USEB'S GUIDE TO:
Beta-Test Version 1.0
CLOSURE EVALUATION SYSTEM
An t/xha/rt
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USER EVALUATION FORM
Mail to: Daniel Greathouse
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
We hope that you've enjoyed using the Closure Evaluation
System (CES) and will take a few minutes to fill out and
return this evaluation form. Your specific comments will
help us to refine and improve the system.
1. What kind of problems did you have, if any, in installing the system?
2. Did you experience difficulties, in using the system? rf, so.,, what: were
they and under what circumstances did they occur?
3:., Were:\th&:anscreen directions clear and,,accurate?,. Lf,.,not,, where
specif ically: could thiey; be improved?. '
4. Did you encounter any problems while working with, the V-CES, F-CES,
or L-CE3 modules?
5. Were you able to print out your work without difficulty? If not, what
kinds of problems did you experience?
6- Da you ha.ve any additional, comments . (please use the. back if
necessary)?
Name
Organization
Street '
City State Zip_
Phone- Date
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DISCLAIMER
The system described herein was developed by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency. A review of this~ system by the Agency has yet to be completed: Information
obtained through the use of this system should not be presumed to represent U.S. EPA
policy and no official endorsement should be inferred. This system is not a substitute for
the vegetative cover, final cover, or leachate collection review component of the RCRA Part
B applications by authorized regulatory personnel.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
If you encounter a problem in using CES, version 1.0, we suggest that you first review the
relevant part of this user's guide. If after doing so and you continue to have difficulty, please
contact Expert System Software Support:
Daniel Greathouse
U.S. EPA
Risk.Reduetion Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Mariiifl^th^E^ :
Cincinnati OK4526&
(513) 569-7866
When you call, have the system version number anrf serial number avatlable. Also, be
prepared to describe the specific problem(s) you are experiencing. .:.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
*
We wish to express special thanks to David Carson (EPA), Kenneth Dotson (SEEP), David
Eberly (EPA), James Gbddard (Advanced Drainage Systems), Robert Hartley (SAIC),
Robert Landreth (EPA), Kenneth Skahn (EPA), and Michael Roulier (EPA) who provided
recommendations and guidance for this project
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Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENT CARD i
DISCLAIMER ii
TECHNICAL SUPPORT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
1.0 CES SYSTEM 1
1.1 The Closure Evaluation System (CES) 1
2.0 GETTING STARTED 2
- 2.1 Hardware and Software Requirements 2
2.2 Contents of the System Package 2
23 Installing the System 2
2.4 Starting the System ~ 3
3.0 RUNNING THE SYSTEM - BEGINNING a CONSULTATION 4
3.1 Entering a, Filename > 4
3.2 Entering Preliminary Data " " 5
3.3 Selecting a Module from the GES MAIN MENU 6 ;
4.0 RUNNING A MODULE 7
4.1 Module Format 7
4.2 Module Prompts and Menus 7
4.3 .Getting Help 8
4.4 Keys to Use 8
4ซ.5 Using a Mouse 9
5.0 V-CES MODULE 11
5.1 The Vegetative Cover Evaluation System (V-CES) 11
52 V-CES Sample Consultation : 11
5.3 V-CES Sample Summary Report , 18
6.0 F-CES MODULE 22
6.1 The Final Cover Evaluation System (F-CES) 22
6.2 F-CES Sample Consultation 22
6.3 F-CES Sample Summary Report 33
7.0 L-CES MODULE 36
7.1 The Leachate Collection Evaluation System (L-CES) 36
. 7.2 L-CES Sample Consultation . 37
7.3 L-CES Sample Summary Report ' 49
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8.0 RUNNING THE SYSTEM - ENDING a CONSULTATION 53
8.1 The Summary Report Menu 53
8.2 Ending or Continuing a Consultation 55
9.0 TROUBLESHOOTING 56
9.1 Error Messages 56
9.2 Technical Support 58
APPENDIX A - Sources 59
APPENDIX B - Flowcharts 60
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1.0 the CLOSURE EVALUATION SYSTEM- CES
The Closure Evaluation System,(.CES) is a.decisioa support tool, developed by thelXS. EPArs Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, to assist reviewers and preparers of Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) Part B permit applications. CES is designed to serve as a checklist for
identifying potential design problems in the vegetative cover, final cover, and leachate collection
components of RCRA landfill closures as set forth in 40 CFR 264 and 40 CFR 265. It is not
intended to be.a complete automation of the evaluation process. The conclusions reached by the
CES system (and it's modules) should serve either as a starting point for a more thorough
investigation or as a final check applied after completion of a technical review. The CES system
will, nevertheless, be useful in-the directing the appropriate users attention to critical closure design
issues and in applying design criteria that are. supported by RCRA guidance.
The CES system incorporates three modules that can assist in the evaluation of a proposed RCRA
closure design.
m The Vegetative Cover Evaluation System (V-CES) - a module that evaluates the adequacy
of a vegetative cover design by examining grass and groundcover characteristics, soil
conditions, and seeding rates.
The Final Cover Evaluation System; (E-CES) - a module that evaluates the adequacy of a
finaL" cover system by examining final cover layer configuration.
The Leachate Collection Evaluation System (L-CES) - a.module that evaluates design
integrity and potential failure of a leachate collection system by examining leachate head,
pipe strength, storm capacity, and clogging.
Since each module is a "stand alone" system, you can work with one module during a CES
consultation or work with all three modules in any order.
The CES system "houses" the V-CES, F-CES, and L-CES modules, as well as controls the beginning
and ending of a consultation-(see Appendix B - Flowcharts). At the beginning of a consultation,
CES prompts you to enter a consultation filename, preliminary data, and to select a closure module
to evaluate. Control is then transferred to the selected module. CES will share common data
among modules if more than one module is used. When you. have-entered all the necessary
information requested by the module, control is again transferred to CES. All data is automatically
saved to the filename. A Summary Report Menu provides several "output" options, for creating-
a formal report that lists RCRArecommendations and conclusions for the proposed module design
based upon the data yoiLhave entered. Finally, CES gives you the option to select another module
to evaluate or exit the system.
CES is designed to run on an IBM PC (AT, PS/2, 386) or compatible computer and is,
straightforward to operate. You simply respond to questions that are asked by the system by either
typing in or selecting a response. Screen instructions are also clearly displayed to help assist you.
Chapters 5, 6, and 7 of this manual contain module descriptions and demonstrate all the steps
needed to complete a session with the V-CES, F-CES, and L-CES modules respectively - from start
to finish. .
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2.0 GETTING STARTED
2.1 Hardware and Software Requirements
In order to run CES, your computer must contain certain components and be configured properly.
The following components are necessary to ran the CES system:
An IBM PC (AT,' PS/2, 386) or compatible.
A minimum availability of 640K bytes of RAM memory and 500K of user memory (see
Section 6.1).
M DOS version 3.0 or higher.
A fixed disk configured as system device C: (or drive specified) with a suggested-3.5
megabytes of free disk-space^
ป A 1.2 megabyte high-capacity drive.
These additional components are also recommended to run the CES system:
A color monitoK , ^
A printer configured as system device PRN.
2.2 Contents of the System Package
Upon delivery, the CES system package should contain the following:
One (1) CES high-capacity runtime system diskette.
This User's Guide.
NOTE: This User's Guide is for use with CES version 1.0 (7/92), If you would like to inquire about
obtaining updated versions of this system (including it's module development)^ please call the
Technical Support number listed at the beginning ofIthis manual.
2.3 Installing the System
When all hardware and software requirements are satisfied (see Section 2.1), you are ready to
install the CES system. Installation time will take approximately 5 minutes.
Insert the CES system diskette into A: drive, type At, and press the Enter key.
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Type IHSTALL and press the Enter key,. A Knowledge Pro (software used to develop
CES) screen will "be temporarily displayed:
Specify a Disk Drive. The next screen will display a menu of disk drives on which to install
the CES system. Select a disk drive, of your preference, that is supported by your PC by
highlighting it with, the Arrow keys and then pressing the Enter key.
Specify a Subdirectory. Enter the subdirectory on which to install the CES system:* Accept
the default subdirectory \CES by pressing the Enter key. Alternatively, you may enter a
subdirectory name of your choice by backspacing through CES, typing in your own
subdirectory name (up to 8 characters), and then pressing the Enter key.
Using a Mouse. To minimize keystrokes when using the CES system (see Section 4.5), you
may use your PC mouse by pressing the Enter key to select Yes. If your PC does not
support one, highlight No by pressing the down Arrow key and then press the Enter key.
The installation program will now copy the CES system files to the designated disk drive
and subdirectory. When the installation program is completed, an appropriate screen will
appear. Press the Enter key to return to the original DOS prompt.
NOTE: For safekeeping, you should make a backup copy of the CES system diskette prior to
installation. :'
2.4 Starting the System
To begin a session with, the CESL system;
Enter the appropriate drive and directory that CES was copied to during installation (e.g.
CD C:\CES).
At the CES prompt, type CES and press the-Enter key.
A brief introductory screen will appear identifying the software package (KnowledgePro,
Version 1.44) inwhich CES was developed. Either wait about4 seconds for this screen to
disappear, or press the SPACE key. > -,-.-.
The next screen will.display the CES title screen. Press any key to continue to,,theXES,
Filename Entry screen (see Section 3.1).
NOTE: For your first consultation with the CES module, ybu may wish to follow .the sample
sessions in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 in this manual. Each chapter will familiarize you with the.
steps, functions, and characteristics of .the CES system, andlt's respective.-.modules.
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3.0 RUNNING the SYSTEM -BEGINNING A CONSULTATION
A consultation or session is your: interaction with:the CES. sy^tem^andlt's modules) as you^respond to
its prompts and menus. At the beginning of a consultation, CES will request a filename in which to
begin a new or reload a previous consultation, prompt you to enter preliminary information, and then
prompt you to, select a, module to work with. Control will then be directed to the module that you
select. When you have entered all the necessary information requested by the module, control is again
transferred to CES. All data is automatically saved to the filename. A Summary Report Menu
provides several "output" options, for creating a formal report that lists RCRA recommendations and
conclusions for the proposed module design based upon the data you have entered. Finally, CES gives
you the option to select another module to evaluate or exit the system.
3.1 Entering a filename
CES will first prompt you to enter a filename (see Figure 3-1) to be used to either; 1) name the new
consultation you will be starting, or 2) retrieve an existing consultation that you have already
completed.
i-CES
-Filename Entry-
Enter a filename ta begin a new
ccTOuttatrcn''or^ retrieve1
consultation. Use--the Backspace key
to delete the default filename at
the => prompt below,- enter a file-
name (1 to 6 letters or numbers),
and press the Enter key.
OR
Accept the system default filename
appearing at the prompt below by
pressing the Enter key.
=> CESn
F1 Help
F3 Select
F4 View
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
Figure 3-1
To name a new consultation;
Accept the default filename CESn that appears to the right of the => prompt by pressing the
Enter key, or
Note: CES will append sequential numbers to the default filename as it is used (CESlt CES2,
etc.)
Enter a descriptive filename (six alpha/numeric characters) of your own. Press the Backspace
key to delete the default filename, enter the filename, and press the Enter key.
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.To retrieve an existing consultation;
After you name and 'complete a consultation you. may want to retrieve and update it. Simply
press the Backspace key to delete the current default filename, enter the filename you (or
CES) originally assigned, and press the Enter key.
Note: When you retrieve a filename and consult the same Module, you will go directly to the
category EDIT screens within the Module and circumvent individual menus and prompts (see
Section 4-1). ;";".
If the filename you enter already.exists (as when retrieving a file), the-following message will appear
at the end of the consultation:
Do you wish to update with the new data you have entered?
Yes/create new filename.
If you select Yes, all the data entered in the previous consultation will be updated (replaced) with the
new data that you have just entered. If you select Create new filename, CES will assign the next
available CES default filename to save your new data. The former consultation will retain the filename
and entered data.
The filename that you (or CES) enter at the => prompt will automatically be saved upon the
.completion, ofc a .consultation. It is,, possible ;tOv view a listing of all the filenames that have been
previously assigned by pressing the ฃ4, key at this screen.
,3.2 Entering Preliminary Data '
After the filename for the consultation has been entered, you will be prompted to enter preliminary
data (see Figure 3-2) and then enter an optional comment (at the next screen). This information will
appear on the Summary report produced by this consultation. After you type in (enter) the
information, press the Enter key. ,
CES-
-Preliminary Information-
Enter the site name
ปป Acme Landfill
Enter reviewer name
=> John Q. Public
Enter the report date
*> Current Date Displayed
F1 Help
F3 Select
F4 View
FS DOS
FtO Quit
Figure 3-2
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You also have the option to enter a comment at the next screen. A Yes response to this prompt will
display a text window where you will enter the comment. Press the ESC key to continue when finished.'
The comment will appear at the, beginning of the summary report. . .
3.3 Selecting a Module from the CES MAIN MENU
After entering preliminary data, you will be prompted to select a module to evaluate (see Figure 3-3) -
V-GES, F-CES, or L-CES -from the CES MAIN MENU. To use MAIN MENU (and all other menus
in the system), simply press the up and down Arrow keys to highlight your choice and then press the
Enter key to select it. You also have the option to end or begin a new consultation. If you select the
Start New Consultation option, you will repeat the same steps that brought you to this point.
CES MAIN MENU
Select a closure Module to, evaluate.
V-CES * Vegetative Cover Evaluation System
F-CES~*' Final Caver Evaluation System.
L-CES * Leachate Collection Evaluation System
End' Consultation, ,.. _:.-
Start New Consultation
.
M Help,
F8 DOS F10 Quit
Figure 3-3
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4.0 RUNNING a MODULE
4.1 Module Format
During a V-CES, F-CES, and/or L-CES module consultation, your monitor screen; will generally display
a double window format. You respond to successive questions (per module category) by either entering
or selecting appropriate data in the right window. The left .window is used to list thel premise of the
question along with-the entered data collected from the right window. At the end of each module
category, the left window is also used to act as an editing screen where you can correct any entered data
(see Figure 4-1).
Information Collection Window-
State: HT
Region: Northern Rocky Mountains
Climate: ARID/SEMIARID
Ph of sail: 6
Annual Precipitation: 45 in. per year
Grass Type: Multiple
r-Oata Entry Window-
Is this the correct
information?
Yes
No
F1 Help
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
Figure4-Ht
A third, function key window appears on the bottom of the screen throughout the consultation. This
window identifies the key codes and corresponding functions available to you during the evaluation (see
Section 4.4). The sample sessions provided in this manual (see Chapters 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0) shows in
detail, how windows and function keys are used during the consultation*.
4.2 Module Prompts and Menus
During a consultation, a module will gather information by way of questions through the use of prompts
and menus appearing in the right screen window.
When a => prompt follows a question, you should enter the appropriate response and then press the
Enter key to accept it.
When a menu follows a question, you should make a selection, from the choices appearing within the
menu. The first (top) choice in a menu is displayed in reverse video or highlighted (white text on red).
In order to select or highlight a different item, use the Arrow keys. The down Arrow key moves the
"selector box" to the next lower item in the list. The up Arrow key moves the "selector box" to the
previous item in the list When the correct answer or choice is highlighted, press the Enter key to
accept your selection.
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NOTE: On many keyboards, the Arrow keys are shared with numbers on a special keypad. If no-
response is generated when the arrow keys are pressed^ it may be that the HUM LOCK is on. If NUM
LOCK is on, the Arrow keys are being interpreted as numeric digits rather than cursor direction keys.
Press, the, NUtt, LOCK key to. turn, off this function, and the "selector box" will operate properly.
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4.3 Getting Help
Two types of help options are available during a consultation: the system help facility that can be
accessed at any time by pressing the PI function key and the hypertext options that appear in the
questions and statements on the right screen window.
Help Facility
. The help facility contains general instructions that are always available to you during a consultation by
pressing the PI function key. These instructions contain information about the types of questions being
asked during a consultation and what keys you use to answer them.
Hypertext
> Hypertext enables you; to gain more information about the-questions asked and the statements made
by the system. When you-see,hypertext (white, text on red) imbedded in a, .question, or. statement, you
. have the option to learn more about the: topic associated withfthe 'highlightedphrasei If-a? word or
concept is unclear to your,this::pr.ovides a- way to get the necessary^^informatrori before- answering a
question.
'' To use the hypertext option, press the F4 key when the hypertext you want defined is highlighted or
appears"as*white text orrred; Ifthe-questionorstatemenr contains more than one-hypertext topic;: as?
indicated by black text on white, use the P3 key to toggle between them and press the P4 key when
the hypertext you want appears as white text on red. In many cases, the hypertext window will be
layered or the first hypertext window to appear will contain additional hypertext with related hypertext
windows. When you are finished reviewing a hypertext window, press the Esc key or the SPACE key
to return to the previous screen.
>
4.4 Keys to Use
In general, the Enter key is used to transfer user supplied information to the system from prompts
and menus, the UP and DOWN arrow keys are used to move among choices within menus, the INS
key is used to select several choices within menus, and the Esc and SPACE keys are used to exit
hypertext windows.
The function key window appearing at the bottom of the screen throughout the consultation lists special
function keys that are available to assist you. Different subsets of these keys will be available at
different points in the consultation. The set of available keys are:
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KEY FUNCTION
HELP. Pressing this key will display a window containing general instructions on how to
use the system. Pressing the PgDn and PgUp keys will scroll through the help window.
To exit the help facility press the Esc key or SPACE key.
P3 select. Pressing this key allows you to toggle (select) between white text on red
(highlighted) and additional black text on white hypertext (See Section 4.3).
F4 View. This key, when pressed at a white text on red (highlighted) hypertext, will display
'a hypertext window which contains an explanation of the hypertext in: question (See
Section 4.3).
F8 DOS. Pressing this key normally allows you to exit to DOS during a consultation, leaving
a module and its current knowledge resident in memory. Typing EXIT in DOS and then
pressing the Enter key, should allow you to reenter the consultation.
NOTE: It is recommended that you DO NOT use the F8 key because it may disrupt the
memory needed to-run CES. Normally, there will not be sufficient memory to run a DOS
comrnand.,(see Section 9.1).
Flo Quit. Pressing:this key twice returns you to DOS and will erase any data you have
entered in a consultation.
4.5 Using a Mouse
If your operating system has a Microsoft or compatible mouse, you can use it instead of many keyboard
functions. When first entering a module you will notice a cursor block on the screen. It can be moved
around the screen by moving the mouse. The mouse can shorten consultation time and replace
keyboard functions in three ways:
Selecting, choices from menus. By placing the mouse cursor inside of a selector box within a
Menu window, you can highlight different choices by moving the mouse up or down. When the
desired choice is highlighted, press the LEFT button on the mouse as you would the Enter key
to select it
Selecting hypertext. When there is more than one hypertext word or concept within a question
or statement, moving the mouse cursor among them will move the highlight (white text on red)
' color. When the desired hypertext is highlighted in the red color, pressing either the LEFT or
RIGHT button, on the mouse will display the hypertext window. Continue the same process to
scroll through subsequent hypertext windows.
Selecting special function keys. Moving: the mouse eursor^over the top of a special key, function
appearing in the bottom window on the screen and pressing either the LEFT or RIGHT button
on the mouse will select it.
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NOTE: There are three instances in which the mouse will be ineffective during the consultation. These
are:
At the => prompts throughout the consultation. Enter your information, from the keyboard
and press the Enter key when you are finished.
When a Press any key message appears. Any key from the keyboard will work.
To exit from hypertext windows; Press Esc or the SPACE key to return to the consultation.
If the mouse cursor motion seems jumpy, use the control program supplied with your mouse to adjust
the mouse sensitivity.
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5.0 V-CES MODULE
5.1 The Vegetative Cover Evaluation System (V-CES)
The Vegetative Cover Evaluation System (V-CES) is one of three modules that operates within the
Closure Evaluation System (CES). It has, been developed to assist RCRA Part B permit reviewers in
the evaluation of submitted vegetative cover designs by following the EPA guidelines, as set forth under
40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 (and other sources - see Appendix A). It incorporates a-wide range of
vegetative cover issues that are organized into the three categories of; Grass and Groundcover
Characteristics, Soil Conditions, and Seeding Rates. A Summary Report Menu will be produced at the
end of the consultation that lists RCRA recommendations and conclusions for the proposed vegetative
cover design based upon the data you have entered.
5.2 V-CES Sample Consultation
This section describes ALL the steps necessary to complete a CES consultation - with the V-CES
module - from start to finish. It defines.when control is transferred to and from a module and lists each
prompt and menu within each V-CES category. It also allows you to acquire 'hands on' experience with
the system. An entire V-CES session will take approximately 15 minutes. If you want to end this
.sessionJzefQie completing,the consultationr>press;Lthe{iItlQvkey1(any data you have entered however, will
be lost). .,'.
Section 53 Sample V-CES Summary Report will discuss the conclusions and recommendations that are
produced by this sample consultation:;
NOTE: During the consultation, you may occasionally encounter a blinking Collecting Memory
message or blinking cursor between response times. This indicates that the program is temporarily
freeing up conventional memory to avoid being "bogged down". When this occurs, WATT for blinking
to stop (30-90 seconds). Pressing any key at this time could cause the consultation to skip over the next
prompt or menu when resuming and may ALTER THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE
SYSTEM.
For this sample session:
BOLD text indicates V-CES questions encountered during a consultation,
REGULAR text indicates .comments or explanations about the system, and
ITALIC text indicates instructions for the user. The quote marks ("") enclosing a statement
indicate what you should type at a prompt or select from a menu.
[Topsoil] bracketed text (within bold text) indicates hypertext.
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SAMPLE SESSION:
1. - Startup the system.
At the C: (or drive you installed CES on) prompt, type "CD\CES" (or subdirectory
specified). Then press the. Enter key.
At the CES prompt, type "CES" then press the Enter key.
CES - Beginning a Consultation .
1. - A brief screen will appear identifying the Knowledge Pro software
used to create the CES system.
Press the SPACE key or wait 4 seconds to continue.
2. - A CES title screen will appear nextv,
Press the SPACE key to continue. -
3. - Atthe*. CES- Filename-vEntry^ Screen.'"(see- Section 3-.1),;
Press the Backspace key to erase CES1, type "Acme", and then press: the Enter key.
4. - At the Preliminary Data Screen (see Section 3.2),
Enter the site name.
=> Type "Acme Landfill".
Enter reviewer name.
=> Type "John Q. Public".
Enter the report date.
=> Press the Enter key to accept the date.
_
Do you wish to enter a comment to be placed at the beginning of
the report? (See section 3.2)
Press Enter key to select "No".
5. - At the MAIN MENU (see Section 3.3),
Press the up or down Arrow keys to highlight the "V-CES * Vegetative Cover Evaluation
v System" module and press the Enter key.
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As V-CES is. loading, an appropriate screen message will appear,.
Do not press any keys at this screen.
I. V-CES GRASS and GROUNDCOVER CHARACTERISTICS categoiy
1. - Enter the state abbreviation of the site.
=> Type "ky" and then press the Enter key.
i ,
2. - Select the growing region of the site.
View the Regional Map to display the regional boundaries of the
state.
If you- are not sure of the exact region, view the regional
growing map- that" is available to-you. (only available with VGA) .
Press-Arrow key to ^highlight "Regional Map" and then press the Enter key to select it.
Press the Esc key when finished.
Press the Arrow key to. highlight 'MQzack^Ohio-Tennessee Rwet^afleys" and press the
Enter key. ----, .
3. - Enter the.[pH] of the [topsoil] that will be used for the
vegetative layer.
Hypertext (pH and topsoil) appears within the statement on the
right screen. Hypertext gives you the option to learn more about
a topic or concept.
Press the F3 function key to highlight (white text on red) "[topsoil]".
When there is more than one hypertext within a guestion or
statement, the P3 key allows you ta toggle between*-.them. - The F4
key will allow you to view the explanation., of the hypertext.
Press the F4 key to view an explanation for [topsoil]. Press the Esc key when finished.
=> Type "6", then press the Enter key.
4ป ' - Enter the annual [average precipitation} (inches per year).
=> Type "34" and then press the Enter key.
5. - Now it is time to" select the grasses and groundcovers that will
be used at the site.
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r-Vegetative Cover Listing-
Use- the PgUp" keys and' PgDn keys to view additionat Grasses and- Groundcovers
to determine your choices. To make a choice, press Enter to reveal "=>"
prompt, type in number of the Grass or Groundcover, and press Enter to select.
Repeat, until all Grasses and Groundcovers have been selected.
1. Alkali Sacaton
4. Arizona Fescue
7. Basin Wildrye
10. Bermudagrass
13*. Big Galleta
16. Blowoutgrass
19. Boer Lovegrass
22. Buffalograss
25. Centipedgrass
28. Crested Wheatgrass
31. Deertonguegrass
GRASSES
2. Annual Ryegrass
5. Bahiagrass
8. Beardless UiIdrye
11. Big Btuegrass
14. Black Grama
17. Blue Grama
20. Broomsedge
23. California Brome
Common Oats
3. Arizona Cottontop
6. Barley
9. Bermudagrass
12. Big Bluestan
15. Blando Brome
18. Blue Wildrye
21. Browntop Millet
24. Canada Bluegrass
27. Creeping Red Fescue
29. Crested "Fairway" Wheatgrass 30. Curly Mesquite
32. Emerald Zoysiagrass 33. Field Brome
Screen (1 of 4) - GRASSES
F1 Help
Space Cont.
P3 1 of 4
F10 Quit
There are four screens- that list 120 grass and groundcover
species*. Screens.,-l-t3t,.,,i;ist,;the,.grassesv.and ,^screen:.,4 Lists,,.the.,
groundcovers,. Use, the,, PgDn .and:,;Rgllp, keys, to, scroll,, through the.
listings.
Press the PgDn key once, press the Enter key (to reveal "= >" prompt), type "44" for
"Kentucky: Bluegrass", and press the Enter key.
Would you like to add an additional grass or groundcover?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
Press the Enter key (to reveal "= >" prompt), type "27" for "Creeping Red Fescue", and
press the Enter key.
Would you like to add an additional grass or groundcover? ',-.;."
Press the Arrow key to highlight "No" and then press trie Enter key.
At this pointr you have the chance to correct any incorrect
answers for the first category.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Arrow key to highlight "No" and then press the Enter key.
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15
-HJIT GRASS and GROUNDCOVER CHARACTER 1ST ICS-
State: ICY
Region: Ozark-Ohio-Tennessee River'Valleys
Climate: HUMID
pH of soil: 6
Annual precipitation: 67 in. pep year
Grass / Groundcover: Multiple
nter Information-
EDIT DATA
To correct the information
in the left window, press
the F3 key to select the
information and then press
the F4 key to re-enter the
new information.,
After you have re-entered
the new information, press
the Enter key.
Space Cont.
F3 Select
F4 View
F6 Display KB
Pg 1 of 1
F10 Quit
To change, the pH of the soil,
Press the F3 key 2 times to highlight "pH of soil: 6" and press the F4
Enter the.pH of the Top Soil that will be used for the vegetative
layer,. ...
s> Type "5" and press, the. Ent^rkey.
Once again you have the option to edit data in the left window.
Any entry, when selected (P3 key), will reveal the original
prompt or menu that you. made your selection from (P4 key).
If you select "Grass Type:" from the left window you must re-
enter ALL the grasses and groundcovers again. You can view a
listing of your grass/groundcover selections by pressing the F4
key when "Multiple" is highlighted.
When you are satisfied that all the data in the left window is
correct, .
Press the Enter key to exit the EDIT DATA screen.
is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select 'Yes".
"PAUSE". Do not press any keys as the next category is loading.
II. - V-CES SOIL CHARACTERISTICS category
1.
Enter the depth, of the [upper topsoil component] that will be
used for the vegetative layer, (inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type "12" and press the Enter key.
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17
Press the Arrow key to highlight "GM" and then press the Enter key.
11. - Now the Sail Condition category has been completed. You again
have the- option ta correct, any infonna-tiorr in*- the -left window by
using the same EDIT DATA procedure as 'in the previous category.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
III.- SEEDING RATES category
1. - Enter the [seeding rate] of Kentucky Bluegrass. (ibs/acre)
=> Type "20" and then press the Enter key.
2. - Enter the [seeding rate] of Creeping Red Fescue. (Ibs/acre)
ss> Type "20" and then press the Enter key. "
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to. select "Yes".
'<;. ,.' , "PAUSE". .Do not, press,xany, keys^ as,, contr^i::is^beingi restored^ ta
- -. " CES. ' . '
CES - Ending or Continuing the Consultation
1. - At the Summary Report Menu (see Section a., 1.)
Press the Arrow key to highlight "Display the Summary Report1 option and then press
the Enter key.
*
Press the PgUp and PgDn keys to scroll through the Summary Report-
Press the Esc key when finished,
The Summary Report will list the recommendations and conclusions
that are determined, by. a. module consultation (see Section 5.2).
2. To return to the CES Main Menu,
Press the Arrow key to highlight "Return to the Main Menu" and press the Enter key.
3 . - - At this point, you have three options available to you at the CES
MAIN MENU: . ..
-------
s.
L6;
At the pop-up menu, press-the Enter key to select "Inches".
2. - Enter the depth of the [lower topsoil component] that will be
used for the vegetative layer (inches, feet, or. centimeters).
=> Type "72" and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, press the Enter key to select "Inches".
3. - Has [soil testing] been done on the [topsoil] that will be used
for the vegetative layer?
Press Enter to select "Yes".
4. - The information appearing on the next screen can be reviewed and
used in an optional comment.
With the Arrow key, highlight "Add a Comment11 and press the Enter-
key. ฐ .
In the text box type, "The soil is deficient in Nitrogen. The applicant should submit a
plan fora supplemental fertilizer treatment of 50-85 Ibs/acre of Nitrogen" and press the
Esc key. . , .
5. - Enter the [organic! content of the [upper topsoil component] that
will be used for the vegetative layer- (percentage)
=> Type "5" and then press the Enter key.
6. - Enter the [density] of the [upper topsoil component] that will be
used for the vegetative layer; cgป/cws or ibs/ft3 r
=> Type "1" and then press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, press the Enter key to select "gm/cm3".
*
7. - Enter the [density] of the [lower topsoil component] that will be
used for the vegetative layer. (gm/cm3 or Ibs/ft3)
=> Type T and then press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, press the Enter key to select "gm/cm3'.
8. - Enter the [permeability] of the- [upper topsoil component] that
will be used for the vegetative layer, (cm/sec)
=> Type ฐr ancLthen press the Enter key.
9. - Enter the [permeability] of the [lower topsoil component] that
will be used for the vegetative layer (cm/see) .
=> Type ".5" and then press the Enter key.
10. - Select the Unified Soil Classification [(USC)] of the topsoil?
-------
" 19
i I. GRASS AND GROUNDCOVER CHARACTERISTICS category
User Supplied, Informajtion.:
|
!State: KY
Region: Ozarks-Ohio-Tennessee River Valleys
1 Climate; HUMID
Ph of soilr 5
Annual Precipitation: 34
Recommendations:
iCreeping Red Fescue
I This species is recommended for this climate and/or growing region.
j This species is recommended for the top soil pH.
iThis species is listed as a Perennial.
jThe precipitation level is appropriate for this species.
;Other characteristics listed for Creeping Red Fescue
| Excessive Drainage Tolerant
| Poor Drainage Tolerant
; Planting season should be: cool
: Kentucky. Bluegrass, ,
i
' This species. :isx;:recommended> for,, this climate and/or growing, riegion..,,, .,.,..
i'This species, is,not .recommended, for the top. soil .pH. .;. :., c \
; This-species is listed asr a. Perennial.
:=The precipitation level is appropriate for this species.
, -. . . . .
iiOther characteristics listed for Kentucky Bluegrass
Poctr Drainage Talerantt
; Planting season should he: cool
, Summary of V-CES Recommendations for Category I
i All of the selected vegetative covers: are,-listed as being
1 appropriate for your growing region.
'. . All of the selected vegetative covers selected are listed as
I being appropriate for the local rainfall level and/or drought
'tolerance.
! 1 of the selected vegetative covers are listed as not being
;tolerant of the topsoil pH. This recommendation, however, does
I not evaluate acidic hybrid vegetative species. If available, the
specifications supplied with the seeds should be reviewed.
A legume has been not been included in the vegetative
cover, design. Although it is not an Agency requirement,, legumes.
|can be useful in a cover as they fix nitrogen and reduce the need
and the cost of nitrogen fertilizer.
! For current information about, vegetative cover closure design
i in your area, contact your state environmental Agency OT regional
;U.S. EPA office. For further information about vegetative cover
iselection, planting techniques, and soil surveys contact your state
-------
18
1. Select the same module for a different RCRAi:* Part" B
application.
Select the Start New Consultation command at the CES MAIN
MENU. You will be prompted to enter a "new filename (see
Section 3.1), enter new preliminary data (see Section 3.2),
and to select the module from the CES MAIN MENU.
2. Select a different module for the same RCRA Part B;
application. .
Select a different module from the CES MAIN MENU. You will
move directly to the first prompt of the new module. You
will retain the same filename and preliminary data for the
consultation.
3. Exit the CES system.
Select the End Consultation command to exit to DOS. Your
consultation will automatically be saved to the filename you
have specified at the beginning of the consultation.
To exit the CES system,, highlight "EndJConsultation" and then press the Enter key.
5.3 V-CES Sample Summary Report
When you have completed the V-CES sample consultation (see Section 5.2), the following Summary
Report will appear on the output device(s^e^n orprintef) yotf have^selected' (.Seer Section &. If or an
explanation of each of the SUMMARY REPORT MENU "output" options that are available to you).
Closure Evaluation System - CES
A formal review of CES has yet to be completed, therefore the
recommendations determined by CES should not be presumed to represent
current U.S. EPA policy and no official endorsement should.be. inferred., _
Vegetative Cover Evaluation System (F-CES) module
Summary Report
This V-CES Summary Report lists final cover design recommendations for the
following applicants Acme Landfill
Date: 7/4/1992
Reviewer: John Q. Public
Comments: The Acme Wasteland application, was received two days prior to
today's date "
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21
The topsoil has the recommended organic content for proper
vegetative cover, growth.
With a pH level less than 6.5, the reviewer should consider
whether the level should be adjusted (limed) to achieve proper
vegetative cover growth and absorption of nutrients. The -
applicant should submit justification as to why acidic soil is to
used and/or submit a plan for initial and periodic liming.
The topsoil density of 1 grams per cubic centimeter
meets the minimal soil compaction recommended by the Agency.
Soils that have been overly compacted do not allow free movement
of water and nutrients into the vegetative cover roots. Also,
roots will grow in the seams and not properly stabilize the soil.
The topsoil in the vegetative cover has been specified
with a USCS class of GM. In general, the topsoil in this layer
should belong to one of the following USCS-classes: MH, ML, CL,
OPT, OL> Stt, OT SC. If the topsoil type is not one of the above
USCS- classes is used, then additional justification in terms of
vegetation and site characteristics, should be, provided.
^ /
The cumulative seeding rates for this vegetative cover
mixture are appropriate. The Agency does not have any guidelines
for seeding rate combinations, therefore the .seeding rates listed
below shduidv.be^ reviewed?.
Species Seeding Suggested single
rate species rate
(Ibs/acre) , (Ibs/acre)
Kentucky Bluegrass 20 35
Creeping Red Fescue 20 19
-------
20
U.S.D.Aat:
Billy w. Miliken
U.S.D.A Soil Conservation Service %,
333 Walker Avenue, Room 305
Lexington, Kentucky, 40504
(606) 233-2746 :
II. , SOIL QUALITY category "' .
User Supplied Information:,
i
TOP SOIL DEPTH: 30.48 centimeters
SUBSOIL DEPTH: 30.48 centimeters
ORGANIC CONTENT: 5 percent
TOP SOIL DENSITY: 1 gm/cm3
PH OF TOPSOIL:5
SUBSOIL DENSITY: 1 gm/cm3
TOPSOIL PERM: 1 cm/sec
SUBSOIL PERM:: .5 cm/sec
SOIL CONDITION: Problem noted -
Recommendations:
The design meets,the. Agency. recommended i minimum of .15,
centimeters of topsoil and 30 centimeters of subsoil, with 60
centimeters of the combined' top; and~ subsoil- layers. Greater, soil
thickness may be required where maximum frost penetration exceeds
this depth, or where.greater plant-available water storage is
either necessary or desirable.
The reviewer has indicated that a possible problem exists with
the nutrients in the site's topsoil. Suggest nutrient levels
from list the following suggested values:
Organic Material (%)
RELATIVE
LEVEL
Very Low
Low
Medium
sHigh
Very High
Sand,
Loamy
Sand.
<0.6
0.6-1.5
1.6-2.5
2.6-3.5
>3.5
Sandy Loam,
Loam
Silt Loam
<1.6
1.6-3.0,
3.1-4.5
4.6-5.0
>5 . 5
Clay Loam ,
Sandy Clay
Clay
. <2.6
2.6-4.5
4.6-6.5
6.6-7.5
>7.5'
Nitrogen
Ib/acre
<20
20-50
50-85
85-125
>125
Phos.
Ib/acre
<6
6-10
11-20
21-30
>30
Potash
lb/aci:e
<60
60-90*
91-22Q
221-260
>260
User Supplied comments:
The soil is deficient in Nitrogen. The applicant should submit a plan
for a supplemental fertilizer treatment of 50-85 Ibs/acre of Nitrogen
-------
23
Section 6.3 Sample F-CES Summary Report will discuss the conclusions and recommendations that
are produced by this sample consultation.
NOTE: During the consultation, you may occasionally encounter a blinking Collecting
Memory message or blinking cursor between response times. This indicate's that the program is
temporarily freeing up conventional memory to avoid being "bogged down". When this occurs,
WAIT for blinking to stop (30-90 seconds). Pressing any key at this time could cause the
consultation to skip over the next prompt or menu when resuming and may ALTER THE
CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE SYSTEM.
For this sample session:
' BOLD text indicates F-CES questions encountered during a consultation,
REGULAR text indicates comments or explanations about the system, and
ITALIC . text indicates instructions for the; user. ,The quote marks ("")' enclosing a statement
indicate what you should type at a prompt or select from a menu.
[Topsoiij bracketed text (within bold text) indicates hypertexts .
SAMPLE SESSIONS, -','"- ..'- -. ..'-..
1. - Startup the system.
At the C: (or drive you installed CES on) prompt, type "CD \ CES" (or subdirectory
specified). Then press the Enter key.
At the CES prompt, type "CES" then press the Enter key.
CES - Beginning a Consultation
L. A, brief screen will appear identifying the Knowledge Pro
software used to create the CES system.
Press the SPACE key or wait 4 seconds to continue.
2. - A CES title screen will appear next.
Press the SPACE key to continue.
3. - At the CES Filename Entry Screen (see Section 3.L),
Press the Backspace key to erase CES1, type "Acme", and then press tile Enter
key.
-------
22
6.0 F-CES MODULE
6.1 The Final Cover Evaluation System (F-CES)
The Final Cover Evaluation System (F-CES) is one of three modules that operates within the
Closure Evaluation System (CES). It has been developed to assist RCRA Part B permit reviewers
in the evaluation of submitted finar cover designs by following: the EPA guidelines as set forth
under 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 and other sources - see Appendix A. F-CES consists of two
categories. The Layer Configurations Category will prompt you for, and construct the submitted
multilayered final cover layer design on your monitor screen. Layers can be constructed in a wide
variety of ways. A given layer (other than the surface layer) can be selected more than once. The
Layer category will then ask applicable questions pertaining to each layer.
EPA-recommended coyer design
EPA-recommended cover design
w/ optional layers
vifteatlon/salL
top layer
lor-pซrmซซblllty
rHL/soli liytr
vast*
60 cm
filter layer
30 cm
60cm
cobbles/ soil
top layer
layor
FHL/ioil layic
gas rant layer
', 30 "* ";"-
9Bp3Tnthetie {liter
3D. cm ''
ea cm
30 cm
A Summary Report Menu will be produced at the end of the consultation that lists RCRA
recommendations and conclusions for the proposed final cover design based upon the data you
have entered.
. 6.2 F-CES Sample Consultation
This section describes ALL the steps necessary to complete a CES consultation -with the F-CES
module - from start to finish. It defines when control is transferred to and from a module and lists
each prompt and menu within, each F-CES category. It also allows you to acquire 'hands on'
experience with the system. An entire F-CES session will take approximately 15 minutes. If you
want to end this session before completing the consultation, press the Flo key (any data you have
entered however, will be lost).
-------
24
4. - At the Preliminary Data Screen: (see Section 3.2), ....
(This screen will NOT appear if you hav& already completed; the
V-CES sample consultation (see Section 5.2)).
Enter the site name.
=> Type "Acme Landfill.
Enter reviewer name.
=> Type "John Q. Public".
Enter the report date.
=> Press the Enter key to accept the date.
Do you wish to enter a comment to be placed at the beginning
of the report? (See section 3.2)
Press Enter key to select "No"^
5. .- - At the;, MAIN MENU (see Section 3.3) ,
Press,- tfie, An-QWckey to, highlight the "F-CES * Finaf Cover Evaluation System"
module and ptess the. Enter key.
As E-CES is- loading, an. appropriate screen message will
appear. Do not press any keys at this screen.
Layer Configurations Category
1. ' - F-CES will now begin to prompt for layer information for the
final cover'.
At the introductory screen, press the Enter key to continue.
2. - What is the topmost layer of the final coyer?
Press Enter key to select Vegetative/Soil Top".
3. - Are there more layers in the cover design?
Press Enter key to select YES.
-------
25.
4.
Layer 1 : Vegetative/Soil Top
: vegetation and topsotL
: subsoil
EPA design recommendations imply
that either a [filter] (which
prevents-soi I migration into an
underlying [drainage] layer),
a [biotic barrier] , or the
drainage layer itself should
underlie the top layer. In a min-
imum configuration, the next layer
is the drainage layer.
Select the layer that is directly
below the Vegetalive/Soil Top layer.
Filter
Biotic Barrier
Drainage
F1 Help
F3 Select
F4 View
F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
The configuration for Layer 1 is now displayed on the left
screen. Red and white text--appears, within the text on the
right screen. This hypertext gives you the option to learn
more about a topic or concept.
Press the F3 function key to highlight [drainage].
The F3 key .allots 'you to select or toggle between the
hypertext. .
Press the F3 function key 2 times to highlight [filter].
[Filter] is again highlighted^ red- in order~ to get more-
information about a particular hypertext topic or concept, you
must be highlighted or appear, as Red text. To get more
information for [filter],
Press the F4 function key to select [filter].
Layer. t..t Vegetative/Sott Top-
: vegetal i-on and topsoil
: subsoil
-Fit ter
EPA: design recommendations imply,
that either a [filter! Cwhich
prevents soil migration into an
Filter layers are most likely to be needed above the- [drainage! layer
and between layers that are comprised of soils of greatly different
particle sizes - in order to prevent one from migrating into the
other. Filters may be constructed of soils of intermediate grain
size or they may be [geosynthetic] materials. For example, three
locations where geosynthetic filters may be appropriate are:
(1) between- a- top layer and either a- cobble Ebiotic barrier] or a
drainage layer, (2> between a cobble biotic barrier and a drainage
layer, and <3> between the [low-permeability] soil componenrand
a [gas vent] layer.
F1 Help
F3 Select
F4 View
F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
-------
26
A hypertext window now appears with a further explanation for
["filter]. Embedded within this text is more hypertext which
appears as red and white text. Press the F4 function key to
view it's hypertext window. When you are finished viewing
hypertext,
Press the ESC key until you return to the original screen appearing in step 11.
Press the Enter key to select "Fitter".
Select the characteristic material component of the Filter
layer.
Press the Enter key to select "Soil". ' '
Are there more layers in the cover design?
Press the "Enter" key to select 'Yes".
Layer 1,-,
Layer 2.
Vegetative/Sail; Jfifu^
vegetatrfon' and; topsoi t;"
subsoil ...
.Filter
soil
^-.Either a.:.[drainage! or a- [low-
permeBbtt'ftyF Cayer'-'noemafety-''
underlie*--the; preceding ffIterj,.,
What layer is directly below the
Filter layer?
Drainage
Low-PermeabfIfty
Other
F1 Help
F3 Select
F4 View
F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS. *
F10 Quit
Press Enter key to select "Drainage".
8,
Enter the characteristic material component of the [drainage]
layer.
Press the Enter key to select "Sand or Soil".
Are, there more layers in the cover design?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
-------
10,
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
F1 Help
Vegetative/Soil Top
vegetation and topsoil
subsoil
Filter
. soil
Drainage
granular sand or soil
F3 Select
F4 View
The next layer below a [drainage]
layer is usually a [filter]
layer or a [low-permeabilityj
layer.
Utrar layer fs directly below the
Drainage layer? '
Low-PermeabiIi ty
Filter
Other
F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
Press the Enter key to sefect "Low-Permeability".
27
11.
Do you wish, to remove one of these components?
Press the-,Enter key to select "No".
12,
Are there more layers in the cover design?
Press the Arrow key tofitgtiirghf JWo!t and press the Enter kef.
13
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
Vegetative/Soil Top
vegetation and topsoit
subsoil
Filter
soil
Drainage
granular sand or soil
Low-Permsabi I i ty
FML
compacted soil liner
F1 Help
The cover layer configuration
shown in the left-side window has
been specified.
Is this configuration correct?
,>
(Answer yes to continue using
the layer configuration shown.
Answer no to start over and to
specify a different configuration.)
yes
no
'F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
If you select lfNo^ to the above question; you have the ability
to edit the layer configuration in the left window by
-------
28
selecting; Remove a Layer, Change a Layer, Add a Layer, or
Make No -Change from a subsequent menu.,-."
Press, the Enter, key to select Yes,".,
Layers Category
F-CES will now. begin to ask specific questions about each of the four
layers that, you have specified.
Layer 1: Vegetative/Soil '
(If you have completed the V-CES sample consultation (see
Section 5.2) step six prompt will appear. Steps 1-5 V-CES
data will already be displayed in left window) .
1. - Enter the depth of the [upper 'topsoil component] that will be
used- for. the vegetative layer, (inches, feet/ or centimeters)
=> Type '30' and press the Enter key.
At the, pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
2. EHterrthw deptir afrlA^
used, for the vegetative layer, (inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '45' and press the Enter key,
, At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
3. - Enter the [permeability] of the [upper topsoil component} that,
will be used for the vegetative layer, (cm/sec)
=> Type '1' and press the Enter key.
4. - Enter the [permeabilityj of the flower topsoil component] that
will be used- for the vegetative layer, (cm/see)
=> Type 'V and press the Enter key.
5. - Select the Universal Soil Classification ([_USC}) Qf the
topsoil.
Press the Arrow key to highlight "CL" and press the Enter key.
6. .- Enter the [slope] {%) of the [vegetative/soil topj layer.
=> Type '3' and press the Enter key.
-------
29
F-CES Vegetative Layer-
Upper Topsoil Thfcfcness: 3C.4S cm
Lower Topsoil Thickness: 30.48 car
Upper Topsoil Permeability: 1 cm/sec
Lower Topsoil Permeability: 1 cm/sec
Topsoil Type: GH
Surface Slope: 3X
Enter, Information-
Is the information in
the Left Window correct?
Yes
No
F1 Help
F6 Display KB
F7 Edit
F8 DOS
F10 Quit
You now have the option to edit any incorrect, data in the left
window. To edit the Subsoil Thickness data,
Highlight "No"an<ฑpres&the Enter key.
At, the next screen,
Press the F3 key to highlight "Lower Topsoil Thickness" and press the F4 key.
Enter the. depth of the [lower topsoil component] that will be
used for -the vegetative^ layer** Marches, feet/- or^ centimeters)
=> Type '35' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
Once again -you have the option to edit data in the left
window. Any entry, when selected (F3 key) , will reveal the
original prompt or menu that you made your selection from (P4
When you are satisfied that all the data in the left window is
correct,
Press the Enter key to exit the EDIT DATA screen.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key ta select Tesl
Layer 2: Filter Layer
1. - Enter the thickness of the [filter] layej^ (inches, feet, or
centimeters)
-------
30
=> Type '20* ancf press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
Enter the [slope] (%) of the [filter layer] .
=> Accept default (from Layer 1) '3' and press the Enter key.
If the default slope does not correspond, press the Backspace
key and enter different slope.
Select the Universal Soil Classification ( [USC] ) of the soil
of the filter layer.
Press S key, press down. Arrow once to highlight "SM" and press the Enter key.
Enter the coefficient of permeability (hydraulic conductivity
in cm/sec) of the soil in the [filter] layer. ._
=> Type ".02" and press, the Enter key.
Again you have the option to correct any information in the
left window by using the EDIT DATA procedure.
Is , the /information, .in^ ithซ./ leฃtw;windQซ; carrect?;,
Press the 'Enter key "ftrss/ectYes"r >
Layer 3: Drainage Layer
1. Enter the thickness of the [drainage] layer, (inches, feet, or
centimeters)
=> Type '30' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
2. - Enter the [slope] (%) of the [drainage layer].
=> Accept '3' and then press, th& Enter key,
3. - Select the Universal Soil Classification ([USC]) of the*
[drainage] layer
Press S key to highlight "SC" and press the Enter key.
4. - Enter the coefficient of permeability (hydraulic conductivity
in cm/sec) of the soil in the [drainage] layer.
=> Type'.Q4r and press the Enter key.
5ป. Attain you have ..the. option to .correct any. information in the
left window by using the EDIT DATA procedure.
-------
31
Xs tire information in. the Left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
Layer 4r Low permeability layer f
1. - Enter the thickness of the clay liner in the [low
permeability] layer. (inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '30' and press the Enter key.
c
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
2. - What is the coefficient of permeability (hydraulic
conductivity in cm/sec) of the clay liner in the [low-
permeability] layer?
=> Type '1e-7' and press the Enter key.
3. - Select the Universal Soil Classification ([USC]) of the [low
permeability] layer.
Highlight "CH", and press the Enter key.
4. - Enter the thickness of the geomembrane in the [low
permeability] layer. (mils, inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '30' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu,, highlight- 'mils! and, pressM&Entee key*
5. - Enter the [slope] (%); of the clay-geomembrane interface in the
Low-Perm layer.
=> Accept '3' and then,press the Enter key.
6. - Enter the depth of the frost line at the site, (in., ft., or
cms)
=> Type'30'and press, the Enter key. ....
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
5. - Again you have the option to correct any information in the
left window by/using the EDIT DATA.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes". _
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32
CES - Ending or Continuing the Consultation
1. - At the Summary Report Menu (see Section 8.1)
Press the Arrow key to highlight "Display the Summary Report' option and then
press the Enter key.
Press the PgUp and PgDn keys to scroll through the Summary Report.
Press the Esc key when finished.
i
The Summary Report will list the recommendations and
conclusions that are determined by a module consultation (see
Section 5.2).
2. - To return to the CES Main Menu, -
Press the Arrow key to highlight "Return to the Main Menu" and press the Enter key.
3. - At this point, you have three options available to you at the
CES MAIN MENU:
1., Select the same module for a different RCRA Part B
applications. ..-,..
Select the Start New consultation' comiaarrd atr the CES MAIN'
MENU. You will be prompted to enter a new filename (see
Section 3.1), enter new preliminary data (see Section
3.2), and to select the module from the CES MAIN MENU.
2. . Select a different module for the same RCRA Part B
application..
Select a different module from the CES MAIN MENU. You
will move directly to the first prompt of the new module.
You will retain the same filename and preliminary data
for* the consultation.
-3". Exit the: CES system.
Select the End Consultation command to exit to DOS. Your
consultation will automatically be saved to the filename
you have, specified at the beginning of the consultation.
To exit the CES system, highlight "End Consultation" and then press the Enter key.
(If you have already completed the V-CES sample session (see
Section 5.2), you will now be asked if you want to update the
"Acme" file (see Section 3.1)
Press frre Enter key to select "YES".)
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33
6.3 F-CES Sample Summary Report
When you have completed the F-CES sample consultation (see Section 6.2), the following Summary
Report will appear on the output device (screen or printer) you have selected (See Section 8.1 for
an explanation of each of the SUMMARY REPORT MENU "output" options that are available:
to you).
Closure Evaluation System - CES
A formal review of CES has yet to be completed, therefore the
recommendations determined by CES should not be presumed to .represent
current U.S. EPA policy and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Final Cover Evaluation System (F-CES) module
Summary Report
This F-CES Summary Report lists final cover design recommendations for
the following applicant: Acme Landfill
Date: 7/4/1992
Reviewers John-,vQ.ซ>'Public, ; ,
Comments: '""-.
Final Cover layer structure:
Layer 1 : Vegetative/Soil. Top
: vegetation and topsoil
: subsoil
Layer 2 : Filter
: soil
Layer 3 : Drainage
: sand or soil
Layer 4 : Low-Permeability
: Geomembrane
: compacted soil liner
Layer 1: Vegetative/Soil Top Layer
User Supplied .Information:
TOP SOIL DEPTHr 30 centimeters
SUBSOIL DEPTH: 35 centimeters
TOPSOIL PERM: 1 cm/sec
SUBSOIL PERM: 1 cm/sec
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34
TOPSOIL TYPE: CL: , . ~ '
Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy
clays, silty clays, lean clays
SURFACE SLOPE: 3%
Recommendations:
The design meets the Agency recommended minimum of 15 centimeters
for the upper topsoil component and 30 centimeters for the lower topsoil
component, with 60 centimeters for the total of. the combined top soil
layers. Greater soil thickness may be required Where maximum frost
penetration exceeds this depth, or where greater plant-available water
storage is either necessary or desirable.
This concludes F-CES's review of the Soil layer.
Layer 2: -Filter Layer ;;;;
User. Supplied Information:
Filter Layer.Thickness:. 2,0, cm-,.
Filter Eayer-SIope'r 3! %- - ....... ~ . :
Filter Layer/ Soil Type:; SMK; ,. ; .'.
Silty sands, poorly .graded sand-ซsilt mixtures
Filter Layer Permeability: .02 cm/sec
Recommendations:
Filter layer: soil has-been specified with, a USCS type- of SM;:contrary
to the Agency's general recommendation that filter layer soil be
classified as sand (SP), or possibly gravelly sand (GP).
This concludes F-CES's review of the filter layer.
Layer 3: Drainage Layer
User Supplied Information:
Drainage Layer Thickness:'30 cm
Drainage Layer Slope: 3 %
Drainage Layer Soil Type: SC
Clayey sands, poorly graded sand-day mixtures
Drainage Layer Permeability: -04 cm/sec
-------
as:
Recommendations^
Drainage layer soil has been specified with a USCS type of SC;
contrary to the Agency's general recommendation that filter layer soil
be classified as sand (SP) , or possibly gravelly sand (GP).
concludes F-CES's review of the drainage layer.
Layer 4: Low Perm Layer
c
User Supplied Information: '"'
Low Perm Thickness: 30 cm
Low Perm Slope: 3: %
Low Perm Soil Type: CH .
Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays
Low Perm Permeability: 1E-7 cm/sec
FML Thickness: 0.0762 mil
Frost Depth:. Below Frost.,line.
Recommendations
No fundamental problems were discovered in the review of the low
perm layer. -
This concludes F-CES's review of the low perm layer.
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36
7.0 L-CES MODULE
7:t the LeaclraterCollectfor^ Evaluatforr System (L-CES)
The Leachate Collection Evaluation System (L-CES) is one of three modules that operates within
the Closure Evaluation System (CES). It has been developed to assist RCRA Part B permit
reviewers in the evaluation of submitted leachate collection system designs by following the EPA
guidelines as set forth under 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 (and other sources - see Appendix A). L-
CES is designed to evaluate four aspects of a RCRA leachate collection system that are
represented by the PIPE STRENGTH (and layer), LEACHATE HEAD, STORM CAPACITY,
and CLOGGING categories.
COLLECTION DRAINAGE
LAYER
COLLECTION LAYER
FILTER
DETECTION
DRAINAGE .
. LAYER;
LEACHATE1
COLLECTION
PIPES
TOP LINER FML
PRIMARY CLAr ,UNEBS
DETECTION LAYER FILTER
BOTTOM LINEP FML
STANDARD FML COMPOS ITE DOUBLE LINER SYSTEM
The PIPE STRENGTH (and Layer) category
Specific leachate layer components are itemized to determine leachate collection configuration.
They include the final cover, the waste and backfill, the collection layer filter, the collection
drainage layer, the top liner FML (flexible membrane liner), the primary clay liner, the detection^
layer filter, the detection drainage layer, the bottom liner FML, the secondary clay liner, the
collection sump and/or the detection sump. It will then assist in determining the pressure on the
collection and detection layer pipes, the effective pipe load, the vertical deflection of flexible pipes
and/or the load bearing strength of rigid pipes. For systems without uniform pipe characteristics
a "worst case" pipe strength calculation is performed. The effective pipe load is calculated using
the size and spacing of pipe perforations. For flexible pipes, if the deflection is greater than 5%,
the pipe-fails. For rigid pipes, if the predicted load is greater than the bearing strength of the pipe,
the pipe fails.
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37
The LEACHATE HEAEf category
The leachate head (above the liner) is determined for pipes with both uniform and non-uniform
slopes. If the leachate head is greater than one foot (30 cm), the design fails. With nonuniform
slopes, a minimum bottom layer slope angle is used in a "worst case" calculation. If the "worst
case" head calculation fails,, then, a "case by case" evaluation is performed to determine local head
for individual pipe slopes and pipe spacings.
The STORM CAPACITY category
i
The storm capacity of the leachate collection system is based on the drain time of the landfill.
Dram time is calculated by dividing the storm flow by the hydraulic capacity of the collection
system. The storm flow of a 25-year storm is calculated using the design drainage area and rainfall
intensity. The hydraulic capacity is determined by combining the flow results based on the'
Manning equation for each pipe entering the leachate collection sump. If the storm flow is greater
than the hydraulic capacity and the landfill will not dram to less than 1 foot of head within four
days, the storm capacity fails.
The CLOGGING category
The potential for clogging is determined' for eachs component of. the leachate collection system.
Design ratios are calculated for pipes with slots, pipes with circular holes, filters, and geotextiles
in all layers of the landfill; Soil to Soil, Soil to Fabric, and Soil to Pipe interfaces are evaluated
by criteria developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers! "Design ratios are compared to
recommended values to determine if the Layer.Structure Criteria and/or the Pipe Clog Criteria
will fail. Performance-criteria; that appear in guidance documents (see-Apperidk A - LC System
References) are incorporated in the system to. test for leachate collection and removal adequacy.
The L-CES categories differ from those in V-CES or F-CES modules in that they can be evaluated
individually or as a group. A Summary Report Menu will be produced at the end of the
consultation that lists RCRA recommendations and conclusions for the proposed final cover design
based upon the data you have entered.
>
7.2 L-CES Sample Consultation
This section describes ATT, the steps necessary to complete a CES consultation - with the L-CES
module - from, start to finish. It defines when control is transferred to and from a module and lists
each prompt and menu within each L-CES category. It also allows you to acquire 'hands on'
experience with the system. An entire L-CES consultation will take approximately 20 minutes. If
you. want to end this session before completing the consultation, press the Pio key (any data you
have entered however, will be lost). .
Section 73 Sample L-CES Summary Report will discuss the conclusions and recommendations that
are produced by this sample consultation.
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38
NOTE: During the consultation, you may occasionally encounter.a blinking Collecting
Memory message or blinking cursor between response times. This indicates that the program is ,
temporarily freeing up conventional memory to avoid being "bogged down". When this occurs,
WATT for blinking to stop (30-90seconds). Pressing any key at this time could cause the
consultation to skip over the next prompt or menu when resuming and may ALTER THE
CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE SYSTEM.
For this sample session:
BOLD text indicates L-CES questions encountered during a consultation,
c
REGULAR text indicates comments or explanations about the system, and
ITALIC text indicates instructions for the user. The quote marks ("") enclosing a statement
indicate what you should type at a prompt or select from a menu.
[Tapsoil] bracketed text (within bold text) indicates hypertext,
SAMPLE SESSION:
1.., Startup theJaystem.. > ,.
. V At the C:*(afdr^ you installed^
specified). Then press the Enter key.
At the CES prompt, type "CES" then press the Enter key.
CES - Beginning a Consultation
1. - A brief screen will appear identifying the Knowledge Pro
software used to create the CES system.
Press the SPACE key or wait 4 seconds to continue*,
2. f~ A CES title screen will appear next.
Press the SPACE key to continue.
3. - At the CES Filename Entry Screen (see Section 3.1),
Press the Backspace key to erase CES1, type "Acme", and then press the Enter
key.
4. - At the Preliminary Data Screen (see Section 3.2),
(This screen will NOT appear if you have already completed the
V-CES and/or F-CES sample consultations- (see Sections 5.2
and/or 6.2).
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39
5.
the site name*
=> Type "Acme Landfill".
Enter reviewer name.
=> Type "John Q. Public".
Enter the report date.
=> Press the Enter key to accept the date. -:
Do you wish to enter a comment to be placed at the beginning
of the report? (see Section 3.2)
Press Enter key to select "No". .
At the MAIN MENU (see Section 3.3),
Press the Arrow key to highlight the "L-CES * Leachate Collection Evaluation
System" module and press the Enter key.
As, L-CES is loading., an appropriate screen message will
appear. Do not press*'any'keys- at this screen.
The L-CES Module
After you select L-CES from the MAIN MENU, the L-CES MAIN MENU
is displayed.
To select one category - highlight
with up or down Arrow keys and press
the Enter key.
To select more than one category- -
highlight with up or down Arrow keys
and press IMS' key to mark (diamond?
selection. Continue until all select-
ions are narked Cand highlighted) and
prea* the Enter key.
To select all categories - highlight
"All of the Above" and press the Enter
key.
L-CES MAIN MENU
Select the L-CES categories
you would like to evaluate.
Leachate Head
Pipe Strength
Storm Capacity
Clogging
All of the Above
Return to the Main Menu
F3 Select Pg 1 of 1
Space Cont. F4 View F6 Display KB F10 Quit
L-CES is comprised of the Leachate Head, Pipe Strength, Storm
Capacity, and Clogging categories. You can evaluate one
category, a combination of . categories, or all of the
categories during a consultation.
Press the down Arrow key to highlight "All of the Above", then press the Ehterkey.^
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40
2. -- L-CES begins by collecting data for the leachate layer
configuration.
Select the component* layers that are present in the leachate
collection system.
Press the Arrow key to highlight 'COLLECTION DRAINAGE' layer and press the INS
key to, mark it
Press the Arrow key to highlight 'TOP LINER GeoM' and press the INS key to mark
it
i
Press the Arrow key to highlight 'PRIMARY CLAY LINER' and press the INS key to
mark it
Make sure that only these three component layers are
highlighted and marked before proceeding. An unmarked and
highlighted choice - when pressing the Enter key - will be
selected by the system and may change the conclusions of this
consultation. To de-select an unwanted choice, highlight it,
then press the INS key to remove the mark.
Press the Enter key to select these, three > leachate collection system .layers.
3".: . " The; nexte soreenvdisplaysซ1j:"<3rs^d^ A^ A/
to" this question would prompt the system to ask the layer
densities individually ., . "
. . Press. the. Mntef key to .seteci'yesL
4. - Enter the thickness of the Final Cap layer.
(inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '100' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
5~ - Enter the. thickness of the Haste Layer, (inches, feet, or
centimeters)
=> Type '1500' and press the Enter key.
At the popr-up menur highlight 'centimeters.' and press the Enter key.
6. - Enter the thickness of the Collection Drainage layer.
(inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '60' and press the Enter key.
Enter "GEO" if the layer is a geosynthetic.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
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41
7.
8.
10,
Enter the thickness of the Top- Liner GeoM. (mils)
=> Type '30' and pressr the Enter key.
Enter the thickness of. the Primary Clay Liner .layer-
(inches, feet, or centimeter)
=> Type '60' and press the Enter key.
Enter ปGEOป* if- the layer? is a geosynthetic.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
At this point, you have the option to edit any previous
entries in the left window.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Highlight "No" and press the Enter key.
r-EDIT LAYER COMPONENTS -
Final Cap: t.9 ft Cap Density: T20
Waste! 29.5 ft Waste Density: 80,
Collection Filter:. ,
Collection Filter Density: ,120 ;
Co I lectf on-: DpainageK-' ti.
Collection Density: 130
Top L'iner ffeoH: 5 mils
Primary Clay Liner:
Primary 'Clay Liner Density: 120
Detection -Pi tter r
Detection Filter Density: 120
Detection Drainage: 1.968 ft
Detection Drainage Density: 130
iEnter rnformation-
EDIT DATA
,
To correct the information
in the left window,,, press
the F3 key to select the
informatiorr'.and then-pr.ess
the F4 key to re-enter the
new: information. "J,-,
After you have re-entered
the new information, press
the Enter key.
Space Cont.
F3 Select
FA-View
F6 Display KB
Pg 1 of 1
F10 Quit
To edit the "Collection Drainage" data,
Press the F3 key to highlight "Collection Drainage" and press tire F4 key.
Enter the thickness of the Collection Drainage layer.'
(inches, feet, or centimeters)
=> Type '50' and press the Enter key.
Enter "NP" if layer is not present or "GEO" if layer is a
Geosynthetic.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key.
'Once again you .have the option to edit data in the left
window. Any entry, when selected (P3 key), will reveal the
original prompt or menu that you made your selection from (P4
key) .
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42
When you are satisfied that all the data in the left window is
carrect,
Press the Enter key to exit the EDIT DATA screen.
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select 'Yes".
"PAUSE". Do not press any keys as the Pipe Strength category is loading.
1. - Select the [specifications] that are the s'ame for all pipes in
the leachate collection system.
If the pipes are the same in all aspects, select "All of the
Above".
Hypertext in the right window is highlighted in red. Hypertext
allows you to learn more about a...topic or concept. - in this,
case [specifications].
Press the F4 function key to view the hypertext explanation.
_.ฃ. ._;__
0 i ameter- refewto* thw< Enomirwfcl'-
pipe di-ameter.' ^ .
"Type-of-bedding" is determined by the kind of materials
supporting and surrounding the- pipes. It is used by- the program
for determining the [deflection] of [flexible] pipe.
The; [schedule! isv required; onty
thickness from a data table.
t<
*ซ*-ซ***ป**-ซ*-*-
The [perforations! refer to the size and to the
number of holes per length of pipe.
'
F1 Help F5 Select
Spac* Cant. F4 View
,.v ...... --.-. .
Pff t Of 1
FS DOS F10 Quit
A hypertext window now appears to explain specifications.
Embedded within this text are several other hypertext options,
as indicated by red and black text. To select another
hypertext, press the P3 function key to move from hypertext to
hypertext. When the hypertext you want is highlighted (red),
press the P4 function key to view its explanation in another
hypertext window. At this point you may'wish to select more
hypertext and observe how the hypertext windows layer Kon each
other as more hypertext is selected. When you are finished
browsing, .
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43
Press the ESC key until you return to, the original prompt. . ,
Highlight "All of the Above''and press the Enter key.
2. Select the pipe material.
Press the Enter key to select 'PVC'.
3. - Enter the . [modulus ofL elasticity! of the pipe construction
material.
=> Press the Enter key to accept default '142000'
' To change entry, press Backspace key until default answer is
deleted and then type new entry.
4. - Select the [schedule] of the pipes.
Press the Arrow key to highlight '120' and press the Enter key.
5. - Select the [nominalJ size of the pipes. Cinches)
Press the Arrow key to highlight '10rand press the Enter key.
6. - Ar 'Data, on the uniform pipe," box appears an,,the,,right screen
and displays ttte O.D. (outer dimension}1, 'tKe"v"X".D^ '(inner
dimension), and the pipei.,:thickness.:- Y.OU may edit either
dimension by using F3 - F4 hypertext keys and typing in new
entry.
Press the Enter key to continue.
7. - Enter the [bedding constant].
=> Press the Enter key to accept default '.11'
To change entry, press Backspace key until default answer is
deleted and "then type new entry.
8. - Enter the [modulus of soil reaction] for the drainage layer
soil or material.
=> Press the Enter key to accept default '600'
To change entry, press Backspace key until default, answer is
deleted and then type new entry.
9. - Are the pipes installed in a drainage trench?
Press the Arrow key to,highlight "A/a1' and press th& Enter key.
10. - Enter the diameter of the pipes perforations, (inches)
=> Type 'T and press the Enter key.
If the perforations are not round, enter the width of the slots.
-------
11.
12
44
Please-fill in the blanks...
There are => [perforations] or slots per row for a
.(foot) length pipe.
Type '5' and press the Enter key.
Type '1' and press the Enter key.
r-EDIT PIPE STRENGTH-
Uniform pipes: (Y/M) yes
Pipe Material: PVC
Pipe Material Flexible: (Y/N) yes
Modulus of Elasticity: 142000 psi
Load Bearing Strength: N/A psi
Pipe Size: 10 00: 10.750 in
Pipe Schedule: 120 Thickness: 0.593 in
Bedding Constant: 0.11
Modulus of Soil Reaction: 600 psi
Trench Installation: (Y/H) no
Trench Depth: H/A
Trench Width: N/A
Static.Pressure: 6.68 psi
Live Load: 50. psi
Perforation Width: 1 in
Perforations / ft: 5
rEnter Information-
Is the information in
the Left Window correct?
Yes
No
Space Cent.
F3 Select.
F4 View
F6 Display KB
Rg;.T of 1;
F10 Quit
Now the Pipe Strength category has been completed. Again you
have the option to correct any information in the left window
by using the EDIT DATA 'procedure
Is. the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select 'Yes".
"PAUSE". Do not press any keys as the Leachate Head category is loading..
1. Is there a uniform slope, for the leachate collection pipes?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
2. - Enter the maximum [precipitation] that can occur in a month,
(inches) .
=> Type'20'and press the Enter key.
3. - Enter the coefficient of^ [permeability] of the sand or soil in
. the drainage layer.
=> Type "ie-2' and press the Enter key.
4. - Enter the [spacing] between the leachate collection pipes.
(inches, feet, centimeters)
=> Type '150' and press the Enter key.
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45'
6.
- At the pop-up, menu, highlight 'centimeters' and press the Enter key*
Enter the [slope angle] of the leachate collection drainage
pipes (percent, degrees)
=> Type '3' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, press the Enter key to select 'percent'..
r-EDIT LEACHATE HEAD
Uniform Slope: Uniform Spacing
Precipitation: 20 inches/month
Infiltration Ratei .00001933 cm/sec
Drainage Layer Permeability: 1e.-2 cm/sec
Pipe Spacing: 4.92 ft.
Pip* Slope* 3. percent
Leachate Head: 1.714 cm
PASSED
r-Enter Information-
Is the information in
the Left Window correct?
Yes
No
Space Cont.
F3 Select
F4 View
F6 Display KB
Pg 1 of 1
F10 Quit
Now the Leachate Head category has been completed. Again you
have the. option, to corrector any ioif.QrTOat;ic^...ija.--.tJae^lfce.fe.- window,.
by using the EDIT DATA.1
Is the information in the left window correct?
}
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
"PAUSE". Do not press any keys as the Storm Capacity category is loading.
1.
2.
3.
Enter the number of pipes entering the leachate collection-
stamp .
> Type.'10'and press the Enter key. .
Select the [specifications] that are the same for all pipes
leading into the leachate collection sump If the sump pipes
are the same in all aspects, select All of the Above.
Press the Arrow key to highlight 'All of the Above' and press the Enter key.
Select the pipe material .that empty into the collection sump.
Press the Enter key to select 'PVC'.
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46
Select the [nominal] size of the sump pipes, (inches)
Press the Arrow key to highlight '10' an& press the Enter key.
Select the [schedule] of the sump pipes;
Press the Arrow key to highlight '120' and press the Enter key.
A 'Data on the uniform pipe1 box appears on the right screen
and displays the O.D. (outer dimension), I.D. (inner
dimension) , and pipe thickness. You may edit either dimension
by using F3 - F4 (hypertext keys and typing in new entry.
Press the Enter key to continue.
Enter the [percent slope] of the leachate collection sump.
=> Type '3' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menur press the Enter key to'select 'percent'.
Enter the drainage area of the landfill, (acres or square
feet)
=> Type '40' and:press the. Enter key.
M the, pop^up^menLLpfess.^^ Enter key to^select 'acres'. - ^ .........
Enter the rainfall'intensity of a [25 year] design storm, (per
day)
=> Type 12 and press the Enter key.
-SDIT STORM CAPACITY' -
Number of Pipes: 10 Uniform Pipes:-yes
Pipe Material: PVC
Roughness Factor: 0.017
Pipe Size: 10
Pipe Schedule: .120
Pipe Inner Diameter: 3.964 in.
Pipe Slope: 3 X
Landf i 11 Drainage Area:. 40 acres-
Rain Depth: 12 in per day
Drain time:
Space Cent.
F3 Select
F4 View
iEnter" Informal i on-
Is the information in
the Left Window correct?
F6 Display KB
Yes
Mo
Pg J of
F10 Quit
Now the Storm Capacity category has been completed. Again you
have the option to correct any information in the left window
by using the EDIT DATA function.
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47
Is the information in the left window correct?
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
"PAUSE". Do not press any keys as the Clogging category is loading.
1. - Enter the [D15] of the WASTE, AND BACKFILL that is above the
COLLECTION DRAINAGE layer, (mm, inches or [sieve number])
=> Type '200' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'sieve size' and press the Enter key.
2. - Enter the [D50] of the WASTE AND BACKFILL that is .above the
COLLECTION^DRAINAGE layer, (mm, inches or [sieve number])
=> Type '50' and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight 'sieve number' then press the Enter key.
3. - Enter the [D85] of the WASTE AND BACKFILL that is above the
COLLECTION DRAINAGE layer, (mm, inches or [sieve number])
=> Type '10'and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up,,mmtuf. Mghlightf!siev& numbe^:thea^press^the:ฃnter.key^^ /.
4. - Enter the [D15} ' of the^COLLECTION: DRAINAGE" LAYER that? is
below the WASTE AND BACKFILL, (mm, inches, [sieve number] )
=> Type'25'and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menu, highlight *siever'number* then press the Enter key:
5. - Enter the [D50] of the COLLECTION DRAINAGE LAYER that is
below the WASTE AND BACKFILL, (mm, inches, [sieve number] )
=> Type'16'and press the Enter key.
At the pop-up menur highlight 'sieve, number' then press the Enter key.'
The Collection Drainage Layer for the Clogging; category has
been completed.
Is the information in the left window correct? :
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
6. - Are the collection pipes in the COLLECTION DRAINAGE LAYER
protected by a. filter material?
Highlight Yes' and press the Enter key.
Is the information in the left window correct?
" .
Press the Enter key to select "Yes".
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48
CES - Ending or Continuing the Consultation
1. - At the Summary Report Menu (see Section 8.1)
Press the down Arrow key 1 time to highlight "Display the Summary Report' option
and then press the Enter key.
Press the PgUp and PgDn keys to scroll through the Summary Report,
Press the Esc key when finished.
The Summary Report will list the recommendations and
conclusions that are determined by a module consultation (see
Section 7,3) .
2. - To return to the CES -Main Menu,
Press the Arrow key to highlight "Return to the Main Menu" and press the Enter key.
3. - -At this point, you have three options available to you at the
, CES MAIN MENU:
I. Select the game module for a different" RCRA Part B
application...,
Select the ;' Start? :Neซ Ceiisuita^i^n: coinmandAat:>ttie CES
..... MENU. You will be prompted to enter a new filename (see
Section 3. l)r, enter new preliminary data (see Section
3.2), and to select the module from the CES MAIN MENU.
2. Select a different module for the , same . RCRA Part B
application.
Select a different module from the CES MAIN MENU. You
will move directly to the first prompt of the new module.
You will retain the same filename and preliminary data
for the1 consultation.
3- Exit the CES system.
Select the End Consultation command to exit to DOS. Your'
consultation will automatically be saved to the filename
you have specified at the beginning of the consultation.
To exit the CES system, highlight "End Consultation" and then press the Enter key.
(If you have already completed the V-CES and/or F-CES. sample
sessions (see Section 5.2 and/or 6.2), you will now be asked
if you want to update the "Acme" file (see Section 3.1)
Press the Enter key to select "YES".)
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49
7.3 L-CES Sample Summary .Report ,
When you have completed the L-CES sample consultation (see Section 7.2), the following Summary
Report will appear on the output device (screen or printer) you have selected (See Section 8.1 for
an explanation of each of'the SUMMARY REPORT MENU "output" options that are available
to you).
Closure Evaluation System - CES
A formal review of -CES has yet to be completed, therefore the
recommendations determined by CES should not be presumed to represent
current U.S. EPA policy and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Leachate Collection Evaluation System (L-CES) module
Summary Report
This L-CES Summary Report lists final cover design recommendations for
the following applicant: Acme Landfill .
Date: 7/4/1992
Reviewers John Q. Public^ . .>'..
Comments:
*
I. Pipe Strength Category
Applicant supplied Leaehates layer, inforjaatiaEU
Layers included/in design: ,
Waste
Collection Filter
Primary Clay Liner
Final Capr3.2 ft.
Cap Density:120 Ib/ft3
Waste:49.2 ft.
Waste Density:80 Ib/ft3
Collection Filter:1.968 ft.
Collection Filter Density:12O Ib/ft3
Collection Drainage:NP ft.
Collection Density:NP Ib/ft3
Top Liner GeoM:30 mils
Primary Clay Liner:!.968 ft. .
Primary Clay Liner Densityil2Q lb/fta
Detection FilterrNP ft.
Detection Filter Density:NP Ib/ft3
Detection Drainage:NP ft.
Detection Drainage Density:130 Ib/ft3
NA indicates that layer is not included in the design:
GEO indicates that the layer is composed of geosynthetic.
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.50
Uniform pipes: yes
Uniform.pipes characteristics: [diameter,material,schedule,bedding]
Pipe Material: PVC
Pipe Material Flexible: yes
Modulus of Elasticityr 142000
Load Bearing Strength: N/A
Pipe Size: 10
Pipe Schedule: 120
Bedding Constant t. - 0 ป11
Modulus of Soil Reaction: 600
Trench Installation: no
Trench Depth: N/A
Trench Width: N/A
Perforation width: 1
Perforations / foot: 5 .
Static Pressure: 6.84
Live Load: 50
Pipe OD: 10.750 in
Pipe Thickness: 0.593 in
Recommendations:
40CFR 264.301(a)(2)(i)(B) requires landfill leachate collection and
removal systems to be 'of sufficient strength,and thickness to prevent
collapse under pressures- exerted by any overlying wastes, waste cover
materials,, -..and..by any -equipment ;;..-usecL; at, the ,landfill/.^
A flexible pipes,, PVC, is being reviewed; by- ErCES;.:- S; larger part of
flexible pipe's ability tcr support vertical load is derived from the
passive pressures induced as the sides move outward against the soil.
Flexible pipes, normally do not fail due to rupture of the pipe walls,
but, by defleAtlon^_TJaer.efor,e. the,, design- aamsidararfcien* Qฃ, f le^i^e^ pip^
is that it have a deflection of:less than 5%. : .
Effective pressure is- the combined" weights of all layers above the
collection layer pipes, multiplied by a compensating factor to account
for the perforations in the collection pipes. The effective pressure is
85.71 psi.
Reviewer has indicated that all pipes in the system are of uniform
construction. The pipes are not-considered, structurally sound as their
deflections is greater than 5%. .
This concludes L-CES's review of pipe strength.
II. Leachate Head Category
The following a listing of the applicant supplied data used by L-CES to
determine the leachate head in the primary drainage layer:
Uniform Slope Uniform Spacing
Precipitation 20 Inches/month
Infiltration Rate 0.00001933 cm/sec
Drainage Layer Permeability 1E-2 cm/sec
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Pipe Spacing 4.92 ft
Pipe Slope 3 percent
Recommendations:
Leachate head is the amount of contaminated liquid which accumulates at
the collection layer bottom of the leachate collection system. 40 CFR
264.301(a)(2) mandates that the design and operating conditions of a
landfill does not, exceed a leachate head depth of 30 cm (one foot) . The
amount of leachate, head was calculated based upon the precipitation or
infiltration rate of the landfill, the,,drainage layer permeability, the
pipe slopes and pipe spacings.
The following equation is used to determine: maximum~ieac&ateheadrrt:,..;.
hmax ซ L/2 * '(cA0.5) (tanA2s/2 -t- 1 - tan s/c(tanA2s + c)AOr5-)
where: c = q/k
k = permeability
q = flow rate
s = drainage layer slope angle
L distance between drain pipes
The calculations for leachate head, based on the assumption that all
collection^pipes:,in,.,the leachate collection layer are of uniform slope
and spacing, indicates the design passes the Agency criteria of
maintaining: a leachate depth of one foot. (30 cm)
The calculations indicate a leachate head of 1.714 centimeters.
v.
This concludes- L-CES.Is. review- oฃ, the, maximum, head,,
III. Storm Capacity
The following a listing of the applicant supplied data used by L-CES to
determine the storm capacity of_ the primary drainage layer:
Number of pipes: 10
Uniform pipes characteristics: [diameter,material,slope,schedule]
Pipe Material: PVC
Roughness Factor? 0.017
Pipe Size: 10 inchest.
Pipe Schedule: 120
Pipe Inner Diameter: 8.964 inches
Pipe Slope: 3 %
Landfill Drainage Area: 40 acres
Rainfall Depth: 12 inches per yeair
The storm capacity module is based on Darcy's Law and' the Manning
Equation to determine the" storm capacity of the- leachate collection
system. The flow for a 25-year storm is calculated using the drainage
area'and the rainfall intensity. ' The hydraulic-capacity is determined
by adding the flow capacities of the individual sump pipes.
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52
The proposed leachatecollection system passes the EPA requirement of
"draining to less than one foot of head within four days after a 25-year
design storm with a 24-hour duration".
Time for drainage is 2.232 hours.
This concludes L-CES's review of for storm capacity.
IV. Clogging category
The leachate collection and removal system should be overlain by a
graded granular or synthetic fabric filter. The purpose of this is to
prevent clogging of the pores in the drainage layer of the'collection
system by infiltration of fine particles from the waste. EPA guidance
uses the Army Corps of Engineers' criterion for this purpose which is
widely used in construction to prevent clogging (binding) of drainage
media/ 40CFR 264-.301(a) (2) (ii> requires the. Leachate collection and
removal system to be "designed and operated to function without clogging
through,; the scheduled closure of the landfill".
There appears-to be no problems with clogging- or piping in
This concludes LUGES's review of for storm capacity;~
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53
8>0 RUNNING the SYSTEM - ENDING a CONSULTATION
A consultation with a module is completed and control is again" restored to CES when the
SUMMARY REPORT MENU (see Figure 8-1) appears. This indicates that the information you
have entered has been analyzed by the module consultation you have just completed and allows
you to produce a Summary Report (see Section 8.1) of the consultation. After the Summary
Report has been produced, you can either begin evaluating another module or exit CES (see
section 82).
8.1 The SUMMARY REPORT MENU
When a consultation-wife a module is completed, control is again restored back to the CES,&ystem.,
and the SUMMARY REPORT MENU (see Figure 8-1) appears on the screen that allows yoirtff
specify the destination of the Summary Report. The Summary Report will list RCRA
recommendations and conclusions that are determined by a module consultation.
Closure Evaluation System
U.S. EPA, RREL
Cincinnati, OH
SUMMARY REPORT MENU
Summary Report generated. Select output method.
Display the Summary Report on the screen
Print the Summary Report on system printer
Save the Summary Report as a text file
Edit the Summary Report
Return^
Figure 8-1
You can select one, or any combination of options from the SUMMARY REPORT MENU. These'
options are described below.
The Display the summary report on the screen option, presents the Summary Report
on the monitor screen. Scroll through the entire summary report by using, the PgUp and PgDn
keys. Press the Enter key to return to the Summary Report Menu.
The Print the summary report on the printer option, sends the Summary Report to
the system printer (DOS device PRN). If for some reason the printer is not ready to accept
information (not turned on, out of paper, etc.)ป the CES system, will display an error message and
give you a chance to correct the problem. Alternatively;- yotr may press the Esc key to cancel the
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54
print command and return to the Summary Report Menu.
The Save the summary report as a new text file option, allows you to save an
additional copy of the consultation to be used exclusively with your wordprocessing software. You
cannot re-load this file back into CES1 After selecting this option, you will be prompted to enter
a,, filename. The? name you enter must be a legal DOS file specification (eight alpha/numeric
letters) and should contain a ".DOC" extension. Legal file names are described in the MS-DOS
user's guide. If the filename you specify already exists, the system will prompt for verification that
the file is to be overwritten, or allow you to change the file name.
Once you enter a filename, the Summary Report will be saved in ASCII format. You caij then
import the ASCII file into your own word processing environment, where you can format, edit, and
print the report using the word processing methods with which you are familiar. To do so, use the
file import function in your wordprocessing software.
The following are some examples of the import commands from popular word processing packages:
* WORDPERFECT - press Shift Eio (Retrieve)
* Microsoft WORD - from Menu, press the T (ransfer) and L (oad) keys
* WordStar - press Ctrl K and then R
To return to the SurmTiary^Report'Memr after
The Edit the summary report option, allows you to edit the Summary Report within CES.
You can use the following standard keyboard actions to move around and edit the .summary report.
<- Move cursor left
-> Move cursor right
Home Move to beginning of the response
End, Move to the end of the response
Del Delete character under cursor
Bksp Delete character to the left of the cursor ,
AY (CtrlY) Delete the response
rns Insert on/off
When you are finished editing, press the Ese key to return to the Summary Report Menu.
The Exit program option, allows you to exit the Summary Report Menu and return you to the ',
MAIN MENU. At this point, you can consult any module or Exit the system to DOS.
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55
8.2 Ending or Continuing a Consultation
After you have selected the Exit program option, from the SUMMARY REPORT MENU, the
MAIN MENU (see Figure 8-2) will reappear. At this point, you have three options available to
you at the CES MAIN MENU:
At this point, you: have three options available to you at the CES MAIN MENU:
1. Select the same module for a different RCRA Part B application.
Select the start New consultatiori command at the CES MAIN MENU. You will
be prompted to enter a new filename (see Section 3.1), enter new preliminary data (see
Section 3.2), and to select the module from the CES MAIN MENU.
2. Select a different module for the same RCRA Part B application.
Select a different module from the CES MAIN MENU. You will move= directly to the first
prompt of the new module. You will retain the same filename and preliminary data for the
consultation.
3. Exit the, CES system., -.
Select the End consultation:, command to exit to DOS. Your consultation will
automatically be saved to the filename you have specified at the beginning-of the
consultation.
CES MAIN MENU
Select a closure Module to evaluate.
V-CES * Vegetative Cover Evaluation System
F-CES * Final Cover Evaluation System
L-CES * Leachate Collection Evaluation System ,
End Consultation
Start New Consultation
*
F1 Help
DOS
F1&Quit
Figure 8-2
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56
9.0 TROUBLE SHOOTING
9*1 Error Messages
The, following are some common error messages (in bold text) which might appear on your screen
at the beginning of, and during a consultation:
The CES system is written in a commercial software package called
,KnowledgePro. One of the disadvantages of this software is that uses
only conventional RAM memory (640k).
A CES program error check has determined that your computer does not
have enough free memory to run CES. It is suggested that your
"autoexec.bat" file and "config.sys" file be reviewed to see if any
unneeded programs can be removed.
If this problem continues call the Technical Support number in the CES
User's Guide.
CES ia reporting your free RAM as s ,
This;:message results, whe%CES,has;,determined that,yaur,computer;:does, nQt;,have,enough,,
conventional memory. ,As,iheปmessages.tates,,yaumayibe.required to. review and;.reconfigure;both.
the "autoexec.bat" and "config.sys" in order to ran GES; The CES systems, needs a minimum of
500k free RAM in order to run efficiently. Call our technical support number if you need
assistance.
The CES system produces several files during a consultation. Problems
can result if your hard disk becomes full during a CES consultation. An
internal CES system check has determined there is only of disk
storage space left on your hard drive. It is suggested that there be at
least one Megabyte of free space on your hard disk in order to run CES.
Please press the "F10" key to abort the CES session.
This message will occur when the hard disk, on which, CES is residing, has less than 1 Megabyte
of free.space. You must exit the system and "free up" additional space. .Ordinarily, it is
recommended that a PC hard drive have approximately 2 Megabytes of marginal space.
Not enough memory to run DOS.
This message occurs when you attempt to run DOS during the consultation (by pressing the P8 key)
and there is insufficient memory to do so. CES, when in operation, will take up most of the 640K
memory available on your PC. When this message is displayed, press the SPACE bar to erase the
message and continue the consultation.
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57
Warning - Continuing may cause a crash. You have (number) bytes of stack
space remaining.
This message results from insufficient memory and usually appears when using the hypertext
function. You WILL NOT have enough memory to continue with the consultation because V-CES
is using most of the 640K memory available on your PC. When this message is displayed, you likely
WELL NOTbe able to re-enter the consultation and ALL the data^yourhave'entered may be-LOST.
It may be necessary to remove residentmemory software or modify your autoexec,bat - please call
the software support number (below) if this problem continues.
The minimum value of (variable name) is (number).
This message is displayed when you have entered a value which is less than the minimum amount
allowed by a question. Press ENTER and you will be able to enter another value.
The maximum value of (variable name) is (number).
This message is. displayed when you have entered a value which is more than the maximum amount
allowed by a question. Press ENTER and you will be able to enter another value.
Line too long.
This message is displayed when you attempt to enter over 255 characters (per line) in the comment
box at the beginning of the_CQns.u,Ltation,,.Eu.n.the_system.again and shorten, your response.
Disk write error.
This error appears when V-CES is trying to, write a file to your hard disk and it is full. You must
make room, on your hard disk by deleting some other files.
Drive not ready*
This error occurs if you are trying to access a floppy disk drive and.it either does not contain a disk,-
or the drive is not properly locked.
Unable -to create directory.
This is not a problem, but just indicates that the copy of the program on the fixed disk is being
replaced by the version on the installation floppy.
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58
9.2 Technical Support
CES was developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Version 1.0 of the GES system is being distributed on a limited basis for the
purpose of field testing and to obtain feedback concerning the system's performance and content.
As stated in the disclaimer, this system has not undergone Agency review and no official
endorsement by the; U.S. EPA should be inferred. We welcome your comments regarding the CES
system and would appreciate if you could jot them down on the USER EVALUATION FORM at
the beginning of this manual. Please address them to:
Daniel 6. Great house
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
.Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
If problems are encountered which cannot be solved using the information in this manual,
telephone support is provided free of charge. To report problems and/or obtain assistance call:
Tom Adams
Computer Sciences Corporation
'
Check out the ORD Electronic Bulletin Board System (BBS) at (513) 569-7610 for updates to this
system and information about other available expert, systems. If you have any questions or problems
gaining access to this bulletin board, call Tom Adams at (513) 569-7866.
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59
APPENDIX A - Sources
1) . A Revegetative Guide for Conservation Use in Alaska. C.A. Miller. S. Wright T. S. Ward. D. Ouarberg, T.A.
Weiland, C. Ceilings, and M. Springer, Cooperative Extension Service -U. of Alaska & USDA Cooperating.
2) Cover? for Uncontrolled-Hazardous Waste Sites. C.C McAneny, P.O. Tucker, J.M. Morgan, C.R. Lee, M.F.
Kelley, and R.C. Horz, US Army Corps of Engineer Waterways Experiment Station for U.S. EPA, Hazardous
Waste Engineering Laboratory, (EPA, 1985. Report No. EPA/540/2-85/002).
3) Clogging of Leachate Collection Systems Used in Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Facilities. C.W. Young, TJ.
Nunno, M.R. Jasinski, D.R. Colgey, GCA Corp./Technology Division, January 1983.
4) Design. Construction, and Evaluation of Clay Liners for Waste Management Facilities. (EPA/530/SW-86/F),
November 1986.
5) Design. Construction and Maintenance of Cover Systems for Hazardous Waste: An Engineering Document. R J.
Lutton, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station for U.S. EPA, Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, undated.
6) Designing-With Geosvnthetics. Second Edition, R. M. Koerner, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. NJ. 1986,
7) Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities. (EPA/625/6-88/018), 1988.
8), Geosvnthetic Leachate Collection Systems. R. Landreth. U.S.. EPA/RREL. August 1989.
9) Hazardous Waste Land Disposal / Land Treatment Facilities. Headquarter Department of the Army, (ARMY
TM 5-814-7), November 1984.
10) Hazardous Wastfr Management Practices;- Hi Koch;; Warzytt-Engineering liiev, January 1990;
11) Minimum Technology Guidance on Double Liner Systems for Landfills and Surface Impoundments: Design.
Construction, and Operation. (EPA/530-sw-87-014), April, 1987.
12) Minimum Technology Guidance on Final Covers for Landfills & Surface Impoundments. Section IV (Draft-Third
Version U.S. EPA, EPA/530/SW.86), July 1986.
13) Permit Applicant's Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste and Treatment. Storage, and Disposal Facilities. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1984.
14) Predicting Soil Loss - Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 1984.
15) Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design. Construction, and Closure. (EPA/625/4-89/022), August
1989.
16) Solid Waste Landfill Design and Operation Practices. D.Brunner, D. Keller, U.S EPA Office of Solid Waste,
April 1989.
17) Technical Guidance Document: Final Covers on Hazardous Waste Landfills and Surface Impoundments (EPA,
1989. Report No. EPA/530-SW-89-047) -
18) 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Vol. 08.04 Plastic Pipe and Building Products, 1990..
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60
APPENDIX B - CES System FLOWCHARTS
CES and V-CES Module FLOWCHART
CO
LU
O
Filename
Your own filename OR default filename
Preliminary Data
Site name, Reviewer name, Date, and Comments
CES MAIN MENU
Module Selection; V-CES
CO
LU
O
I
I. Grass & Groundcover
Characteristic?
State;; -
Growing Regiorr
Topsoil pH
Aver.. Precipitation.
r*" Grass & Groundcover
Listing
Would you like to add?
Y r N
r
EDIT
f? informationcorrect?
Y N
I
CQ
(0
CO
LU
O
r.
SUMMARY REPORT MENU
"Output Options*
.' CES MAIN MENU
Begin, End, Continue Consultation
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CO
ill
o
CES and F-CES Module FLOWCHART
Filename
Your own filename OR default filename
Preliminary Data
Site name, Reviewer name, Date, and Comments
CES MAIN MENU
Module Selection; F-CES
Select Topmost Layer
(Vegetative/Sdif Top or Surface Armor/Soil Top }
Layer Selection Process
(Filter;:Drainages BiatioSarner;-Low-Permeability, etc.)
CO
LLJ
0
Lป-LAYER2
1 More
J, Layers?
1
[-ป- LAYERS
1 More
^ Layers?
component^) > [Yl
(ifanyX [g]
1
r*- LAYER N
1 M
4/ Lav
component^) >(T
/If 4nuV<
\fl^.mป-f-ff^:
ore
ors?
3
Is layer configuration correct?
Remove, Change, Add,
or MakaNo Change
Layer by Layer Input
(Enter depth, permeability, USC, slope, etc, - depending on layer components)
Option to Edit after Each Layer
CO
LU
o
SUMMARY REPORT MENU
"Output Options"
CES MAIN MENU
Begin,.End, Continue Consultation
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CES
62
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