4»EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Office of Water Enforcement and Permits
Washington DC 20460
Research and Development EPA/600/9-91/012 May 1991
Storm and Combined Sewer
Pollution Control
A Compilation of
Significant References
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EPA/600/9-91/012
May 1991
STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION CONTROL
A Compilation of Significant References
Compiled by
Richard Field
Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Program
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory - Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08837
and
Francine Everson
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.
Edison, New Jersey 08837
Project Officer
Richard Field
Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Program
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory - Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08837
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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This material has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subject
to the Agency's review and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
*>. f s .
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Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial products and practices frequently carry with them the
increased generation of materials that, if improperly dealt with, can threaten both public health and the environment. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under
a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance
between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. These laws direct the EPA to perform
research to define our environmental problems, measure the impacts, and search for solutions.
The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for the planning, implementing, and managing of research, develop-
ment, and demonstration programs to provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis in support of the policies, programs,
and regulations of the EPA with respect to drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes,
and Superfund-related activities. This publication is one of the products of that research and provides a vital communication
link between the researcher and the user community.
This report represents an overview of the Storm & Combined Sewer Pollution Control Research Program (SCSP). These selected
abstracts comprise a fraction of the research performed over a 20-year period, beginning with the mid-1960s. These descriptions
serve as a guide for using the collection. A matrix is provided (centerfold) which targets subject content for each report or
reprint, and serves as a handy locator.
As controls to reduce water pollution from traditional point sources have been implemented, it became more evident that dif-
fuse sources of pollutants, including discharges from separate storm drainage systems and combined sewer overflows (CSO), are
major causes of water quality problems. In response to this situation, Congress required the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), by adding Section 402(p) to the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1987, to regulate stormwater discharges to protect
water quality by establishing comprehensive programs for permit applications, guidance, and management and treatment
requirements. In addition, Section 319 was added to the CWA requiring states to develop nonpoint source assessment and manage-
ment programs. The EPA has also recently implemented a "National CSO Control Strategy" to ensure that CSO meet the technology
and water quality-based requirements of the CWA.
These documents are handy references for the user community faced with the challenges and mandates to combat urban
wet-weather-induced water pollution. They cover the gamut of engineering requirements, from pollution problem assessment
and associated tools, to management and control planning and design.
Those publications which are available from the Center for Environmental Research Information are listed on the order form
in the back of this report. Indicate your choice by circling the appropriate number(s). There is no charge for these.
Those publications which are not available through this office, may be ordered through the following:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
••A,
iii
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This Laboratory is grateful to the principal compiler, Riphard Field, for his long-term efforts and devotion to the SCSP. This
has resulted in more than three hundred reference documents, many of which are internationally recognized. The significant
references are cited in this publication.
The Laboratory would also like to acknowledge Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. especially Francine Everson, Technical
Information Specialist, and Hugh Masters, the EPA Project Officer of the overall contract, for their contributions to this report.
'
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DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER
INTERNAL
IN-SYSTEM
STORAGE,
SUBCATCHMENT
EXCESS FLOW
TREATMENT CONTROL
TREATED ,
EXCESS FLOW
DISCHARGE
TREATED
EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE
o
CONTROL
DWF TREATMENT FACILITY
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1967
EPA NO: 11020-12/67
NTIS NO: PB-214469
PROBLEMS OF COMBINED SEWER FACILITIES
AND OVERFLOWS - 1967
The effects and means of correcting combined sewer overflows
and separate storm and sanitary sewer discharges were inven-
toried on a national basis in 1967 and compiled in this report.
On-site personal interviews with the public officials of approx-
imately 900 communities in the United States collected over
250,000 pieces of data which have been analysed and grouped
by state, river basin, and population group to define the problems
of combined sewer facilities and overflows. Nationwide projec-
tions were made for major items of interest, including area and
population served by combined sewers, overflow locations, type
and number of regulators, associated land and water uses,
estimates of costs for sewer separation by states, alternate con-
trol and/or treatment methods and consideration of other aspects
of the overall problem. Findings, conclusions and recommenda-
tions are presented in summary form.
1970
EPA NO: 11024-06/70
NTIS NO: PB-193939
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGY
This compilation of papers entitled "Combined Sewer Overflow
Abatement Technology" has been prepared and made available
to you so that you can benefit from the current demonstration
grants and contracts that are being supported by the FWQA.
During a two-day Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow Sym-
posium, several demonstration projects were discussed. Material
from these projects include: (1) alternatives to storm and combined
sewer pollution in a small urban area; (2) screening and air floata-
tion for solids removal; (3) underflow deep tunnel system concept;
(4) urban erosion and sediment control; (5) sewer monitoring and
remote control; (6) combined sewer overflow regulators; (7) use
of fine mesh screens; and (8) land use and urban runoff pollution.
1969
EPA NO: 11030DNS01/69
NTIS NO: PB-215532
WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF
A study was conducted to determine the factors in the urban
environment which contribute to the pollution of urban storm-
water runoff and to determine methods to limit this source of water
pollution. It was found that street refuse/litter could be a signifi-
cant factor when the nature of the shock discharge of the pollu-
tion is considered.
An evaluation was made of the efficiency of street cleaning
methods and limitations of commonly used equipment explored.
Catch basins in conjunction with street inlets to the stormwater
disposal system were also determined to be a potential major
source of pollution as large quantities of septic liquid are released
during periods of stormwater runoff.
Other potential sources of pollution considered included air pol-
lution, roof discharges, and chemicals used in the urban envirojn-
ment. Surveys were made to determine national patterns. ,A
comprehensive set of "typical" ordinances governing a wide
sampling of possible sources of urban stormwater runoff pollution
were compiled and are included in the report.
Findings and recommendations are included in summary form.
1970
EPA NO: 11022DMU07/70
NTIS NO: PB-2J5902
COMBINED SEWER REGULATOR
OVERFLOW FACILITIES
REPORT
Current design, operation and maintenance practices used by local
jurisdictions in the United States and Canada were determined
by personal interviews and compiled in this report. Particular
attention was given to the performance of various types of
regulators, the use of tide gates, new designs, European practices
and the systems concept of combined sewer regulation. Thirty-
seven drawings and photographs of regulators are included. Seven-
teen recommendations are made, the adoption of which would
upgrade regulator facilities and tend to reduce receiving water
pollution from combined sewer overflows.
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1970
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
11022DMU08/70
PB-I95676
COMBINED SEWER REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT
A MANUAL OF PRACTICE
Design application, operation and maintenance of combined
sewer overflow regulator facilities are detailed in this Manual of
Practice, developed in conjunction with a report prepared on com-
bined sewer overflow regulators.
Design calculations are given for various types of regulators and
tide gates. A sample regulator facility control program is given
to illustrate the development of a control system. Operation and
maintenance guidelines are also given. Thirty-eight sketches and
photographs are included.
1970
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
11022EFF12/ZO
PB-200827
CONTROL OF INFILTRATION AND INFLOW
INTO SEWER SYSTEMS
Two hundred and twelve public jurisdictions in the United States
and Canada were contacted, and 26 communities were visited.
Practices of consulting engineers and state and provincial water
pollution control agencies were also surveyed.
The surveys indicated that infiltration and inflow are widespread
problems.
Reduction of infiltration should be stressed in both new and old
systems. For new sewers a construction allowance of no more than
200 gallons per day per inch of diameter per mile of pipe is recom-
mended. Existing systems must be extensively investigated to
determine the extent and location of infiltration. Reduction of in-
flow waters can be accomplished after sources of such flows have
been identified, alternate methods of disposal identified, and the
backing of public and governing bodies secured.
Twenty recommendations are given indicating the need for
extensive investigation of the extent of the infiltration/inflow
problem before relief sewers are constructed or wastewater treat-
ment plants built or enlarged.
The report includes 43 tables, an extensive review of reports con-
cerning local infiltration studies, and a bibliography of 135
references.
A companion document, "Manual of Practice, Prevention and
Correction of Excessive Infiltration and Inflow into Sewer Systems,"
EPA No. 11022EFF01/71, was also prepared.
1971
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
11022EFF01/71
PB- 203208
PREVENTION AND CORRECTION OF EXCESSIVE
INFILTRATION AND INFLOW INTO SEWER SYSTEMS
A MANUAL OF PRACTICE
As a result of a national study of the sources and prevention of
infiltration and inflow, a Manual of Practice was proposed. The
Manual is intended to serve as a guide to local officials in
evaluating their construction practices, conducting surveys to
determine the extent and location of infiltration and inflow, the
making of economic analyses of the cost of excessive infiltra-
tion/inflow waters, and instituting corrective action.
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1971
EPA NO: 11020FAL03/71
NTISNO: PB-202236
EVALUATION OF STORM STANDBY TANKS
COLUMBUS, OHIO
The Whittier Street Storm Standby Tanks, completed in 1932, werfe
designed to provide partial treatment to combined sewer
overflows. By 1965 complaints from nearby residents about odor
resulting from accumulation and removal of sludge in the tanks
became numerous. To overcome this problem, the City modified
the tanks in 1967 and 1968. The main modifications consisted of
moving scrapers and sludge pumps to carry sludge from sumps
in the tanks to the O.S.I.S. downstream of the Whittier Street Plant
Samples of influent and effluent were obtained, and laboratory
tests made for 24 storm periods consisting of 67 composite samples
between May 1968 and June 1969, to evaluate the effectiveness
of the modified storm standby tanks.
Reductions in concentrations of total suspended solids from 15
to 45 percent can be expected with the detention time being from
20 to 180 minutes. The expected effluent concentrations range
from 50 to 230 mg//.
Similar reductions can be expected for settleable solids, the ranges
being from 20 to over 80 percent with the detention time being
between 20 and 180 minutes. The effluent values vary from 0.3
to 1.55 ml//.
The expected reductions in BOD concentrations range from 15
to 35 percent with the detention time varying from 20 to 180
minutes. The expected effluent values are between 35 and 100
mg//.
The expected improvement of dissolved oxygen ranges from J8
percent with an influent value of 70 percent saturation to 200 per-
cent with an influent value of 10 percent saturation.
Inasmuch as the tanks do not operate during dry-weather flow
periods when stream pollution problems are greatest, they can-
not be considered as making a major contribution to pollution
abatement. However, the tanks do significantly improve the quali-
ty of the storm flow passing through the tanks but this usually
occurs when stream flows are decidedly greater than the dry-
weather flow and when the quality of the stream flows are not
particularly bad.
As known, indirect benefits from the long term usage of the system
would exist in the reduced amount of load applied to the stream,
even at a time when the stream could handle such load. However,
the scope of this study was not intended to evaluate this obvious
benefit.
1971
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
11040GKK06/71
PB-203493
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HIGHWAY DEICING
Deicing agents for removal of ice and snow from highways and
streets are essential to wintertime road maintenance in most areas
of the U.S. Due to the ever-increasing use of highway deicing
materials, there has been growing concern as to environmental
effects resulting from these practices. This state-of-the-art report
critically reviews the available information on methods, equip-
ment and materials used for snow and ice removal; chlorides found
in rainfall and municipal sewage during the winter; salt runoff
from streets and highways; deicing compounds found in surface
streams, public water supplies, groundwater, farm ponds and lakes;
special additives incorporated into deicing agents; vehicular cor-
rosion and deterioration of highway structures and pavements;
and effects on roadside soils, vegetation and trees. It is concluded
that highway deicing can cause injury and damage across a wide
environmental spectrum. Recommendations describe future
research, development and demonstration efforts necessary to
assess and reduce the adverse impact of highway deicing. This
report was prepared by the Storm and! Combined Sewer Pollution
Control Section, Edison Water Quality Laboratory, Water Quality
Office (presently The Storm & Combined Sewer Pollution Con-
trol Program, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory) of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
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1973
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-670/2-73-077
PB-231836
1973
EPA NO: EPA-R2-73-257
NTIS NO: PB-22279S/7BA
WATER POLLUTION AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS
FROM STREET SALTING
This report comprises a state-of-the-art review of highway de-
icing practices and associated environmental effects.
The bare'pavement policy has resulted in a great increase in the
use of deicing salts, in many cases replacing the abrasives pre-
viously used. However, no conclusive evidence has been found
to substantiate that salt usage makes winter travel safer.
Besides chemical melting, various methods for anti-icing/de-
icing are available or have been conceived (external and in-slab
thermal melting systems; mobile thermal "snow melters;" com-
pressed air or high speed fluid streams in conjunction with
snowplow blades or sweepers; snow/ice adhesion reducing
[hydrophobic/icephobic] substances; improved vehicular and/or
tire design) which may become more prominent in the future
especially when communities realize that a price must be paid
to alleviate the environmental effects of wintertime salting.
Salt storage facilities often become a major contributing source
of local groundwater and surface water contamination and veg-
etation damage. Coverage and proper drainage of salt piles is
becoming more prevalent, but there has not been an adequate
acceptance of approved practices and a proper recognition' of
pollution problems associated with this material storage. Types
of enclosed structures are illustrated, and cost considerations
given.
High chloride concentration levels have been found in roadway
runoff. The special additives in deicing salts may create more
severe pollution problems than the chloride salts. Many road-
side wells, due to contamination by salt laden runoff, have had
to be replaced in such snow belt states as New Hampshire, Maine,
and Massachusetts. Widespread damage of roadside soils and
vegetation has been observed in areas of liberal salt usage.
Areas of future research are also indicated in this report.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR PAPERS
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in conjunction with
the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
conducted three one-day seminars on the problem of wet-weather
flow pollution abatement. Many facets of the problem were con-
sidered including a brief overview of its magnitude and what the
federal government is doing to manage and control this source
of pollution. Various management, control and treatment tech-
niques were described and the most up-to-date information on
design and economics was presented. The audience consisted of
consulting and municipal engineers from all areas of New York
State.
This is a compilation of technical papers and discussions presented
at these seminars.
1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/2-74-033
NTIS NO: PB-236152
MANUAL FOR DEICING CHEMICALS:
STORAGE AND HANDLING
This report contains the results of a study conducted for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to minimize the loss to the en-
vironment of chemicals used in controlling snow and ice on
highways. Based on the best current practices for highway
maintenance as observed during two years of study, practical
guidelines are presented for good practice in the storage and
handling of deicing chemicals.
1. Covered storage of salt and other deicing chemicals is strongly
recommended; permanent structures for this purpose are
preferable. Guidelines are given for site selection and for design
of foundations, paved working area, and site drainage. Existing
storage facilities are presented that represent a range of costs,
designs, construction materials and storage .capacities.
2. For the handling of salt and other deicing chemicals, general
precautions and good housekeeping practices are defined.
3. Environmental responsibilities are discussed for personnel who
administer and supervise highway maintenance.
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1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/2-74-040
NTISNO: PB-240687
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
AN ASSESSMENT
A comprehensive investigation and assessment of promising, com-
pleted, and ongoing urban stormwater projects, representative
of the state-of-the-art in abatement theory and technology, has
been accomplished. The results, presented in textbook format,
provide a compendium of project information on management
and technology alternatives within a framework of problem iden-
tification, evaluation procedures, and program assessment and
selection. . 1
Essentially every metropolitan area of the United States has a
stormwater problem, whether served by a combined sewer system
(approximately 29 percent of the total sewered population) or a
separate sewer system. However, the tools for reducing stormwater
pollution, in the form of demonstrated processes and devices, do
exist providing many-faceted approach techniques to individual
situations. These tools are constantly being increased in number
and improved upon as a part of a continuing nationwide research
and development effort. The most promising approaches to date
Involve the integrated use of control and treatment systems with
an areawide, multidisciplinary perspective.
1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/2-74-045
NTISNO: PB-239694
MANUAL FOR DEICING CHEMICALS:
APPLICATION PRACTICES
This report contains the results of a study conducted for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to minimize the loss to the
environment of chemicals used in controlling snow and ice on
highways. Based on the best current practices for highway
maintenance as observed during two years of study, practical
guidelines are presented for the use of deicing chemicals.
1. Supervisory aspects of proper chemical usage are defined,
including organization and personnel training.
2. Efficient snow and ice control requires good judgement and
appropriate action. Elements of proper decision-making are
discussed, including weather forecasting, setting chemical applica-
tion rates, and accounting for chemical usage.
3. The backbone of winter road maintenance is equipment.
General requirements and major equipment classes are described,
including recent improvements and advantages or disadvantages.
Methods are given for accurate spreader calibrations.
4. Means are described for developing and enlisting the support
of citizens and drivers for winter road maintenance policies.
5. Legal requirements for and constraints on snow and ice control
are described.
1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/2-74-049
NTISNO: PB-235771
MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS - PHASE III
A microstrainer with a stainless steel screen having openings of
23 microns reduced the suspended solids (SS) of the combined
sewer overflow from 50 to 300 mg//to 40 to 60 mg//operating
at an average rate of 38.4 m/hr (16 gpm/sq ft). The addition of
polyelectrolyte improved the overall performance of the
microstrainer. The effluent SS was reduced to an average of 23
mg//and the flow rates increased to an average of 87.5 m/hr (36
gpm/sq ft).
The combined sewer served a residential area in Philadelphia com-
prised of 4.5 hectares (11.2 acres). The average dry-weather flow
was 91 cu m/day (24000 gpd). The average overflow rates en-
countered were about 70 times the average dry-weather flow.
An extensive coagulation study revealed that moderately charged,
high molecular weight, cationic polyelectrolytes were the most
suitable for this particular application. The concentrations applied
ranged from 0.25 to 1.5 mg/ "*\
'* \
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1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/2-74-090
NTISNO: PB-240498
COUNTERMEASURES FOR POLLUTION FROM OVERFLOWS
THE STATE OF THE ART
Control and/or treatment of stormwater discharges and combined
sewage overflows from urban areas are problems of increasing
importance in the field of water quality management. Over the
past decade much research effort has been expended and a large
amount of data has been generated, primarily through the actiqns
and support of the EPA's Storm and Combined Sewer Research
and Development Program. Presented in this text are selected
results of a comprehensive investigation and assessment of prom-
ising, completed and ongoing projects, representative of the state-
of-the-art in abatement theory and technology; a look at recent
legislation; and the identification of program needs and emphasis.
Combined sewer overflows are major sources of water pollution
problems, but even discharges of stormwater alone can seriously
affect water quality. Current approaches involve control of over-
flows, treatment and combinations of the two. Control may involve
maximizing treatment with existing facilities, control of infiltra-
tion and extraneous inflows, surface sanitation and management,
as well as flow regulation and storage. A number of treatment
methods have been evaluated including high rate screening and
microstraining, ultra high rate filtration, dissolved air flotation,
physical/chemical treatment, and modified biological processes.
A swirl flow regulator/solids separator of anular shape con-
struction with no moving parts has been developed. High rate
disinfection methods, including new disinfectants, have been
applied.
Promising approaches involve integrated use of controls and treat-
ment. The most disappointing have generally lacked flexibility
in their operation and design. Mathematical models have been
developed and successfully applied at multiple levels of sophistica-
tion and complexity.
1974
EPA NO: EPA-670/9-74-004
NTIS NO: PB-273440/8
EXCERPTS FROM
CONTROL OF INFILTRATION AND INFLOW
INTO SEWER SYSTEMS
AND
PREVENTION AND CORRECTION OF EXCESSIVE
INFILTRATION AND INFLOW INTO SEWER SYSTEMS:
A MANUAL OF PRACTICE
This is a brief report providing excerpts from two complete
reports, that are extensive state-of-the-art and manual-of-practice
documents, respectively, on the control of infiltration and inflow
into sewer systems.
Refer to EPA Nos. 11022EFF12/70 and 11022EFF01/71 for the
complete abstracts.
1975
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-75-027
NTISNO: PB-250371
SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT
A STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT
A brief review of the characteristics of storm and combined sewer
flows is given, followed by a general discussion of the need for
such flow measurement, the types of flow data required, and the
time element in flow data. A discussion of desirable flow measur-
ing equipment characteristics presents both equipment require-
ments as well as desirable features and includes an equipment
evaluation sheet that can be used for a particular application.
A compendium of over 70 different generic types of primary flow
measurement devices, arranged according to the fundamental
physical principles involved, is presented along with evaluations
as to their suitability for measurement of storm or combined sewer
flows. To illustrate the implementation of the physical principles,
a number of commercially available devices for flow measure-
ment are briefly described.
1975
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-75-065
NTISNO: PB-250987
AN ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMATIC SEWER
FLOW SAMPLERS - 1975
A brief review of the characteristics of storm and combined sewer
flows is given followed by a general discussion of the purposes
for and requirements of a sampling program. The desirable
characteristics of automatic sampling equipment are set forth and
problem areas are outlined.
A compendium of 82 model classes covering over 200 models of
commercially available and custom designed automatic samplers
is given with descriptions and characterizations of each unit
presented along with an evaluation of its suitability for a storm
and/or combined sewer application.
A review of field experience with automatic sampling equipment
is given covering problems encountered and lessons learned. A
technical assessment of the state-of-the-art in automatic sampler
technology is presented, and design guides for development of
a new, improved automatic sampler for use in storm and com-
bined sewers are given.
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1975
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-670/2-75-011
PB-242001
PHYSICAL AND SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS
OF PARTICULATES IN STORM AND
SANITARY WASTEWATERS
An investigation was conducted, as part of model studies utiliz-
ing a swirl concentrator as a primary separator, helical combined
sewer overflow regulator, and related studies, to characterize the
properties of solids in sanitary sewage, combined sewer overflows,
and stormwater runoff. To effectuate this study, material suitable
for monitoring removal efficiencies in hydraulic models of the swirl!
concentrator unit has been developed.
The approach taken in the simulation sewage studies was to match
as closely as possible the settling characteristics of solids in three
types of sewage and/or urban runoff with a well-defined, uniform
artificial test material. An Amberlite anion exchange resin:
fJRA-93), when ground and sieved to between 74 and 149 microns,
was found to closely simulate the settling characteristics of
domestic sewage. This material is of uniform density and appears;
to react according to Stokes' law for spherical particles at this size
range. Arizona Road Dust, between 10 and 20 microns, was found
to exhibit a similar settling velocity distribution.
Importantly, as background information for the selection of syn-
thesized solids, the settling characteristics (including size and
specific gravity distribution) of a few samples of sanitary sewage,
combined sewer overflow, and stormwater were determined.
These values will be useful for future determinations of physical
treatment process design and associated treatability.
This report on these studies recommends that either or both of
these materials be used in the scale-model efficiency trials.
1976
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-76-006
NTIS NO: PB-252613
DESIGN AND TESTING OF A PROTOTYPE
AUTOMATIC SEWER SAMPLING SYSTEM
A brief review of the characteristics of storm and combined sewer
flows is given, followed by a discussion of the requirements for
equipment to sample them, noting features that are desirable in
such equipment and problem areas. When considered from a
systems viewpoint, there are five functional subsystems. Design
considerations for each of these are discussed, followed by a
description of the design implementation used for each subsystem
in the fabrication and assembly of a prototype automatic sewer
sampling system intended for storm and combined sewer applica-
tion and other adverse sewer flow conditions.
The prototype sampler is described from an installation and opera-
tion viewpoint, and the results of preliminary field testing are
discussed. The device was also tested under controlled laboratory
conditions and found to be capable of gathering reasonably
representative samples (i.e., within 10%) over a fairly wide range
of flow characteristics, even for particles somewhat outside the
regime of Stokes' law. Four different commercially available
samplers were tested under the same flow conditions in a side
by side fashion. Their behavior was rather erratic, and they were
not able to gather representative samples consistently. None of
them was capable of good performance when appreciable bed
load was present. Results from these commercial units ranged from
an overall understatement of pollutant loading by 25% or more,
to overstatements of 200% and more.
1.976
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-600/2-76-095
PB-252223
URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAM OVERVIEW: FY'76
FY'76 review of EPA's Urban Runoff Pollution Control Research,
Development, and Demonstration Program - The review describes
the basic problems associated with urban runoff (both technical
and administrative) and the approach that EPA's R&D program
has and is taking to combat theses problems. Information is
presented on flood control, erosion control and the basic pollu-
tion problems created by wet-weather flows. Nationwide cost re-
quirements for abating urban runoff pollution and available abate-
ment technology along with ongoing and perceived developments
are discussed. Of overlying importance is the presentation of EPA's
research direction and desired goals oriented toward a truer con-
cept of solution methodology.
Details in summary and abstract form are presented covering the
gamut of technologic advancements resulting from some 150 R&D
projects. Stormwater management is broken down into the
categories of: problem definition, user assistance tools, land
management, collection system control, storage, treatment,
sludge/solids, integrated systems, and technical assistance/
technology transfer.
General cost comparisons for urban runoff pollution control/treat-
ment are given along with a specific example of a cost-effective
solution for urban runoff pollution control by in-line storage in
Seattle, Washington, and a simplified hypothetical plan for wet-
weather flow pollution abatement for the Des Moines, Iowa area.
M."H*."AWi*.'i"JI«. W» if -JV*-. VvW&A^W>*iWiV*f -. vXf. ^'^•V.^^.X' ^1.
-------
1976
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-76-145
NTIS NO: PB-258743
METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF URBAN STORM
GENERATED POLLUTION AND CONTROL
This report contains recommendations for standard procedures
to be followed in the conduct of projects dealing with pollution
assessment and abatement of storm generated discharges. The
purpose of this project was to develop standard procedures needed
to insure that all discharges and treatment processes could be
evaluated by the same means. The procedures chosen were those
found to be the most applicable and optimum for the field of storm
and combined sewer overflow pollution control.
The project efforts were devoted to the major areas listed below.
1. Recommended methods for sampling and sample
preservation.
2. Appropriate monitoring instrumentation available.
3. The choice of quality parameters to be utilized.
4. The analytical procedures to be followed.
5. The methods for evaluating storm generated discharge
pollution.
6. The standard procedures for evaluating treatment processes
treating storm generated flows.
Choice of the recommended procedures was based upon the EPA
research and demonstration project reports in this and associated
fields, other published literature, ongoing EPA funded projects,
and the contractor's experience in the field of stormwater pollu-
tion control.
1976
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-76-218
NTIS NO: PB-258074
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A
SIMPLIFIED STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MODEL
A simplified stormwater management model has been created to
provide an inexpensive, flexible tool for planning and preliminary
sizing of stormwater facilities.
The model delineates a methodology to be used in the manage-
ment of stormwater and consists of a series of interrelated tasks
that combine small computer programs and hand computations.
The model successfully introduces time and probability into storm-
water analysis, promotes total system consciousness on the part
of the user, and assists in establishing size-effectiveness relation-
ships for facilities.
Throughout this report, data from the City of Rochester, New York,
is presented and analysed as a working example.
1976
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-600/2-76-244
PB-263030
PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOP ON MICROORGANISMS
IN URBAN STORMWATER
This workshop was held on March 29,1975 at Edison, New Jersey.
The aim was to exchange, information obtained from EPA Office
of Research and Development, Storm and Combined Sewer
Program sponsored projects so as to foster a better understand-
ing of microorganisms in urban storm runoff and combined sewer
overflow.
Workshop emphasis was placed on the following aspects:
a. Procedures for pathogenic microorganism assays
b. Relationship between pathogenic and coliform group
microorganisms
c. Disinfection and aftergrowth of microorganisms
d. Viruses in stormwater
1976
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-76-275
NTIS NO: PB-259916
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL
LEVEL I
PRELIMINARY SCREENING PROCEDURES
The original EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) pro-
vides a detailed simulation of the quantity and quality of storm
water during a specified precipitation event lasting a few hours.
This model is widely used. However, it is too detailed for many
users. Indeed, there is a need for a wide range of evaluation tech-
niques ranging from simple to complex procedures. In particular,
urban planning efforts need simplified procedures to permit
preliminary screening of alternatives.
In response to this need, four levels of stormwater management
models have been prepared and are being released this year. This
initial volume presents a "desktop" procedure which was de-
veloped to do a nationwide assessment of stormwater pollution
control costs. The next three models will be computer based and
provide increasing amounts of detail.
The desktop procedure permits the user to estimate the quantity
and quality of urban runoff in the combined, storm, and
unsewered portions of each urban area in his jurisdiction. Using
generalized results from the nationwide assessment, the optimal
mix of storage and treatment and its associated costs may be
estimated. Also, comparisons between tertiary treatment and
stormwater management are presented. Lastly, possible savings
due to integrated management of domestic wastewater, storm-
water quality, and stormwater quantity are evaluated.
-------
1976
EPA NO:
NTISNO:
EPA-600/2-76-286
PB-266359
COST ESTIMATING MANUAL
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
STORAGE AND TREATMENT
Data for estimating average construction costs and operation and
maintenance requirements are presented for combined sewer
overflow treatment plants ranging from about 5 to 200 million
gallons per day in capacity, and storage facilities ranging in size
from 1 to 240 million gallons. Estimating data are included for
14 separate process functions associated with combined sewer
overflow treatment plants and storage facilities. An example! of
the use of the data is given.
Estimated average construction costs and operation and main-
tenance requirements are related graphically to appropriate single
parameters for respective plant components. In addition, cost com-
ponents of the process functions are presented to enable inflating
cost-related materials and wages.
The data presented provides means of estimating costs and
operating and maintenance requirements for a variety of facilities
on an average basis, but do not supplant the need for detailed
study of local conditions or recognition of changing design
requirements in preparing estimates for specific applications.
1976
VOL.1
EPA NO: EPA-600/9-76/014-1
NTISNO: PB-271864/1
VOL. 2
EPA NO: EPA-600/9-76/014-2
NTIS NO: PB-271865/8
VOL.3
EPA NO: EPA-600/9-76/014-3
NTISNO: PB-271866/6
SET
NTIS NO: PB-271863
AREAWIDE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES MANUAL
VOLUME I, VOLUME II, VOLUME III
This manual summarizes and presents in condensed form a range
of available procedures and methodologies that are available JEor
identifying and estimating pollutant load generation and transport
from major sources within water quality management planning
areas. Although an annotated chapter is provided for the assess-
ment of non-urban pollutant loads, the major emphasis of the
manual is directed toward the assessment of problems and selec-
tion of alternatives in urban areas, with particular concern for
stormwater related problems. Also included in the manual are
methodologies for assessing the present and future water quality
impacts from major sources as well as summaries of available
information and techniques for analysis and selection of struc-
tural and non-structural control alternatives.
This manual is structured to present problem assessment and
impact analysis approaches for several levels of planning
sophistication. Simple procedures are recommended for initial
analysis to develop the insight and problem understanding to guide
the application of more complex techniques where required.
11977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-017d
NTISNO: PB-279248
SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION, REHABILITATION AND
NEW CONSTRUCTION
A MANUAL OF PRACTICE
This Manual of Practice has been prepared for use by local
authorities and consulting engineers for the investigation of sewer
systems for infiltration/inflow. This Manual discusses three areas:
sewer system evaluation, sewer rehabilitation, and design of new
systems to minimize infiltration/inflow.
Procedures for conducting the System Analysis and Sewer System
Evaluation Study (SSES) are described in detail.
Sewer cleaning equipment and methods of sewer inspection are
discussed in detail. Factors which govern the cost of conducting
work are given. Rehabilitation techniques are described and an
analysis of factors to be considered for each method described.
Establishment of infiltration limits for new construction is recom-
mended at a rate not to exceed 200 gal/in.-diam/mi/day (185.2
//cm-diam/km/day). Methods of testing are explained in detail.
1977
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-600/2-77-047
PB-264452
URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL-
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
This Overview describes the major elements of the Urban Runoff
Pollution Control Program. Problem definition, user assistance
tools, management alternatives and technology transfer are
covered, including some of the highlights of the Program's future
direction and products from over 150 of its research projects.
References are cited for completed Program reports, ongoing Pro-
gram projects, and in-house documents.
Capital cost comparisons for storm and combined sewer con-
trol/treatment are given, along with a specific example of cost-
effect solution for urban runoff pollution control by in-line storage
in Seattle. In a study done in Des Moines, using a simplified receiv-
ing water model, four control alternatives were compared, con-
sidering cost and effectiveness in terms of a frequency of D.O.
standard violations.
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10
-------
1977
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-SOO/2-77-053a
PB-270212
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-051
NTIS NO: PB-270092
CATCHBASIN TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
AND ASSESSMENT
An overview and assessment of current catchbasin technology
has been prepared to provide engineers and municipal managers
with technical and economic information on catchbasins and some
alternatives so that they can make intelligent, informed decisions
on runoff collection systems in light of pollution control legisla-
tion, the municipality's financial status, and its particular storm-
water runoff characteristics.
Various catchbasin configurations and sizes were evaluated for
hydraulic and pollutant removal efficiencies using hydraulic model-
ing analyses.
Detailed study findings are presented in sections dealing with (1)
a state-of-the-art review* (2) a review of variables affecting catch-
basin efficiency, (3) hydraulic modeling analyses, (4) an assess-
ment of the role Of catchbasins, (5) an economic evaluation of alter-
native storm and combined sewer designs, and (6) a review of re-
cent developments and continuing program needs. Detailed ex-
ample problems of the evaluation of catchbasin performance and
economics are included.
A recommended catchbasin design configuration based upon
hydraulic performance and sediment capture efficiency is
presented.
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGES FROM
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW TREATMENT
PHASE I - CHARACTERIZATION
This report summarizes the results of a characterization and treat-
ment test program undertaken to develop optimum means of
handling and disposal of residual sludges from combined sewer
overflow (CSO) treatment systems. Desk top engineering reviews
were also conducted to gather, analyse and evaluate pertinent
information relating to pump/bleedback of the treatment residuals
to the dry-weather sludge handling/treatment and disposal
facilities.
The results indicate that the volumes and characteristics of the
residuals produced from CSO treatment vary widely. For the
residuals evaluated in this study, the volumes ranged from less
: than 1% to 6% of the raw volume treated and contained 0.12%
to 11% suspended solids. The volatile content of these sludges
varied between 25% and 63% with biological treatment residuals
showing the highest volatile content and fuel values. The heavy
metal and pesticide concentrations of the various sludges were
observed to be significant and are presented.
It was concluded that the pump/bleedback of CSO treatment
residuals may not be practical for an entire city because of the
possibility of hydraulic and/or solids overloading of the dry-
weather treatment facilities and other adverse effects. However,
controlled pump/bleedback on a selective basis may be feasible.
For low solids content residuals (storage, screen backwash, waste
activated sludge, etc.), gravity or flotation thickening were con-
cluded to be the optimum steps for the removal of the major water
portion while centrifugation and vacuum filtration were concluded
to be the optimum dewatering techniques for the high solids con-
tent residuals (settled storage treatment sludge, flotation scum and
other thickened sludges) prior to their ultimate disposal by incin-
eration or landfill. As a result of the findings and conclusions
of this initial study, the EPA conducted a followup study (see
EPA-600/2-77-053c) to:
1. Evaluate on a pilot scale basis the process treatment systems
of thickening followed by centrifugation or vacuum filtration for
handling and disposing of CSO treatment sludges, as well as
stabilization methods such as anaerobic digestion.
2. Develop capital and operating costs for the above mentioned
treatment systems.
3. Evaluate alternative methods for ultimate disposal of storm
generated residuals and assess the potential impacts of such
handling and disposal.
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USEPA REPORT NUMBER
AVAILABLE FROM NTIS ONLY
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
STORMWATER
INFILTRATION/INFLOW
GENERAL /OVERVIEW
MONITORING /ANALYSIS
CHARACTERIZATION
RECEIVING WATER/ ECOLOGICAL
IMPACTS
CASE STUDIES
MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION
MODELING
FLOW/
DISCHARGE
TYPE
POLLUTION
PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT
1JI
DESIGN/SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
LAND MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION SYSTEM CONTROL
INFILTRATION/INFLOW CONTROL'
STORAGE
TREATMENT
DISINFECTION
SLUDGE /SOLIDS HANDLING
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
CASE STUDIES
MANAGEMENT/ CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
13
-------
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-053b
NTIS NO: PB-280309
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGES FROM
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW TREATMENT
PHASE II - IMPACT ASSESSMENT
capital costs range from $447-10,173/ha ($181-4129/ac) with an-
nual costs of $139-1630/ha ($56-660/ac). It is recommended that
the use of grit removal, lime stabilization and gravity thickening,
plus dewatering, be further investigated to establish specific design
criteria related to CSO sludge.
This report documents the results of an assessment of the effort
that the United States will have to exert in the area of sludge handl-
ing and disposal if, in fact, full-scale treatment of combined sewer
overflows (CSO) is to become a reality. The results indicate that
nationwide an average yearly sludge volume of 156 x 106 cu in
(41.5 x 109 gal.) could be expected from CSO if complete CSO treat-
ment were achieved. This compares to a raw primary sludge
volume of 60.9 x 106 cu m (16.1 x 109 gal.). However, the average
solids concentration in CSO sludge is about 1% compared to
2-7% In raw primary sludges. This is due to the high volume, low
solids residuals generated by treatment processes employing
screens. The sludge volume generated and the reported
characteristics of the sludge vary widely, depending on the type
of treatment process used. The most notable differences from raw
primary sludge were the high grit and low volatile solids content
In CSO residuals plus their intermittent generation.
Evaluation of the effect of bleed/pump-back of CSO sludge on
the hydraulic, solids and/or organic loadings to the dry-weather
plant indicated that overloading would occur in most instances.
Disregarding grit accumulation in sewers plus other transport
problems, it was established that solids loadings to the secondary
clarifier were limiting and required 8-22 day bleed/pump-back
periods. There may also be a toxic danger to dry-weather treatf
mcnt plant biological processes.
The most promising treatment trains were found to include possi-
ble grit removal, lime stabilization, optional gravity thickening,
optional dewatering and land application or landfill. Land applica-
tion systems can be considered as viable alternatives for CSO treat-
ment and disposal. The cost of the collection-transportation and/or
equalization system may be the crucial factor in disallowing the
alternative of direct application of raw CSO. If CSO treatment is
employed by a city, land spreading of CSO sludges should be
evaluated. Public health concerns dictate sludge stabilization
before disposal and pollutant loading limitations based on nitrogen
and heavy metal concentrations. An environmentally safe rate
of application was determined as 19.0 metric tons/ha/yr (8.5
tons/ac/yr).
Preliminary economic evaluation indicated that lime stabilization,
storage, gravity thickening, and land application was the most
cost-effective treatment sytem. Costs for overall CSO sludge han-
dling depend on the type of CSO treatment process, volume and
characteristics of the sludge and the size of the CSO area, among
other considerations. Estimates indicate that first investment
1977
EPA. NO: EPA-600/2-77-053c
NTIS NO: PB-281006
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGES FROM
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW TREATMENT
PHASE HI - TREATABILITY STUDIES
This report documents the results of a project initiated to evaluate
the handling and disposal of combined sewer overflow (CSO) treat-
ment residuals. Bench scale thickening and pilot and full-scale
centrifugation dewatering tests were performed at dry-weather
and CSO treatment sites in Kenosha, Racine, and Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. CSO sludge at Kenosha is biologically generated; that
at Milwaukee is physical in nature; and the Racine CSO residuals
are of physical-chemical origin. In addition, bench scale anaerobic
digestion studies were conducted to determine the effect of CSO
sludges on the anaerobic digestion stabilization process.
The results obtained from this project indicated that the dewater-
ing of CSO sludges appears feasible when the sludges are first
degritted, where required, and thickened prior to centrifugation.
Under optimum centrifuge operating conditions, thickened
sludges were dewatered to cake concentrations varying from
14.0% to 32% solids with solids recoveries ranging from 80% to
99%. Similarly, the dry-weather sludges for the test sites were
dewatered to haulable cakes. Moreover, at Kenosha, the dewater-
ing characteristics of wet-dry weather sludge mixtures were
similar to those for CSO sludge alone. The bench scale anaerobic
digestion studies showed that no significant adverse effect was
realized by adding CSO generated sludges to dry-weather digesters
at feed rates similar to that expected from a typical storm event.
Preliminary economic estimates indicate that first investment
capital costs for thickening-centrifigation of CSO sludges ranged
from 0.31 to 2.92 million dollars with annual costs of $49,500 to
$659,300 per year when handling 4.0 to 36.5 tons dry sludge per
day. These cost ranges were developed respectively, for the cities
of Racine, WI (population - 90,700; CSO area - 702 acres), and
Milwaukee, WI (population - 670,000, CSO area - 16,800 acres).
The report recommends that a full-scale CSO sludge dewatering
facility employing degritting, thickening, and centrifugation
should be developed as a demonstration site for a further evalua-
tion of the treatment of CSO residuals.
, 14
-------
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-064a
NTISNO: PB-273133
NATIONWIDE EVALUATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORMWATER DISCHARGES
VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A study was conducted by the American Public Works Associa-
tion and the University of Florida to determine: the cost of
abating pollution from combined sewer overflows and urban
stormwater, the impact of such pollutional discharges on receiv-
ing waters, and the pollution potential of such discharges. The
study was based upon the availability of existing data and predic-
tion models.
Continuous simulation runs using one year of hourly data were
made to determine the attainable level of pollution control with
a specified availability of storage volume and treatment rate in
five cities: Atlanta, Denver, Minneapolis, San Francisco, and
Washington, D.C. This procedure was used to derive generalized
equations relating pollution control to storage and treatment.
These results were combined into a simple optimization model
which determined the optimal mix of storage and treatment for
any feasible level of control for any city. Then the nationwide
assessment is presented. The results indicate annual costs rang-
ing from $297 million for 25 percent pollution control to $5,029
million for 85 percent pollution control. The corresponding
initial capital investment ranges from $2,476 million for 25 percent
control to $41,900 million for 85 percent control. These costs can
be reduced significantly if stormwater pollution control is in-
tegrated with best management practices and integrated into a
multi-purpose program.
The balance of the study analysed existing published and un-
published information to characterize the pollution potential of
urban runoff and to estimate the impact of such runoff on receiv-
ing waters. It was found that there appears to be direct connec-
tions between many parameters such as BOD and suspended solids
with the amount of street refuse. However, some parameters ap-
pear to be related to more site specific factors. As a practical
matter it was found necessary to relate pollution abatement to
BOD and suspended solids, even though there are many other
pollutants in large concentrations such as heavy metals and
phosphorus.
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-064b
NTISNO: PB-266005/8
NATIONWIDE EVALUATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORMWATER DISCHARGES
VOLUME II: COST ASSESSMENT AND IMPACTS
A nationwide assessment has been made of the quantity and quali-
ty of urban storm flow emanating from combined sewers, storm
sewers, and unsewered portions of all 248 urbanized areas and
other urban areas in the United States. Available control alter-
natives and their associated costs were also determined. Con-
tinuous simulation runs using one year of hourly data were made
to determine the attainable level of pollution control with a
specified availability of storage volume and treatment rate in
five cities: Atlanta, Denver, Minneapolis, San Francisco, and
Washington, D.C. This procedure was used to derive generalized
equations relating pollution control to storage and treatment.
These results were combined into a simple optimization model
which determined the optimal mix of storage and treatment for
any feasible level of control for any city. Then the nationwide
assessment is presented. The results indicate annual costs rang-
ing from $297 million for 25 percent pollution control to $5,029
million for 85 percent control. These costs can be reduced
significantly if stormwater pollution control is integrated with best '
management practices and integrated into a multi-purpose
program.
The entire results from this project are contained in the three
volumes: EPA-600/2-77-064a, EPA-600/2-77-064b, and
EPA-600/2-77- 064c.
1,5
-------
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-064C
NTISNO: PB-272107
NATIONWIDE EVALUATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORMWATER DISCHARGES
VOLUME HI: CHARACTERIZATION OF DISCHARGES
An analysis was made of existing data to characterize the pollu-
tional strength of urban stormwater runoff and combined sewer
overflows. Published and unpublished data were evaluated. ;
Extensive evaluation was made of census track data to develop
data concerning land use and population densities in urban areas
to assist modeling of urban stormwater discharge.
Utilizing the developed data, an analysis of receiving water
impacts was made.
It was found that much of the available data was developed
without consideration of the quantity of flow at the time quality
was being considered. A wide variety of methods used to sample
flows further complicates the use of much reported data.
The estimated runoff pollutional contributions were found to
exceed any contributions of treated sanitary flows at the time of
a storm event. Thus, runoff pollution can govern the quality of
receiving water due to the shock effect and long-term buildup
of solids.
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2.77-087
NTISNO: PB-272245
MICROORGANISMS IN URBAN STORMWATER
Microbiological quantitative assays of Baltimore City urban runoff
were conducted throughout a 12 month period to show the rela-
tionships to several factors such as separate or combined sewer
flow, urban characteristics of drainage area, rainfall, and quantity
of flow during and between rain storms. In general, there, was a
consistently high recovery of both pathogenic and indicator
organisms throughout the study except for Shigella sp. which is
believed to have been present but could not be isolated due to
interferences during the culture procedure. There appeared to be
little relationship between pathogen recovery and season of the
year, amount of rainfall, period of the antecedent rainfall, and
stream flow. The most concentrated pathogens were Pseudomonas
aeruginosa andStaphylococcus aureus at levels ranging from 103
to 10s and from 10° to lOVlOOm/, respectively. Salmonella and
enteroviruses, though frequently isolated, were found at levels
of only 10° to 10V10 /of urban runoff. The background samples
(sewage, urban streams and reservoirs) between'Storms gave good
positive correlation between indicators and pathogens at a 95%
to 99% level of confidence, whereas, the stormwater had no or
poor correlation. The ratios of indicators, such as FC/FS, gave
some indications of pollution by human sewage, but it was the
presence of enteroviruses that definitely showed the mixing of
sewage with rain water, whether in a storm sewer or in the com-
bined sewer overflow. The logical solution would point to the
removal of sanitary sewage overflows rather than the disinfec-
tion of all urban runoff for removing the health hazard and im-
proving the quality of urban runoff.
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-77-120
NTISNO: PB-270695
PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING DRY WEATHER
POLLUTANT DEPOSITION IN SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
A set of generalized procedures for estimating pollutant loadings
associated with dry-weather sewage solids deposition in com-
bined sewer systems has been prepared to provide planners,
engineers and municipal managers with technical information so
that they can make intelligent informed decisions on potential
sewer flushing programs in combination with other combined
sewer management controls.
The predictive equations relate the total daily mass of pollutant
deposition accumulations within a collection system to physical
characteristics of collection systems such as per capita waste rate,
service area, total pipe length, average pipe slope, average
diameter and other more complicated parameters that derive from
analysis of pipe slope characteristics. Several alternative predic-
tive models are presented reflecting anticipated differences in the
availability of data and user resources. Pollutant parameters
include suspended solids, volative suspended solids, biochemical
oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic nitrogen
and total phosphorous. Sewer system age and degree of
maintenance was also considered. Factors are presented for
estimating the increase in collection system deposition resulting
from improper maintenance. A user's guide has been presented
to establish the necessary data input to utilize the predictive
procedures.
•VAX*"-"?
"•** "• V.
16
-------
1977
EPA NO: EPA-600/8-77-014
NTISNO: PB-275654
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY
UPDATE AND USERS' GUIDE
A continuation and reexamination of the state-of-the-art of storm
and combined sewer overflow technology is presented. Essential
areas of progress of the stormwater research and development
program are keyed to the approach methodology and user
assistance tools available, stormwater characterization, and
evaluation of control measures. Results of the program are visi-
ble through current and ongoing master planning efforts.
Assessment of urban runoff pollution is referenced to the develop-
ing national data base, localized through selective monitoring and
analysis, and quantified as to potential source and magnitude
using techniques ranging from simplified desktop procedures to
complex simulation models. Stormwater pollutants are
characterized by (1) source potential, (2) discharge characteristics,
(3) residual products, and (4) receiving water impacts.
Control and corrective measures are separated into nonstructural,
termed Best Management Practices (BMPs), and structural alter-
natives. Best Management Practices focus on source abatement,
whereas structural alternates roughly parallel conventional
wastewater treatment practices of end-of-the-pipe correction.
Structural alternatives may include storage (volume sensitive) and
treatment (rate sensitive) options and balances. Multipurpose and
integrated (dry-wet) facilities have been the most successful with
process simplicity and operational control flexibility prime
considerations.
Best Management Practices have decided benefits over structural
alternatives - including lower cost, earlier results, and an improved
and cleaner neighborhood environment - but lack quantified
action-impact relationships. For combined sewer overflow abate-
ment, increasing degrees of structural control are necessary.
Successful program implementation is illustrated for several
selected case histories.
1977
EPA NO: EPA-625/2-77 012
NTIS NO: PB91-133264
SWIRL DEVICE FOR REGULATING AND TREATING
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
EPA TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CAPSULE REPORT
An intensive study to develop a new type of combined sewer
overflow regulator device, called swirl, was conducted under the
general supervision of the EPA's Storm & Combined Sewer
Overflow Pollution Control Program, Office of Research &
Development, Edison, New Jersey. The design of this device was
based on hydraulic and mathematical modeling to optimize its
configuration. This Capsule Report briefly describes the results
of a full-scale prototype swirl unit that controlled real overflows
in the city of Syracuse, New York and discusses other areas of
swirl application including its use as a grit separator, primary
separator, erosion control device, and an urban stormwater runoff
pollution control device.
1978
EPA NO:
NTISNO:
EPA-600/2-78-208
PB-292491
DEMONSTRATION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENT
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
LAKE TAHOE REGION OF CALIFORNIA
A three-year project was conducted by the California State Water
Resources Control Board to determine methods of preventing and
correcting erosion problems which severely affect the quality of
the waters of the State of California. Two project sites were chosen
in the vicinity of the Lake Tahoe basin in California. One project
site, Northstar-at-Tahoe, is a well planned and constructed
residential-recreational development constructed in the early
1970s. The cost of extensive predeveloped planning and erosion
control at Northstar is currently less than $400 per developed unit
or residential lot. With ultimate planned build-out, costs are
expected to be reduced to $220 per developed unit. The other
project site, Rubicon Properties - Unit No. 2, is an extremely poorly
planned and constructed residential subdivision development
constructed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The cost of com-
plete corrective erosion control at Rubicon Properties would range
from $1,000 to $3,000 or more per residential lot.
At both project sites, extensive hydrologic and water quality
monitoring programs were conducted to determine erosion rates
and their impact upon aquatic ecosystems. Monitored parameters
included precipitation, snow depth, stream flow, suspended sedi-
ment and concentration, and benthic macroinvertebrate com-
munities. Postdevelopment erosion rates at Northstar are
estimated to be 100 percent above predevelopment levels,
resulting in only minor perturbations of the benthic
macroinvertebrate community of West Martis Creek. Postdevelop-
ment erosion rates within Rubicon Properties are estimated to
be over 10,000 percent above predevelopment levels, resulting
in up to 99 percent destruction of the benthic macroinvertebrate
community in Lonely Gulch Creek. At both project sites, exten-
sive demonstrations were made of predevelopment planning con-
cepts, construction techniques, and corrective measures which
may be used to substantially reduce erosion and sedimentation
problems associated with developments which are typical to the
subalpine to alpine Lake Tahoe region of California. Analyses were
made to determine cost and effectiveness of the various erosion
control techniques which were demonstrated at the project sites.
17
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1979
EPA NO: EPA-440/3-79-023
NTISNO: PB-299185/9
A STATISTICAL METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT
OF URBAN STORMWATER
LOADS - IMPACTS - CONTROLS
This manual describes a simplified methodology which can be
used to assess the impact of urban stormloads on the quality lof
receiving Waters, and to evaluate the cost and effectiveness [of
control measures for reducing these pollutant loads. The
methodology is particularly appropriate for use at the planning
love! where preliminary assessments are made to define problems,
establish the relative significance of contributing sources, assess
feasibility of control, and determine the need for and focus |of
additional evaluations. It can also be used effectively in conjunc-
tion with detailed studies, by providing a cost-effective screen-
ing of an array of alternatives, so that the more detailed and
sophisticated techniques can examine only the more attractive
alternatives.
The methodology is based on the determination of certain
statistical properties of the rainfall history of an area. From these
statistics, the desired information on loads, performance of con-
trols, and receiving water impacts is generated directly. Procedures
are quite simple to apply, using charts and graphs which facilitate
screening alternate types or levels of control, testing sensitivity
to assumptions concerning drainage area characteristics, storm-
water contaminant levels and similar variable factors.
1979
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA-600/2-79-015
PB-296626/5
DUAL PROCESS HIGH-RATE FILTRATION OF RAW
SANITARY SEWAGE AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Pilot plant studies were conducted in New York City's Newto'jvn
Creek Water Pollution Control Plant from 1975-1977 to investigate
the suspended solids (SS) removal capabilities of the deep-bed,
high-rate gravity filtration process on raw sewage and combiried
sewer overflows.
The treatment system was composed of a rotating screen equip-
ped with a 40 mesh (420 micron) screen followed by a dual-media,
high-rate filter containing 48 in. (122 cm) or 60 in. (152 cm) of No.
3 anthracite (effective size 3.85 mm) over 30 in. (76 cm) of No.
612 sand (effective size 2 mm).
A continuous series of tests on dry-weather (raw sewage) floys
demonstrated SS removals across the filter averaging 67 percent
at a flux range of 8-12 gpm/ft2 (20-30 mVhr/m2) with an average
effluent concentration of 44 mg//SS. BOD and COD removals
were 39 percent and 34 percent, respectively.
Tests on combined sewer overflow showed an average removal
of 61 percent SS across the filter and 66 percent across the system
at a flux of 16 gpm/ft2 (40 mVhr/m2) and an average effluent of
62 mg//SS. BOD and COD removals across the filter were 32 per-
cent and 42 percent, respectively. The addition of cationic polymer
(1-2 ing//) in combination with alum (17-35 mg//) improved
filter removals to an average 72 percent for SS, 40 percent for
BOD and 50 percent for COD for two tests.
Capital costs (ENR-2520) for a high-rate filtration plant are
estimated at $55,225 per mgd for a 200 mgd plant (757,000
mVday). Total annual treatment costs, including interest amorti-
zation, operation and maintenance charges, range from approx-
imately $396,450 to $1,794,050 for dual treatment facilities in a
25 to 200 mgd (94,600 to 757,000 rnVday) capacity range and
$238,050 to $1,175,900 for the same capacity range of facilities
treating only CSO.
Comparison with alternate treatment systems show that high rate
filtration (HRF) is cost competitive with conventional sedimenta-
tion facilities for dual-process or CSO treatment yet HRF has
only 5-7 percent the area requirements. For strict CSO treatment,
HRF is competitive with dissolved air flotation and microstrain-'
ing processes.
1979
1EPA NO: EPA-600/J-79-066
NTIS NO: PB80-177033
URBAN RUNOFF AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
A general discussion of urban runoff pollution including the impact:
of urban runoff on water quality, and the control and handling
of non-point source pollutants is presented. The importance of
various planning and design considerations are stressed. Long
range control planning, management strategies, runoff simula-
tion and various computer models such as SWMM and STORM
are discussed. The benefits of source and collection system con-
trols are presented on a cost-effectiveness basis, and a review is
made of innovative physical/chemical treatment processes. The
information is presented in the form of a literature review.
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1980
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-80-135
NTISNO: PB81-104796
POROUS PAVEMENT
PHASE I -- DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL CRITERIA
Design and operational criteria, utilization concepts, benefits and
disadvantages, as well as other characteristics of porous pave-
ments are presented in this report. Particular emphasis is placed
on porous asphalt pavements, but the criteria and design approach
are applicable to all other porous pavement types. The design con-
siderations presented in this report include siting problems, load
bearing design, and hydrologic design. A brief history of porous
pavement development and previous experience with porous
pavement by several designers, contractors, and operators are
described. A computer model for hydrologic performance evalua-
tion of existing or proposed porous pavement systems is also
described in this report. Load bearing design criteria are based
on previous work conducted for porous asphalt pavements.
Appendices to this report include a sample set of specifications
for porous asphalt construction and a list of soils and their
permeability classes as prepared by the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service.
1980
EPA NO: EPA-600/8-80-035
NTISNO: PB81-107153
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
CASE HISTORIES
This report is the third in a series on urban stormwater and com-
bined sewer overflow management. It presents 12 case histories
representing most promising approaches to stormwater control'.
The case histories were developed by evaluating completed and
operational facilities or ongoing demonstration projects that have
significant information value for future guidance. Essential
elements of the case history evaluations cover (1) approach
methodology, (2) design considerations, (3) costs, (4) effectiveness,
and (5) environmental and socioeconomic impacts.
Eight of the case histories assess Best Management Practices
(BMPs) and expand the data base on source control methodology,
focusing principally on planning and storage alternatives.' Special
considerations are given to flood and erosion control measures
also having a dual benefit of stormwater control. The project sites
evaluated are Bellevue, Washington; Montgomery County,
Maryland; Lake Tahoe, California; The Woodlands, Texas; Orange
County, Florida; San Jose, California; Middlesex County, Connec-
ticut; and Boulder, Colorado.
The remaining four case histories evaluate the control of com-
bined sewage overflows and document a systems approach in
applying unit process alternatives. The effectiveness and unit'costs
of storage and treatment processes are presented, together with
evaluations of areawide and systemwide integration of these
technologies. Storage, the key element of an integrated approach,
can involve storage/wet-weather treatment or storage/dry-
weather treatment, or both. The project sites are Seattle,
Washington; Saginaw, Michigan; Mount Clemens, Michigan; and
Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
v
19
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1980
EPA NO: EPA-600/8-80-048
NTISNO: PB8M41913
METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT AND
ABATEMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
A CASE STUDY OF ONONDAGA LAKE, NEW YORK
A general methodology is presented for the evaluation of the im-
pact and abatement of combined sewer overflows (CSO's) on
receiving waters. It was developed from experience with Onon-
daga Lake, an urban lake in Central New York that receives CSO's
from the City of Syracuse via three tributary streams.
Field investigations of the combined sewer system and the receiv-
ing water must first be undertaken. The field work includesjflow
measurement and water-quality sampling of the sewer overflows
and the receiving water during several different storms. Use of
a computerized data bank has been found virtually essential for
the storage and manipulation of the large quantity of data resulting
from the sampling and analysis.
Mathematical modeling of the receiving water is undertaken to
evaluate water quality as a function of pollutant load; the storm
sewer system is modeled to determine the quantities of pollutants
discharged during various storm conditions. Prior to the mpdel-
ing effort, analysis of local rainfall records is necessary to develop
the classical intensity-duration-frequency relationships. After
assessing the water-quality impact of dry-weather pollutants [from
wastewater treatment plants and other sources, the results of the
two models can be combined to express the reduction in storm-
water pollutants needed to achieve a particular water-quality goal
as a function of storm frequency or storm recurrence interval.
Abatement alternatives, and their respective costs, for the reduc-
tion of pollutants from wet-weather sources, particularly combined
sewer overflows are next investigated. Using engineering judg-
ment of the most effective and economic abatement measures,
a relationship is then developed between abatement cost and
storm condition for each of several water-quality criteria or goals.
From the cost-benefit relationships thus developed, a graphical
determination can be made of the "general optimum solution"
(COS) for reduction or treatment of combined sewer overflows.
It is recognized that the quality of the receiving water resulting
from the COS may not be acceptable to the general public or
regulatory agencies. In that case, a decision to provide greater
(or lesser) pollution abatement will be based upon social or
political considerations, but the governmental body making the
decision will be cognizant of its economic implications.
In the study for Onondaga County, New York, from whicfi the
methodology was developed, 35 overflows from the combined
sewers of the City of Syracuse, which serve an area of aboutjeight
square miles, were monitored for a period of one year. Onondaga
Lake, the principal receiving water, is approximately four and one-
half square miles in surface area; it was sampled at ten surface
locations, each at two distinct depths, for the period of influence
of each of six storms. The Storm Water Management Model
(SWMM) was applied to the City's sewer system. A 27-segment,
three-dimensional, dynamic water-quality model of the lake, with
capability of predicting enteric bacteria, dissolved oxygen, nu-
trients, and toxic materials, was developed.
From the models, it was determined that the impact of CSO's on
dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Onondaga Lake will not be
critical after tertiary treatment facilities for dry-weather
wastewaters are placed in operation; a maximum DO deficit of
2.8 milligrams per liter was predicted for a 10-year, two-hour
storm. Combined sewer overflow contributions of phosphorus
will be negligible in comparison to those from other sources.
In an average rainfall year, 38 violations of the fecal coliform
standard will occur in the area of the lake intended for contact
recreation. If abatement of CSO pollution were to follow the
"general optimum solution" of this methodology, there would
still be 13 annual violations, ten of which would occur from
June through September. Inasmuch as each violation persists
for about three days, more extensive CSO abatement will be
required if the projected recreational usage of Onondaga Lake
is to be realized.
1979
EPA NO: EPA-600/9-80-056
NTIS NO: PB81-155426
URBAN STORMWATER AND COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOW IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER BODIES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE
ORLANDO, FLORIDA
NOVEMBER 26-28, 1979
The Conference on "Urban Stormwater and Combined Sewer
Overflow Impact On Receiving Water Eddies" was held November
26-28, 1979 at Orlando, Florida.
The conference provided a forum for researchers, practitioners
and others to receive an update on the state-of-the-art and to learn
about research findings dealing with Stormwater impact. It also
served to stimulate dialogue among those who are interested in
Stormwater effects and control, regarding the implication and
applications of current research results, particularly from those
projects supported by the EPA's Municipal Environmental Re-
search Laboratory's Storm and Combined Sewer Program.
The topical areas considered included: (a) combined sewer
overflow control costs vs. benefits; (b) impacts on lakes, rivers and
estuaries; (c) ecological response to Stormwater and methodologies
for Stormwater impact assessment; (d) Stormwater management
through the use of receiving water quality models for planning
and abatement methodology.
The proceedings include the contributions from the scheduled
speakers and an edited transcription of the taped workshop con-
ducted on practical applications of research findings and future
research needs.
20
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1981
EPA NO: EPA-600/2-81/238
NTISNO: PB82-221094
URBAN RAINFALL-RUNOFF-QUALITY DATA BASE
Urban rainfall-runoff-quality data gathered by others have been
assembled on a storm event basis for 48 catchments in the follow-
ing 16 cities: San Francisco, CA; Broward County, FL; Lincoln, NB;
Durham, NC; Windsor, ON; Lancaster, PA; Seattle, WA; Racine,
WI; West Lafayette, IN; Greenfield, MA; Northampton, MA; Burl-
ington, ON; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Dade County, FL; and Toron-
to, ON. Rainfall-runoff data have been assembled for 25 more
catchments in an additional 15 cities: Baltimore, MD; Chicago,
IL; Champaign-Urbana, IL; Bucyrus, OH; Falls Church, VA; Los
Angeles, CA; Portland, OR; Houston, TX; Salt Lake City, UT; and
Denver, CO. The 25 cities contain data for a total of 73 catchments.
Descriptions of the catchments, parameters and sampling proce-
dures are provided in this report. Actual data have been placed
on a magnetic tape and are also on the EPA STORET data retrieval
system. Both the raw data and statistical summaries are also
available on magnetic tape from the authors.
This report also includes a statistical analysis of data from all catch-
ments that include quality sampling. For each storm event (as
defined by the sampling agency) the clock times, duration and
volume of rainfall and runoff are given. For quality parameters,
ranges, flow weighted means, standard deviations and loadings
(i.e., pounds per acre-inch of runoff) are provided on an average
basis across all events. The same statistics are available for
individual storm events in the form of voluminous computer
output.
1981
EPA NO: EPA-600/J-81/546
NTIS NO: PB82-205915
URBAN RUNOFF RECEIVING WATER IMPACTS
PROGRAM OVERVIEW
Receiving water impacts are a major national concern. We are
spending billions of dollars on secondary treatment plants, mean-
while major contributors, such as stormwater and combined sewer
overflows, are still uncontrolled. To attain the goals set forth in
PL 92-500 and PL 95-217 in an economical and efficient manner,
those analysing, planning, and designing controls must have an
understanding of the impact of pollutants on receiving waters.
Ties between receiving water quality and stormwater discharges
must be clearly established and delineated. Therefore, several
years ago, the Storm and Combined Sewer Program (SCSP) of
the EPA Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory began
a modest effort to fill this data void. A brief history of the
SCSP's receiving water impact projects is presented, emphasiz-
ing an overview of ongoing and recently completed projects,
including significant results. Also, Program needs and areas of
anticipated effort are analysed.
1982
EPA NO: EPA/600/2-82/045
NTISNO: PB82-230319
EVALUATION OF SECONDARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL
This report presents a generalized evaluation of the impacts
associated with different urban stormwater runoff pollution con-
trol techniques. The control techniques investigated included
urban runoff (UR) treatment and street-sweeping practices.
• The report addresses the definition of the problem, estimates the
volume and characteristics of the UR and the sludges expected,
evaluates six methods of UR sludge treatment, examines alter-
natives and impacts for UR treatment sludge handling such as
bleed/pump-back to the dry-weather plant and land disposal and
evaluates street-sweeping as a UR pollution control technique.
UR sludge volumes were estimated to range from 0.3 to 6.0 per-
cent of the UR flow [2.9 x 109 mVyear (7.7 x 10s M gal/year)]
with total solids concentrations varying from 0.51 to 12 percent.
For comparison, these national sludge characteristics were con-
trasted to those estimated for a portion of a calibrated drainage
area in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The extreme variation in UR typical
suspended solids concentration (415 mg//on a national basis and
156 mg// on a site specific basis) was reflected in the sludge
characteristics and associated handling costs. High grit contents-
and low volatile solids are anticipated in UR sludges. Nutrient
levels are lower in UR sludges than either CSO or raw primary
sludges.
Regarding bleed/pump-back of UR sludges, solids deposition in
sewers and overload to the dry-weather facilities are anticipated
to cause problems. Dry-weather sludge handling facilities would
require 1.5 to 4.5 times additional capacity.
The most cost-effective sludge treatment alternative appeared to
be lime stabilization followed by thickening, pressure filter
dewatering and landfill disposal. Annual costs for UR sludge handl-
ing were shown to range from $126 to $252/ha ($51 to $102/acre)
on a national basis. Secondary impacts in addition to costs
included water quality, noise, energy consumption; air pollution
and land area requirements.
21
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1982
EPA NO: EPA/600/2-82/084
NTISNO: PB82-259235
A PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDEBOOK FOR COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROL AND TREATMENT
This report is a survey of control and treatment of combined seyer
overflows (CSO), encompassing the Storm and Combined Se\Ver
Section's research efforts over the last fifteen years.
The survey was prepared to assist federal, state, and municipal
agencies, and private consultants, in 201 Facilities Planning and
Design, Steps 1 and 2, respectively. ;
The discussions of control/treatment technologies, which consist
mostly of downstream treatment, have been divided into seven
chapters: (1) Source Control; (2) Collection System Control; (3)
Storage; (4) Physical with/without Chemical Treatment; (5)
Biological Treatment; (6) Advanced Treatment; (7) Disinfection.
Storage is the best documented CSO abatement measure currently
practiced, and it must be considered at all times in system plan-
ning, because it allows for maximum use of existing dry-weather
facilities. Physical with/without chemical treatment will generally
be the minimum required to meet discharge or receiving water
quality goals. If a higher degree of organics removal is needed,
biological treatment should be examined. If maintaining a viable
microorganism population is not feasible, but removal of dissolved
and colloidal organics is desired, advanced treatment may; be
attractive.
General discussions of CSO control/treatment can be found in
EPA-670/2-74-040, EPA-600/2-76-286, EPA-600/8-77-014,
EPA-600/8-80-035, EPA/600/J-90/052, and EPA/600/J-90/050
which served as principal references for this report.
A comprehensive list of references appears at the end of each
chapter.
1982
EPA NO: EPA/600/2-82/094
NTIS NO: PB83-133561
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATABILITY OF
URBAN RUNOFF RESIDUALS
Studies have been undertaken to determine the characteristics,
treatability and cost of handling and disposal of wastewater treat-
ment plant and combined sewer overflow (CSO) sludges, but.few
have considered urban stormwater runoff residuals. This study
was undertaken to determine the characteristics of urban storm-
water runoff residuals as well as handling and disposal techniques.
Samples of urban stormwater runoff residuals for this study were
obtained from a field-assembled sedimentation basin in Racine,
Wisconsin, swirl and helical bend solids separators in Boston,
Massachusetts, and an in-line upsized storm conduit in Lansing,
Michigan. The drainage basins at ea.ch site were primarily residen-
tial in character. The residuals samples from Racine and Boston
were obtained from individual stormwater events while the sample
obtained from Lansing represented an accumulation of residuals
from runoff events occurring over a six month time period.
The characterization study included analyses for nine metals,
eight pesticides and PCB's, solids, nutrients, and organics. The
treatability study included bench-scale sedimentation tests, cen-
trifugation tests, lime stabilization tests, and capillary suction time
tests.
The total solids concentration of the residuals samples from Racine
ranged from 233 mg//to 793 mg//(104 mg//to 155 mg//total
volatile) while the residuals samples from Boston had a total solids
concentration that ranged from 344 mg//to 1,140 mg//(107 mg//
to 310 mg//total volatile). The residuals sample from Lansing,
Michigan had a total solids concentration of 161,000 mg//(25,800
mg//volatile). The concentration of individual nutrients (total
phosphorous, TKN, NH3, NO2, and NO3) in the Boston and Racine
samples never exceeded 5 mg//, while the concentrations in the
Lansing sample were between 0.3 mg//and 2,250 mg//. Of the
metals, iron was found in the hit|hest concentration in all the
samples (6.1 mg//to 2,970 mg//), with lead and zinc ranking
second and third, respectively. PCB's were observed in measur-
able concentrations (0.19 f*g//to 24.6 f*g//) in all samples except
the October, 1980, Boston samples. Of the eight pesticides
surveyed, only three (DDT, ODD and Dieldrin) were observed in
measurable concentrations. However, the pesticides were primari-
ly soluble while the PCB's were more related to the suspended
solids.
Treatability data indicated that gravity thickening is a very effec-
tive method for thickening stormwater residuals. Solids recovery
in the thickened residuals ranged from 46 to 94 percent in the
Boston, Racine, and Lansing samples during one hour thicken-
ing tests. The solids concentration of the gravity thickened
residuals ranged from 9 to 37 percent. Centrifugation, as expected,
was also found to be an effective method for thickening the storm-
water runoff residuals. Solids recovery ranged from 77 to 99 per-
cent. The quantity of lime required for stabilization of the storm-
water runoff residuals varied from 1.2 to 6.6 g CaO//.
Based on the results of this study, the most cost-effective treat-
ment for handling and disposal of urban stormwater runoff
residuals is gravity thickening followed by lime stabilization and
landspreading or direct landfilling. Total annual cost estimates
for landfilling and landspreading of residuals generated from a
hypothetical 50 hectare site range from $360 to $470 per hectare.
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1982
EPA NO: EPA/600/8-82/013
NTISNO: PB82-266172
DESIGN MANUAL
SWIRL AND HELICAL BEND POLLUTION
CONTROL DEVICES
Hydraulic and mathematical modeling have been used to develop
several pollution control devices for specific applications, par-
ticularly for controlling and treating combined sewer overflows
and stormwater discharges. Prototype testing of each unit has been
accomplished by various researchers in the United States and
other countries. This design manual brings together pertinent
information concerning the design and operation of the units and
thus, consolidates information from many reports. Inasmuch as
the design has been evolutionary in nature, the design procedures
contained in this manual replace that which has previously been
published.
Two types of combined sewer overflow regulators are described:
the swirl and the helical bend regulator/separator. Both units are
static, that is, operate without moving parts and require no out-
side source of power. Both can remove up to 50 percent of the
suspended solids. Both are also effective for treating separate
stormwater discharges. Both serve a dual function - treatment and
regulation of the flow.
The units treat waste flows by concentrating the solids in a small
fraction of the total flow. This reduced volume becomes
economical, or in effect, possible to treat in conventional
wastewater treatment facilities.
The degritter unit is for use in removing from the underflow to
treatment the solids concentrated by the combined sewer overflow
regulators, or for use in conventional treatment facilities.
A primary treatment device and a sediment load polishing unit
are also described. Both have special applications. In addition,
several devices and applications which have been developed by
others as a result of the basic information on the flow field
characteristics and capabilities are described.
The design manual contains thorough descriptions of the design
procedures, operating experience to date, and results obtained.
1982
EPA NO: EPA/600/J-82/237
NTISNO: PB83-168245
OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY'S STORM AND COMBINED SEWER PROGRAM
COLLECTION SYSTEM RESEARCH
A state-of-the-art and assessment of the EPA's Storm and Com-
bined Sewer Program collection system research pertaining to
management alternatives for wet- and dry-weather wastewater
transport and interception is presented. These include:
maintenance; catchbasins; new sewer design; sewer flushing;
polymer injection; infiltration/inflow controls including inflow
reduction, Insituform, impregnated concrete pipe and trenchless
sewer; upstream storage/attenuation; flow routing and inpipe
storage; new types of flow regulators, fluidic regulator and
Hydrobrake; and a new rubber "duck-bill" tide gate.
1984
EPA NO:
NTIS NO:
EPA/600/2-84/109a
PB84-198423
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL USER'S MANUAL
VERSION III
The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a com-
prehensive mathematical model for simulation of urban runoff
quantity and quality in storm and combined sewer systems. AH
aspects of the urban hydrologic and quality cycles are simulated,
including surface runoff, transport through the drainage network,
storage and treatment, and receiving water effects. (The latter
component is currently under revision by the EPA.) This volume
applies to Version III of SWMM and is an update of two earlier
User's Manuals issued in 1971 and 1975. It should be coupled with
Addendum I in order to run the Extran Block (detailed hydraulic
flow routing) developed by Camp, Dresser and McKee.
Detailed descriptions are provided herein for all blocks (except
the Receiving Water Block): Runoff, Transport, Storage/Treatment,
Combine, Statistics and Graph (part of the Executive Block). The
latter three blocks are "service" blocks while the first three are
the principal computational blocks. In addition, extensive
documentation of new procedures is provided in the text and in
several appendices.
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1989
EPA NO: EPA/600/2-89/020
NTISNO: PB89-188379/AS
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A RUBBER
"DUCK BILL" TIDE GATE
The inflow of tidal waters into combined sewer interceptor systems
places a hydraulic loading on a treatment plant, and the salts con-
tained in tidal water further aggravate treatment efficiency and
accelerate sewerage system deterioration. Tide gates are install-
ed in these systems to prevent tidal inflow. A prototype testing
of an alternative tide gate design was accomplished in New York
City to explore improvements to conventional flap gate design.
A unique 54-inch diameter rubber "duck bill" tide gate (RTG) wa's
fabricated and installed in a typical NYC tide gate chamber. The
operation of the gate was observed over two years. The RTG was
very effective in preventing the inflow of tidal waters and generally
showed equal or improved performance compared to a typical
flap gate. Hydraulically, the RTG was supposed to open to release
storm flows at a positive difference in upstream head of six inch-
es and to remain closed preventing inflow' at a downstream
positive head up to eight feet during high tide. Only minor in-
flow was observed when debris was introduced into the RTG,
however capability of self-cleaning was exhibited. Inflow would
be significantly greater if similar size debris was lodged in the
conventional flap-type gate. The maintenance crews observed no
incident where the manual removal of debris was required. Ttie
existing chamber required minor modifications for the installa-
tion of the RTG. The method of adapting the RTG to an existing
tide gate frame is critical to ensuring the reliability of the installa-
tion. The RTG was exposed on occasions to gale force winds arid
heavy rainfall during the two years of operation in New York City.
The design development and performance evaluation of the RTG
are described in this report. The project also examined com-
parisons of hydraulic performance, capital and maintenance costs
with traditional flap gates. Results of the project indicate that the
RTG can provide low maintenance and reliable performance as
a cost-effective alternative to conventional
1989
EPA NO: EPA/600/8..89/054
NTISNO: PB90-187006
STORM AND COMBINED SHAVER OVERFLOW
AN OVERVIEW OF EPA'S RES5EARCH PROGRAM
The Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Research,
Development, and Demonstration Program was initiated back in
1964. Congress acknowledged the problem 23 years ago by
authorizing funds under the Water Quality Act of 1965 for
researching ways of stormwater pollution management. The
research effort was directed by the Storm and Combined Sewer
Technology Program (SCSP) located in Edison, New Jersey until
1983 when it was disestablished. About 300 projects totaling ap-
proximately $150 million have been awarded under the EPA's
Research Program which resulted in approximately 350 final
reports. More than 100 conference papers and over 100 articles
and in-house reports have been presented and published, respec-
tively by the Program. The goal has been user assistance with
emphasis on planning and design oriented material.
Many in-house papers and reports have been published on Pro-
gram overviews, state-of-the-art, and special topics. These are im-
portant management tools having been read and used
internationally.
The Program has been involved in the development of a diverse
technology including such things as CSO and stormwater control
technology, instrumentation, problem assessments, best manage-
ment practices (BMP's) development and evaluation, stormwater
management models, sludge handling and disposal methods, in-
filtration/inflow control, erosion control, and many others. This
paper will cover SCSP products and accomplishments in these
areas, covering 18 years of efforts. The vastness of the Program
does not allow complete coverage. Therefore SCSP outputs and
developments are selectively emphasized.
24
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1990
EPA NO: EPA/600/9-90-032
NTISNO: PB90-255670
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STORM & COMBINED SEWER
POLLUTION CONTROL R&D PROGRAM DOCUMENTS
A complete, chronological EPA Storm & Combined Sewer
Pollution Control Research Program (SCSP) bibliography of
approximately 320 publications.
1975
EPA NO:
NTISNO:
EPA/600/J-90/050
PB90-221979/AS
URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL -
STATE-OF-THE-ART
Combined sewer overflows are major sources of water pollution
problems, but even discharges of stormwater alone can seriously
affect water quality. Current approaches involve control of
overflows, treatment, and combinations of the two. Control may
involve maximizing treatment with existing facilities, control of
infiltration and extraneous inflows, surface sanitation and manage-
ment, as well as flow regulation and storage. A number of treat-
ment methods have been evaluated including high rate screen-
ing and microstraining, ultra high rate filtration, dissolved air
flotation, physical/chemical treatment, and modified biological
processes. A swirl flow regulator/solids separator of annular shape
construction with no moving parts has been highly developed.
High rate disinfection methods including new disinfectants have
. been applied. Promising approaches involve integrated use of con-
•trols and treatment.
1980
EPA NO: EPA/600/J-90/051
NTIS NO: PB90-221997/AS
EPA RESEARCH IN URBAN STORMWATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
Control and treatment of stormwater discharges and combined
sewage overflows from urban areas are problems of increasing
importance in the field of water quality management. Over the
past decade much research effort has been expended and a large
amount of data has been generated, primarily through the actions
and support of the EPA's Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution
Control Research and Development Program. This paper presents
a state-of-the-art and overview of that program.
The purposes of the program were to quantify the urban storm
and combined sewer overflow pollution problems and develop
countermeasure controls. As a result of federal investment in the
neighborhood of $100,000,000, an advanced technology or state-
of-the-art has been developed, demonstrated, and disseminated.
Furthermore, these urban wet-weather pollution control ad-
vancements are and can be used by those municipal and con-
sulting engineers and planners concerned with area-wide/city-
wide pollution control plans, strategies, and facilities required by
PL 92-500, Section 201 ("Waste Treatment Management Plan-
ning and Design"), Section 208 ("Area-wide Waste Treatment
Management Planning"), and other directives relating to the
management and control of urban runoff.
Because it is nearly impossible to segregate benefits and strategies
of wet-weather flow pollution control from drainage, flood, and
erosion control, multipurpose analyses and control are stressed.
There have been over 150 projects under the program so only
a basic program direction and the more significant products, both
completed and anticipated, will be highlighted. The products will
be divided into the following areas, common to the major elements
of combined sewer overflow pollution control, and sewered and
unsewered runoff pollution control: (1) problem definition; (2) user
assistance tools (instrumentation and computers); (3) land manage-
ment; (4) collection system control; (5) storage; (6) treatment; (7)
sludge and solids; (8) integrated systems; and (9) technical
assistance and technology transfer.
1972
EPA NO: EPA/600/J-90/052
NTISNO: PB90-221706/AS
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS
This paper will serve as a basic overview of the U.S. government's
involvements in developing countermeasures for combined sewer
overflow pollution.
The Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Research,
Development and Demonstration Program was initiated under the
auspices of the U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health,
Education and Welfare (USPHS). The program is now part of the
EPA's Office of Research and Development. Up to the time of this
paper, over 100 grants and contracts totaling approximately $80
million have been awarded. The EPA's share is about $40 million.
•&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991 - 548-187/25625
"
25
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The following reports/reprints are available without charge
while supplies last. Mail the order form below to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Office of Research and Development Publications
26 W. Dr. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Those report/reprint numbers that are not listed below may
be ordered from NTIS. Please see the Foreword for address
and phone number.
'ff ' 5 %
^-r S-;
- - •.,' , > <• "_, "» tss 1
I would like to receive the following reports/reprints:
D 11024-06/70
D 11022DMU07/70
D 11040GKK06/71
D EPA-670/2-73-077
D EPA-670/2-74-033
D EPA-670/2-74-040
D EPA-670/2-74-045
D EPA-670/2-74-049
D EPA-600/2-75-027
D EPA-600/2-75-065
D EPA-600/2-76-006 D EPA-600/2-77-064c
D EPA-600/2-76-145 D EPA-600/2-77-087
"D EPA-600/2-76-218 D EPA-600/2-77-120
D EPA-600/2-76-244 D EPA-600/8-77-014
D EPA-600/2-77-017d O EPA-625/2-77-012
D EPA-600/2-77-047 D EPA-600/2-78-208
O EPA-600/2-77-051 O EPA-600/2-79-015
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D EPA-600/2-77-064b
Please mail to:
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