f
,v,:^ - ;-L- ...:- ! '
United States > [
Enyjronme.ntal Protection
Agency..",".' ',- * \ '
Officeof 4'T.--:-."-" , 'PPA6008-91D52
Research a$d Development /M*gastiJ99l
VVi9snington..pC2a460;"T ^ ' .T- -
IndustHal
Pollutin Preventin
-------
-------
EPA/600/8-91/052
August 1991
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES
FOR THE 1990s
by
Ivars J. Licis
Waste Minimization, Destruction
and Disposal Research Division
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
based on draft information by
Herbert S. Skovronek
Science Applications International Corporation
Paramus, New Jersey 07652
and
Marvin Drabkin
Versar Inc.
Springfield, Virginia 22101
Task 0-9
EPA Contract No. 68-C8-0062
Technical Project Manager
Ivars J. Licis
Waste Minimization, Destruction
and Disposal Research Division
Risk Reduction Engineering Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper -.
-------
NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-C8-
0062 to Science Applications International Corporation. It has been subjected
to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
-------
FOREWORD
Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial
products and practices frequently carry with them the increased generation of
thpln! LnmfnJ 1 ^P.^P6^ ^ * with, can threaten both public health and
the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged bv
Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a
mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and
implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and
;£e CDA I y of "atural systems to support and nurture life. These laws direct
the EPA to perform research to define our environmental problems, measure the
impacts, and search for solutions.
The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for planning,
rf 9 S mana?in9 research, development, and demonstration programs to
provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis in support of the
policies, programs, and regulations of the EPA with respect to drinking water
wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes Snd
SfrSl! A lated activities. This publication is one of the products of that
the user comnu " * communication link between the researcher and
tn «cJ!li- tep°? J- l^ first in descr1bi"9 the support of continuing effort
to establish and maintain an organized basis for identifying and prioritizing
research effort within the Pollution Prevention Research Branch. The Branch
is charged with defining, evaluating, and advancing the technology for the
implementation of a national pollution prevention program. It also provides
technical assistance to other sections of the Agency for the purpose of
reducing or eliminating pollution hazards.
T A The information contained here, along with that resulting from the
Industrial Toxics Project or the "33/50", will serve as two major sources of
input to help define and prioritize research projects within the Pollution
Prevention Research Branch.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
iii
-------
ABSTRACT
The intent of this effort was to provide guidance information for the
Pollution Prevention Research Branch in planning its research program. A wide
range of industries were screened using a set of criteria intended to identify
those industries that were most likely to make a significant contribution to
pollution prevention, both because of the amounts and/or toxicity/severity of
the waste involved and the opportunities or potential for successful waste
reduction. With that as the basis, a short list of seventeen (17) industries
or major industry segments were selected by using the combined opinions of a
panel of 25 experts. The resulting short list was used for more in-depth
investigation of specific pollution prevention opportunities and/or needs.
The main focus was on industries and their trade and technical associations.
Since the start of this project, the Agency initiated the Industrial Toxics
Project (ITP, also known as the 33/50 project) which is a priority effort to
reduce 17 of the contaminants on the Toxic Releases Inventory by substantial
amounts. While the number 17 for both projects is coincidental, the 17
priority contaminants are closely represented by the 17 industries identified
here.
The results of this effort are presented in both narrative and tabular
formats in which specific operations, processes, and procedures are
identified. The industrial segments covered include such diverse areas as the
steel industry, Pharmaceuticals and dry cleaning.
In addition, the study identified a set of more general technologies, or
needs, that could have significant impact across more than one industry.
Because these generic research needs/opportunities are more apt to be
applicable to a wide range of industries (while avoiding questions of
industrial confidentiality and proprietary or patentable products), they may
prove to be the most attractive areas for EPA supported research efforts.
The draft information on which this report is based was submitted in
partial fulfillment of Contract 68-C8-0062, Task 09 under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from
July, 1989 to May, 1991 and work that was completed as of January, 1991.
IV
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword . .iii
Abstract .....' i v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements , vii
1. Introduction -.... l
2. Recommendations 2
3. Industry Prioritization 4
Subjective Approach 4
Criteria for Selection... 5
Implementation . .7
4. Industry by Industry Investigation 11
Introduction. .11
Textile Dyes and Dyeing (226). 12
Wood preserving (2491) 13
Pulp and Paper (26) 13
Printing (271-275) 15
Chemical Industry (281) 16
Plastics (2821) 18
Pharmaceuticals (283) 19
Paint Industry (285) 20
Ink Manufacture (2893) 23
Petroleum Industry (291) 24
Steel Industry (331) 25
Non-ferrous Metals (333-334) 26
Metal Finishing (Electroplating) (3471)... 27
Electronics/Semiconductors (3674) 29
Automotive Manufacture/Assembly (371) 30
Laundries/Dry Cleaning (721). 31
Automobile -Refinishing/Repair (753) 31
Generic Technology 34
Appendix 40
-------
TABLES
Title
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page
CRITERIA USED IN MAKING SIC SELECTIONS/PRIORITIZATIONS.. 6
WASTE MINIMIZATION INDUSTRY PRIORITIZATIONS BASED ON
4+ DIGIT SIC CLASSIFICATIONS 8
INDUSTRY PRIORITIZATIONS BASED ON 3- AND 2-DIGIT SICS... 9
INDUSTRIES AS STUDIED n
LIST OF 13 GENERIC IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED 34
A-l TABULAR SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY-BASED RESULTS 41
A-2 LIST OF 175 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION
CODES CONSIDERED 56
VI
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared under the direction and coordination of
Mr. Ivars Licis, EPA's Technical Project Manager in the Pollution Prevention
Research Branch of the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio. Appreciation is given to the large number of contributors to this
report. Contributions were made by USEPA's Office of Research and Development,
the pollution prevention organizations in the USEPA Regional Offices, the
USEPA Office of Solid Waste and state pollution prevention organizations
within the Waste Reduction Innovative Technology Evaluation (WRITE) Program,
and members of academia and industry. Special thanks are offered to Dr. David
Stephan and the members of the American Institute for Pollution Prevention.
The draft information used for this report was compiled and prepared by
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek of Science Applications International Corporation and
Dr. Marvin Drabkin, P.E. of Versar, Inc. for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency under Contract No. 68-C8-0062, for EPA's Office of Research and
Development.
-------
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The 1984 Amendments to RCRA, the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
(HSWA) of 19841 specifically mandated waste minimization as an objective for
the nation's environmental management program. One means of implementing this
directive has been the encouragement of source reduction and recycling
approaches by both industry and the public. This has evolved into the present
Pollution Prevention Program which makes a major change in emphasis away from
end-of-pipe control of pollution to an approach of eliminating or greatly
reducing waste in the first place, and providing means of recycling waste that
is still generated after the application of the first approach. ,
The specific objective of this research was to provide a data base that
could be used as guidance by the EPA for the development of a research
strategy for pollution prevention. More specifically, the objective was to
identify a short list of industries, or industry segments, that present the
more significant environmental problems or risk in terms of waste generated
and/or opportunities for waste reduction. These opportunities would exist in
the form of promising source reduction or recycling concepts, technology in
development or already in limited application. Once identified, each of the
industries or industry segments was analyzed in more detail by gathering the
available information and discussing the pollution prevention problems and
opportunities with the various sets of personnel affiliated with each segment
both in the public and private sectors. Based on the above, this report is
intended for use as source material for defining research activities within
the Pollution Prevention Research Branch (PPRB). In order to keep this source
of information useful for the stated purpose, further refinements and updates
are being contemplated.
-------
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
Among a number of broad based needs recognized (or substantiated) as a
result of this effort is the great underlying need for a classification tool,
similar to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) manual2 used for this
study, but one that instead of being based on a value of production/receipts/
receipts/revenues basis is instead designed specifically for use as part of
pollution prevention work to serve as a means of comparing various data on a
common ground.
Within the industries investigated as part of this study, seventeen (17)
were identified as ones with wastes with significant potential for environ-
mental impact and ones for which opportunities tend to exist for waste and/or
toxicity reduction. The following recommendations emphasize those industry
areas. The list is arranged in order of ascending SIC's.
Seventeen (17) Priority Industry Segments:
Textiles: recovery of dyes and scouring agents from wastewater.
Wood preserving: investigations of new, less toxic preserving agents.
Pulp and paper: improved-recovery of coated stock; restoration of fiber
strength in recycled paper; process changes/improvements.
Printing: minimization in pre-press photographic chemistry through the use
of computer technology; solvent recovery.
Chemical industry: solvent reuse, substitution.
Plastics: segregation of scrap plastics; compatibilization.
Pharmaceuticals: solvent reuse, -substitution.
Painting: low and non-VOC painting techniques; improved
application technology.
Ink manufacture: low and non-VOC inks; elimination of metallic pigments.
Petroleum exploration/refining: improved recovery of usable
oil from drilling muds and processing wastewaters.
-------
Steel industry: reuse of tar decanter sludge and electric arc furnace dust;
reuse of recovered calcium fluoride.
Non-ferrous metals: isolation of arsenic contamination to allow reuse
of stack dusts; improved hydrometallurgical processes minimizing sulfur
oxide emissions.
Metal finishing: non-cyanide plating systems; improved chemical recovery
from cyanide plating processes.
Electronics: "clean" fabrication techniques that eliminate or minimize
degreasing solvent use. -
Automobile refinishing/repair: reductions in solvent losses in various
operations.
Laundries/dry cleaning: improved solvent recovery.
This is the list recommended for priority pollution prevention research
in the industrial area. Within each industrial segment considered a priority
area, there are one or more concepts, problems, or opportunities. It is
recommended that, with further refinement and updating, these can serve as one
basis for the development of, EPA research projects for the future. They are
presented in their entirety in Section 4, and summarized in tabular format in
Appendix A-l.
As indicated by various industry spokespersons, a number of generic
research areas were identified where pollution prevention advances are needed.
These would be applicable across a large number of industries or industry
segments. Because of the large potential for improvements, it is recommended
that these research areas receive significant priority. The list of these
areas is presented under Section 4, Core Technology. As with the previous
set, these areas should be further refined and kept up to date with developing
technology, opportunities and other relevant information.
Future refinements to the prioritization procedure should consider using
a simplified list of criteria. A number of the expert participants stated ,-
that selecting candidate industries while keeping in mind a list of 12
criteria was counterproductive.
The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)3 data and results from the associated
Industrial Toxics Project, (initiated through the EPA Office of Toxic
Substances in 1991) and similar data available for providing amounts/
toxicities/relative risk information should be incorporated into the refine-
ments as practical.
Additionally, the results from presently ongoing work for pollution
prevention measurement and life-cycle analyses should be incorporated into
future prioritization efforts.
-------
SECTION 3
INDUSTRY PRIORITIZATION
SUBJECTIVE APPROACH
The establishment of the procedures for performing the work under this
project was largely dictated by the lack of readily available, good,
quantitative, data, defining the pollution hazard, the immediacy of the
hazard, the amount of pollution generated for each industry (beyond specified
hazardous waste), or even definition of industries as they relate to pollution
prevention (this is discussed later).
These limitations resulted in the utilization of an existing industrial
classification system, the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC, 1987
manual). Although limitations in the use of the SIC system for this purpose
were apparent from the start, other overlying issues made this a relatively
better choice. Two significant issues were the time and money needed to
develop a dedicated system. These limitations dictated the use of a
subjective approach, one whereby the SIC system was used in conjunction with
the expertise and experience of knowledgeable people within their respective
areas of interest.
This approach contains certain shortcomings, such as the possibility of
missing some industries of importance and overstating the importance of others
to a degree. It is estimated that the overall purpose of this effort, however,
to serve as only one source of guidence for prioritizing research efforts in
the pollution prevention area, would not be significantly effected by these
shortcomings. Refinements to this approach, which are now being considered,
are in themselves research efforts yet to be performed.
By using the SIC, there is a problem of accounting. For example, the
automobile industry represents a vast area of activity, waste production and
opportunities for improvements. However, it is based on a large agglomeration
of other industries that support it, which are listed under other SIC's. In
the. sense of identifying pollution prevention, it becomes difficult to draw
accurate lines dividing one activity from another. Additionaly, it is
difficult to assign responsibility for problems or improvements in that the
actions of a supporting industry are in large part predicated on the dictates
of the perceived needs of the industry supported, and so on, up to the
consumer.
The use of the Toxics-Release Inventory (TRI), an emerging source of
hazardous waste information was used as a background document. The TRI has a
wealth of information regarding toxic releases. Yet, while a very valuable
-------
source of Information, it. has its own limitations in terms of representing
only certain toxic chemicals (list of 300+), not all sources of these
chemicals, no specific data regarding which chemicals actually are released
and no direct information as to what the releases mean in terms of concern to
human health and ecology. Nevertheless, this, and its coming improvements can
be added to expert opinion regarding priorities for future improvements.
What is also indicated is a need for a pollution prevention "SIC" system
which divides the pollution producing activities into "equal" or "measured"
parts, a task far from simple, since the definition of terms involved are
still being debated and appear to be in a state of evolution. As an example,
words such as "waste minimization," part of the language of the selection
criteria is now generally "pollution prevention" and, instead of addressing
only hazardous waste, considers the impact of all waste, including that
generated by energy use, agriculture, etc.
The need for such a tool is significant because it would establish a
basis of comparability for any pollution prevention, effort and therefore the
basis for making specific recommendations or decisions. The birth of this
tool will probably occur in an iterative, stepwise fashion, for which this
effort can serve as a small, first, step.
In summary, these conditions serve to illustrate that the work of
prioritization is, at this stage, one of informed judgement. Refinements to
this process are being planned.
The specific steps followed to arrive at this prioritization are
discussed below.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
As a first step, the criteria used in assessing the importance of a
specific industry for the pollution prevention research, were chosen with the
intent of evaluating or comparing the relative importance, as perceived by the
expert, of factors such as industry size; waste production in terms of
toxicity and/or volume; receptivity of the industry to innovation, etc. The
full list is presented in Table 1.
As can be seen from review of Table 1, these criteria tend to be
deliberately all encompassing and may not, for any given industry sector be
satisfied simultaneously. The degree to which any one is being satisfied is
in itself a matter of judgement. Additionally, the list is not itself
homogeneous, so that the number of criteria being satisfied for any given
industry should not directly be compared to the number satisfied by another
for the purpose of prioritizing.
-------
TABLE 1. CRITERIA USED IN MAKING SIC SELECTIONS/PRIORITIZATIONS
1. Importance of the industry to nation or society.
2. Significance of all or certain, waste streams in toxicity,
volume or both.
3. Large frequency of small and mid-sized firms that would
benefit from government participation. i
4. Significant benefits that would be derived from waste
minimization efforts that reduce toxicity and/or volume.
5. Waste minimization is not expected to adversely impact product
quality or marketability.
6. Waste minimization would offer cost benefits, at least in the long run.
7. Waste minimization in this industry would be readily transferable to other
industries.
8. Industry has exhibited an interest in waste minimization.
9. Waste minimization appears to be technologically achievable.
10. Industry would benefit from government involvement because
of lack of direction, capital, or technical sophistication.
11. Industry would be receptive to waste minimization studies.
12. The industry will not be viable in the long run without
massive changes.
1
RELATIONSHIP TO THE 33/50 PROJECT
The 33/50 Project, initially called the Industrial Toxics Project (ITP),
is an initiative developed by the Administrator, the Office of Toxic
Substances et al., to produce short-term voluntary reductions by major
contributors to the releases of 17 high-risk contaminants or contaminant
groups, as follows:
CADMIUM AND CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM -COMPOUNDS
LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS
MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS
NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS
HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
BENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
-------
CHLOROFORM (TRICHLOROMETHANE)
METHYLENE CHLORIDE (DICHLOROMETHANE)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)
TOLUENE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
XYLENES (M, P, 0 AND MIXED ISOMERS)
The objectives of the ITP are to reduce the aggregate releases of the 17
contaminants by 1/3 (33%) by 1992 and by 1/2 (50%) by 1995, calculated on the
basis the difference between base year 1988 and the target year.
The above project was announced after the completion of this
prioritization study and is to incorporate the findings of this effort as .
background information.
IMPLEMENTATION . . '
Using the selection criteria of Table 1 and the SIC Manual published by
the Department of Commerce in 1987, a list of 175 SIC's were selected by a
contractor familiar with the pollution prevention program (the target number
was roughly 200). The list is included in Appendix A-2.
The items contained on this list include a mixture of 2, 3, and 4-digit
SIC's because pollution prevention criteria do not correlate well with any one
digit set. This is not totally surprising since the SIC system is focused on
the "value of production, sales, receipts, or payroll."
In the future, a dedicated system that also includes considerations of
the raw materials and associated activities, the energy used, the product use
and disposal impact (in essence, a life cycle analysis LCA) needs to be
considered in terms of relative risk or true, cost to the environment.
In a second step, the list of 175 was reduced to a short list of
-approximately 20. In order to arrive at the short list, the initial 175 SIC's
and the selection criteria were distributed to approximately 25 knowledgeable
persons within the USEPA, acaclemia, state pollution prevention programs and
contractor personnel. The instructions were to select a set of 20 SIC's in
priority order from 1 through 20.
For each prioritized, short list returned, a numeric value of 1 through
20 was assigned with 20 going to the highest priority indicated and one to the
lowest.
Table 2 represents the top industries or industry segments based on
total score received as a result. The full tabulation of the data is provided
in the Appendix A-2.
-------
TABLE 2. WASTE MINIMIZATION INDUSTRY PRIORITIZATIONS
BASED ON TOTAL SCORE (TOP 25)
SIC
3471
2821
2869
285
371
3674
2911
2879
2752
7216
2819
2491
753
2621
2754
261
226
2893
2834
2891
271
2865
372
311
2753
Descriptor
Electroplating, anodizing
Plastics, resins, elastomers
Indust. Org. Chem, N.E.C.
Paints, varnishes, lacquers
Motor vehicles & equipment
Semiconductors
Petroleum refining
Pesticides
Commercial printing, lithographic
Dry cleaning plants
Inorg. Chemicals, N.E.C
Wood preserving
Automotive repair shops
Paper mills
Commercial printing, gravure
Pulp mills
Dyeing & finishing textiles
Printing ink
Pharmaceutical preparations
Adhesives and sealants
Newspaper publishing
Coal tar crudes, dyes, pigments
Aircraft and parts
Leather tanning and 'finishing
Engraving and plate printing
Total
Score
281
212
207
192
184
153
146
126
125
121
108
104
102
100
93
91
87
86
84
82
82
80
73
71
69
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Additionally, the effect of 2-digit and 3-digit representations of the
top 20 in Table 2 were made as part of an effort to find the best system for
representing the priority industries.
A rationale can be made for aggregating the list in Table 2 (and
complete list in Appendix A-2) by 3-, or 2-digit level as shown in Table 3,
producing two sets of different industry rankings.
-------
Table 3. INDUSTRY PRIORITIZATIONS BASED ON 3- AND 2-DIGIT SICs
3-Digit SIC
SIC Descriptor
Ranking SIC
2-Digit SIC
Descriptor
347 Coatings/Engraving 1 28
286 Ind. Org. Chemicals 2 34
282 Plastics/syn. rubber 3 27
275 Commercial printing 4 33
281 Ind. Inorg. Chemicals 5 37
289 Misc. Chem. Products 6 26
333 Prim. Smelt-non-ferrous 7 36
285 Paints, varnishes 8 72
371 Motor vehicles 9 29
721 Laundry & cleaning 10 10
367 Electronic components 11 24
287 Agricultural chemicals 12 49
283 Drugs 13 22
291 Petroleum refining 14 75
249 Misc. wood products 15 31
753 Auto repair 16 30
261 Pulp mills 17 76
226 Dye & finish-textiles 18 55
262 Paper mills 19 15
331 Blast furnaces, steel 20 1
Chemicals
Fabricated metal pdts
Printing,publishing
Primary metals indust.
Transportation equip
Paper
Electrical/electronics
Personal services
Petroleum refining
Metal mining
Lumber & Wood products
Elect, gas & sanitary
services
Textile Mill products
Auto repair
Leather products
Rubber products
Misc. repair services
Auto dealers/service
Building construction
Agri. pdts.-crops
Such a rationale might consider that an industry that has more
subsections would also have a potential for producing more waste (even if not
rigorously so). Therefore, the aggregation of its subsections, in going from
a 4- to a 3- or 2- digit code would show a truer significance of the industry
by the summnation of the total scores.
Example: The total score at 2-digit level for SIC #28, "Chemicals and
Allied Products," is 1732, and includes industry segments #2819 through #2899
(see Appendix A-2). This places #28 as the top-rated industry. At the three-
digit level, the industry segments considered, and their respective total
scores are as follows:
#286 Industrial Organic Chemicals
#282 Plastis Materials and Synthetic
Resins, Synthetic Rubber, Cellulosic
and Other Manmade Fibers, Except Glass
#281 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals
373
364
250
-------
#289 Miscellaneous Chemical Products 220
(Adhesives and Sealants, Explosives,
Printing Ink, et al.)
#285 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, 192
and Allied Products
#287 Agricultural Chemicals 163
#283 Drugs 147 :
#284 Soap, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations 23
A 2-digit basis, therefore, would put all the chemical industry as high
priority. The 3-digit approach includes 7 of the 8, but most significantly,
it can have the effect of excluding other industries and industry segments
from the list of 20.
After review of Tables 2 and 3 and discussions with knowledgeable people
in the specific industries, it was concluded that the best representation of
the pollution prevention priorities would be a list closely based on the SIC
system, but somewhat subjectively normalized (best informed judgement) to
better represent the problems and opportunities involved. This amounted to
finding a balance between aggregation of the multi-segmented SIC's, such as
#28, Chemical Industry (8 sub-sections in the three-digit category and 34 in
the four-digit) and those with fewer subsections such as #29, Petroleum
Refining and Related Industries (3 sub-sections in the three-digit category
and only 5 in the four-digit category). The resulting list of 17 industry
segments is presented in Table 4, Section 4. Due to the state-of-the-art,
prioritization of the 17 industry segments relative to each other was not
considered meaningful.
A subsequent study, identifying problems and opportunities for pollution
prevention was conducted for each of the 17. The results are documented in
Section 4.
10
-------
SECTION 4
INDUSTRY BY INDUSTRY INVESTIGATION
INTRODUCTION
On the basis of the prioritization discussed in the preceding section,
the 17 industries shown in Table 4 were selected for in-depth study. This
list is not in priority order.
Additionally, discussions with several industries identified a series of
"generic" technologies that have the potential for wide technology transfer.
These are discussed under "Generic Technology" following discussion of the 17
industries.
TABLE 4. INDUSTRIES AS STUDIED
TEXTILE DYES AND DYEING
WOOD PRESERVING
PULP AND PAPER
PRINTING
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
PLASTICS
. PHARMACEUTICALS
PAINT INDUSTRY
INK MANUFACTURE
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
STEEL INDUSTRY
NON-FERROUS METALS
METAL FINISHING
ELECTRONICS/SEMICONDUCTORS
AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURE/ASSEMBLY
LAUNDRIES/DRY CLEANING
AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING/REPAIR
GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES
Industry trade associations (environmental coordinators, where they
existed) were the initial primary contacts. Academic researchers and
contractor personnel, expert in the field, were also contacted. Limited
contact was also made with state and local government officials where
pollution prevention programs were in existence. The Pollution Prevention
11
-------
Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) literature and data base was utilized for
background information as was The Toxics-Release Inventory.
The following sections of this report present a discussion of each of
the 17 industry segments. Industries are presented according to their 1987
SIC codes. When possible, proposed pollution prevention ideas were cross-
checked with others in the industry to assure that they were realistic,
practical, and potentially beneficial. It was noted that pollution prevention
as a specific means of environmental management is not yet widely recognized
and only limited information is currently available.
Finally, many of the discussions suggested that generic technologies,
ones that would achieve pollution prevention more broadly rather than in a
single industry should be pursued. Because such ideas potentially can impact
on more than a single industry, it is recommended that such generic needs and
opportunities be given prominent consideration for investigation and support.
A separate section of this report is devoted to brief discussions of such
opportunities.
TEXTILE DYES AND DYEING (226)
Largely because of environmental concerns, the dye industry has
undergone extensive change in the last few decades. Many of the dyes
originally used (e.g., coal tar dyes, SIC 2865) are now considered toxic and
have been replaced with material perceived to be less threatening. New
classes of fiber reactive dyes (e.g., triazine based) will reduce the use of
azo dyes and contribute to the discharge of lower concentrations of dyes
during washing and rinsing. However, due to business confidentiality,
specific technical information was not made available for this study (as was
the case with several other "industries).
In the textile dyeing and finishing industry, extensive changes have
also been occurring, possibly as a result of changes in the fiber blends being
produced. Chromates used for oxidation of vat dyes have been replaced by
other chemicals; formaldehyde, used in dyeing and in durable press finishes,
has been reduced or eliminated. The industry still requires a large amount of
water and generates a large amount of wastewater. Progressively more
automation is being introduced and this appears to contribute to better
control and smaller releases of pollution to all media. This is still a
developing area and improved process control software is needed to achieve
further reductions.
Specific processes seem especially attractive for waste reduction
opportunities. For example, wool scouring generates caustic wastewater.
Processes such as hyperfiltration can be used to recover the caustic from
spent solutions for reuse/recycling. More cost/efficient membranes are needed
to reduce the payback period and increase applicability.
Some dyes can be recovered and recycled. Economies of scale produce a
significant barrier. The capital outlay to recover various types of dyes used
12
-------
are beyond present economics for other than large mills. Less expensive,
smaller scale equipment is needed to fit the requirements of smaller mills, or
mills that use a large assortment of dye types.
Solvent finishing is an idea that was explored approximately 20 years
ago, but has now largely fallen into disuse. With rising costs, and stricter
regulatory requirements, this approach should be re-examined. For example,
where degreasing of wool fabric with caustic is currently practiced, solvent
degreasing, with liquid and vapor solvent recovery may provide an
environmentally attractive alternative. Such a "reverse" approach has been
used outside the US (Compendium, ENV/WP.2/5/Add.85). A close look has to be
made at the total picture so that short range economics are not traded for
longer range environmental costs.
WOOD PRESERVING (2491)
Over the years this industry shifted from creosote to pentach-lorophenol
and most recently to a chromated copper arsenate (CCA) material for the
impregnation of wood used in telephone poles, railroad ties, and residential
construction such as decks. The change has been largely brought about by
environmental concern with each preceding product. At the same time, the
industry has improved its operating procedures so that most material is
recycled in the plant and leaks and spills are much less of a problem. It is
possible that the high interest by environmentalists in this industry is a
partial hold-over due to the concern about pentachlorophenol and-creosote
wastes contaminating old sites, many of which are now on the EPA's National
Priorities List for Superfund Cleanup.
However, the use of CCA still presents problems. The industry appears
receptive to cooperative work on new preserving agents. Copper naphthenate is
one candidate. EPA could provide comprehensive evaluations of less toxic and
hazardous candidates.
PULP AND PAPER (26)
This industry uses well-proven, long-established technologies and is
highly capital intensive. Consequently changes do not come about lightly or
easily. Even investigating new ideas is difficult, costly, and time consuming.
Changes are underway in the basic processes (kraft, sulfite, etc.), and
extensive use of byproducts (e.g., bark) and wastes (e.g., black liquor and
salts). Mechanical and semi-chemical pulps are becoming more attractive,
than the sulfite and kraft products, at least in some end uses. Another
change that is occurring is a shift away from chlorine bleach where practical,
partly in response to concern about dioxins detectable in products and wastes.
Bleaching with chlorine dioxide or hydrogen peroxide are frequently mentioned
alternatives, also reflected by increased demand for these chemicals.
However, other aspects, such as energy consumption, need to be carefully
considered as part of the analysis of any alternative process.
13
-------
Possibly the biggest change in the industry in recent yean; has been the
increased interest in recycled paper. 'It is estimated that between 1989 and
1992, waste paper use will increase 25% from 20.9 million tons to 25 million
tons. De-inking facilities for waste paper have been a problem with the high
capital cost of such facilities being a major deterrent. In spite of high
cost and earlier uncertainty about feedstock supply, new facilities are now
being built to keep up with the supply (of waste paper) and the demand for
recycled paper. The sludges from de-inking, containing heavy metals and other
contaminants, need attention or will continue to be a secondary waste, even
when incinerated or used as a fuel source. The quality and uniformity of
scrap paper received by recyclers is a frequently mentioned problem affecting
the efficiency of deinking and repulping operations.
Another problem inherent with recycled paper is the loss of paper
quality/strength as the cellulose fibers are degraded with each cycle.
Currently, this is overcome by mixing virgin and recycled paper. A search for
alternate ways to achieve the same goal of strength retention while further
increasing the portion of recycled pulp used may deserve some fundamental
research, including investigations of cross-linking of degraded paper pulp.
Finding uses for the degraded fibers and efficient methods of separation are
also of interest. Improved methods/equipment for recycling paper are also
important.
Methods that reduce wastewater, allow the design of cheaper and smaller
mills near to waste paper sources could improve the economics of recycling.
Expanding the paper recycle industry to include a greater portion of the
paper-product mix would also impact on solid waste generation and on the
consumption of wood reserves. However, many of the additives used in higher
grades of paper interfere with efficient recycling. For example, coated
stocks contain clay, pigments, and other ingredients in such large amounts
that the yield of paper versus sludge volume is not economically attractive at
present prices. While improvements in processing might reduce the handling
problems, only changes in consumer desires or expectations will change the
content of coated stocks in the wastepaper stream, at this time. Future
decisions regarding the contents of paper may also be influenced by increasing
costs, for dealing with these wastes, passed on to the consumer.
Wood contains only about 50% of cellulose, with hemicelluloses, lignin,
and other chemicals making up the remainder. In spite of research over many
years, and because of prevailing economics of cheaper sources of other raw
materials, these substances have not become the raw material for major
chemical production. They are now being recognized as attractive raw
materials for use in making thermoplastics and a range of other products.
Additional research could develop new products and alternate raw materials,
based either on unsegregated wood containing these materials or on the by-
products once they have separated from conventional pulp.
14
-------
PRINTING (271-275)
The printing industry is really a series of somewhat different
industries and are so reported in the SIC classification. The major areas are
lithography, flexography, and rotogravure, used for newspapers, magazines,
packaging, art, etc.
The basic lithographic process consists of making a plate or negative
receptive to an oil-based ink only in certain fields while water is used to
prevent its adhesion to the plate in other areas. Even after 500 years, the
process is still largely an art. Lithography uses little solvent but does use
some oils that are considered as sources of VOCs. In addition, the pigments
for colored inks may contain heavy metals, although there is a trend toward
organic dyes.
Flexography and rotogravure printing techniques use inks which are a
mixture of dissolved and dispersed pigments in a solvent. Substitution of
water-based inks has achieved a degree of acceptance in flexographic printing.
Mixed solvents can be condensed or adsorbed in a high boiling oil,1 then
stripped.and fractionated. Where solvents, constituting a mix of organics are
used, recovery for reuse has not been practical and the solvent vapors are
either incinerated or, at best, used as fuel for the heating and curing of the
printed material. Where single solvents such as toluene or acetone are used,
a cost-effective opportunity for recovery and reuse does exist. It is
practiced to an extent, primarily by condensation (chilling) of the vapor
laden airstream. However, the available condensation systems are not as
efficient at removing VOCs in high temperature (incinerative) applications.
Without additional incentives for pollution prevention the industry may use
incineration technology. Research could be performed to investigate more
efficient condensation (or adsorption) systems capable of operating
efficiently at relatively high air flow rates. Especially useful would be
small-scale recovery hardware that is practical to purchase and operate,
especially by smaller businesses. An alternate approach, recently
commercialized is the use of a nitrogen gas blanket in the drying oven. By
avoiding the potential problem of fire and explosion from a flammable
solvent/air mixture, the nitrogen blanket allows a higher concentration of
solvent in the gas stream, making recovery by condensation more attractive.
In essence, the drying then becomes a closed-loop operation. Research to
assess the costs and environmental impact would seem attractive. The concept
could be transferable to other industries including auto painting, furniture
and machinery painting, baking, etc.
.Some use tff ultraviolet curing is now being practiced by the industry,
but new inks are needed that will cure by free radical reactions rather than
by conventional oxidation. Research and demonstration in this area could be
productive. However, solvents are still used to transport the inks from
roller to paper. The idea of changing over from a oil-based ink system to a
water-based system has been discussed and some research efforts are in
progress. This proposed change has not been considered readily acceptable by
the industry and needs significant proof, in terms of valid data, to those
knowledgeable in the trade before any significant adoption could be expected.
15
-------
A waterless plate system was introduced in the late 1960s and is now
resurfacing. Today's version, called the Toray Waterless Offset Plate System,
may be worthy of investigation in collaboration with a printer. At this time
only a few printing plants are using the method.
Dry printing, i.e., xerography, was not well received as a possible
alternate process for the industry. Those spoken with pointed out that
xerography is simply too slow. However, there does not appear to be any
inherent reason why xerographic equipment could not operate faster. From a
waste minimization viewpoint it could be very attractive since all solvents
are eliminated, as are all the wastes inherent in plate-making. Clearly, the
xerographic industry is working toward faster equipment, color xerography, and
direct imaging from digitized data. An investigation of the relative
advantages, disadvantages of the two forms of printing could be investigated.
Pre-press operations were identified as one area where changes could be
made, particularly by eliminating color separations for multi-color printing
and even by eliminating or simplifying the platemaking operation. Such
efforts would reduce photographic wastes, particularly silver. Many of these
changes are being driven by the expanded use of computers and digitization.
Research that assesses the environmental, ecological and economic
costs/benefits could provide useful information in both resolution of the full
picture as well as technology transfer opportunities.
One of the steps in printing is the preparation of the sensitized plate
material used to transfer the image. Traditionally, silver emulsions very
similar to those used in black and white photography have been used. While
the technology for silver recovery is well documented, penetration into the
industry has not been widespread. Research that would aim at removing
roadblocks and producing more widespread use should be planned.
Automation is seen as one means of achieving waste minimization by the
industry. Greater use of automation to set up a press, control the amount and
character of ink applied, and of press cleanup control is expected to reduce
the amount of solvents, ink, and scrap paper (make-ready) that will be
generated. A study of the cost benefits of such a change-over for various
sized presses might encourage firms to invest in what will seem to be costly
equipment.
Solvent-laden rags and shop towels are considered hazardous waste in
some states. Since this problem is encountered in many industries (paint,
machining, auto, etc.) technology for recovering solvent (particularly on a
small scale) may be attractive.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (281)
The term "chemical industry" is extremely broad and includes several SIC
categories that were considered high priority research areas. Included were
organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, pesticides, etc. It proved difficult
16
-------
to obtain process-related pollution prevention information about the industry,
either because of competitiveness and resulting confidential nature of this
information, because of relative lack of candor with an enforcement agency or
because options often are specific to a single process, a single piece of
equipment, or a single product. Nevertheless, the industry has been a leader
in the pollution prevention (earlier identified as waste minimization) effort,
and has documented innovative if specific changes in a plant, process, or
piece of equipment. For example, while solvent recovery is a clear
opportunity of broad magnitude, its applicability can only be assessed in
terms of the quality needs of a specific process. Similarly, wastewater
reduction (which is a major contributor to the industry's waste) often depends
on the product mix in a particular plant, the type of processing being done,
and the complexity of the operations underway. It appears that more
opportunities for reuse exist in complex plants.
The chemical industry, on the basis of cost-consciousness, has been very
aware of the need to minimize losses of solvents, raw materials, etc. Solvent
recovery and reuse continues to be one of the primary targets, and one where
additional development could be productive. Solvent substitution (to less
toxic materials, to more readily recoverable solvents, to less problematic
residues from recovery, opportunities for recycle/reuse, etc.) is recognized
as an opportunity for pollution prevention. Within each plant, however, it
must be considered within the context of a plant's specific production mix.
The concept of modifying a plant's production mix and production
schedule, to maximize material recovery/reuse, is one that could-be fostered
through EPA involvement. Efforts are already underway (Merck) to develop
computer programs that will allow complex, multi-product/process operations to
be modelled and eventually optimized for waste minimization and cost. Such an
optimization approach requires relatively complex computer models and tends to
be process or plant specific. It is probably cost-effective for only the
large and more complex plants.
In the design of new plants and processes in which pollution prevention
parameters are included from the start, more generic potential is present.
EPA input to model design in these instances may make sense. (The concept of
including plant layout and product flow as part of pollution prevention was
also raised as a need/opportunity in the metal finishing industry and the
textile dyeing and finishing industry).
There is potential in catalytic efficiency improvement. Catalyst
manufacturers and large scale users'of catalytic processes are working at
improving efficiency and increasing yields (or conversion). While not usually
recognized as such, the result can be source reduction. Three specific areas
of current investigation are 1) the use of a catalytic process to produce
diisocyanates without phosgene as an intermediate (J. Cusamano, Catalytica);
2) more efficient zeolite-supported catalysts for ammonia production
(J. Landsford, Texas A&M); and, 3) selective zeolite supports for aromatics
production and isomerization (V. Weckman, Mobil).
17
-------
Two additional research areas may deserve attention under the general
title of catalysts. These are ultrasonics and the use of high energy
irradiation (e.g., ultraviolet, gamma, microwave) to accelerate chemical
reactions. Preliminary work has suggested that both techniques can accelerate
a wide range of reactions. However, it is unlikely that information on any
process modification that allows a firm to compete more effectively will be
publicized, at least not until patent protection has been sought and obtained.
The foregoing refers primarily to manufacture of organic chemicals. The
inorganic chemical industry is somewhat different in that many of the products
are commodity chemicals for which the technology has been established over
many years. In an industry where plants and process equipment have been
amortized over long time periods, it is difficult to see improvements that
would have any significant impact on cost. One example is the chloralkali
industry where the more energy efficient (and mercury-free) membrane process
is only slowly replacing the older processes, largely as a result of
environmental requirements. This is reflected in new plant construction and
closure of plants using less efficient technology. Opportunity may exist in
improved treatment of wastes and wastewaters that would increase product
recovery and decrease material losses. Modernization of existing waste
treatment technologies by incorporating improvements such as improved
distillation or evaporation (of water), ion exchange, reverse osmosis, etc.
may be cost-effective and also result in waste minimization. However, in
dealing with commodity chemicals, attractive pay-back opportunities appear to
be quite limited.
PLASTICS (2821)
The plastics industry could not be addressed via an overall approich due
to the large number of distinct processes and products and also the
proprietary nature of much of the required information about them. The areas
addressed are ones were specific opportunities were available.
One area currently being investigated (Overcash/North Carolina) is the
development of technology for the recovery of blowing agents (methylene
chloride and fluorocarbons) from open cell urethane foam manufacture.
Currently, the blowing agents are not recovered; in the near future their use
and emission may not be acceptable because of the stratospheric ozone problem.
The development of alternate blowing agents is an important field that is
getting significant attention from the large manufacturers of these
substances. A flexible foam is being developed by Sanyo that requires no CFC
blowing agent/ Similarly, Dow (Kakoh-Japan and Chemical-US) are. converting a
polystyrene CFC-blowing operation for use with substitute chemicals. The cost
at this point is, however, significantly higher.
The major opportunity for pollution prevention this in industry
currently is the recycling of scrap plastic. An area of potential interest to
EPA would be in the developing technology and equipment for segregation of
plastics into compatible mixes at the scrap level. New uses and processing
techniques for mixed plastic wastes is an area of interest. Consumption of
18
-------
more plastic waste reduces the amount of raw materials used. There are many
innovations taking place or starting, such as the addition of
"compatibilizers." Testing and evaluation of demonstration-scale products
and processes by the EPA may produce a catalytic effect for the introduction
of the successful ideas into practice.
_ Another key issue in the. plastic recycling industry is the low density
of most plastics, such as polystyrene food containers and urethane foams.
Means need to be developed to maximize the capacity of trucks and storage
containers (while retarding biological activity). Mobil is currently
investigating this by melting the foam plastics at the collection site (in the
truck). Another approach being considered is to dissolve the foamed plastic
in a solvent to make a "dope" - in the transport vehicle. Ideally, the dope
would be one suitable for subsequent reprocessing of the plastic and present
no additional environmental problems of its own. While this may decrease the
volume of plastic that could be transported (relative to molten plastic), it
still may be more efficient than dry, solid transport and other considerations
come into play (such as energy requirements). At least conceptually, the
technology could be transferable to other plastics and even other'products
(e.g., paper, tires).
Little effort seems to have been directed to depolymerizing plastics
back to their original monomers. While this would be less cost-effective than
simply reprocessing the plastic, depolymerization may be attractive in special
applications, particularly where products are mixtures of very different
materials. For example, diethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycoT could be
recovered from polyester/cotton blend fabrics (rags). Alternatively,
xanthation (carbon disulfide plus caustic) could recover the cellulose (cotton
or rayon) from such blends. Any such investigations would need to examine the
wastes produced by the depolymerization, as well.
The question of degradable plastics is one that requires better
investigation. Besides the technical aspects of degradability of plastic,
there is a question of trading landfill space for other pollution
considerations such as the products, amounts, concentrations of constituents
of degradation and their significance to the environment. Studies to predict
these effects and approaches to solutions could be of interest.
PHARMACEUTICALS (283)
Although the pharmaceutical industry could be considered as a special
segment of the chemical industry, it was specifically identified as a separate
entity during the prioritization and consequently examined as such. In
addition to conventional chemical reactions, the industry is unique in that it
also uses biological processes as a source of its products. In addition, it
operates under a very restrictive regulatory regime, which may produce an
impediment to pollution prevention improvements, particularly those
considering material recycle. The proprietary aspects of the industry make it
difficult to foresee ready technology transfer.
19
-------
For example, while solvent use is high and recycle is practiced where
practical, the regulatory constraints and concern over trace impurities make
it difficult to consider broad use of recovery/reuse - until it has been
demonstrated as practical, safe, and approved as Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Costs and time associated
with making these improvements serve as strong disincentives. Nevertheless,
the industry is looking more carefully at solvent recycle and substitution as
part of the manufacturing process during the development of processes for new
products. For example, methylene chloride is now being replaced where
possible because of environmental and health concerns about this solvent.
Similarly, while certain byproducts may be recoverable from the industry's
processes, reuse within the process, use in other processes, or sale of such
byproducts must consider impurities that could have biological activity. By-
product salt recovery and sale is practiced.
At this point, it is difficult to foresee how source reduction (or
recycling) practice can be directly improved by EPA involvement due in most
part to the proprietary issue. As such, this area forms a major challenge.
Indirect assistance via education of people involved with the design of
processes and equipment, along with the securing of management understanding
and participation are the visible approaches at this time.
PAINT INDUSTRY (285)
Both the manufacture of paints and the application of the product to
various substrates were considered as part of the investigation of this
industrial segment. Preliminary investigations had indicated that there was
significant interaction between paint manufacturers, application equipment
vendors and ultimate users to warrant this combined examination.
According to a recent study5, 11.1 billion dollars in coatings were
shipped in 1988. Of these, about 49% were for architectural coatings (80% now
are latex); 36% went to original equipment/product coating (including
appliances and vehicles); and 15% went to special-purpose coatings.
The manufacture of paint consists essentially of mixing and heating
resins, pigments, and solvents in kettles, filtering, and packaging the
product. The industry is very closed about product formulations. Extensive
recovery/reuse of off-grade product and residues from each run into other
products and less sensitive colors is currently practiced to a significant
extent, both for environmental and for economic reasons. It also is standard
practice to schedule, production so that maximum reuse of residues and solvent
washings can be made. ' The development of a more formalized approach (e.g.,
computerization) may be helpful, particularly for smaller firms. Based on
discussions with representatives of the industry, improvements in kettle
design and materials of construction to minimize "stickage" also are becoming
more common.
20
-------
The conversion to non-solvent and low solvent or high-solids coating
systems is continuing to expand as a means of reducing Volatile Organic
Compound (VOC) emissions both during manufacture and application. This is a
collaborative and iterative effort between the manufacturing and the
applications segments of the industry. As manufacturers develop new coatings
with less environmentally harmful components, while maintaining equivalent
properties, the applications segment must develop suitable techniques for
application. Simultaneously, as the applicators develop new techniques for
quicker, less polluting application techniques (e.g., powder coating,
electrostatics, etc.), the paint .manufacturers must develop coatings to take
advantage of these processes while developing the required process changes.
EPA's research contribution to this industry could be in the applications
arena, evaluating the equipment manufacturers to demonstrate that the newer
application technologies do, in fact, produce equivalent finishes while
reducing waste production (VOCs, over-spray, off-grade finishes, etc.). EPA
collaboration on application of technologies such as electrostatic painting
and powder coating with thermal or high energy (gamma, ultraviolet, etc.)
curing to different industrial segments could accelerate the acceptance of
such systems.
For example, currently there is considerable interest in a low
pressure/high volume (LPHV) spray gun which potentially produces much, less
over-spray, uses less paint, and produces less VOCs and particulates. While
some funded research has been carried out comparing this LPHV gun with
conventional hardware, demonstrations of applications in several different
industries might accelerate implementation. The alternative to this approach
is a spray application system using high solids content, with the attempt to
minimize or eliminate use of toxic solvents. Another new concept developed by
Union Carbide and called the UNICARB process is the use of high pressure
carbon dioxide as a transport medium or solvent substitute6. This process
reduces VOC emissions 30-70%, but does require extensive reformulation of the
coatings being applied. A commercial installation of the Unicarb process at
an auto parts manufacturer is scheduled-for Fall, 1990. Additional research
will be needed to define the properties of suitable coatings. A collaborative
effort between EPA, new methods innovators, paint manufacturers and other
researchers (ex. Prof. Donahue of Johns Hopkins) could help to accelerate the
testing, evaluation and acceptance of new techniques.
As changes in application technology occur, they impact the nature of
the products being manufactured. Clearly the manufacture of water-based
coatings has grossly different problems and needs from those inherent in
conventional solvent-based alkyd coatings. One specific area is that water-
based paints usually need a fungicide to prevent deterioration in storage.
Mercury-based compounds traditionally used to meet this need are now being
replaced with less hazardous materials, such as tin salts, and research in
this area continues to look for even more benign materials.
Even within the area of solvent-based paints, several approaches are
being explored as a means of reducing VOCs in paint and, consequently,
entering the atmosphere. One route to minimizing VOC emissions that is being
explored by industry is the use of "exempt" solvents. These are substances
21
-------
presently not restricted from the particular application by regulation. The
net pollution effect of such alternatives needs to be assessed. EPA could
participate in an assessment or even ranking of substitute exempt solvents, or
other substances. Some recent interest has been expressed in the use of oil -
based paint with a natural vernonia oil substituted for the solvent.
California's SCAQHD has funded research on this approach to source reduction.
The evaluation of the net benefits of this type of formulation by EPA may be
of interest.
Innovation in surface preparation is another element of painting that
holds potential for pollution prevention. Corrosion protection, as with
phosphate coatings, electroplating, and/or priming may all be required to
assure adhesion of the final film and the protection needed for the lifetime
of the product. Simplifications through combinig, changing or eliminating
steps can lead to significant improvements. A number of improvements have
been and continue to be proposed and tried. The evaluation of these
improvements can be a significant contribution to be made by EPA in the waste
reduction in this area.
Repainting of surfaces is another aspect of the industry that has
significant potential for waste quantity/toxicity reduction. The processes
often involve the removal of rust, biological growth, dust, poorly adhering
paint film, etc., before new finish is applied. Traditionally, this has been
done with caustic stripping, solvent stripping, or some form of removal by
mechanical means. Each has its advantages with a particular substrate and
each creates its own environmental problems. While EPA has completed a
comparison of blasting with sand and plastic media, evaluation of emerging
new techniques may provide attractive alternatives. Some of these; being
considered for evaluation are high energy aqueous stripping systems (including
closed loop handling of the wastewater); use of sodium bicarbonate; and carbon
dioxide pellets; and laser stripping. Other processes are being tried that
extend the lifetime of caustic- and solvent-based strippers, by filtration of
paint sludge. Another approach is to develop more durable finishes, requiring
less frequent replacement.
Both paint stripping and spray application produce paint solids or
sludges that may be hazardous, largely due to metallic components. New
application techniques help to reduce the volumes of such wastes but there
continues to be little use to dried paint solids and stripped sludges, even
though they contain the resins and pigments that provided the properties of
the coating. Development of a means of reformulating such wastes into usable
paints, even if of lower grades, could have a significant impact on waste
volumes-. While some industries have used such wastes in very low quality
protective coatings (e.g., automotive undercoating), EPA has indicated that
such practice is inconsistent with hazardous waste regulations.
Painting is only one means of providing protection to a surface and
satisfying aesthetic requirements of the user. Electroplating, anodizing,
plastic coating, fabrication from materials that do not require additional
coating are other means of achieving the same purposes. Adoption of these
changes hold a large potential for reduction of waste along with added
22
-------
considerations for acceptanceby"customers/consumers and cost-effectiveness
Needed are comparative studies of the methods of surface protection/aesthetics
vs. pollution prevention and cost effectiveness.
INK MANUFACTURE (2893)
Printing inks were identified as a major industry, independent from
printing, which is included separately. Printing inks basically consist of a
coloring agent (inorganic pigment, organic dye, carbon black, etc.) in a
resin/solvent mixture. Historically the solvent has been an organic chemical
such as toluene or acetone. While solvent-based inks still predominate,
relatively small segments of the printing industry (flexographic) today use
aqueous inks as well.
The manufacture of inks consists of milling or grinding the pigment with
the resin and dispersing the product in the solvent medium. In response to
today s environmental constraints, many of the heavy metal pigments are being
replaced as soon as they can, often with organic dyes.
At present, solvents used to clean the reaction vessels (tubs) between
batches are routinely reused for the initial washdowns of successive batches
when they cannot be incorporated in the product. As in the paint industry,
scheduling is a key to minimizing the need for cleanup by grouping the
production of same or compatible inks, incorporation of solvents as thinner,
etc. Solvent distillation is also widely practiced. Additionally, aqueous
caustic is also a common method of cleaning tubs, leaving solutions and
suspensions for treatment. Means of recovering all or part of these wastes
and subsequent rinses provides potential for a number of approaches that are
being tried (ex. reverse osmosis).
The recycling of ink directly involves both the ink manufacturer and
printer. Small printers frequently mix excess or left-over ink with virgin
ink. Eventually, this can create problems in printing due to accumulation of
solvents or paper fibers. In larger shops equipment is available to filter
the paper fibers. Some paint manufacturers have expressed a willingness to
take "waste" ink from printers for filtration and reformulation. However, at
this time, existing regulations consider the ink as hazardous waste creating
the associated disincentives for this approach at reuse. Also, the oil/water
chemistry involved in inks and in printing are so much a question of "art"
that this practice would not find widespread use within the present regulatory
climate. Demonstration that prove success with a variety of inks could be a
significant step in reusing inks.
Conversion from solvent-based inks to water-based inks at this time is
occurring only in segments of the industry where particular application is
compatible. Extensive research would be needed to develop water-based inks
and printing systems for the lithographic segment of the industry. Support of
academic research in this area of fundamental ink/paper chemistry is needed to
help implementation of significant changes. Additional ideas concerning inks
will be presented under the printing industry segment.
23
-------
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY (291)
This industry is unique in that its raw materials, its primeiry wastes,
and its products can be considered as one. Considering all aspects of the
industry, from petroleum drilling to the various hydrocarbon modification
processes (cracking, hydrogenation, etc.), source reduction and recovery/
recycle largely become indistinguishable. Recovery of a waste from one
segment readily becomes source reduction at a later segment. From a
perspective within the industry, raw material substitution is not an option
available for this industry, although substitutions in catalysts, acids, etc.,
could.be possible, along with schemes for conservation. Improvements in
processes that have potential for reducing waste should be evaluated as they
are defined. From an outside industry perspective, a significant amount of
commentary exists regarding the substitution of other, renewable sources of
energy so that this source is conserved for applications for which good
substitutes do not exist. Studies to evaluate the pollution prevention
potential or impact for the various fuel alternatives can be a very important,
for longer range research. :
The area of drilling and drilling muds was noted as one that would be
attractive for waste minimization and for EPA collaboration. Improved
drilling muds, with decreased toxicity, handling, processing would be of
interest. Enhanced recovery of oil from existing wells and from oil-soaked
sands are two potential areas where the industry may be receptive to
cooperative research with EPA, although the industry has and is carrying out
significant research in this area.
Throughout the petroleum industry, improved separation practices would
benefit a variety of oily water wastes, allowing the oil to be recovered and
the water to be reused or disposed of with minimal treatment. Emulsion-
breaking could be one key aspect of such investigations. In certain segments
of the industry, such as well drilling, the water is also heavily laden with
salts and additional processing, perhaps by reverse osmosis, would be required
to gain sufficient benefit to make separation cost-effective. The separation
issue is significant in most industries and is discussed under the generic
technology section.
Tank bottoms are a current problem that needs the development of
processes/technologies that enable reuse and recycling of the sludge. Coking
of the carbon-rich sludges has been considered and may warrant further
attention. Recovery and reuse of other wastes, such as sulfuric acid and
spent catalysts, could present other opportunities. Recovery and reprocessing
of spilled oils via mobile or satellite plants could be an area of study.
Traditionally, the urgency of a spill is such that reuse of the recovered
substance has not been a primary factor in selecting recovery technology.
An interesting study might be to determine whether the national
petroleum picture - including its environmental aspects - would benefit if
different plants were "assigned" to ongoing production of single products or
24
-------
single product ranges. (One could make the same argument for other industries
such as chemicals, electroplating^ etc.). ;,
STEEL INDUSTRY (331)
For this study the areas selected were coke making and electric: arc
furnaces (EAF). Representatives of the American Iron and Steel Institute
concurred with the identification of these as viable areas for pollution
prevention research. Coke making will see expanded regulatory constraints in
the coming years and has always been one of the industry's more difficult
areas, with air emissions and quench water as major problems. In spite of
gradual phase out of U.S. coke making operations, some 40-45 plants remain.
Dust generation in the EAF, and its disposal, have also been recognized as a
serious problem, with the potential for material recovery. Evaluation of the
environmental effect of making products from K061 waste, is planned in
cooperation with technology developer and a steel mills using this process in
Oregon and Washington.
By-product coke making could benefit from major changes in the'
procedures used. The industry strives to recycle or market many of its by-
products/wastes (e.g., tar decanter sludge-K087, ammonia recovery, pitch,
etc.). However, the capital cost of coke battery facilities is very large and,
with the depressed state of the steel industry, construction of new,
environmentally benign facilities is highly unlikely. Reuse of the tar
decanter sludge, either by injecting the sludge into the ovens to contribute
to coke yield or by incorporation into coal tar products. Work to-date has
indicated limitations to the quantity that may be recycled before quality
suffers. Improvements in quenching, as by a shift from water quenching to dry
quenching, continue to be desirable goals. While implemented in Europe, these
technologies are not being implemented in the U.S. Changes in steel making
that would circumvent the need for coke making might be a more attractive
long-range opportunity.
Several methods for the recycle of the metal dust from the EAF have now
been developed. In one of these, pelletizing the dust and reintroducing it to
the furnace, allows it to be reused. Such techniques are relatively new and
might profit from added documentation.
The EAF has also been the basis of another waste minimization study,
carried out by Versar for EPA, in which fluoride wastes (neutralization of
spent HN03/HF pickle acid) were recovered by a two-stage neutralization from
the wastewater as calcium fluoride and recycled to the furnace, replacing
commercial calcium fluoride used as a "flux" in these furnaces. Collaboration
with steel mills on the pollution prevention effects of these recovery schemes
has potential. .
Pickling acids have remained a major concern of the steel industry for
many years. Regeneration of acid from iron sulfate or chloride has repeatedly
been attempted, as has recovery of acids by distillation. With economics as a
major driving force (including environmental costs), sulfuric acid remains the
25
-------
predominant acid in use, but if a viable process for the on-site regeneration
of hydrochloric acid (and recovery of some usable form of iron) could be
developed, there might be a gradual shift in the industry over time.
NON-FERROUS METALS (333-334)
The non-ferrous metals industry encompasses both primary and secondary .
smelters and fabricators of non-ferrous products. The metals range from
aluminum to copper, lead, zinc, etc. Most ores as mined are sulfides and a
major concern of the industry has been sulfur dioxide emissions. While this
is a large, costly problem to control, conversion to sulfur or sulfuric acid
is a viable option, albeit dependent on the market values of these products.
(Aluminum is unique in that its ore is an oxide, and control of fluoride
emissions is a major concern of that industry segment.)
In addition to hydrometallurgical processes for metals recovery from
ores, which have been under investigation for many years and are constantly
being improved from an environmental and a production point of view, several
new pyrometallurgical processes (smelting) are now in various stages of
development around the world. One advantage offered by some of these is the
elimination of the metallurgical coke used, along with all its inherent
problems during manufacture and use. The industry is also looking more
closely at secondary recovery of precious metals (silver and gold) from
smelter residues, both by conventional cyanide leaching and by newer
technology7. While such secondary recovery has economic and even
environmental advantages, it must be recognized that the change in volume to
the original waste is not usually great - and additional waste is also
generated during the secondary recovery. Evaluations are needed of the net
environmental impact and trade-off's.
One major concern in several of the smelting operations, particularly
copper, is the concentration of arsenic oxide in the of dusts produced during
processing. There is little market for the arsenic-rich dusts and recovery of
other metals from the dust is hindered. Ore beneficiation routes that would
prevent the arsenic from accompanying the metal ore to the furnace, even if
only by physical separation means, would avoid the major source of the problem
and would allow greater reuse of the metal values in the dust. (Chem Eng. Apr
1990 p21). Investigations are in progress for improved flotation processes
that will allow separation of arseno-pyrites from sulfide ore concentrates,
thereby removing the arsenic compounds from the ore concentrates before they
reach the smelters.
Approximately 80% of the U.S. lead consumption comes from automotive
batteries and 80-90% of these are currently recycled. Reducing the sulfur
oxides produced by the reprocessing of the lead sulfate (and oxides) from
these batteries might help to expand the secondary lead smelting industry by
reducing the (environmental) cost of operation. Several chemica.l processes
are known to convert the sulfate to oxides or carbonates that create fewer air
pollution problems. However, the aqueous sulfate solutions still must be
addressed. While these processes have been examined from a production point
26
-------
of view, little attention seems to have been given to them from an
environmental point of view The potential utility of such a non-pyrolytic
method for removal of sul fide from other non-ferrous metal ores should also
not be discounted. Hydrometallurgical conversion of sulfides to oxides
carbonates, etc., could eliminate significant emissions of sulfur oxides and
eliminate the need for costly scrubbing equipment. The sulfur would have to
be managed by some other method that would not produce environmental insult
and, ideally, would be recoverable in a useful form.
In the aluminum industry, improved recovery of mineral values from low
grade bauxite ores and from red mud, while they do not significantly reduce
the amount of waste per unit weight of ore, do allow reductions in the number
of tons of ores needed to produce a ton of metal. The same can be said for
rnntn*t 9Jn-ferro« metal ores- In addition, spent potliners,
contaminated with fluoride, cyanide, and organics, are considered an
environmental problem. A number of reuse, recycle, and disposal options are
currently being explored by the Agency as part of its regulatory effort
Emphasis on the recovery of cryolite or carbon from aluminum potliners, 'as
well as aluminum, would be attractive from a waste minimization viewpoint, but
considerable improvement in methodology may be needed to achieve this.
Many non-ferrous metals (as well as iron) ultimately are used in
castings. A major waste stream from casting is the sand mold, which may be
contaminated with binders and metallic residues from the casting. Reuse of
the sand after a casting is limited at this time. Considerable source
reduction could be achieved if contamination of the sand could be prevented or
contaminants could subsequently be removed. Reference was found to one such
process, the KHD Humboldt Wedag process, in which ferrous metal is removed
magnetically and organics (binders, etc.) are destroyed at elevated
METAL FINISHING 347 (ELECTROPLATING 3471)
The key pollutants in electroplating are metals, acids and chlorinated
solvents used for degreasing. With the more general category, wastes from
anodizing and solvent and pigment wastes are also of interest; opportunities
for improved management of these materials are discussed under Non-ferrous
Metals and Painting, respectively. ; "
Over the last two decades considerable research has been devoted to
technologies to reduce wastewater volumes and to treat or recycle metals and
acids As existing concepts (e.g., ion exchange, reverse osmosis, etc.) are
translated into, operating systems that allow recycle of process baths or
recovery of metal values, EPA may want to participate in the evaluation of
such systems and the transfer of the technology to broader segments of the
industry. In addition, investigations of fundamental aspects of rinsing, such
as the use of wetting agents/surface active agents, etc., may be a useful
research
27
-------
Based on discussion with industry representatives, other areas with
waste minimization potential that deserve further attention include::
a. Non-cyanide plating of metals other than zinc, including nickel and
cadmium. It may also be informative to compare the different wastes generated
by cyanide and non-cyanide plating to ascertain that environmental Improvement
results. Non-cyanide plating systems have not been able to provide the needed
adhesion of the metal coating to heat-treated ferrous substrates (e.g., bolts,
etc); improvements in this area would contribute to the acceptance of the
alternate technology. One development currently under study is the use of a
two-part chromate process which provides the desired hard, durable finish when
applied to lightly zinc-plated bolts. EPA could monitor the development and
expansion of such an approach.
b. While non-cyanide plating overcomes the environmental problems of cyanide,
an alternate approach that may be as environmentally attractive would be to
improve the recoverability and reuse capability of cyanide-containing plating
baths. This could include evaporative technologies and other means of
removing or converting inorganic salts that form during the use of such baths.
Success with such approaches would extend bath life, reduce the frequency with
which baths must be discarded, and thus decrease waste production. -
c. It has been demonstrated that approximately 50% of the waste sludge
generated in plating operations are not related to the metals being plated,
but arise from ancillary operations. (In one study carried out by Versar it
was found that over 85% of the F006 sludge at a specific job shop was inert
calcium sulfate resulting from the use of calcium chloride as a sludge
settling agent). Consequently, considerable environmental improvement could
be achieved by improvements in acid washes, cleaners, brighteners, phosphating
agents, etc. Simply eliminating oils that prematurely shorten the life of
processing baths would provide a source reduction in the use of materials.
d. Trivalent chromium has found some use as a replacement for the much more
toxic hexavalent chromium. However, additional work is needed to produce
finishes acceptable to the consumer.
e. As noted, plating is only one means of imparting corrosion resistance.
Painting and plastic coating (powder coating, fluidized bed coating, resin-
seal anodizing, etc.) are others that are now being practiced as part of
"metal finishing. However, it remains uncertain whether these routes are, in
fact, less of an environmental problem. Certainly, the use of aqueous coating
systems and high solids systems eliminate or reduce VOC problems traditionally
associated with "coatings." EPA may wish to participate in the development
and evaluation of these and other new approaches to metal protection
(passivation), such as vapor deposition of metal films.
f. Many plating baths (and rinses) must be discarded at some point because of
contamination with other metals. Battelle is now investigating selective ion
exchange resin systems that allow the selective removal of impurity metals,
thereby extending bath life. Considerably more work would appear to be
warranted to customize resins, adsorbents, and membranes for selective removal
28
-------
of metallic impurities from baths; acids,-'solvents, etc. The result would be
extended lifecycles and, thus, source reduction.
Anodizing of aluminum is another approach to metal protection. An
interesting approach to the aluminum hydroxide waste from anodizing was
presented in an EPA study by the Georgia Institute of Technology8. Dewatering
of the hydroxide sludge and treatment with sulfuric acid is reported to
produce commercial grade alum solution; no cost data is included in the
Project Summary. Such material could replace virgin alum used in the
industrial and municipal water treatment industry.
g. While electrolysis would appear to be an ideal technology .for the
electroplating industry to use in treating its wastes - and one that should
allow recovery of metals and/or reconstitution of process solutions, the
technology seems to have achieved less than its potential level of acceptance
by the industry. An analysis of this technique and why it has not achieved
more widespread use in purifying or reconstituting plating baths might provide
some lessons on what the industry looks for and needs in waste treatment.
h. Similarly, electrowinning is a well known process that could be applied to
electroplating and electrocleaning for the recovery, of metals from baths in
the form of metallic anodes. Demonstration of applications of the technology
to spent baths and rinses may be needed to increase its use by the industry to
a much greater extent.
ELECTRONICS/SEMICONDUCTORS (3674)
This industry was considered to consist of two segments: (a) fabrication
of semiconductors, transistors, printed circuit boards, etc., and (b) assembly
of final products. Within the first segment, several environmental problems
are known to exist. The industry uses large volumes of acids, metals, and
solvents to manufacture its components; high purity is a requisite for many of
its operations. The latter segment, assembly, is similar to many other
industries, including operations such as painting, soldering, packaging,
reworking of out-of-specification products, etc. Our attention was
concentrated on the fabrication of components.
Other than the high purity requirements in manufacture, use of metals,
solvents, and acids in the fabrication segment of the industry are also
similar to those in several other industries and the solutions are also
similar and available. Metals are soldered, etched, and used in
electroplating." Solvents, often halogenated, are used to clean and degrease
metallic parts. Acids are used to clean and prepare surfaces and as conductive
solvents. The industry does, however, also generate wastes containing some
relatively uncommon materials: e.g., arsenic. Arsenic is used to protect
gallium arsenide crystals from oxidation during fabrication and is then
removed by etching, becoming a pollutant in the etchant acid solution.
Alternate means of providing oxidation protection or removal of the arsenite
or arsenate salts from the acid would allow broader reuse of the acids.
29
-------
Solvent use has been one of the most visible aspects of the Industry,
with chlorinated hydrocarbon and Freon solvents widely used for degreasing of
parts. Recovery and reuse of these solvents has been hindered by the need for
very high purity. Aqueous washing solutions are now being introduced and EPA
currently is involved, to the extent of oversight, in the development and
evaluation of such products and equipment for their use through the Ad Hoc
Solvents Working Group and the IPC CFC Cleaning Task Group.
Research is underway (North Carolina State U.) to identify the process
steps that introduce particulate (metallic oxide) and organic film
contaminants onto semi-conductor chips and make acid or solvent cleaning
necessary. Eliminating the source of the problem would be instrumental in
eliminating the need to clean.
AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURE/ASSEMBLY (371)
Limited discussion with representatives of this industry failed to
disclose any unique problems or significant opportunities where EPA
participation in research would be productive. Those problems which were
identified were the same ones that would be encountered in the assembly of any
large machine from parts made elsewhere. In fact, the major conclusion was
that almost the entire industry now purchases its components from outside
vendors, leaving only assembly and painting for the assembly plants. These
operations generate the usual environmental problems, including paints, oils,
greases and degreasing solvents from equipment maintenance and paint from the
very large vehicle painting operations carried out. But, even in the painting
area, where highly sophisticated technology is in use, we were advised that
the industry is relying more and more on the equipment and/or paint
manufacturers to incorporate waste management in their equipment.
Other operations normally associated with the assembly of vehicles, such
as plastic foam production (for seats, roof liners), engine block casting,
bumper plating, etc. are addressed under the industries that manufacture
those products or use those processes.
One form of source reduction could be achieved by further introduction
of long-life products in vehicles, such as synthetic motor oil, sealed
radiators, etc. and these could have major impact on downstream waste
generation, as it has with sealed batteries. However, bringing about such
changes on the scale that would be involved appears to be more an
institutional and economic question rather than one of available technology.
Therefore, other than in painting operations, the automotive assembly
industry was not one that would be attractive for research on waste
minimization. Because of its size and nature, it was also unlikely that it
would see collaboration with EPA as beneficial and conversely, it was unlikely
that anything learned about the industry would be transferable to other
industries.
30
-------
LAUNDRIES/DRY CLEANING (721) ,
In the dry cleaning industry waste minimization has been practiced for
many years with the recovery and reuse of their solvents. Nevertheless there
appears to be a need to reduce residual solvent in still bottoms and in
filters even further to meet current and anticipated regulations.
The International Fabricare Institute has participated in a program to
evaluate technology by which residual solvent in still bottoms can now be
decreased to 1%. EPA collaboration in demonstrating and evaluating this
technology, which involves the addition of water, probably as a suspending
agent and heat transfer agent, might be beneficial and easily transferable to
the industry - and perhaps to other industries where recovery of solvents by
distillation has been hindered by questions pertaining to the disposal of the
still bottoms.
Similarly, processes are now being developed to remove residual solvent
from the filters, which are primarily carbon adsorption units. Some of these
approaches appear to be general schemes for carbon regeneration that could
have broad applicability, including one being researched by Ontario Power that
uses microwave heating to strip out residual solvent. (Microwave regeneration
°f adsorbent carbon was investigated by Lockheed for RREL/EPA in the early
The main environmental problem of the laundry segment of the industry is
contaminated wastewater. Their waste minimization efforts revolve about reuse
of the wastewater and heat recovery. Work is underway but the industry
appears receptive to broader efforts into such areas as establishing the
quality needed for reuse. It also would seem that any research effort that
could recover detergents would not only purify the water but also reduce cost
and loss of these materials to the environment.
AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOPS (SIC-753)
The auto repair industry is a significant source of waste. Primarily,
it is a collection of small shops. As a consequence, there is little
structured.pollution prevention research or allocation of staff dedicated to
pollution prevention.
The major pollutants generated by the industry are waste paints, VOCs
from spray painting, and metal-bearing dusts from paint overspray, grinding
and sanding of finishes, degreasing solvents (often chlorinated) and oils and
other automotive fluids removed during repair and used batteries.
The current means of managing liquid wastes is usually by off-site
disposal, with the hydrocarbons either recovered by distillation, used for
their fuel value, or simply destroyed by incineration. Small scale, on-site
distillation equipment that would allow reuse of solvents is available but has
not achieved a significant degree of use, partly because of regulatory
31
-------
requirements and lack of significant economic incentives. A demonstration of
such an application would help to prove the cost-effectiveness of recovery,
and make operational data available to the industry. The dusts generated by
sanding and grinding can be collected by existing and innovative equipment,
but at this time there have been no uses found for these mixed materials that
could be considered pollution prevention.
i,
In the area of spray painting, the major source of VOC emissions by the
industry, there currently is no cost-effective technology for the significant
reduction of these wastes for small operations. The spray booths being
installed to comply with OSHA and environmental regulations, while maintaining
surface finish quality, address only particulates (overspray solids) but not
VOCs. There is a need for small scale solvent vapor recovery for this and
other industries. EPA assistance in stimulating research in this area could
result in major pollution reductions, both in this and other, small
industries.
In principle, and based on a number of studies, it can be concluded that
the application equipment and techniques used for spray painting are highly
inefficient in terms of waste produced per unit of product due to overspray,
atomization of volatile constituents into the air and/or water and the
additional wastes resulting from equipment clean up, soiled protective
clothing, etc.
More sophisticated coating technologies are and have been investigated,
and are in use for certain applications. However, technology such as
electrostatic painting, dip coating, etc., that are now making inroads in the
facilities of Original Equipment Manufacturers are not yet practical or even
appropriate for the refinisher. Recently, a low pressure/high volume (LPHV)
spray gun has been introduced which markedly improves transfer efficiency and
thus reduces VOC and particulate emissions.
While still to be fully developed, there is a significant list of other
coating technologies intended to replace solvents, such as high-solids paints,
U-V Curables, Ultrasonic activated, hot melt, etc. that could be advanced by
research leading to application. Additionally, a number of these technologies
are process specific, potentially limiting their wide adoption.
A half-way approach, using high pressure carbon dioxide in place of a
portion of the solvents in paint formulations could become available in a few
years and would contribute to significant reductions in VOC emissions.
The recharging/repair of automotive air conditioners may be an
opportunity to recover Freon. Equipment is now available for such recovery
and some types are in use. .
Similar technology may be applicable to Freon recovery from commercial
and residential refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including the
foam insulation panels. It should be noted in both areas that leakage of the
unit, with loss of the Freon to the atmosphere BEFORE the unit arrives at the
repair facility, is common. Investigation of improvements for recovery may be
32
-------
worthwhile. The substitution of organic and inorganic blowing agents and
vacuum panels for insulation are some of the other approaches that could be
evaluated.
Waste oil recovery is widely practiced by the industry, with the
recovered oil usually being burned in commercial boilers or incinerators.
Reprocessing of oil has had an on/off history over the past several decades,
due to regulatory impacts, public perceptions and marketing. Innovations in
waste oil reprocessing could return more of this resource to the consumer
network. Some research is being carried out (Alaska, California) to extend
the useful life of hydrocarbon-based oils by monitoring of deterioration and
high performance filtering. Synthetic motor oils are another approach but do
not appear to have attracted widespread consumer or vehicle manufacturer
attention at this time. Evaluation of the waste/pollution associated with
this product could be of interest.
In the case of used antifreeze, systems comparable to freon or oil are
in the process of being developed and several types are being marketed on
limited scale with some controversy over their acceptability. At this time,
the bulk of this material probably ends up in POTWs or in mixed solvent wastes
destined for incineration or fuel blending. The recovery and recycling of
ethylene glycol contaminated with metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons (from
solder and gasoline), plus other trace elements, can use additional research.
Processes are available to remove solids by filtration, and additive (anti-
rust) packages are available for reformulation or reconstitution. One
prevalent problem seems to be the development of a method/procedure for
collection from small generators. The incentives that would make gas
stations, repair shops and private residences participate in the activity in a
much greater way do not seem to be present nation-wide. An area of interest
for research could be the characterization of the amount of antifreeze
material discarded annually, its contaminants, the current management methods
and associated problems. The resulting information would form the basis for
design and decision-making regarding hardware, the cooling fluid, best
utilization practice and operating requirements for antifreeze recovery (in
essence, the inclusion of the recyling/disposal issue as a design criterion).
Batteries are another major source of waste from the automotive repair
industry. Collection and recovery of the lead from the plates and suspended
mixture of lead oxides and lead sulfate is extensively practiced. However,
reuse of the waste sulfuric acid is not. Investigations and discussions with
representatives of battery manufacturers have indicated that under proper
operating conditions spent acid drained from batteries can be filtered to
remove iron and copper contamination and the acid then refortified and
recycled for battery use. The suggested research here would be to identify
the specific problems and look for improvements leading to better technologies
and associated economics.
Degreasing of vehicle parts has been considered integral to any repair
or maintenance operation. Chlorinated and non-chlorinated hydrocarbons
traditionally have been used in such operations. Recycling is widely
practiced, often through off-site, contracted, services. Aqueous cleaning
33
-------
and degreasing solutions have been proposed and are being considered by some
segments of the industry. Other technologies, such as blasting with solid
particles, such as carbon dioxide, et al. are being tried. Careful evaluation
of such products and procedures may produce pollution prevention answers
useful to this industry.
GENERIC TECHNOLOGY
Investigation of industries within the short list resulted in the
identification of generic pollution prevention needs applicable to many
industries. These came in the form of unsolicited suggestions offered by a
significant number of experts in the various fields of industry. These were
finalized into a list of 13 generic research needs (see Table 5).
As indicated by various industry spokesmen, a number of generic or
"core" research areas were identified where pollution prevention advances are
needed. These would be applicable across a large number of industries or
industry segments. Because of the large potential for improvements, it is
recommended that these research areas receive significant priority in
formulating a research program.
TABLE 5. LIST OF 13 GENERIC TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED
VOC control (recovery technology)
CFC substitutes
Oil-water separation
Improved seals for pumps and valves
Equipment modifications
Improved operational testing (process baths, etc.)
Small-scale recovery for recycling
Inventory control techniques for pollution prev.
Metal degreasing
Acid recovery
Boiler waste reduction
Adsorption systems for regeneration and recovery
Industrial process scrap metal waste reductions
VOC "Control
With the current emphasis on air quality, it is somewhat surprising, that
more is not being done to develop technology for chemical vapor recovery.
Many governmental agencies and industries appear to be satisfied to destroy
vapors by incineration processes, at best recovering energy from the
degradation of valuable chemicals. It is suggested that a large effort would
be beneficial toward developing recovery/reuse approaches for such solvents.
This would affect industries as diverse as printing, painting (furniture, auto
34
-------
finishing), baking, etc. Currently, systems are available based on
condensation by chilling or carbdn adsorption; however, such systems are
costly and apparently do not give the removal achievable with incineration
techniques. And, where mixed solvents are used in a process, recovery must be
coupled with reformulation or separation to produce usable solvents.
Consequently, industry often chooses the destructive approach to satisfy
regulatory constraints.
CFC Substitutes
The quest for substitutes for the ozone layer damaging
chlorofluorocarbons is well underway and several companies are heavily
committed to the development of suitable alternatives. EPA may have
opportunities to evaluate specific alternatives under development for specific
applications; some of these will be chemically similar substances but others
could be completely dissimilar chemicals and/or use alternate processing
methods. Alternate technologies that do not require fluorocarbons (e.g., for
air conditioners, degreasing, plastic foam) would achieve major source
reductions.
Oil-Water Separation
Many industries generate waste oil that is contaminated with water, or,
in many cases, the water is the predominant species. The current oil/water
separation techniques do not, for many processes produce separate constituents
reusable for the given process or other useful purpose. In some cases this
accounts for large volumes of waste water being generated. While some of the
wastewater is suitable for reuse/recycle, many companies are still perceiving
it more cost-effective to treat and discharge or dispose of it. Research on
oil-water separation, such as, for example, emulsion breaking by either
physical or chemical means would be widely useful. Activities involving
cutting and cooling fluids, fluids such as those in metalworking or machining,
petroleum refining and drilling are some of the sources of waste that could be
reduced by research leading to improvements.
Improved Seals for Valves. Pumps, etc.
A large plant has numerous valves which may be leaking at any one time.
Improving the design or the seal material could conserve the materials being"
lost both as vapor and as liquid while minimizing the discharge ,to surface
runoff, the air, or to wastewater collection systems.
Significant waste may be generated during start-up and shut-down of
processes, both routine and unanticipated. Some of these discontinuities in
operation are a result of premature failure of valves, seals, etc. Thus,
improvements in longevity or predictability of seal failures could reduce
waste such as spills, off-spec products, waste reagents or any feed and
product material of a process. For example, the startup of a printing press
35
-------
produces considerable waste paper as colors and registration are adjusted; the
industry is now devoted considerable effort toward developing automated
equipment that will minimize such startup losses and allow change-overs "on
the fly."
Use and improvement of magnetic drive, or totally sealed ("canned")
pumps may find applications for the purpose of reducing or eliminating leaks.
Equipment Modifications
.In a wide range of industries the same equipment is used today as has
been used for decades. Significant processes are operated because they were
"always operated that way." While it is difficult to identify specific
industries or processes with a quick review, the potential for improvements
after a focused study is significant. Resulting changes may lead to improved .
yields, decreased by-products, etc., and have a major impact on was;te
production. For example, a redesign of a reaction kettle or the use of a new
design a baffle or stirrer could accelerate a desired reaction and/or improve
yield. Even exhaust pipe sizing can affect the slight over-pressure at which
a reaction may be occurring. Incorporation of ultrasonic agitators; or high
pressure gas lances can improve the efficiency of reactions as well as the
efficiency of reactor clean-out between batches, thus minimizing
chemicals/solvents needed to achieve a desired level of cleanliness. While
these types of improvements are, for the most part, practiced as routine
improvements for reducing costs, increasing profits and staying competitive,
the approach from a pollution prevention perspective (while keeping track of
economics) offers new opportunities.
Bath Testing (Manual Process -Control. Small-Scale Operations)
Simple, convenient, quick tests are needed for operators to determine
when a process bath, reaction mixture, or rinsewater has reached its safe
loading and thus help to determine when discharge is necessary. Certain of
these tests do exist, but often they are not relied on by operators. Instead,
discharges or disposal of baths, rinses, etc. are done on an arbitrary,
routine schedule that may be exceeding required frequency and produce
significantly larger volumes of waste. Recommendations are for feed-back and
feed-forward control loops which allow optimization.
Small Scale Recovery
Distillation, evaporation, carbon adsorption and regeneration, etc.,
while in common use, do not exist in widespread use at small scale for the
purpose of recovering solvents from paints, degreasers and reaction vessels.
Evaluation of hardware and economics on an impartial basis could provide
needed information.
36
-------
Inventory Control .
Automated inventory control has been shown to produce significant
decreases in waste. Needed is software that is tailored to the small firm for
tracking their raw feed materials, products and wastes generated. In addition
to forming a convenient method by which to evaluate actual costs, it would
also serve in placing focus on waste and liability costs and therefore create
an environment for waste reduction incentives.
Metal Deqreasinq
Vapor or liquid degreasers are widely used in industries ranging from
semiconductors to auto refinishers. While considerable progress has been made
in designing these to minimize solvent loss and carryover, indications are .
that solvent recovery still amounts to only about 60%. Total redesign of
degreasers or consideration of many of the dragout control concepts used in
the electroplating industry may be the necessary next step, as well- as careful
consideration of non-solvent alternatives such as aqueous or physical
degreasing. Degreasing with aqueous solutions coupled with ultrasonics has
received some attention for degreasing metal parts in Europe. Cleaning by
blasting of various substances from sand to walnut shells has also been
investigated. Another research area is to design processes that avoid needing
the degreasing altogether. .......
Acid Recovery
Recovery of strong acids (e.g., sulfuric, hydrofluoric, nitric,
hydrochloric) has long been recognized as a desirable route to minimizing
waste. However, capital cost for corrosion-resistant acid stills has usually
limited their application to large centralized facilities - which then face
the problems of transportation risks and costs. With the exception of
hydrofluoric acid, recovery has not usually been cost-effective. An
eledctrodialytic bipolar membrane technology has been commercialized which
allows recovery of concentrated acids and re-conversion of salt products to
the acids (and bases)9. Such technology could have major impact on the steel
industry (pickle liquors) but its application to the chemical, dye,
explosives, and other industries can also be investigated.
Boiler Waste Reduction
Industrial power-generating boilers are a significant source of wastes,
particularly during cleaning operations. California, in a summary of its
1988-1989 Waste Minimization Grants, noted that up to 11,000 tons of solid
toxic waste is produced annually in that state from this source. While
extensive research may be underway, the emphasis has not been on waste
minimization. Reconsideration of this segment of industry with a source
reduction viewpoint may elicit novel means of preventing the formation of
water treatment sludges, etc.
37
-------
Adsorption Systems
Carbon adsorption is widely used for waste treatment and, less
frequently, for chemical recovery. Other adsorbents have also been developed
over the years (resins, zeolites, etc.)- A research program examining cost
and technical effectiveness of such different adsorbents - including
regeneration - AND at developing chemical selectivity that might be achievable
with one or more of these materials and that would allow systems to segregate
waste components (from air, water, etc.) into reusable chemicals could be very
productive. For example, water creates problems in carbon adsorption but
certain hydrophobic zeolites do not readily adsorb water; consequently
organics can be desorbed and recovered in an anhydrous state rather than as
water/organic mixtures requiring further treatment. Newer, proprietary
products with higher adsorption capacities are now being developed10. Support
for development could be fruitful, particularly if applied to the recovery of
more expensive solvents such as fluorocarbons, specialty esters, otc.
Scrap Metals
A number of industries, including the finishing of castings, machinery
fabrication, and auto refinishing, generate scrap metals as cuttings and
turnings, grinding dusts, damaged parts, etc. These materials, often
contaminated with cutting fluids, are usually discarded as solid waste or, at
best, are sold to scrap dealers for reprocessing. Improved casting, forging,
and machining processes and equipment would simultaneously reduce the waste
loads produced and the amount of raw material used to fabricate the product.
Such changes in production practices are usually brought about for reasons
other than environmental concern, such as significant economics factors or
regulatory pressures (e.g. worker safety). Where significant capital
investment is involved, these changes are very slow. Added stimulus could be
productive via research that brings about a forerunner or working example.
The tool and die industry could be an area of focus.
38
-------
REFERENCES
1. Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984. Public Law 98-616,
November 8, 1994.
2. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management-and Budget.
1987. Standard Industrial Classification Manual.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 1989. The Toxics-Release
Inventory: A National Perspective. EPA 560/4-89/005.
4. Chemical Engineering, 1/90, p. 90.
5. Chemical & Engineering News, October 30, 1989.
6. Chemical & Engineering News, August 7, 1989, p. 28. '
7. Chemical Engineer, 4/90, p. 55.
8. EPA/600/S2-87/103, January 1988.
9. Chemical Engineer, 12/89, p. 81.
10. Chemical Engineer, 11/89, p. 17.
39
-------
APPENDIX
40
-------
et «
IU
< H-
Of O
& &
C/»
1
U
<< IU
^ s
" z
U.
* O
s
tfl
Ol
E ='
§"* ' <
^«
1 V>
i
5
w
£ S
IAL UASIE HINIHIZ
PROPOSED SOIUTI
If KNOWN
Of
(/>
§
O
I UJ
""" X
< a
at >
CD at
H- ac
at
CJ
ae
3 -
a
K
H
II
It X
S 2 r
===ssaaxsss=r
limited due
confidential
N
H
H
II
II w
II
. II
II (ft
H V
H *
If t/l
H 0
H 3 U
H 41
II 3
H X «.
II O U
ii « a
n <-
II V g
II
n
ii 4>
n 5. «
n -C i.
II C
11 X L.
!! -° 2
ii a u
ii C a
ti o 3
n ai 2
u c g
1! 5 g
n
it
u
n
fi
ii
Use less toxic
chemicals
H
u
t
t
1 O*
'1 If
It >*
It
a u
ii
U X
II O
n ~
M 4)
it U
11 0
II
tl Q.
II 41
U QC
it
II
U 4)
n C
s fe 1
41 & E
K X
Ul A U
£
Purify t recycle
hyperf iltration
achieves source
reduction
c
V
gi
?X
U
T ?
§o
U
U 41
V) t-
|
a.
1 S*
Is
u
S o
U) (A
i S
& .>
i^fil
So «
u V 41
1 1 0 I
«/» k. > U
«
c
a
Recycle by membn
processes
_*
>.
u
5-,
41
|
V
tl
X
a
jr
i 2 1 I
3 t g 1
8- ill
3 : '
u
V
-§
! #*
t 8- 1
111 "
^ M «# a
So o
t- c
u u » IS
s
i i
0 Z
z *-
*<
0
s 1
8 «
4, X £
coo
ill
X O f)
41 *« «it
i - S
K 4) X
£
M
.E
*
c
"o
J
0
ti
II! i
1L V A C
- "S
** * < 3
S £ b >
j ? § »
S ! i -5
g
° ^
5 1
)
- -g I
U £
1 .-i
g | s
u O >
5s:s
< a. x^
^
M
L ? S
| S 1
o
u !:
4, 5 *U
I "
a 2 3
V .C <_>
ac u
o-
'
?
">
^j
o i»
5 v
S i
X
1.
within induct
primarily
e
o
|
a
u
o
« *
1 i
g g =
6 »-
S r -3
~ 41
o £ i =
£ I «
.- _ §
i "a c x
see
-< a I
Use of chlorine
dioxide bleaching
yvtemt
. u
-
41 a
c
o x
o
"S -5
4>
O £ -^
1 S 1
fi s -z .
(S
T?
3 S.
£ S.
41
-------
»*. *- »
u» _
5 S
c O
£ £
5 C
V
I i
sll
x e
v
1
t »
Jo c
i S
u
< Ul
II
-I U
** U_
Ul
I
H
II
M
H
tl
H
n
H
u
ri
H
A
tl
11
ll
II
H §
1 = 2
3 o i
« S !
So""
!I
ot
IA
** O
tu
*f O
u. g
s s
» ac
a.
M
tl
M
M
U
H
tl
tl
H
U
M
H
U
H
M
n
n
u
H
n
H
II
H
H
ll
H
H
rt
it
tt
if
n
tt
n
tt
ii
ti
it
H
tt
i|
*t
t
1
H
il
H
It
H
H
11
«
S
a.
?
Ul
3
'o
VI
C
Q
a
c
u
1
v
s
3
5
1
a
c
'I
'c
'I
^
o
irt"
Cl
|
»
.,
~
c
o
0-
u g
X V
v c
vuliiws
V
I
5
^
^
3
3
oc
o
1
u
Additives,
S
«rf
i
L.
Ot
-S
X
1
5
^
M
M
U
O
«
U
|
8
U
o
u
C
s
1
strength p
£
i*
S
L.
£
tl
S
4
9
j:
2
u
s
3
. S
8 ^
Jj i.
u o
** u u
vox
o u
I* t)
a w
1
**
a
V
u
X
u
g
«rf
X
M
5
**
s
u
M
(A
§
W
|
jj.
g
§
«
1
«
SL
U
I
u
o
«»
J
«n
O
^
u
1
§
z
u
JZ
*
replacing '
u
^
c
|
.
§
*
m
starting
_
2
s
w
o
1
^
^
u
«
^B
v
"S.
V
M
g
|
U
\
'i
Mnufectur
i
]
&
u
rf
»
i
s
«*
1
fill
$5 ?
> x
>- .1
42
-------
s s
Of O
I Q.
(/>
U
« UJ
I I
i s
' U.
*- o
2
i
i
o j:
~ * £
V U U
2 * i
111
01
c
u 2-
V *>
O
o
(A O
li
3
u
J! _
X <
5 °
» "5
ft
V. "S
« u
.* .
{-*
tl * -~.
III
at a. u
5 o
o
?,-|
r s 2
oca
S i - .£
'£ § u* c
C 3 S.
z "S a H
c
V
M
f
rf
i s i-
J 2 ^
til
5 8-S
8 7 S i
* * &
= 23 . .
I . xS ?
= S -S 1
*=-««
ui 3.5
S S.
tt> 3 «
i I 3
5 v e c
u J;
2
: 1
> u
1
1
S ?
5 S
43
-------
^
r
e§ uj
» ec
Ul
a.
£
OC
trt
H
H
II
II
H
II
n
H
n
H
>
H '
ti U
" ^
H *J
H
n
it
H
eliminate uaste, aey
tn/decrease reaction
efficiency
H
H
H
II
M
H t»
| O U* -*
M . W .Q
S £ "3.
H U f
H v a «
H a * >
n vt
n u
II U O
ll O M
U >
S « L
2 S jK
S a I 2
H v y *
H ac x 3
M
H
1
II
»l
(I lA
H £
1 *O
II Wl
H
It
il
II
11
II
1
.1
H
H
n
H
M
tl
1
tl
II
II
M
s
cj
r
a
c
w
3 _
Fewer by-product*.
reduced recgent need
to "drive" reaction*
c
"^
J
h
* S
,* .°
SL s
3 .'i
« - u
u u
8 1 S
! 5 I
*^s
s
u
c
u.
u
V
* (A
41 V
U *
> 0
JS
. . £ 2
00 _> ^
e it "o i.
5 u
S TJ U -0 "5 ^
82 11 11
_ X U « i-
1
a o
u c E
"m - » S u
S 1 v "5. S
V C CL IT »
a Jt u
S
M
1
I
^ O '
51^^
S. S u 51
V O U
a 0 «>
** 5 u
0 5 M
> S Z o
u -5 jj §
a. a "6 o
e C *l u
00
rsi
"S ^T
U 01
1 1
5 >^
X
M
s * ?
1 1 i
« e a o
1^ i
Reduca ozone layer
d«Mg«. Cost benefl
* price* ikyrocket
5
J
?g|
5
5
i
u
1
^
i.
< *<
_J "
"1 S
li |
> x
0 £ 9
O ** O
t> K
oe fi A
S3
y
*
«
CL
X ^
u «
M £
tf **
- - 5
c ^ «-
si 1
u
Minimize ozone iaye
dMwge; w>re costly
c
»? i
£ *"
i 5 2 «
- - 9
« ? s a
L.
, f
I
(J *^
X
3 3 Ul
?
1
U
u
V
a |
v a
ac
I
i
in
cc
igh i
nite
nduct
1 § '
I
w
8
_ ... u
^ Jlrf O *
I 'IJ 2 **
S i| 8 w
iL C «
i hi
O IB
.BOt.
8- £ 5 >
t; H o -
(A U O
44
-------
OC K
VI 3
z u
POTENTIAL IMPACTS
OF CHANGE
VI
uu
v>
>~ rs
1- V>
g
a.
"
s
VI
*
h
* = S
X *" S
a
11"
« *"
ac
i
z
o
' UJ
UJ
>
» C£
UJ
a.
o
t/i
ae
Q
II
M
II
II
II
H
H
U
II
II
II
II
U
II
H
H
It
M
II
tl
II
II
N
M
H
H
U
II
n
u
H
it
H
II
H
H
If
H
H
1
tl
II
II
II
11
tl
II
It
II
M
It
tl
1
1
1
1
t
1
1
1
f
1
1
1
I
I
I
t
II
il
il
H
II
It
II
II
1
;
i
ii
il
i
i
t
t
i
i
u
n
M
II
II
II
H
II
II
II
II
It
11
11
11
tl
II
M
II
II
II
X t-
t £
\\
£ "2
«*
?
Increase value of
recycleable plastic
'
:
j, ^i
CT "G
41 >.
us u
u
i i_
U V
b_
~ o
VI »-
*i
a o
43 ...
u> a
X u
1- V
. i c
«*..».»
'u C 7
1* «. 6
ill
£
Allow unsegregated
reuse
a
X
|
O
ac
.^
1
u
U V
1 =
5 2
V
0 <
8 13
. 'o
U X
**
A
IS
*l
U 0
t^l U
.
V
U
*
1
_
~
"
ar mater
'I x
jt 6
«
|
»
\
at
u
Recovery of various
condensation polyaw
2
ti
x *
X
"3 i*
" i
u C
IS
£ O
U «
ii
ymerilat
e reduct
u
O u
S. 3
0 U!
(polyester, nylon)
x
18
2
u
g
'i
«
u
«»
g
«
1
u
Product
I
S
u
b.
*
(A
<
u
2
^
c.
a
|
a
ti
they offer real
enviro benefit or
are just not visibi
in landfills
«
1
"e
M
w
|
M
V
4*
«
U
«^
^
«l
e
i1
i
|J
Reuse of recovered
awterial unlikely
beyond prevailing r
2 s
il
V
1
c
x
1
a
If
" 0
12 **
1 i
mm ^*
S
S
g
15
^ u
C
j s a
Q. X
45
-------
M
11
>» *^ V
C T> Z
i
»
POTENTIAL iKPftCTS
2
i
§
H I
1!
Ul uj
i i
2 °*
5
f
i
Ul
1
A
tu
S
a
u
I/I
a
§
%»
O
Uf
Ul
o
UJ
ac
a.
n
H
M
N
M
11
H
It
tt
n
H
N
H
M
n
H
H
H
H
N
N
H
H
M
H
II
II
It
H
II
II
N
H
H
II
U
H
n
n
u
H
H
M
H
U
II
H
H
H
II
n
n
u
u
u
it
u
n
H
tt
M
II
II
1
rt
i
u
n
M
It
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
tl
1
II
II
II
II
;§
jE
reduced solvent
1
c
1
s
I.
1
*j
Ul
iT
V
i.
c
tf
>
"o
M
U
wastes
JS
«-«
w w a
2 ~ "S.
V
u
3
tl
i.
]I
i
o
c
I
i. Jl
v 3.
Si
2
8 -
I ^
x u
£l
X >
^
I.
V
^
"o
vernonia
n oil
f 1
U O
_ ,
S- «
S c
*rf
:l
M O
3 *
U
available
$
u
e
4)
O
O
s.
**
o
tl
i
X
s
«
|
u
o
1
u
..
1
u
1
X
c
tl
tl
*
II
a
ti
C
II
u
tl
-
1
x U
II
i ~
!!
.
? °
i i
w "
S B
O w
u £
*_
o
M 13
M 41
i £
w *
£ :
!«
e t>
products
in
£
"3
- !
S 9
O l- C
o o v
I M Tl £
fill
MM U U*
"i «i o
"Z o S
1- o. 3 i
Ul
y
s
U. '
a
1
s = J
H» «
Lower VOC's, cam
wastes, solid wai
j?
0)
3 *-
i !
ri
< u
1
£ ""
S|
o
" 0
1!
o
U U J
i tt C
- « «
u o -
211
C t
SCI
Q. «- C
* 3 ,
§ :
US
a. <
* =
1
"
!i
3
ti a
U
II
;* £ 5
I *s
i-
- 1
s .
C » «
i ^S
» 1 i
M -tr u
*
i a x
: S 8
I *3
i i "
: &2
%
* "2 °
* «- o c
S £ S.-6
S J ^ -
|
u
"
§
I.
0 «
i*
*s
fc *
zl
rf
\
- ,5 8
5 1 1
S 5
3 "I
46
-------
I 5
II
S
i
V)
s
s
o
O
U
X
- V *
-s 1 £ i
f si i
a. ""
§t> 5 .c o
o o
< u o f
w
tl
u
£
U
i*
. > i s
8 'o -
is «
ill-
K X
= i
I =
i s S
I .
ii §
U U
1 I I x
u ** u
U U tl
a 0 >
C S *" °
* c 8 **
= 8 S S
S (A U
B <- X 3
w> O a ~
SL. M
tl &
> £ S
"3 S 0 5
U U V
8 S c
i O.
O ** I* '-C
1 g - 8
o c
I. 4rf C ^
§"»!-&
i
1
- &
H
o
"a
I.
» **
"° S
1?
- %
u
at
- i S
£ 1 1
§
|
=
" s
< c
2
Is
^
i*
a
3
tl U
> at
0 tl
u u
tl X
at tl
1M
j< a»
c
S!
i
41
K
tl
V
II
"o -o
:s
M
S
«rf
Ii
X
"i "s
* u
s =
tl U
~
X "r
u &
,!i
i £ S-
Is
8
u
^
^ o ^*
> 2 *
sir
i
V
u
1
1
8
§z
II
lit
~ or
a I
- I I -o
|tf;l'
-------
ec
UJ
t/>
1
3K
Ul
O
a.
Ul
1
&.
IAL UASTE MINIMIZATION
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
ec
in
sc
*
Ul
m
c
H
t
1
1
»
POTENTIAL
H
1
I
1
|
H
n
H
H
H
Ul 1
0 '
2 M
< I
Z 1
0 3
Si
:
H
H
H
1
i
1
I
H
H
t
1
t/1 II
2 \
«< »
* i
V) '
1
1
H
M
t
i
t
i
1
M
I
2 i
t
w t
i
M
tl
H
1
I
I
t
t
O '
Ul
UJ
at
o
Ul
tu
w
QC
UJ
o.
'
1
'
,0
v> ,
.
>» I
CC '
^
s
M »
*1
X
linited-by
confidential it
in industry
»
ti
1
X
l_
XI
u
tl w
s t
K
M
.£ "5
z e
X
M*
rf
c
KJ
^
* Ul
S S
CC U
Unknown beyond the
industry's already
extensive efforts
O
O Ul
f9 11
o *
O
O
I 1
E" L
** ^L
fM
g m
Z c.
~o 'c
n_ of
X
linited by
confidential it
in industry
o
u
X
o
T2
!i
^
=
§ ^
. K
o
"5 «
yt
? c
- -^
1" e
>.
United by
confidential it
existing
rease
-8 I
Cleanup
uastes.
X
s
X 0
ti ti
U (A
ti "D
"-
7 *
v a
{i M
i !
UJ <-
X
u
|
c
TJ
"x
>.
1!
*»
ii
X
1
u
SU9SJ3 }
O
0 i schan
;
Ssprovsd hardware
i
u
a
*»
19
3
O
X
confidential it
"5
«i
u
o
tl
3
"3
c
|
«
4)
u
JO
g
"a
Ul
Widespread if
public doaain
^
o
|
1
ti
<*
3
studies on 0/W sep-
aration. Possible
ulti-step processing
o
? 1
O **
£ 1
v
n *^
"a o
x
e
x " I
ll-1
£ "6 u
-<»«}_*
i g 1 j|
U M &
2 2
1 *
If
Ul
X 5 0 X
u >
C «>
S * P
c .2 u «
? ti i.
1 S 5 S
» c w u
Convert to usabia
products, e.g., coka
«
ti
§
M
**
2
|
s
i,
£
ll
si"
lit
= g s
Ul U U
s
"o
s
Exttnsiva EPA RID
underway
c
0 xi
TJ l_ ^
v t) C
^ > 41
O >
U tl
a. » w
W» QC Q.
I
i I
- to
s I ii
i c *
5 fv -
* c u
«s
* a 5
II.-
Si
UJ U
8 §.
48
-------
2 2
VI
u
I
2
ii
X 5
: o
o
Ul UJ
tl 3 -
V X
u
3 c §
M
x: x
X ui
(0
|
4
^
S
1 1
Ul I
RID
underway
«
a
M
O.
V
u
I
<- V
V
< 4*
U 3
T3
U
U u.
tl <
. Ul
Ul »»
M T>
2 -8
- -
^ »
Ck
- §
i-
SMC.
« 5 i
U M
t> L. I.
8 al-
1 *!
2 ;
"S »
Ul U) O
Proposed,
probably not
implemented
I
CD
(M
Ik
U
^ «
§u
V
« i
at 8
-
C
1 1 1
** ^ 4.
ul 6 V
3 O» O Ti
a c_ >.
u. c 3 u
< s o ti
ui E « t-
. ^ _>
u
g *
** «A
x o
« u
2 1
«
"8 5
S .
« M
sif
5 *
u C O
New product/
process from
Allied
_ J
f. *
S i
*rf *
Si
i'
i 1
11
^ I
s ~
c
11 \
a >
.* o
-is
IX E w
5 S
? *
C o
B -s
I
z ~
* ^
s
e
S?
g
0x2
$ « *-
*> 3
S{«
X§ i
t- Q
S S i
- S
u.
u o
5
V ^
!{i
x "5 "S
a
c
II
^
S g
1 i
"E x
batteries)
?
1
**
8
'
i_
o
I
-
*
J
Ul
_e
'
«
ca
V
8
<_
a.
i
i
&
**
"
«
o
m
i
2
"o
M
1
U
«rf
3
01
O
a
**
«
S
u
5
S
S
I
"
u
1
1
fc.
«*
V *
i «9
o* z!
? «
8 "«
*rf
fe i
u
f
*«
o
0
li
_c
5
1
K
|
U
w
V
**
:
a
|
<
3
«
|
'«
^
S
u
1
»
>.
b
*«
-
i
c
*
u
u
M .
§
"o
x
t»
V
«
U
i
<
3
E s
II
S £
"i «
i 5
49
-------
^
ee <
Uj -»
**. *-
s s
£ S
- o.
tn
u
< lu
M
1 U
<
£ o
at
Ul
£
POAIUHITIES
SIAIUS
35
AL WASTE HINIHIZATION
PROPOSED SOIUIIOHS
IF KNOWN
" T
II V
:: i
it C »
n
II 4» »
il > X
II » U
HUM
u c a
11 v 3
II K C
II V *
H
II
U W
II V
M **
II (A
II O
U 3
U
8 S
ti B
u
s -
!! fe
II
<4 11
II tJ
u "6
H W
ii ac
H
II
1
i I x
i ! *
n i-
H » >
II _i O
II
Physical (and chen.)
ore benef Iciation
o
u
elseunc
u
c.
V
X
1
C
> X u
lij
«> 1!
u
^ M
xi
i =
x S 2
ii}
u C u
Extensive RID
underway to
meet antici-
Various procedures
being investigated
for A( recovery,
tn
V
L.
"O U*
V C
* 5
a-
cryol ite recovery
e
?
1
*4
Z
S
1
g**
1
C/l
s
Reprocessing has been
12 -
<* IX
'2 s s
X u _X
i c '«
8 a «
C 0
WO.
*3
M §
S ii
« M
'5 S
- "S
underway
considered
«» L.
V
Kl
>« u
i;
111
J
1
2
V
|
X
RIO underway;
product quail 1
In question
rf
V -
1 S
1
c [i
\\
fe. -
II
i!
l!
**
y .
S i
U M
«* *
«c o
Is
« at
o »*
a o
iMproved aalt reanval
e.g., using Mafcrane,
u
III
1
'Id
'S
X
U V
i* y
l!
IK l-
!K, eveporative tech.
2
c J
" 2?
"x
s
8- x
fe U
2 *
ii
No organized
RIO found-Most
{proved brightenerl,
tc. Improved recov./
£
T»
3
U
1
: .
i
*i
S s
.
recycle of brightenerl
acids, ate.
2
O
!' "2 »i
n > 5 w
it o ^ .-
II t- » X
ii Q. 3
i p 9
(0 «
6 i!
.5 i,
§ s
1
(0
-a
1
t>
«* IA
!li«inate cyanide
ind rinses
c o -~
W O!
.c c
in o
50
-------
CK O
- &
_l U
ik
>- O
2
V)
s §
» CO
%
11
H
M
II
II
II
H
H
H
II
II
H
U
11
It
II
H
H
It
II
II
tl
II
II
II
H
n
H
}[
It
II
II
H
U
H
II
II
M
tl
II
II
It
I
1
1
I
1
It
II
II
n
n
H
H
H
It
II
tl
II
n
u
u
M
H
II
11
U
extent lve/»ediiM
M
4*
>
u
u
41
M
'c
i
M
cT
l
u*
o
l_
o
^
u
1
in industry, now
eatnent
o
^
1
c
JS
**
o
d
oc
c
e
o
.c
'c
U
elsewhere
3
|
^
HI
e
ti
u
c
11
1
V
JB
C
'I
1
CJ
s-
i.
5
c
tl
X
UJ
s
o
4
oc
J
oc i t i on
S
§
fc.
V
«rf
o
t*
i
i
t
^
**
o
§
**
i
u
M
M
C
1
2
1
|
*
|
0
3
M
£
4^
""
t.
41
4)
i
*
%
a
o
u
1
\
8 .
u t*
*». a
« M
M O
; ,u
i
u *
41 M
** «l
J> 'o S ^5
*- t* u
i? £ s. 1 I
i
3
««
4
g|
unknown
3
1
f
£
5
._
.1
UJ
a
o
ti
a
*
oc
s
u
**
i
Q.
i
§
<
«
e
s
«
£
H-
M
V
tf
CA
e
X
S
M
1
£
*
i
1
1
a
£
u
5
ae
Procett tee**
.
a
|
c
I
m
!
a
41
U
*rf
1
o
1
X
^
1
f
t
^J
A
achieved itt
potential
_
I
1
a
i
N
J
X
-
u
s.
I
o
X
"5
1
~
K
-
si
9 -
| J
O 41
<- >
z
reute practic
j
*
1 J
X c
T «
If
u
!i
8 |
j i
IU Ik
RiD underway
u
*
I
e
I
I
«if
^
M
w O L.
" 3
tl w
i
a s
4) U
a: <_> a.
c
S.-S.
i. c
5 r
§£.
°o
*^ V
^ " X
O. u.
i? i
ii £
i ? s
?
1
"u
1
if
51
-------
S 2
S S
3
S £
w ,
u
!l
s S
5
£
rORTMUIES
STATUS
£
o
8
i/i
s*
iii
Ul UJ U.
VI O
3 1
£ *"
3
M
O
UJ
< O
ft UJ
AC
,
u
I/I
JT
t/t
.
u
H
H
n
M
tt
H
M
* ^
1 V
« 5-
u 7
: i
M
N
U
H
H
H
H
MUM
HOC
N P
« V
S « i
a * s
" * _8
; s s
: i ^
H "
M U4 JC
ft
H
M
M
n
H
iar
hi
H
H
N
M
M
tt
M *
u 9
S u «
H V V
H W *
j EL -*
u <
M *
n * Jc
N *4 *
*l 3 O
H
1
II
H *
H C
1 >
rt
II 0
»l M
H
M IB
H O
;l *»
'.f V
H V Ol
ICC
2 .2 I
tt O !»
I >
H < U
II
II
H
H
M
*I
1
1
II
II
1
H
il
1
M
t*
5 1" >
«l!
U IX fl
± *-
& £
M W
w
]r
^
ii
til
s
^
u
I
| 8
S fi
, jj
1 s.
<
.
V
**
1 -
o
M
c
c i
'& Q.
«
»o
>»
o £
« M
3 VI
X
J
i.
with paint
«anufactur<
Other sources, such
as plastic scrap,
lubricant leaks free
equipment, etc. are
all seen as She eas*
as found in other
Industries
M
U
S, =
u «*
tt
2 r
||
'a
ih
* ?
Ih
*
^j
s »
S . S r c
.c a h. 5
i | =
s I 1 1 i
< O 0 > 1
(proved solvent
recovery by water
addition in distil-
lation
I
I
S
a
K
1 t|
_J LJ
1 J
!i
M **
s. s
ffjl tf
III
8 1 S,
jn:
1 s fc .
Ja> i
.1 5 J
Hi*
i ? ?
Improved re-oval of
residual solvent
*
i
X
1.
-------
_/
oc <
UJ
Uk ^
i/) at
5 S
2 2
II
>- o
a:
PO
I
S
i I
5E 5
i s
1 o
H
M
H
H
H
n
M
H
It
. It
. H
H
N
H
H
M
n
H
M
It
H
H
M
H
n
N
M
N
H
H
H
. N
H
H
. M
H
II
H
H
H
U
t|
H
H
II
||
II
II
II
If
H
tl
H
n
II
It
It
tl
tt
H
II
H
H
It
II
II
If
It
U
It
tt
very txtemlvt
I
s
1
-
>
«
«*
w
V>
g.
*rf
C
W*
I
a
'5
1
«>
.2'
3 .5
0 »
extensive
M
?
««
2
IU
1
o
u
*>
o
ac
i
a
t>
e
u
decreas
g"
«V
C
S
u
0
m
*rf
' X
J
IP
X
«
1
1
**
"o
c
a
^
§
s
5
**
;i a u
tl V) ftJ
!! T-J "5
"8 i
I
c o
O t*
^ %
> u
a
ll
i 3
Is
c
«> "o
C o
1:1
»
s:
3?
1
X
V
.
§
v
s
1
UI
X t-
Hi
U JC X
i- .a « i_
3 S c J
o 5 i g
saw
2
69 '
g| -
«> s c
g s.-;
o u a.
w» ** *O
TJ * £
* <* <
o o 2
tf fc. 1
JS U
Ql 4V '**
~- . «
i LU a
w
c
«
OB
9
a o c
* S 1 I
5 - - ."
- - u
B u k
S 1 I 8 J
«£**'
UI U (- O.
§**
**
o *
. g
** u
H?
W "S
^ "o
S -f g
^ s ^ °
!_ 1
§ 3 u
' 1
o o o 5
»
c. c
I S i
5
"m 0. *
o t. .
« S g
U "B
5 * S g
1 S 1 I
C 0 -
5 c
u «>
1 - |
It.
1 "3 3
5 - 1
ui *< 5.
1
«
*
N
J
"c
X
No concerted
effort, but
changes are
being Mde
o
4*
O
- if
« « b.
*s . "
1 1 "i
US
5
*rf
1
1
"S
II
u «
! I
w 0>
a I
53
-------
3 ^
S £
MI
l"
I U 3 8
3 i S S
2
jt *
C M
:*!£
1
i & s i - s.
8 : 3 S z I 1
s «? 1 r 8 -5 2
3 iS S. 5 ~ 3
at
ul
2
S S
* o S
k <*. »
O U 3
1
u
v *
S I
s
u
§ s,
"C
s -g
J!
2 5
M
i?
r «
1J^
»
1 I
or n
U
u»
u
Reduce VOC's and llq
product losses durin
operation and, psrtii
tarty during start-u)
chutdotm
k
§
u -a
o o
it
1 «»
8 i
!?.
IN
I z
? 1
«*
s a T
V > V
> w V W
(si i
Reduce tosses during
start -up/ shutdown;
{prove yields, redui
by-products, wastes
1 £ '5 S
t 1 S S -o
v c
u .. n Z
1 t B -o -f
u ^ .5 .2 «
e ^ SL 5 «
at S o
k
H
£ -
"l
t|!
ot w
m
M
ls
i s
ifrfj
S- O r_
8 §
1,1
if
s s
o **»
1!
*» *< M
S - S
MOM
I. «
f 4rf u
-Co
Ok
u 5.
II
54
-------
3
*
TRANSFER
POTENTIAL
IMPACTS
MANGE
-i U
POTENTIA
OF
H
II
11
11
It
II
II
II
M
II
II
H
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1}
II
II
It
II
II
tl
H
ft
W
fr
4
X
i.
ent recove
ficction
si
c.
1 i
L.
1
e
«
it
av«i(*bl
firms
t
1
|5
X
I
t g
» 0
8 "£
buttrxtt
better i
"5 TJ
I* U
8 «
Arf
2 ?
U
**
<»
«
u
Widesprct
«
1
-. J
i^
!
g 2
H
y «
C i ~
Con
21 '
m ' v
o 3
ill
I
«
u
M
H
ti
o
if
11!
8 i 1
a. c -p
= S
2 S
? ill
o «-
» JC
c 5
lll|2
? f u I I
£^1^1
5«
H §
i 3 5
a 3 S
u
fS§l £g±5
1$°S i. 1 I
c 1 g Jf 5 S I 2
3 S jo a
8 & z | !--
- - °- * 33 = =
V u u
« S f *
s ? i ^
& 8.
(A M
ll
2 t S
I- 8 £
u a
If
5 i.
U)
i
o c ot
I s
8 x M
a « u
o
S £
L. >
? "o
o w
I.
o
55
-------
TABLE A-2 LIST OF 175 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
CLASSIFICATION CODES CONSIDERED
indus try
SIC 4-sic 3-aic 2-sic
Cash grains
Field crops
Beef caccle feedlots
Broiler, fryer and Roaster chickens
Crop harvesting, by machine
Extraction of Pine Gua
Copper ores
Lead and zinc ores
Gold Ores
Silver ores
Bauxite mining
Anthracite mining
Bituminous Coal mining
Crude petroleum/gas extraction
Crushed & broken stone
Construction Sand/Gravel
Potash, Soda, and borate minerals
Phosphate rock mining
Building Construction
Highway & Street Construction
Meat packing plants
Poultry dressing plants
Canned Fruits/vegetables
chop suey, canned
Grain mill products
Beverages
Broad woven fabric mills, cotton
Dyeing & Finishing Textiles
Misc. textile Gooas
Logging camps/contractors
Sawmills, planing mills
Millvork. veneer, plywood
Wood preserving
Particle board
Furniture and fixtures
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paper coati-ng and glazing
Sanitary paper products
Newspaper publishing
Periodical publishing
Oil
013
0211
0251
0722
0843
1021
103
1041
104A
1051
1111
1211
1311
142
1442
1474
1475
15
161
2011
2016
203
203
204
208
221
226
229
241
242
243
2491
2492
25
261
2621
2641
2647
271
"'72
18
19
15
12
0
0
56
46
11
14
0
0
10
19
0
0
0
0
37
0
14
13
0
0
0
0
14
87
7
0
6
11
104
5
15
91
100
10
8
32
61
18
19
15
12
0
0
56
46
25
-
0
0
10
19
0
0
0
-
37
0
27
-
0
-
0
0
14
87
7
0
6
11
109
.
15
91
100
18
-
82
61
37
27
'
0
0
127
.
.
.
-
0
10
19
0
.
-
37
.- 0
27
-
-
-
'
-
108
-
-
126
-
.
-
.
15
209
.
'
-
430
56
-------
Commercial printing, lithographic 2752 125 287
Engraving and place printing 2753 69
Commercial printing, gravure 2754 93
Alkalies and chlorine 2812 56 250 1732
Inorganic pigments 2816 55
Inorganics, Not Elsewhere Classified 2819 139
aluaimm compounds 2819 -
catalysts, cheaical 2819
chroaiua compounds 2819 -
glauber's salt 2819 ...
hydrochloric acid 2819 ' .
hydrofluoric acid . 2819 -
mercury compounds 2819 ' .
oleum 2819 - i.
phosphates 2819 . .
potassium compounds 2819 ...
propellants 2819 -
rare earth salts 2819 ...
sodium compounds , 2819
Plastics, resins, elastomers 2821 306 364
acetate, cellulose 2821 - .
ABS resins 2821
coal tar resins 2821
diisocyante resins 2821 - -
epichlorohydrin bisphenol 2821 - -
epoxy resins 2821 - . .
ion exchange resins 2821 - .
melamine resins 2821 -
nylon resins 2821
phenolic resins 2821 -
polyesters 2821
polyethylene resins 2821
polystyrene resins 2821
polyurethane resins 2821 -
poiyvinyl chloride! resins 2821
Silicone resins 2821
Synthetic rubber 2822 17
Celluiosic man-made fibers 2823 23
Other synthetic fibers 2824 18
Biological products 2831 28 147
Medicinais/botanicals 2833 35
Pharmaceutical preparations 2834 84
Soaps and other detergents 2841 18 23
Specialty cleaning, polishing 2842 4
Perfumes, cosmetics, toilet preps. 2844 1
Paints, varnishes, lacquers 285 192 192
57
-------
Gun and Wood chemicals 2861 43 273
Coal car crudes, dyes, pigments 2865 80
Industrial Organics, not elsewhere 2869 250
acetic acid 2869
acids, organic - 2869 - -
alcohols, industrial 2869
cheaical warfare gases 2869
chlorinated solvents 2869
ethylene glycol 2869 -
fluorinated hydrocarbon gases 2869
laboratory chemicals, org. 2869
Nitrogenous fertilizers 2873 15 163
Phosphatic fertilizers 2874 22
Pesticides 2879 126
Adhesives and Sealants 2891 82 220
Explosives 2892 12 -
Printing Ink 2893 86 -
Chemicals, Not Elsewhere Classified 2899 40
Petroleum Refining 2911 146 146 166
Paving and Roofing Materials 295 20 20
Tires and Inner Tubes 301 52 52 81
Reclaimed Rubber 303 4 4
Fabricated Rubber Pdts. NEC 3069 88
Misc. Plastic products 3079 17 17
Leather Tanning and finishing 311 71 71 71
Flat Glass 321 10 10 10
Glass and Glassware 322 0 0 32
Glass pdts froa purchased glass 323 00-
Struccural Clay products 325 00-
Vitreous China Fixtures 3261 0 Q
Concrete, gypsua, & plaster pdts 327 12 12
Abrasive, asbestos, misc. minerals 329 20 20
Blast furnaces 3312 3 84 363
llectrometallurgical pdts 3313 11
Steel wire drawing 3315 28
:oid rolled steel sheet 3316 21
Steel pipe and tubes 3317 21 -
Gray iron foundries 3321 15 15
Primary smelting - copper 3331 41 193 i
Primary smelting - lead 3332 68
Primary smelting - zinc 2333 23
Primary production of aluminum 3334 44
Primary smelting - NEC 3339 17
Secondary smelting - NEC 334 29 29
Roiling, drawing of nonferrous 335 10 10
Non-ferrous foundries 336 32 32
58
-------
Metal cans 341 22 27 484
Metal shipping barrels 342** 5 . .
Metal forgings and stampings 346 7 7
Electroplating, anodizing 3471 281 377
Coating, engraving, NEC 3479 96
hot dipping 3479 . . .
plastic dipping 3479 . . .
galvanizing 3479 . . _
Ordnance (ammunition) 343 26 26
Misc. Fabricated products 349 47 47 .
Household appliances 353 23 23 197
Cathode ray TV picture tubes 3672 21 174
Semiconductors 3674 153
Motor vehicles and equipment 371 134 134 257
Aircraft and parts 372 73 73
Jewelry, precious metals 3911 24 24 24
Pipe Lines, except natural gas 46 00 0
Electric services 4911 3^ 3^ j^j
Gas Production/distribution 492 4 4
Water supply 494 7 7
Sewerage systems 4952 26 75
Refuse systems 4953 49
Steam supply 496 22-
Groceries & Related pdts, wholesale 514 18 18 18
Gasoline Service Stations 554 46 46 46
Eating and Drinking Places 581 Q 0 0
Federal Reserve Banks 601 0 0 -0
Power laundries, family & commercial 7211 11 209 209
Linen supply 7213 10 - -
Diaper Service 7214 0
Dry cleaning plants 7216 121
Industrial launderers 7218 67
Photographic studies, portrait 722 0 0
Research & Development labs 7391 31 31 31 .
Phocofinishing labs 7395 0
Automotive repair shops 753 102 102 102
Car Washes 7542 Q Q _
Refrig/Air Conditioner repair 7623 53 53 53
Hospitals 806 20 20 27
Medicai and Dental laboratories 807 7 7
Colleges, universities 822 21 21 21
** should be 3412
59
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
JPIease read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA/600/8-91/052
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PB91-220376
-------
-------
------- |