EPA-6OO/8-87-O25
       Technical Assistance  Document:

Performance  Audit  Procedures  for  Opacity
                          Monitors
                           Prepared by-

                         Steven J. Plaisance
                          James W. Peeler
                       OEM/Engineering Division
                      Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.

                      EPA Contract No. 68-02-4125
                   Work Assignment Nos. 140Aand 182A
                              and

                      EPA Contract No. 68-02-4442
                       Work Assignment No. 11


           EPA Project Officer: Thomas J. Logan, Quality Assurance Division
                U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                   Office of Research and Development
                Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
                Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

                           April 1987

-------
                                   Disclaimer
    This material has been funded wholly or in part by the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency under Contract Numbers 68-02-4125 and 68-02-4442 to Entropy
Environmentalists, Inc.  It has been subject to the Agency's review, and it has
been approved for publication as an EPA document.  Mention of trade names or
commerical products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                       ii

-------
                                    Abstract

    This  manual  contains  monitor-specific performance  audit procedures  and  data
 forms  for use  in conducting audits  of  installed opacity  continuous  emission
 monitoring systems  (GEMS's).   General  auditing procedures  and  acceptance  limits
 for various audit criteria  are discussed.  Practical considerations and common
 problems  encountered  in conducting  audits are delineated,  and  recommendations
 are included to  optimize  the successful completion of  performance audits.

    Performance  audit procedures and field data forms  were developed for  six
 common opacity GEMS's: (1)  Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM-41; (2) Lear Siegler
 Inc. Model RM-4;  (3)  Dynatron  Model 1100; (4) Thermo Electron, Inc.  Model 400-
 (5) Thermo Electron,  Inc. Model 1000A; and (6) Enviroplan  Model D-R280  AV.
 These  procedures  were designed to be performed by a single auditor.  The
 concise,  step-by-step format of the audit procedures promotes  a thorough
 evaluation of  the quality of the monitoring data and the reliability of the
 opacity monitoring program.

    Generic  audit procedures have been included for use in evaluating opacity
 CEMS's with multiple  transmissometers and combiner devices.  In addition,
 several approaches for evaluating the zero alignment or "clear-path" zero
 response have been described.  The zero alignment procedures have been included
 sxnce  this factor is  fundamental to the accuracy of opacity monitoring data
 even though the zero  alignment checks cannot usually be conducted during a
performance audit.
                                     iii

-------

-------
                                      CONTENTS
 Disclaimer	
 Abstract	'*.''*'*
 Figures	'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..  v

     1.   Introduction	        j«
         1.1   Background	r	'.'.'.'.'' 1-1
         1.2   Use  of This  Manual	!!!''*'!'!*''*''!''' 1-2
         1.3   Approach and Limitations	     ^_o

     2.   General Audit Procedures.	2-1
         2.1   Practical Considerations	    2-1
         2.2   Pre-Audit Information	'!'!*'' °2-3
         2.3   Performance  Audit Procedures	...!!!*' 2-4

     3.   Performance Audit Procedures for Lear Siegler, Inc.
           Opacity Monitors	     o_^
         3.1   Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM-41 Transmissometer and Model 611"'
               Control Unit	           o i
         3.2   Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM-4 Transmissometer	\ '3-18

     4.   Performance Audit Procedures for Dynatron Opacity Monitor	4-1
         4.1   Dynatron Model 1100 Transmissometer	'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 4-1

     5-   Performance Audit Procedures for Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz)
           Opacity Monitor	      c_]_
         5.1   Thermo Electron  (Contraves Goerz) Model 400 Transmissometer
               and  Model  500  Control Unit	K-I

     6.   Performance Audit Procedures for Thermo Electron (Environmental
           Data Corporation) Opacity Monitor	g_]_
         6.1   Thermo Electron  Corporation (Environmental Data Corporation)"*
               Model 1000A	_	    6_±

     7.   Performance Audit  Procedures for Enviroplan (Thermo Electron
          Corporation) Opacity Monitor	7.^
         7.1   Enviroplan (Thermo Electron Corporation)  Model D-R280 AV
              "Durag"	7_±

    8.  Performance Audit Procedures for Opacity CEMS With Combiners	8-1
        8.1  Calculation of Stack-Exit Opacity for Combiner Systems	'.'.'.'.8-1
        8.2  General Audit Procedures	    8-4

    9.   Zero Alignment Checks	               q_±
        9.1  Off-Stack Zero Alignment	'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.^-1
        9.2  On-Stack Zero Alignment	.*'!.'.'' 9-2
        9• 3  Alternate Zero Alignmetn Approaches	'.9-3
(Continued)
                                        iv

-------
Appendices

Appendix A.

Appendix B.

Appendix C.

Appendix D.


Appendix E.

Appendix F.
              CONTENTS (continued)



Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM-41 Audit Data Forms

Lear Siegler, Inc. Model RM-4 Audit Data Forms

Dynatron Model 1100 Audit Data Forms

Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz) Model 400
  Audit Data Forms

Thermo Electron (EDO) Model 1000A Audit Data Forms

Enviroplan  (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV "Durag
   Audit Data Forms
A-l

B-l

C-l


D-l

E-l


F-l
                                      v

-------
2-1.
3-1.
3-2.
3-3-
3-4.
3-5-
3-6.
3-7.
4-1.
5-1.

5-2.
7-1-
7-2.
7-3.

7-4.
9-1.
                              FIGURES
Opacity Audit Data Form	'.	
Arrangement of LSI RM-41 Transceiver and Retroreflector Components.
LSI RM-41 Control Unit (Model 611)	'	
LSI RM-41 Control Unit Circuit Board Arrangement	
LSI RM-41 Transceiver	
LSI RM-41 Junction Box	
Arrangement of LSI RM-4 Transceiver and Retroreflector Components..
LSI RM-4 Converter Control Unit	
Dynatron 1100 Transceiver and Retroreflector Arrangement	
Arrangement of Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz) Model 400
  Transceiver and Retroreflector	
Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz) Model 500 Control Unit.
Arrangement of Enviroplan (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV
  Transceiver and Retroreflector	
Enviroplan (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV Control Unit.
Enviroplan (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV Transmissometer
  Components	
Enviroplan (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV Junction Box.
Zero Alignment Jig	
2-4
3-2
3-3
3-7
3-11
3-13
3-19
3-20
4-2

5-2
5-3
7-2
7-3

7-7
7-9
9-5
                                       VI

-------

-------
                                    SECTION 1

                                   INTRODUCTION


 1.1  BACKGROUND

     In 1975, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first promulgated
 specific requirements for several source categories subject to the Standards of
 Performance for New Stationary Sources to install,  operate, and maintain
 systems for continuous monitoring of effluent opacity.  At the same time,  EPA
 also promulgated similar provisions necessitating revisions to State
 Implementation Plans to include opacity monitoring requirements for selected
 source categories.   Since these actions, Federal, state,  and local air
 pollution control agencies have expanded the applications of opacity continuous
 emission monitoring systems (CEMS's) by adopting monitoring requirements for
 additional source categories,  requiring monitoring in operating permits, and
 through the use of other source-specific mechanisms.   In most cases,  the source
 owner or operator must periodically report data related to excess emissions and
 monitor performance to the appropriate control agency.  Data on excess
 emissions are most  often used  as an indication of whether proper operation and
 maintenance practices for process and control equipment are being used.
 However,  the opacity monitoring data may also be evaluated by the control
 agency as an indication of:  (1)  the degree of compliance  with applicable
 opacity standards,  (2)  particulate emission levels, and (3)  the need  for an
 inspection of the source.

     Regardless of the particular monitoring requirements  or the control
 agency's  use of the data,  issues affecting the quality of the CEM data are of
 concern to both control agency and source  representatives.   In almost  all
 cases,  the source/owner or operator is  required to demonstrate that the  opacity
 GEMS complies with  Performance Specification 1 of Appendix B,  40  CFR 60.   This
 demonstration (referred to as  a performance specification test)  is usually
 completed shortly after the opacity CEMS becomes  operational,  and serves to
 ensure  that the monitoring system is properly installed and is capable of
 providing reliable  data.

     EPA regulations and most state and  local  regulations  include  minimum
 operating procedures  that  the  source owner  or operator must  follow after
 completing the initial  performance specification  test.  Typically, source
 operators  are required  to  check  the response  of the opacity  CEMS  at two points
 at least  once each  day.  These checks are usually performed  at zero opacity and
 an upscale point referred  to as  the span check through the use of an internal
 device  that simulates a zero opacity condition and an  internal filter  that
 obscures  a known quantity  of the  light beam.   (Some opacity  CEMS's substitute a
 low  range  opacity check for the zero  check.)   For sources subject  to EPA
 requirements  in 40  CFR  60, cleaning of the  optical surfaces  exposed to the
 effluent  stream and adjustment of  the monitor  are required if  the  zero or span
 check responses  exceed  two times  the drift  limits in Performance Specification
 1.   Most  state  and  local regulations are similar.  Except for  the  zero and span
 check requirements, EPA  and most state and  local monitoring regulations do not
 require the source  operator to conduct tests or otherwise periodically assess
 the quality of  the opacity monitoring data.  However,  most monitoring
regulations require the source owner or operator to properly operate and
maintain the opacity CEMS, to keep records of all adjustments and repairs to
the monitoring system, and to submit periodic reports to the control agency
 (i.e., quarterly excess emissions reports).
                                      1-1

-------
    Audits of CEMS's may be conducted in order to assess the quality of data
provided by CEMS's and/or to identify operation and maintenance problems that
may impact the reliability of opacity monitoring results.  A performance audit
provides a quantitative evaluation of monitor performance in terms of the
accuracy and precision of the data acquired by the opacity monitoring system.
Since it is not feasible to obtain independent effluent measurements for
comparison with the measurements provided by an installed opacity monitor, a
series of checks of the individual monitoring system components is conducted.
Based on the results of these checks, an assessment of the performance of the
entire monitoring system can be made.

    Audits of opacity CEMS's may be conducted by either the control agency or
source personnel.  Performance audits may be conducted by the control agency to
assess the quality of opacity monitoring data, at sources selected randomly, or
at sources where opacity monitoring problems or high levels of excess emissions
are indicated in quarterly excess emission reports.  Performance audits may  also
be conducted by source personnel  (or other company representatives) on a  routine
basis, as part of a quality assurance program, or when specific concerns  arise
regarding the validity of the opacity monitoring data.  A performance audit
provides a relatively simple and  quick  method of obtaining  an objective
evalution of opacity monitor performance, regardless of who conducts the  audit.

1.2   USE OF THIS MANUAL

    This manual provides detailed procedures  for conducting performance audits
of opacity CEMS's.  This manual updates and replaces the information and
procedures contained  in  an  earlier  document "Performance Audit Procedures for
Opacity Monitors,"  (EPA  340/1-83-010, January 1983).  The audit procedures were
revised based  on  experience gained  in conducting several hundred  opacity  GEMS
audits and during other  EPA studies that involved  the evaluation  of opacity  GEM
reliability  at particular  sources.  '    The revised audit procedures more
adequately address  practical considerations and problems that  are encountered  in
conducting audits.  The  revised procedures address changes  in  contemporary
monitoring instrumentation,  additional  types  of monitors, and  new audit devices
and methods  for certain  monitors.   In many cases,  revisions to  the audit
procedures have been  made  to eliminate  the collection of unnecessary or
irrevalent data and to simplify  the audit procedures.   These changes also
significantly  reduce  the amount of  time necessary  to conduct a performance
audit. This manual also provides updated guidance for  the  interpretation of
audit results.  Revisions  of acceptance limits for some audit  critera  are
included that  reflect changes in  applicable EPA regulations and/or additional
experience with opacity  CEMS's.

     The  procedures in this manual have  been developed with  the goal of
 simplifying the  technical  aspects of opacity  CEMS's so  that performance audits
 can be conducted by a single person who has  a basic understanding of monitor
 1Peeler, J. W.  GEMS Pilot Project: Evaluation of Opacity CEMS
  Reliability and QA Procedures, Volume I.  EPA-340/l-86-009a, U. S.
 Environmental Protection Agency.  May 1986.

 2Peeler, J. W., and Quarles, P.  Summary Report: A Pilot Project to
  Demonstrate to Feasibility of a State Continuous Emission Monitoring System
 (CEMS) Regulatory Program.  EPA-340/1-86/007. U. S. Environmental Proetection
 Agency.  June 1986.

                                       1-2

-------
 operation.   Section 2 of this manual discusses  practical  problems  and
 considerations in conducting audits  and the gathering of  preliminary
 information prior to the audit.   Section 2 also presents  a discussion of
 general  opacity monitor audit procedures and the evaluation of audit results.
 Sections 3  through 7 each provide monitor--Opcoxric  information and annotated,
 step-by-step audit procedures for various monitors.   Much information is
 provided in those sections so that relatively inexperienced personnel can
 conduct  audits by carefully following the instructions; however, some amount of
 field training is recommended.  Also provided in the appendices to this
 document are monitor-specific data forms (coded to  correspond with the step-by-
 step  instructions).   Use of these data forms will assist  the auditor in
 recording all of the necessary information and  in calculating the  audit
 results.

    Section 8 of this manual describes performance  audit  procedures for  use  in
 evaluating  opacity CEMS's that include multiple duct mounted transmissometers
 and a combiner device for computing  the equivalent  combined stack-exit
 opacity.  A generic approach is  presented for conducting  audits of opacity
 CEMS's with combiners.   These procedures require that the auditor  understand
 the monitor-specific audit procedures for opacity CEMS's  with a single
 transmissometer.   Section 9 of this  manual discusses several approaches  for
 checking the zero alignment of the opacity monitoring system.   Although  the
 zero  alignment checks cannot usually be conducted during  a performance audit,
 these procedures  are included because of the importance of the zero alignment
 to the accuracy of the opacity monitoring data.

    The uninitiated  auditor may  find some of the discussions  in Sections  1 and
 2 of  this manual  somewhat overwhelming at first.  However,  review  of these
 materials after working through  the  monitor-specific  information for at least
 one monitor  should eliminate confusion regarding the  basic  approach and
 terminology.


 1.3  APPROACH AND LIMITATIONS

    Opacity CEMS performance audits  involve a series of checks of individual
monitoring system components and/or  factors affecting the operational status or
accuracy of the opacity measurements.  The first of these checks are performed
from the monitor control unit/data recording location, which is usually
installed in the boiler or process control room.  Subsequent checks must be
performed at the transmissometer installation location on the stack or duct.
In general,  performance audit procedures involve the following consecutive
checks:

 (1)   Monitor Component Analysis

     •  An attempt is made to verify the accuracy of the pathlength correction
        factor used to convert measurements obtained at the monitoring location
        to the equivalent opacity that would be observed at the stack exit.
        Ideally, two issues are considered: (a)  whether the proper dimensions
        were used in establishing the pathlength correction factor, and (b)
        whether the value of the pathlength correction factor used by the
        monitor is consistent with the calculated value.   However,  it is  not
        always possible to address these issues  during a performance audit
        because of practical constraints.
                                      1-3

-------
    •  Fault lamp indicators on the monitor control unit are checked to
       determine whether the monitor is operating within preset limits.
       Usually, these limits are established by the monitor manufacturer;
       however, for some monitors, the user may select activiation limits for
       the fault circuits.

    •  Various internal electronic checks are performed in accordance with the
       recommendation of the monitor manufacturer to determine the operational
       status of the monitor.  These checks are performed using the controls
       and meters of the monitoring system; use of external electronic  test
       equipment is generally beyond the scope of the performance audit.


    •  The responses of the opacity GEMS permanent data recorder and  (if
       applicable)  the control unit panel meter to the zero  (or low range) and
       span  check values  are determined.

(2)  Transmissometer Maintenance  Analysis

    • The  optical  alignment of  the  transmissometer  (transceiver and
       reflector)  components is  checked using the alignment  sight  of  the
       monitor.  The results of  this  check are considered to be  indicative of
        the  mechanical stability  of the monitor mounting.

     • The  dust accumulation on  optical surfaces  is  checked  to determine the
        status of the purge air system and the adequacy of the frequency of
        lens cleaning.   This determination is based on the difference  in the
        apparent opacity before and after cleaning of the optical surfaces
        exposed to the effluent stream.  The results  of this  check may be
        adversely affected by fluctuations in the effluent opacity at  some
        sources.

(3)   Calibration Error Analysis

     •  The calibration linearity and the accuracy of the monitor's opacity
        measurements relative to a series of neutral density filters and to the
        monitor's own zero value are determined.  For most monitors,  this test
        is performed using an audit device that simulates clear-path conditions
        and allows insertion of the filters into the light path.   For other
        monitors, the calibration error determination is accomplished by
        evaluating the monitor response to the superposition of audit filters
        and the effluent opacity.  In either case, neutral density filters must
        be inserted into the light path of the transmissometer, and the
        corresponding response of the monitoring system is determined from the
        permanent data recorder.

     Although the purpose of the performance audit is to provide a basis for
evaluating the accuracy and precision of the monitoring data, the audit
procedures do not provide a single result which is representative of the
overall performance of the  monitor.  Instead,  the series of steps described
above serves to identify problems which detract from the accuracy of the
opacity measurements.  In tb*> oKoor-oe  of such  problems, the opacity
measurements are assumed  to be accurate.
                                       1-4

-------
     It is emphasized that the results of the calibration error check of an
installed opacity GEMS do not provide a measure of the absolute accuracy of the
monitoring data prior to the audit for two reasons.  First, the presence of the
effluent opacity during the audit prohibits detection of any offset or error in
the zero opacity response of the monitor.  A determination of the absolute
accuracy of an opacity CEMS can only be accomplished by combining the results
of a performance audit (e.g., accuracy of monitoring data relative to the
simulated zero value) with the results of an independent zero alignment check
(e.g., determination of the degree of agreement between the simulated zero
response and true zero response of the monitor under clear-path conditions).
Normally, the zero alignment check cannot be conducted during a perforamnce
audit (see Section 9)•

     Second, the results of the calibration error check do not include the
measurement bias that is due to the accumulation of particulate material on the
optical windows of the transmissometer, since the windows are cleaned prior to
conducting the calibration error test.  To estimate the accuracy of the opacity
measurements prior to the audit, superposition of the results of the calibra-
tion error check and the dust accumulation checks would be necessary.
Consideration of zero and span errors would not be necessary, provided that no
adjustments to the monitor are made during the audit.
                                      1-5

-------

-------
                                   SECTION 2

                            GENERAL AUDIT PROCEDURES
    This section provides an overview of opacity CEMS performance audit
procedures as a supplement to the monitor-specific procedures detailed in
Sections 3 through 7.  Practical considerations affecting opacity CEMS
performance evaluation programs are addressed.  Information that should be
acquired before the audit is conducted is identified in Section 2.2.  A
discussion of general audit procedures, acceptance limits for various audit
criteria, and the evaluation of audit results is provided in Section 2.3.
2.1  PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

    Several practical considerations are addressed below since questions
regarding these matters occur very frequently.

    Manpower - Performance audits may be conducted by one person or by a team
consisting of at least two people.  If one person performs the audit, a
sufficient period of time must be allowed to elapse after each action taken at
the actual monitoring location {e.g., cleaning of windows, insertion of
filters, etc.) to allow the monitoring system to obtain and record the proper
response.  This period would be approximately two minutes for monitors
recotding instantaneous opacity data on strip chart recorders..  For an opacity
CEMS that records only 6-minute averages, a period of 13 minutes must elapse
between each action that the auditor performs, since it is not possible for an
auditor at the monitoring location to determine when the 6-minute period
begins.  Conducting an audit under these circumstances would require the lone
auditor to remain at the monitoring location for at least 5 hours.  Since this
is obviously impractical, the audit should be performed by two people in those
very unusual cases where the CEMS cannot display instantaneous or short term
averages.  A second drawback of having one person conduct opacity CEMS audits
is that the auditor has no real-time feedback to indicate when specific steps
in the audit should be repeated because of the uncertainty of particular
results.  Thus, only after the audit is complete can the auditor ascertain if
any or all of the checks at the monitoring location need to be repeated.

    Using a team of at least two people (one at the monitoring location and one
at the control unit/data recording location) greatly reduces the time required
to complete the necessary steps at the monitoring location and eliminates the
feedback problems, assuming that effective communication between the two
locations is established.  (The person recording the measurements at the
control unit does not have to be trained in auditing monitors, since recording
of the monitor responses and advising the auditor to continue with the next
step is all that is required.)  In many cases, a single control agency
representative can perform the audit in an effective manner,  provided that a
source representative is willing to act as, the second person.   Personnel at
most sources are usually willing to provide this assistance.   However,  control
agency representatives who plan to conduct audits in this manner should request
the assistance of plant personnel in advance of the audit to make sure that
personnel are available and willing to perform specific activities.   Also,  the
auditor should check to ensure that the plant representative determines the
monitor responses from the appropriate data recording device and that he
interprets and records the values correctly.

                                      2-1

-------
    Communication - Communication between the monitoring location and the
control unit/data recorder location is essential when audits are conducted
using the team approach.  Some power plants have hard-wired communication lines
between the two locations that can be used by the auditor.  In some cases,
plant personnel will loan radios to the audit team or will operate radios for
the auditors.  However, the availability of such equipment at power plants and
other stationary sources is generally very limited.  Control agency auditors
should not assume the availability or use of such equipment; they should
discuss the need for such equipment with plant personnel in advance or provide
their own equipment.

    Communication between various locations at stationary sources using short
wave radios is often severely restricted or impossible because of electrical
interference and shielding problems.  The use of FM radios is preferred.
However, it is imperative that non-plant personnel obtain clearance to use such
equipment prior to its use at any stationary source.  In some cases, use or
even possession of radios in the plant control room is prohibited, since these
radios may. interfere with instrumentation or control signals necessary to
operate the plant safely.  The consequence of unauthorized use of radios can be
very significant.

    Computer System Operations - Some plants are equipped with computerized
data acquisition systems.  The operation and control of such systems may be
complex, and the output format may be confusing when first encountered.
Control agency personnel who are conducting performance audits should not
expect to fully understand how such systems operate.  Plant personnel should be
requested to enter necessary control commands to facilitate acquisition of the
appropriate output.  An explanation sufficient to  allow the auditor to obtain
the necessary monitor  responses from the computer  output  should be obtained,
or the auditor should  request that source personnel determine the monitor
responses from the  computer output for each step of the audit.

    Equipment Damage Liability - Auditing of opacity GEMS's presents a
situation where  there  is  a very remote chance that the monitoring equipment
could be damaged.   Control agency personnel should determine, in advance, their
agency's policy  with respect  to assuming such liability.   In  the event  that
relevant policy  prevents  the  assumption of such  liability,  control  agency
personnel should adopt a "hands off" posture  and have qualified plant personnel
perform the  audit under their direct  supervision.   Plant  personnel  should be
notified in  advance of this  situation so  that appropriate personnel will  be
available at the time  the audit  is  conducted.

     Organizational and Labor Constraints  - The  auditor  should be  mindful of
protocol with respect to plant  organizational interaction.   Because the
 operation  and maintenance of the opacity CEMS's  and reporting of  opacity data
may involve personnel from the  corporate environmental  department,  as  well  as
plant environmental operations,  instrumentation,  and maintenance  departments,
 the auditor should plan to conduct a brief initial meeting with representatives
 of concerned organizations in order to describe the audit procedures,  discuss
 possible actions resulting from the audit,  and to answer questions.   Also,  the
 auditor must be aware in advance of restrictions of his actions resulting from
 union limitations.  For example,  the auditor may not be allowed to press
 buttons or even touch the monitor controls.   Also, break, meal,  and quitting
 times may be rigidly enforced,  thereby restricting the auditor's  access to
 plant equipment and personnel.
                                       2-2

-------
     Preserving Objectivity - Regardless of whether control agency personnel or
 source representatives conduct the audit, it is advantageous to all parties to
 take several simple steps to preserve the objectivity of the auditors.
 Therefore, the correct values for;the zero (or low range) and span checks of
 the monitor should be determined prior to initiating the zero or span checks.
 Also, the calculated values of the neutral density filters, as corrected to
 stack exit conditions, should not be divulged to the person recording the
 monitor responses for the calibration error test until after the test is
 completed.
 2.2  PRE-AUDIT INFORMATION.

     The successful completion of an opacity audit requires certain information
 about the source,  the monitor, and the data recording system.   In the case of a
 control agency,  this information is available typically in source files.   Prior
 to an audit,  it  is necessary only to extract the information from the agency
 records.   During the audit,  the information should be verified and updated as
 necessary.   If the auditor cannot acquire information on the source from
 existing files,  then he should utilize the opacity audit data form (Figure 2-1)
 to compile the necessary information prior to or during the audit.   This  form
 should become part of the maintained and updated data base for the particular
 source.   The  information categories on this form are  described as follows:

 Critical  Information;   Tells the auditor at-a-glance  the when,  what,  where,  and
 who of the  audit without having to search through the data form.

 Source Identification;   This information identifies the particular  facility  to
 be audited, both by the corporate name and the plant  or station name.  The
 plant  mailing address  and telephone number, are included,  and the  person at the
 plant  indentified  as  the principal contact is identified and his  telephone
 number is included.  This information  facilitates  communications  with plant
 personnel responsible  for the opacity  monitors.

 Corporate Contact;  Many source  organizations have corporate personnel charged
 with overseeing  environmental activities  in the  satellite  facilities.
 Typically,  these persons should  be notified as to  audit  plans and should
 receive copies of  audit results.   Therefore, their names,  addresses,  and
 telephone numbers  should be  included.

 Additional  Contacts;  Source  personnel  concerned with monitor operation,
 maintenance,  calibration,  servicing, or data reduction should be  identified as
 encountered.  This  information will  aid the  auditor in acquainting himself with
 the  source's  monitoring program.   Also, it may be necessary  to contact some of
 these  individuals  to answer specific questions as they arise.

 Source Data;  Information  about  the unit, its output capacity, and fuel and
 pollution control equipment is included to provide a basis for a  description of
 the plant.  The  output  capacity  should be that from the most recent permit, in
 the same units as specified in the permit.  Because communications between'the
 opacity data recorder and  transmissometer locations are vital in  facilitating
 the completion of an audit by a  lone auditor, the auditor should determine in
advance if the source can supply communications equipment  (radios, telephone,
etc.) and an employee to take preliminary reading from the opacity data
recorder during the transmissometer portion of the audit.

                                      2-3

-------
CRITICAL INFORMATION:
PERSON TO CONTACT UPON ARRIVAL:.
AT (GATE. OFFICE. ETC.):	
            FINAL AUDIT DATE:
                       TIME:
                       UNIT *
MONITOR TYPE:.
SOURCE NAME:.
                               OPACITY AUDIT DATA FORM
DATE:.
INDIVIDUAL SUPPLYING INFORMATION AND HIS AFFILIATION:.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION:
CORPORATION:.
PLANT OR STATION NAME:.
PRINCIPAL CONTACT:	
PLANT MAILING ADDRESS:.
   TELEPHONE
   PLANT TELEPHONE
CORPORATE CONTACT:
NAME:
TITLE:.
MAILING ADDRESS:.
TELEPHONE
    ADDITIONAL CONTACTS:
    1. NAME:.
    AFFILIATION:.
    TELEPHONE «:
    2. NAME:	
    AFFILIATION:
    TELEPHONE *:
    3. NAME:	
                                                  AFFILIATION:.
                                                  TELEPHONE •:
                         Figure 2-1.  Opacity Audit  Data Form
                                             2-4

-------
                       OPACITY AUDIT DATA FORM (CONTINUED)
  SOURCE DATA:
  UNIT *:.
  FUEL: _
                                                       OUTPUT (MW):.
                                     AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT:.
                                           TYPICAL EFFLUENT OPACITY :.
 .(FROT1 PERMIT)
  AVAILABILITY Of COMMUNICATIONS (RADIO. TELEPHONE, ETC.) BETWEEN MONITOR LOCATION AND CONTROL ROOM:

  AVAILABILITY OF PERSONNEL TO TAKE READINGS FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER DURING AUDIT:
 MONITOR LOCATION:
 MONITOR LOCATION (STACK/DUCT):
                                                       (UPSTREAM).
DISTANCE FROM NEAREST FLOW OBSTRUCTION:	_
HEIGHT (IN FEET):	(TO MONITOR) ______
ACCESS TO SAMPLING LOCATION (LADDER, STAIRS, HOIST, ELEVATOR): __	
STACK/DUCT INSIDE DIAMETER:	(AT MONITOR LOCATION).
 (DOWNSTREAM)
.(TOTAL STACK)
                                                                                . (STACK EXIT)
 MONITOR DATA:
MANUFACTURER/MODEL *:
MONITOR PRESET STACK EXIT CORRECTION FACTOR (BY MONITOR MANUFACTURER):
MONITOR ZERO AND SPAN VALUES (BASED ON MOST RECENT CALIBRATION):	
COMBINER SYSTEM IN USE ?	
                                                                    . (ZERO).
DATA RECORDING/LOGGING SYSTEM:,
DATA FORMAT USED IN REPORTING TO A.Q. AGENCY (6-MIN/DAILY AVGS.):	
AVAILABILITY OF INSTANTANEOUS MONITOR OUTPUT RECORD (METER, STR1PCHART. OR COMPUTER):
       . (SPAN)
RECENT REPAIRS/MODIFICATIONS/CALIBRATIONS:
SOURCE EMPLOYEE MOST FAMILIAR WITH THE MONITORING SYSTEM:.
                                   Figure 2-1.  (continued)
                                               2-5

-------
                  OPACITY AUDIT DATA FORM (CONTINUED)
COMMENTS:
        MONITOR LOCATION SCHEMATIC
OPACITY DATA SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
                                   Figure 2-1.  (continued)




                                          2-6

-------
 Monitor Location;   The monitor location should be specified with respect to
 height and distances from upstream and downstream flow disturbances,  in order
 to  produce a schematic drawing of the monitor within the effluent system.   The
 most  critical dimensions to be acquired are  the stack exit inside diameter and
 the stack inside diameter (or duct width)  at the transmissometer location.
 These values form  the basis of the stack exit correlation factor,  and should  be
 known with an accuracy of +_ 1.0 inch.   The form of access to the monitor
 location (ladder,  stairs,  elevator,  etc.)  should be known so that the auditor
 can budget his time if a lengthy climb is  anticipated.

 Monitor Data;   The monitor should be identified by manufacturer  and model
 number.   If possible,  the stack exit correlation factor and zero and  span
 values should be identified either prior to  or at the outset of  the audit.
 Because the zero and span values may change  due to clear path calibration
 results,  these values should be verified prior to each audit.

    The presence of a combiner system should be identified prior to the audit
 because specialized audit procedures are required for such systems.   The data
 recording/logging  system should be identified and categorized as to stripchart,
 circular chart,  and/or computer.   Frequently,  sources employ a combination  of
 chart and computer data systems,  with both instantaneous and six-minute
 averaged opacity data being recorded.   If  the source records only six-minute
 averaged data,  the auditor should request  source personnel be available to
 reset the control  unit integrator to produce instantaneous opacity data for the
 duration of the calibration error analysis.   Also,  the auditor should note  the
 averaging format of data reported to the control agency.   The auditor should
 inquire about any  recent repairs,  modifications,  or calibrations of the
 monitor.   This information will allow him  to identify possible problems that
 may be encountered.   Also,  he should obtain  the name of the source person most
 knowledgable about the operation and maintenance of the monitor  so that this
 person could be consulted for additional information.

 Comments;   The auditor should include general comments  about the source or
 monitor that will  facilitate the audit.

 Monitor Location Schematic;   The auditor should sketch the effluent system,
 including the heights and distances  associated with the monitor  location and
 upstream and downstream flow disturbances.   The schematic  should include stack
 exit  and monitor location dimensions.

 Opacity Data System Schematic;   The  auditor  should sketch  the flow of opacity
 data  from the transmissometer to the control  unit and to  the opacity  data
 recorder.   The sketch should show the  content and format of the  data  (e.g.,
 double-pass transmittance,  instantaneous path opacity,  six minute  averaged
 stack exit opacity),  as  well as  the  system components  (e.g.,  transmissometer,
 control  unit,  stripchart recorder, computer,   printer, etc.).
2.3  PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES

    The following discussions identify and define the specific parameters that
are evaluated during a performance audit, describe how these parameters are
measured, and indicate acceptable limits for the various criteria.  Additional
suggestions and methods for evaluating various parameters are provided for
those areas where problems are frequently encountered.

                                      2-7

-------
    Opacity monitor performance audits provide an accurate, reliable indication
of monitor performance through a simple, quick field test procedure which can
be performed by a single technician who has a basic understanding of monitor
operation.  Specialized equipment necessary for a typcial audit includes a
monitor-specific reflector ("audit jig") which is used to simulate clear stack
conditions, materials for cleaning the optical surfaces exposed to the
effluent, and a set of three calibrated neutral density filters to evaluate the
calibration error of the monitor.  All of the equipment required for an opacity
monitor performance audit can be transported in a small suitcase.  The auditor
should also have safety equipment, including a hard hat, safety glasses,
hearing protection, and any specialized equipment necessitated by the
particular plant environment.

    The audit procedures are organized sequentially according to the location
of the monitoring system components (moving from the control unit location to
the installed transmissometer and then back to the control unit), so that a
single individual can conduct the audit.  As previously described, in many
cases it is advantageous for multiple personnel to be involved in conducting
the audit.  The general audit procedures and acceptable limits for the various
criteria are described below.

2.3.1  Stack Exit Correlation Error

    Typically, the cross-stack optical pathlength of the installed opacity
monitor is not equal to the diameter of the stack exit.  To obtain a true stack
exit opacity value, the measured opacity at the monitor location is corrected
to stack exit conditions through the use of a pathlength correction factor.
Ideally, the stack exit correlation error is the percent error of the
pathlength correction factor used by the GEMS, relative to the correct
pathlength correction factor calculated from actual dimensions.  The stack exit
correlation error should not exceed +2 percent.

    Determining both the actual and the correct pathlength correction factors
is often difficult in practice.  Measurement of the monitoring pathlength and
the stack exit diameter is usually not possible; blueprints showing con-
struction details are often not readily available at the source.  The problem
associated with determining the monitor pathlength and  stack exit dimensions
can be minimized by requesting the information in advance  so that source
personnel have time to locate the information.  In addition, the
flange-to-flange separation distance of the transceiver and reflector
components should be requested.  This information helps to identify the
majority of problems that are likely to be encountered  in  the calculation of
the pathlength correction factors, since by far the most common mistake is the
use of the flange-to-flange separation  distance in place of the depth of
effluent  (stack or duct internal diameter).   (The flange-to-flange separation
distance is always greater than  the internal diameter of the stack or duct at
the monitoring location and is used in  establishing the proper pathlength for
conducting off-stack, clear-path calibrations of the opacity monitor.)  Unless
there is an obvious error or question,  the dimension provided by  the source
personnel  should be used, and the auditor should calculate the correct value of
the pathlength correction factor using  the equations provided in  the
monitor-specific sections.
                                       2-8

-------
    The auditor must attempt to determine the value of the pathlength
correction factor that is used by the opacity GEMS.  Two approaches may be
used:  (1) the auditor may be able to determine the value of the correction
factor preset by the manufacturer, or (2) the auditor may be able to measure
the pathlength correction factor in some cases.

    The value of the pathlength correction factor preset by the manufacturer is
sometimes indicated on the control unit, or is sometimes included in the
documentation provided with the monitor.  However, this information is
sometimes unavailable or is undecipherable because several different values are
found with no clue as to which one was finally used by the manufacturer.  In
such cases, it is not possible to determine whether the correct value was used
by the monitor manufacturer.  If the correction factor cannot be determined
directly as described below, the audit report should indicate that the stack
exit correlation error was not determined, and the correct value of the
pathlength correction factor should be used in 'all subsequent audit
calculations.

    Any error associated with the value of the pathlength correction factor
will result in a systematic, non-linear bias in the mean differences obtained
for the low, mid, and high range calibration error checks.  (In the absence of
other problems, errors in the pathlength correction factor will result in
increasing errors with increasing opacity.)  When the audit results indicate
such a bias, the auditor can, as a troubleshooting technique, calculate the
value of the pathlength correction factor that would provide a zero value mean
difference for the mid range filter, and then use this pathlength correction
factor for recalculating the low and high range calibration error check
results.  If the systematic bias in the calibration error results is removed,
it is likely that the problem with the monitor is due to an error in the
pathlength correction factor.  It is emphasized that when other problems with
the monitor are found (e.g., zero offset, excessive span error,  misalignment,
etc.), use of the above calculation procedure to evaluate errors in the
pathlength correction factor becomes significantly more complicated,  if not
impossible.  Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the other problems be
resolved prior to attempting to determine if the pathlength correction factor
is wrong.

    In some cases it is possible to measure the pathlength correction factor
using the same procedures that are used by the monitor manufacturer for the
initial set-up of the instrument.  As an example,  for the Lear Siegler RM4l
opacity monitor, the pathlength correction factor can be determined by removing
the opacity circuit board from the control unit and measuring the resistance of
the Rg potentiometer using a digital voltmeter or equivalent device.   The value
of the OPLR is then calculated as the resistance across R,- divided by 400.
Removal of circuit boards and/or performance of internal electronic checks
should only be performed by qualified personnel.   It is recommended that these
types of procedures not be attempted by control agency representatives,  since
such diagnostic procedures are beyond the scope of the audit and involve the
use of equipment that may be unfamiliar to the control agency auditor.   Where
applicable, procedures for measurement of the pathlength correction factor are
included in the monitor-specific sections that follow.
                                      2-9  :

-------
2.3.2  Fault Lamp Indicators

    The control unit of a typical opacity monitor has several fault lamps that
warn of monitor system malfunctions.  These fault lamps are indicative of a
variety of conditions, depending on the manufacturer, but most units use fault
lamps to monitor the intensity of the optical beam, the quantity of dust on
monitor optical surfaces, and the status of internal circuitry that maintains
monitor calibration.  In general, the monitor parameter indicated by a fault
lamp is "out of specification" if the fault lamp is illuminated.  However, this
simple rule does not always account for malfunctions in the fault indicator
circuitry or for a burned-out or missing lamp bulb.

    Many contemporary, computerized data handling systems are capable of
performing a variety of self-diagnostic tests and of displaying "error
messages," "flags," or GEMS malfunctions/faults in the permanent record.  The
availability of such outputs is dependent on both the type of monitor and the
particular software that are used.  In almost all cases, the explanation of
error messages is either self-evident or can be adequately explained by the
personnel responsible for GEMS operation.

2.3.3  Auxiliary Electronic Checks

    Some opacity CEMS's provide access to various electronic signals or
circuits which are indicative of the monitor operational status through the
monitor control unit or data handling system.  Such signals are inherently
monitor-specific and tend to reflect parameters which the manufacturer
identifies as critical to the accuracy of monitor calibration or operation.
Examples of such signals are the Lear Siegler RM-41 reference signal and the
Dynatron Model 1100 M lamp voltage, both of which are critical parameters in
the operation of the respective monitors.  Monitor-specific procedures are
provided for the evaluation of these parameters in Sections 3 through 7 of this
manual.  For other monitors, the auditor should refer to the operator's manual
for the identification of important parameters and corresponding test
procedures.

2.3.4  Panel Meter Checks

    Most opacity CEMS's are equipped with an analog or digital panel meter on
the control unit.  Some CEMS's are also equipped with an analog meter at the
transceiver location which may be useful as a reference for making adjustments
to the monitor.  Checks of the accuracy of the panel meter may be performed for
each type of measurement which can be displayed on the panel meter  (i.e.,
opacity and optical density for most monitors and input current signals for
some monitors}.  The panel meter correction factors are the ratio of the panel
meter responses to the specified values for the opacity filter, input signal,
or optical density filter.  Results within +_ 2 percent  (ratios within the range
of 0.98 to 1.02) are  considered acceptable.

    The determination of panel meter factors should be deleted  (1)  for all
parameters that are not normally monitored or used to assess monitor
performance by source personnel  (e.g., optical density for most sources), and
 (2) when source personnel refer to  other measurement output devices  (e.g.,
strip chart recorders, computer ont^nts, and digital voltmeters) when they
                                       2-10

-------
perform calibration adjustments for the monitoring system.  However, when source
personnel use the panel meter to determine when adjustments are necessary or to
perform the actual adjustments, the appropriate panel meter scale factors should
be determined.  Specific recommendations regarding the determination of panel
meter accuracy are provided in each monitor-specific section c° this manual.

2.3-5  Zero and Span Errors

    The zero and span errors are the percent opacity differences between the
rated opacity values of the simulated zero device (or low range check) and
interal span filter and the corresponding opacity OEMS responses, respectively.
The opacity GEMS responses must be determined from the permanent data recorder
that provides the basis for emissions data reported to the applicable control
agency.   (The zero and span errors are the same as the results of the required
daily zero and span checks, except that they are performed during the audit
rather than on the normal schedule.)

    The previous performance audit procedures manual specified a zero (or low
range) and span error acceptance limit of +_ 2% opacity.  At the time the manual
was written, these limits were consistent with the applicable EPA regulations
(40 CFR 60.13), which required adjustment of the opacity GEMS when the
day-to-day zero drift exceeded the limits of Performance Specification 1.  When
EPA promulgated revisions to Performance Specification 1 (Federal Register, Vol.
48, No. 62, March 30, 1983, PP. 13322-13339), the drift limits of Performance
Specification 1 for the 24-hour zero and calibration drift test did not change.
However, when EPA promulgated revisions to Performance Specifications 2 and 3
(for S02, NO , C02, and 0_ monitors) and revisions to 40 CFR 60.13 (Federal
Register, Vol. 48, No. 102, May 25, 1983, pp. 23608-23616), the requirement to
adjust GEMS calibration was relaxed; adjustment is now required when the zero or
calibration drift exceeds twice the applicable performance specification limit.
Thus, for sources subject to EPA regulation, adjustment of opacity GEMS
calibration is now required only when the drift exceeds + 4$ opacity.  For
sources subject to state or local requirements, the acceptance limits for zero
and span errors should be consistent with the applicable regulations.

2.3.6  Zero Compensation Limit

    Some opacity CEMS's are equipped with a circuit or other means of
automatically adjusting the monitor calibration to compensate for drift in the
monitor's response to the simulated zero opacity condition.  This automatic
adjustment (zero compensation) accounts for dust accumulation on the optical
surfaces of the transceiver.  The acceptable limit for zero compensation is
+_ 0.018 OD, which is equivalent to +_ 4# opacity, both before and after cleaning
of the optical surfaces of the transmissometer.  This value is consistent with
the limitation imposed by EPA regulations contained in 40 CFR 60.13 (d)(l):

       "For continuous monitoring systems measuring opacity of emissions,
       the optical surfaces exposed to the effluent gases shall be cleaned
       prior to performing the zero and span drift adjustments except that
       for systems using automatic zero adjustments.   The optical surfaces
       shall be cleaned when the cumulative automatic zero compensation
       exeeds 4 percent opacity."

A reduced compensation limit should not be applied to the "post cleaning"
value due to the sensitivity of this parameter.
                                      2-11

-------
2.3-7  Monitor Alignment Error

    The optical alignment of the transceiver and reflector components is
critical in maintaining accurate opacity measurements.  Misalignment of
the beam can cause erroneously high opacity readings, because a
significant portion of the measurement beam is not returned to the
transceiver.  Most opacity monitor manufacturers include provisions for an
optical alignment check, either as a standard feature or as an option.
Monitor alignment errors are indicated by an off-center light beam.

2.3.8  Optical Surface Dust Accumulation

    The amount of dust found on the optical surfaces of the transmis-
someter is quantified (in units of percent opacity) by recording the
effluent opacity before and after each window is cleaned.  The optical
surface dust accumulation is excessive if the total reduction in apparent
opacity (i.e., the sum of transceiver and reflector dust accumulation)
after cleaning of the optical surfaces exceeds 4 percent opacity.

    The results of this check may be adversely affected by fluctuations in
the effluent opacity over the time period required to clean the windows
and obtain the opacity measurements.  The auditor should be careful in
obtaining instantaneous opacity measurements that represent the effluent
opacity; in some cases, average values may provide more representative
results.  In addition, when the windows are very clean at the time the
audit is conducted, the auditor may actually increase the particulate
matter on the optical surfaces rather than decrease it.  The auditor
should use the following procedures:

    (a) For monitors with zero reflectors  (e.g., Lear Siegler RM-4, RM-41,
       RM-4200, etc.), the auditor should clean the reflective side of the
       zero mirror when cleaning the transceiver window.  Also, if the
       monitor is equipped with automatic zero compensation, the zero
       compensation should be reset after cleaning of the transceiver
       window  (before cleaning of the zero reflector) and reset again
       after cleaning of the zero reflector, if possible.  If this is not
       practical, the zero compensation should be reset after the cleaning
       of both the transceiver and zero reflector windows.  Resetting of
       the zero compensation between cleaning of the optical surfaces
       provides an indication of whether dust has accumulated on each of
       the surfaces, independently.  Since the biases introduced into the
       effluent opacity measurements from dust accumulation on the two
       optical surfaces are in opposite directions, the auditor must be
       careful in comparing changes in the zero compensation level with
       apparent changes in the effluent opacity.

    (b) For all monitors, the auditor should check that the apparent
       effluent opacity decreases after the cleaning of each optical
       surface.  (This is usually not practical if only one person
       performs the audit.)  An increase in the apparent effluent opacity
       indicates that either (1) effluent opacity fluctuations have
       affected the results, or (2) the auditor has done an inadequate job
       in cleaning the optical surfaces.  When an increase in the apparent
       effluent opacity occurs, the auditor should reclean the.optical
       surfaces and recheck the effluent opacity.
                                      2-12

-------
    (c) For all monitors, an apparent increase in the effluent opacity
       after cleaning of an optical surface provides a negative result for
       the quantity of dust accumulated on that optical surface.
       Presuming that the auditor has recleaned the optics and rechecked
       the effluent opacity, this nonsensical result can be attributed to
       variations in the effluent opacity.  The negative result should be
       ignored; "negligible" dust accumulation should be stated in the
       report; and "zero" rather than the actual negative value should be
       used in calculating the total quantity of dust deposited on optical
       surfaces.

2.3-9  Calibration Error Checks

    The calibration error check involves the comparison of the monitor responses
to the known opacity values for three reference neutral density filters.  (The
values of the neutral density filters are corrected to stack exit conditions
using the same pathlength correction factor that is used by the opacity GEMS.)
For most monitors, this check is performed using an audit device that simulates
clear-path conditions and allows insertion of the filters into the light path.
The audit device is adjusted to provide the same zero response as the monitor's
internal zero device.  For other monitors, the calibration error check is
performed by conducting an incremental calibration (i.e., superimposing the
audit filters and the effluent opacity).  For both types of calibration error
checks, three filters are each placed in the light path five times.  The low,
mid, and high range calibration error results are computed as the mean
difference and 95 percent confidence interval for the differences between the
expected and actual responses of the monitor.  The calibration error check
results are acceptable if the calculated results for all three filters are less
than or equal to 3 percent opacity.

    The following additional procedures are applicable to calibration error
checks:

    (a) For all checks performed using a "clear path" audit device, the audit
        device is installed and adjusted to provide the zero response,  and then
        each of three filters is placed in the light path five times.  The
        calibration error results will be affected if the zero value provided
        by the audit device changes during the course of the 15 filter
        measurements.  (Vibration at the monitoring location or the auditor
        accidentally bumping the iris adjustment lever of the audit device can
        cause such a change;  these situtions occur quite frequently.)
        Therefore, at a minimum,  the zero value produced by the audit device
        should be checked at the end of the calibration error test.  If the
        difference between the "post test" and "before test" zero values is
        greater than 1 percent opacity, then the entire test should be
        repeated.   For practical purposes, it is recommended that the auditor
        recheck the audit device zero value after each set of three filter
        measurements to make sure the zero value is stable.   This practice
        allows the auditor to discover a problem sooner,  and therefore  requires
        that fewer measurements be repeated after the problem is  corrected.

    (b)  For calibration error checks using "incremental  calibration," the  audit
        procedure  involves  superimposing a series  of audit filters on the
        effluent opacity.   The  calculation procedure requires  that the  average
                                      2-13

-------
   of "before" and "after" effluent opacity readings be mathematically
   combined with the filter value in order to determine the expected or
   "correct" response.  Thus, variations in the effluent opacity during
   each filter measurement will affect the accuracy and precision of the
   calibration error check results.  Short term effluent opacity spikes
   present the greatest problem.  Therefore, each instantaneous effluent
   opacity measurement and each filter measurement must be obtained from
   the digital panel meter as quickly as possible.  Two-way communications
   between the monitoring location and the control unit location are
   required in this situation.  When using this procedure, it is
   advantageous for the auditor to watch the panel meter for about 15
   minutes before starting the test in order to recognize repeating
   patterns of opacity fluctuations such as those caused by activation of
   the rappers in the last stage of an electrostatic precipitator.

   When particular monitor responses to the audit filters deviate by more
   than 1 to 2 percent opacity from the mean response to the filter, the
   audit procedures should be repeated.  When the "before" and "after"^
   effluent opacity measurements vary by more than 2 to 3 percent opacity,
   the audit procedures should also be repeated.  It is usually possible
   to get 5 reasonable measurements of each filter in 7 or less attempts.
   The decision to accept or reject particular filter measurements is
   subject to the auditor's  discretion.  Where great difficulty is
   encountered in conducting the test, it  is appropriate  to relax the
   calibration error  specification.  It is suggested that where such
   difficulty is encountered, the  confidence interval be  ignored and the
   + 3 percent opacity limit be applied only to  the mean  difference
   between the expected and  actual monitor responses.

(c) For all monitors,  the  acquisition of a minimum of 15  filter responses
   using 6-minute  averages  (as  are recorded at many  stationary sources)  is
    far  too  time  consuming to be practical.  Therefore,  it is  recommended
    that  the calibration error check  responses be determined from  the
   permanent data recorder based  on  instantaneous measurements or  short
    term averages (e.g.,  1-minute)  where possible.  If  the permanent data
    recorder cannot display such measurements,  the calibration error
    measuremetnts can be obtained  from the control unit panel meter or by
    use of a temporary output device  such as a DVM,  provided that  two  or
    more people perform the audit,  and that communications between the
    control unit/data recorder location and transmissometer location are
    possible.  This procedure is adequate for determining the accuracy and
    precision of the opacity monitor.   An auxiliary check involving only
    one 6-minute average response for each of the three audit filters  is
    adequate to determine whether the 6-minute averaging equipment is
    operating properly.

(d) Care must be exercised when handling the neutral density filters
    utilized in the calibration error check.  Any contamination, such as
    fingerprints, dust, or moisture can cause positive biases in the audit
    results.  If any visible foreign matter is present on the audit
    filters, the filters should be cleaned using lens paper and lens
    cleaner.  The filters should be rechecked before each use to ensure
    that no foreign matter has accumulated in the interim.  The filters
    should be recalibrated at least every six months and checked more
    frequently if they appear damaged.

                                  2-14

-------
                                   SECTION 3

      PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR LEAR SIEGLER, INC. OPACITY MONITORS


3.1  LEAR SIEGLER, INC. MODEL RM-41 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 611 CONTROL UNIT

3.1.1  GEMS Description

    The RM-41 opacity GEMS consists of three major components: the transmis-
someter, the air-purging and shutter system, and the Model 6ll control unit.
The transmissometer component consists of a transceiver unit mounted on one
side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite
side.  The transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and
the optical, mechanical, and electronic components used in monitor operation
and calibration.  The output signal from the transceiver (double-pass,
uncorrected transmittance) is transmitted to the control unit.

    Figure 3-1 illustrates the general arrangement of the transceiver and
retroreflector units on the stack, and provides further details of the chopped,
dual-beam measurement technique.  The light from the measurement lamp passes
through a perforated rotating wheel which "chops" it into discrete pulses to
minimize interference from ambient light.  Next, the lamp beam is split into
measurement and reference beams, with the reference beam being reflected to the
photodetector and the measurement beam passing out of the transceiver and
across the stack or duct.  After being reflected back through the effluent, the
measurement beam strikes the photodetector which also receives the reference
beam.  The reference beam signal is monitored continuously by the automatic
gain control (AGC) circuit, which compensates for changes in lamp intensity so
that the reference signal remains constant.  Since the AGC circuit affects both
the reference signal and the measurement signal amplitude equally, lamp
intensity changes are theoretically elimiated from the measurement signal.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1)  it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3) it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retroreflector
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.

    The shutters (optional) automatically provide protection for the
transceiver and retroreflector exposed optical surfaces from smoke, dust, and
stack gas.  Whenever the purge airflow decreases below a predetermined rate
(due to blower motor failure, clogged filter, broken hose,  or stack power
failure), the servo mechanism holding the shutter open is deactivated by an
airflow sensor installed in the connecting hose between the air-purge blower
and the instrument mounting flange.  Under stack power failure conditions, the
shutters are reset automatically upon restoration of power to the blowers;
however, each solenoid may have to be reset manually under high negative or
high positive stack pressure conditions.

    The control unit (Figure 3-2) converts the double-pass transmittance output
from the transceiver,  in conjunction with the reference amplitude output, to
linear optical density which is corrected to stack exit conditions.  The
resultant stack exit optical density is converted to instantaneous, single-pass

                                      3-1

-------
Transceiver Unit
Smoke Channel
Reflector Unit
                   Figure 3-1.  Arrangement of LSI KM-41 Transceiver  and
                                Retroreflector Components
                                         3-2

-------
           RM-41  VISIBLE EMISSION MONITORING  SYSTEM
       FAUUT MONITORS	
      AIR   RM-41  OPTICAL
     PURGE SENSOR DENSITY
                                                       CONTROL-uwr _
LearStegterlnc
                 Figure 3-2.   LSI EM-41 Control Unit (Model 611)
                                 3-3

-------
stack exit opacity.  Many control units contain an optional integrator circuit
card which compiles the above opacity data and calculates a discrete average
over an integration period that is set by the source (typically six minutes).
This function may not be used at facilities employing a computer to reduce and
record opacity data because the computer may perform the integration.

    The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted through the
effluent from the transceiver to the retroreflector and back again.  The
control unit uses this double-pass transmittance to calculate the optical
density of the effluent stream at the monitor location, or the "path" optical
density.  In order to provide stack exit opacity data, the path optical density
must be corrected by multiplying by the ratio of the stack exit diameter to the
measurement pathlength.  This ratio is called the "optical pathlength ratio" by
Lear Siegler, and is abbreviated as the "OPLR."  This value is set within the
control unit circuitry and the correction is automatically applied to the path
optical density mesasurements.  The following equations illustrate the
relationships between the OPLR, path optical density, and exit opacity.
                    OP  =
                      x
    where:
                OP  = stack exit opacity (%)
                    OPLR   =  x  = optical pathlength ratio

                            Lt

                    L   = stack exit inside diameter (ft)
                     x
                    L   = measurement pathlength  (ft) = two times the
                         effluent depth at the monitor location

                    OD  = transmissometer optical density  (path)

3.1.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data
       1.  Obtain the stack exit  (inside) diameter and transmissometer
           measurement  pathlength  (two times the stack or duct inside diameter
           or width at  monitor location) and record on blanks 1 and 2,
           respectively, of the Lear Siegler RM-41 Performance Audit Data
           Sheet.
*   2.


   3.
           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability:  (1)
           physical measurements;  (2) construction drawings;  (3) opacity
           monitor installation/ certification documents; and  (4) source
           personnel recollections .

           Calculate the OPLR,  (divide the value on blank 1 by the value on
           blank 2) , and record the value on blank 3-

           Record the source-cited OPLR value on blank 4.
           Note: The OPLR is preset by  the manufacturer using information
           supplied by  the source.  The value recorded in blank 4 should be
           that which the source personnel agree should be set inside the
           monitor.  Typically, this value is cited from monitor installation
           or certification data, as well as from service reports,,
                                      3-4

-------
       4.  Obtain  the present values  that  the monitor should measure  for  the
           zero and span  calibrations and  record on blank 5 and blank 6,
           respectively.

           Note: These values are set during monitor calibration, and therefore
           may not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.  Records of the  zero and span values resulting  from
           the most recent monitor calibration should exist.

       Control Unit Checks
       5-  Inspect the opacity data recorder (strip chart or computer) to
           ensure  proper operation.   Annotate the data record with the
           auditor's name, plant, unit, date, and time.

       Fault Lamp  Checks
    The following  list describes the  fault lamps that are found on the Lear
Siegler Model 611  control unit panel.  Unless otherwise noted,  the audit
analysis can continue with illuminated fault lamps,  provided that the source
has been informed of the fault conditions.

    6. Record the status (ON or OFF)  of the FILTER fault lamp on blank J.

       Note:  An illuminated FILTER fault lamp indicates that the transceiver
       and/or retroreflector purge air flow rate is  reduced,  either because a
       blower may not be working properly or one of  the purge air filter
       elements is dirty,  thereby reducing the airflow.   This fault does not
       preclude the completion of the audit.

    7. Record the status (ON or OFF)  of the SHUTTER  fault lamp  on blank 8.

       Note:   An illuminated SHUTTER fault  lamp indicates that  one of the
       protective shutters is blocking the  optical path;  therefore,  no
       measurement of the stack opacity is  being made.   The  performance audit
       can continue,  but the shutter fault  condition precludes  performance of
       cross-stack audit analyses relating  to the retroreflector and
       transceiver window checks.

    8. Record the status (ON or OFF)  of the REF fault lamp on blank 9.

       Note:  An illuminated REF fault lamp  indicates  a reference signal
       decrease which may be due either to  a fault in the automatic gain
       control (AGO)  circuit or to a  fault  in the associated  transceiver
       electronics  (e.g.,  low line voltage, burned-out  or improperly installed
       lamp,  etc.).

    9. Record the  status (ON or OFF)  of the WINDOW fault  lamp on blank 10.

       Note:  An illuminated WINDOW fault lamp indicates that  the  zero
       compensation exceeds the  maximum  preset  limit of 4# opacity.  The zero
       compensation circuit electronically  corrects the monitor's  opacity
       responses for dust  accumulation on the transceiver optics  (both the
                                     3-5

-------
     primary lens and the zero mirror).   Exceeding the zero compensation
     limit may bias the opacity data, as well as the zero and span
     calibration values.

10.  Record the status (ON or OFF) of the OVER RANGE fault lamp on blank
     11.

     Note: An illuminated OVER RANGE fault lamp indicates that the
     optical density of the effluent exceeds the range selected on the
     optical density circuit board, which in turn affects the recorded
     opacity data.  If this fault lamp remains illuminated for an
     extended period of time, switch to a higher optical density range
     (note the original range before changing) on the optical density
     circuit board located in the control unit (see Figure 3~3)•

 Control Unit Adjustment Checks
11.  Open the control unit and remove the main power fuse.

     Note: The following checks should be performed only by qualified
     personnel and with the approval of source personnel.

12.  Locate and pull the GAL TIMER circuit board inside the control unit
     (see Figure 3~3) and record the position of the SI switch on blank
     12.
     Note: The SI switch has six positions.

13.  Rotate the SI switch to the sixth position, if necessary, and
     replace the board.

     Note: This adjustment will deactivate the automatic calibration
     timer, thereby preventing the initiation of a calibration cycle
     during the audit that may result in damage to the zero mirror
     mechanism.

14.  Locate and pull the optical density board and record the position of
     the SI switch on blank 13.

15.  Rotate the SI switch to the fifth position, if necessary, and
     replace the board.

     Note: This adjustment will expand the optical density measurement
     range to its maximum, ensuring that all audit filter values will
     fall within the monitor's optical density measurement range.

16.  Locate and pull the opacity board and record the position of the SI
     switch on blank 14.

17.  Rotate the SI switch to the fifth position, if necessary, and
     replace the board.
                                3-6

-------
S/N
 CAL TIMER
 POS
     MRS
     OFF
         TP2 '
        SIGNAL
         GNO
                     COMPI
                               DENSITY
                               POS
                                   RANGE
                                   0.09
                                   0.18
                                   0.45
                                   ago
                                   1.80
                                   E
                                   B.

                                 L>
 CAL TIMER a     RECV'R       OPTICAL
POWER SUPPLY W/AUTO ZERO    DENSITY
____^?
OPACITY
POS
1
2
3
4
5
%
10
20
3O
50
10O

RESPONSE
FAST A
32
SLOW f

OPLR (R6)l
LEXTT/2Lls«Asl
A
I
                                                        S2
HIGH LEVELI
 ALARM  |
SET PONT ^
HIGH LEVEL
 ALARM
 DELAY
                                                            r
                                                                      R34S
                                                              LOW LEVEI
                                                               ALARM
                                                              SET POINT
                                                               ALARM
                                                               DELAY
3.
 r
                                                       OPACITY
         ALARM
                          1
                          I


                          1
                          1
                                                                                     SPARE
                         Figure 3-3.    Lear  Siegler  RM41 Control
                                          Unit  Circuit Board  Arrangement
                                             3-7

-------
18.
19.
Note: This adjustment will ensure that the range of the opacity
output signal from the control unit to the data recorder is at its
maximum value of 0 to 100% opacity.

Optional OPLR check:  Measure the resistance across the Rg
Potentiometer in OHMS, divide this value by 400, and write the
     result in blank
     from blank 4 in blank l4a.
                      If Rx- is not measured then enter the value
Reinstall the opacity board and the power fuse and close the control
unit panel.
Reference Signal Check
2CK  Record the original position on blank 15 of the MEASUREMENT switch
     on the control unit panel.

21.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the REF position.

22.  Record the milliamp current value on blank 16 that is displayed on
     the 0-30 scale on the control panel meter.

     Note: The reference signal should be within the green area marked
     "Reference."  A  reference value outside the green band may indicate
     a malfunction of the AGO or the measurement lamp.

23.  Turn Measurement switch to "100$ Op" position.
ZERO  CHECK
2"ZJ~
 press the
   _
 mode.
                 CAL
                        button on  the  control panel  to  initiate  the zero
      Note:  The green OPERATE light  should  go  out when  the  zero mirror has
      moved  into the optical  path.   The  yellow CAL  light  and  the green
      ZERO light should remain illuminated.

 25.   Record the zero value on blank 17  displayed on  the  panel meter.

 26.   Record the zero value on blank 18  displayed on  the  data recorder.

      Note:  The cross-stack zero is  simulated  by the  transceiver zero
      mirror.  Checking this  simulated zero value provides  an indication
      of the amount of dust on the measurement window and on  the zero
      retroref lector , as well as an  indication of the status  of the
      electronic alignment of the instrument.   It does  not, however,
      provide any indication  of cross-stack parameters, such  as the
      clear-path zero value.

 Zero Compensation Check
 27.   Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the COMP  position.

 28.   Record the zero compensation  optical  density  value on blank  19 that
      is displayed on the bottom scale of the  control panel meter.

      Note:  The monitor's lamp output is split into two beams::  (1) the
      reference beam, which produces the reference  signal within  the
      monitor, and (2) the measurement beam, which  passes through  the
      stack effluent.  When the zero mirror is positioned in the
                                 3-8

-------
     measurement beam, the beam passes only through the transceiver's
     optics, strikes the zero mirror, and is reflected back into the
     transceiver.  The signal produced by the measurement beam is
     compared with the signal from the reference beam; the difference
     between the two signals is due to the attenuation of the measurement
     beam by dust on the transceiver optics and the zero mirror.  The
     monitor automatically compensates for this measured difference and
     the zero compensation value displayed on the panel meter represents
     this difference in terms of optical density (OD).

29.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the 100% OPACITY position.

Span Check
               7FRO
30.  Press the 	 button to initiate the span mode.
               SPAN

31.  Record the span value on blank 20 that is displayed on the control
     panel meter (0-100$ Op scale) and record the span value displayed on
     the data recorder on blank 21.

32.  Optional input current check:  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the
     INPUT position, and record the control panel meter input current
     value on blank 21a that is displayed on the 0-30 scale.

33-  Return the MEASUREMENT switch to the 100% OPACITY position.

     Note: During the span portion of the calibration cycle, a neutral
     density filter is automatically inserted into the measurement beam
     path inside the transceiver while the zero retroreflector is in
     place.  The span measurement provides another check of the monitor
     electronic alignment and the linearity of the transmissometer
     opacity response.

34.  Press the OPERATE/CAL button to return the monitor to the stack
     opacity measurement mode.  Go to the transmissometer location.

     Note: The OPERATE AND CAL lamps will light to indicate movement of
     the zero mirror.   The OPERATE/CAL button should not be pressed when
     both the OPERATE and CAL lights are illuminated,  as the zero mirror
     might stop before it has cleared the measurement beam path.

Retroflector Dust Accumulation Check

35-  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity prior to cleaning of the
     retroreflector optics on blank 22.

36.  Open the retroreflector housing,  inspect and clean the
     retroreflector optics,  and close the housing.

37.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 23.
     Go to transceiver location.
                                3-9

-------
Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check

38.  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 24.

39.  Open the transceiver, inspect and clean the optics (primary lens and
     zero mirror), and close the transceiver head.

40.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 25.

     Note: After the transmissometer optics have been cleaned, the zero
     compensation has to be reset so that it will not continue to
     compensate for dust that is no longer present.  This operation must
     be conducted at the control unit, and may involve the assitance of
     source personnel.

41.  Press the OPERATE button on the control unit.
                 CAL

42.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the COMP position.

43.  Record the post cleaning zero compensation value on blank 26.

i,i,   r>     ^  OPERATE ,  ^
44.  Press the 	 button.
                 CAL

45.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the 100$ opacity position.

Automatic Gain Control Check

46.  Determine whether the green light (AGC LED, Figure 3-4) on the
     transceiver is illuminated, and check the light status  (ON or OFF)
     on blank 27.

Optical Alignment Check

47.  Remove the protective cover on the transceiver mode switch located
     on the bottom right-hand side of the transceiver  (see Figure 3~4).

48.  Turn the switch one position counter-clockwise until ALIGN can be
     seen through the switch window.

49.  Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the  viewing port
      (Figure 3-4) and observing whether the beam image is in the circular
     target.

50.  Record whether the image is centered inside the circular target  (YES
     or NO) on blank 28.

51.  Draw the orientation of the beam image in the circle on the data
     form.

     Note: Instrument optical alignment has no effect  on the internal
     checks of the instrument or on the calibration check using the audit
     device; however, if  the optical alignment is not  correct, the stack
     opacity data will be biased high, since all the light transmitted to
     the retroreflector is not  returned to the detector.

                                3-10

-------
                 CAPTIVE SCREWS (3)    ALIGNMENT BULL'S EYE WINDOW
     LAMP ACCESS DOOR
                                                  FAILSAFE SHUTTER ASSY.
                                FLANGE MOUNTING BOLT (3)
                GUIDE RELEASE LATCH (4)
MODE SWITCH

WIRING CABLE TO
      "J" BOX
                                                                                             SHUTTER
            MEASUREMENT CLEAR ADJUSTMENT
      MEASUREMENT OPAQUE ADJUSTMENT
SERIAL  if LABEL
                     Figure 3-4.    Lear  Siegler  RM41  Transceiver
                                                 3-11

-------
      52.   Turn the transceiver mode switch clockwise until OPERATE appears in
           the window.  Replace the mode switch protective cover.

      Span Filter Check

      53.   Record the span filter's optical density value on blank 29 and the
           output current value on blank 30-  These values are written on a
           nameplate on the underside of the transceiver.

CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

    The calibration error check is performed using three neutral density audit
filters and an audit device (or jig) with an adjustable retroreflector iris to
simulate clear stack conditions.  The audit device and neutral density filters
actually determine the linearity of the instrument response with respect to the
current clear-path zero value.  This calibration error check does not determine
the actual instrument clear-pack zero, or the status of any cross-stack
parameters.

    A true calibration check is performed by removing the on-stack components
and setting them up in a location with minimal ambient opacity, making sure
that the proper pathlength and alignments are attained, and then placing the
calibration filters in the measurement beam path.

      54.  Install the audit jig by sliding it onto the transceiver projection
           lens barrel.

           Note: The audit device will not slide on until it is flush with the
           lens barrel.  Care should be taken not to push it against the zero
           mirror or to pinch the wires serving the zero mirror motor.

      55.  Adjust the audit jig iris to produce a 19-20 mA output current on
           the junction box meter  (Figure 3~5) to simulate the amount of light
           returned to the transceiver during clear stack conditions.

           Note: The junction box meter allows the auditor to get the jig zero
           value near the zero value on the data recorder.  The final jig zero
           adjustments should be based on readings from the data recorder.  The
           jig zero does not have  to be exactly 0.0$ opacity since the audit
           filter correction equations can account for an offset in  the jig
           zero.  Thus, a jig zero value in the range of 0-2$ Op is usually
           acceptable.

      56.  Record the audit filter serial numbers and opacity values on
           blanks 31. 32. and 33-

      57.  Remove the filters from their protective covers, inspect, and ?.f
           necessary, clean them.

      58.  Record the jig zero value  from the data recorder.

           Note: The  acquisition of monitor responses from the data  recorder
           requires  communication  between the auditor at  the transmissometer
           location  and another person at the data recorder location.

      59.  Insert the low range neutral density filter into the audit jig.

                                      3-12

-------
           ^  TRANS.
          REF-A  i  /OPACITY
Figure 3-6. Lear  Sielger RM41 Junction Box
                3-13

-------
  60.  Wait for approximately two minutes or until a stable value has been
       recorded and displayed on the data recorder.

       Note: The audit data should be taken from a data recording/reporting
       device that presents instantaneous opacity (or opacity data with the
       shortest available integration period).

  61.  Record the monitor's response to the low range neutral density filter.

  62.  Remove the low range filter from the audit jig and insert the mid
       range neutral density filter.

  63.  Wait the approximately two minutes and record the monitor's response
       from the opacity data recorder.

  64.  Remove the mid range filter from the audit jig and insert the high
       range filter.

  65.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the monitor's response from
       the opacity data recorder.

  66.  Remove the high range filter, wait for approximately two minutes and
       record the jig zero value from the opacity data recorder.

       Note: If the final jig zero value differs from the initial value by
       more than 1% opacity, the jig zero should be adjusted to agree with
       the initial value and the three-filter run (i.e., low, mid, and high)
       should be repeated.

  67.  Repeat steps 58-66 above until a total of five opacity readings are
       obtained for each neutral density filter.

  68.  If six-minute integrated opacity data must be recorded, repeat steps
       58-66 above once more, but change the waiting periods to at least 13
       minutes.

  69.  Record the six-minute integrated data.

       Note:  In order to acquire six-minute integrated opacity data, each
       filter must remain in the jig for at least two consecutive six-minute
       periods,  the first period is invalid because it was in progress when
       the filter was inserted.  Only at the conclusion of two successive
       six-minute integration periods can the monitor's response be
       recorded.  Thus, a waiting period of 13 minutes or more is
       recommended.

  70.  Once the calibration error check is finished, remove the audit jig,
       close the protective cover on the junction box and close the
       transceiver head.

Zero Compensation Check

  71.  Return to the control unit location and initiate the monitor zero mode
       hi- pressing the OPERATE/CAL button.

  72.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the COMP position.

-------
       73-   Record the zero compensation optical  density value from the control
            panel  meter -0.02 to  +0.05  O.D.  scale on blank 34.

       74.   Return the monitor to the operate mode by pressing the OPERATE/CAL
            button again.

     Control Unit  Adjustment Reset

       75-   Return the CAL  timer,  optical density,  and opacity board SI switches
            and the MEASUREMENT switch  to their original positions,  as  recorded
            on blanks  12, 13,  14,  and 15.

       76.   Obtain a copy of the  audit  data  from  the data recorder.

       77-   Transcribe the  calibration  error responses from the data record  to
            the data form   blanks 35 to 60,  and complete the audit data
            calculations.


 3.1-3   INTERPRETATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

     This section  pertains  to the interpretation  of the performance audit
 analyses peculiar to  the RM-41.   The interpretation of the more general
 analyses is fully discussed in the Section  2.0 of this manual.

       Stack Exit  Correlation Error Check

     The pathlength correction errors on blanks 61 and 62 should be within +2%.
 This error  expontentially  affects the  opacity readings,  resulting in over-~or
 under-estimation  of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in  computing
 the  OPLR is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather than  the stack/duct
 inside diameter at the monitor location.  This error will result  in an under-
 estimation  of the stack exit opacity and can be  identified by comparing the
 monitor optical pathlength to the flange-to-flange distance,  which should be
 the  greater by approximately two feet.

       Control Panel Meter  Error  (Optional)

     The accuracy  of the control  panel  meter is important at sources  using the
 meter  during monitor  adjustment  and calibration.   In such cases,  the control
 panel  meter opacity and input readings  are  compared to the specified values for
 the  internal  zero and span filter.  Errors  in the  control panel meter  should
 not  affect  the opacity data reported by the monitoring system unless the
 control panel meter is used to adjust  the zero and span  functions.  The percent
 error  values  associated with  the  control  panel meter are  found on'blanks 64,
 66,  and 67a.   At  sources using the panel  meter data,  the  panel meter should be
 adjusted so  that  the  error is less than 2%.  Since  the control panel meter
 error  is determined by using  the  span filter, any  change  in the specified
 values  for  the span filter will cause an  erroneous  assessment of the control
 panel  meter errors.   The span filter value may change due  to aging,
 replacement,  etc.   Each time  the monitor  is thoroughly calibrated, the internal
 span filter should  be  renamed, and new  specified values for the optical density
 and output current  should  be recorded and used in all subsequent adjustments.

      Reference Signal  Error Check

    The reference signal is an indicator of the status of the automatic gain
 control, the measurement lamp, the photodiode detector, and/or the
preamplifier.  A reference signal error greater than 10% is indicative of a
                                     3-15

-------
malfunction in one of these component systems.  Because the reference signal is
critical to maintaining the accuracy of the transmissometer opacity
measurements, corrective actions should be taken as soon as possible.

      Internal Zero and Span Check

    The RM-41 internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity.  A zero error
greater than 4# opacity is usually due to excessive dust accumulation on the
optical surfaces, electronic drift, or data recorder electronic or mechanical
offset.  Excessive dust on the optical surfaces sufficient to cause a
significant zero error also would be indicated by the zero compensation
reading.  A malfunction of the transceiver electronics resulting in a zero
error would be indicated by a reference signal error.  Instrument span error
may be caused by the same problems that cause zero errors and may be identified
in a similar fashion.  Also, a span error may be caused by an inaccurate span
filter value.

    If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The opacity
data will be offset in the same manner.

      Zero Compensation Check

    The amount of zero compensation the instrument is generating to compensate
for dust on transceiver optics should not exceed 4$ opacity, which is
approximately equivalent to an optical density of 0.018$.  The zero
compensation values recorded on blanks 68, 69, and 70 should not exceed +0.018
OD.  Post-cleaning values in excess of this indicate either excessive dust
remaining on monitor optics or a malfunction in the zero compensation
circuitry.

    A residual positive zero compensation after a thorough cleaning of
transmissometer optics is normally the result of an incorrect zero compensation
circuit adjustment.  If the zero compensation goes negative after the
transceiver optical surfaces are cleaned, it is probable that the zero
compensation circuit was last adjusted at a time when the optical surfaces were
not clean.  Often when this situation occurs  (adjustments during dirty window
conditions), the internal zero will also have benn adjusted to read 0% opacity,
and thus, the zero will be offset in the negative direction.  Under these
conditions, the internal zero and the zero compensation circuit will need to be
adjusted after the optics are cleaned.

      Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

    The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces (blank 73) should not exceed 4$.  A dust accumulation value of more
than k% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the
cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining
the optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the
effluent opacity is fairly stable  {within +2% opacity) before and after the
cleaning of the optical surfaces.  If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more
than +2%, the dust accumulation analysis should be omitted.
                                     3-16

-------
    Calibration Error Check

    Excessive calibration error results (blanks 83, 84, and 85) are indicative
of a non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration of the monitor.  However,
the absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can be determined only when
the clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same
direction as the zero and span errors.  Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper ranges, the monitor may still be inaccurate due to possible
error in the clear path zero.  The optimum calibration procedure involves using
neutral density filters during a clear-stack or off-stack calibration.  This
procedure would establish both the absolute calibration accuracy and
linearity.  If this procedure is not practical, and if it is reasonable to
assume that the clear path zero is indeed zero, the monitor's calibration
linearity can be set using either neutral density filters or the internal zero
and span values.
                                     3-17

-------
3.2  LEAR SIEGLER, INC. MODEL RM-4 TRANSMISSOMETER

3.2.1  GEMS Description

    The RM-4 opacity GEMS consists of three major components: the
transmissometer, the air-purging and shutter system, and the remote control and
data acquisition unit.  The transmissometer component consists of a transceiver
unit mounted on one side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted
on the opposite side.  The transceiver unit contains a light source, a
photodiode detector, and the optical, mechanical, and electronic components
used in monitor operation and calibration.  The output signal from the
transceiver (single-pass, corrected optical density) is transmitted to the
control unit.

    Figure 3~6 illustrates the general arrangement of the transceiver and
retroreflector units on the stack, and provides further details of the chopped,
dual-beam measurement technique.  In this technique, the reference beam signal
is monitored continuously by the automatic gain control (AGO) circuit, which
compensates for changes in lamp intensity so that the reference signal remains
constant.  Since the AGO circuit affects both the reference signal and the
measurement signal amplitude equally, lamp intensity changes are theoretically
elimiated from the measurement signal.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3)  it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retroreflector
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.

    The shutters (optional) automatically provide protection for the
transceiver and retroreflector exposed optical surfaces from smoke, dust, and
stack gas.  Whenever the purge airflow decreases below a predetermined rate
(due to blower monitor failure, clogged filter, broken hose, or stack power
failure), the shutter mechanism holding it open is deactivated by an airflow
sensor installed in the connecting hose between the air-purge blower and the
instrument mounting flange.  Under stack power failure conditions, the shutters
are reset automatically upon restoration or power to the blowers; however, each
solenoid may have to be reset manually under high negative or high positive
stack pressure conditions.

    The converter control unit (Figure 3~7) converts the optical density output
from the transceiver exit opacity by using the ratio of the stack exit diameter
to the stack inside diameter (or duct width) at the transmissometer, commonly
referred to as the optical pathlength ratio (OPLR) by Lear Siegler.  The
converter has a calibration mode switch, fault lamps, and a measurement
parameter and scaling switch.  The measurement and mode switches allow the
automatic gain control (AGC) current, the zero value, and span value to be
checked in units of milliampere (Ma) current, opacity and optical density,
respectively.  A potentiometer mounted on the converter front panel permits the
adjustment of the optical density zero value to compensate for minor dust
accumulation ~n transceiver optics.
                                     3-18

-------An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.

-------
J2
                                                     jriac
                                A.  Mode Switch
                                B.  Measurement Switch
                                C.  Offset Adjustment
                                D.  Response Kate Switch
                                E.  Fault Indicator
                                F.  Over-Range Indicator
                                G.  Panel Meter
                                H.  Range Switch
                                I.  Ratio Adjustment
                               Jl.  Set Point Adjustaent
                               J2.  Sonalert Alarm
                               J3.  Reset Switch
                           Figure  3-7.   LSI  RM-4  Converter
                                           Control Unit.
                                            3-20

-------
    The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted through the
effluent from the transceiver to the retroreflector and back again.  The
transceiver calculates the optical density of the effluent stream at the
monitor location, or the "path" optical density.  In order to provide stack
exit opacity data, the path optical density must be corrected by multiplying by
the ratio of the stack exit inside diameter to the stack inside diameter (or
duct width) at the transmissometer, known as the OPLR.  The following equations
illustrate the relationships between the OPLR, path optical density, and exit
opacity.
    where:
                    OP  - 1 -
                      x
OP  = stack exit opacity (%)
  Ji

OD = transmissometer optical density (path)
    where:
OPLR  =  x; optical pathlength ratio

        Lt

L  = stack exit inside diameter (ft)
 X

L  = two times the stack inside diameter (or duct
     width)
3-2.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data

       1.  Obtain the stack exit inside diameter and the stack inside diameter
           (or duct width) at the transmissometer and record on blanks 1 and 2,
           respectively, of the Lear Siegler RM-4 Performance Audit Data Sheet.

           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability: (1)
           physical measurements; (2) construction drawings; (3) opacity
           monitor installation/certification documents; and (4) source
           personnel recollections.

       2.  Calculate the OPLR, (divide the value on blank 1 by the value on
           blank 2), and record the value on blank 3.

       3.  Record the source-cited OPLR value on blank 4.

           Note: The OPLR is preset by the manufacturer using information
           supplied by the source.  The value recorded in blank 4 should be
           that which the source personnel agree should be set inside the
           monitor.  Typically,  this value is cited from monitor installation
           or certification data, as well as from service reports.

       4.  Obtain the present values that the monitor should measure for the
           zero and span calibrations and record on blank 5 and blank 6,
           respectively.
                                     3-21

-------
           Note: These values are set during monitor calibration, and therefore
           may not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.  Records of the zero and span values resulting from
           the most recent monitor calibration should exist.

       Converter Control Unit Checks

       5.  Inspect the opacity data recorder (strip chart or computer) to
           ensure proper operation.  Annotate the paper with the auditor's
           name, plant, unit, date, and time.

       Fault Lamp Checks

    The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the Lear
Siegler RM-4 converter control unit panel.  Unless otherwise noted, the audit
analysis can continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided that the source
has been informed of the fault conditions.

       6.  Record the status (ON or OFF) of the FAULT fault lamp on. blank 7.

           Note: An illuminated FAULT fault lamp indicates that the transceiver
           AGO current has fallen below 10 milliamps.  This condition indicates
           a malfunction of the measurement lamp, a chopper motor failure, or a
           fault in the reference signal circuitry.

       7.  Record the status (ON or OFF) of the OVER RANGE fault lamp on
           blank 8.

           Note: An illuminated OVER RANGE fault lamp indicates that the
           optical density of the effluent exceeds the range selected on the
           optical density circuit board, which in turn affects the recorded
           opacity data.  If this fault lamp remains illuminated for an
           extended period of time, switch to a higher optical density range.

       Control Unit Check

        8. Record the original position on blank 9 of the MEASUREMENT switch on
           the control unit panel.

       Zero Check

        9. Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the 20% OPACITY position.

       10. Turn the MODE switch on the control panel to the ZERO position to
           initiate the zero mode.

       11. Record the value on blank 10 displayed on the panel meter
           0-20 mA scale.

       12. Record the zero value on blank 11 displayed on the opacity data
           recorder.

           Nrvt-«: Tho "-oss-stack zero is simulated by the transceiver zero
           mirror.  Checking this simulated zero value provides an indication
           of the amount of dust on the measurement window and on the zero
           retroreflector, as well as an indication of the status of the

                                     3-22

-------
     electronic alignment of the instrument.  It does not, however,
     provide any indication of cross-stack parameters.

Span Check

13.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the 100% OPACITY position.

14.  Turn the MODE switch to the CALIBRATE position.

15.  Record the span value on blank 12 that is displayed on the control
     panel meter (0-100% Op scale) and record the span value displayed on
     the opacity data recorder on blank 13.

16.  Turn the MEASUREMENT switch to the OPACITY INPUT position
     (optional).

17.  Record the control panel meter value on blank 1*1 that is displayed
     on the 0-20 milliamp scale.

18.  Return the MEASUREMENT switch to the 100% OPACITY position.

     Note:  Steps 16-18 comprise the optional input signal check.

19.  Return the mode switch to the OPERATE position.

     Note: During the span portion of the calibration cycle, a neutral
     density filter is automatically inserted into the measurement beam
     path inside the transceiver while the zero retroreflector is in
     place.  The span measurement provides another check of the monitor
     electrical alignment and the linearity of the transmissometer
     opacity response.

20.  Go to the transmissometer location.

Retroreflector Dust Accumulation Check

21.  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity from the opacity data
     recorder on blank 15 prior to cleaning the retroreflector optics.

22.  Open the retroreflector housing, inspect and clean retroreflector
     optics, and close the housing.

23.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 16.

Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check
24.Record the instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 17.

25.  Open the transceiver head, inspect and clean the optics (primary
     lens and zero mirror), and close the transceiver head.

26.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 18.

     Note: After the transmissometer optics have been cleaned, the zero
     offset has to be reset manually so that it will not continue to
     compensate for dust that is no longer present.  This operation must
     be conducted at the control unit.

                               3-23

-------
      Fault/Test Check

      27.  Depress the transceiver Fault/Test momentary-action switch and
           record the milliamp value displayed on the transceiver milliampmeter
           (0-20 mA) on blank 19.

           Note:  This combination indicator and momentary-action switch
           serving two related functions: 1) When the current within the
           instrument AGO circuit falls below 10 milliamperes,  the FAULT
           indicator lights.  This condition will occur only if the light
           source burns out, the chopper motor falls out of synchronous speed,
           or some other fault condition occurs that causes the reference
           signal to fall below a preset level:  and 2) a fault indication
          . (closure) is also transmitted on lead 6 to the remote control room
           equipment.  When the momentary-action switch is depressed, the
           milliampmeter indicates the actual current within the AGC circuit,
           which should be between 11 and 16 milliamperes.

      Optical Alignment Check

      28.  Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the viewing port
           and observing whether the beam image is in the circular target.

      29.  Record whether the image is centered inside the circular target (YES
           or NO) on blank 20.

      30.  Draw the orientation of the beam image in the circle on the data
           form.

           Note: Instrument optical alignment has no effect on the internal
           checks of the instrument or on the calibration check using the audit
           device; however, if the optical alignment is not correct, the stack
           opacity data will be biased high, since all the light transmitted to
           the retroreflector is not returned to the detector.

      Span Filter Data Check

      31.  Record the span filter's optical density value on blank 21 from the
           front of the transceiver control panel.
CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

    The calibration error check is performed using three neutral density audit
filters and an audit device (or jig) with an adjustable retroreflector and iris
to simulate clear stack conditions.  The audit device and neutral density
filters actually determine the linearity of the instrument response with
respect to the current clear-stack zero value.  This calibration error check
does not determine the actual instrument clear-stack zero, or the status of any
cross-stack parameters.

    A true calibration check is performed by removing the on-stack components
and setting them up in a locatio1"1 with minimal ambient opacity,  making sure
that the proper pathlength and alignments are attained, and then placing the
calibration filters in the measurement beam path.
                                     3-24

-------
32.  Install the audit jig by sliding it onto the transceiver primary
     lens barrel.

     Note: The audit device will not slide on until it is flush with the
     monitor.  Care should be taken not to push it agair.^l the zero
     mirror reflector or to pinch the wires serving the zero mirror
     motor.

33 •  Adjust the audit jig iris to produce a 2.0 mA output current on the
     front panel meter to simulate the amount of light returned to the
     transceiver during clear stack conditions.

     Note: This allows the auditor to obtain a jig zero value near the
     zero value on the opacity data recorder.  The final jig zero
     adjustments should be based on readings from the data recorder.  The
     jig zero does not have to be exactly 0,0% opacity since the audit
     filter correction equations can account for an offset in the jig
     zero.  Thus, a jig zero value in the range of 0-2% Op is usually
     acceptable.

34.  Record the audit filter serial numbers and opacity values on
     blanks 22, 23, and 24.

35-  Remove the filters from their protective covers, inspect, and if
     necessary, clean them.

36.  Record the jig zero value from the opacity data recorder.

     Note: The acquisition of monitor responses from the opacity data
     recorder requires communication between the auditor at the
     transmissometer location and another person at the data recorder
     location.

37-  Insert the low range neutral density filter into the audit jig.

38.  Wait for approximately two minutes or until a clear value has been
     recorded and displayed on the data recorder.

     Note: The audit data should be taken from a data recording/reporting
     device that presents instantaneous opacity (or opacity data with the
     shortest available integration period).

39-  Record the monitor's response to the low range neutral density
     filter.

40.  Remove the low range filter from the audit device and insert the mid
     range neutral density filter.

4l.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the monitor's responses.

42.  Remove the mid range filter from the audit jig and insert the high
     range filter.

43.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the monitor's response.
                               3-25

-------
      44.   Remove the high range filter,  wait approximately two minutes,  and
           record the jig zero value.

           Note:   If the final jig zero value differs from the initial value by
           more than ±% opacity, the jig  zero should be adjusted to agree with
           the initial value and the three-filter run (i.e.,  low,  mid, and
           high)  should be repeated.

      45.   Repeat steps 37-44 above until a total of five opacity readings are
           obtained for each neutral density filter.

      46.   If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps
           37-44 above once more, but change the waiting periods to 13 minutes.

      4?.   Record the six-minute integrated data.

           Note:  In order to acquire six-minute,averaged opacity data, each
           filter must remain in the jig for at least two consecutive
           six-minute periods.  The first period is invalid because it was in
           progress when the filter was inserted.  Only at the conclusion of
           two successive six-minute integration periods can the monitor's
           response be recorded.

      48.   Once the calibration error check is finished, remove the audit jig,
           close the transceiver panel cover and close the transceiver head.

           Zero Milliamp Check  (Optional)

           Note:  This is an optional check to evaluate the effects of cleaning
           the monitor optics.

      49.   Return to the control unit location and turn the MODE switch to ZERO
           and the MEASUREMENT switch to 20% OPACITY.

      50.   Record the final zero current value on blank 23.

      51.   Turn the MODE switch to OPERATE and the MEASUREMENT switch to the
           position recorded in blank 9.

      52.   Obtain a copy of the audit data from  the data recorder.

      53.   Transcribe the calibration error response data from the data
           recorder from blanks 26 to 51. and complete the audit data
           calculations.
3.2.3  INTERPRETATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

    This section pertains to the interpretation of the performance audit
analyses peculiar to the RM-4.  The interpretation of the more general analyses
is fully discussed in the introduction of this manual.

      Stack Exit Correlation Error Check

    The pathlength correction error on blank 52 should be within +2%.  This
error expontentially affects the opacity readings, resulting in over- or

                                     3-26

-------
under-estimation of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in computing
the OPLR is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather than the stack/duct
inside diameter at the monitor location.  This error will result in an under-
estimation of the stack exit opacity and can be identified by comparing the
monitor optical pathlength to the flange-to-flange distance, which should be
the greater by approximately two feet.

      Control Panel Meter Error (Optional)

    The accuracy of the control panel meter is important at sources using the
meter during monitor adjustment and calibration.  In such cases, the control
panel meter opacity and input readings are compared to the specified values for
the internal zero and span filter.  Errors in the control panel meter should
not affect the opacity data reported by the monitoring system unless the
control panel meter is used to adjust the zero and span functions.  At sources
using the panel meter data, the panel meter should be adjusted so that the
error is less than 2%.  Since the control panel meter error is determined by
using the zero and span values, any change in these values will cause an
erroneous assessment of the control panel meter errors.  The span filter value
may change due to aging, replacement, etc.  Each time the monitor is thoroughly
calibrated, the internal zero and span values should be renamed, and a new
value for the input current should be recorded and used in all subsequent
adjustments.

      Internal Zero and Span Check

    The RM-4 internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity and 2.0 mA.  A
zero error greater than 4# opacity is usually due to excessive dust
accumulation on the optical surfaces, electronic drift, or data recorder
electronic or mechanical offset.  Excessive dust on the optical surfaces
sufficient to cause a significant zero error also would be indicated by an
elevated zero offset reading.

    If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The opacity
data will be offset in the same manner.

      Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

    The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces (blank 60) should not exceed 4%.  A dust accumulation value of more
than 4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the
cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining
the optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the
effluent opacity is fairly stable (within +2% opacity) before and after the
cleaning of the optical surfaces.  If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more
than +2%, the dust accumulation analysis should be omitted.

      Calibration Error Check

    The comparison of monitor responses to the opacity values of the neutral
density filters requires that the filter values be corrected to stack exit
conditions and that any zero offset be factored into the corrected filter
value.
                                     3-27

-------
    Excessive calibration error results (blanks 70. 71, and 72) are indicative
of a non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration of the monitor.  However,
the absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can be determined only when
the clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same
direction as the zero and span errors.  Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper ranges, the monitor may still be inaccurate due to possible
error in the clear path zero.  The optimum calibration procedure involves using
neutral density filters during clear-stack or off-stack calibration.  This
procedure would establish both the absolute calibration accuracy and
linearity.  If this procedure is not practical, and if it is reasonable to
assume that the clear path zero is indeed zero, the monitor's calibration
linearity can be set using either neutral density filters or the internal zero
and span values.
                                      3-28

-------
                                   SECTION 4

           PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR DYNATRON OPACITY MONITOR

4.1 .JDYNATRON MODEL 1100 TRANSMISSOMETER

4.1.1  GEMS Description

    The Dynatron Model 1100 opacity CEMS consists of three major components:
the transmissometer, the air-purging system, and the control unit.  The
transmissometer component consists of a transceiver unit mounted on one side of
a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite side.  The
Dynatron monitor employs an electonically modulated light source to eliminate
interference from ambient light.  The modulated beam is split into reference
and measurement beams with the reference beam going via fiber optics to a
photodetector (see Figure 4-1).  The measurement beam crosses through the
effluent to the retroreflector and is reflected back into the transceiver where
it encounters a photodetector identical to the reference detector.  Because the
monitor uses the ratio of the reference and measurement signals to determine
opacity, variations in the beam intensity are factored out.  The Dynatron
monitor is calibrated internally by turning off the measurement light source
and alternately turning on two calibration light sources, each with a different
neutral density filter in its optical path.  When individually viewed by the
photodetectors,  these sources produce internal zero and span signals.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (!) it provides an air
curtain to keep protective windows clean; (2) it keeps protective windows from
accumulating condensed stack gas moisture; and (3) it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retroreflector
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.

    The control unit of the Dynatron Model 1100 has a digital display and a
display selector to select either opacity or optical density.  Fault lamps for
"lamp," "window," and "air purge" warn of monitor malfunctions and a selector
knob allows the setting of the automatic calibration frequency.  A zero/span
switch allows the monitor to be put into a manual calibration mode.  The
control unit integrates the stack exit opacity data on an adjustable time basis
(typically six-minutes).

    Dynatron has recently updated the Model 1100 opacity monitor to the Model
1100M.  Both monitors are basically identical, but the Model 1100M has a micro-
processor-based digital control unit and a built-in optical alignment sight on
the transceiver.  The Model 1100M control unit has only two fault lamps, and
zero, span, and "M" factor values can be displayed on the control unit meter by
manipulating switches inside the control unit.  Otherwise, the Models 1100 and
1100M monitors are audited according to the same procedures.

    The Dynatron opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted
through the effluent from the transceiver to the retroreflector and back
again.  The control unit uses this double-pass transmittance to calculate the
optical density of the effluent stream at the monitor location, or the "path"
optical density.  In order to provide stack exit opacity data, the path optical
density must be corrected by multiplying by the ratio of the stack exit
diameter to the stack inside diameter (or duct width) at the transmissometer

                                      4-1

-------
 LIGHT SOURCE
  AND PHOTO
   ELECTRIC
   DETECTOR
  AIR PURGE
   SYSTEM
                           STACK OUTLET
                     L
                             J
                LIGHT BEAM
                    r
              till!
               SMOKE OR DUST
                                           REFLECTOR
                                AIR PURGE
                                 SYSTEM
DIGITAL
DISPLAY
                                 BASIC MONITORING SYSTEM
                                                       WEATHER
                                                        COVERS
                                                                   QUICK
                                                                 DISCONNECT
                                                                 CABLE KITS
                                            FIELD
                                         INSTALLATION
                                         SUPERVISION
ANALOG
DISPLAY
  DATA
RECORDER
 EPA
ZERO
SPAN
CHECK
  STRIP
 CHART
RECORDER
 REMOTE
OPERATOR
STATIONS
  STACK
   EXIT
  OUTPUT
CORRELATOR
                                  OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
 ANALOG
  AND
 RELAY
INTERFACE
  KITS
             Figure 4-1.   Dynatron 1100 Transceiver and Retroreflector Arrangement
                                          4-2

-------
location.  This ratio is called the M Factor by Dynatron.  The following
equations illustrate the relationships between the M Factor, path optical
density, and exit opacity.
    where:
                    OP  = i -
                      X
OP  = stack exit opacity (%)
  X.

OD  = transmissometer optical density (path)
    where:
M   = _x = "M" Factor
      Lt

L   = stack exit inside diameter (ft)

L   = measurement pathlength (ft) = two times the stack
      inside diameter (or the duct width) at the monitor
      location
4.1.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data

       1.  Obtain the stack exit inside diameter and the stack inside diameter
           (or duct width) at the transmissometer and record on blanks 1 and 2,
           respectively, of the Dynatron 1100 Performance Audit Data Sheet.

           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability: (1)
           physical measurements; (2) construction drawings; (3) opacity
           monitor installation/certification documents; and (4) source
           personnel recollections.

       2.  Calculate the M Factor, (divide the value on blank 1 by the value on
           blank 2), and record the value oh blank 3.

       3.  Record the source-cited M Factor value on blank 4.

           Note: The M Factor is preset by the manufacturer using information
           supplied by the source.  The value recorded in blank 4' should be
           that which the source personnel agree should be set inside the
           monitor.  Typically, this value is cited from monitor installation
           or certification data, as well as from service reports.  For the
           Model 1100M monitor, source personnel can adjust switches in the
           control unit which will cause the "M" Factor to be displayed on the
           panel meter.

       4.  Obtain the present values that the monitor should measure for the
           zero and span calibrations and record on blank 5 and blank 6,
           respectively.
                                      4-3

-------
           Note:  These values are set during monitor calibration,  and therefore
           may not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.   Records of the zero and span values resulting from
           the most recent monitor calibration should exist.   Source personnel
           can adjust switches in the Model 1100M control unit,  which will
           cause the present zero and span values to be displayed on the panel
           meter.

       5.  Go to the control unit location and inspect the opacity data
           recorder (strip chart or computer) to ensure proper operation.
           Annotate the paper with the auditor's name, plant,  unit, date, and
           time.

       Fault Lamp Checks

    The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the Dynatron
Model 1100 control unit panel.  Unless otherwise noted, the -audit analysis can
continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided that the source has been
informed of the  fault conditions.  The Model 1100M monitor control unit has two
fault lamps: "WINDOW"  (indicating excessive dust on transceiver window) and
"FAULT"  (indicating other internal malfunctions which can be identified by
source personnel through manipulating switch positions within the control
unit).

    6. Record the status  (ON or OFF) of  the LAMP fault lamp on blank 7.

       Note: An  illuminated  LAMP  fault lamp indicates that the intensity of the
       measurement lamp is outside of a  specific range.  This fault is a
       conservative indicator of  possible  fluctuations in the lamp voltage.
       Because the LAMP fault lamp is obscured by  the control unit cover frame,
       it  is frequently overlooked during  cursory  inspections.

    7. Record  the status  (ON or OFF) of  the WINDOW fault lamp on blank 8.

       Note:  An illuminated WINDOW  fault  lamp indicates that the quantity of
       dust on the transceiver optics has  exceeded the limit preset within the
       control unit.   Monitor opacity data may be  biased high by the opacity of
       the dust  on the optics, and the auditor should pay particular attention
       to  cleaning the protective window during  subsequent audit steps.

    8. Record the status  (ON or OFF) of  the AIR  FLOW lamp on blank 9.

       Note: An  illuminated  AIR FLOW fault lamp  indicates a reduction in the
       flow of purge  air  to  either the transceiver or retroreflector.  This
       condition could jeopardize both the cleanliness of the monitor optics
       and the continued  operation of the  transmissometer as  a result of
       exposure  to hot, corrosive stack  gas.  Plant personnel should be
       notified  immediately  of this  condition.

    9. Record  the original position  on blank 10  of the AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION
       TIME  (CYCLE TIME)  knob on  the control  unit  panel.

       Note:   The AUTOMATIC  CALIBRATION  TIME (CYCLE TIME) knob is  used  to
       adjust  the  frequency  of calibration cycles.

    10. Turn  the  cycle time knob  to the MANUAL position.

                                      4-4

-------
11. Record the original position on blank 11 of the METER DISPLAY knob on
    the control panel.

    Note: The METER DISPLAY knob permits "the selection of either the opacity
    or optical density of the stack exit to be displayed on the panel
    meter.  Optical density data is useful during maintenance and
    calibration.

12. Turn the METER DISPLAY knob to the opacity position, if necessary.

Zero Span Check

13. Press the zero/span switch.
    Note: The green zero light should go on during the zero period and the
    yellow span light should be lit during the span period.  The monitor
    automatically switches from zero to span after approximately three
    minutes.  After a similar period in the span mode, the monitor reverts
    to normal operation.
14. Record the zero value on blank 12 displayed on the panel meter.

15. Record the zero value on blank 13 displayed on the data recorder.

    Note: The cross-stack zero is simulated by the transceiver internal zero
    optics.  The measurement light source is turned off and a zero light
    source is turned on.  Checking this simulated zero value provides an
    indication of the accuracy of the monitors calibration, assuming that
    the clear path zero value is correct, as well as an indication of the
    status of the electronic alignment of the instrument.  It does not,
    however, provide any indication of cross-stack parameters, such as the
    present clear path zero or optical alignment.

16. Record the span value on blank 14 that is displayed on the control panel
    meter.

17. Record the span value displayed on the data recorder on blank 13.

    Note: During the span portion of the calibration cycle, the measurement
    light source is turned off and a span light source is illuminated which
    has a neutral density filter in its beam path inside the transceiver.
    The span measurement provides an upscale check of the monitor's calibra-
    tion accuracy with respect to its clear path zero value.  Also, when
    evaluated in combination with the zero calibration value, the span
    permits an evaluation of the linearity of the monitor's calibration.

18. Go to the transmissometer location.

    Note: The acquisition of real-time monitor response data requires that
    there be communication between the transmissometer location and the
    opacity data recorder location.     ,           ,          ~

Retroreflector Dust Accumulation Check

19. Record the instantaneous effluent opacity prior to cleaning of the
    retroreflector protective window on blank 16.

-------
    20.  Remove,  inspect,  clean,  and replace the  retroreflector protective
        window.

    21.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 17.

    Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check

    22.  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity  on blank  18.

    23.  Remove,  inspect,  clean,  and replace the  transceiver protective window.

    24.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 19.

    Optical Alignment Check

    25.  If an alignment tube is  available,  determine the  monitor  alignment by
        looking through the tube and observing whether the  beam image is
        centered around the retroreflector port  on the opposite side of the
        stack or duct.

        Note:   The Dynatron Model 1100 does not  have a built-in alignment check
        system.   Many sources have installed sighting tubes near  the transceiver
        to observe the orientation of the measurement beam  with respect to the
        retroreflector port in the stack or duct.   Frequently, these sighting
        tubes are blocked with accumulated particulate.   The  auditor should note
        such a condition,  if found.   The Model 1100 M has an  alignment sight on
        the transceiver which allows an alignment  check when  the  "target light"
        switch is activated.

    26.  Record whether the image is centered inside the circular  target (YES or
        NO)  on blank 20.

    27-  Draw the orientation of  the retroreflector port in  the beam circle on
        the data form.

        Note:  Instrument  optical alignment  has no  effect  on the internal checks
        of the instrument  or  on  the calibration  check using the audit jig;
        however,  if the optical  alignment is  not correct, the stack opacity data
        will be  biased high,  since all  the  light transmitted to the
        retroreflector is  not returned  to the detector.
CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK  (JIG PROCEDURE)

    The calibration error check is performed using three neutral density audit
filters and an audit device (or jig) with an adjustable retroreflector and iris
to simulate clear stack  conditions.  The jig audit device and neutral density
filters actually determine the linearity of the instrument response with
respect to the current clear-path zero value.  This calibration error check
does not determine the actual instrument clear-path zero, or the status of any
cross-stack parameters.

    If the audit jig is not available or if the jig cannot be installed in the
transceiver then an incremental calibration error procedure should be used;
This procedure factors out the opacity attributed to the transceiver protective
window and that of the effluent.  Due to its complexity and possible
inaccuracy, the incremental calibration error procedure should be used only as
a last resort.
                                      4-6

-------
    Note:  A true calibration check is performed by removing the
    on-stack components and setting them up in a location with minimal
    ambient opacity, making sure that the proper pathlength and
    alignments are attained, and then placing the calibration filters in
    the measurement beam path.

28. Remove the transceiver dirty window detector on the left forward
    side of the transceiver.  Install the audit jig by inserting it
    into the dirty window detector opening (with the iris opening facing
    toward the light source) and tighting the thumb screws.

    Note:  If the transceiver does not have a dirty window detect or if,
    for whatever reason, the audit jig will not fit into the available
    opening, then the incremental calibration error procedure should be
    used.

29. Remove the transceiver protective window.

30. Adjust the audit jig iris to produce a 0-2% opacity value on the
    opacity data recorder.  This adjustment simulates the amount of
    light returned to the transceiver during clear stack conditions.

    Note: The audit jig zero adjustment depends on the procedure used in
    calibrating the neutral density filters employed in the audit.  Some
    older filter sets intended for incremental calibration checks of
    Dynatron" monitors have an 8-10$ "assumed" window opacity value added
    to the actual filter opacity.  Thus, a filter marked as "20% Op"
    might have a total true opacity of 26% (8% Op + 20$ Op).  With the
    audit jig zero (without the protective window) being set at 0-2$
    opacity as described above, it becomes imperative that the auditor
    know the actual opacity of each filter, including any added window
    opacity.  In general, it is recommended that both assumed filter
    values (based on the sum of filter opacity and assumed window
    opacity) and actual filter values be known.  This information should
    be supplied by the firm certifying the filter calibration values.

31. Install the transceiver protective window and record the measured
    window opacity value in Blank 21.

32. Remove the transceiver protective window.

33- Record the audit filter serial numbers and opacity values on
    blanks 22. 23,  and 24.

34. Remove the filters from their protective covers,  inspect,  and if
    necessary, clean them.

35- Record the jig zero value from the opacity data recorder.

    Note: The acquisition of monitor response from the data recorder
    requires communication between the auditor at the transmissometer
    location and another person at the data recorder location.

36. Insert the low range neutral density filter into the monitor.

37- Wait for approximately two minutes or until a clear value has been
    recorded and displayed on the opacity data recorder.
                               4-7

-------
           Note: The audit data should be taken from a data recording/ reporting
           device that presents instantaneous opacity (or opacity data with the
           shortest available integration period) .

       38. Record the monitor's response to the low range neutral density
           filter.

       39- Remove the low range filter from the monitor and insert the mid
           range neutral density filter.

       40. Wait approximately 2 minutes and record the monitor's responses.

       4l. Remove the mid range filter and insert the high range filter.

       42. Wait approximately 2 minutes and record the monitor's response.

       43. Remove the high range filter, wait approximately 2 minutes, and
           record the jig zero value.

           Note: If the final jig zero value differs from the initial value by
           more than 1% opacity, the jig zero should be adjusted to agree with
           the initial value and the three-filter run (i.e., low, mid, and
           high) should be repeated.

       44. Repeat steps 36-43 above until a total of five opacity readings are
           obtained for each neutral density filter.
45.


46. Record the six-minute integrated data, if available.
           If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps
           36-43 above once more, changing the waiting periods to 13 minutes.
       4?' Once the calibration error check is finished, remove the audit jig,
           replace the dirty window detector and the projective window, and
           close the transceiver protective housing.

       48. Return to the control unit location.

       49. If necessary, return the AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION  (CYCLE) TIMER, and
           the METER DISPLAY knob to their original positions, as recorded on
           blanks 10 and 11.

       50. Obtain a copy of the audit data from the data recorder.

       51. Transcribe the calibration error response data  from the data
           recorder from blanks 25 to 50. and complete the audit data
           calculations .
    CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK  (Incremental Procedure)

    The incremental calibration error check is included herein to address older
Dynatron monitors that do not permit the use of the audit jig.  The incremental
calibration error check is performed by substituting three neutral density
                                      4-8

-------
filters in place of the the transceiver protective window.  These filters should
include an assumed protective window opacity value of approximately 8% opacity
(or a more appropriate value, as cited by the source or monitor manufacturer).
Thus, a filter with a true total of 26% Op would be "named" as 20% Op.  This
check should be performed only when the stack opacity is fairly steady, varying
by no than +2% opacity.  The calibration error check provides a determination of
the linearity of the instrument response and the on-stack alignment status,
since it utilizes all of the components of the measurement system.  This
calibration check does not provide a test of the actual instrument clear-path
zero.

    Only under clear stack conditions will the calibration check provide a check
of the actual instrument zero and instrument calibration.  A true calibration
check can also be obtained by removing the on-stack components and setting them
up in an area with minimal ambient opacity, making sure that the on-stack
pathlength and alignment are duplicated.

    1-28.  Record the audit filter serial numbers and opacity values on blanks
           1-21, 1-22, and 1-23

    1-29.  Remove the low range filter from its protective cover, inspect, and
           if necessary clean them.

    1-30.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the effluent opacity as
           indicated by the opacity data recorder.

    1-31.  Remove the transceiver protective window and insert the low range
           neutral density filter.

    1-32.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the filter opacity value
           indicated on the opacity data recorder.

    1-33-  Remove the low range audit filter and replace the transceiver
           protective window.

    1-34.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated effluent
           opacity value.

    1-35-  Remove the transceiver protective window and insert the mid range
           audit filter.

    1-36.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated filter
           opacity value.

    1-37-  Remove the mid range filter and replace the transceiver protective
           window.

    1-38.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated effluent
           opacity.

    1-39-  Remove the transceiver protective window and insert the high range
           audit filter.

    1-40.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated filter
           opacity.

-------
    I-4l.  Remove the high range audit filter.

    1-42.  Replace the transceiver protective window.

    1-43.  Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated effluent
           opacity.


    3.3«^  Monitor Response Repeatability

    1-44.  Repeat the procedures steps 1-31 through 1-43 until a total of five
           opacity readings is obtained for each neutral density filter.

    1-45•  If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps
           1-31 through 1-43 once more, changing the waiting periods to 13
           minutes.

    1-46.  Record the six-minute integrated data, if available.

    1-4?«  Replace the transceiver measurement window for the last time.
           Ensure that the transceiver protective window is properly installed
           and close the transceiver housing.

    1-48.  Return to the control unit location.

    1-49-  If necessary, return the AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION (CYCLE) TIMER and the
           METER DISPLAY to the positions recorded in blanks 10 and 11,
           respectively.

    1-50.  Obtain a copy of the audit data from the opacity data recorder.

    1-51.  Transcribe the calibration error response data from the opacity data
           recorder to audit data sheet blanks 1-24 through 1-61.


4.1.3  DYNATRON 1100 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA INTERPRETATION

    This section pertains to the interpretation of the performance audit data
analyses peculiar to the Dynatron Model 1100  (and also the Model 1100M, where
applicable).  The interpretation of the more general analyses is fully
discussed in the introduction of this manual.

Stack Exit Correlation Error Check

    The pathlength correction error on blank 51 should be within +2.%.  This
error expontentially affects the opacity readings, resulting in over- or
under-estimation of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in computing
the M Factor is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather than the
stack/duct inside diameter at the monitor location.  This error will result in
an under-estimation of the stack exit opacity and can be identified by
comparing the monitor optical pathlength to the flange-to-flange distance; cne
flange to flange distance should be the greater by approximately two feet.
                                      4-10

-------
    Control Panel Meter Error Check

    The accuracy of the control panel meter is important at sources using the
meter during monitor adjustment and calibration.  In such cases, the control
panel meter opacity readings are compared to the specified values for the
internal zero and span.  Errors in the control panel meter should not affect
the opacity data reported by the monitoring system unless the control panel
meter is used to adjust the zero and span functions.  The percent error values
associated with the control panel meter are found on blanks 52 and 5^-  At
sources using the panel meter data, the panel meter should be adjusted so that
the error is less than 2%.  Since the control panel meter error is determined
by using the internal zero and span values, any change in the specified values
for the zero or span will cause an erroneous assessment of the control panel
meter errors.  The zero and span values may change due to aging, replacement,
etc.  Each time the monitor is thoroughly calibrated, the internal zero and
span values should be renamed, and the new values should be recorded and /• used
in all subsequent adjustments.

    Internal Zero and Span Check

    The Dynatron Model 1100 monitor internal zero is typically set to indicate
2-10$ opacity because the monitor will not indicate negative opacity values.  A
zero error greater than 4% opacity is usually due to electronic drift, or data
recorder electronic or mechanical offset.  Excessive dust on the optical
surfaces sufficient to cause a significant zero error also would be indicated
by the dirty window fault lamp.  Instrument span error may be caused by the
same problems that cause zero errors and may be identified in a similar
fashion.

    If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The opacity
data will be offset in the same manner.

    Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

    The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces  (blank 58) should not exceed k%.  A dust accumulation valve of more
than 4$ opacity inidicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the
cleaning frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining
the optical surface dust accumulation,  the auditor should note whether the
effluent opacity is fairly stable  (within +2% opacity) before and after the
cleaning of the optical surfaces.  If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more
than +2%, the dust accumulation analysis should be omitted.

    Calibration Error Check

    Excessive calibration error results (blanks 68, 69. and 70 or blanks 1-89.
1-90. 1-91) are indicative of a non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration
of the monitor.  However, the absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can
be determined only when the clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and
span are not within the proper range, the calibration check data will often be
biased in the same direction as the zero and span errors.  Even if the zero and
span errors are within the proper ranges, the monitor may still be inaccurate
due to possible error in the clear path zero.  The optimum calibration proce-
dure involves using neutral density filters during clear-stack or off-stack
calibration.  This procedure would establish both the absolute calibration

                                      4-11

-------
accuracy and linearity.  If this procedures is not practical,  and if it is
reasonable to assume that the clear path zero is indeed zero,  the monitor's
calibration linearity can be set using either neutral density filters or the
internal zero and span values.
                                      4-12

-------
                                   SECTION 5

                        PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR
               THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) OPACITY MONITOR

5.1  THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 500
     CONTROL UNIT

5.1.1  GEMS Description

    The Thermo Electron, Inc. (formally the Contraves Goerz) Model 400 opacity
GEMS consists of three major components: the transmissometer, the air-purging
system, and the Model 500 control unit.  The transmissometer component consists
of a transceiver unit mounted on one side of a stack or duct and a retrore-
flector unit mounted on the opposite side.  The transceiver unit contains a
light source, a photodiode detector, and the optical, mechanical, and
electronic components used in monitor operation and calibration.

    Figure 5-1 illustrates the general arrangement of the transceiver and
retroreflector units on the stack.  The transceiver uses a single lamp single
detector system, employing both internal and external choppers.  The internal
chopper modulates the measurement beam to eliminate interference from ambient
light.  The external three-segmented chopper produces alternating calibration
and stack opacity measurements.   Also, since the external chopper is exposed to
stack conditions, it automatically compensates for dust accumulation on
transceiver optics.  The output signal from the transceiver (double-pass,
uncorrected transmittance) is transmitted to the control unit.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3) it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retroreflector
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.

    The Model 500 digital control unit (Figure 5-2) converts the double-pass
transmittance output from the transceiver to linear optical density
measurements which are corrected according to the ratio of the stack exit
diameter to the transmissometer pathlength, referred to as the stack taper
ratio (STR).  The resultant stack exit optical density is converted to
instantaneous, single-pass stack exit opacity.  The control unit also contains
an integrator which compiles the above opacity data and calculates a discrete
average over an integration period that is set by the source (typically six
minutes).  This function may not be used at facilities employing a computer to
reduce and record opacity data because the computer may perform the
integration.  Also, the Model 500 control unit has a lamp test button that
lights all fault and control lamps, and the STR setting can be checked by
manipulating a switch inside the control unit.
                                      5-1

-------
                        AKI VALVE
'CALIBRATION
  TEST KIT
                                                                        MOULDED COVER
MOULDED
 COVER /
             RETRO
           ALIGNMENT
             TOOL
                                               -f—55-T.
                                               L  JUOMC J^
                                        Figure 5-1.

                Arrangement of Thermo Electron (Contraves  Goerz)  Model 400
                        Transceiver and Retroreflector.
                                           5-2

-------
 EXCESSIVE
 6 MIN. AV6.
 OPACITY

 EXCESSIVE
• INSTANTANEOUS
 OPACITY

 EXCESSIVE
 ZERO/SPAN
 ERROR
                                     CANCEL MANUAL
                                     CALIBRATION OR
                                     ACKNOWLEDGE  _
                                     MALFUNCTION

                                     TEST ALL
                                     CONTROL UNIT
                                     LAMP BULBS

                                     PROCESSING
                                     TRANSM1SSOMETER
                                     SIGNAL       	
  MODEL 500
  TRANSMISSOMETER
  REMOTE DISPLAY
                  O   O   O
                 EXIT   PATH  AVG.
                   O
                   O.D.
   O
                  CAL
                  FAIL
ALARM
  *1
                 ALARM
                  *2
          POWER/DATA .
          INTERRUPTION
            CAL
            ZERO
STACK
POWER
 FAIL
           PURGE
            FAIL
            CAL
           SPAN
LAMP
 FAIL
            WIN-
            DOW
           DIRTY
          NORMAL
LAMP
TEST
          RESET
O
                         INSUFFICIENT  EXCESSIVE
                            AIR        ZERO
                            FLOW   COMPENSATION
                              I	 INOPERATIVE
                                     LIGHT
                                    SOURCE
                   Figure  5-2.   Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz)
                                 Model 500 Control Unit
                                     5-3

-------
The following equations illustrate the relationships between the STR, path
optical density, and exit opacity.
                                ,-(STR)(OD)
    where:
                    OP  =1-10
                      •X.

                    OP  = stack exit opacity (%)

                    STR = stack taper ratio  =   x/L

                    L   = stack exit inside diameter (ft)

                    L   = measurement pathlength (ft) = the stack or
                          duct inside diameter at the monitor location

                    OD  = transmissometer optical density (path)

5.1.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data

       1.  Obtain the stack exit (inside) diameter and the stack or duct inside
           diameter (or width) at the transmissometer location and record on
           blanks 1 and 2, respectively, of the Thermo Electron (Contraves
           Goerz) Model 400 Performance Audit Data Sheet.

           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability: (1)
           physical measurements; (2) construction drawings; (3) opacity
           monitor installation/certification documents; and (4) source
           personnel recollections.  The monitor measurement pathlength is the
           length of the inside diameter (or width) of the stack (or duct) at
           the monitor installation location.

       2.  Calculate the STR, (divide the value on blank 1 by the value on
           blank 2), and record the value on blank 3-

       3.  Record the source-cited STR value on blank 4.

           Note: The STR is preset by the manufacturer using information
           supplied by the source.  The value recorded in blank 4 should be
           that which the source personnel agree should be set inside the
           monitor.  Typically, this value is cited from monitor installation
           or certification data, as well as from service reports.   Source
           personnel can adjust a switch inside the control unit which will
           cause the STR value to appear on the digital display.

       4.  Obtain the present values that the monitor should measure for the
           zero and span calibrations and record on blank 5 and blank 6,
           respectively.

           Note: These values are set during monitor calibration, and therefore
           may not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.  Records of the zero and span values resulting from
           the most recent monitor calibration should exist.
                                       5-4

-------
       Control Unit Checks

       5.  Inspect the opacity data recorder (strip chart or computer)  to
           ensure proper operation.  Annotate the paper with the auditor's
           name, plant, unit, date, and time.

       Fault Lamp Checks

    The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the Model
500 control unit panel.  Unless otherwise noted, the audit analysis can
continue with illuminated fault lamps, provided that the source has been
informed of the fault conditions.

    6. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the CAL FAIL lamp on blank 7.

       Note: An illuminated CAL FAIL lamp indicates that the most recent
       monitor automatic zero and/or span calibration values are not within a
       preset range.

    5. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the DIRTY WINDOW fault lamp on blank 8.

       Note:  An illuminated dirty window fault lamp indicates that the quantity
       of dirt accumulated on transceiver optics has exceeded preset limits.
       Such a fault condition can jeopardize the quality of the monitoring data.

    6. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the PURGE AIR fault lamp on blank 9.

       Note: An illuminated purge air fault lamp indicates that the transceiver
       and/or retroreflector purge air flow rate is reduced either because a
       blower may not be working properly or one of the purge air filter
       elements is dirty, thereby restricting the flow of purge air.  This fault
       does not preclude the completion of the audit.

    7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the STACK POWER fault lamp on blank 10.

       Note: An illuminated stack power fault lamp indicates a lack of power for
       the  transmissometer.  Power must be restored before the audit can
       continue.

    8. Record the status  (ON or OFF) of the LAMP FAILURE fault lamp on Blank 11.

       Note: An illuminated lamp failure fault lamp indicates that the
       measurement beam intensity  is insufficient to make accurate cross-stack
       measurements.   This fault will jeopardize the quality of the monitoring
       data, and should be corrected immediately.  However, if the measurement
       lamp is  replaced the audit  should be postponed for several hours to
       permit equilibration of the measurement system.

       9.   Record the  status  (ON or OFF) of  the ALARM fault lamp on Blank 12.

            Note:  An illuminated alarm fault lamp indicates that the opacity of
            the  effluent exceeds a  value selected by the source.  Such a fault
            has no effect on the accuracy of the monitoring data or on the
            completion  of the audit.
                                      5-5

-------
 10. Press  the  GAL  ZERO  switch on  the control panel to initiate the zero
    mode.

    Note:  The  green normal light  should go out when the zero mode is
    initiated.  The yellow CAL light and the green ZERO light should
    remain illuminated.

 11. Record the zero value on Blank 13 displayed on the panel meter.

 12. Record the zero value on Blank 14 displayed on the data, recorder.

    Note:  The  cross-stack zero is simulated by the zero reflector segment
    of the external chopper.  Checking this simulated zero value provides
    an indication  of the amount of dust on the measurement window and on
    the zero retroreflector, as well as an indication of the status of
    the electronic alignment of the instrument.  It does not, however,
    provide any indication of cross-stack parameters.

 13. Press  the  CAL  SPAN switch to  initiate the span mode.

 14. Record the span value on Blank 15 that is displayed on the control
    panel  meter and record the span value displayed on the data recorder
    on Blank 16.   Go to the transceiver location.

    Note:  During the span portion of the calibration cycle, the span
    segment of the external chopper is monitored, resulting in an upscale
    calibration check.  The span  measurement provides another check of
    the monitor electronic alignment and the linearity of the
    transmissometer opacity response.

 Retroreflector Dust Accumulation  Check

 15- Record the instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 17 prior to
    cleaning of the retroreflector optics.

 16. Open the retroreflector, inspect and clean retroreflector optics, and
    close  the  retroreflector.

 17. Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 18.

 Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check

 18. Record the pre-cleaning effluent opacity on blank 19.

 19. Open the transceiver, turn off the chopper motor switch, stop the
    chopper, clean the primary lens, turn on the chopper monitor switch,
    and close  the  transceiver.

    Note:  The chopper motor is stopped by turning off the toggle switch
    in the lower left corner of the transceiver control panel.   This
    switch also turns-off the measurement beam.

20. Record on blank 20 the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity.
                               5-6

-------
       Optical Alignment Check

       21.  Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the viewing port
           on the back of the transceiver and observing whether the beam image
           is in the center of the target cross-hairs.

       22.  Record whether the image is centered inside the target (YES or NO)  on
           blank 21.

       23.  Draw the orientation of the beam image in the circle on the data
           form.

           Note: Instrument optical alignment has no effect on the internal
           checks of the instrument or on the calibration check using the audit
           device; however, if the optical alignment is not correct, the stack
           opacity data will be biased high, since all the light transmitted to
           the retroreflector is not returned to the detector.
CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

    The calibration error check is performed using three neutral density audit
filters and an audit device (or jig) with a built-in retroreflector and iris to
simulate clear stack conditions.  The audit device and neutral density filters
actually determine the linearity of the instrument response with respect to the
current clear-stack zero value.  This calibration error check does not determine
the actual instrument clear-stack zero, or the status of any cross-stack param-
eters .

    A true calibration check is performed by removing the on-stack components
and setting them up in a location with minimal ambient opacity, making sure that
the proper pathlength and alignments are attained, and then placing the
calibration filters in the measurement beam path.

           Note:  Thermo Electron (Contraves Goerz) supplies an audit jig whose
           internal iris setting is fixed for a specific monitor.  If the
           source has such a dedicated audit device, it should be used in the
           audit because its jig zero value has been fixed to correspond to the
           given measurement path conditions, and these calibration error
           procedures are predicated on this assumption.  If such a device is
           not available, the auditor should supply a similar device with an
           adjustable iris,  following the installation of this audit device,
           the iris should be adjusted such the jig zero value reads 1-2%
           opacity on the opacity data recorder.

      24.  Stop the chopper and install the audit jig by placing it over the
           primary lens and tightening the attached set-screw.

           Note: The audit device is not properly installed until it is flush
           with the monitor.  Care should be taken that the chopper will not
           contact the audit jig while in operation.  Also do not bend the
           chopper blades.

      25.  Restart the chopper and allow the transceiver 2-3 minutes to
           warm-up.
                                      5-7

-------
     Note:  The jig zero value is based on readings from the data
     recorder.  The jig zero does not have to be exactly 0.0 since the
     audit filter correction equations can account for an offset in the
     jig zero.  Thus, a jig zero value in the range of 0-2% Op is
     typical.

26.  Record on Blanks 22, 23, and 24 the audit filter serial numbers and
     opacity values.

27.  Remove the filters from their protective covers, inspect, and if
     necessary, clean them.

28.  Record the jig zero value from the data recorder.

     Note: The acquisition of monitor response from the data recorder
     requires communication between the auditor at the transmissometer
     location and another person at the data recorder location.

29.  Insert the low range neutral density filter into the audit jig.

30.  Wait for approximately two minutes or until a clear value has been
     recorded and displayed on the data recorder.

     Note: The audit data should be taken from a data recording/reporting
     device that presents instantaneous opacity (or opacity data with the
     shortest available integration period).

31.  Record the monitor's response to the low range neutral density
     filter.

32.  Remove the low range filter from the audit device and insert the mid
     range neutral density filter.

33-  Wait approximately two minutes and record the monitor's responses.

3^.  Remove the mid range filter from the audit jig and insert the high
     range filter,	                      ,               .._,...

35-  Wait for approximately two minutes and record the monitor's
     response.

36.  Remove the high range filter, wait approximately two minutes, and
     record the jig zero value.

     Note: If the final jig zero value differs from the initial value by
     more than 1% opacity, the jig zero should be checked to determine
     the source of the fluctuation, and the 3~filter run should be
     repeated.

37-  Repeat steps 29-36 above until a total of five opacity readings are
     obtained for each neutral density filter.

38.  If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps
     29-36 above once more, but change the waiting periods to 13 minutes.
                                5-8

-------
      39-  Record the six-minute integrated data.

      40.  Once the calibration error check is finished, stop the chopper,
           remove the audit jig, restart the chopper and close the transceiver
           head.

      4l.  Return to the control unit/data recorder location and obtain a copy
           of the audit data from the data recorder.

      42.  Transcribe the calibration error response data from the data
           recorder to Blanks 25 to 50.


5.1.3  THERMO ELECTRON (Contraves Goerz) Model 400 PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA
       INTERPRETATION

    This section pertains to the interpretation of the performance audit data
analyses peculiar to the Model 400.  The interpretation of the more general
analyses is fully discussed in the introduction of this manual.


    Stack Exit Correlation Error Check

    The pathlength correction error on Blank 51 should be within +2%.  This
error exponentially affects the opacity readings, resulting in over- or under-
estimation of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in computing the
STR is the use of the flange-to-flange distance rather than the stack/duct
inside diameter at the monitor location.  This error will result in an under-
estimation of the stack exit opacity and can be identified by comparing the
monitor optical pathlength to the flange-to-flange distance, which should be
the greater by approximately 2-4 feet.

    Internal Zero and Span Check

    The internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity.  A zero error
greater than k% opacity is usually due to excessive dust accumulation on the
optical surfaces, electronic drift, or data recorder electronic or mechanical
offset.  Instrument span error may be caused by the same problems that cause
zero errors and may be identified in a similar fashion.  Also, a span error may
be caused by an inaccurate chopper span segment value.

    If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the. same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The stack exit
opacity data will be offset in the same manner.

    Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

    The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces should not exceed 4%.  A dust accumulation value of more than 4%
opacity may inidicate that the airflow of the purge system and/or the cleaning
frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining the optical
surface dust accumulation,  the auditor should note whether the effluent opacity
is fairly stable {within +2% opacity) before and after the cleaning of the
optical surfaces.   If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more than +2%,  the
dust accumulation analysis should be omitted.                       ~
                                      5-9

-------
    Calibration Error Check

    Excessive calibration error results (blanks 68, 69, 70) are indicative of a
non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration of the monitor.  However, the
absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can be determined only when the
clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and span are not within the proper
range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same direction as
the zero and span errors.  Even if the zero and span errors are within the
proper ranges, the monitor may still be inaccurate due to possible error in the
clear path zero.  The optimum calibration procedure involves using neutral
density filters during clear-stack or off-stack calibration.  This procedure
would establish both the absolute calibration accuracy and linearity.  If this
procedure is not practical, and if it is reasonable to assume that the clear
path zero is indeed zero, the monitor's calibration linearity can be set using
either neutral density filters or the internal zero and span values.
                                       5-10

-------
                                   SECTION 6

                PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR THERMO ELECTRON
                (ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CORPORATION) OPACITY MONITOR

6.1  THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION (ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CORPORATION) MODEL 1000A

6.1.1 CEMS Description

    The Thermo Electron (formally manufactured by Environmental Data Corpor-
ation or EDC) opacity CEMS consists of three major components:  the trans-
missometer, the air-purging system, and the data acquisition system.  The
transmissometer component consists of a transceiver unit mounted on one side of
a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite side.  The
transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and the opti-
cal, mechanical, and electronic components used in monitor operation and cali-
bration.  The output signal from the transceiver (double-pass, uncorrected
transmittance) is transmitted to a control unit, or directly to an opacity data
recorder.  The transceiver zero and span signals are monitored continuously and
are electronically compensated through a gain control circuit so that the sig-
nals remain constant.  Since the electronic gain compensation affects the zero
and span signals and the measurement signal amplitude equally, all variations
in measurement lamp intensity are concelled out of the measurement signal.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2)  it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3)  it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for the transceiver unit and one for the retrorefleetor
unit; each system has a blower providing filtered air.

    The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted through the
effluent from the transceiver to the retroreflector and back again.  The
monitor uses this double-pass transmittance to calculate the optical density of
the effluent stream at the monitor location, or the "path" optical density.  In
order to provide stack exit opacity data, the path optical density must be
corrected by multiplying by the ratio of the stack exit diameter to the
measurement pathlength.  The following equations illustrate the relationships
between this ratio, path optical density, and exit opacity.
    where:
OPX = I- i;
OP  = stack exit opacity (%)
  X
OD = transmissometer optical density (path)
                    Jx  = optical pathlength correction factor
    where:
L  = stack exit inside diameter (ft)
 X

L  = measurement pathlength (ft)  = two times the
     effluent depth at the monitor location

                  6-1

-------
6.1.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data

       1.  Obtain the stack exit (inside) diameter and transmissometer
           measurement pathlength (two times the stack or duct inside diameter
           at monitor location) and record on blanks 1 and 2, respectively, of
           the Thermo Electron (EDO) 1000A Performance Audit Data Sheet.  If
           the monitor uses a slotted tube inside the stack or duct, then the
           optical pathlength (Lt) is equal to the length of the slotted
           portion of the tube.

           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability: (1)
           physical measurements;  (2) construction drawings; (3) opacity
           monitor installation/certification documents; and (4) source
           personnel recollections.  The monitor pathlength is two  times the
           length of the inside diameter of the stack at the monitor
           installation location.

       2.  Calculate the optical pathlength correction factor  (divide  the value
           on blank 1 by the value on blank 2), and record the value on blank 3.

       3.  Record the source-cited optical pathlength correction factor value
           on blank 4.

           Note: The optical pathlength  correction factor is preset by the
           manufacturer using  information supplied by the source.   The value
           recorded in blank 4 should be that  which the  source personnel agree
           should be set inside  the monitor.   Typically, this value is cited
           from monitor installation or  certification data,  as well as from
           service reports.

       4.  Obtain  the present  opacity values that the monitor  should measure  for
           the  zero and span calibrations and  record on  blank  5 and blank  6,
           respectively.

           Note: These values  are set during monitor calibration,  and  therefore
           may  not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.   Records of the zero and span  values resulting from
           the  most recent monitor calibration should exist.

       Monitoring System

           This section describes checks to gather the pertinent operating
           parameters necessary  to ascertain whether  the monitoring system is
           functioning properly.   Since  the EDC 1000A does not have a  control
           unit,  the zero  and  span checks may  be performed in  the  control  room,
           but  only if  the source has installed a CAL-INITIATE button.
           Otherwise,  this check must be performed at the monitoring site.

        5.  Inspect the  opacity data recorder  (strip chart or computer) to
           ensure  proper  operation.  Annotate  the data  record  with the
            auditor's name, plant,  unit,  date,  and time.
                                       6-2

-------
 6.  If the source has installed a switch to initiate the internal zero
     and span functions, initiate the zero and span cycle mode by
     pressing this CAL-INITIATE button.

     Note:  The monitor will remain in the zero mode for approximately
     three minutes, after which the span mode will be automatically
     initiated.  After an additional three minutes, the monitor will
     automatically return to normal operation.  The cross-stack zero is
     simulated by using the zero mirror in the transceiver.  The zero and
     span checks provide an indication of the status of the electronic
     alignment of the instrument.  They do not, however, indicate optical
     misalignment, or the true cross-stack zero.

 ?.  Record the zero and span responses on blanks 7 and 8, respectively,
     that are displayed on the chart recorder.

 8.  If there is no CAL-INITIATE button in the control room, locate the
     MODE switch on the front of the transceiver, next to the
     input/output cable.

 9.  Move the MODE switch to the up position (ZERO).

10.  Allow the monitor to operate at least three minutes (thirteen
     minutes if the monitoring system processes the data through a
     six-minute averaging circuit) for the chart recorder to log the zero
     response.

11.  Move the MODE switch to the down position (SPAN).

12.  Wait another three or thirteen minutes (depending upon the use of an
     averaging circuit) for the chart recorder to log the span response.

13.  Return the MODE switch to the center position (OPERATE).

14.  Record the zero and span responses on blanks 7 a and £, respective!;  ,
     that are displayed on the data recorder.            ~


Retroreflector Dust Accumulation Check

15.  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity prior to cleaning of the
     retroreflector optics on blank 10.

16.  Pull up and clean the window that separates the retroreflector from
     the stack.

17.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 11.
Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check

18.  Record the pre-cleaning effluent opacity on blank 12.

19-  Pull up and clean the window that separates the light source from
     the stack.

20.  Record on blank 13 the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity.

                                6-3

-------
CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

     The calibration error check is performed by installing an EDC filter
holder assembly  (P/N 32269) in front of the corner cube retroreflector and then
securing the filter holder assembly by means of two Allen head screws.  The
neutral density  filter slides (mounted in EDC filter housings) are then placed
into the filter  holder assembly in the order described below.  This check
should be performed only when the stack opacity is fairly steady.  The
calibration check provides a determination of the linearity of the instrument
response and utilizes all of the components of the measurement system.  This
calibration check does not provide a test of the actual instrument zero.

     A true calibration check is performed by removing the on-stack components
and setting them up in a  location with minimal ambient opacity, making sure
that the proper  pathlength and  alignments are attained, and  then  placing  the
calibration filters in the measurement beam path.

     21.   Record the audit  filter  serial numbers  and opacity values  on
           blanks l4. 15.  and 16.

     22.   Remove the low range filter from its  protective cover, inspect,  and
            clean it,  if necessary.

      23.    Wait approximately two minutes  and record the effluent opacity as
            indicated by the opacity data recorder.

      24.    Insert the low range neutral density filter.

      25.    Wait approximately two minutes and record the opacity value
            indicated on the opacity data recorder.

      26.    Remove the low range audit filter, wait approximately two minutes,
            and  record the indicated effluent opacity value.

      27.    Remove the mid range filter from its protective cover, inspect, and
            if necessary clean it.

      28.    Insert the mid range audit filter.

      29.   Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated opacity value

      30.
Remove the mid range filter, wait approximatley two minutes and recoi
the indicated effluent opacity.
       31.   Remove  the  high range  filter  from  its protective  cover,  inspect, and|
            if necessary clean it.

       32.   Insert  the  high range  audit filter.

       33.   Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated opacity.

       34.   Remove  the  high range  filter.

       35.   Wait approximately two minutes and record the indicated effluent
            opacity.
                                        6-4

-------
     Monitor Response Repeatability

     36.   Repeat the procedures steps 24 through 35 until a total of five
           opacity readings is obtained for each neutral density filter.

     37-   If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps 24
           through 35 once more, changing the waiting periods to 13 minutes.

     38.   Record the six-minute integrated data, if available.

     39-   Remove the filter holder and secure the retroreflector.  Return to the
           control unit location.

     40.   Obtain a copy of the audit data from the opacity data recorder.

     4l.   Transcribe the calibration error response data from the opacity data
           recorder to audit data sheet blanks 17 and 5^. and complete the audit
           data calculations.


6.1.3  EDO 1000A PERFORMANCE AUDIT DATA INTERPRETATION

     This section pertains to the interpretation of the performance audit data
analyses peculiar to the 1000A.  The interpretation of .the more general analyses
is fully discussed in the introduction of this manual.

      Stack Exit Correlation Error Check

     The pathlength correction error on blank 88 should be within +2%,  This
error expontentially affects the opacity readings, resulting in over or
underestimation of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in computing
the optical pathlength correction factor is the use of the flange-to-flange
distance rather than the stack/duct inside diameter at the monitor location.
This error will result in an underestimation of the stack exit opacity and can be
identified by comparing the monitor optical pathlength to the flange-to-flange
distance, which should be the greater by approximately 2-4 feet.

     Internal Zero and Span Check

     The 1000A internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity.  A zero error
greater than 4% opacity is usually due to excessive dust accumulation on the
optical surfaces, electronic drift, or data recorder electronic or mechanical
offset.  Instrument span error may be caused by the same problems that cause zero
errors and may be identified in a similar fashion.  Also, a span error may be
caused by an inaccurate span filter value.

     If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The opacity data
will be offset in the same manner.

     Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

     The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces (blank 93) should not exceed 4#.  A dust accumulation value of more than
4% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the cleaning
frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining the optical
surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the effluent opacity
                                      6-5

-------
is fairly stable (within +_2% opacity) before and after the cleaning of the
optical surfaces.  If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more than +2%, the dust.|
accumulation analysis should be omitted.

     Calibration Error Check

     The comparison of monitor responses to the opacity values of the neutral
density filters requires that the filter values be corrected to stack exit
conditions and that any zero offset be factored into the corrected filter value.

     Excessive calibration error results (blanks 82. 83. and 84) are indicative
of a non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration of the monitor.  However, thel
absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can be determined only when the
clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and span are not within the proper
range, the calibration check data will often be biased in the same direction as
the zero and span  errors.  Even if the zero and span errors are within  the propei:
ranges, the monitor may still be accurate due to possible error in the  clear pat"
zero.  The optimum calibration procedure involves using neutral density filters
during clear-stack or off-stack calibration.  This procedure would establish both
the absolute calibration accuracy and linearity.  If this procedure is  not
practical, and if  it is reasonable to assume that the clear path zero is indeed
zero, the monitor's calibration linearity can be set using either neutral density
filters or the internal zero and span values.
                                       6-6

-------
                                   SECTION 7

                  PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR ENVIROPLAN
                 (THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION) OPACITY MONITOR

7.1  ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION) MODEL D-R280 AV "DURAG"

7.1.1  GEMS Description

    The Enviroplan (formally distributed by Thermo Electron) D-280 AV opacity
monitor system consists of four major components: the transmissometer, the
on-stack control unit, the air-purging system, and the remote control unit and
data acquisition equipment. (The most recent version of this monitor is the
Enviroplan Model CEMOP-281; this system is the same as the D-R280, except that
the remote control unit has digital readouts).  The transmissometer component
consists of an optical transmitter/ receiver  (transceiver) unit mounted on one
side of a stack or duct and a retroreflector unit mounted on the opposite
side.  The transceiver unit contains a light source, a photodiode detector, and
their associated electronics.  The on-stack control unit provides a readout of
the milliamp signal from the transceiver and initiates the internal zero and
span checks.  Figure J-l illustrates the general arrangement of the
transmissometer transceiver, on-stack control unit, and retroreflector units on
the stack.  The transceiver uses a single-lamp, single-detector system to
determine stack opacity.  A chopper, located inside the optical compartment,
modulates the light beam to eliminate interference from ambient light.  The
modulated beam is alternated between reference and measurement states so that
optical and electronic fluctuations are cancelled out.

    The air purging system serves a threefold purpose: (1) it provides an air
window to keep exposed optical surfaces clean; (2) it protects the optical
surfaces from condensation of stack gas moisture; and (3) it minimizes thermal
conduction from the stack to the instrument.  A standard installation has one
air-purging system for both the transceiver and the retroreflector unit; one
blower providing filtered air.

    The remote control unit (Figure 7~2) converts the nonlinear transmittance
output from the tranceiver (a milliamp signal) into linear opacity.  It also
corrects the opacity measurement according to the ratio of the stack exit
diameter to the transmissometer pathlength.

    The opacity monitor measures the amount of light transmitted through the
effluent from the transceiver to the retroreflector and back again.  The
control unit uses this double-pass transmittance to calculate the optical
density of the effluent stream at the monitor location,  or the "path" optical
density.  In order to provide stack exit opacity data, the path optical density
must be corrected by multiplying by the ratio of the stack exit diameter to the
measurement pathlength.  This ratio is called the "optical pathlength
correction factor."  The following equations illustrate the relationships
between this ratio, path optical density, and exit opacity.
    where:
OP  = i - io-
  X
OP  = stack exit opacity
                    OD = transmissometer optical density (path)

                                      7-1

-------
o;
VA
                                                                        5=
                                                                       s s«
I
                                                                            *!p°
                                                                            +j« 3*K
                                                                            c
                                                                            ::2I
                                         7-2

-------
                                                UJ
                                                o
                                                ca
                                                 i
7-3

-------
                    L
                     x
                    Lt
    where:
                       =  optical pathlength correction factor
                    L   =  stack exit  inside  diameter  (ft)
                    X

                    Jt
                         measurement pathlength (ft) = the
                         effluent depth at the monitor location
7.1.2  Performance Audit Procedures

       Preliminary Data
       1.  Obtain the stack exit (inside) diameter and transmissometer
           measurement pathlength (equal to the stack or duct inside diameter
           or width at the monitor location) and record on blanks 1 and 2,
           respectively, of the Enviroplan D-R280 AV Performance Audit Data
           Sheet,

           Note: Effluent handling system dimensions may be acquired from the
           following sources listed in descending order to reliability: (1)
           physical measurements; (2) construction drawings; (3) opacity
           monitor installation/certification documents; and (4) source
           personnel recollections.
       2.
       3.
           Calculate the optical pathlength correction factor,  (divide the
           value on blank 1 by the value on blank 2),  and record the value on
           blank 3-

           Record the source-cited optical pathlength correction factor value
           on blank 4.

           Note: The optical pathlength correction factor is preset by the
           manufacturer using information supplied by the source.  The value
           recorded in blank 4 should be that which the source personnel agree
                                              Typically, this value is cited
                                                            as well as from
           should be  set inside  the monitor.
           from monitor installation  or  certification data,
           service  reports.
       4.
           Obtain the present values that the monitor should measure for the
           zero and span calibrations and record on blank 5 and blank 6,
           respectively.

           Note: These values are set during monitor calibration, and therefore
           may not be equal to values recorded at installation and/or
           certification.  Records of the zero and span values resulting from
           the most recent monitor calibration should exist.

       Control Unit Checks

       5.  Inspect; the opacity data recorder (strip chart or computer) to
           ensure proper operation.  Annotate the data record with the
           auditor's name, plant, unit, date, and time.

       Fault Lamp Checks
    The following list describes the fault lamps that are found on the
Enviroplan (Thermo Electron) transmissometer remote control unit front panel.

                                      7-4

-------
Unless otherwise noted, the audit analysis can continue with illuminated fault
lamps, provided that the source has been informed of the fault conditions.

    6. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the BLOWER FAILURE fault lamp on
       blank 7.

       Note: An illuminated BLOWER FAILURE fault lamp indicates no power to the
       transceiver or to purge air blowers.  If this condition exists, the
       audit should be halted and the source should be notified immediately,
       since the monitor may be damaged by the stack gases.

    7. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the FILTER BLOCK fault lamp on blank 8.

       Note:  The FILTER BLOCK fault lamp indicates inadequate purge airflow to
       maintain optical surface cleanliness.  If the FILTER BLOCK fault lamp is
       illuminated, the purge air filter element may be dirty or a crimped hose
       may be restricting the airflow.  Plant personnel should be informed if
       this lamp is on so corrective measures can be initiated at the
       conclusion of the audit.  (This fault lamp is not an indicator of dirt
       on the measurement window.)

    8. Record the status (ON or OFF) of the WINDOW fault lamp on blank 9.

       Note: An illuminated WINDOW fault lamp indicates that the opacity of the
       measurement window exceeds  the preset limit of 3% opacity.   When the
       dirty window limit has been exceeded, the opacity data may be biased.
       This lamp indicates a need to clean the dirty window surfaces; however,
       it only monitors the transceiver window.

    Control Unit Adjustment Checks

    9. Check the opacity range switch indicator located on the remote control
       panel above the ACK/CENTRAL ALARM lamp (see Figure 7-2) to determine the
       range selected.

  10.   Record the range on blank 10.

  11.   Set the opacity range switch to range "4".

    Reference Signal,  Zero and Span Checks

  12.   Initiate the calibration cycle by pushing the CALIBR button on the
       control panel.

       Note: The green CALIBR lamp will light, and the monitor will
       automatically cycle through the internal and external zero and span
       modes.

  13.   Record the internal zero millamp value on blank 11 displayed on the
       control panel.

       Note:  The internal zero simply checks the reference beam inside the
       tranceiver and provides a check of the electronic alignment of the
       instrument.   After two minutes in the internal zero mode,  the monitor
       will automatically switch to the external zero mode.
                                      7-5

-------
     Record the external zero value displayed on the panel meter on blank 12a
     and the zero value displayed on the opacity data recorder on blank 12b.

     Note: The external zero is simulated by using the zero reflector.   The
     external zero value displayed on the panel meter provides an indication
     of the amount of dust on the transceiver measurement window.  The
     external zero value displayed on the opacity data recorder is the
     monitor zero after compensation for dust accumulation on the transceiver
     optics.  Neither the panel meter nor data recorder external zero values
     provide an indication of dirty window conditions at the measurement
     retroref lector, of optical misalignment, or of the true cross-stack
     zero.  After two minutes in the external zero mode, the monitpr cycles
     into the internal span function; the milliamp signal on the control unit
     corresponds to the span opacity value.
15.  Record the span milliamp value on blank 13 displayed on the control
     panel meter, the span percent opacity value on blank
     data recorder.  Go to the transmissometer location.
                                                             displayed on the
     Note:  The transceiver automatically spans the monitor using the span
     filter and the external zero reflector.  The span measurement provides
     another check of the electrical alignment and the linearity of the
     transmissometer response to opacity.

     After the completion of the zero and span calibration cycle, the monitor
     will automatically return to the stack opacity measurement mode.

  Retroref lector Dust Accumulation Check

16.  Record the instantaneous effluent opacity prior to cleaning the
     retroreflector optics on blank blank 15.

17-  Open the transceiver housing, inspect and clean retroreflector optics,
     and close the housing.

18.  Record the post cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 16.

  Transceiver Dust Accumulation Check

19.  Record the pre-cleaning effluent opacity on blank 17.

20.  Open the transceiver head, clean the optics (primary lens and zero
     mirror) , and close the transceiver head.

21.  Record the post-cleaning instantaneous effluent opacity on blank 18.

  Alignment Check

22.  Determine the monitor alignment by looking through the bull's eye on the
     side of the transceiver (Figure 7~3) •

23.  Observe whether the images are centered on either side of the cross
     hairs and record this information (YES or NO)  on blank 19.
                                    7-6

-------
7-7

-------
       Note: There are two types of retroreflectors used for the monitor, and
       the resulting alignment images are different, as indicated in Figure
       7-4.  Instrument optical alignment has no affect on the internal checks
       of the instrument or the calibration error determination; however, if
       the instrument is misaligned, the opacity data will be biased high,
       since all the light transmitted to the retroreflector is not returned to
       the detector.

    Span Filter Check

24.    Record the span filter milliamp value on blank 20 and the span filter
       opacity value on blank 21, both supplied by the monitor manufacturer.

       Note: The span values are recorded on the Instrument Data Sheet supplied
       with the monitor.  If the manufacturer did not supply the source with
       the opacity value of the internal span, the following equation should be
       used to compute the span opacity value.

       (Blank 21) = 6.25 [(Blank 20) - 4.0]


CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

    The calibration error check is performed using three neutral density audit
filters and an audit device (or jig) with an adjustable retroreflector iris to
simulate clear stack conditions.  The audit device and neutral density filters
actually determine the linearity of the instrument response with respect to the
current clear-stack zero value.  This calibration error check does not
determine the actual instrument clear-stack zero, or the status of any
cross-stack parameters.

    A true calibration check is performed by removing the on~stack components
and setting them up in a location with minimal ambient opacity, making sure
that the proper pathlength and alignments are attained, and then placing the
calibration filters in the measurement beam path.

25.    Install the audit jig.

26.    Adjust the audit jig iris to produce a 4 mA output current on the
       junction box meter (see Figure 7~4) to simulate the amount of light
       returned to the transceiver during clear stack conditions.

           Note: This allows the auditor to get the jig zero value near the
           zero value on the data recorder.  The final jig zero adjustments
           should be based on readings from the data recorder.  The jig zero
           does not have to be exactly 0.0$ opacity since the audit filter
           correction equations can account for an offset in the jig zero.
           Thus, a jig zero value in the range of 0-2% Op is usually
           acceptable.

27.    Record the audit filter serial numbers and opacity values on blanks 22,
       23, and 24.

28.    Remove the filters from their protective covers, inspect, and if
       necessary, clean them.
                                      7-8

-------
TRANSCEIVER
CABLE CONNECTOR
                                     window check
                                          I
                                                   ealibr
                        (&7«F(aT«yS$s4*3E
POWER
FUSE
                                                       JUNCTION
                                                       TERMINAL
                                                                          OUTPUT
                                                                       METER
                                                                   CALIBRATION
                                                                   INDICATOR
                                                                       CHECK/OUTPUT
                                                                       METER  SWITCH
                                                       ni
                Figure 7-4.  Enviroplan  (Thermo Electron) Model D-R280 AV


                                         7-9

-------
29.    Record the jig zero value from the data recorder on blank 21a.

       Note: The acquisition of monitor response from the data recorder
       requires communication between the auditor at the transmissometer
       location and another person at the data recorder location.

30.    Insert the low range neutral density filter into the audit jig.

31.    Wait for approximately two minutes or until a clear value has been
       recorded and displayed on the data recorder.

       Note: The audit data should be taken from a data recording/reporting
       device that presents instantaneous opacity  (or opacity data with the
       shortest available integration period).

32.    Record the monitor's response to the low range neutral density filter.

33'    Remove the low range filter from the audit jig and insert the mid range
       neutral density filter.

3^.    Wait for approximately two minutes and record the monitor's responses.

35-    Remove the mid range filter from the audit jig and insert the high range
       filter.

36.    Wait for approximately two minutes and record the monitor's response.

37«    Remove the high range filter, wait for approximately two minutes, and
       record the jig zero value.

       Note: If the final jig zero value differs from the initial value by more
       than 1% opacity, the jig zero should be adjusted to agree with the
       initial value and the three-filter run (i.e., low, mid, and high) should
       be repeated.

38.    Repeat steps 30-37 above until a total of five opacity readings are
       obtained for each neutral density filter.

39•    If six-minute integrated opacity data are recorded, repeat steps 30-37
       above once more, but change the waiting periods to 13 minutes.

40.    Record the six-minute integrated data.

       Note:  In order to acquire six-minute averaged opacity data, each filter
       must remain in the jig for at least two consecutive six-minute periods.
       the first period is invalid because it was in progress when the filter
       was inserted.  Only at he conclusion of two successive six-minute
       integration periods can the monitor's response be recorded.

fyl.    Once the calibration error check is finished, remove the audit jig, and
       close the transceiver head and the weather cover.
                                      7-10

-------
 42.
Final Control Unit Adjustment Reset

   Return to the control unit location and reset the opacity range switch
   to its original position (Blank 10) , if necessary.
 43.

 44.
 .  Obtain a copy of the audit data from the data recorder.

   Transcribe the calibration error response data from the data recorder to
   data form blanks 25 to 50. and complete the audit data calculations.
 7-1.3  ENVIRQPLAN  (THERMO ELECTRON) D-R280 AV INTERPRETATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

     This section pertains to the interpretation of the performance audit
 analyses peculiar to the D-R280AV.  The interpretation of the more general
 analyses is fully discussed in the introduction of this manual.

     Stack Exit Correlation Error Check

     The pathlength correction error on blanks 51 should be within +2%   This
 error expontentially affects the opacity readings, resulting in over- or
 under-estimation of the stack exit opacity.  The most common error in computing
 the optical pathlength correction factor is the use of the flange-to-flangT
 distance rather than the stack/duct inside diameter at the monitor location.
 This error will result in an under-estimation of the stack exit opacity and can
 be identified by comparing the monitor optical pathlength to the ?langLS-
 flange distance,  which should be the greater by approximately 2-4 feet.

     Control Panel Meter Error (Optional)

     The accuracy  of the control panel meter is important at sources  using the
 meter during monitor adjustment and calibration.   In such cases,  the control
 panel meter opacity readings  are compared  to the  specified values  for the

 a?SrihZer° ^ T1  f±lter-   Err°rS ±n  thS C°ntro1 P**161  meter  should not
 ™S?  ^  °PaClty,,data ^ported by the monitoring system unless the control
 panel meter is used to  adjust  the zero and span functions.   At  sources using

 les/SS; pf &\     ' .KhS Panel mSter  Sh°Uld be adj'USted so  that ^e error fs
 less  than 2/..   Since  the control  panel meter error is determined by  using; the
 span  filter,  any  change in the  specified values for the  span filte?  wiS cause
 an erroneous  assessment of the  control panel  meter errors.   The span  filter
 value may change  due  to aging,  replacement,  etc.   Each time  the monitor  is
 thoroughly  calibrated,  the internal span filter should be  renamed, and new

 anTu^f    ?f  r    6 °Pt^al denSlty ^  °UtpUt current  should be ^corded
 and used in all subsequent adjustments.

    Internal Zero and Span Check

    The D-R280 AV internal zero should be set to indicate 0% opacity
 (equivalent to 3-7 - 4.3mA).  A zero error greater than H% opacity is usually
due to excessive dust accumulation on  the optical surfaces, electronic drift
or data recorder electronic or mechanical offset.   Excessive dust on the
optical surfaces sufficient to cause a significant zero error also would be
indicated by the difference in the internal and external zero values
Instrument span error may be caused by the same problems that cause zero errors
                                      7-11

-------
and may be identified in a similar fashion.
by an inaccurate span filter value.
Also, a span error may be caused
    If the zero and span errors are due to a data recorder offset, both errors
will be in the same direction and will have the same magnitude.  The opacity
data will be offset in the same manner.

    The external zero displayed on the control unit panel meter is an
indication of the dust deposition upon the zero retroreflector and transceiver
measurement window, and thus, the external zero response (blank 12a),  converted
to percent opacity, should equal the amount of dust found on the transceiver
optics (blank 57)•  To convert the panel meter mA response to percent opacity,
use the following equation:

       Meter response in % opacity =6.25 [(Blank 12a) - (Blank 11)]

    If the monitor's internal zero response (blank 11) is within the
recommended range  (3-7 mA to 4.3 ma mA), the accuracy to the monitor's external
zero function can be checked through the use of the dust accumulation analysis
results.

    Transmissometer Dust Accumulation Check

    The total opacity equivalent to the dust on the transmissometer optical
surfaces  (blank 58) should not exceed 4$.  A dust accumulation value of more
than k% opacity indicates that the airflow of the purge system and/or the
cleaning  frequency of the optical surfaces are inadequate.  When determining
the optical surface dust accumulation, the auditor should note whether the
effluent  opacity is fairly stable (within +2% opacity) before and after the
cleaning  of the optical surfaces.  If the effluent opacity is fluctuating more
than +2%t the dust accumulation analysis should be omitted.

    Calibration Error Check

    The comparison of monitor responses to the opacity values of the neutral
density filters requires that the filter values be corrected to stack exit
conditions and that any zero offset be factored into  the corrected filter
value.

    Excessive calibration error results (blanks 68, 69, and 70) are indicative
of a non-linear calibration and/or a miscalibration of the monitor.  However,
the absolute calibration accuracy of the monitor can be determined only when
the clear path zero value is known.  If the zero and span are not within the
proper range, the  calibration check data will often be biased in the same
direction as the zero and span errors.  Even if the zero and span errors are
within the proper  ranges, the monitor may still be inaccurate due to possible
error in  the clear path zero.  The optimum calibration procedure involves using
neutral density filters during clear-stack or off-stack calibration.  This
procedure would establish both the absolute calibration accuracy and
linearity.  If this procedure is not practical, and if it is reasonable to
assume that the clear path zero is indeed zero, the monitor's calibration
linearity can be set using either neutral density filters or the internal zero
and span  values.
                                      7-12

-------
                                   SECTION 8

          PERFORMANCE AUDIT PROCEDURES FOR OPACITY GEMS WITH  COMBINERS

    The audit procedures described in the previous sections of  this manual
presume that the opacity CEMS includes only a single transmissometer which is
installed to view  the total emissions from a source.  However,  at many sources,
the CEMS includes  multiple transmissometers which are installed to view
separate effluent  streams that are subsequently combined and  released to the
atmosphere through a common stack.  This situation is encountered frequently in
the electric utility industry where the boiler effluent is divided evenly,
routed through twin preheaters, twin ESPs, twin I.D. fans, and  subsequently
recombined in a single exhaust stack.  At many such sources,  transmissometers
are installed in each duct to facilitate use of the monitoring  data for control
equipment evaluation and to provide convenient access to transmissometers for
maintenance and quality assurance activities.

    Opacity CEMS's with multiple transmissometers include analog or digital
devices that automatically determine the equivalent stack-exit  opacity for the
entire effluent stream based on the individual duct opacity-measurements
provided by the transmissometers.  These devices are typically  referred to as
"combiners."  The  combiner device may a separate device or may  incorporate some
or all of the functions normally associated with the monitor  control unit.

    Performance audits of opacity CEMS's with combiners necessitate the use of
modified audit procedures.  However, these procedures rely heavily on the
monitor-specific procedures detailed in Sections 3 through 7  of this manual.
This Section describes a generic approach for conducting audits of opacity
CEMS's with combiners.  The approach requires that the auditor  evaluate (1) the
ability of each transmissometer to provide accurate and precise effluent
opacity measurements at their respective monitoring locations,  and (2) the
accuracy of the stack-exit opacity values recorded by the CEMS.  To accomplish
this, the auditor  must first conduct evaluations of each of the individual
transmissometers using standard audit procedures with minor procedural
modifications to accomodate equipment differences between combiner and single
transmissometer monitoring systems.  After the audits of the  individual
transmissometers are completed, the accuracy of the combiner  system is
determined using either a one-point or a multi-point audit technique, depending
on the type of monitoring system.

8.1  CALCULATION OF STACK-EXIT OPACITY FOR COMBINER SYSTEMS

    Both the single-point and multi-point audit techniques require the
calculation of "correct" or "expected" stack-exit opacity values as a function
of the opacity at  each monitoring location.   The appropriate equations for
calculating the stack-exit opacity values depend on source-specific conditions.
Therefore, several equations ranging from the most general approach to commonly
applicable simplifications are presented below.   The auditor must select the
form of equation which is appropriate for the particular situation.   It is
recognized that the various methods for calculating the stack-exit opacity
involve sope assumptions which are not necessarily accurate under all
                                      8-1

-------
conditions.  However, the calculation method that is selected, should be
consistent with the design and implementation of the opacity monitoring program
at the facility which is being audited.

    The general relationship between multiple duct mounted transmissometer
measurements and stack-exit opacity values is most conveniently expressed in
units of optical density.  (Conversions between opacity and optical density
values will be discussed later.)  The relationship is based on conservation of
mass and an assumed linear relationship between the optical density and the
mass concentration of the aerosol.  The relationship for double-pass
transmissometers is described by Equation  (8-1):
                      N
    WE
            LE
    where:
V.A.K.    L
 111  2L±
(8-1)
    V ~  average velocity at measured  location or stack-exit
    A s  cross-sectional  area  at measurement location or stack-exit
    K =  idealized constant relating optical density to mass concentration
   OD =  optical density  (single pass)

    subscripts:
    L =  measurement pathlength (e.g.,  internal  duct dimension or stack exit
         internal  diameter)
    E =  stack-exit location
    i =  transmissometer  locations;  1.2...N

 In practice,  the  value of the idealized constant  "K" cannot be determined, a
 function of particle size distribution and other  aerosol  characteristics.
 Therefore,  it is  generally assumed that for any instant in time, the aerosol
 characteristics are constant  between  the monitoring locations and the stack,
 and are  the same  for all monitoring locations  (i.e., Kg = K^  = PL, =  K^).  Thus,
 this factor is eliminated from the general equation.
     Additional simplifications of the general equation are usually apparent
 where the duct monitoring locations are geometrically similar.   This is most
 often the case where twin ducts/monitoring locations are simply mirror images
 of each other.  For the case of two monitoring locations with identical duct
 cross sections (i.e.,
 becomes:
     = L  and A..  = A0= A).  The general equation
                                                                          (8-2)
            2L   VEAE
     For most multiple-transmissometer/combiner applications,  incompressible
 flow may reasonably be assumed (i.e.,  constant temperature,  pressure,  and
 quality) between the various.measurement and stack-exit locations).   Assuming
                                       8-2

-------
incompressible  flow and that  there  is  no  significant  air inleakage,  bypass
flow, etc.,  then continuity requires:
VEAE = A
Thus:
                                                                          (8-3)
            L°D! + V2OD2)
                                                                          (8-4)
    In most cases, measurement of  the velocity or volumetric  flow  rate  at  the
transmissometer installation locations is not attempted.  If  the flow rates can
be assumed to be equal in both ducts {i.e., V. = V?), Equation  (8-4) can be
simplified to the most commonly used form:
      LE   (ODl * QD2)
                                                                        .  (8-5)
    A filter inserted in the light path at the monitoring location attenuates
the light beam twice in a double pass transmissometer; thus:
    °DN ' 2 °DFN
                                                                     (8-6)
    where:
         = single pass optical density of the filter inserted at the N
           monitoring location
Thus:
ODE=_E_ (ODpl+ODF2)
                                                                          (8-7)
For Lear Siegler monitors, the factor L /2L is referred to as the "OPLR,", and
for Dynatron monitors this same term is referred to as the "M factor."  For
TECO monitors  (formally Contraves-Goerz monitors), the term L /L is referred to
as the "STR."  These terms are useful for modifying the above equations to be
consistent with the manufacturer's technology.

    Equations  (8-2), (8-4), and (8-5) may be used to calculate the optical
density at the stack-exit based on the optical density seen by the multiple
transmissometers under the conditions described above.  Equation (8-?) may be
used to calculate the optical density at the stack-exit based on the single
pass optical density values of calibration attenuators inserted into the
transmissometer light beams under the specified conditions.  Many other
combinations and arrangements of the above equations are possible.  In any
case, the form of the equation which is selected should provide for calculation
of the equivalent optical density at the stack-exit as a function of the
                                      8-3

-------
optical density at each monitoring location.  The optical density values may be
easily converted to units of opacity as follows:
    Opacity., * 1 - 10~ODE
           Ei
                                                       (8-8)
Conversely, if the opacity values at the monitoring location are known, the
optical density values can be calculated as follows:
    ODr
(l-Opacity)
                                                                          (8-9)
The calculated stack-exit opacity values can be compared to the actual GEMS
responses as described in the single- and multi-point checks described in
Section 8.2.


8.2  GENERAL AUDIT PROCEDURES
8.2.1  Audit Procedures  for  Individual Duct Transmissometers

    Performance  audits of each  duct-mounted transmissometer must be conducted
using  the standard audit procedures  for single transmissometer opacity GEMS's.
These  audits are straightforward if  each transmissometer is provided with  a
separate control unit and data  recording device.  However, if the  control  unit
or data recording device is  time shared between several transmissometers,  or if
the control unit functions are  incorporated into  the combiner unit, some
modifications  to the standard audit  procedures may be necessary in order to
isolate the individual monitors and  obtain access to the appropriate signals
and responses.   The  auditor  may need to refer to  the operator's manual or  seek
assistance from  source personnel familiar with the opacity GEMS to obtain  the
necessary data.

    As an example of the above  considerations, the applicable procedural
modifications  for the Lear Siegler Model 622 Emission Monitor Combiner and two
RM 4l  duct-mounted transmissometers  are described here.  However,  the reader is
cautioned that these procedures are  not necessarily applicable to  other opacity
OEMS with combiners. The analog combiner also serves as the control unit  for
both transmissometers and contains several features not included on the typical
RM 4l  control  unit.   The two most important are:

    (a) the analyzer  switch - located on the front panel, this switch allows
       selection of  measurements from: analyzer #1, analyzer #2, or
       "stack-exit"  values,  and

    (b) the out-of-service switch - located inside the combiner control unit on
       the upper right  hand  side of  the card  rack,  this switch allows either
       the A  or  B side  monitors to be taken out of service.  The remaining
       monitor will  function normally.

    In order  for  the  measurements necessary  for  the audit  to  be obtained,  the
 above switches must  be  positioned  correctly.  The most  important considerations
 are as follow:
                                       8-4

-------
   *   Fault Lamps - With the analyzer switch in the "exit" position, any fault
       condition existing for either monitor should result in the illumination
       of the appropriate fault lamp.  The fault lamp will flash when the
       analyzer switch is positioned for the monitor causing the problem.

   •   Measurements of reference current, zero compensation, or input current
       are obtained by placing the measurement select switch in the proper
       position {same procedure as used for single RM4l applications).  The
       analyzer switch must be placed in the position corresponding to the
       individual monitor for which these measurements are desired.
       Measurements of test functions (e.g., reference current, zero
       compensation, or input current) are not meaningful if the analyzer
       switch is left in the "exit" position.

   •   In order for stack-exit opacity measurements to be obtained from the
       panel meter, the analyzer switch must be placed in the "exit" position.
       To obtain the combined stack-exit opacity, both the A- and B-side
       monitors must remain in service.   To obtain the stack-exit opacity for
       either the A- or B-side monitors independently, the alternate monitor
       must be removed from service.  When either monitor is removed from
       service, the information recorded on the strip chart represents the
       independent stack-exit opacity for the monitor remaining in service.

   For all opacity CEMS's with combiners, the zero and span errors (and the
opacity scale factor, if applicable) can usually be determined for either
transmissometer independently or for the combined measurement system.  Source
personnel will usually evaluate the day to day operation of the GEMS by
observing the combined system calibration, and will check the calibration of
each monitor individually when excessive drift and/or other problems are
indicated.   Although a check of the zero and span errors for each
transmissometer provides the best information for comparison with the
calibration error test results, the results of a combined system calibration
provide an adequate assessment of performance when the total zero or span drift
is small.  It is extremely unlikely that a major zero or span shift in one
monitor would be completely offset by an opposite and equal shift in the other
monitor.  Thus, it is very unlikely that a correct value for the combined
system calibration would disguise problems with either or both monitors.  It is
recommended that the auditor (1) perform the zero and span error determinations
for the combined system, and (2) perform additional zero and span error checks
for each transmissometer when the errors observed for the combined system
calibration exceed +_ 1% opacity.

8.2.2  Audit Procedures for Combiner Stack-Exit Opacity Values

   After evaluating the performance of each of the individual transmissometers,
the auditor must evaluate the accuracy of the combiner stack-exit opacity
values.  Two approaches are described below: the single-point check and the
multi-point check methods.  For computerized data acquisition systems, the
single-point check is sufficient to detect programming errors.   The single-
point check may also be used for "screening checks" of analog systems; if
problems are indicated, a multi-point check can be performed.   The multi-point
check should be used to evaluate the performance of analog combiner systems
over the full range of operating conditions.
                                      8-5

-------
(1)   Single-Point Check - The single-point check is the simplest method of
     checking the operations of the combiner device.   The procedure requires
     only that the auditor (1) determine the outputs of all of the
     duct-mounted transmissometers for any convenient time period (e.g.,
     simultaneous instantaneous measurements or six-minute averages);  (2)
     calculate the "expected" stack-exit opacity values using the
     appropriate equations in Section 8.1; and (3) compare the expected
     values to the opacity values indicated by the GEMS permanent data
     recorder.  The combiner responses and expected values should agree
     within _+ 3 percent opacity.  (If periods with varying opacity levels
     are available, the single-point check procedure may be repeated to
     provide a multi-point evaluation of the combiner operation.)

(2)  Multi-Point Check - For an opacity CEMS with two duct-mounted
     transmissometers, the multi-point check requires the use of two audit
     devices and two sets of audit filters.  Additional audit devices and
     filter sets are needed if the opacity CEMS includes more than two
     transmissometers; however, the multi-point check method becomes overly
     cumbersome in such situations.  In order to conduct the test in a
     practical manner, the assistance of several people is necessary.
     Typically, one person at each monitoring location and one person at the
     combiner location are needed.

     The multi-point check procedure involves:  (1) installation of audit
     devices on both transceivers,  (2) adjustment of the audit device irises
     to obtain the correct zero response for each monitor independently,  (3)
     placing various combinations of audit filters in the two monitors  to
     simulate varying opacity levels at the two monitoring locations,  (4)
     calculation of the  "expected" stack exit opacity for each combination
     of filters using the equations in Section 8.1 above, and  (5) comparing
     the calculated "expected" values to the actual combined stack exit
     opacity values provided by the opacity CEMS.  An example of the data
     and results of such an audit is shown in Table 8-1.  As shown in Table
     8-1,  a multi-point check of a combiner with  two transmissometers
     involves 16 sets of measurements since zero, low-, mid-, and high-range
     filters are used at each monitoring location.  Therefore, it is
     important that instantaneous or 1-minute averages of the combiner
     responses be obtained for the multi-point check.  Again, the combiner
     responses and the corresponding expected values should agree within +_ 3
     percent opacity.
                                    8-6

-------
                                   SECTION 9

                              ZERO ALIGNMENT CHECKS
    The zero alignment of an opacity CEMS is the relationship of the opacity
GEMS response to the clear path condition (i.e., zero opacity) relative to its
response to the simulated zero condition (or low range calibration check) used
for the daily zero/span checks of the CEMS calibration.  The zero alignment is
important because the accuracy of the CEMS calibration is based directly on
this relationship.  The zero alignment cannot normally be verified during a
performance audit.  Therefore, the calibration error check included in the
audit assumes that the response to the simulated zero condition is accurate.

    Generic procedures for conducting zero alignment checks are described in
this Section because of the importance of this factor.  However, because of
practical constraints and the amount of time required to perform the zero
alignment, this check is not included as a performance audit procedure.
Several approaches for conducting zero alignment checks are presented in the
following subsections.

9,1  OFF-STACK ZERO ALIGNMENT

    Performance Specification 1 of 40 CFR 60 requires that an off-stack zero
alignment be performed prior to installing the transmissometer at the
monitoring location.  The procedures for conducting this check are described
briefly in "7.1.1, Equipment Preparation."  In short, the procedures require
that the transmitter and receiver (single pass systems) or transceiver and
reflector (double pass systems) be set up in a laboratory or other opacity-free
environment at the same separation distance as when the same components are
installed at the monitoring location.  It is emphasized that the separation
distance is the flange-to-flange distance or the actual distance between
optical components, rather than the duct or stack internal diameter at the
monitoring location.  After establishing the proper separation distance, the
optical alignment is optimized, the pathlength correction factor is set, and
necessary zero and span adjustments are made to assure proper calibration of
the system.  Following the successful completion of these steps, the zero
alignment is performed by balancing the response of the CEMS so that the
simulated zero check coincides with the actual clear path check performed
across the temporary monitor pathlength.

    The off-stack zero alignment check can be repeated after the CEMS has been
installed and operating for some time; however, this approach is inherently
very cumbersome and time consuming.   Typically, the transceiver must be
electrically disconnected and both the transceiver and reflector components
must be transported to a clean environment.  In order to evaluate the entire
system, the control unit and data recording device must also be removed and
transported to the test location.  Substitute signal and power cables, as well
as test stands, must be fabricated or obtained to allow the various components
to be electrically reconnected and set-up at the test location.  Reasonable
precautions must be taken to ensure that ambient dust levels and other
potential interferents are minimized at the test location while the tests are
performed.

    After the off-stack zero alignment is completed, each of the opacity CEMS
components must be electrically disconnected,  transported to its normal
location, mechanically reinstalled,  and electrically reconnected.   The optical
                                      9-1

-------
alignment of the transceiver and reflector components must also be
reestablished or at least verified to complete the procedure.  All of the above
activities must be performed with extraordinary care in order to ensure that
the off-stack zero alignment procedure provides a reasonable assurance of
accuracy.  Nevertheless, there is always a chance that transporting the
transceiver to the monitoring location and/or reinstallation activities will
adversely impact the accuracy of the zero alignment procedure.  Many source
personnel believe that the likelihood of such problems are much greater than
the likelihood that the zero alignment has shifted, and are therefore extremely
hesitant to attempt off-stack zero alignment checks.


9.2  ON-STACK ZERO ALIGNMENT

    Performance Specification 1 recognizes the difficulties and problems
associated with the off-stack zero alignment approach; "7.2.1, Optical and Zero
Alignment" requires that the optical alignment and the zero alignment performed
prior to installation be verified and adjusted, if necessary, when the facility
is not operating and "clear stack" conditions exist.  If the facility is
operating at the time when the opacity GEMS is installed, Performance
Specification 1 requires that the zero alignment be verified the first time a
clear stack condition is obtained after the operational test period is
completed.

    The on-stack zero alignment approach avoids virtually all of the problems
associated with the off-stack procedure.  However, the on-stack procedure
requires that clear stack conditions be present in order to accomplish the zero
alignment procedure.  Two major problems are commonly encountered.  First, some
sources, such as major base-loaded electric utility steam generating units,
operate nearly continuously with very infrequent outages.  These units may
operate continuously except for emergency outages and a one or two week annual
maintenance outage per year.  For such units, the maintenance and repair
activities that must be performed for the boiler and control equipment during
the infrequent outages require substantial overtime work by the same personnel
who typically service and calibrate the monitoring equipment.  Therefore, it is
unlikely that the zero alignment of the opacity GEMS can be performed at such
sources.  The problem is further complicated where there are several generating
units served by a common exhaust stack with a single opacity monitor since it
is less likely that all units will be off-line simultaneously.

    The second problem associated with the on-stack zero alignment procedure
relates to the presence of residual opacity when the source is not operating.
At many sources, clear stack conditions do not occur at the monitoring location
when the facility is not in operation.  Residual opacity may exist because of
(1) boiler, air heater, ESP, or duct maintenance being conducted with the fans
running at a low rate to protect personnel,  (2) fan operation or natural draft
conditions resulting in aspirated material remaining in the ducts, stack, or
control equipment for long periods after the facility is off-line, or  (3) rain
or other precipitation entering the stack.  For many sources, residual effluent
opacities are greater than the opacity observed during operation since the
control equipment is not operated during unit outages.

    The presence of residual opacity during an on-stack zero alignment check
will result in the simulated zero device being set at the level of the residual
opacity rather than at the zero opacity level.  For most opacity GEMS's, this

                                      9-2

-------
 error will bias all subsequent opacity measurements low by the amount of the
 residual opacity.   Therefore,  it is fundamentally important to determine if
 residual opacity is present before performing an on-stack zero alignment
 check.  Performance Specification 1 recommends that the instantaneous output of
 the opacity GEMS be examined to determine whether fluctuations from zero
 opacity are occurring before a clear path condition is assumed to exist.
 Visible emission observations  should also be performed to detect residual
 opacity; however,  it should be kept in mind that effluent opacities of less
 than 5 percent are nearly impossible for the human observer to detect.   The on-
 stack zero alignment procedures should not be performed during periods of
 precipitation for stack-mounted transmissometers.

     Finally,  if an on-stack zero alignment is performed,  the optical alignment
 should be checked and all optical surfaces should be cleaned before adjusting
 the simulated zero level.   After the zero alignment procedure is completed  and
 the facility is again operating,  the optical alignment should be rechecked
 since thermal expansion  is likely to affect the  optical alignment.


 9.3  ALTERNATE ZERO ALIGNMENT  APPROACHES

     Alternate approaches  for conducting zero alignment checks  are available  for
 some opacity  CEMS.   The applicability of  these procedures depends on  certain
 monitor-  and  source-specific constraints.

     For  certain TECO monitors  (DIGI  1400,  formally manufactured by Environ-
 mental Data Corporation) that  combine  the  opacity CEMS with  the S00,  NO   and
 C02  monitoring channels and which also  include a "zero-pipe,"  the zero x>
 alxgnment procedure  is quite simple.  For  these systems, the zero-pipe can be
 closed so that the  flow of effluent  through  the slotted tube is obstructed and
 the  measurement path is filled with  filtered  air from  the purge air system.
Thus, each time the  zero pipe  is closed, the  zero alignment can be checked'and
 adjusted, if necessary, under  clear  path conditions.

     Another simple approach is often available for other opacity CEMS's which
 allow access for cleaning of the transceiver  and reflector windows through a
hinged support.system.  Monitors which utilize this design include LSI Models
RM-4 and RM-41, TECO Model 400  (formally manufactured by Contraves Goerz)  and
Enviroplan Model 280 AV (formally distributed by TECO).  For many applications
of these types  of opacity CEMS's, zero alignment checks can be performed at the
monitoring location without electrically disconnecting the transceiver.  The
following basic procedures are followed where this approach is applicable.

     (1)  The transceiver is opened as if to clean the optical window.

     (2)  The reflector is opened and removed from its hinges; the optical
         alignment adjustment bolts must not be disturbed.

     (3)  All external optical surfaces of the transceiver and reflector
         components are thoroughly cleaned.
                                      9-3

-------
     (4)  The reflector is mounted on the test stand at the appropriate
         separation distance from the transceiver, as shown in Figure 9-1 •
         (This is most easily accomplished by use of a zero alignment jig which
         maintains the correct separation distance and prevents interference
         from ambient dust or precipitation.  It is most often convenient to
         orient the  measurement path tangent to the outside of the stack or
         duct.)

     (5)  Correct optical alignment is established and verified through direct
         observation of the light beam on the reflector surface and by means of
         the transmissometer optical alignment sight.

     (6)  If necessary, appropriate adjustments are made to establish the
         accuracy of the transmissometer calibration in accordance with the
         manufacturer's ins truetions.

     (7)  The zero alignment is checked and adjusted, if necessary, in
         accordance with the procedures specified by the manufacturer.

     (8)  The reflector is reinstalled on its hinges and both the reflector and
         transceiver are closed and returned to normal operation.  The optical
         alignment must be rechecked and adjusted, if necessary.

    Because of the design features which allow for cleaning of the transceiver
and reflector optics without requiring alignment adjustments, the above
procedures can usually be accomplished rather quickly.  The procedure avoids
the problems associated with both the off-stack and on-stack zero alignment    i
procedures.  However, problems in maintaining the exact separation distance and
optical alignment during the zero alignment check can be encountered due to    ;
spatial constraints, physical limitations, and the presence of extreme         ;
vibration at the monitoring location.  In some cases, spatial limitations can
be overcome by removing the transceiver from its hinges to allow greater
freedom in orienting the light path in a convenient direction.  For example,
the alternate zero alignment approach can sometimes be used for opacity GEMS's
installed in the annular space between the stack liner and stack shell by
orienting the light path vertically, parallel to the access ladder, and
positioning the reflector at a different elevation.                            ;

    Great care must be used to avoid contamination of the optical surfaces and
damage to the transmissometer components if the alternate approach is used.  In
addition, adequate measures to establish the exact separation distance and
optical alignment must be used.  Because of the risk of damaige to the opacity
GEMS and personal safety considerations, it is recommended that the alternate
zero alignment technique be performed only by experienced and qualified
personnel.
                                      9-4

-------
                             TRANCEIVER MOUNTING
                                   ADAPTER
     INSTALLED
 OPTICAL PATHLEN6TH
                                               REFLECTOR
FIGURE 9.1  ZERO ALIGNMENT JIG.

             9-5
                                                  4111-DR14

-------

-------
                  APPENDIX A.




LEAR SIEGLER, INC. MODEL RM-41 AUDIT DATA FORMS
                     A-l

-------
A-2

-------
                                             AUDIT DATA SHEET
                  LSI RH-41 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 61!  CONTROL UNIT
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION:
PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:

AUDITOR: 	
ATTENDEES:
DATE:
CORPORATION:
PLANT/SITE:

REPRESENTING:

REPRESENTING:

REPRESENTING:

REPRESENTING:

REPRESENTING:
PRELIMINARY DATA
1     Slack exit inside diameter (FT) = Lx =
2     [Stack (or duct) inside diameter (or width) at transmissometer location (FT)]* 2 = L $
3     Calculated OPLR -  LY /Lt-
4     source-cited OPLR value

5     Source-cited zero automatic calibration values (R opacity)
6     Source-cited span automatic calibration value (S opacity)
      [60 TO DATA RECORDER LOCATION]

      [INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND MARK WITH 'OPACITY AUDIT/ AUDITORS NAME. DATE. SOURCE.
       PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION, AND THE TIME OF DAY.]

      [GO TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION]
     FAULT LAMP INSPECTION

7    FILTER [status of purge air blowers]
8    SHUTTER [status of protective shutters]

9    REF [AGC fault and/or excessive reference signal error]
10   WINDOW (excessive zero compensation]

11   OVER RANGE [exceeding optical density range setting]
                                      ON
OFF
     CONTROL OMIT ADJUSTMENT CHECKS [TO BE DONE ONLY BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL 1

     [OPEN CONTROL UNIT AND PULL POWER FUSE]
     [PULL CAL TIMER BOARD]
12   CAL timer board SI switch position
        [Turn CAL timer board SI switch to sixth (6th) position, if necessary, and
        reinstall board.]
        [Pull OPTICAL DENSITY board]

13   OPTICAL DENSITY board SI switch position
        [Turn OPTICAL DENSITY board SI switch to fifth (5th) position, if necessary,
        and reinstall board.]
        [Pull OPACITY board.]

1-4   OPACITY Board S1 switch position
        [Turn OPACITY board S1 to fifth (5th) position, if necessary.]
        (Optional OPLR check: Measure the resistance in OHMs of the "R* " potentiometer
        on the OPACITY board, and divide by 400 to get the internally set OPLR value.]
                      .(OHMs)/400-
             (Optional)
        (If R graiue is not measured, then enter the value from (BLANK 4) in
        (BLANK 14a).l
        [Reinstall the OPACITY board.]
        (Reinstall fuse and close control unit.]
15   Original position of "MEASUREMENT" switch

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                 LSI RM-41 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 611 CONTROL UNIT
                                               (Continued)
REFERENCE SIGNAL CHECK

1TURN "MEASUREMENT SWITCH TO -REFERENCE' POSITION AND TAP PANEL METER FACE]

IREAD REFERENCE SIGNAL CURRENT VALUE ON 0-30 mA SCALE]

16  Reference signal current value (mA)
     ITum "MEASUREMENT switch to MOOS Op" position.]


JSRO CHECK

1PRESS THE -OPERATE/CAL- SWITCH]

ITAP THE PANEL METER AND READ THE ZERO CALIBRATION VALUE FROM THE
 0-100J5 Op SCALE.]

17   Pawl Water zero calibration value (S Op)
1 8   Opacity data recorder zero calibration valua (S Op)

7ERO COMPENSATION CHECK (INITIAL)

[TURN THE "MEASUREMENT SWITCH TO THE 'COUP" POSITION.]

tTAP THE PANEL METER AND READ THE ZERO COMPENSATION VALUE ON THE
 -0.02 TO 40.05 O'J). SCALE.l

19   Panel meter zero compensation value (OJ>.)

      CHECK
 tPRESS THE 'ZERO/SPAN' SWITCH AND TURN THE 'MEASUREMENT' SWITCH TO THE
  •1008 Op" POSITION.]

 ITAP THE PANEL METER FACE AND READ THE SPAN CALIBRATION VALUE FROM
  THE 0-100X Op SCALE.l
 20   Panel meter span calibration valua (S Op)

 2 1   Opacity data recorder span calibration value (X Op)

      (OPTIONAL CHECK: Turn tha 'MEASUREMENT" switch to the "INPUT position and
       read the input current from the panel meter 0-30 mA scale.]

 2I«  Panel meter Input  current value (mA)                              (Optional)
        ITurn the -MEASUREMENT switch back to the '100S OPACITY' position.]

      IPRESS THE 'OPERATE/CAL- SWITCH.]

      IGO TO TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION.]
 RETRCKEFLECTPR DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK
 IGET EFFLUENT OPACITY READIN6.FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 22   Pre-cleanlng effluent opacity (S op)
         tOp«n r«tror«n»etor.Inspect and clean retroreflector optical surface, and
         close retrorefiector.l

 23   Posl-clsaning effluent opacity (X Op)
         [Go to transceiver location.]

-------
                                            AUDIT DATA SHEET
                  LSI RM-4I  TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 611  CONTROL UNIT
                                                (Continued)
 TRANSCEIVER BUST ACCUMULATION CHECK

 [GET EFFLUENT OPACITY READING FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER]

 24  Pre-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
      (Open transcatver.inspecl and clean primary Isns.fnspact end clean zero mirror,
       end close transceiver.)

 25  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
      {At control unit, press "OPERATE/CAT switch, turn -MEASUREMENT' switch to
       "COW position, tap meter face, and read zero compensation value from the
       -0.02 to +0.05 OH. scale.)

 26  Post-cleaning zero compensation value (OD.)
      lAt control unit, press "OPERATE/CAL" switch and turn "MEASUREMENT" switch
       to -lOOX Op' position.]
 A6C CHECK
 27   A6C lamp status

 OPTICAL AllSSfgMT CHECK

 [REMOVE COVER FROM TRANSCEIVER MODE SWITCH AND TURN SWITCH ONE POSITION
  COUNTER-CLOCKWISE TO 'ALIGN' POSITION.]

 [LOOK INTO VIEWING PORT WITH ICON OF HUMAN EYE ABOVE AND OBSERVE POSITION
  OF BEAM IMAGE WITH RESPECT TO BLACK CIRCLE.]

 28   image centered?
      {DRAW LOCATION Of BEAM IMAGE.]
      [TURN THE TRANSCEIVER MODE SWITCH CLOCKWISE UNTIL OPERATE APPEARS IN
       THE WINDOW. REPLACE THE MODE SWITCH PROTECTIVE COVER.]

 SPAM F8LTER DATA CHECK

 [READ SPAN FILTER OPTICAL DENSITY AND OUTPUT CURRENT FROM THE UNDERSIDE OF
 THE TRANSCEIVER.]

 29   Span niter optical density (OD.)

 30   Span filter output currant OnA)

 CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

 [OPEN THE TRANSCEIVER AND THE J-BOX.l

 [INSTALL THE AUDIT JIG ON THE TRANSCEIVER PROJECTION LENS AND ADJUST THE JIG
 ZERO UNTIL THE J-BOX METER READS BETWEEN 19 AND 20 mA, AND A VALUE BETWEEN
 OS AND 2X OPACITY IS READ ON THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 [RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA.]
ON

OFF

YES

NO

     FILTER

SJ   LOW

32   MID

33   HIGH
SERIAL NO.
                                         X OPACITY

-------
                                          AUDIT DATA SHEET
                 LSI  RM-41 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 611  CONTROL UNIT
                                              (Continued)
 (REMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS, INSPECT. AND CLEAN.]

 IIHSERT EACH FILTER IN THE JIG, WAIT APPROXIMATELY 2 MINUTES PER FILTER FOR
  A CLEAR RESPONSE. AND RECORD OPACTIY VALUE REPORTED FROM OPACITY DATA
  RECORDER.!

 IREPEAT ABOVE PROCESS FIVE TIMES.]

 (IF JIS ZERO VALUES CHANGE BY MORE THAN 1 .OX OPACITY BETWEEN THREE (3)
  FILTER RUNS. READJUST JIG ZERO TO ORIGINAL VALUE AND REPEAT RUN.]
     ZERO                  LOW                   MID
                                           HIGH
                                          2B.Q
I IF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA ARE AVAILABLE, THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES EACH FOR
  AN ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE ZERO. LOW. MID. HIGH. AND ZERO READINGS IN ORDER TO
  CHECK SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED CALIBRATION ERROR.]
     ZERO
LOW
MID
HIGH
(REMOVE AUDIT JIG AND CLOSE TRANSCEIVER.]

(RETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]	
ZERO COMPENSATION CHECK (FINAL)

(PRESS 'OPERATE/CAL" SWITCH. TURN 'MEASUREMENT' SWITCH TO 'COMP" POSITION.
AND READ ZERO COMPENSATION VALUE FROM THE -0.02 TO +0.05 OD. SCALE.]

34   Ffnal zero compensation value (OS).}
        (Press "OPERATE/CAP switch .1
CONTROL UNIT ADJUSTMENT RESET (TO BE DONE ONLY BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL)

[OPEN CONTROL UNIT AND PULL POWER FUSE.]

(IF NECESSARY. PULL THE FOLLOWING CIRCUIT BOARDS AND RESET THE SI SWITCHES TO
 THE POSITIONS INDICATED IN THE CORRESPONDING BLANKS.]
     BOARD
     CaJ Timer
     Optical Density
     Opacity
                                BLANK NO.

                                   12
                                   13
                                   14
IREINSTALL THE POWER FUSE AND CLOSE THE CONTROL UNIT.l

(TURN THE "MEASUREMENT- SWITCH TO THE POSITION RECORDED IN (BLANK 15).l

{GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER AND ENSURE
 THAT THE DATA CAN BE CLEARLY READ AND INTERPRETED.]

-------
                                          AUDIT DATA SHEET
                  LSI RM-41 TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 61 I CONTROL UNIT
                                              (Continued)
[READ AND TRANSCRIBE
ZERO
35
FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]
LOtf
36
40
44
48
MID.
37
41
45
49
52 53
[SIX-MINUTE AVERAGE DATA, IF APPLICABLE.)
56
CALCULATIOM OF
57
AUDIT RESULTS
58

HIGH
38
42
46
SO
54
59

ZERO
39
43
47
51
""55"
60

STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (X):
61    Source cited
                     (BLANK 4)      (BLANKS)
                             (BLANK 3)
                                              x 100
62    Measured
                   (BLANK Ha)       (BLANK 3)
                             (Blank 3)
                              x 100
                               (OPTIONAL).
 REFERENCE SIGNAL ERROR 
-------
                                      AUDIT DATA SHEET
               LSI  RM-4! TRANSMISSOMETER AND MODEL 611 CONTROL UNIT
                                         (Continued)
ZERO COMPENSATION (OJU:

68   Initial       	
69   Post-cleaning
70   Final
                  (BLANK 19)
                   (BLANK 26)
                   (BLANK 34)

OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (X  Op):

71   Rctroreflector:
                  (BLANK 22)
72   Transceiver:
73   Total:
                  (BLANK 24)
                          (BLANK 23)


                           (BLANK 25)
                   (BLANK 71)         (BLANK 72)

OPLR AND ZERO OFFSET CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTERS (5COP):
74  Low:
75  MJd:
1-
1-

2 x (BLA
j_ (BLANK 31) x
1 100 J
2 x (BL/
r ~i
1 (BLANK 32) y
±- 100 J
NK 14a)
1 (BLANK 55)
L 100 -L
WK 14a)
] (BLANK 55)
L 100 -i
—
                                                   x 100   -
                                                   K 100  =
76  High:
1-
                             2 x  (BLANK 14a)
1—
(BLANK 33)
  100
(BLANK 55)
  100     -LI
                                             x 100

-------
























C
pi
<
0^
C
<
a
§
a:
UJ
1
H"
i
u














z
N<)




•1



" ~ ',' 'l
S S
M g
IguJ < <
HO si -1
11 s s
xS
Sfc S ?I
= 3 n i?
S M
§
1

M =
^|


C
^


« ii n
UjUJ < <
1| s e
$2
Q U>
Col n ?
M g
< <
s s
§
C
t

ts -i
^


_l
^

II U II
3E 9E 03 ID
55 "^ -*^
T i*J
y fck
§3 g ?
1











" i
S S S
% £ z.
ill
? s s
I SI











H II
v^ ^ yy
11 3
© S ©


in o> 10
^ T W
< •< <
ess










H II
s s e
? ? §
•~ «.^ ^.^
1C
r.
r;
fs
C
II x
*** "^ m
w P: o'^.
ff CM
X 0 ~
S *
in
~* ~ d
n n ^
IK* 5— T
^ * w ^
*" C *^
_, ^- " u "
8 i "x ,
S II ui <
1 S *
* = = i x
| « 8 & _
g .. « ; | " r
1 •*•
(0 ^D
SOl ™
t^ Z
O
O
X
II ID
$ fM CN
_F °
in
n °'-v
ii 3C ~ ^ -J "^
IK I / -
E JS ~-
a i - r? -
UJ " J-
2 ^ 5C
2 < c U ^ ^
11 H H
tfl II J- 9 " u '^li
i ~-~ I -
S w S =
SI II UJ " "
(D
i 2 If I"







s
UJ
u
jo

8 1 i
g g
UJ
^™ o *
2 + — s
3 ~^= ¥
J5 IE "*
— i ^
• % « • < o «
: i 5 x i = -? ,?
DK 1&J " * ni *O O
T tj u o UJ w
2j
S i S §





c i
0 1
§r»
^
g i 1
i -= T 1
H 0 _ Z g
S "= 1 S S
< IBJ w 2
• UJ " " " " "

C 2 Jj S3 £> uS tS
s „. .„
B C CO S





•J
«J ~
1 1 "
g 2
I
i " 1 "
SlaT J I
Ii UJ 1' H u H n
S -J -J
— 2 UJ UJ LU S iS
t> CjC (j o 
-------
           LEAR SIEGLER MODEL RM-411 TRANSniSSOtlETER AND
                      MODEL 611 CONTROL UNIT
              OPACITY CEHS PERFOR11ANCE AUDIT REPORT
                          DATA SUMMARY
AimiTfiD
sniinrp
CFSIH TS PHFrrFn rtv
BATF
•IIMIT
DATF
PARAMETER
FAULT LAMPS
FILTER
SHUTTER
REFERENCE
WINDOW
OVER RANGE
A6C CIRCUIT STATUS
STACK EXIT CITED
CORRELATION ERROR MEASURED
REFERENCE SIGNAL ANALYSIS
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
INTERNAL SPAN ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
INPUT ERROR (OPTIONAL)
MONITOR ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL ZERO COMPENSATION
POST-CLEANING ZERO COMPENSATION
FINAL ZERO COMPENSATION
OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW

MID

HIGH

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
HIGH
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO.
SSSSSSSS:
7
6
9
10
11
27
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
67
28
68
69
70
•\\;\NS^:^N>
71
72
73
v\^ssss\
>S^\\>SSs
77
86 a
76
87 a
79
8Ba
x^sS^vS
80
81
82
^S$8>^
83
84
85
AUDIT
RESULT
>^sSSSSSj


















^ss^sss^



\j\SS^88^
S^SSS^






\-\>x\\S^



A\\\\\\\;



SPECIFICATION
SSSSSSSSIS^
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
± 28
+ 28
± 108
± 480p
±480p
±48 Op
±480p
1.00 ±0.02
CENTERED
± 0.016 OD
± 0.018 OD
±0.01800
^^V^^-x-
i280p
4 28 Op
I 48 Op
>S$SS^SS^^
>SS^^^\\:\:\
$^SSSSS^^
^NX^-N^^
^\^<^^N
^\\S\\^>^\-\
^\::^SS>x\
^^^^
:v\^^S\:^
:^\^^<\>$x\:
^-^^^>\;\
\:^^\'\^\>
•x>>N^s\x^\>^
i380p
iZK Op
i380p
' ERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED DATA, FROM A SINGLE FILTER INSERTION.

-------
                 APPENDIX B.




LEAR SIEGLER, INC. MODEL RM-4 AUDIT DATA FORMS
                    B-l

-------
B-2

-------
                                             AUDIT DATA SHEET
                                       LSI RM-4 TRANSMISSOflETER
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION: 	
PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:
AUDITOR: 	
-CORPORATION:
-PLANT/SITE:-
ATTENDEES:
DATE:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 PRELIMINARY DATA
 1   Stack exit inside diameter (FT) = L  =x
 2   [Stack (OP duct) inside diameter (or width) at transmissometer location (FT)]  x2 - L
 3   Calculated OPLR -i-x  /  Lt  -
 4   Source-cited OPLR value
 5   Source-cited zero automatic calibration values (% opacity)
 6   Source-cited span automatic calibration value (X opacity)
{GO TO CONVERTER CONTROL UNIT/DATA RECORDER LOCATION]
(INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND MARK WITH "OPACITY AUDIT."
 AUDITORS NAME, DATE. SOURCE, PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION.
 AND THE TIME OF DAY.]
             INSPECTION
 7   FAULT [low A6C current]
 8   OVER RANGE [exceeding optical density range setting]
                                                                                         ON
                                                    OFF
 CONTROL UNIT ADJUSTMENT CHECK
 9   Original position of "Measurement Switch"
 ZERO CHECK
 {TURN THE "MEASUREMENT" SWITCH TO THE "20* OPACITY" POSITION]
 [TURN THE "MODE" SWITCH TO THE "ZERO" POSITION]
 10 Panel Meter zero calibration value (0-20 mA scale)
 11  Opacity data recorder zero calibration value (JSOp)
 SPAN CHECK
 [TURN THE "MEASUREMENT" SWITCH TO THE "100JS OPACITY" POSITION]
 {TURN THE -MOM' SWITCH TO THE "CALIBRATE" POSITION!
 12  Panel Meter span calibration value 0?0p)
 13  Opacity data recorder span calibration value (ROp)
      [OPTIONAL CHECK: Turn the "MEASUREMENT" SWITCH to the
       "OPACITY INPUT" position and read the input current from the
       panel meter 0-20 mA scale.]
 14  Panel meter input current value (mA)                    (Optional)
     [TURN THE "MEASUREMENT" SWITCH BACK TO THE "100% OPACITY" POSITION.]
     [TURN THE "MODE" SWITCH TO THE "OPERATE" POSITION AND GO TO THE TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION.]

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                                      LSI RM-4 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                                (Continued)
 RETROREFLECTOR DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK

 IGCT EFFLUENT OPACITY LADINGS FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 15   Pra-clewiing effluent opacity (XOp)
        [Open retroreflector. Inspect and clean relrorenector optical surface.
         and close relroreflector.]

 16   Post-cleaning effluent opacity  (SOp)

        160 TO TRANSCEIVER LOCATION]
TRANSCEIVER DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK
17  Pre-clatning effluent opacity (X Op)
    tOpen transceiver, Inspect and clean primary lens, clean zero mirror,
     and close transceiver.]

IB  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)

    (OPEN THE TRANSCEIVER CONTROL PANEL]
 FAULT/TEST CHECK


IPRESS AND HOLD THE TAUT/TEST' BUTTON AND READ THE TRANSCEIVER METER
 CURRENT VALUE ON THE 0-20 mA SCALE]

 19 Fault/last current value (mA)
 OPTICAL
 [LOOK INTO VIEWING PORT ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE TRANSCEIVER AW) OBSERVE
  POSITION OF BEAM IMAGE WITH RESPECT TO TARGET CIRCLE]


 20   Image centered?


      [DRAW LOCATION OF BEAM IMAGE.]


  SPAN FILTER DATA CHECK

  [READ SPAN FILTER OPTICAL DENSITY FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE TRANSCEIVER
   CONTROL PANEL]

  21  Span filter optical density (OH)

  CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK

  [INSTALL THE AUDIT JIG ON THE TRANSCEIVER PROJECTION LENS AND ADJUST THE JIG ZERO
   UNTIL THE TRANSCEIVER METER READS APPROXIMATELY 2.0 mA AND A VALUE BETWEEN
   OS AND 2* OPACITY IS READ ON THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
 [RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA]

         FILTER

 22     LOW

 23     MID

 24     HIGH
SERIAL NO.
X OPACITY

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                                     LSI RM-4 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                               (Continued)
  IREMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS. INSPECT, AND CLEAN.]

  [INSERT EACH FILTER IN THE JIG, WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES,
  AND RECORD OPACITY VALUES REPORTED FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

  IIP JIG ZERO VALUES CHANGE BY MORE THAN I .OS OPACITY BETWEEN ANY
   FILTER RUN. READJUST THE JIG ZERO TO ORIGINAL VALUE AND REPEAT THE RUN.]
      ZERO
                            LOW
                                                 MID
  UF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE. THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES
  EACH FOR AN ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE ZERO. LOW. MID. HIGH. AND ZERO READINGS.]
                            LOW
                                                 MID
 IREMOVE AUDIT JIG AND CLOSE TRANSCEIVER.]

 (RETURN TO CONVERTER CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]
                                                                       HIGH
                                                                     .  HIGH
                                                                                           ZERO
  ZERO HiLLIAHP CHECK
(OPTIONAL)
  [TURN THE MODE SWITCH TO ZERO AND THE -MEASUREMENT' SWITCH TO -20* OPACITY-
   AMD RECORD THE ZERO MILLIAMP VALUE.]

 25  Fins! zero currant value, ma (OPTIONAL)

     [TURN THE "MODE" SWITCH TO 'OPERATE' AND THE 'MEASUREMENT' SWITCH TO THE
      POSITION RECORDED ON BLANK 9.]
  (GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER AND ENSURE
  THAT THE DATA CAN BE READ AND INTERPRETED.]
[READ AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]


  ZIBO                   LOW                  MID.


  ~26~~            "~27~"
                                              28
                        35

                       ~39~

                       "43
                                      HIGH


                                     ~~29~

                                     ~"33'

                                     ""37"

                                     "~4l"

                                     ~~45~
 ZERO

~~30~

~ 34"

~ 38"

"42"

"46~
                           [SIX-MINUTE AVERAGE DATA, IF APPLICABLE.]
    47
                        48
                                              49
                                                                    50
                                                                                        51

-------
                                        AUDIT DATA SHEET
                                  LSI RM-4 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                            (Continued)
  CALCUIATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

  STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (X):
  52   Source cited



 ZERO ERROR (X Op):

  53   Panel meter

  54   Opacity data recorder

  SPAN ERROR (X Op):


  55 Panel Meter




  56  Opacity data recorder


  57  Final zero mA (optional)
               (BLANK 4)      (BLANKS)
                       (BLANK 3)
                                        x 100-
               (BLANK10)  -  (BLANKS)
               (BLANK 11)  -  (BLANKS)   =
         (BLANK 12)
         (BLANK 13)
                     ,-K
r K Tl
[(BLANK 4) (BLANK 21) J
^ ™"^^
(BLANK 4) K (BLANK 21)
X 100
x100

m

                           (BLANK 25)      (BLANKS)

 OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (X Op):
 58   Retrorenector:


 59   Transceiver:


 60   Total:
           (BLANK 15)


           (BLANK 17)


           (BLANK 58)
(BLANK 16)


 (BLANK 18)


 (BLANK 59)
 OPLR AND ZERO OFFSET CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTERS:
61  Low:
62  Mid:
           1-
           1-
L    (BLANK 22)
L"     100    J
                               2 (BLANK 4)
       (BLANK 46)
         100

              E-j2(BLANK4)   i-    _	  ~j
     (BLANK 25)        x       ,_   (BLANK 46)
       100    J            L      10°     -L
                                x  100  =
                      x  100  -
63  High:
           1-
     (BLANK 24)
        100     _J
2 (BLANK 4)

    X
        (BLANK 46)
          100     J
                                x 100

-------
"«*
x
a li li i n
S 2 S S S
3z S £ S .03 CQ
wit „
53 . R 8 S ? ?
| 1 1 1 1
s e e s e
5 b
t *
CO « =
21 ^*
O
is r
i3 «i
u
O 1 II II „ „
& ~ ^ „.
£ g S S S S
£ M M ^ £ £
o gs § § < < <
p z* e s s © s
< ?i
CE «"•
S EE S R (g 9 f
° I I 1 I |
5" ..
(O *O
f^ ^
f"* ^*
CM CN
t gt
^ -r f^^ §
' ^ 1 |
i °* ! ^ B* . J
i """" n w i C +
* isf " * * x 1 - ~ §
|E * « = I | z *
*W X» ui _ _j 2j
1 B " - ' 1 	 • n „
1 ,yf luf 2 X i X t X X X ^ ^
M IS Fg«c5|B8B §§
= So So R! }«
•0 ^
rx. o
rv in
^ o'J!
° CM »
Nr x - |
IN m ex
-r ^ S s
r T ~ | |
c T u? *
Jv ° jf
a= |^= - % 7 * ±1 -, ||
= KX Bs: SS
.a tf e S IB w <
W ^_. ^ < *— 1 JQ
g J= ^gcccPrcj: rr
UJ IM S "*
S § g 2 - j
N
<




•
<



C8 U
iR ^
li
E .1
I
1



J
I













I
"X
S
i

(BLANK 27)







n i
j; 1 *^
I il
i
£ • | g
1 i|
-j i j
e ! e







i

(BLANKS 1)

(BLANK 39)









(BLANK 61!

(BLANK 43)


CM_
i2


it


3






s-t



*"" '
l=" .
<
n IN

| li
I
| ,
°m c
xo *
in -^
/-\ CJ CM^.
CM
0 ~ '
__^ *^
*^ II CN
i a
1 : '
K *••—•»
^ |fi" I a1 ^
tk
T S
1C S
)
1
>









_J _J
tfi





^-
_,
o
_t ^f
ii? 1
VH> »«J
< -1 -
§ S3 S
u











H
I
UJ
o
15











H
J ^




•-
i
e


I
^^
n
-J —
§
P
li]

-------
                    LEAR SIE6LER MODEL RM-4 TWANSMISSOMETER
                      OPACITY CEMS PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                                  DATA SUMMARY
AUDITOR.

SOURCE-
RESULTS CHECKED BY:.
BATE.

UNIT.

DATE-
PARAMETER
FAULT LAMPS
FAULT
OVER RANGE
STACK EXIT CORELATION ERROR
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
INTERNAL SPAN EROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
2ERO MILLIAMP ERROR (OPTIONAL)
POST-CLEANING ZERO
MONITOR ALIGNMENT
OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
HIGH
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO
<^\;N>
7
8
52
53
54
55
56
57
25
20
^^:
58
59
60
•^8^
^•^
64
73 a
65
74a
66
75 a
\W^
67
68 ,
69
^^
70
71
72
AUDIT
DF«5II[T
C^SSSSS^










s^^



;^^m
^S^-N






:^W^S



^^^>



SPECIFICATION
SSS^S^;^
OFF
OFF
± 2X
±4XOp
±48 Op
±4SOp
±4SOp
±2mA
±2mA
CENTERED
^^\-^
i2SOp
i2J50p
44%OD
:>^^;^
^>"S^^\^
^SSSS^^
^^^^
^SSS::^^
m>^^
^^^^
^^^^
^^^
vSSS^S^N^
^^ss^S:
s^s^ssss;
^^vS^^
i3ROp
i3J50p
i380p
             aERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED DATA FROM A SINaE FILTER INSERTION.

-------
            APPENDIX C.




DYNATRON MODEL 1100 AUDIT DATA FORMS
              C-l

-------
C-2

-------
                                             AUDIT DATA SHEET
                              DYNATRON MODEL 1 100 TRANSMISSOMETER
 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION: 	
 PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:
 AUDITOR: 	
 ATTENDEES:
 DATE:
-CORPORATION
-PLANT/SITE
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 PRELIMINARY DATA
 I
      Stack exit inside diameter (FT) = L
 2   [stack (or duct) inside diameter (or width) at transmissometer location (FT)]*2 - L
 3    Calculated "M" Factor = L x / L t
 4    Source-cited "M" Factor value
 5    Source-cited zero automatic calibration values (K opacity)
 6    Source-cited span automatic calibration value  (X opacity)
      IGO TO CONTROL UNIT DATA RECORDER LOCATION]
      [INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND MARK WITH -OPACITY AUDIT,' AUDITORS NAME. DATE. SOURCE.
       PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION, AND THE TIME OF DAY.]
 FAULT LAHP CHECKS

7     LAMP [insufficient measurement lamp output]
8     WINDOW [excessive dust on transceiver optics]
9     AIR FLOW [insufficient purge air flow]
                                      ON
OFF
 CONTROL UMIT CHECKS
 i 0  Automatic calibration time (cycle time) knob position
        [ Turn CYCLE TIME knob to "MANUAL" position.]
11   Meter display knob position
        [Turn METER DISPLAY knob to "OPACITY" postion. if necessary.]
ZERO CHECK
(PRESS ZERO/SPAN SWITCH)
12   Panel Meter zero calibration value (X Op)
13   Opacity data recorder zero calibration value CK Op)

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                             DYNATRON MODEL 1100 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                                (Continued)
 SPAM CHECK
 M  Panel meter span calibration value (JS Op)
 15  Opacity data recorder span calibration value (X Op)
     [GO TO TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION.]
 RETROREFLfCTOR DOST ACCUMULATION CHECK

 [GET EFFLUENT OPACITY READINGS FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 16  Pro-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
       (Remove, inspect, clean, and replace protective window.]

 17  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
       (Go to transceiver location.]
 TRANSCEIVER DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK
 18   Pre-cleaning effluent opacity (55 Op)
      [Remove, Inspect, clean, and replace protective window.]

 19   Post-cleaning effluent opacity (% Op)

 OPTICAL ALIGNMENT CHECK (OPTIONAL)

 [IF ALIGNMENT TUBE IS PRESENT ON TRANSCEIVER SIDE OF STACK OR DUCT, LOOK
  THROUGH TUBE AND OBSERVE WHETHER BEAM IMAGE IS CENTERED AROUND
  RETROREFLECTORPORT.l

  20 Image centered?


     IDRAW ORIENTIAT1ON OF RETROREFLECTOR PORT IN ALIGNMENT CIRCLE.]


 CALIBRATION ERROR CHECK [JI6 PROCEDURE!

 [REMOVE THE DIRTY WINDOW DETECTOR PHOTOCELL. IF THE TRANSCEIVER DOES NOT HAVE A
  DIRTY WINDOW PHOTOCELL OR A REMOVABLE ACCESS PANEL COVER AT THAT POSITION,
  THEN THE INCREMENTAL CALIBRATION ERROR PROCEDURE MUST BE USED.]

 [REMOVE THETRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW.]

 [INSTALL THE AUDIT JIG IN THE DIRTY WINDOW DETECTOR LOCATION AND ADJUST
 THE JIG ZERO UNTIL A VALUE BETWEEN 0* AND 28 OPACITY IS READ ON THE
 OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 [INSTALL THE TRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW AND RECORD THE PROTECTIVE
 WINDOW OPACITY.]

 21  Window opacity (Including jig zero offset)

[REMOVE THE TRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW.]

[RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA,]
YES

NO

      FIITER

22   LOW

23   MID

24   HIGH
SERIAL NO.
S.OPACLTY

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                             DYNATRON MODEL  1100 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                                (Continued)
  {REMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS. INSPECT. AND CLEAN J
  IINSERT EACH FILTER. WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES.AND RECORD OPACITY VALUES
  REPORTED FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
  IIP JI6 ZERO VALUES CHANGE BY MORE THAN 1 .OX OPACITY BETWEEN THREE (3)
   FILTER RUNS. READJUST JIG ZERO TO ORIGINAL VALUE AND REPEAT RUN ]
      ZERO
                            LOW
                                                  MID
                                                                       HI6H
                                                                                           ZERO
f IF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA AR£ ALSO AVAILABLE, THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES
 EACH FOR AN ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE ZERO, LOW, MID, HIGH, AND ZERO READINGS.)
      ZERO
                            LOW
 IREMOVE AUDIT JIG. REPLACE THE DIRTY WINDOW INDICATOR AND THE PROTECTIVE
 WINDOW. AND CLOSE THE TRANSCEIVER HOUSING.]

 IRETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]
 COHTHOt UNIT ADJUSTMENT RESET

 HF NECESSARY. RESET THE CONTROL UNIT CALIBRATION TIMER AND METER DISPLAY
 KNOBS TO THE POSITIONS INDICATED IN THE
 CORRESPONDING BLANKS.]
     KNOB

     Automatic Calibration Timer
     Meter Display
                                    BLANK NO.
                                       10
                                       II
IMARK THE DATA RECORD FOR THE END OF THE AUDIT. GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA
 FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER. AND ENSURE THAT THE DATA CAN BE CLEARLY
 READ AND INTERPRETED.]
                                                                       HIGH
                                                                                           ZERO
[READ AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]

     2BQ                  LOW                  MJfi.
        25
 26

"30

 34"

 Sff

"42"
                                                  27

                                                  31"
                                               HI6H


                                                2ff

                                              ~32 ~
       46
fSIX-MJNUTE AVERAGE DATA. IF APPLICABLE.]


~~~47~                   48-
                                                                      49
 ZERO


"29"

-33"'

"37"



'45~



~50~

-------
                                      AUDIT DATA SHEET
                          DYNATRON MODEL 1100 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                          (Continued)
CAJCMJATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (X):
51




ZERO ERROR (X Op):

52   Panel mrter


53   Opacity data recorder
    (BLANK 4)      (BLANK 3)
            (BLANK 3)
(BLANK 12)
(BLANKS)
                            (BLANK 13)       (BLANK 5)
                              x 100
SPAN ERROR (X Op):

54  Penal
     Malar
(BLANK 14)
 (BLANK 6)
55  Opacity
     Data
     Recorder
(BLANK 15)
(BLANK 6)
 OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (X  Op):

 SB   Retroreflector:
                   (BLANK 16)
 57   Transceiver:
 58   Total:
                   (BLANK 18)
                   (BLANK 56)
          (BLANK 17)


          (BLANK 19)


          (BLANKS?)
 tl" FACTOR AMD ZERO OFFSET CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTERS:
  59 Low:

1 «"

	 -"I
_ (BIANK22)
^ 100 J
(BLANK 4)
x

                1.  (BLANK 45)

              L      '°0    4
                    x  100  =
  60 Mid:
  61 High:

t_
—

1_

[— I
_ (CLANK 23)
_ 100 J
2
r- — |
, . (BLANK 24)
_L 100 J
(BLANK4) r- 	 ~~j
K 1_ (BLANK •«)
[_ 100 _
J(
fFU Afli; A\ T~~ 	
x L - (BLANK 45)
L 100 _


—


_l
                                                              X 100
                                   x 100

-------
        
-------
                       DYNATRON MODEL 1100 TRANSM1SSOMETER
                      OPACITY CEI1S PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                                   DATA SUMMARY
                                  (JIG  PROCEDURE)
AUDITOR.

SOURCE _
RESULTS CHECKED BY
DATE.

UNIT .

DATE.
PARAMETER
FAULT LAMPS
LAMP
WINDOW
AIR PURGE
STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
INTERNAL SPAN ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
MONITOR ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS

OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW
MID
HI6H
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
Htm
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO.
(SS5SSS
7
6
9
51
52
53
54
55
20

^^
56
57
58
S^S
^^
62
71 a
63
72 a
64
73 a
m>^
65
66
67
sW^
68
69
70
AUDIT
RESULT
^S^










^^^



^^5^
i^sss






m^ss



^ms



SPECIFICATION
^m^
OFF
OFF
OFF
±2%
± 480p
±4JSOp
+ 4r. OP
+ 4550p
CENTERED

;<^^^
i2J50p
i 255 Op
i480p
Si^^^^S:
^•m^
^^NN^^S
^^^^
^^^^
^^^S^
^m^
^C^S^N^
^^^^S
^^
-------
                                         AUDIT DATA SHEET
                           DYNATRON MODEL  1100 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                             (Continued)
                                      INCREMENTAL CAL ERROR
 CAUBKATION EBBOP CHECIT HMCPEMEMTAL PROCEMIPn

 ITHE INCREMREMENTAL CALIBRATION ERROR PROCEDURE SHOULD BE USED ONLY WHEN THE
 JIG PROCEDURE CANNOT BE USED. SUCH AS DURING AUDITS OF OLDER MODEL 1100 MONITORS
 WHICH DO NOT HAVE DIRTY WINDOW INDICATORS.]

 [IF THE EFFLUENT OPACITY IS FLUCTUATING BY 2* OPACITY OR MORE, THE INCREMENTAL
  PROCEDURE CANNOT BE USED.]

 [THE RATED OPACITY VALUES OF THE AUDIT FILTERS MUST INCLUDE AN ASSUMED NOMINAL
 OPACITY VALUE FOR THE TRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW.]
 tRECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA.]

           FILTER
                                        SERJAUfiL
                                                                                 It OPACITY
 1-21      LOW


 1-22      MID


 1-23      HIGH
 [REMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS. INSPECT. AND CLEAN.]
 [RECORD THE EFFLUENT OPACITY VALUE FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER ]
 [REMOVE THE TRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW. INSERT A FILTER.WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES AND RECORD
 THE OPACITY VALUE REPORTED FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
 [REMOVE THE FILTER. REPLACE THE TRANSCEIVER PROTECTIVE WINDOW AND RECORD THE EFFLUENT OPACITY.)
 [REPEAT THIS PROCESS FOR FIVE RUNS OF THREE FILTERS EACH.]
     EFFLUENT
                    LOW
EFFLUENT
                                                       EFFLUENT
                                                                    HIGH
 [IF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE. THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES EACH FOR AN
 ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE EFRUENT LOW. MID. AND HIGH READINGS.]
     EFFLUENT
                   LOW
EFFLUENT
                                            MID
                         EFFLUENT
                                                                    HIGH
                                                 EFFLUENT
[CLOSE THE TRANSCEIVER HOUSING.]
[RETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]

-------
                                       AUDIT DATA SHEET
                          DVNATRON MODEL  1100 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                           (Continued)
                                    INCREMENTAL CAL ERROR
 CONTROL UNIT ADJUSTMENT RESET

 IF NECESSARY, RESET THE CONTROL UNIT CALBRATION TIMER AND METER DISPLAY
 KNOBS TO THE POSITIONS WDICATED IN THE CORRESPONDING BLANKS.]
     ms.
     Automatic Cilibr*tion Timer
     M«tw Display
                                    BLANK NO.
                                       10
                                       11
 [MARK THE DATA RECORD FOR THE END OF THE AUDIT, GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA
  FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER, AND ENSURE THAT THE DATA CAN BE CLEARLY
  READ AND INTERPRETED.]
 (READ AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]
      EFFLUENT
LOW
EFFLUENT      MID
                                                    EFFLUENT
       1-24
1-25
  1-26
1-27
1-28
                                                                 1-29
       1-30
1-31
                               1-32
                        1-33
                          1-34
                                                                 1-35
       1-36
1-37
  1-38
1-39
1-40
                                                                 1-41
       1-42
1-43
                               1-44
                                           1-45
                                    1-46
                                                                 1-47
       1-48
       1-54
1-49        1-50         1-51         1-52       1-53

     SIX-MINUTE AVERAGE DATA (IF APPLICABLE)
       1-55
1-56
  1-57
1-58
1-59
1-60
       1-61
  " FACTOR CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTER (TRAHSMITTAKCE):

                                       2x  	
t-62
t-63
1-64
               Low:
               Mk):
               High:
        E-
 (BLANK 1-21)
    100    _J
         2x
          . (BLANK H22)
              100    _J
                    2x
                                            (BLANK 4)
                                            (BLANK 4)
                                            (BLANK 4)
          . (BLANK 1-23)
              100

-------
                            I!
                   ! ts

                   ! i
: cj
                                                     vfl
                                                     f-
                                                     J.
                                                             •6
                                             N
                                             »
                                                     CO
                                            ! 2
                                                             (M
                                                             rt
•c
u.
e
a
ac
u

£
a

f
                                    12
                                             e
                                                    ! w

                                                    11
                 o
                            i2
                                                    i2
                                                           S
                                                           is
                             M
                                          i!
                                                                           i £

-------
                       e
                                                 g
                                                                       x   
-------
                      DYMATRON  MODEL 1100  TRANSniSSOMETER
                     OPACITY OEMS PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                                  DATA SUMMARY
                       (INCREMENTAL CAL ERROR  PROCEDURE)
AUDITOR.
DATE.
                                             UNIT.
RESULTS CHECKED BY.
                                             HATT
PARAMETER
FAULT LAMPS
LAMP
WINDOW
AIR PURGE
STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR PANEL METER
)ATA RECORDER
INTERNAL SPAN ERROR PANEL METER
)ATA RECORDER
MONITOR ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS

OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
UICLJ
niwi
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO.
C^s^sS
7
6
9
51
52
53
54
55
20

^v'v^x
56
57
58
SSSS^s:
^SSSS^S^
1-63
1-92 *
1-64
1-93 a
1-65
1-94 8
N^S$$$
1-66
1-87
1-66
^SSSS^S
1-89
1-90
1-91
AUDIT
RESULT
^s^>s^










^SSSSS^xN



<^\SSSS^
SSS^SSSSJ






^$SS^^



^S$^SSS^



SPECIFICATION
^SSSSSSSS>v
OFF
OFF
OFF
±29!
±4XOp
± 4% Op
+ 4X Op
+ 45SOp
CENTERED

^S^SSS^S^
i2XOp
£2JSOp
£4SOp
^SS^^SS^
S^sN^s^^
^S^SSS^SSS
;\\^>^^
S^^^
^^^v^S^S
J^§N§§^
^^^^s
^S$$$S$S^SS$
^s^^^^
^S^^^s;
^^^\>^s
^§§§§S
i3SOp
53XOp
i3XOp
            ERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED DATA FROM A SINGLE FILTER INSERTION.

-------

-------
                        APPENDIX D.




THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) MODEL 400 AUDIT DATA FORMS
                           D-l

-------
D-2

-------
                                            AUDIT DATA SHEET
             THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                     AND MODEL 500 CONTROL  UNIT
 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION:	'.
 PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:
 AUDITOR:	
-CORPORATION:
-PLANT/SITE:
 ATTENDEES:
 DATE:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 PRELIH1NARY DATA
 1    Stack exit inside diameter (FT) «=LX
      Slack (or duct) inside diameter (or width) at transmissometer location (FT)
      Calculated STR - Lx / Lt
      Source-cited STR value
      Soiree-cited zero automatic calibration values (% opacity)
      Source-cited span automatic calibration value (X opacity)
      160 TO DATA RECORDER LOCATION]

      {INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND HARK WITH 'OPACITY AUDIT.' AUDITORS NAME. DATE SOURCE
       PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION. AND THE TIME OF DAY.]
      160 TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION]
FAULT LATIP IMSPFCTMH
  7  CAL FAULT {excessive zero and/or span error]
  8  DIRTY WINDOW [excessive dirt on transceiver optics]
  9  PURGE AIR [insufficient purge air flow]
 10  STACK POWER [no power to transmissometer]
 11  LAMP FAILURE (insufficient measurement lamp intensity]
 12  ALARM [effluent opacity exceeds source-selected limil]
                                                                                      ON
                                                 OFF
 2ERO CHECK
 IPRESS THE -ZERO/CAL- SWITCH]
 [READ THE ZERO CALIBRATION VALUE FROM
 THE PANEL METER AND THE DATA RECORDER]
13  Panel Meter zero calibration value (XOp)
M  Opacity data recorder zero calibration value (XOp)

 SPAM CHECK
IPRESS THE -SPAN/CAL- SWITCH]
[READ THE SPAN CALIBRATION VALUE FROM THE
 PANEL METER AND THE DATA RECORDER]
15  Panel Meter span calibration value (XOp)
16  Opacity data recorder span calibration value (XOp)
    160 TO TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION]

-------
                                          AUDIT DATA SHEET
            THERMO ELECTRON (COHTRAVES 6QERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                   AND MODEL 500 CONTROL UNIT
                                              (Continued)
PETROPEFLECTOP DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK

16ET EFFLUENT OPACITY READING FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

 17  Pre-cleaning effluent opacity (XOp)
        lOpen retroreflector. Inspect and clean retroreflector opUcal surface.
         and close ratroreftecbr.]

 IB  Post-cltanirag affluentopacity (XOp)

        [GO TO TRANSCEIVER LOCATION]
             MIST ACOnmiLATlOM CHECK
16£T EFFIUENT OPACITY READINGS]
ITURH OFF CHOPPER MOTOR SWITCH ON TRANSCEIVER CONTROL PANEL]

1 9  Pro-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
    [Open transceiver, clean primary lens, close transceiver.
     and turn chopper motor switch on.)

20  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (8 Op)
OPTICAL ALI6HMEKT CHECK

[LOOK INTO VIEWING PORT ON BACK OF TRANSCEIVER AND OBSERVE POSITION
 OF BEAM IMAGE WITH RESPECT TO CROSS HAIRS]

21   linage centered?
    [DRAW LOCATION OF BEAM IMAGE.]


CALIBRAT10H ERROR CHECK

I TURN OFF THE CHOPPER MOTOR SWITCH AND OPEN THE TRANSCEIVER]

[GET THE SOURCES CALIBRATION JIG AND INSTALL ON THE TRANSCEIVER]

[NOTE: MOST SOURCES HAVE A CALIBRATION DEVICE SUPPLIED BY THE MONITOR
 MANUFACTURER THAT IS ADJUSTED FOR THE MONITORS OPTICAL PATH-
 LENGTH. IF THIS DEVICE IS NOT AVAILABLE. THE AUDITOR MUST SUPPLY A
 SIMILAR DEVICE THAT CAN BE ADJUSTED TO COMPENSATE FOR THE MONITORS
 OPTICAL PATH LENGTH.]

[INSTALL THE AUDIT JIG ON THE TRANSCEIVER FACE IN FRONT OF THE PROJECTION LENS]

[RESTART THE CHOPPER MOTOR]

[RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA.]

                                            SfBIALJNa
                                                                                      OPACITY
  22   LOW

  23   MID

  24   HIGH

-------
                                        AUDIT DATA SHEET
           THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                  AND MODEL 500 CONTROL UNIT
                                            (Continued)

 [REMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS. INSPECT. AND CLEAN.)

 [INSERT EACH FILTER IN JI6.THEN WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES AND RECORD
 OPACITY VALUES REPORTED FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
      ZERO
                          LOW
    MID
                                                                   HIGH
                                                                                      ZERO
 [IF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE, THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES
 EACH FOR AN ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE ZERO, LOW, MID, HIGH, AND ZERO READINGS.]
                          LOW
   MID
                                                                  HIGH
                                          ZERO
[TURN CHOPPER OFF. REMOVE AUDIT JIG. RESTART CHOPPER. AND
 CLOSt TRANSCEIVER.]

[RETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]

[GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER AND ENSURE
THAT THE DATA CAN BE CLEARLY READ AND INTERPRETED.}
{READ AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]

                       LOW                  0JP_
                     HIGH
                  ZERO
    25
                       26

                      ~3~o~
 27
                       34

                      "38~

                      ~42~
 35

~39~

~43~
28

32
29

33
36
                                                                 44
37

4?

45
                           ISIX-MINUTE AVERAGE DATA. IF APPLICABLE.]
    46
                       47
                                           48
                                                                49
                                                                                   SO

-------
                                       AUDIT DATA SHEET
           THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES GOERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER
                                 AND MODEL 500 CONTROL UNIT
                                          (Continued)

  CALCULATION OF AUDIT RESULTS
  STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (X):
 51
 ZERO ERROR IX Op):
 52  Panel meter
 53  Opacity data recorder

 SPAN ERROR (X Op):

 54  Pane) Meier

 55  Opacity data recorder
                             (BLANK 4)
                                         (BLANKS)
                                    (BLANK 3)
                                                     x 100'
                            (BLANK 13)  -  (BLANKS)
                            (BLANK 14)  -  (BLANK 5)
                            (BLANK 15)  -   (BLANK 6)
                            (BLANK 16) -   (BLANKS)

OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (X Op):

56   Retroreflector:
 57  Transceiver:

 58  Total:
                         (BLANK 17)

                         (BLANK 19)

                         (BLANK 56)
         (BLANK 18)

         (BLANK 20)

         (BLANKS?)
PATH LENGTH AND ZERO OFFSET CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTERS:
59  Low:
60  Mid:
           1-
               , _ (BLANK 22)
                     100
] (BLANK 4)    r-     	   "I
    x        1 -  (BLANK 45)
           L      10°     -!_
           1-
                   	  -j(BLANK4)    p    	  -j
                _  (BLANK 25)       x        i .   (BLANK 45)
                     100    J            L     '«>     -L
x 100
                                                              x  100
61  High:
           1-
                   	  -i (BLANK 4)   r-
                _  (BLANK 24)       x        ,-
                     100    J           L
                 (BLANK 45)
                   100     J
X 100  "

-------
w *
T



2
 u i
8 ** n "a:
ec ,. ' ^"
g < w
as =: ax
m " II uj • n
* X X £
? * IK I =x =
E U.
— T 5
z ie u
S
c
X
ii ' m
CNI: g o^
W IN O4
es ^
X
O
C"~* ~~ C/^ ^"
*"^
iui = '
1= < ~
s: = IH.
S . _ ~ .S ^
S I, CNj;
1 " 3^ S
2 " £ 5 • ~
* II II ZJ ^ ^
1 = c = = r
S |^ « S B 0
o z
= S S
o
X
0 "
" ft ts^
"if . t ~
to
0^
^J '
n ^3
u ^"^

W II ^-1 ,
".-. ^ •
Jj ^^ x^
g fl II u< " "
1 f. IB* s B- o1
E « U
3
>



^


^*^
• -. . ' , tO
1 ^
S
g»

" J? V
u * — S
" i W
OC ^^ I *~s
° 1 M
1 § " n H n i
P X a
: x < = x x «-> ,T
C | S B 8 § §
13
S 5 . S (S
"





Bg
g
o °
•~ S =^
rf 
-------
          THERMO ELECTRON (CONTRAVES 80ERZ) MODEL 400 TRANSMISSOMETER
                           AND MODEL 500 CONTROL UNIT
                     OPACITY CEMS PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                                 DATA SUMMARY
AUDITOR.

SOURCE_
DATE.

UNIT.
RESULTS CHECKED BY
                                                  DATE
PARAMETER
FAULT LAMPS
CAL FAULT
DIRTY WINDOW
PURGE AIR
STACK POWER
LAMP FAILURE
ALARM
STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
INTERNAL SPAN ERROR PANEL METER
DATA RECORDER
MONITOR ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS

OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
HIGH
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO.
sS^SSS^
7
8
9
10
11
12
51
52
53
54
55
21

\^s\^;>\
55
57
58
\^\\;x\^s
^^\N>
62
71 a
63
72 a
64
73 a
C^\>^
65
66
67
^N^SV
68
69
70
AUDIT
RFSIII T
N^S^^\>S













\^\\>^:\\^



;^\^\^\
^^^sSS






^m^



SSSm



SPECIFICATION
^\;>;;^\\^;>
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
±2%
±4*0p
±4% Op
+ 4KOp
t 4SOp
CENTERED

s^^\\S\>^
i2ROo
i2!50p
< 4K Op
\^;^\\^N:N>^>
\^\;^\\sS:>^
^>^v^:\\:\\:
^^SsX^^vN
;\^\\^c^
^X^x^^XS
^$^J^?$$$$
N'^^^V^
<^\\^>^^
\^\^^x^
^^s^i^
^\SS^Sx\\\S
i^§^^
s3J50p
i3JSOp
i3ROp
          ERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED DATA FROM A SINGLE FILTER INSERTION.

-------
                   APPENDIX E.




THERMO ELECTRON (EDC) MODEL 1000A AUDIT DATA FORMS
                      E-l

-------
E-2

-------
                                           AUDIT DATA SHEET
                    THERMO ELECTRON (ENVIRONMENTAL DATA CORPORATION)
                                  MODEL 1000ATRANSMISSOMETER
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION:
PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:
AUDITOR: 	
ATTENDEES:
-CORPORATION
-PLANT/SITE
DATE:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
 REPRESENTING:
PRELIMINARY DATA
'    Stack exit inside diameter (FT)« L*
2    • [Stack (or duct) Inside diameter (or width) at transmlssometer location (FT) x 2] - L-t
3    Calculated optical pathlength correction factor = L x / it
4    Source-cited optical pathlength correction factor
5    Source-cited zero automatic calibration values (8 opacity)
6    Source-cited span automatic calibration value (% opacity)
    {GO TO DATA RECORDER LOCATION]
    [INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND MARK WITH "OPACITY AUDIT.' AUDITORS NAME. DATE. SOURCE.
     PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION, AND THE TIME OF DAY.]
    ZERO CHECK

    [IF THE SOURCE HAS INSTALLED A "CAL-INITIATE" BUTTON NEAR THE
    DATA RECORDER. PRESS THIS BUTTON TO INITIATE THE ZERO/SPAN
    CHECK AND RECORD THE VALUES BELOW.]


    [IF THE SOURCE HAS NOT INSTALLED A "CAL-INITIATF BUTTON,
    TURN THE TRANSCEIVER "MODE SWITCH" TO THE "ZERO" POSITION
    AND WAIT THREE MINUTES.]
7    Opacity data recorder zero calibration value (%0p)
     [FROM "GAL-INITIATE" CHECK]
7a   Opacity data recorder zero calibration value (SOp)
     [FROM TRANSCEIVER MODE SWITCH CHECK]

-------
                                         AUDIT DATA SHEET
                    THERMO ELECTON (ENVIROMENTAL DATA CORPORATION)
                                 MODEL 1000ATRANSMISSOMETER
                                             (Continued)
 SPAM CHECK
 [IF THERE IS HO 'CAL-INITIATE' BUTTON, TURN THE TRANSCEIVER "MODE SWITCH-
 TO THE -SPAN' POSITION. WAIT THREE MINUTES. OBTAIN A SPAN VALUE. AND
 RETURN THE TWOE SWITCH' TO THE NORMAL OPERATING POSITION.
0   Opacity data recorder span calibration value (XOp)
    [FROM -CAL-INiTIATE" CHECK]

9   Opacity data recorder span calibration value (X Op)
    [FROM TRANSCEIVER TK30E SWITCH" CHECK]

    [60 TO TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION.]
   RETROREFIECTOR DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK
   [6£T EFFLUENT OPACITY READINGS FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
   10 Pro-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
         [Inspect and clean optical window.]
   11 Post-cleaning effluent opacity (8 Op)
         [60 to transceiver location.]
  YPAMSCEIVER DUST JtCCUMULATlOU CHECK
  12  Pre-clesilng effluent opacity (X Op)
      (Inspect and clean optical window.]
  13  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
  CALIBRATION EWROR CHECK
  [INSTALL THE FILTER HOLDER ASSEMBLY ON THE RETROREFLECTOR.]
  [RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA.]
       FILTER
  14   LOW
  is   mo
  16   HJ6H
                                             SERIAL HO.
                                                                                      OPACITY

-------
                                     AUDIT DATA SHEET
              THERMO ELECTRON (EDO MODEL 1000A TRANSMISSOMETER
                                         (Continued)
  {REMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS, INSPECT, AND CLEAN J

  {RECORD THE EFFLUENT OPACITY VALUE FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

  {INSERT A FILTER.WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES, AND RECORD THE
  OPACITY VALUE REPORTED FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

  [REMOVE THE FILTER AND RECORD THE EFFLUENT OPACITY.]

  [REPEAT THIS PROCESS FOR FIVE RUNS OF THREE FILTERS EACH.]
  EFFLUENT
LOW
EFFLUENT
                                        MID
                                   EFFLUENT
                                                                HI6H
{IF SIX-MINUTE INTE6RATED DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE, THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES EACH FOR AN
ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE EFFLUENT LOW. MID. AND HI6H READINGS.]
    EFFLUENT
  LOW
  EFFLUENT
MID
                                                     EFFLUENT      HI6H
  [CLOSE THE RETROREFLECTOR HOUSING.]

  [RETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]

-------
                                   AUDIT DATA SHEET
               THERMO ELECTRON (EDO MODEL  1000A TRANSMISSOMETER
                                      (Continued)
  fREAD AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.)
      35
  36
                                      MID
                             37
                                       38
                                               EFFLUENT     HIGH

17
23
29
18 19 20 21 22
24 25 26 27 28
30 31 32 33 34
                                                   39
                                                             40
       41
42
           43
                                     44
                                                 45
                                                           46
      47
      48
      54
                   SIX-MIHUTE AVERA6E DATA (IF APPLICABLE)
                  49
             50
                                                  52
                                            53
CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTER (TRANSMITTANCE):
                                       2x
 55
 56
 57
              Low:
              Mid:
              High:
           E_ (BLANK 14)
               100    J
                           _ (BLANK 15)
                                100
                                       2x
                     -1
         E-
                                       2x
(BLANK 16)
                                100    -J
                                           (BLANK)
                                           (BLANK)
                                           (BLANK)

-------
                      i
                                         3     IS
                                                R     !S     IS
                                  8      R     8
2

£
t
u
s!
ti
         o
         n
        ?l
                                  N
                                  N
                                         N
                                                s
                                               In
                                                       s
IS
                                                                              8



                                                                              iS
                                         B      IB      |B      |B
                                                                              IS
                                         8      ft      IR      ?

-------

















i
s
H
]d
U
jj
w
g
i
Ul
|
i
c
<


























N *
 i|
z|g Icotftftf^BSS §§
S g 3
oo n ^ f**
P- O 03 00
O
CS E jj °^— .
W 0 "•" g
g
in UJ
§~
t*~
II _ ^^ 5-1 < W
S -^
^3 ^* ffj  m
E JT ~ X. < ®
^* *^ nt^I- n+ S
c» J< " ~ ~
E |x g"E B ' M
"^= S^'-' 1 'S J ^
8 || II 3 II II II g 8 II II II II
«iuf isfi-F-F-Fliufufuf Sg
Sr|£ ISgOOogoOO UJUJ
i § i
p. M O U W . «3
f» 10 03 CO «
O
X
in
r^. o^_^
n r* ts
CS_J O *•*
°— P
T* *^ *^-j ' S
i < -* 2
« i -i «N e
! s — -1
1 ' O
< ** "" „ n*^ J-1 + ^
W _|l _I<3X II°~T §!
|lc > w g ^

«wC « — ^ § IS ' J g
g M II UJ *"' "'i' " § « " « n ii
«_, -
-------
                                      AUDIT DATA SHEET
                 THERMO ELECTRON (EDO MODEL 1000A TRANSMISSOMETER
                                          (Continued)
STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (S):

88                            (BLANK*)  "  (BLANK 3)"     x


                                      (BLANKS)


ZERO ERROR (3 Op):


89   Opacity data recorder      	   -   	
                         (BLANK 7 or 7a)      (BLANK 5)



SPAN ERROR (S Op):



90  Opacity                	    -  	
     Data                  (BLANK 8 or 9)     (BLANKS)
     Recorder



OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (8 Op):


91   Retroreflector:	   -  	
                  (BLANK 10)          (BLANK 11)

92   Transceiver:   	  -  	
                  (BLANK 12)          (BLANK 13)

93   Total:        •	  +  	•	
                  (BLANK 91)          (BLANK 92)

-------
    THERMO ELECTRON (EDO MODEL 1000A TRANSMISSOMETER
          OPACITY GEMS PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                       DATA SUMMARY
AltniTOD HATF
smipcF "»"T
RESULTS C
HFflfFn RV I>ATF

PARAMETER

STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR
INTERNAL ZERO ERROR
INTERNAL SPAN ERROR
OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
RETROREFLECTOR
TRANSCEIVER
TOTAL
CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
MEAN ERROR
LOW
MID
H16H

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
LOW
MID
HIGH
CALIBRATION ERROR
LOW
MID
HIGH
BLANK
NO.
sx>^\^\N>
88
89
90
v^ss^vs
91
92
93
sjsjs^s^s
^N^S
76
85 a
77
86 a
78
87 8
>SSSv^!Sv
79
80
81
^JsS^sJs
82
83
84
AUDIT
RESULT
\^SSl\^^



^^^\\N



^JSS^SSS
^>S^\^






S^SSJsSSSSj



:$^s?^\$



SPECIFICATION
•^^SSSSS^:
i m
±4»0p
±47, Op
X^V^^SS^
i2XOp
i25SOp
i2JSOp
v^^NSS^v^
\$^>^x:x^
SSisi^SS^x
^^^$\^NN
x^^SSSSSS
VCVO^\N>s\''
\"^^\NS^^
^x^^^$^\\
S^S^l^vW
;N^V^^^
\\^C$^\^\$
^$^\\N>S?^\
^N^N^V^
i 3S Op
i 3% Op
13F. Op
a
 ERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTE AVERAGED DATA FROM A SINGLE FILTER INSERTION.

-------
                    APPENDIX F.




ENVIROPLAN MODEL D-R280 AV "DURAG" AUDIT DATA FORMS
                      F-l

-------
F-2

-------
                                            AUDIT DATA SHEET
                         ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON) MODEL D-R280AV
                                       (DURAG) TRANSMISSOMETER
 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION: 	
 PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION:
 AUDITOR:       '	
                                          -CORPORATION
                                          -PLANT/SITE
 ATTENDEES:
 DATE:
                                           REPRESENTING:
                                           REPRESENTING:
                                           REPRESENTING:
                                           REPRESENTING:
                                           REPRESENTING:
 PRELIMINARY DATA
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
Stack exit inside diameter (FT) = Lx
Stack (or duct) inside diameter (or width) at transmissometer location (FT) = L t
Calculated optical pathiength correction factor = L x / Lt
Source-cited optical pathiength correction factor
Source-cited zero automatic calibration values  (% opacity/milliamps)
Source-cited span automatic calibration value (R opacity/milliamps)
      160 TO CONTROL UNIT DATA RECORDER LOCATION]
      [INSPECT DATA RECORDING SYSTEM AND MARK WITH 'OPACITY AUDIT.' AUDITOR'S NAME. DATE. SOURCE
       PROCESS UNIT/STACK IDENTIFICATION, AND THE TIME OF DAY.]
 FAULT LAMP CHECKS
 7    BLOWER FAILURE {loss of purge air blower power]
 8    FILTER BLOCK [inadequate purge air now]
 9    WINDOW [excessive dirt on transceiver window]
                                                                               ON
                                                                                          OFF
 CONTROL UNIT CHECKS
 10  Opacity range switch position
       [ Turn RANGE SWITCH to "4' position,]
ZERO CHECK
(PRESS CALIBRATION BUTTON ON CONTROL PANEL)

11   Internal zero value (milliamps)
     (WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR AUTOMATIC CHANGE TO EXTERNAL ZERO MODE.)
I2»  Panel meter zero calibration value (milliamps)

-------
                                          AUDIT DATA SHEET
               ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON) D-R280AV TRANSMISSOMETER
                                              (Continued)
SPAN CHECK
13  Internal span calibration value (mflliamps)


M  Opacity data recorder span calibration value (X Op)


    [GO TO TRANSMISSOMETER LOCATION.]
  PFTRORFFI FCTOft DUST ACCUMULATION CHECK

  IGET EFFLUENT OPACITY READINGS FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]

  IS Pre-cleaning effluent opacity (J5 Op)
       [Inspect and clean optical surface.]

  16 Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)
        [Go to transceiver location.]

 TRANSCEIVER DMST ACCtBHHATIQH CHECK


 17  Pre-cloanlng effluent opacity (X Op)
     [Inspect and clean optical surface.]

 IB  Post-cleaning effluent opacity (X Op)

         AllfiHMFHT CHECK fOPTlOHAL)
 [LOOK THROUGH ALIGNMENT SIGHT AND DETERMINE IF BEAM IMAGES ARE CENTERED.]

 19 linages centered?


     [DRAW LOCATION Or IMAGES IN SIGHT.]



 20  Span filler value (milliamps)

 21  Span filter value (XOp)
YES

NO

 CALIBRATtOH ERROR CHECK tJIS PROCEDURE]


 [INSTALL THE AUDIT JIG OK THE PRIMARY LENS AND ADJUST THE JIG 2ERO UNTIL
 A VALUE OF 4 mA IS READ ON THE REMOTE PANEL METER.]

 [MAKE FINAL JIG ZERO ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON OPACITY DATA FROM DATA RECORDER.]

 21* Jig zero value from data recorder (ROp)


[RECORD AUDIT FILTER DATA.]
      FILTER

22   LOW
23   MID

24   HIGH
                                            SERIAL NO.
                                                                                      OPACITY

-------
                                          AUDIT DATA SHEET
                ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON) D-R280AV TRANSMISSOMETER
                                              (Continued)
 IREMOVE AUDIT FILTERS FROM PROTECTIVE COVERS. INSPECT. AND CLEAN.]
 (INSERT EACH FILTER. WAIT APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES.AND RECORD OPACITY VALUES
  REPORTED FROM OPACITY DATA RECORDER.]
 [IF JIG ZERO VALUES CHANGE BY MORE THAN 1 .OX OPACITY BETWEEN  THREE (3)
  FILTER RUNS. READJUST JIG ZERO TO ORIGINAL VALUE AND REPEAT RUN.]
      ZERO
                           LOW
                    MID
 HI6H
 ZERO
[IF SIX-MINUTE INTEGRATED DATA ARE ALSO AVAILABLE, THEN ALLOW 13 MINUTES
EACH FOR AN ADDITIONAL RUN OF THE ZERO, LOW, MID, HI6H. AND ZERO READINGS.]
                           LOW
                    MID
 HIGH
 IREMOVE AUDIT JIG. CLOSE THE TRANSCEIVER HEAD AND THE WEATHER COVER.]

 [RETURN TO CONTROL UNIT LOCATION.]
  CONTROL UNIT ADJUSTMENT RESET
 [IF NECESSARY. RESET THE OPACITY RANGE SWITCH TO THE POSITION INDICATED IN BLANK 10.]
  [MARK THE DATA RECORD FOR THE END OF THE AUDIT. GET A COPY OF THE AUDIT DATA
  FROM THE OPACITY DATA RECORDER. AND ENSURE THAT THE DATA CAN BE CLEARLY
  READ AND INTERPRETED.]
  (READ AND TRANSCRIBE FINAL CALIBRATION ERROR DATA.]

      ZERO                 LOW                  MID
         25
26

30

34

38
                                                  27

                                                  3T"

                                                US'

                                                "35
                            42                    43

                        ISIX-fllNUTE AVERAGE DATA, IF APPLICABLE.]
 HIGH


  28

"32"
 ZERO


  29

~33~

~37"

~4f"~
         46
47
                                                  48
                                          49
                     50

-------
                                     AUDIT DATA SHEET
              ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON) D-R280AV TRANSMISSQMETER
                                         (Continued)
CAJCJUIATION OF AUDIT RESULTS

STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR (X):
51




ZERO ERROR (X Op):

52   Panel mrier


53   Opacity data recorder
            (BLANK 4)
       (BLANK 3)
                    (BLANK 3)
         (BLANK 12a)      (BLANKS)
                           (BLANK 12b)      (BLANK 5)
                                     x 100
SPAN ERROR (X Op):

54   Panel
     Mater
         (BLANK 13)
     (BLANK 6)
55   Opacity
     Data
     Recorder
        (BLANK 14)
     (BLANK 6)
 OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION (X  Op):

 56  Retroreflector:
 57  Transceiver:


 58  Total:
(BLANK 15)


(BLANK 17)


(BLANK 56)
(BLANK 16)


(BLANK 18)


(BLANK 57)
 OPTICAL PATHLEN6TH CORRECTION FACTOR AND Z1ERO OFFSET
 CORRECTION OF AUDIT FILTERS:

59 Low


60 Kid*


61 High*

1



\ _


i _

E1" -j (BLANK 4) r- 	 ~
_ (BLANK 22) x i- (BLANK 45)
_ 100 J L 10°
E-l (BLANK 4) p- 	 -j
_ (BLANK 23) x i- (BLANK 45)
100 J L 10° -1
r- -i (BLANK 4) r~ 	 ~
, . (BLANK24) x t - (BLANK 45)
L 100 J L 10°


_





_


—





—




y 1QO - 	 ,. . 	 	 , .





-------

M a
<
H
CM3
=
1..

II
' l< H U II
— — — ^ J^ I
gui < < i < 1
So -j -j _j ^j _j
|K e s s s e
JLU
5t S W ~
£5 S S S § ?
< < < < <
03 co to na g>
d
£
e
cs c
•^
II
CMI:
<
r'


n
" ii » ii n

O 0 0 S S ^
f< < <
S £ S
at ~ ~ ~ ,, _
=a s n s s 9
© CD CO CD CO
d
p

N ->
CN_J
«t

n
l tl n n j|

O» O* CT O\ O* "^
10 in in in in <
1° s=! =i — ' — ' 5
1* s e e e e
jO CM K rt> n vr
^ ^ ^v 2£ ^
si — ' =i * i
S © © © ©
ej— CM K) ^T m
g
«

c^
c

; >
r*. ip
O CM
X
c^

CM ^-
" <=C -
s ti
U I
uj6 II II X
x | "
II <= UI
w t S ,.
E S ^- i
g II II u, « "
a. _ _ u
UJ J- -1- Z —-
* g |se | o d
E «r §
tfi CJ tD
r-
O
X
in
JO Q
« CN
0 ^
in"
o^
< *^"
T" IN
" T
" CM^;
Itl wj ^
^ e Q! »
9 " ^ 5, ^
5 n ii ^ * »
! |KE B= 1 or or
2 1
C r3 O r^
IS u r-~
o
X
in
X
T ""• w^ ""

_j *>
u '"'
i
^ ~~ cT"
_i ii " r1 x
!•-. if
< = £ c
§« II u u «
«J •J 9E
^ |s |s o c' E^
uj 5

i

i
i


v

—
tO
' ^ §
CO
£
UJ
° X ^x
x II + — §
1 T
1 '? J I
" O " " II H II
C _x | J J = 1 g1
S 5 g S





g

s s
I 1
ui m
B= !
Jp ~ t
ii ° — S
§ 1: 1 I |
ui '£ _J e
" £ » » n ii ii
= < r E r s= -^
§ 5 S S




S
§
s
—i

_j "^
n O — f?
" + 1 ^r
1 --< 1
*** _ J *-'
11 § " " " " •
J" — * ™J
~ M 14J "• LU *^ *^
O ^"* *^ ^ UJ UJ
u


-------
              ENVIROPLAN (THERMO ELECTRON) D-R280AV TRANSMISSOHETER
                       OPACITY  CEMS PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT
                                    AUDIT SUMMARY
AUDITOR.
SOURCE _
RESULTS CHECKED BY.
                    DATE.
                    UNIT.
                    DATE.
           PARAMETER
                 BLANK
                  NO.
          AUDIT
         RFSIJLT
                                                                     SPECIFICATION
          FAULT LAMPS
          BLOWER FAILURE
          FILTER BLOCK
          WINDOW-
                                          CfF
                                          OFF
                                                                        OFF
          STACK EXIT CORRELATION ERROR
                  51
          INTERNAL ZERO ERROR
PANEL METER
52
                               DATA RECORDER
                 53
          INTERNAL SPAN ERROR
PANEL METER
54
                               DATA RECORDER
                 55
                                                                           Op
           OPTICAL ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS
                 19
                                                                      CENTERED
          OPTICAL SURFACE DUST ACCUMULATION
           RETROREFLECTOR
                 56
           TRANSCEIVER
                  57
           TOTAL
                 58
          CALIBRATION ERROR ANALYSIS
             MEAN ERROR
               LOW

               MID

               HIGH
                 62
                 71a
                 63
                 72a
                                                64
                                                73a
            CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
               LOW
               MID
               HIGH
                 65
                 66
                                                67
             CALIBRATION ERROR
               LOW
               MID
               HIGH
                 68
                 69
                 70
                                        i 38 Op
                                                                       i 3JS Op
            a
             ERROR BASED ON SIX-MINUTC AVERAGED DATA FROM A SINGLE FILTER INSERTION.

-------
                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
                             2.
                                                           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

  PERFORMANCE AUDIT  PROCEDURES FOR OPACITY MONITORS
             5. REPORT DATE
                                                           6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR
-------

-------