United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-600/8-80-004
February 1980
Office of Research and Development
Research
Summary
Controlling
Nitrogen Oxides
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Recent research indicates that nitrogen oxides (NOX) could be
one of the most troublesome air pollutants of the 1980's. More
than 20 million metric tons of NOX are annually polluting our
air as a result of the widespread combustion of fossil fuels in
power plants, industrial boilers, and automobiles and trucks. If
present trends continue, nitrogen oxides emissions could
grow by 50% over the next twenty years, with the increases
coming primarily from industrial sources.
Present levels of NOX emissions already pose a significant
threat to our health and environment. This threat is due not
only to the widespread nature of combustion sources, but also
to the unusual chemical properties of NOX. Nitrogen oxides
are directly harmful to human health, and are precursors of
photochemical oxidants such as ozone, the major component
of urban smog. They can also be converted into nitric acid,
one of the two principal components of acid precipitation.
As the Nation increasingly turns to coal as a bridge to cleaner
sources of energy, we must recognize that, at current levels of
controls, coal-fired plants emit more nitrogen oxides than gas
and oil-fired plants. Since natural environmental processes are
not able to cope with even current NOX emissions, we must
move rapidly to improve NOX control technologies for all major
sources.
The EPA is actively working with other Federal agencies and
the academic, industrial, and private research communities to
develop viable combustion technologies which will strictly
limit NOX emissions. We have prepared this Research
Summary to inform you of the status of our efforts to make
improved control technologies available as soon as possible.
Stephen J. Gage
Assistant Administrator
for Research and Development
This brochure is one of a aeries providing a brief description of major areas of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's research and development program. Additional copies may be
obtained by writing to:
Publications
Center for Environmental Research Information
US EPA
Cincinnati, OH 46268
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Increasing
Emissions
Each year more than 20 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides
(NOX) are released into the atmosphere as a result of fuel-
burning activities in the United States. While fires and other
natural occurrences result in about 10 times the amount of
NOX generated by man, naturally occurring nitrogen oxides
tend to be dispersed over very large areas. NOX produced as a
combustion by-product from energy-related technologies
developed by man can create local pollutant levels that are
10 to 100 times greater than natural concentrations. Nitrogen
oxides are emitted from combustion sources primarily as nitric
oxide (NO). Atmospheric processes may convert the nitric
oxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO,) and nitric acid (HN03).
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In 1977 nitrogen oxides accounted for approximately12% of
the total estimated U.S. pollutant emissions of 194 million
metric tons. Nitrogen oxide emissions have steadily increased
in recent years. The EPA's latest air pollution projections indi-
cate an approximately 50 percent increase in NOX emissions to
the year 2000.
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Effects of NOX
Concern over nitrogen oxide emissions is based on known
cases of human health problems and environmental damage
caused by NOX or atmospheric compounds derived from
NOx Probably the most important ecological effect of NOX is
its contribution of the formation of photochemical oxidants
commonly known as smog. NOX reacts with hydrocarbons in
the presence of sunlight to form these oxidants. Ozone w the
main constituent of photochemical oxidants, and can have
severe effects on the respiratory system. Breathing smog
irritates the lungs and can seriously aggravate asthma and
other respiratory diseases. Coughing, eye irritation, head-
aches, and throat pain are commonly experienced during
exposure to smog.
Exposure to NOX itself is believed to increase the risks of acute
respiratory disease and susceptibility to chronic respiratory
infection. Nitrogen dioxide (NO,) contributes to heart, lung,
liver and kidney damage. At high concentrations, this pollu-
tant can be fatal. At lower levels of 25 to 100 parts per million
it can cause acute bronchitis and pneumonia. Occasional
exposure to low levels of NO2 can irritate the eyes and skin.
Acid Rain
Photo Credit: EPA Documatica
In addition, nitrogen oxides are toxic to vegetation. Many
plants can metabolize low concentrations of NOX. However,
higher concentrations reduce growth and seed fertility.
NOv emissions also affect the environment by contributing
substantially to the acid rain problem. Through a series of
complex atmospheric reactions nitrogen oxides can be con-
verted to nitric acid, which may then be deposited in the form
of rain or snow. Rainfall tested in various parts of the country
has become much more acidic over the past 40 years. Nearly
half of this present acidity is due to nitric acid. Acid rainfall in
2
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Thermal versus
Fuel NOX
NOX Sources
the Adirondack Mountains of New York has reduced or
destroyed commercially and recreationally important species
of fish in at least 90 lakes. Other areas of the United States
such as northern Minnesota and Wisconsin are beginning to
experience similar effects.
Nitric oxide is formed by two chemical processes that occur
during combustion. In one process the heat of combustion
causes the oxidation of nitrogen in the air. In the other process
it is the nitrogen in the fuel which becomes oxidized. The
former process results in what is commonly known as thermal
NOX, and the latter in fuel NOX. The formation of thermal NOX
is strongly dependent upon the amount of heat available and
can be controlled by reducing the temperature. The formation
of fuel NOX, on the other hand, is primarily dependent upon
the amount of oxygen available.
One should bear in mind that the ultimate goal of nearly all
nitrogen oxides control processes is to either convert the
harmful oxidized forms of nitrogen (NO, NOj) to harmless
molecular nitrogen (N2), or to prevent the oxidation of
nitrogen in the first place. Molecular nitrogen is a colorless and
odorless gas that constitutes 78% of the atmosphere by
volume.
About half of the NOX emissions from fuel combustion come
from stationary sources such as furnaces and boilers. The
other half come from automobiles and other motor vehicles.
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By 1985 stationary sources are estimated to account for 70% of
manmade NOX emissions. Part of the reason for growth in
stationary source NOX emissions is the growing trend toward
using coal for electrical generating stations and industrial
boilers. Coal is the most abundant fuel in the U.S., but it also
presents the most complex emission control problems;
Because there is more nitrogen in coal than in most other
fuels, burning coal produces more NOX than burning oil
or gas.
Nearly one-third of all NOX emissions are released from elec-
trical generating stations. Another 12 percent come from
industrial furnaces, boilers, and manufacturing processes.
Research
Goals
The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research
and Development (ORD) is developing inexpensive methods
to reduce NOX emissions from various combustion
technologies without causing operating problems, shortening
equipment life, or increasing emissions of other pollutants.
Most of the ORD research is performed in conjunction with
the Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. More than 15 agencies perform
research under this EPA-sponsored program established to
ensure a coordinated and cost-effective approach towards
Federal energy/environmental R&D.
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Reducing
Emissions
The most promising methods of reducing NOX emissions
currently are:
Before burning:
fuel denitrogenation
During burning:
staged combustion
catalytic combustion
In exhaust gas:
flue gas treatment
catalytic emission control
Prime responsibility for the development of NOX control
technology lies with the EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina {IERL-RTP). Additional research is being conducted
at the Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory in
Research Triangle Park (ESRL-RTP), and through the Head-
quarters Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
in Washington, D.C.
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EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
Fuel
Denitrogenation
One approach to reducing nitrogen oxide emissions is to
remove a large part of the nitrogen contained in fuels. Various
industries are conducting research into methods of
denitrogenation, and ORD's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park has been
actively involved in these studies.
Nitrogen is removed from liquid fuels by mixing the fuel with
hydrogen gas, heating the mixture, and using a catalyst to
cause the nitrogen in the fuel and the gaseous hydrogen (H) to
unite. This produces ammonia {NHJ and cleaner fuel.
Researchers are working to discover better catalysts and to
find ways of reducing the deposition of carbon on the catalyst
surface. Such deposition decreases the efficiency of the
catalyst.
This technology can reduce the nitrogen contained in both
naturally-occurring and synthetic fuels. It could become a
particularly important means of controlling NOX emissions
from liquid fuels derived from oil shale and coal. Their levels of
fuel-bound nitrogen are higher than the levels found in
naturally occurring oil.
Staged
Combustion
Staged combustion processes developed at the Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina (IERL-RTP) significantly reduce NOX
emissions. Staged combustion is applicable to a wide range of
fuels and energy facilities including pulverized coal burners
and small-scale industrial boilers.
6
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Pulverized
Coal
Burner
In the initial stage of combustion, the air supplied to the
burners is (ess than the amount needed to completely burn the
fuel. During this stage, fuel-bound nitrogen is released but
cannot be oxidized, so it forms stable molecules of harmless
molecular nitrogen (N2). Other components of the fuel are also
released without being fully oxidized. These include carbon
particles and carbon monoxide. By adding a second stage of
combustion where there is more air in the fuel-air mixture, the
carbon and carbon monoxide can be burned, converting them
to carbon dioxide.
Modifying existing coat furnaces to achieve a staged combus-
tion process has resulted in a 30% to 50% reduction in NOX
emissions. In addition to reducing NOX emissions, limiting the
amount of air during the combustion process increases the
efficiency of converting fuel to usable heat.
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r-V%o.^.-r' 'V'V'"^
A new coal burner design based on staged combustion
may reduce NOX by as much as 85 percent. The burner pro-
duces a fuel-rich primary combustion zone and controls
the fuel-air mixing. These conditions lead to preferential con-
version of the nitrogen in the coal to molecular nitrogen (N2).
In conventional burners, this fuel nitrogen is the primary
source of NOX. Additional air is introduced from the periphery
of the burner to complete combustion in a secondary zone.
The design also results in low levels of carbonaceous emissions,
consistent with high energy efficiency.
This burner design has been fired at rates comparable to those
required for boiler application. The evaluation of the perfor-
mance of the burner in actual field conditions will be carried
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Boiler
Corrosion
Prevention
Residential
Oil Furnaces
out on two industrial and two utility boilers over the next
several years.
Before industry invests its money in a new NOX control tech-
nology, it needs assurance that the technology will not have
major operating problems. Laboratory engineers are working
with a committee of representatives of electrical utility com-
panies to address potential problems in adapting the staged
combustion technology to pulverized coal-fired boilers.
A major concern within the electric utility industry is that the
reduced amount of air available in the first stage of combustion
may cause the formation of iron sulfide on the metal surfaces
inside the boiler. Iron sulfide would then progressively corrode
the metal in the walls of the boiler. The Office of Research and
Development has obtained a utility boiler equipped for staged
combustion, and is measuring the effects of corrosion over
several years.
Although the extent of possible corrosion from staged com-
bustion has not yet been determined, scientists at IERL-RTP
are already experimenting with techniques to prevent such
corrosion. In one experiment, some of the metal surfaces in
the boiler have been replaced with a metal alloy thought to be
corrosion resistant. In another, air is forced into the boiler
along a metal wall, forming a curtain of air. This curtain of
forced air should prevent iron sulfide from being formed.
Conventional oil-fired residential furnaces introduce oil and air
into a firebox where the burning occurs. This combustion
either heats air or water which is circulated through the house.
A new furnace design has been developed and is undergoing a
two-year field evaluation. The design incorporates several
features to reduce pollution while increasing fuel efficiency. A
burner has recently been developed that reduces both NOX
and carbonaceous emissions.
Pholo Credit: Rockwell International
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Small-Scale
Industrial
Boileis
Water/Oil
Emulsions
A primary innovation in the residential oil furnace was to
remove a controlled amount of heat from the firebox, and thus
reduce the formation of thermal NOX- The field tests have
shown that this newly developed oil-fired residential furnace
has reduced NOX by 65 percent. Oil consumption was also
reduced by an average of 15 percent. Thus fuel savings have
been achieved while simultaneously protecting the environment.
Boilers used for light industry and for heating large buildings
are usually manufactured and assembled as a unit, prior to
shipment to various users. Typical boilers of this type burn No. 2
or No. 6 fuel oil. The No. 6 fuel oil is a heavy residual product
from refineries, and about 70% to 80% of the NOX emitted
from burning this fuel is derived from the nitrogen chemically
bound in the oil.
Reducing the amount of oxygen available during the initial
combustion stage has been demonstrated to be a viable
technique to reduce NOX emissions from these boilers. The
reduced amount of oxygen, however, results in incomplete
combustion so that the amount of carbon particulates emitted
in the exhaust increases.
A project is underway to develop a burner for these boilers
that will limit NOX emissions while maintaining the high effi-
ciency of the boiler and preventing the formation of carbon
particulates. Experiments are being conducted that will identify
the combustion properties of the several No. 6 fuels on the
market, and provide information on the size and distribution of
droplets being sprayed from the fuel nozzle.
One of the methods of reducing NOX emissions from oil-fired
combustion systems is to mix water with the oil before it is
sprayed into the burner. Water decreases the combustion
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temperature and can reduce NOX emissions from burning light
weight oils by as much as 15%.
Studies are being conducted to evaluate the applicability of
using water/oil emulsions in various small-scale industrial
boilers and residential furnaces. A significant added advantage
in using these emulsions is that they reduce the emission of
particulates. When water is mixed into the oil, each oil droplet
sprayed into the firebox has several tiny water droplets inside.
The heat existing in the firebox makes these water droplets
flash into steam and explode the oil droplet. Increasing the
surface area of the oil enables it to burn faster and more com-
pletely A reduction in particulate emissions can be achieved
regardless of whether light oils or heavy oils are being burned.
When the amount of water added to the oil is properly con-
trolled it does not reduce the efficiency of the boiler or furnace.
In fact the efficiency of a poorly adjusted burner can be
increased slightly by putting up to 18% water in the emulsion.
The increased efficiency results from the more complete burning
of the oil.
T ul Gas turbine engines are used primarily to provide additional
Gas Turbine electrical power during the few hours of each day of h.ghes
E"fl'nes demand Utility boilers that produce most of our electrical
power require a relatively long period of time to start up. Gas
turbine engines can be started and shut f wn qu.cWy The
enpines usually burn natural gas or No. 2 fuel oil, both of
which have relatively low levels of nitrogen. The pnmary focus
of NO control for gas turbine engines has been to reduce the
mnnnt of thermal NOv generated during combustion. The
S dCoach has Seen to inject water into the combus-
tion area, thereby reducing the burning temperature and
he amount of NOX formed. Unlike adding water in an oil-
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Catalytic
Combustion
water emulsion, simply spraying water into the combustion
zone decreases efficiency. Typically, the engines' efficiency is
reduced by 2 percent to 5 percent. Water for injection systems
is in short supply in many arid parts of the country, and where
it is available, it must be purified.
EPA's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory in
Research Triangle Park undertook the task of developing com-
bustion NOX controls without using water. A major
breakthrough in design of the gas turbine engine enabled
them to successfully burn the fuel in a staged combustion pro-
cess. This was accomplished by altering the shape of the
combustion chamber so that the gases coming from the initial
combustion zone are compressed at the point where addi-
tional air is added to complete the combustion. This new
design can reduce uncontrolled NOX emissions from 200 parts
per million (ppm) to 20 ppm.
Another method of reducing pollutant emissions is to use a
catalyst to achieve oxidation of fuel rather than high tem-
perature. Experiments are being conducted to develop
catalytic combustion systems for both stationary gas turbine
engines and small industrial boilers. Natural gas, propane, and
vaporized distillate oil are being used as fuel for the catalytic
combustor. Fuel and air are mixed to the desired ratio and
introduced into a chamber containing the ceramic or metal
catalyst. Various compounds are being tested to identify the
most desirable catalysts.
Catalytic combustors for gas turbines have reduced NOX
emissions to well below 10 ppm. Catalytic combustion is more
CATALYTIC
COMBUSTION
' CHAMBER
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Ammonia
Injection
well.
Ammonia is an unoxidized nitrogen-containing compound.
^RLRTP is evaluating a process developed by private industry
n whtah amenta is injected into a boiler in the post combus-
Iton zone flle ammonta reacts with the NOX, reducmg it to
harmless molecular nitrogen.
Ammonia injection has been experiment-y-»,,U«M -
12
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Flue Gas
Treatment
Motor
Vehicle
Exhaust
NOX emissions can also be reduced by removing them from
the exhaust gases that are released from burners. There are
two studies currently underway at the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park to develop and
test such equipment.
One of these studies focuses on NOX removal alone and
operates on the same principal as ammonia injection. Am-
monia is added to the flue gas prior to the gas passing over a
catalyst. The catalyst enables the ammonia to react chemically
with the NOX converting it to molecular nitrogen (N2) and
water. This system promises to achieve as high as 90%
removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gases.
In a second study, a process is being developed to remove
both NOX and sulfur oxides (SOXJ. The combustion gases are
moved across a bed of copper oxide which reacts with the
sulfur oxide to form copper sulfate. The copper sulfate acts as
a catalyst for reducing NOX to ammonia. Up to 90% of the
NOX and SOX can be removed from the flue gas through this
process.
Equipment for both kinds of flue gas treatment systems are
being installed at two coal-fired electric power generating stations
as pilot studies. The NOX removal process is being tested at
the Georgia Power Company's Plant Mitchell in Albany,
Georgia. The NOX/SOX removal system is being tested at
Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Station near North
Ruskin, Florida. This second project is of particular interest
because it is the first test of the technology in the U.S., and
the first test anywhere in the world on a coal-fired plant.
Currently the most promising technology for reducing NOX
emissions from motor vehicles is a special 3-way catalytic
converter. The catalyst causes nitric oxide (NO) to oxidize
carbon monoxide {CO} and hydrocarbons (HC). In this process,
molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are
released.
Photo Credit: Ken Altahular
13
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In order to make this reaction work efficiently, the proportions
of NO, CO, and HC entering the catalytic converter must be
carefully controlled. This is done by regulating the ratio of air
and fuel in the combustion chamber. Too much fuel results in
increased CO and HC emissions. Too much oxygen results in
increased emissions of nitrogen oxides. An oxygen sensor in
the exhaust manifold allows control, while an active feedback
device adjusts the mixture of air and fuel in the carburator or
fuel injection system.
Tests are being conducted by the Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory to determine the emission rates of
pollutants from vehicles equipped with 3-way catalytic con-
verters. Pollutants being measured include nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ammonia, hydrogen
cyanide, and other toxic compounds. These tests are con-
ducted on both properly and improperly tuned vehicles
operated under a variety of normal and adverse environmental
conditions. The results of the EPA tests currently underway
will contribute toward determining whether this device will
need to be modified before being widely marketed.
Auto
Exhaust NOX
Measurement
Hand in hand with the need to develop emission control
technology is the need to develop accurate methods of
measuring the volume of specific emissions.
A project is underway at the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory in Research Triangle Park to develop a method of
measuring the NOX emissions from motor vehicles equipped
14
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with 3-way catalytic converters. Conventional methods for
measuring NOX are not appropriate and tend to overestimate
NOX emissions.
A new measurement technique using atomic hydrogen (H) is
being developed. Hydrogen atoms reduce nitrogen dioxide
(NOz) in the exhaust to nitric oxide (NO). This nitric oxide plus
any nitric oxide formed by fuel combustion reacts with additional
hydrogen atoms in a way which emits a very small amount of
light. The tight can be measured as a low level electric current.
This technique enables scientists and engineers to accurately
measure the NOX in vehicular emissions containing other
nitrogen compounds.
Photo Credit: Ken Altshuler
Jet
Engine NO
Measurement
Most NOX from jet engines is in the form of nitric oxide (NO).
Conventional sampling methods use a probe to capture a
specific volume of emissions, which are then cooled to prevent
continued chemical reaction. Measurements of nitric oxide by
the conventional method are not reliable because they allow
the spontaneous oxidation or reduction of the nitrogen com-
pounds on the surface of the sampling probe.
A refined electro-optical measuring technique is being
developed by ESRL-Research Triangle Park to accurately
15
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measure the nitric oxide from jet engines. This work is being
performed in cooperation with NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and
the Federal Aviation Administration. The measuring technique
makes use of the fact that nitric oxide absorbs ultraviolet light.
A beam of this light is shone through the engine's exhaust plume
while a spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed. By
calculating the difference between the ultraviolet light absorp-
tion which occurs when the engine is running and when it is
not running, the concentration of nitrogen oxides can be
calculated.
Glass
Manufacturing
Electro-optical measurement techniques are currently being
used to monitor NO and NO* from stationary sources. Their
application to measuring nitric oxide in jet engine exhaust is
unique and difficult because of the high temperature of the
exhaust gases. The plume temperature from the stack of a
utility or industrial plant may be about 150°C, but the exhaust
from jet engines may be as much as ten times hotter.
In addition to finding ways to reduce NOX emissions from
combustion equipment, ORD laboratories are investigating
methods of reducing NOX emissions from manufacturing
processes such as glass-making and nitric acid production.
A project to reduce NOX emissions during the manufacture of
glass is being conducted by ORD's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati. In conventional glass-
making processes, the silicon and other materials for produc-
ing glass are heated in a furnace. Over 50 percent of the
energy used to heat the furnace is lost in exhaust gases. Exper-
iments are underway to alter the furnace design so that the
16
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Nitric Acid
Production
NOX Transport
exhaust gas is used to preheat the raw materials for glass-
making. Preheating has a number of advantages in the glass-
making industry. It reduces the amount of fuel needed in the
furnace, the amount of air drawn into the combustion pro-
cess, the temperature required in the furnace to melt the
silicon material, and the length of time that the material must
remain in the furnace. Reductions in fuel use, air intake, and
combustion temperature have resulted in the decrease of both
fuel-bound NOX emissions, and thermal NOX emissions. The
costs that the glass industry could save by using less fuel are
an additional incentive to make use of the preheating process.
About 70% of the nitric acid (HNO3) produced in the U.S. is
used to manufacture fertilizer. Other uses include the produc-
tion of industrial explosives, separating gold and silver,
pickling steel and brass, and photoengraving. Nitric acid is
produced by oxidizing ammonia (NH3). The oxidation is never
totally complete, however, and uncontrolled emissions from
nitric acid plants are typically on the order of 1000 to 3000 ppm
NOX.
Several NOX control techniques are available and are being used.
The IERL Branch Laboratory in Edison, New Jersey has been
developing a technique called molecular sieve adsorption.
NOX is removed by converting NO to NO* and adsorbing the
N02. This process results in NOX concentrations of less than
50 ppm in the emission stream, and the N02 which is collected
can be used to produce more nitric acid.
In the early 1970's scientists at ORD's Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park noticed that
measurements of NOX in the atmosphere were lower than
expected. A series of studies were initiated to determine
whether pollutant nitrogen oxides have a short lifespan, and if
so, to identify the factors important in converting NOX to
other compounds.
Measurements of nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants,
and specific nitrogen compounds were made downwind of
cities where significant amounts of NOX were emitted. These
cities included St. Louis, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Dayton,
Columbus, and Boston. A small plane equipped with instru-
ments for continuous monitoring of the pollutants was flown
back and forth downwind of the city monitoring plumes which
sometimes extended 20 to 30 miles from the pollution source.
These experiments showed that NOX does have a short
lifespan relative to other pollutants. It may last 6 to 7 hours or
as long as two days. The rate at which NOX is converted to
nitrates, nitric acid, and other pollutants depends on such
factors as humidity, temperature and the intensity of sunlight.
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INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
Industrial
Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Research
Triangle Park,
North Carolina
Selected research projects performed by or through the
various ORD laboratories or offices are listed below.
Environmental Assessment of Stationary Source NOX
Control Technologies
Effects of Fuel Properties and Atomization Parameters on
NOX Control for Heavy Liquid Fuel-Fired Package Boilers
Development of Criteria for Extension of Applicability of
Low-Emission, High-Efficiency Coal Burners
Field Testing Application of Improved Combustion
Technology to Power Generation Combustion Systems
Advanced Combustion Systems for Stationary Gas Tur-
bine Engines
Fundamental Combustion Research Applied to Pollution
Control
Investigation of NOX, Nitrate and Sulfate Formation in
Laboratory Flames
Development of Catalyst and System Design Criteria for
Catalytic Combustors with Application to Stationary
Sources
Evaluation of Fundamental Combustion Phenomena
Characterization of Emission and Combustion Perfor-
mance of Alternate Fuels
Characterization and Design Evaluation for Commercial
Combustion Systems
Bench-Scale Evaluation of Simultaneous NOX/SOX Flue
Gas Treatment Technology
Bench-Scale Evaluation of NOX Flue Gas Treatment
Technology
Effect of Fuel Sulfur on Nitrogen Oxide Formation in
Combustion
Miniplant Studies in Support of the Fluidized-Bed
Combustion Program
Demetallization of Residual Oils (Phase V Denitrogena-
tion Catalyst Evaluation)
Experimental and Engineering Support of the Fluidized-
Bed Combustion Program
Process Automation Investigations for Environmental
Process Control
Emissions Assessment of Conventional Combustion
Systems
Long-Term Optimum Performance and Corrosion Tests
of Combustion Modifications for Utility Boilers
Control Technology Application and Assessment for
Industrial Stoker Boilers
Evaluation of Emissions Control for I.C. Engines
Application of Advanced Combustion Modification Tech-
nology to Industrial Process Equipment
18
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Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
Aerometric Field Study in Vicinity of a Large Power Plant
in Complex Terrain
Aspects of Modeling Urban Air Quality
Design and Fabrication of an Automated Field Monitor
for the Measurement of Atmospheric Nitric Acid
19
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Office of
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology -
Washington, D.C.
Evaluation of the Accuracy and Validity of Physico-
Chemical Air Quality Models
. Kinetic Study of Simulated SO2, NOX, RH-Pollutea
, Mechanisms of Photochemical Reactions in Urban Air
Outdoo Mutation of Air Pollution Control Strategies
.Sharacterization of Emissions from Prototype Motor
Vehicles Designed for Low NOx Em'^°"snt NO on Pre.
Investigation of the Dependence of Ambient NO, on Pre
cursor Emissions
Cnen,-
°< '-rumen*, Techniques for
issi0nS Usin9 Va.cus
oT^us Emission3 ,rom Stationary
Sources bv Remote Sensing
Sadies of the Effect of Environmental Variables on the
Collection of Atmospheric Nitrate and Development of a
Sampling and Analytical Procedure
Sopment of a Flashlamp-lnduced Fluorescence Am-
bient Air NO* Monitor
from Combustion Boilers
ftatat- Air Pollution Monitoring Standard Refer-
ence Materials, Instrumentation and Methods
20
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
Publications
Other Research
Summaries
NOx Control Review
A quarterly technical newsletter prepared by EPA's Indus-
trial Environmental Research Laboratory in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Individuals interested in receiving the newsletter should
write to:
Editor
NOX Control Review
US EPA, MD-65
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA Research Outlook. February 1979. EPA-600/9-79-
005. 140 Pages.
A concise description of the EPA's plans for future
environmental research.
EPA Research Highlights. December 1978. EPA-600/9-78-
040. 70 Pages.
Highlights of the EPA research and development program
of 1978.
EPA/ORD Program Guide. October 1979. EPA-600/9-79-
038. 85 Pages.
A guide to the Office of Research and Developmentits
organizational structure, program managers, and funds
available for contracts, grants, and cooperative
agreements.
Energy/Environment III. Proceedings of the Third
National Conference on The Interagency Research and
Development Program. October 1978. EPA-600/9-78-002.
386 Pages.
The proceedings of an annual conference discussing
energy/environment issues, sponsored by the Federal
Interagency Energy/Environment Research and Develop-
ment Program.
EPA Research Summary: Acid Rain. October 1979.
EPA-600/8-79-028. 23 Pages.
A brief discussion of what is presently known about the
acid rain phenomenon and the EPA's R & D program to
learn more about the problem.
EPA Research Summary: Oil Spills. February 1979.
EPA-600/8-79-007. 15 Pages.
A concise description of EPA's oil spills R & D program.
21
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Information on the availability of these publications may
be obtained by writing to:
Publications
Center for Environmental Research Information
US EPA
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Technical Reports Environmental Assessment of Stationary Source NOX
Control Technologies: First Annual Report. March 1978.
EPA-600/7-78-046. 105 Pages.
(PB-279 083, $6.50)
Control Techniques for NO Emissions from Stationary
Sources. AP-65
(PB-190 263, $0.70)
Emission Characterization of Stationary NO Sources.
June 1978. EPA-600/7-78-120A
(PB-284 480, $5.25)
Preliminary Environmental Assessment of Combustion
Modification Techniques:
Volume I. October 1977. EPA-600/7-77-119a
(PB-276 680, $6.00)
Volume II. October 1977. EPA-600/7-77-119b
(PB-276 681, $16.50)
Proceedings of the Third Stationary Source Combustion
Symposium:
Volume I. Utility, Industrial, Commercial, and Resi-
dential Systems. February 1979.
EPA-600/7-79-050a. 255 Pages.
(PB-292-539, $10.75)
Volume II. Advanced Processesand Special Topics. Feb-
ruary 1979. EPA-600/7-79-050B. 316 Pages.
{PB-292-540, $11.75)
Volume III. Stationary Engine and Industrial Process
Combustion Systems. February 1979.
EPA-600/7-79-050C. 177 Pages.
(PB-292-541, $9.00)
Volume IV. Fundamental Combustion Research and
Environmental Assessment. February 1979.
EPA-600/7-79-050d. 234 Pages.
(PB-292-542, $9.50)
Technical Reports may be obtained by writing to:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
or by calling (703) 557-4650
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Conferences
and Workshops
Questions or Comments
The Office of Research and Development periodically sponsors
various conferences, workshops and seminars to inform
environmental scientists, engineers, policy makers, and the
interested public of the latest research and development
accomplishments. Individuals interested in information about
upcoming conferences should write to:
ORD Conference Coordinator
Center for Environmental Research Information
US EPA
26 W. St. Clair
Cincinnati, OH 45268
The Office of Research and Development invites you to address
any questions or comments regarding the EPA nitrogen oxide
control research program to the appropriate individuals listed
below:
Topic
Stationary Source
Control Technologies
Mobile Source
Control Technologies
Atmospheric Measurement
Program Coordination/
General Questions
Contact
Joshua Bowen
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory, MD-65
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Frank Black
Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory, MD-46
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
William Lonneman
Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory, MD-84
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Robert Statnick
Office of Research &
Development, RD-681
US EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
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Controlling
Nitrogen Oxides
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency, RD-674
Washington, D.C. 20460
Official Business Third Class
Penalty for Private use $300 Bulk Rate
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