation study, 1977	    38
                                    Vlll

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Table                                                                   Page

 14         Spring snowmelt runoff for the high-elevation study,
            April 6, 1978	  39

 15         Spring snowmelt runoff for the high-elevation study,
            April 24, 1978	  39

 16         Spring snowmelt and analyses for the high-elevation study,
            1980	l	  40
                                     IX

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                               APPENDIX TABLES'
Table/                                                                   Page
 1- 4     Vegetative analysis  (transect method),  low-elevation,  1977.

               1 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    44
               2 - TOSCO, south-aspect	    45
               3 - USBM, north-aspect	    46
               4 - USBM, south-aspect	    47

 5- 8     Moisture measurements  (neutron probe),  low-elevation,  1977.
               5 - TOSCO, north-aspect 	    48
               6 - TOSCO, south-aspect	    49
               7 - USBM, north-aspect  .....  	    50
               8 - USBM, south-aspect  	    51

 9-12     Vegetative analysis -(transect method),  low-elevation,,1978.

               9/- TOSCO, north-aspect . . .... ......................    52
   ' '          10 - TOSCO, south-aspect •-. . ........	 .  .    53
     ...   ,   •  11 -. USBM,, north-aspect. .......  .  ...  .-. .  .....  .. ., ..  .    54
              12 - USBM, .south-aspect -':.	    55

13-16 :    Moisture measurements '(neutron probe) ,  low-elevation,. 1978.
              13 - TOSCO^ north-aspect .......	    56
              14 - TOSCO, south-aspect	'57
              15 - USBM, north-aspect	    58
              16 - USBM, south-aspect	    59

  17      Salinity measurements  (EC) of core  samples  from the low-
          elevation study site, August 1978	    60

18-19     Vegetative analysis  (transect method),  low-elevation,  1979. '

              18 - TOSCO and USBM, north-aspect   .............    60
              19 - TOSCO and USBM, south-aspect	    61

20-23     Moisture measurements  (neutron probe),  low-elevation,  1979.
              20 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    63
              21 - TOSCO, south-aspect	    64
              22 - USBM, north-aspect	    65
              23 - USBM, south-aspect	    66
                                      x

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Table                                                                   Pa9e

  24      Salinity measurements (EC) of core samples from the TOSCO
          shale treatments at the low-elevation study site, 1979 .  .  .    67

25-26     Vegetative analysis  (transect^method),  low-elevation, 1980.

              25 - TOSCO and USBM, north-aspect  	 ......    68
              26 - TOSCO and USBM, south-aspect	    69

27-30     Moisture measurements (neutron probe),  low-elevation, 1980.

              27 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    70
              28 - TOSCO, south-aspect  :	    71
              29 - USBM, north-aspect . '	    72
              30 - USBM, south-aspect . i	'..........    73

  31      Salinity measurements (EC) of core samples from the TOSCO
          shale treatments at the low-elevation study site, September
          1980	';	....'-    74

32-35     Vegetative analysis  (transect method),  high-elevation, 1977i

              32 - TOSCO, north-aspect  ,	    75
              33 - TOSCO, south-aspect	 . .  . '    76
              34 - USBM, north-aspect	    77
              35 - USBM, south-aspect .,	    78

36-39     Moisture measurements (neutron probe),  high-elevation, 1977.
              36 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    79
              37 - TOSCO, south-aspect  :	    80
              38 - USBM, north-aspect . !	    81
              39 - USBM, south-aspect	    82

40-43     Vegetative analysis  (transect - method), high-elevation, 1978.

              40 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    83
              41 - TOSCO, south-aspect  :	    84
              42 - USBM, north-aspect	    85
              43 - USBM, south-aspect . >	    86

44-47     Moisture measurements (neutron probe), high-elevation, 1978.

              44 _ TOSCO, north-aspect	    87
              45 - TOSCO, south-aspect	    88
              46 - USBM, north-aspect  .; .  . ,	    89
              47 - USBM, south-aspect  .'	    90

  48      Salinity measurements (EC) of; core samples from  the high-
          elevation study site, August  1978	;  ,  91

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Table
                                                               Page
49-50
'Vegetative analysis (transect method), high-elevation, 1979.
              49 - TOSCO and USBM, north-aspect  ...'...'.....     92
              50 - TOSCO and USBM, south-aspect  ...........     93

51-54     Moisture measurements  (neutron probe), high-elevation,  1979.

              51 - TOSCO, north-aspect  .	     94
              52 - TOSCO,:south-aspect	..', .  ..    95
              53 - USBM, north-aspect 	  ........     96
              54 - USBM, south-aspect	     97

55-56     Vegetative analysis  (transect method), high-elevation,  1980.

              55 - TOSCO and USBM, north-aspect  ...........     98
              56.- TOSCO and USBM, south-aspect  ...........     99

57-60     Moisture measurements  (neutron probe), high-elevation,  1980.
              57 - TOSCO, north-aspect	    100
              58 - TOSCO, south-aspect	.	    101
              59 - USBM, north-aspect	    102
              60 - USBM, south-aspect	    103

  61      Salinity measurements  (EC) of core  samples from the TOSCO
      . ''. shale, treatments .at ;the. high-elevation study site,-'.
••..'.' ..-•. September 1980./ . ...  .  .... ...  .  . ...	  ,.	  .  104
                                     Xll

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            ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS.  ' -  .
cm
CSU
DTPA

EC
  mmhos/cm
  pmhos/cm

ha-m
kg/ha
km

Si
meq/Ji
PH
SAR
SD
centimeter
Colorado State University
diethylenetriamine pentaacetic  acid

electrical conductivity
  millimhos per centimeter
  micromhos per centimeter

hectare-meter
kilogram per hectare
kilometer

liter
milliequivalent per liter
a numerical designation of acidity
   and alkalinity

parts per .-million  ;:,
sodium iadsorption ratio
standard/deviation ~  :,
TDS
TOSCO
USBM

X
total dissolved solids  ...
Tosco Corporation •
United States Bureau of Mines

mean
                     xiii

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                             ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     Our thanks to the following agencies and individuals who,helped and
cooperated on this study:

          The Governor's Oil Shale .Advisory Committee for requesting the study.

          The Colorado Department of Natural Resources for the initial
               funding from state, federal, and private sources.

          The EPA, Industrial Environmental Resource Laboratory in Cincinnati,
               for funds to instrument and continue observations on the study.

          The U.S. Bureau of Mines for providing the Anvil Points study site
               and irrigation water in addition to the USBM retorted shale.

          The Colony Development Operation.for providing and loading the
               TOSCO retorted shale.

          The Bureau • of.Land,Management for the", Piceance , Basin 'study site'.   :.'.
   .- •  .    '. .  .and use of .a water storage .tank.;:  •••'-.        : *

    •  , , "  The Department .of • Navy • for -. providing - funds for. fencing-.the :Anvil ,
               Pbints  site.   . :            -                   :

          The Soil Conservation Service for seeds of certain hard-to-obtain
               native  species.

          And above all,  to the following people who worked long and hard on
               various stages of the project:

                               Bob Squires
                               Curley George
                               Chub Squires
                               Jim Herron
                               Russell Draves
                               Terry Ruiter
                               Claire  Semmer
                               Deborah Gerschefske
                               Russell Scott.
                               Kirby DeMott
                               Lori Nukaya
                                    xiv

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                                  SECTION I

                                 INTRODUCTION


      In recent years the need to -develop new energy  resources within  the
United States has become increasingly important.   In 1973 the U.S. Department
of  Interior estimated that the western oil  shale reserves, consisting of over
64,750 square kilometers in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, contained over
9.5 x 1013 I  (600 billion barrels) of recoverable  crude oil.  These previously
undeveloped areas, used largely  as range and wildlife habitats, will  be sub-
ject  to vast land disturbances with the development  of an oil shale industry.

      Various waste products will be generated by shale processing methods
making it necessary to develop control technology  in order to limit the
environmental impact. .. -One of the major environmental problems associated with
oil shale development is the disposal, of the massive amounts of waste material
produced.  The U.S. Department of Interior  (1973)  estimated that a mature oil
shale industry of 1.6 x 108 2, of oil/day (one million barrels of oil/day)
would generate approximately 20,000 .ha-m per .year  of-waste material with sur-.,
face retorting methods.- -.Part-of this waste'might  be 'returned to mined areas, :
but a large, proportion would require . surface ...disposal.-' Not only -the .large .  '
volume, .but also the chemical and physical, characteristics-.of the waste will
create, challenges for the development'of control .technology..'

     A part of the solution to the_management of processed shales-would be
the rapid establishment of a satisfactory vegetative cover on disposal piles.
Vegetation would stabilize the processed shale by  decreasing water and wind •
erosion.   Transpiration by vegetation would also result in less moisture
available for deep percolation.   Establishment of vegetation would .also aid
in returning the area to a range and wildlife habitat, and provide a  more
ae s thet ic lands cape.

     To make reasonable predictions about the environmental impact of an oil.
shale industry it is necessary to investigate both the chemical and physical
properties of the waste material.  Factors affecting the characteristics of
the retorted shale include the natural variation in the raw shale,  the degree
to which the raw shale was crushed prior to retorting and the retorting pro-
cess itself.

     In addition to physical and chemical characteristics of the retorted
shale, the location of the disposal sites in a region of complex geomorphology
and varied climatic regimes will influence  the success of disposal management
efforts.

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     Thus, the following studies were initiated to evaluate intensive ,manage-
ment techniques for the vegetative stabilization of processed oil shales:
two locations were chosen to simulate disposal sites (a low-elevation and a
high-elevation).  Various leaching and soil cover treatments were applied to
two types of processed shales  (TOSCO II and USBM).  The objectives of:this
study were to investigate surface stability and to monitor moisture and
soluble salts in the treatment profiles;

     This report deals most specifically with the collection and interpreta-
tion of data from 1977 through 1980, although references and comparisons are
made to the 1976 growing season.  A more detailed description of results from
1973 to 1976 is reported in Harbert and'Berg  (1978).

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                                  SECTION II

                                 CONCLUSIONS
| LOW-ELEVATION STUDY SITE              ;

 Vegetation

      1.   After seven growing seasons,  a good vegetative cover (52% to 68%)
          existed on all treatments.                                          :

      2.   The TOSCO retorted shale,  with no soil cover,  generally supported
    	less perennial vegetation  throughout the years,  than other treatments.
                '      -                 i
      3.   A shift in vegetative composition from perennial grasses to predomi-
          nance by xeric shrubs occurred on all treatments.
                 .                      s                             -

 Moisture L     '                        •
      1.   With average seasonal precipitation most treatment profiles were
       t, :  recharged to-levels of 20% to 25% moisture by volume in the spring
          to depths of 60-120 cm.       t
                                       >
      2.   Good vegetative cover, especially deeper-rooted shrubs, extracted
          substantial moisture from all treatment profiles to approximately
          10% moisture by volume by fall.

      3.   South-facing slopes reflected a  drier soil moisture regime than
          north-facing slopes by a more rapid shift from grasses to xeric
          shrubs.                       i
 Salinity
          Leached treatments of the fine-textured TOSCO shale initially
          experienced some accumulation of surface salts,  and salinization
          of soil covers over retorted shale.
                i                       (
          Seasonal precipitation in later years reduced salinity levels to
          5 mmhos/cm or less throughout the entire profile of leached treat-
          ments with no indication of upward salt migration.

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Runoff and Water Quality

     1.  The quantity and quality of spring snowmelt runoff depended on
         whether the ground surface was frozen or thawed.

     2.  A greater runoff volume resulted when the ground surface was frozen,
         and was of high water quality.                               :

     3.  Small amounts of runoff in 1978 were rated medium to very high
         salinity hazard  (1210 - 3200 pmhos/cm).

     4.  The use of a mulch during vegetative establishment and the present
         vegetative cover contributed to low sediment yields for all
         treatments.
 Surface Temperatures

      1.   Maximum temperatures of 60-65°C at  a 1  cm depth were recorded in
          mid-summer on TOSCO south-facing plots.   Temperatures  from south-
          facing soil plots were  about 5°C lower.

      2.   On north-facing TOSCO shale plots temperatures at 1 cm depth were
          approximately 50°C, compared to 30°C for north-facing  soil plots.


 HIGH-KLEVATION STUDY SITE             '.

 Vegetation                                                           !

      1.  The initial vegetation  established  in 1974 was unsatisfactory
          because:  perennial grasses were seeded at a low  rate, a too dense
          stand of big sagebrush  resulted, and the inadequately  leached
          retorted shales were resalinized.

      2.  After releaching, rototilling, and  reseeding a good stand resulted.

1      3.  Rodent activity, particularly pocket gophers, caused considerable
          surface disturbance resulting in a  loss of vegetative  cover.

      4.  A shift from perennial grasses to predominance by xeric  shrubs  was
          observed.                      •
 Moisture
'      1.  Spring snowmelt resulted in recharge of profiles to depths of
|          60-120 cm.                   •  '
»                                       ;  ;
!      2.  Evapotranspiration resulted in depletion of plant-available
:  _       moisture in the profiles by fall.
                                       4 ;

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Salinity
     1.  Due to high evaporative demand and low irrigation rates, resalini--
         zation of the leached layer over the retorted shales resulted in
         1974.

     2.  Resalinization did not occur after the 1975 releaching.

     3.  Seasonal precipitation and continued weathering reduced soluble
         salts to 5 mmhos/cm or less throughout the entire profile of leached.
         treatments by 1980, with no indication of upward salt movement.
Runoff and Water Quality

     1.  Spring snowmelt was responsible for the majority of surface runoff
         on all treatments.

     2.  When small amounts of runoff resulted, from either limited snowmelt
         or summer thunderstorms,  the salinity hazard was rated high to very
         high from, the retorted shales (1120 - 7200 ymhos/cm).

     3.  The sodium hazard and sediment yields were rated low for runoff
         from all treatments.

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                                SECTION III

                              RECOMMENDATIONS
1.  Intensive management will be required to establish a satisfactory vege-
    tative cover within a.reasonable amount of time.

2.  As a specific retorting method develops, investigation of the waste as
    a plant growth.media requires a thorough examination of the physical and
    and chemical,characteristics of the;retorted shale.

3.  The eventual erosion of soil cover or modified retorted shale, particu-
    larly from steep south-facing slopes, could result in continued exposure
    of less weathered retorted shale.  This should be considered in future
    waste stabilization research and planning.

4.  The ultimate fate of applied leach water, along with a comprehensive
    water balance (especially for high-elevation disposal sites) should be
    addressed.

5.  Large herbivores were restricted from the small plots in this study by
    fencing, future research should evaluate both wildlife and domestic
    livestock use on the retorted shale disposal site.

6.  The retorted shale disposal site stabilization plan must allow for
    localized severe rodent disturbances as observed in this study.

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                                  SECTION. IV

                             MATERIALS AND METHODS
    Field studies were  initiated in 1973 to investigate the vegetative sta-
bilization potential of retorted oil shales.   The objectives were to examine
surface stability and soluble  salt movement in retorted oil shales.  Two
types of processed shale,  USBM and TOSCO II,  with various leaching and soil
cover treatments were used.  Study plots were established at two sites to
simulate conditions existing at proposed shale waste disposal sites  (Figure 1)
The low-elevation site  at  Anvil Points (1,700 m) has a semi-arid climate and
sparse natural vegetation  of low-elevation pinyon-juniper woodlands.  This
site" receives approximately 30 cm of annual precipitation.  The vegetation
types at the high-elevation Piceance Basin site (2,200 m) were high-elevation
big sagebrush shrubland and low-elevation pinyon-juniper woodland.  With an
                        Study Area    j

                       '      "Denver i
                                 i
                        COLORADO, .  I
                                           _ MOFFAT CO._
                                           RIO BLANCO CO.
                    	I
                          	^__RIO_BLANCp .CO.	 _)
                                GAR'FIELD to."
                    Figure 1.  Location  of  the low- and high-
                               elevation study sites.  .

-------
estimated average precipitation annually of 40 cm, this site was very similar
in climate, elevation, and vegetation to the Colorado Federal Oil Shale lease
sites in the Piceance Creek Basin.

    Each research site contains a set of 3.3 m x 6.6 m plots with the follow-
ing treatments:                        :
         1.  Leached TOSCO retorted shale
         2.  Leached TOSCO retorted shale with 15-cm soil cover
         3.  Unleached TOSCO retorted shale with 30-cm soil cover
         4.  Leached USBM retorted shale
         5.  Leached USBM retorted shale with 15-cm soil cover
         6.  Unleached USBM retorted shale with 30-cm soil cover at the
                  high-elevation site or 60-cm soil cover at the low-elevation
                  site
         7.  Soil control

    Each of the seven replicated treatments had a north and a south exposure
on a 4:1  (25%) slope.  A. diagram of the treatment arrangement at each site
is shown in Figure 2.
                          • NORTH
                                                SOUTH—>•
                                      soil-
                Figure 2.   Diagram of the low- and high-elevation
                           study treatments.

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     The two retorted shales used in this study were products of retorting
 processes developed by Tosco Corporation (TOSCO II) and the U.S. Bureau of
 Mines (USBM) „   Some chemical and physical characteristics, of these retorted
 shales have been determined by Schmehl and McCaslin (1973)  (Table 1) and :
 Ward et al. (1971).
 TABLE, 1.   PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOSCO II AND USBM RETORTED
           SHALES (SCHMEHL AND McCASLIN, 1973).


PH
EC (mmhos/cm)
SAR
Texture
>2 mm
<2 mm
Field Moisture Capacity
TOSCO
9.2
17.7
29.0
silt loam
14%
86%
20.9%
USBM
8.6
16.6
14.1
gravelly silt loam
62%
38%
19.8%
                      H20
                    (<2 mm material)
      The TOSCO'retorted .shale was black,  silt loam,material.retorted at the1
'Colony Development Operation,near Parachute,;-Colorado... The TOSCO retorting
 process,was  described by Lenhart '(1969).•  The USBM retorted;shale was.black-
 gray and contained approximately 60% coarse  particles (>2  mm)  and 40% soil-
 sized particles (<2 mm).   The USBM retorted  shale was retorted by a gas-
 combustion method  described by Matzick et al.  (1966).

      Because these shales were retorted under experimental conditions,  they
 may not be representative of later commercially produced material.  Several
 years between retorting and initiation of these field studies  allowed some
 physical and chemical changes to occur due to weathering.   The USBM shale
 was retorted earlier and may have initially  had a higher pH than when used
 for these studies.
      The  soils  for  the experimental  control were classified as  a calcareous
 silty clay loam at  the low-elevation site,  and a non-calcareous silt loam at ,
 the high-elevation  site.

      Construction was  completed at both the high-elevation and  low-elevation
 site in 1973.   After filling operations,  the plots  were  outfitted with salin-
 ity sensors buried  at  20  and 50 cm depths.   Because of erratic  readings, their
 use was discontinued in 1978.   Neutron  probe access tubes  were  also installed

-------
to monitor moisture patterns to a depth of 150 cm. throughout the growing sea-
son by neutron probe.  A surface runoff collection system provided information
on the quality and quantity of runoff from spring snowmelt or summer thunder-
storms.  A tipping-bucket rain gauge and recorder at each study site, as well
as a hygrothermograph (during the growing season) supplied climatologieal data.

     Those treatments requiring leaching were sprinkler irrigated after con-
struction.  The low-elevation site, leached treatments, received a total of  •
100 cm of water.  The high-elevation site, leached treatments, were irrigated
by hauling water, on an intermittant basis.  Because of the high evaporation
rate, and low application rate, leaching was generally ineffective, and
salinization of the surface occurred at the high-elevation site.  Additional
irrigation of 100 cm in 1975 applied continuously by sprinkler succeeded in
leaching the soluble salts from the surface at this site.

     After leaching, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied to all
treatments at both study sites.  Phosphorus was incorporated to a depth of
10 cm at the rate of 400 kg P/ha in the\form of triple superphosphate.  Nitro-
gen was applied following germination at the rate of 66 kg N/ha as ammonium
nitrate.  Supplemental maintenance nitrogen was applied in following years by
broadcasting 66 kg N/ha when spring regrowth began.  Fertilization with
nitrogen was discontinued in 1979.'

     The low-elevation study site was seeded in June 1973 with a mixture of
native grasses and shrubs (Table 2).  After lightly raking, a mulch of grass
hay was applied and held with cotton netting.  Although the high-elevation
site was initially seeded in 1974, because of the salinity problems mentioned,
this site was rototilled and reseeded in June 1975 with the native mix shown
in Table 3.  Irrigation aided the  establishment of vegetation at both study
sites, the first growing season.   The low-^elevation site received a total of
46 cm of water, while the high-elevation site received approximately 20 cm
of water for stand establishment.  Neither study site received any additional
irrigation in following seasons, but was dependent upon naturally "occurring
precipitation.                          .

     Core samples were taken 1973 through-1975.  In later years the plots were
core sampled on an intermittant basis to minimize disturbance.  Salinity
measurements on a 1:1 by weight, soil to water ratio, were performed on 15 cm
increments of the core samples.  A saturated paste extract was not used
because of the large sized sample  required, as well as the physical charac-
teristics of the retorted shales.

     Two methods of vegetative measurements were used.  The quadrat method
was used to provide an estimate of germination and establishment the first
two years after seeding.  The line-intercept method was used  in later years
to provide a more quantitative measurement.   In  1976, the low-elevation study
site was analyzed for total aboveground standing biomass.

     A more detailed account and description  of  the construction and measure-
ments  for 1973 through 1976 was presented  in  an  earlier report  (Harbert and
Berg,  1978).

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TABLE  2.   SEED  MIXTURES' AND  RATES FOR THE LOW-ELEVATION STUDY,  JUNE 11, 1973.
Species
GRASSES,
Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum)
Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides)
Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii)
SHRUBS
Big sagebrush (Artemisia tri dentate)
Fourwing saltbush ( Atrip! ex canescens)
Rabbi tbrush (Chyrsothamnus SPP.)
Winterfat (Ceratoides lanata)
Rate
(kg/ha)

2.2
2.2
1.1

0.5
1.1
0.5
1.1
TABLE  3.   SEED MIXTURES  AND  RATES  FOR THE  HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY,  JUNE 10,  1975.

                                                                          Rate
                                   Species;                               (kg/ha)
             GRASSES
             Bluebunch wheatgrass (Aqropyron spicatum).  ' -                   o.5.
             Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii)                         i.-|t
             Galleta (Hi!aria jamesii)                                      0.5
             Basin wildrye (Elymus cinereus)                                0.5
             Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides)                        2.2

             FORBS
             Lupine spp. (Lupine spp.)                                      Q 5
             Utah sweetvetch (Hedysarum boreale utahensis)                   i 7
             Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata)                   Q 5
             James penstemon (Penstemon jamesii)                            -j -j
             Penstemon spp.  "Bandera" (Penstemon spp.)                       Q 2

             SHRUBS
             Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata)                       £.2
             Fourwing saltbush  (Atrip!ex canescens)                          2 2
             Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.)                               2.2
             Winterfat (Ceratoides  lanata)                                  2 2

            f This  rate was  doubled on both  the TOSCO and USBM spent shale plots.

                                              11

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                                  SECTION V

                           RESULTS  AND DISCUSSION
PRECIPITATION

     A tipping bucket rain gauge  with a continuous chart recorder was
installed at both high- and  low-elevation study sites.  These gauges were not
wind shielded, therefore, loss  of precipitation in the form of snow during
winter months was expected.   Precipitation data for 1976-1980 are reported
for both study sites in Table 4. ' The average annual precipitation for the
low-elevation study site was estimated to be 30 cm, while that for the high-
elevation was estimated to be 40  cm.   Evidently the tipping bucket gauge even
though correctly calibrated, did  not  adequately register annual precipitation
in the form of snow.                    1


TABLE 4.  MONTHLY PRECIPITATION FOR THE LOW- AND HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY SITES,
          1976-1980.
                         Low-Elevation Site  :         High-Elevation Site
riontn

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL
197

0.
5.
3.
3.
4.
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
0.
0.
28.
6

4
9
7
4
0
8
2
5
8
4
1
1
3
1977

1.5
0.6
2.2
0.9
1.5
0.5
-
4.8
3.7
2.2
-
2.5
20.4
1978

4.8
3.5
9.2
3.4
2.6
0.6
0.2
1.1
2.0
0.1
5.1
2.9
35.5
1979

0.7
4.5
3.3
0.6
4.1
1.2
1.7
3.3
0.4
2.0
3.0
0.6
25.4
1980

5.5
9.2
5.9
2.1
6.4
0.0
3.0
2.2
10.6
4.8
1.5
1.6
4.2.8
1976

5.1
7.1
0.6
3.4
5.2
2.5
1.2
3.4
. 2.2
0.7
0.1
0.1
31.6
1977

1.0
1.3
2.0
3.5
1.4
0.5
3.4
3.9
3.5
2.3
1.9
0.7
25.4
1978

.1.3
1.0
2.8
2.7
3.7
0.6
0.5
' 0.6
0.2
0.3
T.4
0.3
15.4
1979

0.5
0.4
1.3
0.6
6.0
0.7
0.9
2.9
0.4
3.3
1.4
0.6
19.0
1980

1.2
1.7
3.5
1.4
2.8
0.0
2.9
2.6
1.2
2.9
0.3
0.9
21.4
             - Incomplete data.
                                      12

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     Almost all of Colorado was  subjected to a drought during the 1976-1977
winter  season.  Lack of  snowfall,  combined with low spring precipitation,
resulted in considerable moisture  stress  to vegetation at both study sites..
Precipitation for the  summer months was also unusually low at the high-
elevation  site for 1978.  A cylinder  type precipitation gauge at this site
measured approximately double  the  precipitation recorded by the tipping
bucket  gauge January through April 1978,  when, snow was a major form of
precipitation.
LOW-ELEVATION STUDY SITE

Vegetation

     Over the 1973-1976 growing period an adequate  stand  of native  perennial
grasses and shrubs was established  (Harbert and Berg,  1978).   The application
of water for leaching and establishment  in 1973 provided  a reservoir of  mois-
ture in the soil or retorted shale profiles for plant  use.  Only after the
1975 growing season were the moisture recharge and  extraction  patterns depen-
dent upon the natural precipitation.  Because of this,  1976 vegetation data
has been used in this report as a comparison for vegetation changes in later
growing seasons.

     In 1976 there,was an adequate stand of native  perennial species,on.all  ,
treatments except • for the TOSCO retorted shale-which'.was .dominated  by annuals
(Tables '5 and •&) . •• • Overall,: north slopes 'supported .more vegetation  than  drier
south slopes. . Below, average precipitation over the-1976-1977  winter combined
with. a. drought,, during*: the 1977 growing season'^ resulted / in- significantly, less • •
vegetative cover .on all treatments in 1977: /. With a 'return to  nearly.average
precipitation in 1978 and 1979 'the vegetation recovered'and reached levels
comparable to that before the drought (Table 5).

TABLE 5.  VEGETATIVE COVER FOR THE LOW-ELEVATION STUDY  TREATMENTS,  1976-1980,
         Treatment                1976       1977       1978       1979      1980

TOSCO Spent Shale
15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO
30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO
USBM Spent Shale
15 cm Soil Cover/USBM
60 cm Soil Cover/USBM
Soil Control

73
80
75
79
87
84
84

29
32
46
53
38
43
36
°/
66
76
70
66
73
78
76

59
78.
78
79
81
82
81

60
53
68
55
55
60
52
                                     13

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     The most noticeable change over the 1976-1980 growing period was the
change in species composition from a population dominated by perennial
grasses to one dominated by shrubs (Table 6).   The south slopes showed a
greater decrease in perennial grasses and a greater increase in shrubs than
did the north slopes.  Most of the shrub cover increase was due to the large
spreading canopy of fourwing saltbush which increased in size every growing
season.  Although some increase in shrub cover was measured on the north
slopes, the persistence of perennial grasses,  primarily western wheatgrass,
was greater than on south slopes.

     The population of annual species fluctuated widely, depending upon the
available moisture.  In 1977, during a severe drought, less than 1% ground
cover by annual species was measured on, any treatment.  With greater precipi-
tation in 1978 and 1979, vegetative cover increased, a large proportion of
which was due to annual species which were mustard and cheatgrass.

     Overall, the TOSCO retorted shale consistently supported less perennial
vegetative cover than the USBM retorted'shale, soil cover treatments, or the
soil control.  This was believed, in part, to be a reflection of the reduc-
tion in perennials caused by the resalinization in 1973 of the TOSCO profile
after leaching.  Measured surface temperatures indicated that evaporation of
moisture from the black TOSCO material could have also significantly affected
the vegetation.  Runoff has also been greater on the TOSCO retorted shale due
to the silty texture creating slow infiltration and resulting in less mois-
ture recharge of the profile.  All of these factors have probably contributed
to less perennial vegetation cover on the TOSCO retorted shale.

     Vegetative analysis by individual species is not presented or discussed
here due to the voluminous amount of data.  However, all measurements of
individual species are reported  in the appendix to this; report.


Ifoisture in Retorted Shale and Soil Treatments

     Patterns of moisture use for all treatments were plotted for 1976-1980
in Figures 3 through 6.  Figures for 1979 were not  included due to limited
space, but all data  for that year are reported in the appendix to this  report.
Maximum moisture content of the  profiles originated primarily from spring
snowmelt recharge.  Depletion throughout the growing  season by plants
resulted in a minimal moisture content of profiles by fall. .The  soil
moisture readings  graphed for each year were made on  the  following dates:

                                  Spring            Fall              ;
                     1976         April  1           August  4
                     1977         April  14          September 16
                     1978         April  4           September 13
                     1979         May 15            September 11
                     1980         April  15          September 13

      Measurement of  moisture content wa's made with  a  neutron probe.   There-
fore  all values are  in  percent by volume.   Readings at  the 15 cm  depth  were
probably unusally  low because of neutron  scatter  and  loss.

                                      14

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TABLE  6.   VEGETATIVE  COVER  BY SPECIES  CATEGORIES FOR THE  LOW-ELEVATION STUDY
              TREATMENTS,  1976-1980.
Treatment

Species Categories

1976

1977

NORTH ASPECT
TOSCO Spent Shale


15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


USBH Spent Shale


15 en Soil Cover/USBM


60 cm Soil Cover/USBM


Soil Control


Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial Grasses
, Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
28
13
52
73
4
15
53
17
14
62
14
17
85
16
1
66
24
7
78
18
2
21
6

28
5

25
13

52
10

39
16

28
12

28
22

1978


33
23
55
52
13
43
44
9
5
39
15
28
61
16
4
47
30
11
65
17
10
1979


16
27
29
45
15
25
42
14
30
40
17
30
63
28
. 6
48
41
14
53
23
20
1980


12
24
15
36
10
12
29
23
13
17
33
15
27
19
7
20
30
15
31
30
10
                                              SOUTH ASPECT  .
     TOSCO Spent Shale   •



     15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO



     30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO



     USBM Spent Shale



     15 cm Soil Cover/USBM



     60 cm Soil Cover/USBM



     Soil  Control
Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals    •  .

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals

Perennial Grasses
Shrubs
Annuals
23:
21
22

66
 5
 7

45
37
 5

40
21
n

50
23
 6

53
24
 3

79
19
 1
 8
24
14
 9
13
45
13
32
 6
21
18
31
                                                                       16
                                                                       7
 6
17
35

30
18
28

17
57
15

15
47
 6

15
40
14

37
31
14

40
19
22
12
34'
 6

37
27
22

17
56
10

11
50
18

18
52
12

37
26
13

56
11
10
 6
55
32

13
31
20

 7
36
23

 6
34
21

 5
50
16

11
44
17

21
13
13
                                                    15

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                  TOSCO

              % Moisture by vol.
                    15 cm Soil
                      /TOSCO
30 cm  Soil
   /TOSCO
Soil
                    % Moisture by vol.  % Moisture by vol.  % Moisture by vol.
                                -1976-
             0   10  20 30 40 0  10 20 30 40  9  10 20  30  40 0  10  20  30 40


            30
f
              0

             30

             60

             90

             120

             150

             180
                                           -1980-
                A-FALL  0-SPRING
Figure  3.   Seasonal moisture  profiles  for TOSCO  retorted shale and soil
            treatments, north-aspect, low-elevation study,  1976-1980.
                                         16

-------
                  TOSCO
15 cm  Soil     30  cm Soil
   /TOSCO         /TOSCO
Soil
               % Moisture by vol.  % Moisture by vol.   % Moisture  by vol.  % Moisture by vol.
               	1976	
             0  10 20  30 40  0  10  20 30 40  0  10  20  30 40  Q	10  20 30 40
             o.
            30
          "i 60
          £ 90
          B.
          Q I2O
            150
            180
                                          -I98O-
               A-FALL  0-SPR1NG
Figure  4.   Seasonal moisture  profiles  for TOSCO retorted shale and soil
            treatments, south-aspect, low-elevation  study, 1976-1980.
                                        17

-------
                   USBM
15 cm  Soil
   /USBM
60 cm  Soil
   /USBM
                                                                 Soil
                % Moisture  by vol    % Moisture by vol.  % Moisture by vol.  % Moisture by vol.
                                            -1976-                      	
                  IP  20 30 40  0 10 20  30 40 0  IP  20 30 4O  0 10 20  30 40
               0

              30

            1 60
            _0
            .c 90

            I" 120

              150

              180
                                             -I98O-
                  A-FALL  OSPR1NG
•Figure 5.   Seasonal moisture profiles for  USBM retorted shale and soil
             treatments,  north-aspect, low-elevation study, 1976-1980.
                                         18

-------
    USBM
% Moisture by vol.
                                15 cm  Soil
                                   /USBM
60 cm  Soil
   /USBM
                                % Moisture  by vol.  % Moisture by vol.
                                	:	1976	
   Soil
% Moisture by vol
                   10  20  30  40 0  10  2O 30 40 0  10 20 30  40 O  IP 20  30 40
              0
             30
             6O
             90
            .
             l20
             150
             180
                                           -1980-
                 A-FALL  0-SPRING
Figure  6.   Seasonal moisture  profiles  for USBM retorted shale  and soil
            treatments, south-aspect, low-elevation study, 1976-1980.
                                        19

-------
     Spring measurements in 1976 revealed a large reservoir of plant-avail-
able moisture in all treatments.  Residual moisture from establishment irri-
gations was most likely responsible for the considerable amount of moisture
measured  (25% to 30% by volume).  By fall, plant-available moisture was
depleted to a depth of 90 cm to 120 cm, with moisture use greatest on the
USBM retorted shale treatments.  The least amount of water used was by plants
growing on the TOSCO retorted shale.     i

     Overwinter precipitation, from October of 1976 through the 1977 growing
season, was considerably less than average for this study site.  For this
reason, recharge of the moisture profiles was minimal.  In fact, the 1977
spring moisture profiles did not reveal significant differences from values
measured in the fall of 1976  (12% to 20% moisture by volume).  Consequently,
plant-available water was limiting.  The north-aspect of TOSCO retorted shale
showed the most water lost throughout the growing season.  Water losses were
slight to insignificant on all other treatments.

     With the return to more normal precipitation during the winter of 1977
and spring of 1978, recharge of the moisture profiles for all treatments
averaged 25% moisture by volume.  Water losses throughout the growing:season
were similar for both USBM and TOSCO treatments.  The soil control showed the
least amount of water lost, most probably due to the absence of fourwing salt-
bush on this treatment.  This large spreading shrub had begun to dominate the
vegetative composition of the retorted shale treatments, increasing the
amount of water lost from moisture profiles during the growing seasons.

     Patterns of recharge and depletion;in the moisture profiles for 1979
measurements were very similar to 1978 values.  In 1980, recharge from
spring snowmelt averaged 20% to 25% moisture by volume, which, by the end
of the growing season was depleted to,approximately 10% moisture by volume.
Once again, the soil control averaged the least amount of water lost from
its profile, probably due to the lack of large shrubs on the treatment.

     After seven growing seasons, the vegetative composition on these treat-
ments is  fairly stable.  The large fourwing saltbush shrubs currently domi-
nating the vegetation will most likely continue to extract substantial
amounts of water from the moisture profiles of all treatments.  If overwinter
precipitation is average, the recharge and .extraction patterns of both USBM
and TOSCO retorted shales should continue to provide adequate plant-available
moisture  to support the present vegetative cover.


Leaching  and Movement of Soluble Salts  ;

     Initial analysis of the retorted shales revealed high salinity levels,
resulting in an unsuitable plant growth,media.  For this reason the retorted
shales, and the 15-cm soil cover/retorted shales  were leached prior to  seed-
ing.  The treatments with 30 or 60 cm of  soil cover/retorted shales, as well
as the soil control, were not  leached.

     Soluble salt levels were  determined  by electrical conductivity  (EC) mea-
surements from core samples taken after leaching and  in  subsequent years

                                     20;

-------
 (Figure 7)<  In-place salinity, sensors were also monitored, but, because of
unreliable -results, the data were not used in the following discussion.  The
EC values were obtained from 1:1 (soil to water by weight) extracts, and
therefore, are not directly applicable to salinity standards commonly found
in the literature.  An approximate conversion to standard saturation paste
extract values can be made by multiplying the EC value of the 1:1 extract, by
2.  A final EC value of 4 mmhos/cm or greater is generally considered saline,
while extracts with EC values greater than 16 mmhos/cm are classified as
extremely saline  (Richards, 1954).

     Soluble salts in the TOSCO retorted shale extracts, before leaching,
averaged about 18 mmhos/cm (Table 1).  Immediately after leaching in early
1973 the EC values fell to around 5 mmhos/cm, but due to a combination of
factors,:the profiles of the TOSCO retorted shale were resalinized by the
fall of 1974  (Harbert and Berg, 1978).  A large reservoir of subsurface mois-
ture, the movement of that moisture along with dissolved salts upward, and
rapid surface evaporation from the black material, combined to cause the
resalinization.  The concentration of salts at the shale surface was parti-
cularly noticeable, with EC values of shale extracts reaching 15 to 17 mmhos/
cm.  Soluble salts did not accumulate at the surface of the TOSCO shale
treatments which had not been leached, because subsurface water in excess of
field capacity was not available to transport dissolved salts upward.

     Core samples taken in subsequent years indicated that additional mois-
ture from winter and spring precipitation was effective in moving the soluble
salts downward within the profile.   Although,,when sampled.in 1978 there'was
a small'overall increase in. salinity throughout.the-entire profile of the
TOSCO shale plots, this was' likely,-due to leaching;of.soluble salts from  •
large .particles- of :the processed shale: .Further, precipitation and continued ,
weathering:of the :shale.particles-resulted in.an overall decrease of salinity'
throughout the entire profile of the T.OSCO sha'les by 1980  (Figure 7) . -This/
combined with a satisfactory.vegetative cover, which effectively utilized
moisture from the profile, should reduce the potential for upward movement
of .water and dissolved salts.

     The salinity hazard of the USBM shale was initially less than the TOSCO
shale, and after the 1973 leaching, has contined to remain at an acceptable
level (Figure 7).  Resalinization of the USBM shales did not occur, probably
because of the coarse texture of this material, which restricted upward
capillary movement.

     The soil control was non-saline originally and no salt accumulation was
observed during the study period.

     One noteworthy item concerns the abundance of .fourwing saltbush:on-the
study plots.  While this shrub is highly tolerant of saline conditions, and
has continued to increase in size each year, it may also be capable of ele-
vating soil salinity levels where it grows.  It has been proposed that some
Atviplex species can induce zones of salt depletion, accumulation, and com-
pensation where grown (Sharma and Tongway, 1973).  Future investigations
should consider the effects that this shrub may have on revegetated areas.
                                     21

-------
                                    TOSCO  NORTH ASPECT
             SPENT SHALE
               EC
              SPENT SHALE
          o

         3O

         eo

         9O

         1ZO

         ISO
         CO

         90

         12O

         14O

         18O
            S76» I973Y
CM SOIL COVER
     103
5  1O .
1	T	
                                    TOSCO SOUTH ASPECT
                                     USBM NORTH, ASPECT
                               15 CM SOIL COVER   , i  6O CM SOIL COVER
                                      USBM SOUTH ASPECT
SOIL CONTROL
  EC PI 1O3
                 SOIL CONTROL
Figure 7.   Soluble salt profiles of the' low-elevation study treatments,
             1976,  1978,  1980.
                                           22

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Runoff and Water Quality

     Surface runoff has primarily been the result offspring snowmelt, although
occasional summer thunderstorms have resulted in measureable surface runoff.
Volume of runoff, sediment yields, conductivity, and chemical analyses are
reported in Tables 7 through 10, and summarized in the following discussion.
Runoff and water quality data for the. 1973-1976 period were reported in •
Harbert and Berg (1978).

     Overwinter precipitation for 1976-1977 was severely limiting resulting
in no measureable spring snowmelt runoff except for one north-aspect, 15-cm
soil cover/TOSCO plot.  Runoff calculated from' this plot only amounted to
0.02 cm.  In September of 1977 two separate summer thunderstorms produced
limited runoff on a few treatment plots  (Table 7).  The only significant
runoff was confined to the TOSCO retorted shales, and was ranked as posing a
low salinity hazard.  Sediment yields from the T'OSCO shale treatments were
highest but when compared to agricultural soils, were small.  Caution must be
used in interpreting these data as it has been observed that small amounts of
runoff dissolved salts concentrated at the surface.  Larger amounts of runoff
simply diluted these salts, decreasing the salinity hazard of the runoff
water.

     1978 spring snowmelt produced runoff primarily restricted to the various
TOSCO shale treatment plots (Table 8) .  With small amounts of runoff, the
salinity hazard was rated moderate to high for most treatments.  Sediment
yields were considered minimal.

  .  , A larger, amount of .spring'snowmelt-runoff'in, 1979 ,:was rated as having .
a low salinity hazard "with nominal sediment'.yields . (Table.. 9) .

     Spring snowmelt in.1980 produced runoff'only on frozen north-aspect   .  •
slopes..  Because a-.thin layer, of ice remained over, the frozen, ground, the
water quality of the runoff posed no environmental hazard (Table 10).

     The well-developed vegetative cover on all treatments at this site will
most likely minimize excessive runoff and erosion in future seasons.  Runoff
from spring snowmelt will depend primarily upon whether the ground surface
is frozen or thawed, but water quality from a frozen surface should not pre-
sent environmental problems.  This type of runoff will, however, limit the
amount of moisture that infiltrates the profile to be used by vegetation
later.
                                     23

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TABLE 7.   SURFACE RUNOFF  FROM  TWO SUMMER STORMS FOR THE LOW-ELEVATION STUDY,
            1977.
September 1, 1977



Total Runoff, en
EC, (imhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, wnhos/cn*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha
TOSCO
North Aspect South
30cm 15cm «.„„,. <-,.,•,' Soil 30cm 15cm
Soil Cover Soil Cover bpent * ' Control Soil Cover Soil Cover
0.02 0.30 - 0.02 0.05
581 - 595
Low - - Low
7.0.14 - - 7.97
USBH
North Aspect South
60 cm 15 cm ,.„„,. -h ',_ Soil 60 cm 15 cm
Soil Cover Soil Cover spent 5nale Control Soil Cover Soil Cover
0.01 - 0.02 - 0.02 0.02
:
.
i -

Aspect
Spent Shale
0.18
570
Low
. 98.26

Aspect
Spent Shale
0.06
575
Low
12.30


Soil
Control
0.01
-
-
~


Soil
Control
0.04
642
Low
11.31
September 20,  1977



Total Runoff, cm
EC, ufflhos/ca*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, BBhos/ca*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha
TOSCO
North Aspect South Aspect
30 cm 15 cm ,.„_„,. -h,,. Soil 30 cm 15 cm S.B t shale Soil
Soil Cover Soil Cover Spent Sha1e Control Soil Cover Soil Cover Spent shale Control
0.02 0.14 0.01 - 0.01 0.17
383 ; - - - 313 -
Low , - - - Low -
49.58 - - - 115.04
USBH
North Aspect , South Aspect
60 cm 15 cm ,...,4. eh.lo So11 60 cm 15 cm Sm>nt Shslo So11
Soil Cover Soil Cover Spent Shale : Control Soil Cover Soil Cover Spent Shs1e Control
0.01 - - - - - 0.04
-
; - - - -
-,-
    * EC Values are In vmhos/cm @ 25 C
    t Richards, 1954.
    - Ho sample collected If less than 25 1 In the primary collection container.
                                            24

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TABLE 8.    SPRING SNOWMELT RUNOFF  FOR THE  LOW-ELEVATION  STUDY,  APRIL 4,  1978.




Total Runoff, cm
EC, ymhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
PH
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, umhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
PH
Sediment Yield, kg/ha


30 cm
Soil Cover
<0.1
-
-
-
-


60 cm
Soil Cover
<0.1
-
-
-
-

North Aspect
So11l5Comver Spent Shale
<0.1 0.4
1210
Med
6.8
1.4

North Aspect
Soever S"ent Shale
<0.1 0.1
1950
High
6.9
1.6
TOSCO

Soil 30 cm
Control Soil Cover
<0.1 0.2
3200
V. high
6.8
33.2
USBH

Soil 60 cm
Control Soil Cover
0.1 <0.1
-
-
-
-

South Aspect
So" (Sim- Spent Shale
0.2 0.2
1550 2280
High High
6.8 6.8
3.1 2.6

South Aspect
Sol" tow Spent Shale
<0.1 0.2
1400
Med - high
6.9
3.1


Soil
Control
<0.1
-
-
-
-


Soil
Control
0.1
1900
High
6.6
2.3
* EC values are in umhos/cm @ 25°C
t Richards, 1954.
- No sample collected
TABLE 9 . . .SPRING

i'f less than 25

1 in the primary collection
SNOWMELT RUNOFF FOR. THE
.-., .• .FROM SOUTH- ASPECT SLOPES ..WERE

container.


.LOW-ELEVATION-STUDY, .'1979. '
COLLECTED, , ON.
MARCH' 16,. 1-9 79-.


SAMPLES
AND' .
NORTH-ASPECT 'SLOPES WERE fCOLLECTED-.ON.'/APRIL ;25 ,: 1979. „ .




Total Runoff, cm
EC, ymhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, umhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha


30 cm
Soil Cover
0.27
283
Low
0.55


60 cm
Soil Cover
0.37
499
Low
0.75

North Aspect
TOSCO

15 cm ... «,,, Soil 30 cm
Soil Cover 5pent inale Control Soil Cover
0.43 0.86
224 334
Low Low
0.9 1.7

North Aspect
0.09 1.37
" 521
Low
2.75
USBM

15 cm fn.-t a,-!- Soil 60 cm
Soil Cover s"nt shal8 Control Soil Cover
0.13 0.66
411 210
Low Low
0.35 2.65
0.06 0.62
367
Low
8.3

South Aspect
Sol" tow S**nt Shale
0.88 1.44
283 420
Low Low
2.9

South Aspect
So "tow Spent Shale
1.05 1.02
291 358
Low Low
3.15 3.55


Soil
Control
0.50
130
Low
0.7


Son
Control
0.67
330
Low
4.0
    * EC values are in umhos/cm 9 25°C
    t Richards, 1954.
    - No sample collected if less than 25 1 in the primary collection container.

                                                  25

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TABLE 10.  SPRING SNOWMELT RUNOFF  AND ANALYSES FROM THE NORTH-ASPECT OF THE
           LOW-ELEVATION  STUDY,  MARCH 26,  1980.
North Aspect
Treifamnt
Runoff (on)
pH
EC (w*os/o>)*
Nl (neq/1)
Ct (nq/1)
H} (pcq/1)
K (neq/1)
C03 (eeq/1)
HC03 (Md/1)
so, (MO/I)
Cl (MO/t)
SAR
Salinity hazard
Sodlua hazard
60 CD Soil Cover
USBH
13
2.47
6.8
190
0.04
0.47
0.62
0.84
0
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.05
low
low
11
2.74
7.0
120
0.04
0.34
0.40
0.43
0
1.0
0.1
<0.1
0.06
low
low
15 cm Soil Cover
USBH
9
2.67
7.2
90
0.03
0.22
0.33
0.32
0
0.9
0.1
<0.1
0.06
low
low
7
2.77
7.2
90
0.04
0.24
0.30
0.29
0
0.6
0.1
<0.1
0.07
low
low
USBH Spent
Shale
5 '
1.69
7.0
140
0.03
0.32
0.66
0.43
0
1.2
0.1
<0.1
- 0.05
low
low
3
2.84
6.9
130
0.04
0.28
0.56
0.40
0
1.0
0.1
<0.1
0.07
low
low
Soil
Control
! 1
; 2.24
j 6.8
100
, 0.03
0.29
0.23
0.42
0
0.8
' 0.1
<0.1
', 0.06
low
low
30 cm Soil Cover
TOSCO
I
2.13
7.0
100
0.02
0.34
0.27
0.28
0
0.7
0.1
<0.1
0.04
low
low
III
2.88
6.8
150
0.03
0.33
0.61
0.54
0
1.1
0.1
<0.1
0.05
low
low
15 cm Soil Cover
TOSCO
V
Z.S6
6.9
80
0.03
0.25
0.18
0.18
0
0.6
0.1
<0.1
0.06
low
low
VII
2.89
7.0
140
0.03
0.27
0.53
0.50
0
1.0
0.1 '
<0.1
0.04
low
low
TOSCO Spent
Shale
IX
1.80
7.2
140
0.03
0.76
0.50
0.21
0
1.1
0.4
<0.1
0.03
low
low
XI '
2.81
7.0
130
0.03
0.41
0.55
0.38
0
1.0
0.3
.0.1
0.04
low
low
Soil
Control
XIII
2.28
7.0
90
0.02
0.33
0.22
0.34
0
0.6
0.1
<0.1
0.04
low
low
       No sample from south slopes due to lack of runoff.

     • EC values are In whos/cm 9 25 C
Surface Temperatures

     Temperatures  1  cm below the surface of TOSCO shale and soil plots,  for
both north and south aspects were monitored during the 1978 growing  season.
Previous data  (Harbert and Berg, 1978) had shown temperatures sufficiently
high in late June  and July on the TOSCO shale, south-aspect, to limit
seedling establishment.   The 1978 measurements continued to support  these
findings  (Figure 8).  Initial establishment of vegetation without the pro-
tection of a mulch could be difficult, and the successful germination of
seedlings in continuing years might depend upon the shade provided by an
adequate mature vegetative cover.  Evaporative losses could also be  sub-
stantial, creating a difficult revegetation site.
                                      26

-------
       70
       60
       50
       4O
       30
       20
        10
        O
        Mar
              o  TOSCO-south
                 TOSCO-north
              a  Soil - south
              •  Soil - north
              A  Air
Apr   May   June   July   Aug   Sept
Figure 8.  Maximum temperatures at 1 cm depth for TOSCO retorted shale and
         soil treatments at the low-elevation study, 1978.
                              27

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HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY SITE

Vegetation

     Because of ineffective leaching of some treatments in 1974, an unsatis-
factory stand establishment resulted.  All plots at this study site were
releached, reseeded, and irrigated for establishment in 1975.  Therefore,
1976 was the first growing season dependent upon natural precipitation,
although it was likely that some moisture remained in the soil profile due
to leaching.  The seeding rate of western wheatgrass on both TOSCO and USBM
retorted shale's was doubled when the plots were reseeded in 1975.  From the
start, rodent activity on the north slopes of the 30-cm soil cover/USBM
retorted shale caused disturbances that affected the vegetative cover on that
treatment plot.

     Initially, a satisfactory vegetative cover was established in 1975, with
dense stands of western wheatgrass on the TOSCO and USBM retorted shales.
This was probably due to the effective leaching and the doubled seeding rate
of western wheatgrass.

     Very little overwinter precipitation and an abnormally dry growing sea-
son in 1977 combined to reduce the vegetative cover on almost all treatments
(Table 11).  Shrubs endured the drought; better than perennial grasses, the
former actually increased on USBM retorted shale.  Annual species dropped to
less than 1% on all treatments due to lack of moisture  (Table 12).

TABLE 11.  VEGETATIVE COVER FOR THE HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY TREATMENTS,
           1976-1980.                  ;

         Treatment               1976     !  1977       1978       1979       1980

TOSCO Spent Shale
15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO
30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO
USBM Spent Shale
15 cm Soil Cover/USBM
30 cm Soil Cover/USBM
Soil Control


84
83
77
81
73
66
79


61
52
51
. 60
52
43"
47

_ _ _ * _ _. _
63
69
62
62
78
70
67


61
73
75
71
78
80
80


38
34
41
57
46
51
43

     In the fall of 1977, cattle accidentally entered the study site and
grazed much of the vegetation.  Because of adequate moisture for plant
regrowth, the overall 1973 vegetative cover was not severely reduced,' despite
heavy grazing of fourwing saltbush.  With more moisture, annual species were
measured in modest amounts, particularly on the soil control.

                                     28

-------
     Another season of sufficient moisture increased the vegetative cover on
almost all treatments in 1979.  Unfortunately a large amount of this  increase
was due to the invasion of annual species such as cheatgrass and mustard
 (Table 12).  The increase of annuals may have also been aided by the  shift
from a population of mainly perennial grasses to one increasingly dominated
by shrubs.  This transition was especially noticeable on the USBM retorted
shales where rodent disturbances also allowed the invasion of annuals.

     During the 1980 growing season rodent activity increased, disturbing
large areas of many treatment plots and resulting in an overall decrease of  ,
vegetative cover  (Table 11).  Most of this decrease was attributable  to the
loss of perennial grasses on many treatments  (Table 12).  The invasion of
weedy species also accompanied this disturbance.

     Generally, for the years discussed, the overall vegetative cover for
both TOSCO and USBM shales was comparable to the soil control.  In retro-
spect, the doubled seeding rate of western wheatgrass on those two treat-
ments provided an initial cover which exceeded that of the soil control.
After a severe drought season in 1976-1977, vegetation on both shale  treat-
ments recovered well.  However, the species composition of the shale  treat-
ments supported a much greater proportion of cover as shrubs than the soil
control, a trend which is expected to continue in future growing seasons.


Moisture in Retorted Shale and Soil Treatments
     Spring snowmelt generally.provided 'a maximum moisture-recharge .of .treat-
ment profiles.  During-the growing season,vegetation^extracted-plant-available
moisture, from the., treatment. prof iles re suit ing; in.'.a depletion  by fall. -  •   -.
Neutron• probe measurements', taken.; on.:, the: following vdates'. were'. used' to graph
spring recharge .and .fall ;.depletionrvalues.-.••;•    '

                     Year             Spring       Fall

                     1976             March 31     August 12
                     1977             April 26     September 14
                     1978             May 16       September 13
                     1979             May 15       September 11
                     1980             April 16     September 13

   •  Figures for 1979 were not included due to limited space,  but all data
for that year are reported in the appendix to this report.

     Moisture profiles of almost all treatments in 1976 contained residual
moisture from 1975 irrigation applications .(Figures 9- through  12) .   One
exception seemed to be the USBM treatments on north slopes.  Very little
recharge from spring snowmelt occurred because of the high surface runoff
for these plots (Harbert and Berg, 1978).  In fact, precipitation during the
1976 growing season, combined with a less than average vegetative cover, pro-
duced an overall increase in plant-available water by the fall of 1976
(Figures 9 through 12).                          .
                                     29

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TABLE 12.  VEGETATIVE COVER BY  SPECIES  CATEGORIES FOR THE HIGH-ELEVATION
           STUDY SITE, 1976-1980.       i                              :
Treatment

Species Categories

V
1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

NORTH ASPECT
TOSCO Spent Shale


15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


USBM Spent Shale


15 cm Soil Cover/USBM


30 cm Soil Cover/USBM


Soil Control


Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Grasses


Grasses


Grasses ',


Grasses


Grasses


Grasses


Grasses


68
21
6
48
13
7
40
9
7
60
20
2
48
7
11
29
13
17
41
16
14
38
12
<1
42
7
<1
38
<"]
<1
40
30
<1
44
10
<1
42
12
<1
38
12
^
43
9
12
52
21
2
54
9
5
24-
32
3
56
23
2
42
24
7
43
9
12
44
33
0
, 59
22
3
47
3
32
21
51
7
35
38
7
29
34
29
41
14
44
22
• 18
<]
26
11
1
3<3
2
11
6
48
5
12
31
1
9
28
12
26
9
11
SOUTH ASPECT ,
TOSCO Spent Shale


15 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


30 cm Soil Cover/TOSCO


USBM Spent Shale


15 cm Soil Cover/USBM


30 cm Soil Cover/USBM

Soil Control


Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annual s
Perennial
Shrubs
Annuals
Grasses !


Grasses ;


Grasses


Grasses


Grasses '


Grasses

Grasses


61
16
2
45
12
4
42
23
7
41
32
3
39
16
16
28
24
18
28
22
19
49
23
<1
39
15
<1
38
23
<1
21
37
<1
38
17
<1
. 26
19
<1
25
17
<1
31
23
<1
45
15
<1
41
10
8
24
36

40
27'
8
39
17, '
3
42
14
12
28
30
0
54
21
0
40
11
30
16
43
0
21
38
30
17
31
34
24
16
52
16
14
17
19
14
1
9
29
2
3
49
14
6
40
11
5
39
19
9
13
19
                                      30:

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                 TOSCO

              % Moisture by vol.
15 cm Soil
   /TOSCO
               30 cm.Soil
                 /TOSCO
% Moisture by vol.   % Moisture by vol.
            -1976-
   Soil

%  Moisture by vol.
                   	1 ^ I o	

                10  20 5O 40  0  10 20 30  40 0   10  20  30  40 0  IP  20 30 40.
           I80»-
              A-FALL 0-SPRING


Figure  9.   Seasonal moisture profiles for TOSCO retorted shale and soil
            treatments,  north-aspect, high-elevation  study, 1976-1980.
                                        31

-------
                  TOSCO

              % Moisture by vol.
15 cm  Soil
   /TOSCO
30 cm Soil
   /TOSCO
% Moisture by vol.   % Moisture by vol.
           -1976-
   Soil

% Moisture by vol.
                 10  2O 3O 40 0  10  20 30 4O 0   10 20 30  40 0  IP 20  50 40
               A-FALL  OSPRING             !
Figure  10.   Seasonal moisture profiles for  TOSCO retorted shale and soil
             treatments, south-aspect, high-elevation  study, 1976-1980.
                                        32!

-------
                  USBM


              % Moisture by vol.
              15 cm Soil
                 /USBM
30 cm  Soil
   /USBM
  Soil


3/o Moisture by vol.
              3/o Moisture by vol.   % Moisture by vol
	1976	:	
10  20 30 40  0 10  20 30 40 0 10 20 30  4.0 0  10  20 30 40
                                           1977-
                                           1978-
                                          -I98O-
              A-FALL 0-SPRING

Figure  11.  Seasonal moisture profiles  for USBM retorted  shale and  soil
             treatments, north-aspect, high-elevation study,  1976-1980.
                                         33

-------
                 USBM



             % Moisture by vol.
15 cm  Soil   :  30 cm Soil

   /USBM     ;     /USBM


% Moisture by vol.  . % Moisture by vol.

            -1976-
    Soil



% Moisture by vol.
                10 2O 30 40  0  10  20 3O 40 0  10 20 30  40  0  10 20  30 40
            0


            3O


         1  60
         ^
-------
     Very limited overwinter precipitation,  from  October  1976  through
March 1977, resulted  in a minimal  spring  recharge of moisture  profiles.
Averages from 10% to  20% moisture  by volume  indicated,that  spring,1977
values were not appreciably greater than  fall 1976 measurements.  : Because
of the lack of plant-available water, vegetative  growth on  almost all treat-
ments suffered, resulting in very  little  water  loss throughout the profile..

     Although precipitation for the 1977-1978 winter period was below avercige,
spring recharge for 1978 averaged  approximately 20% by volume  for USBM treat-
ments.  Most of these treatments were recharged to a depth  of  90.cm. . The  ,
TOSCO retorted shale  averaged only. 10% to 15% moisture by volume  to 60 cm
depths.  This may be  a reflection  of the  higher surface runoff from the
latter treatments  (Table 14).  Spring recharge  was greatest on the soil con-
trol, averaging 20% to 25% moisture by volume.  Water loss  throughout the
growing season was also greater on the soil  control resulting  in  only about
10% moisture by volume remaining in the profile by fall of  1978.   Moisture
extraction patterns on all other treatments  were  similar.

     Near average precipitation permitted a  1979  spring recharge  of 20% to
25% soil moisture by  volume on all treatments.  Large amounts  of  runoff from
a TOSCO retorted shale, south-aspect, plot did  not seem to  adversely affect.
spring recharge.  Once again the soil control averaged the  highest spring
soil moistures, and the most water lost from the  profile  through  the growing
season.  Moisture measurements taken in the  fall  of 1979  indicated depletion
to approximately 10%  on most treatments,.  while  the TOSCO  retorted shale aver-
aged 6% moisture by volume.

     Seasonal moisture pro'files for'1980  followed'much .the's same-patterns/as <.
in'previous' years. ; ;• Recharge :from  a .greater ithan..average -snowfall.,brought '• ..
most treatments-to 20% .to 30% moisture:by volume:capacity-to depths'of 60" cm.
to,90 cm.

     Overall, it appeared that moisture recharge  by spring  snowmelt was
significantly affected by the fine-textured  TOSCO material, due to high
runoff rates.  The coarser textured USBM  shale  allowed faster  infiltration
of snowmelt which resulted in greater spring moisture levels.


Leaching and Movement of Soluble Salts

     Core samples taken after leaching of the retorted shales  and  15-cm soil
cover/retorted shales in the fall  of 1973 indicated that a reduction of
salinity had not occurred.   The leaching technique used was ineffective
because the application of the irrigation water did not exceed the surface
evaporation,  to. the extent that soluble salts were moved a'satisfactory depth
in the profile.   In the spring of  1974 all previously leached treatments were
releached to decrease the salinity hazard of the  shale.   Resalinization of the
TOSCO retorted shales once again occurred, primarily at the shale  surface.
Another application of leach water was made  to all leached treatments in the
spring of 1975.   Core samples after leaching indicated that effective leaching
had occurred throughout the profile with accompanying EC values,of less than
5 mmhos/cm (Figure 13) .

                                     35

-------
             SPENT SHALE
                             TOSCO NORTH  ASPECT

                       15 CM SOIL COVER    ',   3O CM SOIL COVER
                                                                      SOIL CONTROL
               EC x 103              EC x 103        i      EC x 103              Ec * 1O
          05   10   1S  20  O   5  10  15  2O  ; O   5   1O  15  2O       5  .10   15	20
      _ SO
      E
        ISO


        180
      _ 90
      6
        iso


        180
                                     TOSCO  SOUTH  ASPECT
                                                                      T    I   1
                                     USBM  NORTH ASPECT
         O


        30


        SO
ISO


18O




 O


30
      _ 80
        90
ISO


ISO
                                     USBM  SOUTH ASPECT
                                i    i    I   I
           1976 • 1978V  1980 •
                                                   t
                                                                          i   i    i
Figure 13.  Soluble salt profiles  of the high-elevation study treatments,
              1976,  1978,  1980.             ;
                                            36

-------
     The TOSCO shale treatments covered with 30 cm of soil were never
leached, and therefore, continued to maintain a higher salinity level than
the leached treatments. .

     Core samples taken in 1978 suggested that the TOSCO shale treatments had
become slightly more saline with time, although shale extracts only averaged
about 5 to 7, mmhos/cm in .the leached treatments, and 10-to 12 mmhos/cm in the
unleached treatments.  This increase was most likely due to the leaching of
soluble salts from within shale particles.

     Increased weathering of the shale materials, combined with seasonal
precipitation resulted in an overall decrease of salinity throughout the
entire profile of the TOSCO shales by 1980  (Figure 13).  Of particular inter-
est was the downward movement of soluble salts in the 30-cm soil/unleached
TOSCO shale treatments.

     The USBM shale extract values were initially less saline than the TOSCO
shale material, and with additional leaching have become acceptable with no
indication of resalinization in succeeding years.  Little or no change was
observed in the salinity status of the soil control throughout the study.

     Yearly precipitation and the rapid removal of subsurface water by the
established vegetation cover should limit any upward resalinization.  Since
fourwing saltbush comprises a large proportion of the vegetative cover at
this study site, the effect of this shrub on the soil or shale beneath the
plant should be considered. .. Other studies.have indicated that the litter
from this•shrub could increase, the .salinity of.the surface•horizon  (Sharma  . .
and Tongway, 1973).:•       .


Runoff and Water Quality'   • .

     All runoff and water quality data for the 1974-1976 period of study were
reported in Harbert and Berg (1978)..  Runoff, sediment yield, conductivity,
and chemical analyses for 1977-1980 measurements are found in Tables 13
through 16.

     Runoff in the spring of 1977 was confined to the north aspect slopes of
all treatments.  This was mainly a reflection of the very limite_d overwinter
precipitation for this year.  In August of 1977 a thunderstorm produced small
amounts of runoff on almost all treatment plots, ranging from 0.02 to 0.12 cm
(Table 13).  Salinity hazard was low for most treatments, but the TOSCO
retorted shale runoff was rated as medium to high.  One USBM retorted shale
plot also produced runoff with a high salinity.   Due to the small amount of
runoff, surface salts were dissolved and removed by the.initial runoff.  :
Without  additional runoff - to dilute this concentrated salt solution, salinity
hazards were high.  This was clearly illustrated by the 1978 spring snowmelt
runoff and analyses.  Runoff from both USBM and TOSCO shale south slopes was
minimal in quantity but had a very high salinity hazard.   Whereas runoff
from the north slopes of these two treatments was approximately three times
the volume, but the salinity hazard was considerably less (Table 14).
                                     37

-------
TABLE 13.   SURFACE RUNOFF FROM SPRING SNOWMELT AND A  SUMMER STORM  FOR THE
              HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY,  1977.  ;
March 24,  1977




Total Runoff, cm
EC, pmhos/OT*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, prohos/cm*
Salinity llazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha


30 cm
Soil Cover
0.40
410
Low
-


30 cm
Soil Cover
0.11
210
Low
-

North Aspect
So" fiver Spent Shale
0.90 0.53
195 295
Low Low
-

North Aspect
So" filer Spent Shale
0.44 0.30
220 910
Low Met!
-
TOSCO

Soil 30 cm
Control Soil Cover
. 0.22
: 835
Med
-
USBH

Soil 30 cm
: Control Soil Cover
: 0.04
270
1 Low
•!

South Aspect
So" fiver Spent Shale
-
-

-

South Aspect
Son filer Spent Shale
-
-
-
-


Soil
Control
-
-

-


Soil
Control
-
-
- •
-
August 31, 1977 ^




Total Runoff, cm
EC, vmhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, wnhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha

"
30 cm
Soil Cover
0.06
448
Low
15.45


30 cm
Soil Cover
0.06
375
Low
51.64

North Aspect
So" filer Spent Shale
0.06 0.02
393 1 ,300
Low Med - high
10.74 38.71
,
North Aspect
Son filer Spent Shale
0.03 0.03
420 2,150
Low High
29.02 23.98
TOSCO
i
Soil 30 cm
: Control Soil Cover
0.03 0.11
I 465 430
Low Low
37.71 84.79
! USBM

Soil 30 cm
Control Soil Cover
: 0.02 0.11
585
Low
, - 167.35

South Aspect
Son' fiver Spent Shale
0.12 0.05
423 1 ,425
Low Med - high
82.37 148.32

South Aspect
Son5 filer Spent Shale
0.05 0.02
473 650
Low Low
66.97 7.53


Soil
Control
0.10
435
Low
75.66


; son
Control
0.06
490
Low
67.45
     * EC values are 1n iimhos/cm @ 25 C                    '•
     t Richards, 1954.
     - No sample collected 1f less than 25 1 1n the primary collection container.

                                               38'

-------
TABLE 14.   SPRING SNOWMELT RUNOFF  FOR THE  HIGH-ELEVATION  STUDY,  APRIL 6, 1978.

TOSCO


•Total Runoff, cm
EC , ymhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
pH
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, ymhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
pH
Sediment Yield, kg/ha

30 cm
Soil Cover
1.7 .
1030
Med
7.6
158.9


30 cm
Soil Cover
2.2
1010
Hed
7.0
75.0
North
15 cm
Soil Cover
1.5
1230
Hed - high
7.4
106.0-

North
15 cm
Soil Cover
2.5
810
Hed
6.9
103.5
Aspect .
Spent Shale
2.3
1880
High
7.0
199.4

Aspect
Spent Shale
2.3
1120
Hed - high
7.0
51.9
South Aspect
Soil
Control
1.0
990 ,
Med
7.6
12.1
IJSBM
30 cm
Soil Cover
0.6
2100
High
7.2
21.7

15 cm
Soil Cover
0.6
2280
High-v.hlgh
7.1
30.5

Spent Shale
0.8
7200
V. high
6.9
50.0

son
Control
0.2
2400
High
7.0 ,
3.9

South Aspect
Soil
Control
2.2
810
Hed
6.8
13.3
30 cm
Soil Cover
0.4
2480
H1gh-v.h1gh
7.1
25.3
15 cm
Soil Cover
0.2
2200
High
7.1
14.2
Spent Shale
0.3
3180
V. high
7.1
17.4
Soil
Control
0.2
2200
High
7.0
•7.0
    * EC values are 1n umhos/cm 9 25°C •»                               '
    t Richards, 1954     >
    - No sample collected  if less than 25 1 Intheprlmary collection,container.

TABLE  15.  'SPRING SNOWMELT RUNOFF,FOR THE'HIGH-ELEVATION"STUDY,  APRIL'24,  1979.

, • • TOSCO


Total Runoff, cm
EC, umhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha



Total Runoff, cm
EC, ^mhos/cm*
Salinity Hazardt
Sediment Yield, kg/ha

30 cm
Soil Cover
0.26
87
Low
1.25


30 cm
Soil Cover
0.09
-
-
-
North
15 cm
Soil Cover
0.36
181
Low
1..23

North
15 cm
Soil Cover
0.10
220
Low
1.07
Aspect
Spent Shale
1.43
60
Low
9.47

Aspect
Spent Shale
0.25
100
Low
0.94
South Aspect
Soil
Control
0.28
-
-
-
USBH
30 cm
Soil Cover
0.64
164
Low
4.45

15 cm
Soil Cover
0.41
132
Low
3.29

Spent Shale
2.75
286
Low
27.39

Soil
Control
0.61
154
Low
6.13

South Aspect
Soil
Control
0.22
. 157
Low
0.87
30 cm
Soil Cover
0.99
267
Low
18.05
15 cm
Soil Cover
0.43
172
Low
2.98
Spent Shale
0.49
169
Low
1.89
Soil
Control
0.44
163
Low
2.64
    *  EC values are in umhos/cm @ 25°C
    t  Richards, 1954.
    -  No sample collected If less than 25 1 in the primary collection container.
                                                  39

-------
TABLE 16.  SPRING SNOWMELT AND ANALYSES FOR THE  HIGH-ELEVATION STUDY, 1980.
           SAMPLES FROM THE'SOUTH-ASPECT SLOPES  WERE COLLECTED ON APRIL 16,
           1980 AND THE NORTH-ASPECT SLOPES WERE COLLECTED ON APRIL 29, 1980.
North Aspect
Treatewnt
Runoff (co)
I*
EC (u*oj/«i)t
Ha t«q/1)
Ca (eeq/1)
Ha (ooq/1)
Ktmq/l)
COj (M0,/l)
HCOg (neq/1)
CI (nq/1)
S04 I«WI/1)
SAR
Salinity htzard
Sodlua Mzard
30 en Soil
USBH
13
0.62
6.3
Cover 15 on Soil Cover
USBH
11 9
1.77 2.09
6.3 6.1
2BO 300 170
0.07
0.7
0.7
1.2
0
1.7
1.1
0.3
'0.09
low
low
0.10 0.04
0.9 O'.e,
0.7 0.5
1.2 0.5
0 0
1.8 1.1
1.4 0.5
0.2 0.2
0.11 0.06
low low
low low
7
2.52
6.5
150
0.10
0.7
0.4
0.4
0
1.2
0.3
0.1
0.07
low
low
USBH Spent
Shale
5 3
2.13 0.85
6.3 6.3
310 480
0.10 0.10
0.6 0.8
1.0 1.2
1.5 2.8
0 0
2.1 3.0
0.9 1.5
0.2 0.7
0.11 0.10
low lovt
low lovr
Soil
Control
1
0.20
6.5
120
0.04
0.6
0.2
6.2
6
0.8
0.1
6.7
0.07
low
low
30 cm Soil Cover
TOSCO
I
0.66
6.4
120
0.04
0.7
0.3
0.3
0
0.9
0.4
0.1
0.05
low
low
III
0.54
6.1
110
0.03
0.5
0.2
0.3
0
0.7
0.3
0.04
0.06
low
low
15 cm Soil Cover
TOSCO
V
1.05
6.2
210
0.08
1.0
0.5
0.4
0
1.5
0.6
0.2
0.09
low
low
VII
0.61
6.4
130
0.03
0.7
0.3
0.3
0
1.0
.0.4
0.1
0.05
low
low
TOSCO Spent
Shale
IX J!I
2.03 2.32
6.1 6.0
170 200
0.03 0.05
0.8 0.7
0.3 0.5
0.3 0.7
0 0
0.9 1.3
0.4 0.7
0.5 0.2
0.03 0.07
low low
low low
Soil
Control
XIII
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

SOUTH ASPECT
Tr.,^
Runoff tea)
pH
EC dados/eel) *
»a (wq/1)
Ca (wq/l)
»9 (sen/11
It (MO/1)
CO, («*q/1)
HCOj («•; 0.1
0.3
0.12
low
low
      * So sample collected due to laclc of runoff.
      * EC values are in unhos/cm @ 25 C
Sediment yields were considered negligible when compared to regional sediment
yields mapped by the Soil Conservation  Service.

      1979  spring snowmelt runoff had  low salinity hazard, minimal runoff,  and
small sediment yields.                  ;

      1980  spring runoff was generally small in volume and rated low with
respect to salinity hazard, sodium hazard,  or sediment yield.
                                       40

-------
     At present, runoff, erosion, and salinity hazards from the treatments
are within acceptable levels.  The most critical environmental factor appears
to be the salinity hazard of small amounts of runoff from the retorted shale.
This type of runoff is associated with limited snowmelt runoff or summer
thunderstorm activity typical of this, region.  As far as' revegetation efforts,
the spring snowmelt runoff poses a problem in that moisture from.snowmelt
that runs off does not enter the shale or soil profile, and therefore-is not
.available for plant growth needs.  The satisfactory vegetative cover on most
treatments minimized runoff and erosion.  The increased rodent activity
causing surface disturbance may develop: the potential for greater runoff arid  .
erosion.
                                     41

-------
                                LITERATURE CITED
Harbert, H.P., III and W.A. Berg.  1978.  Vegetative stabilization of spent
     oil shales.  EPA-600/7-78-021, U.Sl Environmental Protection Agency,
     Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lenhart, A.F.   1969.  The TOSCO process:  Economic sensitivity to the
     variables of production.  Am. Petrol. Inst. Div. of Refining, 34th Mid-
     year Meeting, May 1969, Chicago, Illinois,  pp. 907-925.

Matzick, A., R.O. Dannenberg, J.R. Ruark, J.R. Phillips, J.D. Lankford, and
     B. Gutherie.  1966.  Development of Bureau of Mines gas-combustion oil-
     shale retorting process.  U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bur. Mine's Bull. 635.

Richards, L.A.  (ed.).  1954.  Diagnosis.and improvement of saline and alkaline
     soils.  USDA Handbook 60.          ;                             ',

Schmehl, W.R., and B.D. McCaslin.  1973^  Some properties of spent shale
     significant to plant growth.  1:27-43.  In R.J. Hutnik and G. Davis  (ed.)
     Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Lands.  Gordon and Breach,
     New York.

Sharma, M.L., and D.J. Tongway.  1973.  iPlant induced soil salinity patterns
     in two saltbush  (Atriplex spp.) communities.  J., Range Manage.
     26:121-125.

Ward, R.T., W. Slauson, and R.L. Dix.  1974.  The natural vegetation in the
     landscape of the Colorado oil shale region,  pp. 30-66.  In Surface
     Rehabilitation of Land Disturbances Resulting from Oil Shale Development.
     Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 1, Environmental Resources Center, Colorado State
     University, Fort Collins, Colorado'.

-------
APPENDIX TABLES
      43

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-------
APPENDIX TABLE  24.   SALINITY MEASUREMENTS  (EC)  OF CORE SAMPLES FROM THE TOSCO

                     SHALE TREATMENTS AT THE  LOW-ELEVATION STUDY  SITE,  1979.

Depth
(cm)

Surface
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120

Depth
(cm)

Surface
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120


30 cm
Soil Cover/
TOSCO
I
0.8*
1.0
0.8
2.4
2.8
4.3
5.8
5.8
5.9

III
0.8
0.8
0.4
1.8
2.2
4.5
6.0
6.9
4.9

30 cm
Soil Cover/
TOSCO
II
0.8
0.5
1.3
3.1
3.1
4.2
9.0
8.8
12.1
IV
3.0
1.0
0.5
2.5
3.0
5.5
5.5
9.4
6.3

North
15 cm
Soil Cover/
TOSCO
V
0.6
0.5
2.5
2.7
5.0
4.6
3.3
4.5
5.8

V-II
0.8
2.3
2.9
4.4
4.9
6.3
6.9
6.8
6.3
South
15 cm
Soil Cover/
TOSCO
VI
0.9
0.5
2.4
3.8
7.0
5.2
4.2
2.9
4.7
VIII
0.6
0.6
2.1
2.4
3.2
4.2
3.9
4.1
5.8
Aspect

TOSCO
Spent Shale
IX
1.5
2.3
2.6
5.7
4.7
5.4
6.6
5.9
6.8
Aspect
XI
2.0
3.5
6.4
8.4
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.6
5.4

TOSCO
Spent Shale
X
1.5
2.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
5.3
5.0
5.0
6.1
XII
2.2
2.2
2.5
3.8
4.0
3.3
3.3
4.5
4.2

Soil
Control
XIII
1.4
0.8
0.4
0.4t
t
0.4t
t
__
—

Soil
Control
XIV
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.6
—
—
—
—

    t  Denotes  a  composited  sample.

    -- No sample

  * EC values are in  mmhos/cm @25°C measured from a 1:1 spent shale to water
       by weight  sample.
               •   •                    67

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72

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 30. MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS (NEUTRON PROBE) PROM THE USBM SHALE TREATMENTS, SOUTH-ASPECT
LOW-ELEVATION STUDY SITE, 1980. '
60 cm S011 Cover/USBM 15 cm So11 Cover/USBM
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