United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Technology
Transfer and Regulatory Support
Washington DC 20460 1
tr
EPA/600/9-89/088
October 1989
Ground-Water
Research
Research Description
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EPA/600/9-89/088
October 1989
Ground-Water Research
Research Description
Prepared for the
Office of Research and Development
Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington D.C. 20460
Peter W. Preuss, Director
Amy Mills, Project Officer
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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iri
i PREFACE
i
This document describes the ground-water research program conducted by EPA's Office of
Research and Development (ORD). It updates the earlier Research Program Description, Ground
Water Research (EPA/600/9-88/005, March 1988). The research program is carried out by the
Offices of Environmental Processes and Effects Research (OEPER), Modeling, Monitoring
Systems, and Quality Assurance (OMMSQA), Environmental Engineering and Technology Demon-
stration (OEETD), and Exploratory Research (OER). Of ORD's 12 laboratories and four research
groups, four laboratories have lead responsibilities and base budgets in groraid water: OEPER's
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma (RSKERL-Ada)- OEPER's
Environmental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia (ERL-Athens); OMMSQA's Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada (EMSL-LV); and OEETD's Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio (RREL-Cin). ORD's Center for Environmental
Research Information (CERI) conducts educational seminars and prints and disseminates publica-
tions ;in support of the ground-water research program. The overall program is coordinated by the
ORD Matrix Manager for Ground-Water Research. The current matrix manager is Peter Preuss
Director of ORD's Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support. Further information
may be obtained by contacting the ORD laboratories, offices, and technical experts listed in the
Ground-Water Research Technical Assistance Directory (EPA/600/9-89/048, May 1989) which is
available from CERI at FTS-684-7391 or 513-569-7391.
ties:
I '
Further information may be obtained by contacting the directors of the following ORD facili-
Director
Calvin Lawrence
Robert Snelling
Rosemarie Russo
Timothy Oppelt
Clinton W. Hall
Facility
CERI-Cin
EMSL-LV
ERL-Athens
RREL-Cin
RSKERL-Ada
FTS Phone
684-7391
545-2525
250-3134
684-7418
743-2224
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
CONTENTS
i
Introduction ,
Background k 1
EPA Program Office Responsibilities i 2
IRCRA Hazardous Waste '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.I'.'.' "'""•"" 2
'Superfund 3
|Drinking Water 4
jPesticides !!!!.' 4
Research; Program Overview 4
Ground-Water Research Areas ...............]... 5
iMonitoring 5
jTransport and Transformation '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.", • • • • •
\In Situ Aquifer Remediation ...........]...... 5
'Underground Source Control '.'.'.'.'.}'. 6
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance '.'.'.'; 6
Related Research Areas fi
Health Effects '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'"' 6
On-Site Treatment Technology '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 6
Surface Source Control '.'•'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/.'.'. 7
Current Research Program 7
Monitoring Research 7
RCRA Hazardous Waste Monitoring Research 7
j RCRA Hazardous Waste Facility Methods '.'.'.'.'.'.'.•'.'.'. • • • • •
j Site Characterization Methods 9
I Municipal Waste Facilities ................. 9
I Underground Storage Tank Methods 9
Superfuhd Monitoring Research 10
I Geophysical Site Assessment Procedures .!!!.! 10
\ Advanced Field Monitoring Techniques '.'.'.'.'.'''.'.'.'. 11
Monitoring System Demonstrations 11
Drinking Water Monitoring Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'','. 12
i Ground-Water Quality Monitoring Methods '.'.'.'.'.'. 12
Transport and Transformation Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'. 12
RCRA Hazardous Waste Transport and Transformation Research ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 13
RCRA Hazardous Waste Concentration Predictions 13
i Exposure Assessment Methods 14
Drinking Water Transport and Transformation Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'. 15
Contaminant Concentration Predictions ! . . . 16
; Wellhead Protection Methods .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''• 17
Pesticides Transport and Transformation Research lg
| Pesticide Exposure Assessment Methods . . . . lg
Exploratory Aquifer Remediation Research .....]. 18
| National Center for Ground-Water Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ig
In Situ Aquifer Remediation Research 19
RCRA Hazardous Waste Aquifer Remediation Research ........ 19
J Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Methods '.'.'.'.'.'.'.('.'.'.'. 19
Superfund Aquifer Remediation Research 20
j Recovery Technologies '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.':'.'.'.'' \ 20
Emerging Biosystems 2«
Drinking Water Aquifer Remediation Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[ 21
I Aquifer Remediation Methods ™
Underground Source Control Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. oa
•"•••••••
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Drinking Water Underground Source Control Research 23
Hazardous Waste Injection Methods 23
Class V Well Injection Methods 23
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 23
Superfund Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 24
Geophysical Technical Support • 24
Transport and Transformation Technical Support 25
Aquifer Remediation Technical Support • 25
Drinking Water Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 26
Training and Model Evaluation 26
Relationship to Other Ground-Water Activities in EPA 26
Ground-Water Research in Other Federal Agencies ; 2 /
EPA Coordination with Other Federal Agencies Zb
Evolution of Ground-Water Research Program 28
External Research Reviews ~-
Internal Research Reviews . ^"
Future Program
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget 32
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects 33
Monitoring 39
Transport and Transformation 44
In Situ Aquifer Remediation • 51
Underground Source Control 54
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 5&
57
Appendix C: Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
Ground water is a vital natural resource in
the United States, supplying about 25% of all
fresh water used. Over 50% of the American
public Obtains their drinking water from ground-
water supplies, including 34 of the 100 largest
cities in; the United States and 95% of .rural Am-
ericans, Until recent years, ground water was
generally considered a pristine resource: pure
and ever-available. It was used, and sometimes
abused, without a full understanding of the conse-
quences; of its use. In the late 1960s, synthetic
organic chemicals were discovered in grbund-
water-supplied drinking water sources in several
states. Since then, most states have documented
instances of serious ground-water contamination.
Background
While EPA has no single authority under
which it; is charged to protect ground water, most
statutes that govern the Agency's mission address
the need( to protect ground water, including the
Resources Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or
Superfund), Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA),
Clean WJater Act (CWA), and Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), together
with their amendments. This broad spectrum of
statutory authority within the Agency has contri-
buted to!a variety of ground-water issues, priori-
ties, regulations, and research needs.
EPA ground-water research reflects the di-
verse priorities among seven program office
clients—Office of Drinking Water (ODW), Office
of Ground-Water Protection (OGWP), Office of
Solid Waste (OSW), Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response (OERR), Office of Waste
Programs, Enforcement (QWPE), Office of Under-
ground Storage Tanks (OUST), and Office of
Pesticide jPrograms (OPP). The research program
also supports EPA's ten Regions, and a number
of cross-media offices and task forces. Because
of statutory delegation to the states of ground-
water protection responsibilities and regional
variations in hydrogeology, EPA is increasing its
emphasis on transferring technologies and provi-
ding technical assistance to state and local agen-
cies that must apply new knowledge and techno-
logies to local problems.
i
The [overall research and technology transfer
program is guided by a complex relationship in-
volving three EPA research committees and four
Office of Research and Development (ORD) offi-
ces. The research committees—Water, Hazardous
Waste/Superfund, and Pesticides—are joint ORD/
program office committees responsible for review-
ing research programs, ranking research needs,
and recommending allocations of research funds
to ORD's Assistant Administrator. ORD's
research offices--Modeling, Monitoring Systems,
and Quality Assurance (OMMSQA), Environmen-
tal Processes and Effects Research (OEPER), En-
vironmental Engineering and Technology Demon-
stration (OEETD), and Exploratory Research
(OER>—are responsible for coordinating research
programs and overseeing the operations of the
research laboratories within their program areas.
Responding in part to a recommendation by
the Science Advisory Board, ORD's Assistant
Administrator created, early in 1986, a matrix
manager for ground-wiater research to be respon-
sible for cross-office, cross-research-committee
coordination among competing priorities Pro-
gram office and ORD technical specialists and
managers participate in annual reviews, led by
the matrix manager, of ground-water research pri-
orities and outputs. The reviews serve to refine
research priorities based on the evolving know-
ledge of ground-water science and needs of the
program offices and form the basis for present
ORD directions in ground-water research.
EPA's responsibilities hi ground water in-
clude providing technical and financial assistance
to guide state and local governments in the de-
velopment of their ground-water protection and
management programs, and developing policies to
ensure integration and consistency of approach
for federal programs focused on ground-water
protection. To support EPA responsibilities,
ORD offices and laboratories conduct their own
research as well as fund research at other institu-
tions, including univeisities and colleges, state
and other federal laboratories, associations, arid
consulting and engineering firms. ORD research
provides tools for decision-making at all govern-
ment levels to improve the protection of ground-
water resources from man-made contamination.
In addition to designing a research program to
satisfy multiple needs, ORD coordinates with
other federal agencies concerned with ground-
water problems.
The objectives of ORD's ground-water re-
search programs are the;, development of methods,
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
data, and guidance for detecting and monitoring
various point and nonpoint sources of contamina-
tion, predicting subsurface transport and fate
processes to better assess human exposure from
ground-water contamination, controlling contamin-
ation from numerous possible sources, and restor-
ing contaminated aquifers to a point where hu-
man health and the environment are no longer at
risk. Research into predicting the distribution,
movement, and fate of man-made contaminants in
ground water is the cutting edge of ground-water
protection and sets the pace for progress in con-
trolling contamination sources and remedial
action. To ensure that the latest science and
technology advances are applied to ground-water
problems by government and private sector deci-
sion makers, ORD manages proactive technology
transfer and technical assistance programs.
EPA Program Office Responsibilities
This section summarizes the responsibilities
of EPA Program Offices, Regional Offices, and
the states and the resulting information needs to
which ORD's ground-water research program re-
sponds. Although research results have broader
applicability than just to the programs to which
they are directed, in practice, research activities
are supported by, and performed in support of,
individual EPA programs. Research needs are,
therefore, described here in the context of the
supporting programs—RCRA Hazardous Waste,
Superfund, Drinking Water, and Pesticides. ORD
ground-water research resources supported by
these programs and by ORD's exploratory (funda-
mental) research program are shown in figure 1.
RCRA Hazardous Waste
The management of regulatory programs un-
der RCRA and the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) is the responsibili-
ty of OSW, OUST, and OWPE. RCRA and its
amendments allow states to take over responsi-
bility for program implementation and enforce-
ment and provides for oversight by EPA's Re-
gions. Because the hazardous waste program is
the program most people think of when RCRA is
mentioned, the terms "hazardous waste" and
"RCRA" are used interchangeably to refer to
research in support of hazardous waste (R.CRA
Subtitle Q, municipal waste (RCRA subtitle D),
and underground storage tank (RCRA Subtitle I)
regulatory programs.
Drinking
Water
$5,158.7
Pesticides
$674.6
Exploratory
Research
$540.0
Superfund
$6,552.6
RCRA
Hazardous Waste
$9,656.3
Figure 1. ORD ground-water research
resources for FY89 (in thousands).
Subtitle C of RCRA established a program
to manage hazardous wastes from "cradle to
grave," including the generation, transportation,
treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous
wastes. Facilities regulated by OSW under
RCRA include containers, tanks, surface im-
poundments, waste piles, land treatment units,
landfills, incinerators, underground injection wells,
and chemical, physical, and biological treatment
processes. RCRA also authorizes corrective ac-
tion cleanups at facilities from which hazardous
wastes have been released into the subsurface.
Regional and state pennitters and enforcement
personnel need methods to establish ground-water
monitoring programs at disposal facilities to de-
tect pollutants migrating from facilities and to
monitor compliance with permit conditions. In-
formation on the transport and transformation of
contaminants in ground water is needed to assess
health and environmental impacts of various reg-
ulatory options and clean up ground water con-
taminated by improper hazardous waste disposal.
Subtitle D of RCRA established a program
to assist states who voluntarily develop and im-
plement municipal waste management plans. It
also required OSW to issue minimum technical
standards to which all municipal waste disposal
facilities must comply in order to accept solid
wastes. These minimum standards are outside
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
the voluntary state program and cover ground-
water monitoring, siting of facilities, and
corrective actions. EPA municipal waste
activities declined in the early 1980s, but now are
on the increase because of many reported instan-
ces of ground-water contamination from munici-
pal waste dumps. The 1984 amendments to
RCRA require EPA to revise, if necessary, the
criteria for municipal waste facilities, incinerator
ash monofills, and land application units. To
support j environmentally safe municipal waste
management, the states need information on
suitable jmonitoring strategies, methods to predict
the transport and transformation of contaminants
in ground water, and remediation methods for
cleaning;up contaminated soils and ground water.
Subtitle I of RCRA established a program to
regulate j over 1.5 million underground storage
tanks (USTs), hundreds of thousands of which
are suspjected to be leaking petroleum products.
OUST has developed performance standards for
new tanks and regulations for leak detection, pre-
vention, 'and corrective action at all underground
tank sites. Because of the number of tanks,
OUST has designed a program in which the
states have responsibility, after approval of their
programs by EPA, for controlling leakage from
underground tanks. The 1986 amendments to
CERCLA provided for a Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust Fund to finance corrective ac-
tions necessitated by leaking underground tanks.
OUST and the states need information on meth-
ods to monitor the subsurface around USTs and
clean up j contaminated aquifers and soils.
Super-fund
OERR is responsible for mitigating threats
from abandoned, high-priority, hazardous waste
sites und(er CERCLA and its amendments. The
Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund
(Superfund) was established to finance EPA-lead
remedial i actions at CERCLA sites, short-term re-
moval actions to lessen imminent threats, emer-
gency responses to accidental spills, and research.
EPA policies and procedures for implementing
Superfund responses are contained in the National
Contingency Plan (NCP), which delineates criteria
for when;—and to what extent—a removal or re-
medial response should be undertaken.
Preliminary assessments must be conducted
at sites reported as possible sources of contamina-
tion or illegal dumping (now over 31,000 sites).
If the preliminary assessment shows that there is
an immediate need for action, a removal action
may be initiated to stabilize or eliminate the
release. EPA on-scene coordinators (OSCs) in
tiie Regions direct Suprfund-financed removal
activities. When a preliminary assessment shows
that the site, may threaten human health or the
environment, the site is inspected to collect
sufficient information to rank its hazard potential,
including risks to groiund water. If a long-term
remedial response is required, a lead organization
is determined, which may be OERR, the state, or
the responsible party; the latter under supervision
of OWPE. The site remedial response is
managed by a Regionjil remedial project manager
(RPM) when OERR has the lead.
Sites are subjected to a remedial investiga-
tion to gather data necessary to determine the
type and extent of soil, ground-water, and other
contamination at each site and a feasibility study
to analyze cleanup needs and evaluate alternative
approaches. After completing these studies, a
remedial design is developed, including detailed
engineering plans, drawings, and specifications.
The remedial response process at a Superfund site
may take four years or more to complete and
may cost millions of dollars.
OSCs, RPMs, and their state counterparts
need monitoring procedures and analytical proto-
cols that can quickly and effectively assess the
degree of hazard posed at waste sites. They need
methods to determine the transport and transfor-
mation of contaminants in the subsurface and in-
novative remedial technologies to clean up con-
taminated sites. Although microbial degradation
of contaminants in the subsurface has great po-
tential to cost-effectively clean up some Super-
fund sites, a great deal of research is required to
determine which contaminants are amenable to in
situ microbial remediation and how to evaluate
controlling processes, design criteria, costs, by-
products, and site-specific effects.
Enforcement powc;rs have been granted to
EPA to gain the compli ance of recalcitrant RCRA
facility and underground storage tank owners,
oversee Superfund site cleanups, and recover the
costs of site cleanups financed by Superfund.
These enforcement powers are employed by
OWPE and its counterparts in the Regions and
states. Enforcement personnel need ground-water
information similar to that needed by RCRA,
Superfund, and UST regulatory, permitting, and
response personnel in order to defend the scien-
tific and technical merit underlying decisions in
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
these programs.
Drinking Water
Under the authority of SDWA, ODW pub-
lishes maximum contaminant level goals and
promulgates national primary drinking water regu-
lations for all contaminants that may have an ad-
verse effect on human health and are known or
anticipated to occur in public water systems serv-
ing over 25 people. The list of potential contam-
inants must be updated every three years. ODW
is also required to promulgate regulations by
1991 requiring the disinfection of all ground
water used for drinking water. Variances may be
granted if it can be shown that the water is likely
to be free from viral contamination. The Clean
Water Act also contains provisions affecting
ground-water quality, including provisions for
areawide waste treatment management plans and
protection of ground-water quality from non-point
sources of pollution.
Approximately 40% of the chemical waste
generated in the United States is disposed of by
injection into the subsurface. Both SDWA and
HSWA contain provisions to protect ground-water
quality from the injection of waste into the sub-
surface by means of deep wells. Regulations for
underground injection control have been based, on
ensuring that the use of injection wells for the
disposal of waste will not endanger human health
or the environment.
OGWP is responsible for the wellhead pro-
tection program mandated by SDWA. SDWA re-
quires each state to develop a wellhead protection
program to protect public water wells from con-
taminants that may enter wellhead areas. More
than 30 states are now actively developing such
programs. This entails consideration of a number
of technical elements, including the hydrogeologic
delineation of protection areas and assessment of
potential contaminating sources.
To carry out their ground-water protection
responsibilities, ODW, OGWP, and the states
must develop approaches to assess the risk to
human health of contamination from various cate-
gories of sources, determine the likelihood that a
chemical will persist in the subsurface, and devel-
op management strategies including criteria for
site selection. To support these activities, re-
search is needed to improve methods for detec-
ting and monitoring ground-water contamination,
predicting the transport and transformation of
pollutants in ground water, and using in situ tech-
nologies to remediate ground-water contamination.
Pesticides
HFRA established a program that bans the
use of all pesticides unless they are registered
with OPP. OPP has set forth guidelines specify-
ing the kinds of information required to support
the registration of a pesticide, including data on
the anticipated extent of use, pattern of use, and
level and degree of potential exposure of humans
and the environment When used in accordance
with commonly recognized practice, pesticides
must not cause unreasonable adverse effects to
the environment. Although the extent of expo-
sure to human populations through drinking water
is not certain, EPA will complete a National Pes-
ticide Survey (NPS) in 1990 that will help evalu-
ate the degree of pesticide contamination in
drinking water wells. The Agency's proposed
Agricultural Chemicals in Ground-Water Strategy
stresses a localized approach to protecting
ground-water from pesticide contamination by
building Regional and state capabilities and
encouraging the states to develop site-specific
management plans.
Techniques are needed to predict the fate of
pesticides in the subsurface on a site-specific
basis and measure environmental exposures of
pesticides that threaten human health, impair im-
portant environmental functions, and endanger de-
sirable biota.
RESEARCH PROGRAM OVERVIEW
Three laboratories have lead responsibilities
for ground-water research—the Robert S. Ken-
Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Okla-
homa (RSKERL-Ada), Environmental Research
Laboratory in Athens, Georgia (ERL-Athens), and
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in
Las Vegas, Nevada (EMSL-LV) (Figure 2). The
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio (RREL-Cin), also conducts ground-
water research, but concentrates primarily on wa-
ter and soil treatment technologies.
ORD's ground-water research program to ad-
dress the primary needs of environmental protec-
tion programs can be organized into five areas—
monitoring; transport and transformation; in situ
aquifer remediation; underground source control;
and technology transfer and technical assistance.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
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Office of Research Program
Management
(ORPM)
Office of Exploratory
Research
(OER)
Assistant Administrator
Deputy
1 i . ,
I i : ,
Office of Modeling,
Monitoring Systems,
and Quality Assurance
(OMHSQR)
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
Atmospheric Research
and Exposure Assess-
ment Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, NC
I
f
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i
1
Office of Environmental
Engineering and
Technology Demonstration
(OEETD)
Risk Reduction
Engineering
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
'Air and Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Narragansett, RI
0
ffice of Environmental
Processes and Effects
Research
(OEPER)
R.S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research
Laboratory
Ada, OK
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Athens, GA
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis, OR
Envi ronmen t a 1
Duluth, MM
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Gulf Bre
eze, FL
Office of Technology Transfer
and Regulatory Support
(OTTRS)
Center for Environmental
Research Information
Cincinnati, OH
Office of Health
Research
(OHR)
Health Effects
Research Laboratory
Research Tiriangle
Park, NC
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Office of Health and
Environmental
Assessment
(OHEA)
Environmental
Criteria and
Cincinnati, OH
Environmental
Criteria and
Assessment Office
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Exposure Assess-
ment Group
Human Health
Assessments Group
Headquarters
Figure 2. Office of Research and Development organization with
laboratories conducting ground-water research highlighted.
Ground-Water Research Areas
Monitoring
The j placement and spacing of monitoring
wells, procedures for sample collection and pre-
servation^ and quality assurance and quality con-
trol (QA/QC) are fundamental requirements for
credible j decisions in ground-water protection.
ORD's monitoring research program is develop-
ing, evaluating, and adapting geochemical and
geophysical monitoring techniques to meet the
needs of JEPA and the regulated community; eval-
uating site characterization methods for improved
monitoring well network design; and refining ex-
isting methods and developing new procedures
for data [reduction and interpretation. The lead
laboratory in monitoring research is EMSL-LV.
j
Transport and Transformation
Predicting contaminant behavior in the sub-
surface iis one of the most difficult tasks for
ground-water protection programs. Transport re-
search considers the physical movement of water
and contaminants in the subsurface. Transforma-
tion research considers biotic and abiotic proces-
ses in the saturated aiad unsaturated zones that
change the form, species (for example, of metals
and ionizable organiics), or composition of
ground-water contaminants. The knowledge
gained about transport, ^transformation, and specia-
tion phenomena is incorporated into predictive
models to enable the estimation of contaminant
behavior in the subsurface and potential expo-
sures to humans and the environment The lead
laboratories involved in fate and transport re-
search are RSKERL-Ada and ERL-Athens!
In Situ Aquifer Remediation
Cleaning up a polluted aquifer is a technical-
ly difficult process, if it can be done at all. Ef-
fective cleanup methods are needed to remove
contaminants from many different hydrogeologic
settings. ORD's aquifer remediation research is
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
6
developing methods to recover contaminants from
aquifers for on-site treatment, make in situ reme-
diation techniques more effective and less expen-
sive, and identify factors that contribute to the
success or failure of existing cleanup techniques.
Advances in aquifer remediation methods are
highly dependent on advances in the understand-
ing of subsurface processes affecting the behavior
of contaminants in the subsurface; aquifer reme-
diation research projects are often conducted in
conjunction with transport and transformation re-
search. RSKERL-Ada is the lead laboratory in
this area.
Underground Source Control
A major potential source of ground-water
contamination is the improper injection of hazar-
dous wastes into the subsurface. Leaking well
casings, abandoned wells that have not been
properly sealed, injection of drainage waters con-
taining agricultural and industrial chemicals and
urban wastes into shallow aquifers, and upward
migration of hazardous wastes from deep injec-
tion into drinking water supplies all need to be
evaluated to determine safe underground injection
practices. ORD's research program in under-
ground source control addresses protocols for in-
jection well practices, injection well testing meth-
ods, and the interaction of injected material with
subsurface materials. The lead laboratory for
underground source control research is RSKERL-
Ada.
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
Reid personnel in EPA Regions, states, and
local government agencies must deal with an ex-
tremely broad and complex range of data and in-
formation, and require close support from scien-
tists and engineers in ORD laboratories. Ground-
water issues are becoming a major focus of tech-
nical requests from client offices. To be effec-
tive, research results must be disseminated to
targeted operational personnel, program managers,
and decision makers in a timely manner and in
an effective format ORD's lead in technology
transfer is the Center for Environmental Research
Information (CERI). In addition, all laboratories
routinely conduct technology transfer and offer
technical assistance.
Related Research Areas
ORD conducts ground-water research In the
areas of health effects, on-site treatment technolo-
gies, and surface source control. Although close-
ly related to ground-water research, they are not
considered components of the ground-water re-
search program for the purpose of this research
description.
Health Effects
The major route of human exposure to
ground-water contaminants is through drinking
water. Illnesses attributed to ground-water con-
tamination account for 28% of all reported water-
borne diseases; While not specific to ground
water, research on the health effects of particular
pollutants is very important to the ability of deci-
sion makers to establish credible standards for
safe drinking water, demonstrate to the public
that the standards are based on sound data, and
design health-based cleanups of hazardous sub-
stances in the environment. ORD's Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA)
conducts a research program to develop methods
for predicting human exposure risks from hazar-
dous materials, emphasizing the estimation of ex-
posure to contaminants found in drinking-water
supplies. Since health effects caused by contam-
inant exposure are the same regardless of whether
through ground or surface water, research on
health effects is not considered part of the
ground-water research program.
On-Site Treatment Technology
EPA has a major research, development, and
demonstration program investigating technologies
for treating hazardous substances on site (above-
ground) to reduce or eliminate their volume, tox-
icity, or mobility. This program provides perfor-
mance and cost data on available technologies for
treating volatile and non-volatile organics, inor-
ganics, metals, and microbes. Information on
treatment technologies is being developed for the
drinking water, Superfund, hazardous waste, and
pesticides programs. On-site treatment technolo-
gies are often used for treating ground-water con-
taminants after they are pumped to the surface,
however, on-site treatment technologies are not
included in this description because they are not
specific to ground water. Technologies for bring-
ing subsurface contaminants to the surface for On-
site treatment are discussed in the section on in
situ aquifer remediation. RREL-Cin is the leal
laboratory for the on-site treatment research pro-
gram.
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Surface Source Control
l
i
The | surface source control research program
primarily addresses the development of technolo-
gies to prevent ground-water contamination from
RCRA facilities and underground storage tanks.
Engineering research activities include improving
land-disposal containment systems, such as land-
fill covers, leachate collection systems, and soil
and flexible-membrane liners. ORD also devel-
ops guidance and procedures for siting, designing,
closing, and detecting leaks from hazardous and
municipal facilities, underground storage tanks,
and other waste management facilities. The
objective of this research is to reduce the risk of
contaminant migration to ground water. RREL-
Cin is the lead laboratory for this research.
CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
The JFY89-FY90 ground-water research pro-
gram budget is presented in Appendix A. The
FY89 research budget consists of $22.6 million
and 95.6 iwork years (Figure 3). About 30% of
the FY89 budget is in monitoring, 39% in trans-
port and transformation, 21% in aquifer remedia-
tion, 4% in underground source control, and 6%
in technology transfer and technical assistance.
In Situ Aquifer
Restoration
$4,756.4
Underground
Source Control
$921.6
Tech Transfer/
Tech Assistance
$1,380.7
Monitoring
$6,850.2
Transport and
Transformation
$8,673.3
Figure 3. ORD FY89 ground-water
research resources for each research
; area (In thousands).
The FY90 ground-water research budget is
proposed to be the same as the FY89 budget,
with the exceptions of an increase of $810 thou-
sand for wellhead protection research and a disin-
vestment of $220 thousand from hazardous waste
exposure assessment research, which will be redi-
rected to the Agency's new pollution prevention
initiative.
ORD deliverables, outputs, and other accom-
plishments expected to be completed in FY89,
FY90, and beyond are listed in Appendix B. Al-
though these products are listed only under the
programs they support, they are often applicable
to problems in more than one program area be-
cause of the many common ground-water tech-
nical information needs.
Monitoring Research
EPA Regions and states need faster and
more cost-effective methods for the detection,
mapping, and monitoring of contaminants in the
ground-water and vadoise (unsaturated) zones of
the subsurface. A number of advanced geophysi-
cal and geochemical methods for monitoring sub-
surface contamination show great promise for
saving time and expense in monitoring the sub
surface. These methods are being evaluated un-
der laboratory and field conditions. Additional
monitoring research is being conducted to im-
prove methods for interpreting large data sets and
characterizing the hydrological, physical, and
chemical properties of contaminated sites. Moni-
toring research is conducted for the RCRA hazar-
dous waste, Superfund, and drinking water pro-
grams (Figure 4).
RCRA Hazardous Wiiste Monitoring Research
High-priority monitoring research under the
RCRA program emphasizes the evaluation of
methods and equipment for monitoring contamin-
ation of the unsaturated zone and ground water
around RCRA hazardous waste facilities. Other
priority research is the development of methods
for characterizing underground storage tank envi-
ronments to enable the determination of the boun-
daries of contamination and background levels of
contaminants. Closely related to this is the eval-
uation of remediation methods for cleaning up
contamination from, leaking underground storage
tanks. Research areas with less emphasis are the
development of geostatistical data interpretation
methods, evaluation of special monitoring pro-
blems for municipal waste facilities, standard!-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
8
zation of monitoring methods, and evaluating
underground storage tank external leak detection
methods.
Drinking Water
$752.4
Superfund
$1,879.6
Hazardous
Waste
$4,218.2
Figure 4. ORD FY89 monitoring
research resources (In thousands).,
RCRA Hazardous Waste Facility Methods
To support permitting and compliance at
RCRA hazardous waste storage, treatment, and
disposal facilities, EMSL-LV develops advanced
field monitoring and geophysical screening tech-
nologies for detecting contaminants and their con-
centrations, measuring ground-water movements,
and determining subsurface physical and chemical
characteristics. EMSL-LV is investigating opera-
tional characteristics, performance standards, and
siting criteria for commercially developed techno-
logies as well as developing promising technolo-
gies not commercially available. The objective is
to provide methods to collect better and lower-
cost hydrogeologic information.
Monitoring of the unsaturated zone is design-
ed to detect leaching and percolation of pollutants
from waste sites before they reach ground water.
EMSL-LV is evaluating the performance and effi-
ciency of unsaturated zone monitoring equipment,
determining limits for their application, and estab-
lishing installation procedures for monitoring at
RCRA facilities (in conjunction with a larger Su-
perfund research effort). Standard procedures for
the operation of selected equipment will be pre-
pared that meet American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) guidelines. Draft standard
procedures are being developed for using sam-
pling and analysis equipment for monitoring un-
saturated zone liquids trapped in soil pores and
soil gases that may contain volatile organic con-
taminants.
Conventional monitoring of ground water in-
volves drilling monitoring wells, using various
devices for collecting samples (bailing, pumping,
in situ samplers), and sending the samples to a
laboratory for analysis. A great deal of research
in the past few years has provided monitoring
well construction methods and sampling tech-
niques that produce samples truly representative
of the source. EMSL-LV is continuing its efforts
to improve ground-water monitoring methods
through the development of guidance on sampling
frequency, well casing materials, and monitoring
well network design. The seasonal and temporal.
variability of volatile organics in ground water in
arid and humid climates is being investigated to
determine optimal sampling intervals in these sit-
uations. A historical database including RCRA,
Superfund, Department of Defense, and other
monitoring data has been compiled and is being
studied to determine chemicals that may be used
as indicators of contamination from specific in-
dustries. A longer term project being initiated is
the development of standard test procedures to
guide field personnel in evaluating ground-water
sampling devices under specific conditions.
Geophysical monitoring methods are remote
sensing methods for determining subsurface char-
acteristics and contaminant locations. They in-
clude use of electromagnetics, electrical resistiv-
ity, seismic methods, magnetics, ground-penetra-
ting radar, and various borehole methods. By re-
motely measuring anomalies in electrical currents,
reflected or refracted shock waves, reflected
radar, and other target aspects, subsurface condi-
tions can be inferred. The advantages of geophy-
sical methods are that they do not require labora-
tory sample analysis and can generate extensive,
low-cost information. The disadvantages are that
their resolution is low and more than one inter-
pretation of the data can often be made. Direct
sampling of the subsurface in conjunction with
geophysical measurements can greatly reduce
these limitations.
The effectiveness of geophysical methods has
been demonstrated for delineating subsurface pro-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
perties and contamination. Research into the ap-
plication j of these methods for Superfund and
RCRA field use is a major priority. RCRA geo-
physical Research is smaller than, and coordinated
with, the Superfund geophysical research pro-
gram, concentrating on adapting borehole techno-
logies to lower the cost of RCRA hazardous
waste facility monitoring. Theoretical model
studies are used by EMSL-LV to select methods
that can be applied to RCRA needs, followed by
field and laboratory evaluations of the various
methods.; EMSL-LV is now field testing a sur-
face-to-borehole resistivity method, where an
electrical current is applied to the surface and
resistivity! measurements down a borehole, com-
bined with the known resistivities of subsurface
materials,: can be used to increase the vertical res-
olution of geophysically detecting subsurface con-
tamination.
i
Two j other advanced field technologies that
are being] adapted to RCRA needs (in conjunction
with a larger Superfund research effort) are X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry methods for detecting
metal contaminants and fiber-optic technologies
for in situ monitoring of organic contaminants in
ground water. The application of these tech-
niques will provide operators of hazardous waste
faciUties .with the means to rapidly screen for
hazardous constituents migrating from a site.
Field testing of a prototype, portable X-ray
fluorescence system is about to be completed.
EMSL-LV has recently begun development of a
portable, ultraviolet fiber-optic analytical system
that can detect aromatic hydrocarbons in ground
water. These technologies are described further
in the Superfund monitoring research description.
While there is an established EPA program
to ensure j the quality of analytical chemical data,
there is no equivalent program to ensure that
samples are collected correctly or that field data
collection: is performed according to set protocols.
EMSL-LV has established a research project to
provide standardized EPA procedures for subsur-
face monitoring in conformance with guidelines
of the AS|TM. Protocols are being completed for
the design and installation of ground-water mon-
itoring wells and for determining critical aquifer
properties. Other standards are being developed
for measuring hydraulic conductivity in the unsat-
urated zone and for sampling hi ground-water
wells.
Site Characterization Methods
Because ground-water monitoring data are
often scarce and inappropriate for classical statis-
tical analysis, new geostatistical designs and data
interpretation tools are needed to more efficiently
use available data. Geostatistical analyses and
simulations of aquifer parameters are being used
to evaluate the effects of spatial variability on
ground-water monitoring network design and data
interpretation. Statistical and geostatistical meth-
ods are being develop<;d or acquired and incor-
porated into appropriate software packages.
Municipal Waste Facilities
To ensure safe disposal of the large volumes
of municipal wastes, monitoring systems must ac-
count for site-specific conditions and the mater-
ials being disposed. EMSL-LV evaluates hydro-
geologic environments, existing monitoring net-
work effectiveness, and types of contaminants to
improve monitoring methods for specific disposal
problems. A guidance document has recently
been completed in cooperation with the National
Park Service for monitoring in karst terrains
(limestone bedrock where ground water can flow
very rapidly through Underground conduits and
caves). Guidance on monitoring landfills located
in fractured bedrock environments is almost com-
pleted, and work is in progress on guidance for
monitoring landfills containing municipal waste
incineration ash.
Underground Storage Tank Methods
To support the implementation of under-
ground storage tank regulations, EMSL-LV is em-
phasizing the development of protocols for instal-
ling external leak detection systems, site charac-
terization procedures for determining the boun-
daries of active leaks, and methods to monitor
cleanups.
Installers of underground storage tank mon-
itoring systems need guidance on the design and
performance characteristics of external monitoring
systems. To provide this guidance, EMSL-LV is
evaluating external leak detection monitoring sys-
tems and the impacts of site-specific conditions
and monitoring systems on the effectiveness of
monitoring network designs. Performance criteria
are being established to aid instrument manufac-
turers in their development and testing of external
leak detection monitoring methods. Standard test
protocols are also being developed so that leak
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
10
detection instruments can be evaluated on a com-
mon basis. Standard operating procedures for ex-
ternal leak detection systems are being developed
to help installers select and install effective
systems. Data from these studies and mathemati-
cal models are being used to develop a guidance
manual on the design of external leak detection
systems.
Improved methods for characterizing site-
specific effects on contaminants leaking from
underground storage tanks are needed to help de-
termine active leaks, the boundaries for cleanup
actions, and the success of cleanups. Controlled
laboratory experiments in physical models are
being conducted to characterize hydrocarbon
liquid and vapor movement through soils and into
ground water. The effects of fuel type, leak rate,
moisture, temperature, backfill, and other chem-
ical, physical, and biological processes that con-
trol hydrocarbon concentrations around under-
ground storage tanks are being studied. EMSL-
LV is also conducting field studies at selected
service stations and examining existing soil-gas
and meteorological monitoring networks to deter-
mine soil-gas concentration baselines and the in-
fluence of seasonal variables on soil-gas hydro-
carbon concentrations. In the longer term,
EMSL-LV has begun development of miniatur-
ized electronic (microelectrode) vapor sensors that
will be capable of inexpensively detecting specif-
ic hydrocarbon vapors released from leaking
underground storage tanks.
Closely related to site characterization re-
search, EMSL-LV is comparing the effectiveness
of various physical, chemical, and biological
methods for cleaning up leaks and is developing
an inexpensive on-site analysis method for moni-
toring cleanup activities. Information on the suc-
cess and failure of past cleanup actions is being
generated through the soil-gas monitoring network
and physical models described above. In addi-
tion, a database is being compiled from industries
and other organizations regarding their monitoring
and remediation activities. This information will
be used as a basis for developing guidance on
monitoring and remediation of underground stor-
age tank sites.
Superfund Monitoring Research
Superfund monitoring research emphasizes
the development of improved geophysical techno-
logies to characterize hydrogeology and advanced
field monitoring methods to detect contaminants
at Superfund sites. The priority of these research
activities is the development of technologies that
win allow more rapid and less expensive assess-
ment of the hazards posed by Superfund sites.
To help make these technologies available to
field personnel, demonstrations of prototype tech-
nologies are being demonstrated in the field to
encourage their commercialization.
Geophysical Site Assessment Procedures
Further research is needed to improve the
resolution of various geophysical techniques, data
interpretation procedures, and guidance to field
staff. Geophysical methods being studied include
seismic, electrical resistivity, and ground-penetra-
ting radar methods.
A study on the application of seismic reflec-
tion techniques for determining near-surface geo-
logic features at a hazardous waste site has re-
cently been completed. Seismic techniques utilize
a mechanical or explosive device to set up a sub-
surface compression wave. Measurements of the
time it takes for the compression wave to reach
various distances from the source and the ampli-
tude of resulting ground motion are used to de-
velop a rough profile of the subsurface. This
method can, for example, delineate the boundaries
of subsurface trenches containing wastes and the
depth of landfills.
Controlled field tests of a number of elec-
trical resistivity methods for the direct detection
of organic contaminants are near completion.
EMSL-LV is particularly interested in examining
the effects of the interaction between organic
chemicals and clay minerals, which can affect the
response of resistivity surveys.
The investigation of appropriate uses for new
ground-penetrating radar equipment has also been
initiated. This technology makes use of the fact
that radar pulses directed into the ground are ref-
lected back toward the surface where there is a
contrast in the electrical properties of subsurface
materials. Generally, good electrical conductors,
such as metal drums, saturated clays, and salt
water, reflect back more of the radar signal than
poor conductors, such as unsaturated sands. A
major drawback to this technology is its relative
lack of resolution.
Guidance documents will be prepared on ttie
use of these rapid and inexpensive field site char-
acterization methods. In addition, a geophysics
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
11
expert system is updated annually to assist field
personnel in choosing geophysical methods at Su-
perfund sites. The updates incorporate the latest
information on geophysical methods applicable to
Superfuhd site characterization.
Advanced Field Monitoring Techniques
I
New technologies capable of rapid data gen-
eration i in the field are greatly reducing the
amount jof time required to assess contaminants at
Superfund sites. EMSL-LV has established an
advanced field monitoring methods research pro-
gram to| identify, evaluate, and accelerate the de-
velopment of promising on-site monitoring tech-
nologies. Technologies currently being empha-
sized in this program are fiber optic-based sen-
sing, immunoassay detection methods, and por-
table X-jray fluorescence systems.
Fiber optic-based sensors for in situ mon-
itoring of subsurface contaminants rely on the
ability of optical fibers to transmit light of var-
ious wavelengths to the subsurface and back
again. The interaction of a chemical sensor at
the end of the optical fiber and the chemical it is
contacting can result in fluorescence (re-emitting
the light at a lower frequency), reflection, or ab-
sorption. A spectrometer at the other end of the
optical fiber then can analyze the spectra of re-
turning fluoresced light, which will differ depen-
ding on |the chemical. This research emphasizes
the development of sensors that are sensitive to
particular chemicals or classes of compounds,
developing advanced spectroscopic equipment that
can be used in the field, and combining various
chemical; sensors and analytical equipment into
systems that can be used in the field to rapidly
and rembtely detect contaminants. Since volatile
organic compounds are among the most common
contaminants at Superfund sites, initial analytical
and sampling efforts will focus on these com-
pounds, i
Immunoassay methods for detecting contami-
nants rely on the ability of organisms to produce
antigens jthat are highly sensitive to particular
chemicals. Immunoassay techniques have been
applied to the analysis of many hazardous sub-
stances and have several attributes that make
them particularly suitable for field screening
they are; applicable to a wide range of com-
pounds, sensitive, fast, and accurate. A list of
target compounds for immunoassay development
has been developed, including various classes of
pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. EMSL-
LV is evaluating existing immunoassay systems
and adapting them to EPA needs. An important
aspect of this research is coordination with the
fiber optics research project to develop hybrid
technologies that are Mghly specific and sensitive.
A prototype portable X-ray fluorescence unit
has been jointly developed by EPA and the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration for
delineating subsurface inorganic metal contamina-
tion at Superfund sites. This version includes a
telemetry system to feed data into a personal
computer to analyze data on-site and immediately
locate the position of detected metal contam-
inants. Field testing of this unit is being com-
pleted and a final project report on its capabilities
is about to be published. EMSL-LV is also re-
designing the X-ray fluorescence system to fit
down monitoring weUls for detecting subsurface
metal contaminants.
Cooperative agreements with the private sec-
tor will be used to accelerate the development
and commercialization of advanced field monitor-
ing techniques. Field systems that fill voids in
existing capabilities will be recommended for
field demonstration under the Superfund Innova-
tive Technology Evaluation (SITE) program.
Monitoring System Demonstrations
Establishment of the SITE program was
required by the Superifund amendments of 1986
to speed up the commercialization of promising
new technologies and their application to Super-
fund problems. Under the SITE program, the
performance of monitoiting technologies are dem-
onstrated at Superfund sites by their developers
while EPA provides quality assurance oversight
and analysis of the demonstration results.
SITE demonstrations are emphasizing simple,
rapid, and inexpensive field deployable monitor-
ing instruments that utilize fiber-optic, immuno-
assay, X-ray fluorescent, and other technologies.
Procedures for proper operation of these technolo-
gies to detect and quantify toxicants at sites are
being developed as systems are demonstrated.
When appropriate, data management and analysis
for these evaluations will use geographical infor-
mation system (GIS) technology. It is expected
that field demonstrations of monitoring technolo-
gies will concentrate on technologies that have
been carefully selected for their usefulness at Su-
perfund sites. The expense of field work limits
the number of technologies that can be demon-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
12
strated.
Drinking Water Monitoring Research
Priorities for drinking water monitoring re-
search arc the development of methods to moni-
tor the migration of contaminants from under-
ground injection wells and toward drinking water
wellhead areas.
flrnund-Water Quality Monitoring Meth-
ods
To support the implementation of SDWA
provisions concerning underground injection con-
trol (UIQ and wellhead protection, EMSL-LV is
testing ground-water monitoring technologies and
designs for protecting ground-water sources of
drinking water. The depth at which hazardous
wastes are injected makes it difficult and
expensive to monitor the migration of contami-
nant plumes for movement into drinking water
supplies. EMSL-LV is examining the resolution
and detection limits of surface-to-borehole
electrical resistivity methods for the mapping and
monitoring of fluid movement from underground
injection wells. If successful, this geophysical
method would allow monitoring with far fewer
monitoring wells and sample analyses. Geophysi-
cal methods are also being investigated for de-
tecting near-surface contamination caused by
movement up abandoned wells and fracture
zones. Unlike RCRA monitoring needs, where
contaminants are monitored to detect migration
from a facility, wellhead protection monitoring
designs must provide warning of contaminants
migrating toward a water supply well or well-
field. In addition, the wellhead protection area to
be monitored can be very large, requiring many
wells or monitoring points. EMSL-LV is devel-
oping guidance on cost-effective monitoring stra-
tegies for wellhead protection areas to warn of
contaminants nearing drinking water wells.
EMSL-LV is also developing indicator para-
meters for cost-effective detection of point and
non-point sources of contamination in ground
water, preparing suggestions on the construction
of ground-water monitoring wells, and identifying
sources of spatial and temporal variability in
ground-water monitoring data.
Transport and Transformation Re-
search
Lack of understanding of how contaminants
move in the subsurface and are degraded by nat-
ural environmental processes severely restricts the
Agency's ability to protect ground-water quality
or to design effective systems to clean up con-
taminated ground water. The impacts of the
Agency's regulatory options can be understood
based on predictions of contaminant concentra-
tions at some point of exposure, and such predic-
tions are dependent on a qualitative and quantita-
tive understanding of subsurface processes. Re-
search into the transport and transformation of
contaminants in the subsurface is fundamental to
advances in monitoring, aquifer remediation, and
underground source control research.
Transport research is generally divided into
two areas—processes affecting organic contami-
nants and processes affecting inorganic (metal)
contaminants. Research into the transformation
of contaminants into by-products with different
health and environmental effects is similarly divi-
ded into two areas—physical and chemical (abio-
tic) transformation processes and microbiological.
degradation (biotic) processes.
ORD conducts transport and transformation
research for the RCRA hazardous waste, drinking
water, and pesticides programs. In addition,
EPA's exploratory research program funds basic
research to improve understanding of subsurface
processes affecting contaminants (Figure 5).
Pesticides
$674.6
Drinking Water
$2,092.6
Exploratory
Research
$540.0
Hazardous Waste
$5,366.1
Figure 5. ORD FY89 transport and
transformation research
resources (in thousands).
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
13
RCRA Hazardous Waste Transport and Trans-
formation Research
RCRA hazardous waste transport and trans-
formation research is conducted by RSKERL-Ada
and ERlL-Athens.
RSKERL-Ada's highest priority research is
the investigation of complex subsurface properties
and processes that facilitate or retard the transport
of organic contaminants. Closely related to this
is mathematical modeling of these processes.
RSKERL-Ada also conducts smaller research ef-
forts on the spatial variability of subsurface pro-
perties, transport of metals attached to colloids,
safety of hazardous waste land treatment, fate of
residual jhazardous wastes left in the subsurface
when a RCRA facility is closed, and fate of di-
oxins in Jthe subsurface.
ERE-Athens' transport and transformation re-
search under the RCRA program emphasizes the
development of exposure assessment modeling
packages: that link together transport and transfor-
mation models to allow predictions of metal and
organic [contaminant concentrations in ground
water and the unsaturated zone. ERL-Athens
conducts!laboratory and field research projects to
determine processes controlling the transport of
metals in the subsurface and to estimate biotic
and abiotic organic chemical transformation rates
based on j molecular structure. This information is
incorporated into exposure models for OSW use
in evaluating land disposal and facility closure
options.
RCRA Hazardous Waste Concentration
Predictions
I
Although the flow of water through uncon-
taminatedf homogeneous aquifers is reasonably
well understood, the processes affecting the trans-
port of contaminants by ground water, particularly
in heterogeneous aquifers, is poorly understood.
This RSKERL-Ada research concentrates on de-
veloping an understanding of processes that either
retard or ^facilitate the movement of organic con-
taminants; in the subsurface and using this infor-
mation is used to improve the capability of pre-
dicting contaminant concentrations.
"Facilitated transport" is a generic term en-
compassing processes that increase contaminant
mobility, jwhich often results in ground-water con-
tamination in unexpected locations. Because con-
taminants (leaking from RCRA facilities are usual-
ly complex mixtures of organic compounds,
RSKERL-Ada is investigating the effects of mul-
tiple solvents within these mixtures in facilitating
organic chemical transport. Although many con-
taminants do not dissolve in water, they can be
dissolved by organic solvents in complex mix-
tures and may travel faster in this dissolved
phase. RSKERL-Ada is studying the effects of
miscible (capable of being dissolved in water)
and immiscible (not capable of being dissolved in
water) solvents on the transport of contaminants
in soils and aquifers. iStudies are also being con-
ducted to evaluate the :impact of solvent composi-
tion varying over time on the transport of immis-
cible organic solutes. Data from these experi-
ments are used to develop and evaluate mathem-
atical approaches to describe the phenomenon.
Laboratory tests have shown that significant
amounts of immiscible contaminants, such as gas-
oline, can be trapped in soil pore spaces, retard-
ing their movement and making them difficult to
remove from the subsurface. These trapped con-
taminants can be a long-term source of ground-
water contamination. RSKERL-Ada is studying
how these contaminants are released from pore
spaces, the effect of trapped immiscible con-
taminants on transport of dissolved contaminants,
and the possible use of solvents to enhance their
release from pore spaces. Algorithms describing
these processes are being developed and refined.
The data and mathematical descriptions de-
veloped in these and other research projects are
used to develop and test models for predicting
the concentrations of hazardous wastes released
from RCRA facilities. The ultimate goal of
RSKERL-Ada's ground-water modeling research
is to provide field-evaluated models to predict the
concentrations of contaminants in the subsurface
at some point of discharge or use. RSKERL-
Ada's efforts include the development of high-
quality field databases for retrospective ground-
water pollutant model testing; improvement of
predictive models by incorporating into models
abiotic and biotic processes that are not normally
included, such as multi-phase flow, particle trans-
port, and second-order microbial transformations;
compiling and evaluating existing models and so-
lutions that can by used for predicting contami-
nant transport and transformation in the subsur-
face as well as for testing the validity of the
algorithms in numerical models; and increasing
the useability of models such as RITZ and
BIOPLUME through the development of user-
friendly software and the use of geostatistical
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
14
models and expert systems for providing input
data for models.
Current models that describe contaminant
transport are largely derived from laboratory data
and observations. Although many of these can
be useful in certain applications, there is a need
to evaluate a model's performance by comparison
to a physical model of the same system. This is
being done by RSKERL-Ada through the use of
its two large physical models that simulate
ground-water flow. The models are instrumented
to track transport and fate of contaminants intro-
duced into the systems and evaluate model pre-
dictions. Although these physical model tests are
conducted under simplified conditions, they pro-
vide a cost-effective transition from laboratory
verification of model predictions to expensive,
full-scale field testing.
Most subsurface formations are heterogen-
eous, but the impact of variability in important
subsurface properties that control pollutant trans-
port and fate is not well understood. RSKERL-
Ada is developing methods for characterizing the
variability of subsurface properties on a site-
specific basis and evaluating the impact of spatial
variability on transport processes and chemical
and biological reactions at selected sites. Statis-
tically valid and field-tested methods are being
developed for use by field personnel in character-
izing the spatial variability of subsurface proper-
ties at waste sites in a cost-effective manner.
The movement of contaminants through frac-
tured bedrock systems is one of the most difficult
conditions to predict The predominant flow,
which can be very rapid, is through cracks and
fracture zones in the bedrock. Movement also
can occur through the rock matrix, depending on
its porosity. Laboratory studies are developing
data on the basic properties and processes of
porosity, diffusion, sorption, and ion-exchange
that control transport in fractured systems. These
data are being used to develop and test models
that predict transport of contaminants in fractured
bedrock.
RSKERL-Ada also conducts research of a
more applied nature under the RCRA program.
By statute, the land treatment of hazardous wastes
(including residual wastes at closed RCRA facili-
ties) must be limited to those wastes that either
can be treated to performance standards or that
have been demonstrated to show no migration
from the soil treatment zone for as long as the
waste remains hazardous. RSKERL-Ada is con-
ducting land treatability studies at wood preser-
ving, food processing, paint stripping, and oil
refinery industry sites. This involves collecting
waste and soil samples from specific sites and
conducting laboratory evaluations of the move-
ment and natural degradation of the .wastes. This
research also provides EPA with the opportunity
to test the Regulatory Investigative Treatment
Zone (RTTZ) model developed at RSKERL-Ada
for predicting long-term transport and fate , of
organic contaminants. A limited number of sites
will be monitored over tinie to evaluate RITZ
predictions.
RSKERL-Ada is completing a research pro--
gram to provide techniques and data for predict-
ing the rate of movement and transformation of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin in soils arid
ground water in the presence and absence df sol-
vents. These data are needed to assess the poten-
tial for human, exposure to dioxin and to make
rational decisions regarding the removal and dis-
position of dioxin-containing soils.
Exposure Assessment Methods
The Objective of ERL-Athens' transport arid
transformation research under the RCRA program
is to develop and refine exposure assessment mo-
dels for use by OSW in evaluating land disposal
and facility closure options. The development of
data on metal and organic contaminant reaction
rates for use in these models is an important
aspect of ERL-Athens research.
ERL-Athens is refining MINTEQA2, a major
metals transport model being used by OSW to
determine the potential human health and envi-;
ronmental impacts of RCRA regulatory optioai
The original version of MDMTEQ was distributee!
in FY86 essentially as a metals equilibrium
model able to estimate dissolved and precipitated
metal fractions. The model has undergone con-
tinual refinement to improve its accuracy and
usefulness. The current research supporting
MINTEQA2 involves the development of data-
bases on metal reaction rate constants needed to
provide more accurate transport and transforma-
tion input data for the model. Sorption of metals
to iron, manganese, and organic oxides is an es-
pecially important process affecting the mobility
of metals in the subsurface. ERL-Athens is con-
ducting laboratory experiments to determine sorp-
tion rate constants for the sorption of 13 metals
regulated under RCRA. The complexation of
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
15
metals to naturally occurring organic material
(humics> is another important process affecting
metals transport that ERL-Athens is studying.
Sbrpttorrand complexation of metals render them
less mobile, but other processes may increase the
mobility!of metals in the subsurface. Such pro-
cesses under investigation include the effect of
redox potential and other properties ori metal spe-
ciation, sorption to simple organic compounds,
and collpidal transport. This research receives
significant funds directly from OSW, which are
not shown in the ground-water research budget
presented in Appendix A.
ERL-Athens is about to release another ma-
jor exposure assessment model, called MultiMed,
for predicting the transport of organic contami-
nants from RCRA landfills. The model links to-
gether components for ground water, surface
water, and air into a multimedia exposure assess-
ment modeling package for use by OSW in
making regulatory, decisions. The ground-water
component of MultiMed is the EPA Composite
Landfill Model (EPACML), which is itself com-
prised of | two components for estimating organic
contaminant attenuation and transport through the
unsaturated zone and ground water.
A project to link the metals transport model,
MINTEQJ\2; with the organic transport models
RUSTIC (discussed in the pesticides transport and
transformation section) and EPACML is in the
conceptual stage. The results of MINTEQ would
feed into | the organic transport models to predict
the transport of dissolved metals and those at-
tached to simple organic compounds that have an
affinity to metals.
r
ERL-jAthens also conducts research to esti-
mate organic contaminant reaction rates that are
important to the transport and transformation of
organics in the unsaturated zone and grpund
water. This data is needed to improve the input
data for EPACML and other organic transport
models. This research complements RSKERL-
Ada research to improve fundamental understand-
ing of these phenomena. Instead of conducting
laboratory) experiments on every possible organic
contaminant, ERL-Athens has developed an ap-
proach for estimating microbial and abiotic rate
constants based on mathematical modeling of mo-
lecular structure. Detailed laboratory studies are
being conducted to describe hydrolysis and redox
transformajtion reactions as a function of key en-
vironmental parameters (pH and redox potential)
and molecular structure. Molecular structure is
determined by spectre scopic analysis (which is
much less expensive than laboratory rate constant
measurements) and coirrelated to the transforma-
tion rates of similarly structured compounds
determined in the laboratory experiments.
A range of organic contaminants have been
subjected to laboratory assays to examine how
their chemical structure and key environmental
parameters influence microbial degradation. Mo-
dels are being refined that describe the rate and
extent of microbial degradation of benchmark
chemicals. Degradation rates for additional or-
ganic contaminants are then estimated in a model
by relating their structure to the benchmark
chemical degradation rates. Laboratory exper-
iments are conducted to determine the effects of
important environmental variables and to verify
selected estimated rate constants.
In addition to determining rate constants,
ERL-Athens is developing 'transformation path-
way profiles,' which show the chemical changes
that a contaminant can pass through during trans-
formation. Mathematical modeling then permits
determination of the concentration of each trans-
formation by-product under various environmental
conditions.
Drinking Water Transport and Transformation
Research
RSKERL-Ada transport and transformation
research under the drinking water program em-
phasizes investigations of organic contaminant
transport. This organic contaminant transport
research complements similar research conducted
under the RCRA program—RCRA research con-
centrates on facilitated transport by contaminants
that act as solvents for other contaminants and
transport retarded by the trapping of immiscible
contaminants hi soil pore spaces; drinking water
research concentrates on facilitated transport by
the movement of macromolecules and transport
retarded by sorption processes.
Other high-priority research areas are studies
of subsurface transformation of organic com-
pounds by indigenous microorganisms and the de-
velopment of wellhead protection methods that
can be used to protect sources of subsurface
drinking water. RSKERL-Ada conducts smaller
research projects to study abiotic transformations
of organic compounds ,and the transport of vi-
ruses and bacteria through the subsurface.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
16
Contaminant Concentration Predictions
The ability to predict the concentration of
contaminants at a selected future point of time is
needed to conduct exposure and risk assessments
and to control specific contaminant sources. This
research is intended to provide the fundamental
data on subsurface processes that are most signif-
icant in affecting contaminant transport and trans-
formation in order to enable accurate predictions
of contaminant persistence, movement, and con-
centrations.
RSKERL-Ada's research into transport phen-
omena under the drinking water program concen-
trates on sorption processes affecting organic
contaminants. Past research witii organic contam-
inants has indicated a number of important sorp-
tion processes that need study. While sorption
can retard the spread of contaminants in ground
water, it can also make contaminant removal very
difficult and time consuming. A series of
RSKERL-Ada research projects will investigate
the processes that control the sorption of miscible
and immiscible organic contaminants to sub-
surface materials. The sorption of organic
cations to clay minerals, soils containing low
levels of organic material, and soils containing
high levels of organic material is being studied
and compared. In addition, the effect of dis-
solved natural organic carbons on the partitioning
of immiscible organic contaminants between the
water, dissolved organic carbons, and sorbed to
soils is being investigated. Algorithms that can
describe these subsurface processes quantitatively
are being developed, validated through laboratory
and field experiments, and included in predictive
models.
Vapor-phase transport is important in the
movement and dissipation of volatile organic con-
taminants in the unsaturated zone. This transport
is influenced by the soil moisture content, the
distribution of organic vapors between the con-
densed and vapor phases, and the amount of
organic vapor present in soil pore spaces.
RSKERL-Ada is conducting laboratory research
to quantify the influence of soil moisture content
on the sorption and transport of a number of se-
lected organic vapors. The collected data will be
used to test existing models for soil vapor trans-
port.
Facilitated transport research for the drinking
water program investigates the transport of im-
miscible organic contaminants attached to very
large molecules (macromolecules). RSKERL-Ada
is studying whether the velocities of different or-
ganic macromolecules of the same apparent mo-
lecular weight are constant in a given soil, the
range of pore sizes from which the macromole-
cules are being excluded, and if movement of the
immiscible organics can be predicted by existing
transport equations. The significance of size ex-
clusion for selected soils is being studied to
determine if this can be calculated using common
soil characteristics. In addition, synthetic macro-
molecules are being studied to determine if they
can be used to simulate transport by naturally oc-
curring macromolecules.
Considerable information indicates" that sub-
surface biological processes have a significant
impact on the transformations of ground-water
contaminants. RSKERL-Ada is conducting labor-
atory microcosm,experiments to develop an infor-
mation base on the degradation of classes of
organic contaminants and pesticides by microor-
ganisms native to different subsurface environ-
ments. The study includes important physical
and chemical subsurface soil characteristics, mic-
robial activity in different soils, enzymes involved
in the degradation processes, and predominant
chemical reactions. Correlations between micro-
bial type, sediment type, and biodegradation po-
tential are being sought to determine processes
that limit or stimulate biodegradation. It is
known that biodegradation occurs faster in aero-
bic (oxygenated) soils than in anaerobic (absence
of oxygen) soils. Therefore, studies of anaerobic
biodegradation of organic contaminants are being
emphasized to find ways to improve biodegrada-
tion potential in anaerobic environments. Models
for predicting the biodegradation of contaminants
in the subsurface are being developed and their
performance evaluated using field and laboratory
data.
Although the natural microbial degradation
of organic contaminants hi the subsurface is re-
cognized as a significant process and is being
used to clean up contaminated sites, the move-
ment of microorganisms in the subsurface in or-
der to colonize areas of contamination is not well
understood. Remediation techniques presume that
contaminated aquifers already harbor organisms
that are capable of degrading the contaminant.
Site-specific information is needed that can be
used to evaluate the prospects for colonization of
a contaminated aquifer or the unsaturated zone by
microorganisms. RSKERL-Ada is working with
Cornell University to develop an understanding of
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
17
the properties of microorganisms and subsurface
materials that determine the transportability of
bacterial] strains through geologic material and
whether' a particular site will be colonized by
microorganisms capable of degrading wastes.
i
Most of RSKERL-Ada's transformation re-
search is investigating process affecting organic
contaminants, but the laboratory is also investiga-
ting a natural chemical (abiotic) process that can
significantly affect organic contamination in cer-
tain subsurface environments. The role of subsu-
rface soils containing iron and sulfur minerals on
the transformation of halogenated organic com-
pounds is being studied. The surface area, ele-
mental cjomposition, sorption, and other parame-
ters that are expected to affect reactivity are
being studied to determine the properties that
control these reactions. Reaction rates are being
measured to enable the development of a math-
ematical model describing this process.
In addition to protecting drinking water from
organic, I pesticide, metal and other hazardous
contaminants, public water supplies need to be
protected from disease-causing viral contaminants.
An existing model of virus transport in soils and
ground water is very simple in that it only con-
siders horizontal movement of viruses under re-
gional ground-water flow conditions. Improve-
ments are needed to consider the transport of
viruses through the unsaturated zone and the in-
fluence of pumping wells on the movement char-
acteristics. The final model will have the ca-
pability of delineating zones around drinking
water wejlls within which sources of contamina-
tion should not be placed if contamination by vi-
ruses is to be avoided. It will be developed for
personal Computers and data requirements will be
limited to information available from local water
utilities, j
In support of United States' policy of scien-
tific and technological cooperation with the
People's Republic of China (PRC), the EPA and
PRC entered into an agreement in 1980 known as
the US-PjRC Environmental Protection Protocol.
The agreement provides for the establishment of
a cooperative research program based on equal
participation, information exchange, and mutual
benefit ;A joint research program has been es-
tablished jbetween PRC scientists and RSKERL-
Ada to determine the impact of me land treat-
ment of municipal and industrial wastewater on
ground-water quality. Researchers from both
countries jwill visit each other to exchange infor-
mation on related topics involving land treatment
and the control of ground-water contamination.
Wellhead Protection
RSKERL-Ada is providing assistance to
OGWP through the joint development of a five-
year research strategy to aid states in the imple-
mentation of the SDWA amendments and a joint
research program with, the U.S. Geological Sur-
vey (USGS) to identify potential sources of con-
tamination to wellhead protection areas. In addi-
tion, EMSL-LV is assisting several local agencies
in designing and implementing pilot wellhead
protection area monitoring systems. The FY89
EPA-sponsored USGS research is developing in-
formation for identifying sources of contamination
in wellhead protection areas (WHPAs). Existing
ground-water quality data is being collected to
create a database for the development of models
relating multiple sources of contaminants within
WHPAs to shallow ground-water quality. The
study includes statistical evaluations to determine
the significance of hydrogeologic factors such as
depth to ground-water, surface geology, ground-
water flow direction, and recharge. Statistical
relationships between human activities and
ground-water quality will be used to determine
areas where there is Mgh potential for ground-
water contamination. A geographical information
system will be developed to allow easy manage-
ment and interpretation of Regional information.
An FY90 initiative will significantly expand
wellhead protection research. RSKERL-Ada will
work to improve the scientific basis of, and clar-
ify assumptions inherent in, wellhead protection
delineation methods. Another research project to
be started as part of the initiative will be on the
capacity of the subsurface to assimilate contam-
inants and reduce their concentrations to accep-
tably low levels before they reach drinking water
wells. This long-term research project is an op-
portunity to synthesize much of the information
being developed on subsurface transport and
transformation processes affecting contaminant
concentrations. RSKERL-Ada will also conduct
contaminant source assessment research to de-
velop methods for determining the relative risks
of different potential sources of contamination.
Research into wellhead protection methods for
agricultural regions will be conducted by ERL-
Athens. The RUSTIC model developed for pesti-
cides will be adapted to account for point and
nonpoint contamination in delineating WHPAs in
agricultural regions. In addition, EMSL-LV will ,
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
18
develop monitoring strategies applicable to well-
head protection areas, including using geographic
information systems to manage data in a wellhead
protection program and optimal sampling and
monitoring network designs for wellhead protec-
tion programs.
Pesticides Transport and Transformation Re-
search
ERL-Athens research under the pesticides
transport and transformation program has two ma-
jor components—the development of a modeling
package to predict the fate of pesticides in the
subsurface and major field projects to test the
models and collect data on subsurface processes
that control pesticide fate. Limited laboratory
research is also conducted to fill gaps in para-
meters necessary for pesticide exposure modeling.
Pesticide Exposure Assessment Methods
ERL-Athens has developed a pesticide expo-
sure model called RUSTIC (Risk of Unsaturated/
Saturated Transport/transformation of Interactions
for ChemicaVconcentration model). RUSTIC is
comprised of three linked models—the Pesticide
Root Zone Model (PRZM) for predicting trans-
port and transformation of pesticides in surface
soils (root zone), the VADOFT model for predic-
ting transport in the unsaturated zone, and the
SAFTMOD model for predicting transport in
ground water. RUSTIC and its components are
undergoing a series of field validations. A final
report on the results of the Dougherty Plains
Reid Project is about to be released. The
Dougherty Plains project evaluated the PRZM
component of RUSTIC and provided information
on the spatial .variability of subsurface soils
needed to evaluate pesticide leaching characteris-
tics. ERL-Athens has begun work on another
large field experiment at Plains, Georgia, in order
to test the unsaturated and ground-water compo-
nents of RUSTIC. ERL-Athens plans to collect
field data on pesticide transformation processes in
the unsaturated zone at the Plains, Georgia site.
ERL-Athens is also working to improve the soils
and meteorological databases included with the
RUSTIC modeling package. As part of the well-
head protection research program, ERL-Athens
will be enhancing RUSTIC for application to
wellhead protection area delineation. Planned
enhancements include the capability of handling
multiple land segments, addition of a macropore
flow component, and addition of a user-friendly
interface to guide state and local personnel in its
use.
ERL-Athens is developing a multimedia mo-
del for determining pesticide exposures to birds,
animals, soil insects, and terrestrial ecosystems.
The Terrestrial Ecosystem Exposure Assessment
Model (TEEAM) includes PRZM and components
for spray application, runoff, plant transport, and
wildlife. Other components to be added include
surface ponding and volatilization. A test version.
is planned for completion in about a year. The
model is not inherently limited to pesticide expo-
sure and may be adapted for use in estimating
exposures from hazardous wastes. In addition,,
there is a possibility that TEEAM may be linked
to RUSTIC in the future.
Laboratory studies are being conducted to re-
late pesticide molecular structure to the sorption
of pesticides to solids in anaerobic aquifers and
determine the key parameters that influence sorp-
tion processes. This information is being used to
estimate reaction rates and equilibrium constants
for pesticides to improve pesticide exposure mo-
dels.
Exploratory Aquifer Remediation Research
EPA established the, National Center for
Ground-Water Research (TCCGWR) in September,
1979, as a consortium of Rice University, the
University of Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State
University. As part of the EPA's Centers of
Excellence program, the NCGWR is charged with
developing and conducting a long-range explora-
tory research program to help anticipate and solve
emerging ground-water problems.
National Center for Ground-Water Re-
search
The Office of Exploratory Research provides
base funding for the NCGWR, and another $1.8
million of research is funded through agreements
with RSKERL-Ada, universities, the private sec-
tor, and other governmental units. The Center's
co-directors and investigators work with the
management and staff of RSKERL-Ada and other
EPA laboratories to ensure that the exploratory
research program is cooperatively planned, res-
ponsive to national needs, and appropriately
linked to the Agency's mission. Technical over-
sight is provided by an eight-member panel of
external scientific peers.
The four major areas of responsibility for the
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
19
Center's | research are development of methods for
ground-water quality investigations; transport and
fate of pollutants in the subsurface; characteriza-
tion of the subsurface environment with respect
to pollutant transport; and information transfer.
The NC(3WR conducts five research projects un-
der cooperative agreements with RSKERL-Ada,
including research into land treatment, anaerobic
microbial degradation, unsaturated zone transport
modeling, isolation of a bacteria for degrading
TCE, and case studies of Superfund site remedial
activities. OER supports three additional projects
to study; transport and transformation processes
and apply new information to in situ aquifer
remediation methods.
I'
Nuniierous theories have been proposed to
account for frequent observations of unexpectedly
slow release of organic contaminants from soils.
A research project has recently begun to study
soils from contaminated sites in the laboratory to
develop Jan understanding of the mechanism of
this slow; release and to develop effective cleanup
methods. Parameters being studied include flow
rate, mixjed solvents, pH effects, surfactants, and
pumping [regimes.
Another subsurface phenomena that results in
the slower than expected release of contaminants
from the {subsurface is found where residual oils
occur just above of below the water table. Fluc-
tuations in the water table in this situation cause
variable contaminant loadings to the ground wa-
ter. Simple laboratory and field experiments are
being conducted to help define variable source
contributions from residual oil near the water
table, to addition, BIOPLUME H will be im-
proved toj handle a variable source module.
Knowledge of the mechanisms by which in
situ remediation can be optimized is limited. An-
other NCpWR project will investigate microbial
transport [through the subsurface, the effects of
hydrogen I peroxide on microbial populations, and
the signihcance of emulsifiers and surfactants
produced i by subsurface microorganisms during
degradation of contaminants in the subsurface.
i '
In Situ Aquifer Remediation Research
i • . ••'•-'.
In situ aquifer remediation methods show
great potential as an alternative remedial action
when a site has large volumes of soils with low
levels of contamination. In this case, the cost of
excavation for off-site disposal or on-site treat-
ment are high in relation to the risk. Aquifer re-
mediation research is often conducted in coor-
dinated projects with fate and transport research.
Its priority is to evaluate and develop cost-effec-
tive methods for in situ aquifer cleanup. Aquifer
remediation research is conducted under the
RCRA hazardous waste, Superfund, and drinking
water programs (Figure 6).
Drinking Water
$1,139.4
Hazardous
Waste
$72.0
Superfund
$3,545.0
Figure 6. ORDIFY89 in situ aquifer
remediation research resources
(in thousands).
RCRA Hazardous Waste Aquifer Remediation
Research
RSKERL-Ada conducts a small in-house in
situ aquifer remediation research program under
the RCRA hazardous waste program. The re-
search concentrates on determining the cost and
effectiveness of selected techniques for cleaning
up contaminants that have leaked from under-
ground storage tanks.
Underground Storage Tank Corrective Ac-
tion Methods
The state of the art in existing corrective
action technologies for leaking underground stor-
age tanks has been evialuated and a report was
recently completed. Laboratory and modeling
studies emphasized the determination of cost-
effectiveness and applicability of techniques in
various hydro-geological regimes.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
20
RSKERL-Ada's current research program is
investigating the effectiveness of purge-well pum-
ping and forced-air-ventilation remediation tech-
niques. An evaluation of contaminant response
to purge-well pumping, including vapor-phase
transport, sorption, partitioning, and biotransfor-
mation at an existing field site at Camp LaJeune,
North Carolina is about to be completed.
RSKERL-Ada has recently begun investigating
the movement of volatile organic contaminants
(VOCs) during forced air ventilation of the unsat-
urated zone. Physical properties of the soil, such
as porosity, pore size distribution, and water
content, are the primary limits to the transport of
vapor-phase VOCs in the unsaturated zone. The
impacts of these properties on vapor-phase move-
ment of contaminants will be determined in lab-
oratory studies and the results will be used in
models for designing remediation processes.
Superfund Aquifer Remediation Research
In situ aquifer remediation research for the
Superfund program emphasizes the development
of in situ microbial degradation technologies,
field demonstrations of these technologies, and
modeling to help analyze remedial options. An-
other priority research area is the development of
contaminant recovery techniques to more effi-
ciently extract contaminants from the subsurface
so that on-site treatment technologies can be ap-
plied.
Recovery Technologies
Recovery of contaminants without excavation
of soils is an essential element of many treat-
ment processes and remedial actions. RREL-Cin
develops contaminant recovery technologies and
evaluates their effectiveness, costs, and
cross-media impacts. Technologies showing po-
tential for commercial success are transferred to
the SITE program for full-scale field evaluation.
This program is characterized by research into
technologies that do not currently offer a clear
economic incentive to the commercial community.
Two of the most promising techniques under in-
vestigation for improving in situ recovery proces-
ses are hydrofracturing and pulsed pumping.
Hydrofracturing is a technique where wells
in low-permeability rock are pressurized with
water to create cracks in the surrounding environ-
ment. Porous sand is then pumped into the wells
to form long sand-filled lenses that open the sys-
tem and increase recovery of contaminants. The
cost and performance of this technology under
site-specific conditions are being evaluated by
RREL-Cin to provide guidance on its effective
use.
A common means to recover contaminants
from ground water is pumping the water to the
surface where a variety of treatment technologies
can be applied. A problem commonly encoun-
tered with this pump-and-treat technique is that,
after an initial rapid decrease in the concentration
of extracted contaminants, the last fraction of the
contaminants takes a very long time, even de-
cades, to extract. Pulsed pumping—the intermit-
tent operation of a pump-and-treat system—is a
technique that can avoid the expense of pumping
and treating large volumes of water to remove
low concentrations of contaminants. During per-
iods when pumps are shut off, contaminants that
are trapped in pore spaces or sorbed to subsur-
face materials can diffuse into more mobile
ground-water zones until equilibrium is achieved.
When the pumps are turned back on, the mini-
mum volume of contaminated ground water can
be removed at the maximum concentration.
RREL-Cin is conducting research to improve un-
derstanding of the site-specific conditions that
affect the performance of this extraction process.
This information will be used to optimize pulsed-
pumping systems and ensure uniform recovery.
Most contaminant recovery processes involve
removal of contaminants through the water phase.
However, particular classes of contaminants may
be extracted more effectively through the vapor
phase. RREL-Cin is examining data generated
on major contaminant groupings to determine
which contaminants can be recovered effectively
based on removal from unsaturated zones in the
vapor phase. Promising vapor-phase recovery
technologies being evaluated include vacuum
extraction for recovering VOCs and techniques
that can be combined with vacuum extraction to
recover less volatile organic contaminants. Two
technologies being studied that can mobilize less
volatile contaminants and increase subsurface air
flow are radio frequency heating and steam injec-
tion.
Emerging Biosystems
Microbial degradation treatment systems (bio •
systems) are processes for the controlled use of
microorganisms and their products for breaking
down hazardous wastes to non-hazardous com-
pounds. Biosystems offer the capability of using
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
21
i
the broad versatility of microorganisms for deg-
rading mixed wastes; the ability to tailor treat-
ment processes toward specific compounds or
groups of compounds at specific sites; the poten-
tial to eliminate soil excavation and transportation
costs; and the minimization of air emissions
caused by the movement of- contaminants.
ORD's Superfund biosystems research pro-
gram includes the evaluation and development of
systems (for in situ aquifer remediation and on-
site treatment applications. Biosystems research
is a centrally coordinated, multi-laboratory
programj utilizing the combined capabilities of
RREL-Cjin, RSKERL-Ada, and ERL-Athens. On-
ly in situ biosystem applications are included in
this ground-water research description.
RREL-Cin conducts two projects to develop
innovative in situ biosystem applications. In the
first, laboratory and field testing is being con-
ducted to determine the potential for the bacteria
FM4100J genetically engineered by General Elec-
tric, to | biodegrade polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) In Superfund soils. The comparison of
this organism to the performance of Pseudomonas
putida will enable the first analysis of a native
versus aj recombinant-DNA organism for degra-
ding PCBs on soils. RREL-Cin's other project
involves'the design of an in situ soil contamina-
tion treatment technology using the white rot
fungus, Phanerochaeta chrysosporium. Bench-
scale studies will be designed to determine its
ability to degrade pentachlorophenol (POP) and
selected j major constituents of creosote through
the use of carbon-labeled substrates and counting
of evolved carbon dioxide concentrations.
RSKERL-Ada is completing combined labor-
atory, field, and modeling studies on the effect of
enhancing natural microbial aerobic degradation
processes through the addition of hydrogen per-
oxide to Jan area contaminated by a gasoline spill.
This project is being conducted in cooperation
with the'U.S. Coast Guard at the Traverse City,
Michigan, Coast Guard Station. Laboratory mi-
crocosm jexperiments were used to define the spe-
cific role of microorganisms and determine whe-
ther that; role could be enhanced by adding hy-
drogen peroxide to the contaminated area as a
source of oxygen needed for microbial metabol-
ism of tije contaminants. Laboratory results were
used to j design a field experiment to evaluate
enhanced; microbial remediation of a contaminated
area by adding hydrogen peroxide and monitoring
contamiriant concentrations and movement. The
data from this project were used to identify and
evaluate the hydrological, chemical, and biologi-
cal parameters that control in situ microbial reme-
diation. The field study was also used to eval-
uate BIOPLUME II, a; mathematical model of in
situ microbial remediation used to estimate the
time and cost of returning a site to a specific
level of restoration.
RSKERL-Ada is conducting a similar series
of studies in cooperation with the U.S. Coast
Guard on the effectiveness of enhancing micro-
bial denitrification processes for the remediation
of soils contaminated by jet fuel at the Traverse
City site. Laboratory microcosm experiments are
being conducted to determine the specific role of
microorganisms and whether that role can be en-
hanced through the addition of nitrate or nitrous
oxide. The BIOPLUME H model is being modi-
fied to describe microbial degradation of jet fuel
components. The modified model will be used to
design an in situ perfusion cell to bathe the
contaminated region of the aquifer with nitrate-
amended water. Recovery wells will reclaim any
nitrate that is not consumed by the bacteria to
prevent regional contamination of the aquifer.
The progress of the field demonstration will be
followed, and the results of the demonstration
will be compared with model projections.
ERL-Athens is conducting experiments to de-
termine the extent to which sorption processes af-
fect the degradation of specific classes of hazar-
dous organic chemicals and to determine if the
addition of emulsifying agents can enhance biore-
mediation. The sorpt'ion of chemicals to solid
substrates inhibits the degradation of organic
chemicals by lowering the concentration of avail-
able substrate. The degradation rate of sorbed or
highly insoluble substrates can be increased by
making the substrates more available to the mic-
roorganisms. Artificial emulsifiers have been
used to enhance the degradation of PCB mix-
tures. ERL-Athens will examine the effects of
adding emulsifiers on the degradation of other in-
soluble compounds, including 4-chlorophenol,
chlorobenzenes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs). The results of these experiments will be
used to develop mathematical models to predict
the effects of emulsifying agents.
Drinking Water Aqu ifer Remediation Research
In situ aquifer remediation research under the
drinking water program provides methods and
data for decision-makers to evaluate aquifer reme-
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
22
diation options. Promising methods revealed
through transport and transformation research are
being tested for contaminant removal efficiency
and cost-effectiveness. The research emphasizes
microbial degradation of TCE and related com-
pounds by methane-utilizing microorganisms.
Another important project is the development of
an expert system, OASIS, to assist field staff in
evaluating possible aquifer remedial activities.
Smaller projects include investigations of TCE
removal from the unsaturated zone using ozone,
chemical processes to degrade organic contami-
nants, and microbial degradation of PCB.
Aquifer Remediation Methods
The contamination of ground water with tri-
chloroethylene (TCE) and other compounds with-
in this class of chemicals continues to be one of
the most pervasive environmental problems in the
United States and other industrialized countries.
Currently accepted techniques for the remediation
of aquifers contaminated by this class of chemi-
cals primarily involve pumping the water to the
surface and removing contaminants by air strip-
ping or carbon adsorption. These procedures are
expensive and time consuming. Prior research by
RSKERL-Ada and elsewhere has identified the
use of native bacteria capable of metabolizing
methane (methanotrophic) as a promising ap-
proach for in situ remediation of aquifers con-
taminated by TCE and related compounds. Un-
der a cooperative agreement with Stanford Uni-
versity, a small, pilot-scale field demonstration
has been conducted to determine the feasibility of
using these microorganisms to remove TCE and
related contaminants from ground water. Infor-
mation on the range of conditions under which
the treatment method was effective and criteria
for in situ treatment of contaminants in the field
have been developed.
A number of research projects are underway
to improve the removal of TCE-related contami-
nants from ground water by methanotrophic bac-
teria. A field demonstration of a system using
methane to support the growth of TCE-metaboli-
zing organisms is being conducted in cooperation
with the U.S. Air Force at the Tinker Air Force
Base in Oklahoma. Information on design criter-
ia for full-scale systems and cost evaluations are
being developed. In addition, new strains of
methanogenic microorganisms are being sought.
Methanotrophic organisms capable of degrading
TCE will be isolated or genetically engineered to
develop strains that can grow in the absence of
methane, allowing growth on TCE as a sole
source of energy.
The feasibility of using ozone instead of air
is being evaluated by RSKERL-Ada for in situ
vapor stripping systems that are used to remove
TCE, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and related com-
pounds from unsaturated soils. The study is as-
sessing the reactivity of ozone in unsaturated
soils, the role of humic acids in reactions with.
these contaminants, and rates of ozone and con-
taminant decomposition.
The feasibility of a chemically based in situ
remediation process using free-radical reactions to
degrade organic contaminants is being studied by
RSKERL-Ada. The free radicals will be intro-
duced into columns containing aquifer materials
and several organic contaminants. At the end of
the experiments, the aquifer material will be ex-
tracted to determine residual contaminant concen-
trations. Free radical effects on aquifer material
will be evaluated through measurement of total
organic carbon before and after the experiment.
RSKERL-Ada is also evaluating microbial
degradation methods for the treatment of PCB
and related compounds. Laboratory experiments
of PCB degradation are being conducted using a
mixed oily waste containing PCBs. A variety of
treatment conditions are being evaluated, inclu-
ding aerobic, aerobic supplemented with nutrients,
anaerobic, anaerobic supplemented with nutrients,
and alternating aerobic and anaerobic treatments.
A major RSKERL-Ada research project un-
der the drinking water research program is the
development of an expert system that ties togeth-
er microbial remediation models, databases, a ref-
erence library, and a user-friendly interface to as-
sist field staff in the design of aquifer remedia-
tion activities. The expert system, called OASIS,
is designed for use on a Macintosh personal com-
puter and is just about ready for release. Docu-
ments in its reference library include descriptions
of industrial generators and waste disposal sys-
tems and guidance on the principles of ground-
water modeling. A hydrological database and
summary statistics are included so that input
parameters for models, including BIOPLUME II,
can be estimated by the user. The DRASTIC in-
dex for estimating aquifer vulnerability to con-
tamination can also be calculated by the system.
Graphical outputs from the system allow easy
manipulation of data and interpretation of model-
ing results.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
23
Underground Source Control Research
Underground source control research focuses
on the i evaluation of methods to prevent toxic
substances from entering aquifers that supply
drinking water through subsurface sources of con-
tamination. This research is conducted under the
drinking water program, for which $921.6K were
allocated in FY89.
Drinking Water Underground Source Control
Research
Underground source control research under
the drinking water program is conducted by
RSKERL-Ada. The research program emphasizes
techniques to protect ground water from under-
ground 'injection of wastes through Class I and
Class V injection wells. Class I injection wells
are those where municipal and industrial wastes,
including hazardous wastes, are injected deeply
into Jhej subsurface below ground water that can
potentially be used for drinking water. Class V
wells include a wide variety of injection wells
where wastewaters are often injected into ground-
water containing aquifers. Class V wells include
agricultural, storm-water, and industrial drainage
wells; septic systems; wastewater treatment plant
effluent disposal wells; industrial process water
wells; automobile service sjation disposal wells;
aquifer jrechafge wells; ancl abandoned drinking
water wells.
Hazardous Waste Injection Methods
| •?
There are a number of unresolved scientific
questions regarding the risks involved with dispo-
sing of wastes through Class I underground injec-
tion wells. RSKERL-Ada has recently completed
a research project to determine the movement of
injected jfluids and the integrity of confining lay-
ers of subsurface rocks. Research is being con-
ducted on methods for determining the mechani-
cal 'integrity of injection wells and the effective-
ness of methods for plugging abandoned wells.
The mechanical integrity of injection wells
constructed of various materials are being tested
to develpp methods for determining if wells are
leaking 'into underground sources of drinking
water, two research wells have been constructed
to provide a means for conducting field tests on
specific , mechanical integrity tests. Tests are
being ruh on each well to evaluate the capability
of yariojus down-hole tools for determining the
quality of the cement bond between the cemeni/
- • * 1
casing and cementjfliole, for detecting the move-
ment of fluid behind the casing, and for devel-
oping methods for testing the integrity of the
tubing, casing, and packers. The mechanical in-
tegrity of a third well, installed using fiber glass
casing, is being evaluated by building channels
into the well and determining the sensitivity of
logging tools to these channels.
RSKERL-Ada is studying the effectiveness
of plugging abandoned wells with drilling mud to
prevent the migration of injected hazardous
wastes through the wells to potable ground water
supplies. An instrumented test well is being used
to determine the effect of temperature, time, pres-
sure, and composition on the strength of mud
plugs and to evaluate techniques to enter previ-
ously plugged abandoned wells to determine the
effectiveness of plugging materials used.
Class V Well Injection Methods
There are an estimated 170,000 Class V
wells in the United States. Many of these are
unregulated. RSKERL-Ada is conducting re-
search to determine the impact of Class V wells
on the environment and methods for improving
Class V injection well practices. Background
information on the impact of current Class V
well design, use, ancl effects on ground-water
quality is being compiled. Information is also
being developed on the transport and fate of con-
taminants introduced into the subsurface via Class
V injection wells, focusing on types presenting
high potential for ground-water contamination.
Methods and criteria for regulating Class V wells
will be developed from this information.
Technology Transfer and Technical As-
sistance
Technology transfer and technical assistance
are key elements of ORD's research program and
are integral parts of all laboratory activities.
Technology transfer is a cyclical process that in-
corporates the assessment of specific user needs,
development of research results in a format keyed
to specific audience needs, timely dissemination
of the technical information, and evaluations of
whether or not the technical information satisfied
user needs. ORD ground-water technology trans-
fer audiences include EPA headquarters, EPA Re-
gional, state, and lociil regulatory, enforcement,
and permitting staff, independent consultants, re-
gulated industries, trade associations, and the gen-
eral public. Technology transfer mechanisms in-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
24
elude manuals and handbooks on the use of state-
of-the-art technologies, journal articles, modeling
packages and manuals for their proper use, train-
ing courses, seminars, video tapes, electronic bul-
letin boards, and technical information clearing-
houses. ORD basic research on subsurface pro-
cess does not always provide results that can be
immediately used in the field. This information
is transferred to the scientific community in
federal and state agencies, academia, and industry
through journal articles, research symposia, con-
ferences, and training seminars. The transfer of
research results is considered in each ORD re-
search project
Technical assistance is the direct, person-to
person transmission of scientific and engineering
information to help specific users apply state-of-
art technologies and procedures to specific prob-
lems in the field. Technical assistance is pro-
vided upon request to EPA headquarters and Re-
gional staff. Each of the four ORD laboratories
involved hi ground-water research have staff de-
dicated to providing technical assistance or direc-
ting requests to appropriate experts. Many re-
searchers are contacted directly based on their
publications and through the ORD Ground-Water
Research Technical Assistance Directory.
Technology transfer and technical assistance
ensure that RCRA, Superfund, drinking water,
and pesticide regulatory approaches to protecting
ground-water quality incorporate the latest scien-
tific information on subsurface processes that
control contaminant behavior hi the subsurface
and appropriate monitoring methods and equip-
ment. It also ensures that permitting, remedial,
and enforcement actions are scientifically credible
and defensible. Technology transfer and technical
assistance programs are conducted under the Su-
perfund and drinking water programs (Figure 7).
Technical assistance is also provided for the
RCRA and pesticides programs as integral parts
of research projects.
Superfund Technology Transfer and Technical
Assistance
ORD's research laboratories constitute a pool
of technical expertise and advanced capital equip-
ment. Superfund remedial and enforcement staff
need rapid access to such resources to character-
ize sites, assess hazards posed by specific prob-
lem sites, evaluate remedial options, design reme-
dial actions, and provide best available evidence,
testimony, and arguments in enforcement cases.
Drinking
Water
$252.7
Superfund
$1,128.0
Figure 7. ORD FY89 technology transfer
and technical assistance research
resources (In thousands).
ORD and OSWER have jointly established
Technical Support Centers (TSCs) at the four
ORD laboratories involved in ground-water re-
search—the Ground-Water Fate and Transport
TSC at RSKERL-Ada; Monitoring and Site Char-
acterization TSC at EMSL-LV; Exposure Monito-
ring and Ecological Risk Assessment TSC at
ERL-Athens; and Engineering and Treatment TSC
at RREL-Cin. The Technology Support Centers,
in response to Regional requests for assistance,,
provide direct technical expertise in the field;
review site technical reports; conduct workshops
on emerging issues; and maintain technical infor-
mation clearinghouses.
Geophysical Technical Support
EMSL-LV provides technical assistance for
using geophysical techniques to characterize
Superfund sites. Both field investigations and
reviews of reports and work plans are provided.
Geophysical support encompasses use of seismic,
electromagnetic induction, resistivity, magnet-
ometers, ground penetrating radar, and borehole
electromagnetic induction techniques. Technical
support on the use of additional methods can also
be provided with the cooperation of the USGS
and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
25
Transport and Transformation Technical
Support
RSKERL-Ada has developed an interdiscip-
linary team of ground-water contamination experts
who provide site- and case-specific technical as-
sistance, to Superfund Regional staff on a when-
and-where-requested basis. Through the Ground-
Water Fate and Transport TSC, RSKERL-Ada's
team ofj experts helps field staff assess the extent
of ground-water contamination, predict the trans-
formations and movements of contaminants in the
subsurface, and evaluate in situ aquifer remedia-
tion opjions. The team also develops training
and seminar material in cooperation with CERI
and serves as an interface between the ground-
water research community and EPA, state, and
local staff actively involved in dealing with con-
taminated sites.
i
In ( addition to direct technical support,
RSKERL-Ada's technical assistance team partici-
pates in' relevant research projects in order to pre-
sent existing state-of-the-art technical information
in a user-friendly format. RSKERL-Ada has re-
cently completed consolidation of materials on
the use of a USGS solute transport model (MOC)
and is working on the development of a user-
friendly software package to allow easy use and
interpretation of an unsaturated zone organic
phase contaminant transport model (ContPro). A
report ihtended to provide new Superfund field
staff with introductory information on ground-
water modeling needs, responsibilities, and gui-
dance is almost completed. Another manual is
under development to provide guidance to field
staff on site-specific field techniques for quan-
tifying jthe physical and chemical properties of
contaminated heterogeneous aquifers, including
data needed for modeling contaminant behavior.
The RSKERL-Ada team is also modifying exis-
ting geostatistical computer programs now being
used by researchers so that they are useful to
field staff who do not have extensive training in
geostatistical methods. Finally, a manual that
consolidates existing information on the use of
pump-arid-treat methods is under development,
with particular emphasis on estimating the length
of time ja pump-and treat system may need to op-
erate to I remediate a contaminated site.
ERL-Athens established the Center for Expo-
sure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) in 1987 to
facilitate the use of state-of-the-art exposure as-
sessmerijt models that can account for contaminant
exposure through ground-water and other sources.
The Exposure Monitoring and Ecological Risk
Assessment TSC is a part of CEAM and provides
exposure assessment assistance to Superfund field
staff. CEAM provides technical assistance to all
EPA programs.
CEAM technical support activities concen-
trate on site-specific exposure assessment model-
ing and review of njsults. Modeling software,
users manuals, databases, and procedural hand-
books are developed, maintained, and distributed.
CEAM operates an electronic bulletin board to
facilitate the exchange, of models and information
on exposure modeling. The Center also conducts
training courses on proper use of exposure assess-
ment models. The current training emphasis is
on the use of MINTEQA2 and RUSTIC.
Direct technical (support is provided at spe-
cific sites, with emphasis on multimedia assess-
ments and the uncertainties associated with model
estimations. Sites foi: which direct support pro-
jects have recently been completed or are under-
way include the-dark Fork River/Montana; Li-
pari, New Jersey; California Gulch, California;
and CSX Train Wreck, Georgia, Superfund sites.
The results of the more intensive site support
projects are developed into case studies for use as
training aids and as technology transfer docu-
ments.
Aquifer Remediation Technical Support
RSKERL-Ada has; established the Subsurface
Remediation Information Clearinghouse (SRIQ to
help transfer information on technologies for
cleaning up contaminated ground water and soils
to Superfund remediation field staff. The empha-
sis of the clearinghouse is on in situ technologies
such as microbial remediation and specialized
pumping techniques. The clearinghouse includes
information on transport and transformation pro-
cesses, remedial technology evaluations, guidance
on the use of remedial technologies, case histo-
ries, and related research publications. Infor-
mation to be includeid in the clearinghouse is
evaluated for its value to users by RSKERL-Ada
staff and experts in other agencies and universi-
ties. A protocol for evaluating the performance
of ground-water remediation activities at Super-
fund sites is being developed for inclusion in the
SRIC. Case studies of selected Superfund sites
are being conducted to investigate the effec-
tiveness of modeling and monitoring approaches.
SRIC staff disseminates information in the clear-
inghouse, conducts literature reviews, and pro-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
26
vides information services to EPA, other federal
and state agencies, and researchers.
Drinking Water Technology Transfer and Tech-
nical Assistance
Technology transfer and technical assistance
provided by RSKERL-Ada under the drinking
water program emphasizes improving basic under-
standing of ground-water science and the use of
transport and transformation models by field staff.
Training and Model Evaluation
RSKERL-Ada provides technical support and
evaluations of models for the investigation, man-
agement, and protection of ground-water sources
of drinking water. A series of 20-30 minute nar-
rated slide presentations are under development
that can be used as self-training aids to help field
staff that may not have training in ground-water
science keep abreast with new research findings
and technologies. Modules that have been com-
pleted include basic geology, fundamental hydro-
geology, monitoring well installation, and ground-
water models. Modules near completion Include
ground-water contamination and ground-water
sampling. Modules in the early stages of devel-
opment include ground-water investigations,
ground-water tracers, and ground-water restora-
tion. Training courses are also provided period-
ically upon request Recent two-day training
course presentations included basic ground-water
hydrology and the use of the DRASTIC index of
ground-water vulnerability to contamination.
RSKERL-Ada has developed a close relation-
ship with the International Ground-Water Model-
ing Center (IGWMQ at Butler University's Ktol-
comb Research Institute. The IGWMC operates a
clearinghouse for technical information on the use
of mathematical transport and transformation mo-
dels and software. The two major tasks of the
clearinghouse are the dissemination of information
on ground-water model application and the distri-
bution and support of modeling software. The
Center regularly offers short courses and seminars
on the use of models and carries out a research
program to evaluate the quality of the confusing
array of existing ground-water transport and
transformation models.
The IGWMC, under a cooperative agreement
with RSKERL-Ada, is developing a ground-water
transport model testing and evaluation methodolo-
gy. Existing transport and transformation models
are being subjected to careful scrutiny for quality
in development and efficiency of operation. The
models and evaluation methodology will be made
available to the user community along with the
results of the evaluation and other information
developed during the project.
Relationship to Other Ground-Wafer
Activities in EPA
In addition to ground-water research conduc-
ted by ORD and coordinated by EPA's research
committees, EPA program offices sponsor a sigjni-
ficant amount of research at ORD's laboratories,
conduct research through program office contrac-
tors to support short-term data needs, and syn-
thesize current knowledge into technical guidance
documents. A major example of program offices
co-sponsoring ORD research is OSW and OPP
support for exposure assessment modeling at
ERL-Athens. The program offices, particularly
OGWP and OERR, also have increased activities
to provide direct technical assistance to Regional
and state staff.
OGWP develops new methods and transfers
existing knowledge and methods to state and
local agencies for protecting ground-water sources
of drinking water. Because the states develop
and implement their own ground-water protection
programs under EPA leadership, OGWP has con-
centrated on providing policy, program manage-
ment, and technical guidance to the states. Much
of this work involves the collection of existing
technical information on hydrogeologic assess-
ment and pollutant source management tools that
have already proven effective in other roles and
putting this information into a format appropriate
for various state and local audiences. OGWP
also conducts applied scientific research by adap-
ting existing hydrogeologic approaches to ground-
water protection needs in problem subsurface en-
vironments. In addition, OGWP conducts pilot
studies, workshops, and training programs with
states and local governments.
OERR has established the Technical Support
Project (TSP) to provide site-specific technical
assistance to Superfund OSCs and RPMs on the
application of the best available technologies for
Superfund site assessment and remediation. A
major component of the TSP are the four ORD
laboratory Technical Support Centers jointly es-
tablished by ORD and OERR. The TSP also in-
cludes two Regional Forums and OSWER's Envi-
ronmental Response Team in Edison, New Jersey.
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
27
Regional Forums have been established in
Ground-Water Fate and Transport and Engineer-
ing and Treatment. The Forums provide an im-
portant medium for improving communications
and building consensus on technology transfer
needs among the Regions, ORD, and OSWER
headquarters. The Forums, TSCs, and OSWER's
Technology Staff frequently discuss Super-fund
site problems and successes, useful technologies
and procedures, technical needs, and current ORD
research, development, and demonstration pro-
jects. The TSP improves communication of tech-
nical information and the consistency of Super-
fund site remedial actions.
Ground-Water Research in Other Fed-
eral Agencies
The Federal Coordinating Committee for Sci-
ence, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) of
the Office of Science and Technology Policy in
the Executive Office of the President has com-
pleted its first report on federal ground-water
research—Federal Ground-Water Science and
Technology Programs: The Role of Science and
Technology in the Management of the Nation's
Ground-Water Resources (June, 1989). The re-
port summarizes the status of federal ground-
water science and technology activities directly
related to ground water.
i
Federal agencies with significant ground-
water research programs include the EPA, Depart-
ments cjf Agriculture (USDA), Commerce, De-
fense, Energy (DOE), and Interior (DOI), the Na-
tional Science Foundation, National Aeronautical
and Spate Administration, and Nuclear Regula-
tory Commission. Table 1 presents the federal
ground-water research resources of these agencies
for FY89 and FY90 (EPA ground-water research
resources in Table 1 differ from the total re-
sources presented in Appendix A because they
were accounted for using different research cate-
gories), j The USGS (DOI), USDA, EPA, and
DOE ground-water research programs have ac-
counted ;for over 92 percent of the federal effort
over the! last five years.
The1 largest federal ground-water research
program; is managed by DOI, primarily by the
USGS. The major portions of the USGS ground-
water program are for ground-water quantity and
quality Resource assessments and computer sys-
tems for the storage and retrieval of water-re-
source data. The USGS also conducts research
programs on the transport and fate of organic and
inorganic chemicals, iElow through fractured rock,
hydrology of me unsaturated zone, borehole geo-
physical logging, arid the effects of organic
chemicals on soil and rock permeability.
Table 1. Federal Ground-Water Research Re-
sources (dollars in millions).
Agency
FY89 FY90 Est
Department of the Interior $90.7
Department of Agriculture $48.5
Environmental Protection Agency $18.6
Department of Energy $1 1 .2
Department of Defense $8.1
National Science Foundation $5.5
National Aeronautics and Space Adm. $4.4
Nuclear Regulatory Commission $1.6
Department of Commerce $1.1
$93.8
$69.1
$18.9
$23.0
$5.6
$5.4
$5.4
$2.3
$1.1
The next largest ground-water research pro-
gram is the USDA's, which concentrates on the
transport and fate of agricultural chemicals in the
subsurface and methods for the environmentally
sound management of agricultural chemical use.
The USDA has a major training and education
program through the Soil Conservation Service
and the Extension Service on how to reduce
ground-water contamination through better ag-
ricultural practices. The USDA also conducts
research on predicting ground-water recharge,
evaluating water movement through .soils, and the
effects of agricultural practices on macropore
development. USDA is projecting a significant
FY90 increase in ground-water research to im-
prove methods for the biodegradation of agricul-
tural chemicals in the subsurface and to study the
lexicological, economic, political, and social con-
sequences of agricultural contaminants in public
and private water supplies.
DOE programs include research on geochem-
ical and microbiologici-tl processes controlling the
fate and movement of energy-related organic
chemicals with emphasis on the degradation, mo-
bilization, and stabilization of organic-metal
mixtures and organic-radionuclide mixtures. This
includes research on organic and mineral colloids;
coupled sorption-desorption and chemical degra-
dation models; presence, abundance, and diversity
of microorganisms in deep sediments and aqui-
fers; transport and thermodynamic properties of
aqueous electrolytes; and geochemistry of hydro-
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
28
thermal fluids. DOE is projecting a doubling of
its ground-water research in FY90 to study the
effects of the disposal of waste mixtures that
include radionuclides, organic and inorganic
chemicals, and immiscible liquids. This will re-
quire new advances in fundamental understanding
of the combined effects of physical, chemical,
and biological processes on co-contaminant beha-
vior in the subsurface.
EPA Coordination with Other Federal
Agencies
EPA and the other federal agencies involved
in ground-water research employ a number of
mechanisms to coordinate their research and tech-
nology transfer programs, including:
4 Specific interagency delegations of authority
to provide lead agency coordination;
* Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) that
set forth specific responsibilities and areas of
cooperation;
• Standing and ad hoc committees and techni-
cal workshops to monitor agreements and share
information; and
• Jointly conducted projects or programs that
employ the combined expertise of several agen-
cies.
EPA and USGS signed a MOU in August,
1981, providing an umbrella under which each
agency's programs are coordinated. A second
MOU was signed in June, 1985, to coordinate
ground-water data collection and technical assis-
tance. EPA and USGS regularly exchange visi-
ting scientists and participate in each other's
technical meetings on ground-water. In addition,
the two agencies have established a bilateral com-
mittee to coordinate their respective research pro-
grams and prevent duplication of effort.
The USGS has been investigating the rela-
tionship between human land-use patterns and the
occurrence of nonpoint source contaminants, par-
ticularly agricultural chemicals, in seven states for
over five years. An Interagency Agreement bet-
ween the USGS and RSKERL-Ada will expand
this USGS research program into the development
of methods for using easily available water qual-
ity and land-use data to identify sources of con-
tamination in wellhead protection areas.
EPA and USDA signed an interim MOU in
October, 1988, providing an umbrella agreement
for coordination in surface and ground-water
quality improvement and maintenance. Through
the MOU, EPA's Office of Water will use the
expertise of USDA's Soil Conservation Service to
increase technical assistance to states in the de-
velopment and implementation of state-wide water
quality programs and projects. EPA and USDA
have formed ad hoc committees to investigate the
transport and fate of agricultural chemicals at
Beltsville, Maryland, and Plains, Georgia. EPA
also participates on an interagency committee to
guide the water quality research of USDA's Co-
operative State Research Service. In addition,
RSKERL-Ada and USDA have entered into an
Interagency Agreement to develop geostatistical
methods for reducing variance in ground-water
quality data by properly locating sampling wells
at ground-water contamination sites.
EPA participated in a November, 1988, inter-
agency workshop on the impact of agricultural
practices on ground-water quality. The work-
shop, cosponsored by the USDA and University
of Nebraska, addressed the state of knowledge
and the agencies' research program priorities for
field research at specific sites; development of
sampling, sampling analysis, and data interpreta-
tion techniques; and technology transfer.
Interagency coordination between DOE's
Office of Energy Research (OER), USGS, EPA,
and other agencies is predominantly at the scien-
tific planning level. Since 1983, OER has spon-
sored about 20 meetings to assist in setting scien-
tific direction for its fundamental research pro-
grams. All federal agencies have participated in
OER reviews, providing program coordination
and information exchange.
In addition to coordinating research with
other federal agencies through interagency agree-
ments and coordinating committees, EPA con-
ducts joint ground-water research projects with
the USDA, USGS, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army,
U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, NRC, DOE, Na-
tional Research Council, and the Tennessee Val-
ley Authority.
EVOLUTION OF GROUND-WATER
RESEARCH PROGRAM
In 1970, when U.S. EPA was established,
federal ground-water research programs were con-
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
29
cerned primarily with developing methods for in-
creasing the supply of ground water for drinking
water, agriculture, and industrial processes. Until
the mid-1970s it was principally the state and lo-
cal governments that were concerned with protec-
ting the quality of ground water—and most did
not recognize ground-water contamination as a
significant problem. Federal environmental pro-
grams c-f the early and mid-1970s focused on res-
ponding to landmark environmental statutes such
as the dean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe
Drinking Water Act, and FIFRA.
I
In j the late 1970s, significant threats to
ground jwater by man-made contaminants became
apparent and ground water emerged as an area of
major public concern. States began looking to
EPA to provide information on which to base
their responses to ground-water contamination. In
addition^ the Toxic Substances Control Act,
RCRA, and Superfund were enacted and EPA in-
creased ; its research into controlling toxic sub-
stances in the environment.
By the end of FY84, EPA funding for
ground-water research had grown to about $10
million, mostly for transport, transformation, and
monitoring research (and not including RCRA
hazardous waste source control engineering re-
search). Since then, EPA's ground-water research
program! has grown into a comprehensive pro-
gram to \ improve the understanding of basic sub-
surface processes and meet the nation's needs for
protecting ground-water quality. This growth has
been guided by many external and internal re-
views of ground-water research needs
I
External Research Reviews
i
Several major documents have emerged with
recommendations for research needed to imple-
ment the: Agency's multiple mandates for protec-
ting ground-water resources. The Science Ad-
visory Bjpard distributed its Review of the EPA
Ground-Water Research Program in July, 1985.
The Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force
distributed an Evaluation of the RCRA Subpart F
Ground-Water Monitoring Program in February,
1986 and its final report Hazardous Waste
Ground-Water Task Force: 1987 Status Report
in October, 1988. Two recent reports contain
recommendations on the development and use of
ground-wjater models—the Science Advisory
Board's Resolution on Use of Mathematical Mo-
dels by EPA for Regulatory Assessment and Deci-
sion Making (January, 1989) and the National
Research Council's Ground-Water Models: Sci-
entific and Regulatory Applications (November,
1989).
The Science Advisory Board's 1985 review
of EPA's ground-water research program recom-
mended the creation of a strong central direction
for the research program, greatly increased re-
sources for training and technology transfer, pro-
active research on ground-water contamination
sources not addressed, by specific mandates, and
development of faster methods for ground-water
sampling and analysis while maintaining data
quality. Increases or initiatives were also
recommended in specific ground-water research
areas: monitoring; basic transport and fate; reme-
dial methods for fractured geologic formations;
and identification of suitable geologic environ-
ments for isolating hazardous wastes by means of
deep injection wells.
The Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task
Force considered technical problems in ground-
water monitoring technology as a component of
their overall evaluation of the RCRA Ground-
Water Monitoring Program. Six technological
needs were identified: (1) improved understan-
ding of the behavior of individual contaminants
and contaminant classes, and defined sampling
strategies for each class; (2) investigation of the
use of plume dispersion as a basis for monitoring
well horizontal spacing, screen depth, and length;
(3) identification of sampling equipment and tech-
niques best suited for specific hydrologic settings
or monitoring needs; (4) estimation of the effect
of interactive sample-contact surfaces on the
monitoring data; (5) selection of key indicators
for contaminant classes according to geological
setting; and (6) establishment of analytic methods
for certain hazardous constituents.
The Science Advisory Board's review of the
use of mathematical models in EPA regulatory
decision making contains recommendations rele-
vant to ORD development and testing of ground-
water transport, transformation, and exposure as-
sessment models. The report recommends an in-
crease in validation of models by laboratory and
field studies, increased Communication of the sen-
sitivity and uncertainty of environmental model
predictions, and more stringent peer review of
models and expert systems. The National Re-
search Council's report mentioned above discus-
ses the scientific bases on which existing models
are founded, approaches and philosophies routine-
ly used in the application of models to regulatory
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
30
decision making, and guidelines on the develop-
ment and use of models intended for application
to the regulatory process.
ORD is addressing these external research
review recommendations to the extent practicable
within its available funding.
Internal Research Reviews
In addition to external reviews of the
ground-water research program, ORD laboratories
host technical program reviews each year in con-
cert with the budget development cycle. The ob-
jectives of the reviews are to evaluate research
progress and results, determine whether planned
research projects and their resources are sufficient
to meet the needs of Program and Regional Offi-
ces, decide whether additional projects are neces-
sary, and determine whether the timing and sub-
stance of planned deliverables are suitable.
Participants at the FY88 ground-water re-
search review, including representatives from
OERR, OSW, OGWP, Office of Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, Regional offices, and ORD,
concluded that increased efforts are most needed
in three general areas: technical assistance to the
Regions, expert systems and automated decision
trees that can run on personal computers, and
site-specific methods for site characterization.
Improved methods for rapid site characterizations
were seen as critical to tailoring models to local
geologic conditions. A number of other research
needs were raised in the areas of subsurface vi-
ral transport, pump-and-treat remedial technology,
wellhead protection methods, multiphase flow
mechanisms, contaminant interaction, flow
through fractured rock, geophysical data interpre-
tation, contaminant transport modeling, chemical-
specific data requirements, unsaturated zone mon-
itoring, definition of hazardous waste using
model-derived toxicity estimates, metal/organic
complexation, and effects of solvents and immis-
cible organics on contaminant transport.
The FY89 ground-water research program
review was attended by representatives from
OERR, OPP, OGWP, Region VI, and ORD.
Further research needs identified at the review in-
cluded the effects of subsurface heterogeneity on
field studies; site characterization using soil-core
analyses and distribution coefficients; retrospec-
tive analyses of site remediations; impacts of pes-
ticides, fertilizers, and other non-point sources on
ground-water quality; residuals of waste minimi-
zation and their potential impacts; behavior of
contaminants under pressure in deep formations;
use of laser technology in monitoring; model per-
formance evaluation; and subsurface cleanup and
contaminant mobilization processes.
Many of the research needs expressed in
these ground-water research program reviews
have been fulfilled or research programs have
been established to address them. Other needs
have not yet been fully addressed due to funding
constraints and competing priorities.
ORD has developed many innovative proce-
dures, methods, and equipment for advancing re-
search capabilities and the scientific basis of Pro-
gram and Regional office regulatory, permitting,
and enforcement programs. Numerous technical
articles, handbooks, and technical resource docu-
ments have been published describing these ac-
complishments. Appendix C lists the major re-
ports produced by ORD's ground-water research
program over the last three years.
Within recent years, major research programs
have been initiated in the areas of advanced site
characterization and contaminant detection equip-
ment, monitoring methods, controlled field studies
of microbial degradation techniques, facilitated
transport processes that enhance contaminant mo-
bility, methods for incorporating uncertainty anal-
yses within modeling packages, pump-and-treat
technologies, and wellhead protection methods.
In addition, ORD has significantly expanded its
efforts to transfer technical information and pro-
vide direct, site-specific technical assistance to
personnel in the field. Reports planned to be
completed in FY89 and FY90 under these and
other important research programs are listed in
Appendix B.
Despite recent advances in understanding of
fundamental subsurface processes and ground-
water monitoring and remediation technologies,
many difficult questions are just beginning to be
answered. ORD's future ground-water research
program will address the highest priority of these
questions.
Future Program
The two areas that ORD's future ground-
water research program will emphasize are the
prevention and remediation of ground water con-
tamination.
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
31
The prevention research program will encom-
pass identification of threats to ground water
from point and non-point sources and mitigation
of those; threats through improved management of
the contaminant sources. The Office of Water's
wellhead protection program offers an opportunity
to integrate advances in ground-water research
into a comprehensive program to protect drinking
water aquifers. Improved site-specific methods
will be I needed to characterize local point and
non-point sources of contamination and define
vulnerable ground-water resources in order for
state and local governments to develop plans.for
protecting wellheads. The delineation of well-
head protection areas will require improved pre-
dictive models to account for the effects of sub-
surface biological, chemical, and physical proces-
ses on the transport and transformations of con-
taminants in the subsurface. The correct use of
these models will depend, in part, on the quality
of input! data that is used. ORD's research into
rate constants and physical properties such as
dispersivity, hydraulic conductivity, and effective
porosity jean therefore be expected to continue.
Cost-effective monitoring methods will also be
needed fpr early detection of contamination from
a multitude of possible sources before they can
percolate into ground-water resources.
The success of ground-water remediation de-
pends largely upon understanding subsurface pro-
cesses. Some of the more important processes
for which research is needed include multiphase
behavior of contaminants, partitioning among
solid and liquid media, biotic and abiotic trans-
formations, and transport in fractured media.
Predictive tools, such as models, will need to
better account for these processes. Cost-effective
monitoring methods are also needed for detecting
contaminants, characterizing local, site-specific
subsurface conditions,, and track changes in
ground-water quality during remediation of
contaminated ground water. Improved knowledge
of subsurface conditions will also lead the way
for improvements in the design of engineering
methods and technologies for remediation such as
innovative ground-water pumping systems.
ORD efforts to meet these prevention and re-
mediation objectives in the future will continue to
be approached through, focused research projects
in support of EPA's programs, with attention to
coordination, technology transfer and technical as-
sistance.
-------
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
APPENDIX A. ORD GROUND-WATER RESEARCH BUDGET
EPA's ground-water research program can be organized into five major research areas—
Monitoring, Transport and Transformation, In Situ Aquifer Remediation, Underground Source
Control, and Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance. For budget tracking and research
management purposes, ORD research is organized hierarchically, with the largest division called
Budget Subactivities (BSAs). ORD ground-water research is supported by base funding in five
5w^rRCRA Hazardous Waste
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
34
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget (Continued)
Planned Program Acconplishroent (PPA)
Monitoring
BCRA Hazardous Haste (D109)
n5 Fiold Mathods tor Surface and Subsurface Monitoring
01 Vadosa Zone Monitoring
02 GH Monitoring
03 Fiald Hothods for Subsurface Monitoring
04 X-Ray Fluores t Fiber Optics Screening Methods
05 QA and Mathods Standardization for GB Monitoring
07 Gcostatlstics and Survey Design
CERI Seminars
n6 Subtitle D Monitoring Research
01 GH Monitoring Research for Subtitle D Facilities
R62 Mathods tor OST Leak Monitoring
01 Monitoring of Cleanup Around USTs
Suoerfund CUPS).
A04 Techniques for Site Assessment
01 Geophysical Methods
1103 Field Screening Techniques for Assessment and Eval
01 Advanced Field Monitoring Methods
04 Vadcso Zone Methods
SOI Monitoring Technology Development and Demonstration
01 Advanced Field Monitoring Methods
Drinking Hater (C104)
FBI Ground Water— Drinking Water Quality Assurance
01 Ground Watar Monitoring
F89 Davolop Mathods for Wellhead Protection
01 Kollhead Protection Monitoring strategies
Subtotal
lab % GW
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 30%
CERI 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
EMSL-LV 100%
FY89
FTE SSE RSD Total
1.0 78.3 539.0 617.3
1.8 158.8 388.0 546.8
1.0 78.4 243.6 322.0
1.5 117.5 338.7 456.2
1.0 78.3 324.0 402.3
0.5 85.6 60.1 145.7
0.0 0.0 150.0 150.0
6.8 596.9 2043.4 2640.3
0.7 45.5 200.1 245.6
0.7 45.5 200.1 245.6
3.5 295.6 1036.7 1332.3
3.5 295.6 1036.7 1332.3
3.0 24.5 600.0 624.5
3.0 24.5 600.0 624.5
1.0 87.3 585.5 672.8
0.0 0.0 175.0 175.0
1.0 87.3 760.5 847.8
1.0 87.3 320.0 407.3
1.0 87.3 320.0 407.3
4.5 281.9 470.5 752.4
4.5 281.9 470.5 752.4
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20.5 1419.0 5431.2 6850.2
FY90 (Proposed)
FTE SSE RSD Total
1.0 78.3 539.0 617.3
1.8 158.8 388.0 546.8
1.0 78.4 243.6 322.0
1.5 117.5 338.7 456.2
1.0 78.3 324.0 402.3
0.5 85.6 60.1 145.7
0.0 0.0 150.0 150.0
6.8 596.9 2043.4 2640.3
0.7 45.5 200.1 245.6
0.7 45.5 200.1 245.6
3.5 295.6 1036.7 1332.3
3.5 295.6 1036.7 1332.3
3.0 24.5 600.0 624.5
3.0 24.5 600.0 624.5
1.0 87.3 585.5 672.8
0.0 0.0 175.0 175.0
1.0 87.3 760.5 847.8
1.0 87.3 320.0 407.3
1.0 87.3 320.0 407.3
4.5 281.9 470.5 752.4
4.5 281.9 470.5 752.4
0.0 0.0 250.0 250.0
0.0 0.0 250.0 250.0
20.5 1419.0 5681.2 7100.2
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
35
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget (Continued)
Planned Program Accomplishment (PPA)
Project
Transport and Transformation
RCRA Hazardous Waste (D109)
C25 Prediction of Environ Concentrations of Haz Waste
01 Field Eval of GW Contamination from Haz Wastes
02 Prediction of Cont Behavior in the Subsurface
03 Spatial Variability of Subsurface
C28 land Disposal Assessment/Eval Other Mgmt Systems
03 Chemical Transformation Pathways & Rates
07 Environmental Process Characterization — Metals
17 Environmental Process Characterization — Biologic
21 Multimedia Modeling with Uncertainty Analysis
38 Environmental Process Characterization — Organics
Drinking; Water (C104)
F83 Prediction of Contaminant Concentrations
01 Subsurf Phys/Chem Processes Affecting Transport
03 Predict Microbial Contaminant Concentrations
04 Predict Biotransformation of Subsurface Cont
F87 Ground-Water Research with China
01 GW
Research with China
F89 Develop Methods for Wellhead Protection
01 Develop Methods for Wellhead Protection
02 Wellhead Protection in Agricultural Regions
Pesticides (E104)
D07 Ground Water — Pesticide Cont and Process Studies
24 Validate Predictive Techniques for Env Exposure
DOS Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure
14 Pesticide Process Characterization
25 Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure
Exploratory Research (H109)
C02 National Center for Ground-Water Research
Subtotal
i
lab
Ada
Ada
Ada
Athens
Athens
Athens
Athens
Athens
Ada
Ada
Ada
Ada
Ada
Athens
Athens
Athens
Athens
OER
% GW
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
25%
75%
50%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
50%
50%
100%
FY89
FTE
5.9
15.2
2.0
23.1
2.0
3.7
0.4
3.4
0.5
10.0
7.0
0.2
5.5
12.7
0.0
0.0
2.5
0.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
0.8
1.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
53.0
SSE
289.7
948.9
101.0
1339.6
120.8
227.4
22.5
215.0
27.3
612.9
331.4
9.4
260.4
601.2
105.0
105.0
119.7
0.0
119.7
138.7
138.7
34.7
46.2
80.9
0.0
0.0
2998.0
RSD
930.9
523.6
149.4
1603.9
372.3
517.2
77.6
623.6
219.1
1809.7
586.7
100.0
400.0
1086.7
20.0
20.0
160.0
0.0
160.0
455.0
• 455.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
540.0
540.0
5675.3
Total
1220.6
1472.5
250.4
2943.5
493.1
744.6
100.1
838.6
246.3
2422.6
918.1
109.4
660.4
1687.9
125.0
125.0
279.7
0.0
279.7
593.7
593.7
34.7
46.2
80.9
540.0
540.0
8673.3
EY90 (Proposed)
FTE
5.9
15.2
2.0
23.1
2.0
3.7
0.4
3.4
0.5
10.0
7.0
0.2
5.5
12.7
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
0.8
1.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
55.5
SSE
289.7
948.9
101.0
1339.6
120.8
227.4
22.5
215.0
27.3
612.9
331.4
9.4
260.4
601.2
105.0
105.0
257.7
0.0
257.7
138.7
138.7
34.7
46.2
80.9
0.0
0.0
3136.0
RSD
930.9
523.6
149.4
1603.9
352.3
417.2
77.6
523.6
219.1
1589.7
586.7
100.0
400.0
1086.7
20.0
20.0
590.0
270.0
860.0
455.0
455.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
540.0
540.0
6155.3
Total
1220.6
1472.5
250.4
2943.5
473.1
644.6
100.1
738.6
246.3
2202.6
918.1
109.4
660.4
1687.9
'125.0
125.0
847.7
270.0
1117.7
593.7
593.7
34.7
46.2
80.9
540.0
540.0
9291.3
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
36
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget (Continued)
Planned Program Acconplishment (PPA)
Project
Lab
% GW
FTE
FY89
SSE RSD Total
FY90 (Proposed)
FTE SSE RSD Total
In Situ Aquifer Remediation
RCRA Hazardous Waste 0109)
R64 Corroctivo Action and Models for USTs
01 Corroctivo Action and Models for USTs
Suporfund IY105)
B01 Control Technology Evaluation
90 In Situ Control Technologies
94 Encrglng Blosystems Program
B02 Blodcgradatlon Applications to Superfund Cleanups
01 Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated GH
33 Biodegradation Applications to SF Cleanups
Drinking Water (C104)
F84 In Situ Aquifer Restoration
01 In Situ Aquifer Restoration
RREL
RREL
Ada
Athens
Ada
100%
85%
40%
100%
20%
100%
1.4 72.0
1.4 72.0
0.0 72.0
0.0 72.0
1.4 72.0
1.4 72.0
0.0 72.0
0.0 72.0
4.3 316.4 1345.8 1662.2
1.2 89.1 1056.8 1145.9
5.5 405.5 2402.6 2808.1
2.0 128.5 488.0 616.5
0.2 15.0 105.4 120.4
2.2 143.5 593.4 736.9
5.0 239.4 900.0 1139.4
4.3 316.4 1345.8 1662.2
1.2 89.1 1056.8 1145.9
5.5 405.5 2402.6 2808.1
2.0 128.5 488.0 616.5
0.2 15.0 105.4 120.4
2.2 143.5 593.4 736.9
5.0 239.4 900.0 1139.4
5.0 239.4 900.0 1139.4
5.0 239.4 900.0 1139.4
Subtotal
Underground Source Control
Drinking Water (C104)
F88 Underground Injection Control Reg s Implementation
01 Mechanical Integrity of Injection Wells
02 Iicpact of Class I Wells on Subsurf Geol Material
03 Class V Injection Well Practices
14.1 860.4 3896.0 4756.4
14.1 860.4 3896.0 4756.4
Ada
Ada
Ada
100%
100%
100%
2.0
0.5
1.5
95.8 252.0 347.8
24.0 100.0 124.0
71.8 378.0 449.8
2.0
0.5
1.5
95.8 252.0 347.8
24.0 100.0 124.0
71.8 378.0 449.8
4.0 191.6 730.0 921.6
4.0 191.6 730.0 921.6
Subtotal
4.0 191.6 730.0 921.6
4.0 191.6 730.0 921.6
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
37
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget (Continued)
Planned Program Accomplishment (PPA)
Project
Tachnol<
Superfund
F06 Monitc
02 Gee
F22 Enforc
01 Cle
02 GW
23 An:
29 Cei
Drinking t
F82 Grounc
01 Inl
5gy Tranafoaf $ Technical Assistance
(Y105)
>ring for Enforcement & Other Tech Support
physical Support
ement and Other Technical Support
aringhouse on GH Remedial Action Techs
Technical Support
erobic Biotreatment Development
ter for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM)
ater (C104)
-Water Methods, Info Transfer, & Applications
ormation Transfer
Subtotal
lab % GH
EMSL-LV 100%
Ada 100%
Ada 100%
Athens 100%
Athens 20%
Ada 100%
Total Ground-Water POJOJTV^ Resouroas:
Totals by Laboratory/Office:
RSKERL-Ada
ERL-Athens
EMSL-LV
RREL-Cin
CERI
OER
Totals by Program Area:
RCRA Haz Waste
Superfund
Drinking Water
Pesticides
Exploratory
PIE
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
2.9
1.1
1.1
4.0
95.6
54.7
14.9
20.5
5.5
0.0
0.0
95.6
45.5
15.6
29.8
4.8
0.0
95.6
FY89
SSE RSD
0.0
138.8
0.0 138.8
65.2 250.0
124.0 450.0
0.0 25.0
0.0 75.0
189.2
52.7
52.7
241.9
5710.8
3038.9
847.5
1419.0
405.5
0.0
0.0
5710.8
2962.5
937.3
1591.5
219.6
0.0
5710.8
800.0
200.0
200.0
1138.8
16871.4
5988.6
2370.1
5420.0
2402.6
150.0
540.0
16871.4
6693.8
5615.3
3567.2
455.0
540.0
Total
13:8.8
13.8.8
315.2
574.0
25.0
75.0
989.2
252.7
252.7
1383.7
22582.2
9027.5
3217. 6
6839.0
280H.1
150.0
540.0
2258;;. 2
96sei.3
65521.6
51561.7
674.6
540.0
16871.4 22582.2
FIE
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
2.9
1.1
1.1
4.0
98.1
57.2
14.9
20.5
5.5
0.0
0.0
98.1
45.5
15.6
32.3
4.8
0.0
98.1
F1T90 (Proposed)
SSE RSD
0.0
0.0
65.2
124.0
0.0
0.0
189.2
52.7
52.7
241.9
5848.8
3176.9
847.5
1419.0
405.5
0.0
0.0
5848.8
2962.5
937.3
1729.5
219.6
0.0
138.8
138.8
250.0
450.0
25.0
75.0
800.0
200.0
200.0
1138.8
17601.3
6418.6
2420.1
5670.0
2402.6
150.0
540.0
17601.3
6473.8
5615.3
4517.2
455.0
540.0
Total
138.8
138.8
315.2
574.0
25.0
75.0
989.2
252.7
252.7
1380.7
23450.1
9595.5
3267.6
7089.0
2808.1
150.0
540.0
23450.1
9436.3
6552.6
6246.7
674.6
540.0
5848.8 17601.3 23450.1
-------
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
39
APPENDIX B.
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS FROM GROUND-WATER RESEARCH PROJECTS
Appendix B presents the outputs of ORD's ground-water research program that are planned to be
completed as a result of ground-water research conducted in FY89 and FY90. Some outputs are
planned to be completed in FY91 and beyond (outyears) as a result of longer-term research
projects. Parenthetical numbers following most of the outputs are output designators to allow
easier tracking of progress toward completion of the output.
MONITORING
FY89
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Develop ,and evaluate ground-water monitoring methods and strategies for
RCRA Hazardous waste facilities (PPA US).
Vadose Zone Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
i
Draff ASTM Standard for Direct Pore-Liquid Vadose Zone Monitoring
Equipment (0886A)
!
Draft ASTM Standard for Indirect Pore-Liquid Vadose Zone Monitoring
Equipment (0888A)
Draft ASTM Standard for Soil Core Monitoring Equipment (0887A)
User's Guide on Criteria for Selection of Equipment and Indicator Para-
meters for Direct Pore-Liquid Sampling Guidance Document (0889A)
i
Ground-Water Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Report on Feasibility of Using Control Chart Strategies for Detecting
Trerids in Ground-Water Pollutants (0626A)
i
Geostatistics for Ground-Water Monitoring (0861 A)
Journal Article on Cost-Effective Screening Methodology for Monitoring
Orgdnics in Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites (0890A)
i
Monitoring Strategies at Wood Preserving Sites
Monitoring Strategies for Municipal Ash Monofills
Software Package for Screening Methodology Applicable to Ground-Water
Quality Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites (0892A)
Annotated Bibliography of Hydrologic Publications (8071A)
Project Report on Field Comparison of Six Ground-Water Sampling Meth-
ods at Hazardous Waste Sites (0442A)
12/89
1/90
2/90
7/90
12/88
12/88
Internal Report on a Performance Evaluation of Interpolation Methods 12/88
(06 ISA)
3/89
6/89
6/89
12/89
6/90
10/90
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
40
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Internal Report on a Protocol for Testing Ground-Water Samplers (0464A)
Develop Field Methods for Subsurface Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Project Report on Application of Borehole Geophysics to Waste Site Moni-
toring (0885A)
X-Ray Fluorescence and Fiber Optics Screening Methods (EMSL-LV)
Final Project Report on Portable X-Ray Fluorescence for Characterization
of Hazardous Waste Sites (0527A) (part of Y105-H03-01)
Final Report on Portable Ultraviolet Remote Fiber Spectroscopy for In
Situ Screening of Aromatic Compounds in Ground Water
Quality Assurance and Methods Standardization for Ground-Water Monitoring
(EMSL-LV)
Draft Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Ground-Water 2/89
Monitoring Wells in Aquifers (8072A)
Draft Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity 3/89
of Confined Non-Leaky Aquifers Under Constant Flux (8073A)
Draft Standard Guide for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose
Zone (8074A)
Draft Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
(8075A)
Geostatistics and Survey Design (EMSL-LV)
Annual Report of Research in Statistics, Geostatistics, and Chemometrics
(0821A)
Seminar (CERT)
Seminar on Application of Geophysical Methods to Ground Water
Develop and evaluate ground-water monitoring methods and strategies for
RCRA Subtitle D facilities (PPA 116).
Ground-Water Monitoring Research for Subtitle D Facilities (EMSL-LV)
Special Problems of Ground-Water Monitoring in Karst Terrains (0632A) 12/88
Report on Nature and Hydraulic Significance of Fracture Trace and Lin- 6/89
eament Related Structures with Application to the Design of Ground-Water
Monitoring Wells (0631A)
11/90
10/90
12/89
12/91
10/89
2/90
12/88 12/89 12/90
FY89
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
41
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Evaluation of Published and Unpublished Environmental Monitoring Data 9/89
for Determining the Impact of Monoflll and Co-Disposal Ash Disposal
Facilities (0822A)
Develop; methods for external leak detection at underground storage tank
sites (PPA R62).
Characterization and Monitoring of Cleanup Around Storage Tanks (EMSL-LV)
Guide to Ground-Water Monitoring Based on Physical Modeling (0835A)
Report on Results of the Long-Term Monitoring Program at Three
Underground Storage Tank Sites (0645A)
Preliminary Report on Network Design for External Leak Detection
(0646A)
Report on Inexpensive Screening Techniques for Contaminated Sites
(0836A)
Report on Protocols for Ground-Water and Vapor Monitoring (0837A)
Report on Remediation Processes within a Large Physical Model of an
Underground Storage Tank
[
Report on Collection of Existing Underground Storage Tank Monitoring
and\Remediation Data
Annual Report on Field Studies of Monitoring Around Underground
Storage Tanks
Final Report on Micrpelectrodes for Subsurface Detection of Specific
Hydrocarbon Vapor Compounds
Superfund
Provide monitoring techniques and procedures for Superfund site and sit-
uation assessments (PPA A04).
Geophysical Methods (EMSL-LV)
Journal Article on Application of Near-Surface Seismic Reflection at Haz-
ardous Waste Sites (1629A)
Internal Report on Status of Complex Resistivity Survey
Geophysics Advisor Expert System: Version I (8122A)
Journal Article on the Application of Complex Resistivity and Induced
Polarization
1/89
3/89
3/89
3/89
3/89
9/89
9/89
10/88 10/89
10/91
4/89
4/89
6/89
10/89
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
42
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs firom Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Practical Guide to Aquifer-Test Analysis (0880A)
Journal Article on Geophysical Field Measurements
Journal Article on the Evaluation of an Improved Ground Penetrating
Radar System (8123A)
Geophysics Advisor Expert System: Version 2 (8121A)
Develop and evaluate new fiejd-monitoring techniques and systems that
are rapid, inexpensive, and more sensitive (PPA H03).
Advanced Field Monitoring Methods (EMSL-LV)
Interim Report on Sampling Design Methodology (0845A)
Report on Preliminary Evaluation of a High-Resolution FTIR for Environ-
mental Monitoring (0846A)
Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Field Screening Meth-
ods (0847A)
Interim Report on Methods for XRF Field Analysis and Sample Prepara-
tion (0527C)
Report on State-of-the-Art Ultraviolet Fluorescence Systems for Site
Screening (8127A)
Final Project Report on Portable XRF for Characterization of Hazardous
Waste Sites (0527A)
Annual Report on Development of Fiber-Optic Based Lead Sensor
Adaption of a Prototype Data TelemetlLocator System to Portable X-Ray
Analyzer (0881A)
Final Report on Development of Fiber-Optic Based Lead Sensor System
Vadose Zone Methods (EMSL-LV)
Survey of Soil-Gas Screening Instruments
Draft ASTM Standard for Soil Core Monitoring Equipment (0887A) (part
of D109-I15-01)
Develop and evaluate advanced field monitoring methods for Superfund
sites (PPA SOI).
Advanced Reid Monitoring Methods (EMSL-LV)
Fiber Optics Systems Development for In Situ Monitoring (0505 A)
12/89
2/90
3/90
6/90
12/88
12/88
2/89
3/89
10/89
12/89
1/90
1/91
10/91
1/92
8/89
2/90
12/88
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
43
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
1/89
Annual Report on the Development and Demonstration of Immunoassay
Detection System for Rapid Screening at Superfund Sites (0853A)
Guidelines for Immunoassay Evaluation!Demonstration (8133A)
Annual Summary on Demonstration of Fieldable and Portable X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer System (0882A)
Drinking Water
Provide the scientific database and methods for the protection of ground-
water resources (PPA F81).
Ground-Water Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Journal Article on Modeling Ground-Water Quality Sampling Decisions
(0879A)
Annual Report on Fiber Optics for Monitoring Ground-Water Contamina-
tion, (0610A) '
"i
i
Method for Locating Contaminant Plumes from Abandoned Wells -within
the Area of Review of Injection Wells (2064A)
!
Journal Article on Use of Geophysical Methods to Determine the Move-
ment of Contaminants from, VIC Class I Injection Wells (2065A)
,• • > . •
Journal Article on Geophysical Survey to Detect Brine Contamination from
Injection Wells (0876A)
Journal Article on Spatial Characteristics of the Occurrence of Pesticides
in Drinking Water (0877A)
Journal Article on Spatial Characteristics of the Occurrence of Volatile
Organics in Drinking Water (0878A)
Project Report on Optimization of Sampling Frequency (8040A)
Handbook of Suggested Practices for Design and Installation of Ground-
Water Monitoring Wells (1669A)
Monitoring Strategies for Wellhead Protection Areas (0875A)
2/89
9/89
10/88
11/88
12/88
12/88
3/89
6/89
6/89
6/89
12/89
10/91
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
44
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
F/89 FY90 Outvear
TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Provide field-evaluated methods and data to predict the concentrations of
wastes released from RCRA hazardous waste facilities (PPA C25).
Field Evaluation of Ground-Water Contamination Risks from Hazardous Waste
Disposal (Ada)
Internal Report on Implementation of a Ground-Water Database Clearing-
house (7942A)
Report on Impact of Sensitive RITZ Model Parameters (7366E)
Interim Report on Field Evaluation of RITZ Models (7947B)
Report on Evaluation of Multiphase Flow Models (7366B)
Report on Field Validation of Solute Transport Model for Prediction of
Waste Concentration in Ground Water (7067A)
Inventory of Models for Flow and Transport in Fractured Rock
Report on the Use of Ground-Water Models for Regulatory Purposes
Report on Field Evaluation of Selected Unsaturated Zone Models (7947A)
Inventory of Flow Models of Immiscible Fluids
Journal Article on Transport of Inorganic Solutes in Structured Media
Internal Report on Multiphase Flow Model Development and Comparison
of Models
Article on Developed Solutions to Second Order Transformations Including
Advection and Dispersion Terms
Article on Comparison of Steady-State Solutions for Transport of Contami-
nants in Leaky Aquifers (7939X)
Internal Report Comparing Performance of Ground-Water Models (8071 A)
Journal Article on Transport of Organic Solutes in Structured Media
Internal Report on Nitrate Contamination Studies (8072A)
Monograph on Quality Assurance/Quality Control in Ground-Water Model-
ing
11/88
12/88
12/88
3/89
4/89
5/89
6/89
6/89
8/89
9/89
9/89
10/89
10/89
10/89
6/90
10/90
2/91
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
45
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Monograph on Status of Ground-Water Modeling
Report on Multiphase Chemical Transport in Porous Media
Prediction of Contaminant Behavior in the Subsurface (Ada)
Internal Report on Enhanced Degradation of Dioxin Isomers (7357A) 10/88
f
Report on Land Treatability of Selected Hazardous Wastes, Volume HI 2/89
(74,09A)
Paper on Relationship of Hydrodynamic Dispersion to Percent Saturation 2/89
Report on Mobility of Dioxins in Soils (7543A) 3/89
Paper on Kinetics of Hydrazine Sorption and Ion Exchange 4/89
Paper on Modeling of Hydrazine Transport 6/89
Ar$cle on Contaminant Transport in the Presence of Residually Saturated 6/89
Nok-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPL) j
Journal Article on Sorption/Desorption of Metals by Clay Minerals in the 6/89
Presence of Organic Acids
Report on Case Studies for Selected Subtitle D Wastes (7949X) 7/89
Report on Fate and Transport of Residual Matrix Constituents in Soil 9/89
(79|t8A)
Internal Report on Assessment of Ground-Water Pollution Potentials from 9/89
Tre'ated Aircraft Paint Stripping Wastewaters
Journal Article on Transport in Time-Variant Mobile Phases
Article on Inorganic Colloid Consideration in Metals
i
Journal Article on Sorption/Desorption of Metals by Hydrous Oxides in
the\Presence of Organic Acids
i
Report on Field Evaluation of Treatability Potential of PCP and Creosote
Wastes in Soil (7075X)
!
Report on Facilitated Transport of Metal Contaminants in the Subsurface:
Pat\t I-Organic Interactions (8120A)
Internal Report on Transport of VOCs in Multi-Solvent Systems (7944A)
TwQ-Dimensional Multiphase Transport Model with User's Manual
(8075 A)
6/91
7/91
12/89
1/90
4/90
4/90
9/90
12/90
4/91
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
46
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
Ff89 FY90 Outvear
Three-Day Training Course on Use of Multiphase Chemical Transport
Model
Report on Comparisons of Two-Dimensional Model Projections and Exper-
imental Measurements of Multiphase Chemical Transport in Porous Media
(8074A)
Spatial Variability of Subsurface Properties and Processes (Ada)
Report on Determining Hydrologic Properties of Subsurface Environment
(7654A)
Report on Methods for Handling Spatial Variability of Subsurface Envi-
ronments (8076A)
Provide integrated, multimedia methods and data to estimate potential ex-
posures to hazardous wastes from RCRA facilities (PPA C28).
Determine Chemical Transformation Pathways and Rates (Athens)
Report on Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluating Property-Reactivity 6/89
Correlations (7950A)
Report on Transformation Pathway Analysis for Chemicals in the Environ-
ment (8157B)
Environmental Process Characterization—Metals (Athens)
Report on Prediction of Sorption Based on Chemical Character and Dis- 11/88
tribution of Metal Reactive Phases (7691P)
Article Describing Role of Competitive Ion Character on Metal Speciation 11/88
(7350D
Final Report on MINTEQ Bench-Scale Testing (7691N) 12/88
Journal Article Describing Metal-Microbial Interactions-Role of Microbial 12/88
Species and Life Stage on Metals Sorption (7350G)
Report Defining Specific Complexation/Chelation Sites in Humic and Ful- 3/89
vie Substances (735 ID)
Report Defining Metal Complexation/Chelation Sites in Humic Materials 3/89
(8158A)
Interim Report on Preliminary Leachate Analyses and Proposed List of 6/89
Compounds for Detailed Analysis of Equilibrium Constants (7691J)
Article on Kinetics of Sorption and Desorption of Metals in Subsurface 7/89
Environments (7350Z)
4/91
7/91
12/90
12/90
7/90
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
47
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
7/89
Arcle Describing Kinetics of Complexation Phenomenon for Metals in
Aqueous Systems (735 1Z)
i ,
Comprehensive Report on Applying Electrostatic Adsorption Theory to
Natural Systems (8157A)
! '
Journal Article on Tested Model for Predicting Metal Distribution Coeffl-
in Environmental Samples (7350H)
8/89
Final Report on Mathematical Form of Proposed Sorption Model Incorpo-
rating Revisions Due to the Availability of New Data and Results of
Public Comment (769 1G)
Firial Report on Input Data Distributions for Implementing the Sorption
Model in OSW Rule-Making Scenarios (769 1H)
i I
1 ,
Firial Report on Database Constants for Reactions of all 13 OSW Metals
with Compounds in the Generic Mixture with Complexing Ability (7691K)
Environmental Process Characterization — Biological (Athens)
Report Evaluating the Utility of Current Methods for Estimating Anaerobic 4/89
Degradation Rates for Use in Evaluative Models (8 163 A)
Journal Article on Determinations of Microbial Substrate Removal Rate 6/89
Coefficients Relative to a Benchmark Chemical (7951C)
I
Internal Report on Microbial Process Research (8150A) 8/89
i • -
Report on the Potential Uses of Isolated Natural Organisms to Enhance
Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes (8238A)
Internal Report on Equations for Predicting Anaerobic Transformations
within the Saturated Zones (7690A)
Rolf of Limiting Nutrients in Adaptation to Degradation (8163B)
I
Multimedia Modeling with Uncertainty Analysis (Athens)
Feasibility Report on Linked Transport Code (69511) 10/88
Project Report on Components of Multimedia Environmental and Human 11/88
Exposure Modeling (6019D)
Report on Procedures for Estimating Indoor-Outdoor Exposures (6019E) 11/88
Report on MINTEQ Predictions for Part II (6951B) 11/88
MlipTEQ Tapes with Thermodynamic Databases (6951F) 11/88
Documentation on the Antimony and Cyanide Databases (695 1G) 11/88
10/89
12/89
12/89
6/90
10/89
11/89
8/90
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
48
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Project Report on Performance Tests of OSW Modeling Approach Using 11/88
Field Data (7352Z)
Report on the Impact of Uncertainty in Leachate Tests and ADI Data on 11/88
Overall Uncertainty in OSW Evaluations (7353B)
Internal Report to OSW on Summary of Activities Conducted by OSW On- 11/88
Site Contract Personnel (7685D)
Report on Risk Assessment Methodology for Hazardous Waste Manage- 2/89
ment (6019C4)
Report on Impact of Treated Waste Forms on Exposure/Risk from Land 6/89
Disposal of Hazardous Waste (8046A)
User's Manual for Site-Specific Multimedia Model for Ranking Closure 7/89
Options at RCRA Land Disposal Operations (8159A)
Report on Colloid-Metal Transport (6951K) 10/89
Report on Linked Transport Code (6951J) 12/89
User's Manual for Model Defining Metal Species Transport in Subsurface 8/90
(8160A)
Report on Results of MINTEQA1 Model Performance at Globe, Arizona 6/91
Site (8196Q
Environmental Process Characterization—Organics (Athens)
Article Describing the Role of Soil in Mediating the Hydrolysis of Organic 1/89
Compounds (7349Z)
Final Report on Selection of Redox Parameters and National-Scale Redox 1/89
Potential Distribution (7952Z)
Report Describing the Kinetics of Redox Reactions in Soil-Water Environ- 4/89
ments (7689A)
Book Chapter on Abiotic Transformation Processes in Water, Sediment, 6/89
and Soils (7809Q
Internal Report on Photodegradation Evaluation of Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) 7/89
in Soils (7355A)
Journal Article on Octachlorodibenzodioxin Dechlorination on Soil Sur-
faces (7954Z)
11/89
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
49
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
f
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Drinking Water
Develop( methods to predict subsurface contaminant concentrations to sup-
port risk analysis and source control (PPA F83).
I
Subsurface Physical/Chemical Processes Affecting Transport (Ada)
Internal Report on Facilitated Transport of Hydrophobia Organic Pol- 9/89
lutants by Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Macromolecules (8058A)
Report on Sorption of Organic Cations on Soils and Subsurface Materials 1/90
(8056A)
Internal Report on Abiotic Transformation of Haloaliphatic Compounds 4/90
(8057A)
Report on Facilitated Transport of Metal Contamination in the Subsurface: 6/91
Part 2-Colloidal Transport (81 ISA)
I
Prediction of Microbial Contaminant Concentrations (Ada)
Internal Report on Fate of Rotaviruses in Soils and Ground Water 12/88
(8059A)
i
Internal Report on Transport and Survival of Hepatitis A Virus in Unsatu- 12/88
rateld Soils (8060A)
Report on Predictive Model for Viruses in the Unsaturated Zone (7589A) 12/89
r
Prediction of Biotransformation of Subsurface Contaminants (Ada)
i
Internal Report on Anaerobic Metabolism of Halogenated Organic Com- 1/89
pounds (8061A)
i
Report on Anaerobic Biotransformation of Contaminants in the Subsurface 10/89
(7307A)
Conduct joint research projects with the People's Republic of China on
the impact of wastewater land treatment (PPA F87).
Ground-Water Research with the People's Republic of China (Ada)
Internal Report on Chinese-EPA Cooperative Land Treatment Research 1/90
Project-Overland Flow (8119A)
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
50
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Evaluate models and management strategies in support of State wellhead
protection programs mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amend-
ments of 1986 (PPA F89).
Develop Methods for Wellhead Protection (Ada)
Report on Impacts of Unregulated Sources of Ground-Water Contain- 10/88
ination within Wellhead Protection Areas (8068A)
Report on Approaches for Risk Assessment in Wellhead Protection Areas
(8069A)
Pesticides
Determine how pesticides contaminate ground waters and remedial actions
to alleviate the problem (PPA D07).
Validation of Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure (Athens)
Report on Sensitivity Analysis and Testing, Temik Contamination Potential 11/88
(6639B)
12/89
Final Dougherty Plain Report Including Pesticide Ground-Water Threat
Assessment Methodology Validation (7661.A)
Report of Soils Database for RUSTIC Model (7664A)
Report on Testing RUSTIC Model Using Selected Databases (8196A)
Develop information and techniques to estimate potential pesticide expo-
sures and provide direct technical support to OPP (PPA DOS).
Pesticide Process Characterization (Athens)
Report on Sorption of Water Soluble Ionic Pesticides to Soils and Sedi-
ments (8197A)
Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure (Athens)
Report on Development of Macropore Flow Model for Incorporation into
RUSTIC (7709C)
9/89
6/90
12/90
6/90
8/90
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
51
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
i
; FY89 FY90 Outvear
IN SITU AQUIFER REMEDIATION
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Determine the applicability and cost-effectiveness of in situ reclamation
techniques for contamination from leaking underground storage tanks
(PPA
12/88
12/88
12/89
Correctivie Action and Models for Underground Storage Tanks (Ada)
Report on Hydrogeological Approaches for Mobilizing Immiscible Wastes
for Corrective Actions (7361A)
Report on In Situ Treatment Process for Water Contaminated with Wastes
from Underground Storage Tank Releases (7363A)
- \ ' i
Report on Processes Affecting Aquifer Remediation by Pumping (8077A)
Superfund
Provide response technologies to support cleanup actions for contaminated
ground water and soils at Superfund sites (PPA B01).
In Situ Control Technologies (RREL)
Handbook on Innovative In Situ and Treatment Processes for Hazardous
Wastes and Contaminated Soils (4190A)
Report of Radio Frequency Heating Treatability of Soils Contaminated
with Wood Treating Chemicals
Technology Transfer Workshop on In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soils
Report on Optimizing Pulse Pumping Systems for Ground Water to
Achieve Uniformity os Coverage and Maximum Contaminant Removal
Handbook on Innovative In Situ Treatment Processes for Hazardous
Wastes and Contaminated Soils
Field Test of In Situ Vapor Phase Removal of Organic Contaminants from
National Priority List Municipal Solid Waste Units
Emerging Biosystems Program (RREL)
Report of White Rot Fungus Field Tests (4690A)
9/89
9/90
9/90
8/91
9/91
9/91
7/90
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
52
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
Evaluate abilities of natural and enhanced microorganisms for biodegrada-
tion of hazardous substances in Superfund remedial actions (PPA B02).
Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated Ground Water (Ada)
Internal Report on Enhancing Biodegradation of a Gasoline Spill in 4/89
Ground Water (8078A)
Journal Article on Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated Ground 7/89
Water (7765A)
Internal Report on Efficacy and Environmental Safety of Using Nitrate to 8/89
Bioremediate Hazardous Wastes-Preliminary Findings
Report on TCE Biotreatment Demonstration Project 9/89
Internal Report on Evaluation of Denitrification for Biorestoration ofJP-4 4/90
Jet Fuel-Contaminated Aquifer
Efficacy and Environmental Safety of Using Nitrate to Bioremediate Haz- 9/90
ardous Wastes: Final Report of a Field Demonstration
Biodegradation Applications to Superfund Site Cleanups (Athens)
Report on Evaluating the Utility of Current Methods for Estimating An- 4/89
aerobic Degradation Rates for Use in Evaluative Models (8136A)
Internal Report on Microbial Process Research Highlights (8150A) 8/89
Report on Subroutines for Determination of Volatilization Rates from Bio- 8/89
Restoration Systems (7966B)
Report on the Use of Emulsifters in Bioremediation of Hazardous Organic 10/89
Wastes (8238D)
Report on Potential Uses of Isolated Natural Organisms to Enhance Bio- 10/89
Restoration of Mixed Hazardous Wastes (8238A)
Report on the Use of Microorganisms to Biodegrade Hazardous Waste 6/90
Under Methanogenic Conditions (8238C)
Report on the Use of Sulfate Reducing Organisms for Bioremediation of 11/90
Hazardous Waste Components (8238B)
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
53
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
| FY89 FY90 Outvear
Drinking Water
Develop j new methods for the restoration of contaminated aquifers and
provide cost and feasibility data (PPA F84).
In Situ Aquifer Remediation (Ada)
Report on Criteria for In Situ Restoration of an Aquifer Contaminated
with, Halogenated Organic Concentrations (7311 A)
Expert System and User's Manual for Estimation of Parameters for Oper-
ating Aquifer Restoration Models (8062A)
Report on Use of Fixed-Film Bioreactors for Treatment of Contaminated
Groiind Waters (8063A)
6/89
12/89
12/89
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
54
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY90 Outvear
UNDERGROUND SOURCE CONTROL
Drinking Water
Develop methods to determine the fate of underground injected wastes
and develop safer technologies for underground injection control (PPA
F88).
Methods of Determining the Mechanical Integrity of Injection Wells (Ada)
Internal Report on Methods for Evaluating Cement Bonding Behind Steel
and Fiberglass Casing (8064A)
Internal Report on Methods for Determining the Mechanical Integrity of
Injection Wells (8065A)
Impact of Class I Wells on Subsurface Geological Materials (Ada)
Report on Methods for Regional Evaluation of Confining Bed Integrity
(7798A)
Internal Report on Transport and Fate of Contaminants Injected Directly
into Aquifers (8067A)
Class V Injection Well Practices (Ada)
Report on Options for Improving Class V Injection Well Practices (7318 A)
Report on Effectiveness of Drilling Mud as a Well Plug (8066A)
1/89
1/90
12/88
12/88
10/89
1/90
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
55
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
; FY89 FY90 Outvear
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Superfund
i
Provide I technical support on Superfund settlement agreements, especially
to enforcement programs in Regions and states (PPA F06).
Geophysical Support (EMSL-LV)
Aerial Remote Sensing Program for Hazardous Waste Sites—FY88 Pro- 1/89
gram Summary and FY89 Management Plan (0844A) (also in D109-I17-
01)
Provide Superfund enforcement and response prpgrams with rapid access
to the best available technical information, evidence, and testimony (PPA
F22). ;
Clearinghouse for Information on Ground-Water Remedial Action Technologies
(Ada) !
Manual Describing the Services of EPA's Subsurface Remediation Support 12/88
Program
Provide Subsurface Remediation Technical Information to the Regions and Cont.
States
Ground-Water Technical Support (Ada)
Technology Transfer Seminar Publication on Transport and Fate of Conta- 12/88
mifiants in the Subsurface (7769A)
Technology Transfer Document on Evaluation of Bioremediation as a Re- 1/89
medial Action Technology (7768A)
Technology Transfer Document on the Use of Assessment Models for Re-
medial Action (7767A)
3/89
Internal Report of Regional Ground-Water Modeling Information Needs 9/89
and Assistance as Provided (7766B) i
Manual on Selected Field Methods for Measuring Hydrologic Properties of 10/89
Contaminated Aquifers
User's Manual on the Use of Geostatistical Models for Managing Soil and 12/89
Water Contamination (8079A)
Protocol for Evaluating Ground-Water Remediation at Superfund Sites 1/90
Internal Report on Methods for Measuring Sorption and Desorption Kinet- 9/90
icst of Neutral Hydrophobic Contaminants
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
56
Appendix B. Summary of Ouputs from Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY89 FY9Q Outvear
Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (Athens)
Report on Procedure for Relative Risk Assessment and Ranking for Action 2/89
Among Listed Sites and RCRA Closure Activities (7966)
Research Brief of Exposure and Ecorisk Assessments Performed by Center 7/89
for Exposure Assessment Modeling (8168A)
Training Courses for Regional Superjund Staff on Exposure Assessment 8/89
Modeling (8167A)
Research Brief of Exposure and Ecorisk Assessments Performed by Center 7/90
for Exposure Assessment Modeling (8170A)
Training Courses for Regional Superjund Staff on Exposure Assessment 8/90
Modeling (8169A)
Drinking Water
Develop and transfer improved methods for measuring subsurface parame-
ters that influence contaminant behavior (P.PA F82).
Information Transfer (Ada)
Report on Existing Ground-Water Models (7580A) 10/88
Report on Compilation and Evaluation of Ground-Water Models (8055A) 12/90
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
57
APPENDIX C: RECENT ORD GROUND-WATER PUBLICATIONS
i
EPA publications in the 600 and 625 series (ORD) may be obtained by calling EPA's Center for
Environmental Research Information at FTS 684-7562 (513-569-7562). Publications referenced
by a PB number are also available from NTIS.
i
General
Protection of Public Water Supplies from Ground-Water Contamination. EPA-625/4-85-016, PB 86-
168358, | September, 1985.
i
EPA Grpund-Water Research Programs. EPA-600/8-86-004, PB 86-212552, April 1986.
i
Handbook: Ground Water. EPA-625/6-87-016, March 1987.
I
Ground-Water Research Technical Assistance Dirctory. EPA-600/9-89/048, May 1989.
Monitoring
A Guide to the Selection of Materials for Monitoring Well Construction and Ground-Water Sampling. MJ.
Barcelona, J.P. Gibb, and R.A. Miller, lUinois State Water Survey Contract Report 327, 1983.
Vadose .Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Sites. L.G. Everett, E.W. Hoylman, L.G. Wilson, and L.
McMfflfan, EPA-600/X-83-064, PB 84-212752, October 1983.
Geophysical Methods for Locating Abandoned Wells. J.J. van Ee, F.C. Frischknecht, T. Buckley, R.G.
Muth, and B. Kornegay, EPA-600/7-84-064, PB 84-212711, 1984.
Geophysical Techniques for Sensing Buried Wastes and Waste Migration. R.C. Benson, M.R. Noel, J.J.
van Eejand R.A. Glaccum, EPA-600/7-84-064, 1984.
Practical Guide for Ground-Water Sampling. MJ. Barcelona, J.A. Helfrich, M.R. Scalf, J.P. Gibb, and
E.E. Gatske, EPA-600/2-85-104, PB 86-137304, September 1985.
Operational Ranges for Suction Lysimeters. L.G. Everett and L.G. McMillion,, Ground Water Monitoring
Review,! 5(3):51-60, Summer 1985.
j
Sampling Frequency for Ground-Water Quality Monitoring. V.W. Lambou, EPA-600/X-86-081, 1986.
I
Sorption of Organics by Monitoring Well Construction Materials. A.L. Sykes, R.A. McAllister, and J.B.
Homolyk, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):44-47, Fall 1986.
i
Underground Storage Tank Monitoring: Observation Well Based Systems. R.A. Scheinfeld, J.B. Robert-
son, and T.G. Schwendeman, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):49-55, Fall 1986.
The Effect of Sampling Frequency on Ground-Water Quality Characterization. R. Rajagopal, Ground
Water JJlonitoring Review, 6(4):65-73, Fall 1986.
The Use of Industrial Hygiene Samplers for Soil-Gas Surveying. H.B. Kerfbot and C.L. Mayer, Ground
Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):74-78, Fall 1986.
Remote \Detection of Organochlorides with a Fiber Optic Based Sensor-ll: Dedicated Portable Fluori-
meter. i Analytical Instrumentation, 15(4), December 1986.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
58
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Use of Borehole Geophysics to Define Hydrologic Conditions—A Field Example. K. Taylor and S. Wheat-
craft, National Water Well Association Conference Proceedings on Surface and Borehole Geophysical
Methods and Ground-Water Instrumentation, October 1986.
Strategy for Detecting Subsurface Organic Contaminants. In: National Water Well Association Conference
Proceedings on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, November 1986.
Conceptual Design for a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy. R. Rajagopal, Environmental Professional,
8:244-264, 1986.
Geophysical Technical Support for Hazardous Waste Site Assessments—FY85 Program Summary/FY86
Management Plan. A. Pitchford and A.T. Mazzella, EPA-600/X-86-073, April 1986.
Shallow-Probe Soil-Gas Sampling for Indication of Ground-Water Contamination by Chloroform. Interna-
tional Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 30:167-168, 1987.
Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques-Part I: Conceptualizations. J.F. Keely
and Kwasi Boateng, Ground Water, 25(3):300-313, May-June 1987.
Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques-fart II: Case Histories. J.F. Keely and
Kwasi Boateng, Ground Water, 25(4):427-439, July-August 1987.
Comparison of Complex Resistivity with Electromagnetic Induction. J.J. van Ee, EPA-600/X-03-044, 1987.
Expert System for Evaluating External Leak Detection Method for Underground Storage Tanks. P. Durgin,
EPA-600/X-87-413, November 1987.
Reid Methods for Locating Abandoned Wells-—A Comprehensive Summary for Fiscal Years 1983 through
1987. E.N. Koglin, A.M. Pitchford, and JJ. van Ee, EPA-600/X-87-168, June 1987.
Ground-Water Monitoring: Quality Assurance for RCRA. R.B. Evans, E.N. Koglin, and K.W. Brown,
EPA-600/X-87-035, January 1987.
In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber Optics—Part II: Plan for Development. L.A. Eccles and
S.J. Simon, EPA-600/X-87-415, November 1987.
Interim Status Report on Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program—Monitoring
Technology. E.N. Koglin, EPA-600/X-87-446, November 1987.
Management Plan: Advanced Field Monitoring Methods Program. L.R. Williams, EPA-600/X-87-330,
September 1987.
Metal Speciation Review. J.E. Campana and K.W. Brown, EPA-600/X-87-221, July 1987.
Modification, Calibration, and Field Test of a Chloroform-Specific Fiber Optic Chemical Sensor. L.A.
Eccles, N.R. Herron, W.H. Hankins, S.J. Simon, D. Cardenas, and J.W. Curtis, EPA-600/X-87-416,
November 1987.
Network Design in Soil Gas Surveys. H.B. Kerfoot, M.J. Miah, and P.B. Durgin, Journal of the American
Geophysical Union, 68(16):322, 1987.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
59
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Soil-Gas! Measurement for Detection of Subsurface Organic Contamination. H.B,, Kerfoot and LJ. Barrows,
EPA-6QO/2-87-027, PB 87-174884, April 1987.
t
Soil-Gas' Sensing for Detection and Mapping of Volatile Organics. B. Eklund, R. Evans, D. Devitt, W.
Jury, T. jStarks, and A. Gholson, EPA-600-8-87-036, August 1987.
i ~
Survey of Vendors of External Petroleum Leak Monitoring Devices for Use with Underground Storage
Tanks. B. Eklund, EPA-600/4-87-016, PB 87-212346, May 1987.
i
In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber Optics—Part I: Rationale. L.A. Eccles, SJ. Simon, and
S.M. Klainer, EPA-600/X-87-156, June 1987.
Modification, Calibration, and Field Test of a Chloroform-Specific Fiber Optic Chemical Sensor. N.R.
Herron, EPA-600/X-87-416, November 1987.
Bibliography of Ground-Water Sampling Methods. R.P. Blegen, K.F. Pohlman, and J.W. Hess, EPA-
600/X-87-325, September 1987.
Aseptic Subsurface Sampling Techniques for Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling. L.E. Leach, F.P. Beck, J.T.
Wilson, -and D.H. Kampbell, In: Proceedings of the Second National Outdoor Action Conference on
Aquifer Restoration, Ground-Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods, Las Vegas, Nevada, May 23-26,
1988. |
Gas Transfer Through Flexible Tubing and its Effects on Ground-Water Sampling Results. T.R. Holm,
O.K. George, and J.J. Barcelona, EPA-600/J-88-145, PB 89-119374, 1988.
Oxygen Transfer Through Flexible Tubing and its Effects on Ground-Water Sampling Results. T.R. Holm,
O.K. George, and M.J. Barcelona, EPA-600/J-88-145, 1988.
Geophysics Advisor Expert System. G.R. Olhoeft, EPA-600/X-88-257, June 1988.
Networkj Design for External Release Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanlcs. K. Stetzenbach, EPA-
600/X-88-143, March 1988.
Quality Assurance Project Plan for Long-Term Monitoring at Underground Fuel Storage Tanks. C.L
Mayer, EPA-600/X-88-144, March 1988.
Background Hydrocarbon Vapor Concentration Study for Underground Fuel Storage Tanks. P.B. Durgin,
EPA/X-88-043, February 1988.
In Situ Monitoring with Fiber Optics, Part III: A Fiber Optic Chemical Sensor for Monitoring Gasoline.
S.M. Klainer, D.K. Dandge, K. Goswami, L.A. Eccles, and SJ. Simon, EPA-600/X-88-259, June 1988.
Special Report on the Distribution of Lead at the Pepcon Site Using X-Ray Fluorescence for On-Site
Screening, Henderson, Nevada. G.A. Raab, EPA-600/X-88-336, September 1988.
Spatial Resolution of Ground-Water Contamination by Soil-Gas Measurement,, H.B. Kerfoot and M.J.
Miah, Ciiemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 3(l-2):73-78, 1988.
Soil-Gasl Surveying Techniques, A New Way to Detect Volatile Organic Contaminants in the Subsurface.
H.B. Kerfoot and D.L. Marrin, Environmental Science and Technology, 22(7):740-745, 1988.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
60
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Soil-Gas and Geophysical Techniques for Detection of Subsurface Organic Contamination. A. Pitchford, K.
Scarbrough, A. Mazzella, EPA-600/4-88-019, May 1988.
Practical Guide to Aquifer Test Analysis. M.S. Bedinger and J.E. Reed, EPA-600/X-88-261, June 1988.
Modeling Vapor Phase Movement in Relation to UST Leak Detection—Phase I: Final Report. R.
Schreiber, EPA-600/X-88-273, June 1988.
Health and Safety Plan, Field Work and Sampling Plan, and Site Screening Report for the Frontier Hard
Chrome Site. R.K. Grant, EPA-600/X-88-272, June 1988.
Generalized Ground-Water Sampling Device Matrix. K. Pohlman and J.W. Hess, EPA-600/X-88-079,
February 1988.
Reid Comparison of Ground-Water Sampling Methods—Interim Report. R.P. Blegen, J.W. Hess, F.L.
Miller, R.R. Kinnison, and J.E. Denne, EPA-600/X-88-260, June 1988.
Evaluation of a Prototype X-Ray Fluorescence System for Hazardous Waste Screening. G.A. Raab, S.J.
Simon, K.W. Brown, D. Cardenas, and L.A. Eccles, EPA-600/4-87-021, January 1988.
Drilling and Constructing Monitoring Wells with Hollow-Stem Augers-Part 1: Drilling Considerations and
Part 2: Monitoring Well Construction. G. Hackett, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 7(4) and 8(1), Fall
1987 and Winter 1988.
Development of a Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence System for On-Site Hazardous Waste Screening.
G.A. Rabb, S.J. Simon, M.L. Faber, and L.A. Eccles, EPA-600/X-88-262, June 1988.
Comparison of Water Samples from PTFE, PVC, and SS Monitoring Wells. M.J. Barcelona, O.K. George,
and M.R. Shock, EPA-600/X-88-091, February 1988.
Development of a Capillary Wick Unsaturated Zone Pore Water Sampler. K.W. Brown, EPA-600/4-88-
001, January 1988.
Survey Assessment of Field Techniques for Volatiles. D.W. Botrell, EPA-600/X-88-038, January 1988.
Proposed Guidance Document for External Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanks. P. Durgin, EPA-
600/X-89-019, 1989.
Network Design Factors for Assessing Temporal Variability in Ground-Water Quality. M.J. Barcelona,
D.P. Lettenmaier, and M.R. Shock, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 12:149-179, 1989.
Sampling Frequency for Ground-Water Quality Monitoring. M.J. Barcelona, H.A. Wehrmann, M.R. Shock,
M.E. Sievers, and R. Karney, in press as EPA document.
Transport and Transformation
Users Manual for the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM). EPA-600/3-84-109, December 1984.
Leaching Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals (LEACH) Handbook. EPA-600/3-84-068, PB 84-236413,
June 1984.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
61
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
MEXAMS—The Metals Exposure Analysis Modeling System. EPA-600/3-84-031, PB 84-157155, February
1984. I
l •
MEMTEQL-A Computer Program for Calculating Aqueous Geochemical Equilibriia. EPA-6QO/3-84-032, PB
84-157148, February 1984.
Groundwater Transport: Handbook of Mathematical Models. I. Javandel, C. Doughty, and C.F. Tsang,
Americanj Geophysical Union, Water Resources Monograph 10, 1984.
Groundwater Management: The Use of Numerical Models (Second Edition), P. van der Heijde, Y.
Bachmat,,J. Bredehoeft, B. Andrews, D. Holtz, and S. Sebastian, American Geophysical Union, Water Re-
sources Monograph 5, 1985.
i
DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Ground-Water Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologi-
cal Settings. EPA-600/2-85-018, PB 85-228146, May 1985.
i
Development of Land Disposal Decisions for Metals Using MINTEQ Sensitivity Analyses. D.S. Brown,
R.E. Carlton and L.A. Mulkey, EPA-600/3-86-030, 1986.
Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 1.
J.J. Ellington, F.E. Stancil, and W.D. Payne, EPA-600/3-86-043, 1986.
Evolving 'Concepts of Subsurface Contaminant Transport. J.F. Keely, M.D. Piwoni, and J.T. Wilson, Jour-
nal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(5):349-357, May 1986.
Techniques for Delineating Subsurface Organic Contamination: A Case Study. In, Detection, Control, and
Renovation of Contaminated Ground Water, American Society of Civil Engineers, April 1987.
A Comparison of Geostatistical Methods for Estimating Virus Inactivation Rates in Ground Water. M.
Yates and S. Yates, Water Resources, 21(9): 1119-1125, 1987.
Modeling Virus Survival and Transport in the Subsurface. M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, J. Wagner, and CP
Gerba, EPA-600/J-87-053, PB 87-213294/AS, 1987.
Protecting Groundwater from Viral Contamination by Soil Modification. R.B. Thurman and C.P. Gerba,
Journal of Environmental Science Health, A22(4):369-388, 1987.
An Alternative Nonlinear Model for Estimating Second-Order Rate Coefficients for Biodegradatioa J.A.
Robinson,; WJ. Smolensk!, and J.M. Suflita. EPA/600/J-87/132, PB 88-149117, May 1987.
i
CONTUR: An Algorithm for Two-Dimensional High Quality Contouring. S.R. Yates, EPA-600/J-87-059,
PB 87-212957/AS, 1987.
Distribution of Plasmids in Ground-Water Bacteria. O.A. Ogumsquitan, E.T. Tedford, D. Pacia, et al
EPA-600/J-87-037, PB 87-203071/AS, February 1987.
Distribution of Protozoa in Subsurface Sediments of a Pristine Ground-Water Study Site in Oklahoma. J.L.
Sinclair and W.C. Ghiorse, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(5): 1157-1163, May 1987.
Estimating Soil Water Content Using Co-Kriging. S.R. Yates and A.W. Warrick, EPA-600/J-87-060, PB
87-212940/AS, February 1987.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
62
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Evaluating the Maintenance and Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. G.S. Sayler, C. Harris,
C. Pettigrew, et al., EPA-600/J-87-386, 1987.
Finite Element Analysis of Multiphase Immiscible Flow Through Soils. T. Kuppusamy, J. Sheng, J.C.
Parker, and R.J. Lenhard, EPA-600/J-87-135, PB 88-148176, April 1987.
Fluorometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide in Ground Water. T.R. Holm, O.K. George and MJ.
Barcelona, EPA-600/J-87-041, PB 87-203436/AS, February 1987.
Gaseous Behavior of TCE Overlying a Contaminated Aquifer. D.L. Martin and G.M. Thompson, EPA-
600/J-87-058, PB 87-213260/AS, February 1987.
The Influence of Mass Transfer on Solute Transport in Column Experiments with an Aggregated Soil. P.V.
Roberts, M.N. Goltz, R.S. Summers, J.C. Crittenden, and P. Nkedi-Kizza, Journal of Contaminant Hydro-
logy, l(4):375-393, 1987.
Influence of Organic Co-Solvents on Leaching of Hydrophobia Organic Chemicals Through Soils. P.
Kizza, P. Rao, and A. Homsby, Environmental Science and Technology, 21:1107, November 1987.
Macromolecules Facilitate the Transport of Trace Organics. G. Bengtsson, C. Enfield, and R. Lindqvist,
EPA-600/I-87-354, PB 88-220108, June 1987.
Maintenance and Stability of Introduced Genotypes in Ground-Water Aquifer Material. R.K. Jain, G.S.
Sayler, J.T. Wilson, et al, EPA-600/J-87-136, PB 88-148192, May 1987.
A Mathematical Model for the Fate of Hazardous Substances in Soil: Model Description and Experimental
Results. WJ. Grenney, C.L. Caupp, R.C. Sims, and T.E. Short, Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Mater-
ials, 4(3):223-239, 1987.
Measurement and Prediction of Saturation-Pressure Relationships in Three-Phase Porous Media Systems.
RJ. Lenhard and J.C. Parker, EPA-600/J-87-352, PB 88-218334, June 1987.
Measurement of Methanotroph and Methanogen Signature Phospholipids for Use in Assessment of Biomass
and Community Structure in Model Systems. P.D. Nichols, C.A. Mancuso, and D.C. White, EPA-600/J-
87-359, PB 88-219811 June 1987.
Microbial Ecology of a Shallow Unconfined Ground-Water Aquifer Polluted by Municipal Landfill Leach-
ate. RJE. Beeman and J.M. Suflita, Microbial Ecology, 14(l):39-54, July 1987.
A Model for Hysteretic Constitutive Relations Governing Multiphase Flow: 1. Saturation-Pressure Rela-
tions. J.C. Parker and R.J. Lenhard, EPA-600/J-87-357, PB 88-219837, December 1987.
A Model for Hysteretic Constitutive Relations Governing Multiphase Flow: 2. Permeability-Saturation
Relations. R.J. Lenhard and J.C. Parker, EPA-600/J-87-358, PB 88-219845, December 1987.
Modeling Microbial Fate in the Subsurface Environment. M.V. Yates and S.R. Yates, EPA-600/J-88-022,
PB 88-219225, December 1987.
Monitoring Transport of Selected Pesticides and Phenols in Soil Columns by High Performance Liquid
Chromatography. D.C. Bouchard, EPA-600/.T-87-185, PB 87-161849, 1987.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
63
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Monodisperse Ferrous Phosphate Colloids in an Anoxic Ground-Water Plume. P.M. Gschwend and M D
Reynolds, EPA-600/J-87-056, PB 87-213310/AS, 1987.
I:'
A Paramjetric Model for Constitutive Properties Governing Multiphase Fluid Conduction in Porous Media.
J.C. Parker, RJ. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy, EPA-600/J-88-134, PB 88-148168, April 1987.
Physics of immiscible Flow in Porous Media. J. Parker, R. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy, EPA-60Q/2-87-
101, PB S88-131008, 1987.
Quality Assurance in Computer Simulations of Ground-Water Contamination. P.K.M. van der Heiide,
EPA-600/J-87-084, 1987.
I
DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Ground-Water Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic
Settings. L. Aller, T. Bennett, J.H. Lehr, et al, EPA-600/2-87-035, PB 87-213914/AS, May 1987.
Transformations of Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds. T.M. Vogel, C.S. Griddle and P.L. McCarty, Envi-
ronmental Science and Technology, 21(8):722-736, August 1987.
The Usei of Models in Managing Ground-Water Protection Programs. J.F. Keely, EPA-600/8-87-003, PB
87-166203, January 1987.
MINTEQAl, an Equilibrium Metal Speciation Model: User's Manual. D.S. Brown and JD Allison
EPA-600/3-87-012, 1987.
Modeling the Impact of Conservation Tillage Practices on Pesticide Concentrations in Ground and Surface
Waters. iA.S. Donigian and R.F. Carsel, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 6(4):241-250, 1987.
Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 2
J.J. Ellington, F.E. Stancil, W.D. Payne, and CD. Trusty, EPA-600/3-87-019, 1987.
Estimating Sample Requirements for Field Evaluations of Pesticide Leaching. C.N. Smith, R.S. Parrish,
and R.F. Carsel, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 6(5):343-357, 1987.
Impact of Pesticides on Ground-Water Contamination. R.F. Carsel and C.N. Smith, In: Silent Spring
Revisited, G.L. Marco, R.M. Hollingworth, and W. Durham (Eds.), Washington, American Chemical
Society, pp. 71-83, 1987.
Processes Affecting Subsurface Transport of Leaking Underground Tank Fluids; S. Tyler, M. Whitbeck,
M. Kirk, J. Hess, L. Everett, and S. Tyler, EPA-600/6-87-005, PB 87-201521, June 1987.
Selective; Water Removal in Purge/GC Analysis of Volatile Aromatics in Aqueous Samples. J.W. Cochran
EPA-600yj-87-355, PB 88-218342/AS, 1988.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Natural and Xenobiotic Organic Compounds by Subsurface Microbial Communi-
ties. C.M. Swindell, C.M. Aelion, D.C. Dobbins, et al, EPA-600/J-88-067, PB 89-103204, April 1988.
Anaerobic Biotransfbrmations of Pollutant Chemicals in Aquifers. J.M. Suflita, SA Gibson and RE
Beeman, |EPA-600/J-88-142, PB 89-119341, May 1988.
I i
An Analytical Solution to Saturated Flow in a Finite Stratified Aquifer. S.R. Yates, EPA-600/J-88-030 PB
88-224944, April 1988.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
64
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
ATHIAS—An Information System for Abiotic Transformations of Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Aqueous
Solution. W. Ellenrieder and M. Reinhard, EPA-600/F-88-026, PB 88-224357, February 1988.
Biochemical Markers for Measurement of Predation Effects on the Biomass, Community Structure, Nutri-
tional Status, and Metabolic Activity of Microbial Biofilms. D.C. White and R.H. Findlay, Hydrobiologia
159, Vol. 1, pp. 119-132, March 1988.
Decay of Dissolved Substances by Second-Order Reaction: Problem Description and Batch-Reactor Solu-
tions. S.R. Yates and C.G. Enfield, EPA-600/J-88-016, PB 88-219787, January 1988.
Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons. J.T. Wilson, Biotec, Vol. 2, pp. 75-77, 1988.
Distribution and Activity of Microorganisms in Subsurface Sediments of a Pristine Study Site in Oklahoma.
RJM. Beloin, J.L. Sinclair, and W.C. Ghiorse, Microbial Ecology, 16(l):85-97, My 1988.
The Effect of Soil Properties and a Synthetic Municipal Landfill Leachate on the Retention of Cd, Ni, Pb,
and Zn in Soil and Sediment Materials. J.M. LeBauve, J. Kotoby-Amacher, and R.P. Gambrell, EPA-
600/1-88-027, PB 88-224340, March 1988.
Effects of a Subsurface Sediment on Hydrolysis of Haloalkanes and Epoxjdes. W.R. Haag, and T. Hill,
EPA-600/I-88-079, June 1988.
Equivalence of Microbial Biomass Measures Based on Membrane Lipid and Cell Wall Components, Adeno-
sine Triphosphate, and Direct Counts in Subsurface Aquifer Sediments. D.L. Balkwill, F.R. Leach, J.T.
Wilson, J.F. McNabb, and D.C. White, Microbial Ecology, 16(l):73-84, July 1988.
Evaluation of Mobility of Pesticides in Soil Using U.S. EPA Methodology. J.E. McLean, R.C. Sims, W.J.
Doucette, C.R. Caupp, and WJ. Grenney, EPA-600/J-88-143, PB 89-119358, June 1988.
Factors Affecting Trace Metal Mobility in Subsurface Soils. J. Kotoby-Amacher and R.P. Gambrell, EPA-
600/2-88-036, PB 88-224829, June 1988.
Forced-Gradient Tracer Tests and Inferred Hydraulic Conductivity Distributions at the Mobile Site. F.J.
Molz, O. Guven, J.G. Melville, J.S. Nohrstedt, and J.K. Overholtzer, Ground Water, 26(5):570-579, Sep-
tember 1988.
Influence of Inorganic and Organic Nutrients on Aerobic Biodegradation and on the Adaptation Response
of Subsurface Microbial Communities. C.M. Swindoll, C.M. Aelion, and F.K. Pfaender, EPA-6QO/J-88-036,
PB 88-225743, January 1988.
Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous Chemicals During Land Treatment of Oily Waste: RITZ
User's Guide. D. Nofziger, J. Williams, and T. Short, EPA-600/8-88-001, PB 88-195532, January 1988.
Macromolecular Transport of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Aqueous Environments. C. Enfield and G.
Bengtsson, EPA-600/J-88-008, February 1988.
Metal Complexation by Natural Organic Matter in Ground Waters. T.R. Holm and M.J. Barcelona, In:
Proceedings of the Ground-Water Geochemistry Conference, Denver, Colorado, February 16-18, pp. 245-
267, 1988.
Methodology for Assessing Respiration and Cellular Incorporation of Radiolabeled Substrates by Soil
Microbial Communities. D.C. Dobbins and F.K. Pfaender, EPA-600/J-88-065, May 1988.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
65
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Microbial Ecology of the Terrestrial Subsurface. W.C. Ghiorse and J.T. Wilson, EPA-600/D-88-196, 1988.
Morphological and Cultural Comparison of Microorganisms in Surface Soil and Subsurface Sediments at a
Pristine Study Site in Oklahoma. T.L. Bone and D.L. Balkwill, Microbial Ecology, 16(l):49-64, July 1988.
Movement
of Contaminants from Oily Wastes During Land Treatment. T.E. Short, In: Soils Contaminated
by Petroleum: Environmental and Public Health Effects. E.J. Calabrese and P.T. Kostecki, Eds., New
York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 317-330, 1988.
A Numerical Transport Model for Oxygen- and Nitrate-Based Respiration Linked to Substrate and Nutrient
Availability in Porous Media. M.A. Widdowson, F.J. Molz, and L.D. Benefield, Water Resources Re-
search, 24(9):1553-1565, 1988.
Organic Cation Effects on the Sorption of Metals and Neutral Organic Compounds on Aquifer Material.
D.C. Bouchard, R.M. Powell, and D.C. Clark, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A23(6V585-
601, August 1988.
Pesticide Sorption on Geologic Material of Varying Organic Carbon Content. D.C. Bouchard and A.L
Wood, EPA-600/J-88-144, PB 88-119366, June 1988.
Rapid, Sensitive Method for the Analysis of Halogenated Gases in Water. J.W. Cochran, Journal of High
Resolution Chromatography and Chromatography Communications, ll(9):663-665, September 1988.
Seepage in a Saturated-Stratified Aquifer with Recharge. S.R. Yates, Soil Science Society of America
Journal, 52(2):356-363, March-April 1988.
Solubility of Aromatic Pollutants in Mixed Solvents. K.R. Morris, R. Abramowitz, R. Final, P. Davis and
S.H. Yalkowsky, EPA-600/J-88-037, PB 88-225750, February 1988.
Some Reactions of Naturally Occurring Nucleophiles with Haloalkanes in Water. W.R. Haag and T. Mill,
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7(ll):917-924, November 1988.
Sorption Nonequilibrium During Solute Transport. D.C. Bouchard, A.L. Wood, J.L. Campbell, et al, Jour-
nal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 2, pp. 209-223, July 1988.
Sorption of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin to Soils from Water/Methanol Mixtures. R.W. Walters and
A. Guiseppi-Elie, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 819-825, July 1988.
Sorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn by Kaolinite and Montmorillonite Suspensions. R.W. Puls and H L Bohn Soil
Society of America, 52(5): 1289-1292, 1988.
Spatial Variability of Remotely-Sensed Surface Temperatures at Field Scale. SLR. Yates, A.W. Warrick
A.D. Matthias, and S. Musil, EPA-600/J-88-031, PB 88-224936, 1988.
Fate of Dyes in Aquatic Systems: 1. Solubility and Partitioning of Some Hydrophobic Dyes and Related
Compounds. G.L. Baughman and T.A. Perenich, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7(13):183-199,
March 1988.
Characterizing the Uncertainty of Pesticide Leaching in Agricultural Soils. R.F. Carsel, R.S. Parrish, R.L.
Jones, J.L. Hansen, and R.L. Lamb, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2(2): 111-124, March 1988.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
66
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
A Simulation Procedure for Ground-Water Quality Assessments of Pesticides. R.F. Carsel, R.L. Jones, J.L.
Hansen, R.L. Lamb, and M.P. Anderson, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2(2): 125-138, March 1988.
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Selected
Chemicals. JJ. Ellington and RE. Stancil, EPA-600/M-88-010, 1988.
Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 3.
JJ. Ellington, RE. Stancil, W.D. Payne, and C.D. Trusty, EPA-600/3-88-028, 1988.
Interim Protocol for Measuring Hydrolysis Rate Constants in Aqueous Solutions. JJ. Ellington, RE.
Stancil, W.D. Payne, and C.D. Trusty, EPA-600/3-88-014, 1988.
Numerical Modeling of Sorption Kinetics of Organic Compounds to Soil and Sediment Particles. S.C. Wu
and PJM. Gschwend, Water Resources Research, 24(8): 1373-1383, August 1988.
Virus Survival and Transport in Ground Water. M.V. Yates and S.R. Yates, In: Proceedings International
Conference on Water and Wastewater Microbiology, Newport Beach, California, February 8-11, 1988, Vol.
2, pp. 49-1 through 49-7, 1988.
Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface at an Abandoned Creosote Waste Site. J.M. Thomas, M.D. Lee, M J.
Scott, and C.H. Ward, Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 4(2): 109-120, March 1989.
Measuring the Solubility of Disperse Dyes. G.L. Baughman and T.A. Perenich, Textile Chemist and
Colorist, 21(2):33-37, 1989.
Microbial Degradation Kinetics of Toxic Organic Chemicals over a Wide Range of Concentrations in
Natural Aquatic Systems. H.M. Hwang, R.E. Hodson, and D.L. Lewis, Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, 8(l):65-74, January 1989.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenol in Freshwater Lake Sediments at Different Temperatures.
G.W. Kohring, J.E. Rogers, and J. Wiegel, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(2):348-353, 1989.
Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical Concentrations (RUSTIC). J.D.
Dean, K.A. Voos, and R.W. Schanz, EPA-600/3-89-048, 1989.
In Situ Aquifer Remediation
In-Situ Biorestoration as a Ground-Water Remediation Technique. J.T. Wilson, L.E. Leach, M. Hensori,
and J.N. Jones, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):56-64, Fall 1986.
Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies. EPA-625/6-87-015, January 1987.
Adaptation to, and Biodegradation of, Xenobiotic Compounds by Microbial Communities from a Pristine
Aquifer. C.M. Aelion, C.M. Swindoll and F.K. Pfaender, Applied Environmental Microbiology,
53(9):2212-2217, September 1987.
The Biodegradation of Cresol Isomers in Anoxic Aquifers. WJ. Smolensk! and J.M. Suflita, EPA-600/J-
87-131, PB 88-149125, April 1987.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
67
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Biological Treatment: In Situ Treatment of TCE. J.T. Wilson, S. Fogel, and P.V. Roberts, In: Detection,
ControlJ and Renovation of Contaminated Ground Water, N. Dee, W.F. McTernan and E. Kaplan, Eds.,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 168-178, 1987.
Biotransformation of Trichloroethene in a Variety of Subsurface Materials. G.A. Barrio-Lage, F.Z. Par-
sons, R.S. Nassar, and P.A. Lorenzo, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 6(8):571-578, August 1987.
Evaluation of Toxicity Test Procedures for Screening Treatability Potential of Waste in Soil JE
Matthews and L. Hastings, EPA-600/J-87-137, PB 88-148184, 1987.
A Field [Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation for Aquifer Restoration. L. Semprini, P. Roberts, G. Hop-
kins, and D. Mackay, EPA-600/2-87-096, PB 88-130257, November 1987.
In Situ Restoration Techniques for Aquifers Contaminated with Hazardous Wastes. M.D. Lee, J.T. Wilson
and C.H. Ward, EPA-600/J-87-032, PB 87-198396, 1987.
I :
Leaking (Underground Storage Tanks: Remediation with Emphasis on In Situ Biorestoration. J.M. Thomas,
M.D. I^e, P.B. Bedient, et al., EPA-600/2-87-008, PB 87-168084, January 1987.
Opportunities for Bioreclamation of Aquifers Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons. J.T. Wilson and
C.H. Wkrd, EPA-600/J-87-133, PB 88-148150, 1987.
Biodegradation and Sorption of Organic Solvents and Hydrocarbon Fuel Constituents in Subsurface Envi-
ronments. J.T. Wilson, J.M. Henson, M.D. Piwoni, B.H. Wilson, and P. Banerjee, Engineering and Ser-
vices Laboratory, Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403, ESL-
TR-87-52, March 1988.
Biodegradation Modeling at a Jet Fuel Spill Site. H.S. Rifai, P.B. Bedient, F.T. Wilson, K.M. Miller, and
J.M. Armstrong, American Society of Civil Engineers: Journal of Environmental Engineering, 114(5)-1007-
1029, October 1988.
Biorestoration of Aquifers Contaminated with Organic Compounds. M.D. Lee, J.M. Thomas, R.C. Borden,
P.B. Bedient, C.H. Ward, and J.T. Wilson, EPA-600/J-88-078, 1988.
i
Charactejrization and Laboratory Soil Treatability Studies for Creosote and Pentachlorophenol Sludges and
Contaminated Soil. G.D. McGinnis, H. Boranzjani, L.K. McFarland, D.F. Pope, and D.A. Stobel, EPA-
600/J-88r055, PB 89-109920, 1988.
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand for Bioremediation of a Fuel Contaminated Aquifer.
R.M. Powell, R.W. Callaway, J.T. Michaloski, S.A. Vandegrift, M.V. White, D.H. Kampbell, B.E. Bledsoe,
and J.T.(Wilson, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 253-263, 1988.
Microbial Removal of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethylenes in an Aerobic Soil Exposed to
Methane. J.M. Henson, M.V. Yates, J.W. Cochran, and D.L. Shackleford, EPA-600/J-88-066 PB 89-
103196, June 1988.
i
Treatment Potential for 56 EPA-Listed Hazardous Chemicals in Soil. R.C. Sims, W.J. Doucette, JE
McLean,! W.J. Grenney, and R.R. Dupont, EPA-600/6-88-001, PB 88-174446, February 1988.
Adaptation of Aquifer Microbial Communities to the Biodegradation ofXenobiotic Compounds: Influence
of Substrate Concentration and Pre-Exposwre. CM. Aelion, D.C. Dobbins, and F.K. Pfaender, Environ-
mental Toxicity and Chemistry 8(l):75-86, January 1989.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
68
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
BIOPLUME II—Computer Model of Two-Dimensional Contaminant Transport Under the Influence of
Oxygen-Limited Biodegradation in Ground Water. H. Rifai, P. Bedient, J. Haasbeek, and R. Borden, EPA-
SW/DK-89-015, PB 89-151112, 1989.
Treatability Potential for EPA-Listed Hazardous Wastes in Soil. R.C. Loehr, EPA-600/2-89-011, PB 89-
166581, 1989.
Validation of Signature-Polarized Fatty Acid Biomarkers for Alkane-Utilizing Bacteria in Soils and Subsur-
face Aquifer Materials. D.B. Ringelberg, J.D. Davis, G.A. Smith, et al, FEMS Microbiology Ecology
Journal, Vol. 62, pp. 39-50, January 1989.
Underground Source Control
Injection of Hazardous Waste Into Deep Wells (State-of-the-Art Report). A. Strycker and A.G. Collins,
EPA-600/8-87-013, PB 87-170551, February 1987.
Injection Well Mechanical Integrity. J. ThornhiU and B. Benefield, EPA-625/9-87-007, September 1987.
Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep-Well In-
jection of Chemical Wastes. C.W. Kreifler, M.S. Akhter, and C.A. Donnelly, EPA-600/2-88-046, PB 88-
242573, 1988.
Laboratory Protocol for Determining Fate of Waste Disposed in Deep Wells. A. Collins and M. Crocker,
EPA-600/8-88-008, February 1988.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:. 1989/748-159/00358
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