vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA-600/D-84-228 Oct. 1984
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH BRIEF
Leaching and Selected Hydraulic Properties
of Processed Oil Shales
David B. McWhorter and Victor A. Nazareth*
Introduction
This research brief presents selected data on the leaching
and hydraulic properties of processed oil shales. More
complete descriptions of the methodology and analysis, as
well as additional data, and descriptions of the materials
tested, are available in two other, more comprehensive
documents listed at the end of this research brief.
A characteristic feature of field leachate generation is the
invasion of a leachant into a body of porous medium that
may already contain some moisture. The antecedent
moisture content (that moisture existing prior to invasion)
may range from practically 0% to perhaps 20% by weight.
The chemical composition of the leachate will be strongly
dependent upon the chemical composition of the anteced-
ent moisture. The chemistry of the antecedent moisture, in
turn, should reflect chemical equilibrium achieved at small
liquid-to-solid ratios ranging up to approximately 0.20. The
results of laboratory column tests, designed to simulate this
salient feature of field leachate generation, are presented
herein. In addition, the results of measurements of the
capillary water-holding capacity and hydraulic conductivity
at the satiated water content are reported.
The ESM Test Procedure
The ESM (Equilibrated Soluble Mass) test consists of
displacement of an equilibrated antecedent solution by a
•Agricultural and Chemical Engineering Department, Colorado State
University, Port Collins, CO 80523.
leachant. In all of the tests reported herein, distilled water
was used as both the moisturizing solution and the
leachant.
The test was conducted by injecting distilled water at a
constant rate into the bottom of the vertical column (shown
in Figure 1). The diameter of the vertical column was 10cm
and the length of the test section ;was 30 cm. The bottom
and top end fixtures were constructed with a slight concav-
ity to assure that liquid entered .and exited the porous
medium uniformly over the cross-jsection. The perforated
plate on the bottom served to supportthe retorted shale. An
ordinary milk filter between the porous medium and the
perforated plates on the top and bottom prevented the
movement of fines.
The leachant was injected by a positive displacement pump
so that a constant injection rate could be maintained under
the conditions of variable pumping jiead that prevailed prior
to the beginning of effluent production. Effluent from the
top of the column was routed through an electrical conduc-
tivity probe into a graduated cylinder. A record was
maintained of the cumulative volume of effluent as a
function of time. The effluent was sampled frequently and
subjected to chemical analysis. In most instances, the ,
sample volume represented 1 % or less of the pore volume
of the packed column so the sample could be regarded as a
point sample.
i
The packed column was prepared by first thoroughly mixing
the test material then rolling it out on a plastic sheet. The
sample was then quartered and one quarter was spread
over a second plastic sheet. A spra^ bottle was used to add
-------
Outflow
Column Top Plate
Perforated Top Plate
'Filter Disk
. Column Body
- Filter Disk
Pel'orated Bottom Plate
>* Inflow
Figure 1, Schematic diagram of leaching column.
distilled water to the material while mixing was maintained.
When the desired water content was reached, the moist
sample was placed in a double plastic bag and closed. An
equilibration time of 24 hrs was allowed before the
material was placed in the column.
The empty column together with end fixtures, support
plates, and filters was weighed. The column was then
packed with the moist retorted shale and weighed again. A
sample of the moist shale was weighed, oven dried, and
weighed again to determine the antecedent moisture
content of the packed column. Material was added to the
column through a funnel attached to a rigid, hollow stem
that extended to the bottom of the column. Material entered
the column through the stem on a short upstroke and was
compacted by impact of the stem on the downstroke. This
method prevented a particle segregation by free fall and
prompted a uniform packing. Additional compaction was
achieved by impacting the column on a rubber mat.
From a mathematical analysis (Nazareth, 1984; McWhorter
and Nazareth, 1984), itwasconcludedthatthe first effluent
from columns prepared and injected (as described above) is
comprised entirely of antecedent moisture provided that
, where
B; = antecedent volumetric water content
0m= satiated water content
L = length of column
Vm= seepage velocity at satiated water content
D = coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion at the
satiated water content.
Thus, the test provides a means of measuring the chemical
'composition of the antecedent moisture that has been
'equilibrated with the solid at a liquid-to-solid ratio
[corresponding to that expected in the field. Provided that
the above condition is satisfied, the chemistry of the initial
Affluent is independent of column length, a very important
'conclusion relative to conducting laboratory tests.
Furthermore, the conclusion that antecedent moisture is
displaced by the invading liquid applies to the field situa-
,tion, as well. In other words, the first leachage generated in
the field is expected to be undiluted antecedent
•rnoisture.The ESM test provides a method for assessing the
phemical composition of antecedent moisture which has
equilibrated with the solid under conditions reasonably
.similar to field conditions.
ESM Test Results
•Table 1 contains the values of the experimental parameters
for four ESM tests. Runs 33 and 34 served as replicates to
|test for reproducibility. Tables 2 through 5 present
;the concentrations of several species in the column effluent
(leachate). Initially, the effluent from the LURGI retorted
Shale columns is a sodium-sulfate water which becomes a
calcium-sulfate water near the end of the tests, The
iefflu'ent from the TOSCO II retorted shale columns remains
a sodium-sulfate water throughout the test. The data
suggest the presence of abundant solid phase calcium-
sulfate in the LURGI retorted shale but not. in the TOSCO II
retorted shale. Fluoride concentrations in the effluent from
the LURGI columns were readily reduced by leaching, in
contrast to the nearly constant levels of fluoride observed in
TOSCO II effluent. The concentrations of molybdenum
were reduced by leaching in both materials, but the levels
iwere much greater in the TOSCO II effluent.
Figures 2, 3, and 4 indicate the degree to which the ESM test
is reproducible. Excellent agreement between the two tests
is indicated by the EC curves and the chloride curves. The
breakthrough curves for sulfate show a great deal more
Scatter but they, too, are in general agreement. Table 6
presents data on several trace elements observed in the
effluent from the LURGI retorted shale.
-------
Table 1 . Summary of Test Parameters for ESM Leach Tests
Material LURGI ULG
Run No. 33
Packed Length, L(cm) 29.8
Cross-Section Area, A(cm2) 80.12
Bulk Density, pb(g/cm3) 1.609
Porosity, 0.404
Initial liquid content, 8; 0.1 59
Max. liquid content, Bm 0.354
Inflow Darcy flux, q0 (cm/h) 0.857
Table 2. Effluent Concentrations for Run No. 33
Cum V EC-25°C
ml dS/m F Cl
11.5 15.81 17.8 355
84.5 15.81 13.8 329
152.9 15.91 11.6 329
221.1 15.71 10.9 336
300.7 14.52 9.65 289
368.8 12.03 9.44 236
436.5 9.47 8.52 176
504.5 7.36 7.72 84.9
584.7 5.59 6.66 79.1
653.3 4.71 7.29 63.4
727.7 4.18 6.34 36.6
797.9 3.91 5.57 28.3
1121.7 3.48 5.00 14.4
Cum V = cumulative volume of leachate.
(LURGI
SO4
9,650
9,620
1 0,940
9,760
8,870
7,160
5,200
4,060
2,980
2,560
2,290
2,130
2,010
34
29.8
80.12
1.606
0.405
0.162
0.345
0.861
ULG)
Na
mg/L
3,830
3,820
3,530
3,780
3,380
2,450
1,850
1,090
659
413
400
239
151
TOSCO II
29
30.0
80.12
1.187
0.554
0.142
0.470
0.946
Ca
519
446
450
469
507
503
514
536
565
560
576
637
619
Mg
0.619
0.444
0.367
0.419
6.381
0.383
6.427
0.430
0.455
0.479
0.393
0.422
0.561
35
29.8
80.12
1.269
0.512
0.188
0.450
0.999
Mo
5.53
5.74
5.27
5.46
3.30
3.48
1.93
0.758
1.59
0.674
0.395
0.724
<0.05
EC-25°C = electrical conductivity standardized at 25°C.
Table 3. Effluent Concentrations for Run No. 34
CumV EC-25°C
ml dS/m F CI
12.4 14.91 13.0 341
83.9 14.81 12.5 250
156.4 15.50 11.7 326
227.1 15.40 11.0 326
309.9 14.09 10.0 296
380.2 11.04 8.73 217
451.0 8.26 6.95 140
520.4 6.44 6.19 88.3
600.3 5.11 10.8
668.8 4.51 4.83 84.8
738.0 4.17 6.14 41.9
806.2 3.88 4.75 22.1
1105.6 3.73 4.24 8.08
(LURGI
SO4
9,840
10,000
8,180
8,080
7,050
6,410
4,730
3,900
2,160
2,130
2,440
1,990
2,100
ULG)
Na
mg/L
3,680
3,830
3,780
3,770
3,400
2,630
1,500
1,170
604
498
312
215
126
Ca
466
469
483
477
490
460
518
554
565
383
576
584
597
Mg
0.478
6.558
0.487
0.449
0.394
0.482
0.518
0.554
0.550
0.616
0.649
0.712
0.756
Mo
7.24
9.02
7.46
5.60
6.44
5.57
2.27
2.06
1.02
0.884
<0.05
0.446
Cum V = cumulative volume of leachate.
EC- 25°C.= electrical conductivity standardized at 25°C.
-------
Table 6. Trace Element Concentrations in Effluent from LURGI Retorted Shale (Run 34)
Cum V B Be Si
ml
12.4 1.31 0.091 14.8 C
83.9 1.05 0.017 12.5 C
156.4 0.86 0.019 15.0 C
227.1 0.43 0.009 10.7
309.9 0.72 0.024 14.4 C
38O 2 O 49 n 1 r
OOV/tib W»*T^ --.— — 1O. I l_
451 O O 45 - 199 r
"w 1 «w V/»*rU " 1 ^.^. v.
520.4 0.37 0.034 13.6 C
600.3 0.37 0.021 12.3 C
668.8 0.55 0.058 11.7 C
738.0 0.48 0.042 9.7 C
806 2
Mn Al ; Ba Sr
mg/L
).047 4.
).061 3.
).039 3.
.
J.020 4.
1.026 3.
1.023 2.
1.037 2.
1.020 2.
1.060 2.
1.033 1.
Li
48 0.140 14.4 1.31
87 0.142 16.1 1.14
87 0.142 16.3 1.11
55 0.121 13.3 1.12
00 0.132 15.2 1.10
77 0.154 14.6 1.10
66 d.108 13.2 1.12
66 0,122 14.5 1.10
27 0.116 15.1 1.07
57 0,105 13.9 1.03
98 0,090 11.3 1.00
UUU.& _ U.OO
1105.6 0.11 0.005 19.1 0.019 2.50 0:176 14.4 0.83
Fe
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
Cd
Pb
<0.01 <0.1
<0.01 <0.1
<0.01 <0.1 <
As
0.1
0.1
:o.i
<0.01 <0.1 <0.1
Table 7. Summary of Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements (cm/s)
Material
TOSCO II
Proctor Results
Optimum Moisture Content: 1 9.5%
Proctor Density: 1 .57 gm/cm3
LURGI RG 1
Proctor Results
Optimum Moisture Content: 30%
Proctor Density: 1 .4 gm/cm3
PARAHO
Proctor Results
Optimum Moisture Content: 20%
Proctor Density: 104 pcf (1.7 gm/cm3)
HYTORT
Proctor Results
Optimum Moisture Content: 20%
Proctor Density: 104 pcf (1.7 gm/cm3)
Moisture
Content %
21.0
11.0
11.0
26.7
10.5
10.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
18.0
10.0
Packed Dry
Density
gm/cm3 Method
1.55;
1.39.
1.39;
1.29;
1.29!
1.40!
1.33:
1.33^
1.2 !
1.2
1.7
1-7 !
1.7 :
1.7 ;
1.36i
1.36'
1.7 •
1-7 i
1.5 i
i
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
Falling Head
Constant Head
50
6.85 x
6.0
5.6
5.2
6.7
6.7
1.0
3.0
2.8
1.4
8.5
4.7
5.0
1.9
8.1
9.8
9.8
1.9
3.4
x
x
x
x
10-6
10-6
10-5
10-5
10-5
X10-6
X10-6
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10-5
1C-5
10-6
10-6
1C-7
TO'7
10-6
ID'7
10-4
10-*
10-5
10-3
Load
6.15
4.9
4.6
5.2
4.0
4.34
6.5
1.9
1.4
1.32
4.2
4.6
1.3
8.1
7.0
1,5
2.5
(psi)
100
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X,
X
X
X
X
X
10-6
10-6
ID-5
10-6
10-6
TO-5
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-5
10-7
10-'
TO-6
10-'
10-4
TO-5
10-3
200
5.65 x
4.97 x
3.90 x
3.23 x
2.45 x
2.69 x
6.5 x
1.9 x
1.9 x
1.28x
4.5 x
4.0 x
1.3 x
7.8 x
2.4 x
1.0 x
2.5 x
10-6
10-6
10-5
10-5
io-5
10-6
10-7
10-5
10-6
10-6
10-7
ID'7
TO-7
10-7
10-4
10-5
TO'3
samples are wetted to approximately 20% by weight and
packed to a specified dry bulk density. These samples are
saturated and placed in contact with a saturated porous
ceramic plate (bubbling pressure =15 atm) which, in turn is
placed in a pressure chamber. The base of the ceramic plate
is covered by a rubber bladder that is sealed to the circum-
ference of the plate. The space between the base of the
plate and the bladder is connected to the atmosphere
through a drain line that exits from the pressure chamber.
After the saturated samples are placed on the ceramic
plate, and the plate put in the pressure chamber, a specified
-------
Table 6.
ml
12.4
83.9
156.4
227.1
309.9
380.2
451.0
520.4
600.3
668.8
738.0
806.2
1105.6
Table 7.
Trace Element Concentrations in Effluent from LURGI Retorted Shale (Run 34)
B Be Si
1.31 0.091 14.8
1.05 0.017 12.5
0.86 0.019 15.0
0.43 0.009 10.7
0.72 0.024 14.4
0 42 1 Q 1
O &K no
0.37 0.034 13.6
0.37 0.021 12.3
0.55 0.058 11.7
0.48 0.042 9.7
0.11 0.005 19.1
Mn
0.047
0.061
0.039
0.020
0.026
0.023
0.037
0.020
0.060
0.033
0.019
Summary of Hydraulic Conductivity
Material
TOSCO II
Proctor Results
Optimum Moisture Content: 19.5%
Proctor Density: 1 .57 gm/cm3
LURGI RG 1
Al
4.48
3.87
3.87
3.55
4.00
3.77
2.66
2.66
2.27
2.57
1.98
2.50
0
Ba Sr
mg/L
.140 14.4
0.142 16.1
0.142 163
0.121 13.3
0.132 15.2
0.154 14.6
0.108 13.2
0,
0.
0.
122 145
116 15.1
105 13.9
0.090 11.3
0.
176 14.4
Li
1.31
1.14
1 1 1
1 12
1.10
1 10
1 12
1 10
1.07
1 03
1.00
0.88
0.83
Fe
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
Cd
Pb
-------
16
14
I
' 12
\10
> 8
i
i 6
4
2
o Run No. 33
° Run No. 34
10,000
18,000
g 6,000
o
c:
o
O
°0
Figure 2.
350
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Cumulative Volume of Effluent (mL) —>
Electrical conductivity of LURGI ULG effluent
samples.
5;
|300
,1 250
\
c 200
0
§ 1SO
o
•
Chloride concentration in LURGI ULG effluent
samples.
i 2,000
"Run No. 33
= Run No. 34
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Cumulative Volume of Effluent (mL) *"
Figure 4. Sulfate concentration in LURGI ULG effluent
samples.
Top Load
Plate
Bottom Load
Plate
Load Spring
Gage Arm —
Dial Gage
' Indicator
Tension Rods
Load Cell
Hydraulic Jack
Permeameter
Body
Inflow •—
Bottom Plate
figure 5. Schematic of permeameter.
'the maximum Standard Proctor density is made on samples
packed in the permeameter at a moisture content corre-
sponding to the maximum Standard Proctor density.
The results of the hydraulic conductivity measurements are
isummarized in Table 7, with the lowest values on the order
iof 1Q-7 cm/s, or of the same order as expected average net-
infiltration rates.
Capillary Water Holding Capacities
The water retention characteristics'of the retorted shale
residues on hand are being measured. Duplicate 25 g shale
I
-------
Table 4. Effluent Concentrations for Run No. 29 (TOSCO III)
Cum V
ml
49.1
85 1
133.1
198.9
259.4
348.9
449.5
587.8
781.2
980.1
1106.0
Lab. EC
dS/m
38.90
38 90
38.80
36.00
3.60
23.60
14.50
8.58
4.28
2.70
2.30
F
OQ ->
27.6
27.9
26.0
22.8
22.1
20.3
22.2
26.3
28.9
Cl
917
270
251
193
115
48.2
24.2
9.88
9.02
8.21
SO4
oo onn
-- —
10 830
30,180
27,070
6,840
11,580
5,710
2,370
1,420
1,050
Na
mg/L
1 2,700
12 200
1 i ,400
9,620
7,000
6,660
896
664
448
Ca
QQ~7
368
•328
373
332
371
354
285
154
59.8
44.5
Mg
AP*3
536
498
457
329
233
151
76.8
40.8
32.0
Mo
56.4
59.1
R7 fi
49.3
15.3
10.4
6.56
3.71
2.28
1.62
1.45
Cum V = cumulative volume of leachate.
Lab. EC = electrical conductivity measured directly from test effluent.
Table 5. Effluent Concentrations for Run No. 35 (TOSCO III)
Cum V
ml
12.4
76.5
141.4
205.9
273.0
337.9
413.0
489.7
565.2
640.7
716.0
791.6
865.9
938.5
1113.7
1233.6
Cum V =
Lab EC
dS/m
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.40
36.20
32.90
24.70
17.80
12.20
8.77
6.62
5.29
4.26
3.68
2.60
2.23
F
24.9
23.6
20.1
31.7
23.3
20.3
20.6
20.9
22.0
20.1
22.0
23.7
25.1
26.0
28.3
29.2
Cl
218
211
212
204
208
191
105
52.8
24.1
12.1
8.93
6.32
5.49
4.69
4.52
3.89
SO4
28,510
28,380
30,530
29,670
27,410
20,380
1 6,450
9,761
7,141
5,120
3,132
2,513
2,046
1,685
1,097
965
Na
mg/L
9,910
10,430
10,300
10,160
10,100
8,850
6,380
3,670
2,470
1,750
1,160
968
772
678
436
371
Ca
368
342
322
348
354
318
274
169
112
79.
61.
49.
40.
34.
5
7
7
6
9
22.3
15.
7
Mg
695
687
680
696
687
599
416
260
164
116
83.3
73.6
56.0
47.2
35.5
33.2
, K
109
108
125
162
136
:91.
86.
;43.
;30.
'23.
;15.
;i4.
'11.
;n.
7.
5.
5
6
8
6
5
4
8
7
9
66
84
Mo
26.3
26.0
26.0
26.0
25.8
24.2
19.2
13.2
9.44
6.97
5.36
4.20
3.29
2.99
2.29
1.73
cumulative volume of leachate. :
Lab. EC = electrical
conductivity
measured directly from test
effluent.
Hydraulic Properties
The hydraulic part of the research includes the determina-
tion of the capillary water-holding capacity and the
permeability at the satiated water content for several
processed shales, in keeping with the aim of this continuing
research to provide complete data on hydraulic properties
as functions of water content, including the dry range in
which vapor transport is dominant.
The procedure for measurement of the hydraulic
conductivity at saturation is that given in Designation E-13
in the USBR Earth Manual. This is a constant head test
using an 8-inch diameter permeameter. A schematic of the
experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 5. This setup
shown, permits the simulation of overburden load by appli-
cation of a load to the top plate.
The procedure first selects the dry bulkdensity at which the
permeability is desired. In commercial operations, the
materials are placed in the disposal .piles at a moisture
content determined by the amount of water required for
compaction, cooling, and dust control. A sample of the
material is then brought to the prescribed moisture content,
using standard procedures, and weighing out the quantity
of material required to achieve the specified dry density.
This quantity of material is then packed in the permea meter
in either four 1-in. lifts or, in the case of the PARAHO
material, in 2-in. lifts to form a test thickness of 4 in.
Packing of the permeameter is accomplished using the
standard weight hammer. In the case of the PARAHO
material, the sample is packed inside'an inner sleeve that
raises as the material is packed. In the annular space
-------
Table 1.
Summary of Test Parameters for ESM Leach Tests
Material
Run No.
Packed Length, L(cm)
Cross-Section Area, A(cm2)
Bulk Density, p\, (g/cm3)
Porosity,
Initial liquid content, B,
Max. liquid content, 6m
Inflow Darcy flux, q0 (cm/h)
Table 2.
CumV
ml
11.5
84.5
152.9
221.1
300.7
368.8
436.5
504.5
584.7
653.3
727.7
797.9
1121.7
LURGI ULG
33 ; 34
29.8 29.8
80.12 80.12
1.609 1.606
0.404 0.405
0.159 0.162
0.354 0.345
0.857 0.861
Effluent Concentrations for Run No
EC-25°C
dS/m
15.81
15.81
15.91
15.71
14.52
12.03
9.47
7.36
5.59
4.71
4.18
3.91
3.48
Cum V = cumulative volume
EC-25°C =
Table 3.
CumV
ml
12.4
83.9
156.4
227.1
309.9
380.2
451.0
520.4
600.3
668.8
738.0
806.2
1105.6
F
17.8
13.8
11.6
10.9
9.65
9.44
8.52
7.72
6.66
7.29
6.34
5.57
5.00
of leachate.
Cl
355
329
329
336
289
236
176
84.9
79.1
63.4
36.6
28.3
14.4
electrical conductivity standardized at
Effluent Concentrations for Run No
EC-25°C.
dS/m
14.91
14.81
15.50
15.40
14.09
11.04
8.26
6.44
5.11
4.51
4.17
3.88
3.73
F
13.0
12.5
11.7
11.0
10.0
8.73
6.95
6.19
10.8
4.83
6.14
4.75
4.24
Cl
341
250
326
326
296
217
140
88.3
84.8
41.9
22.1
8.08
. 33(LURGI ULG)
S04[
9,650
9,62!0
1 0,940
9,760
8,870
7,160
5,200
4,060
2,980
2,560
2,290
2,130
2,01:0 -"--
I
25°C. ;
.34 (LURGI ULG)
^
SO4;
9,840
1 0,000
8,18P
8,080
7,050
6,4110
4,730
3,900
2,160
2,130
2,440
1,990
2,100
Na
mg/L
3,830
3,820
3,530
3,780
3,380
2,450
1,850
1,090
659
413
400
239
151
Na
mg/L
3,680
3,830
3,780
3,770
3,400
2,630
1,500
1,170
604
498
312
215
126
29
30.0
80.12
1.187
0.554
0.142
0.470
0.946
Ca
519
446
450
469
507
503
514
536
565
560
576
637
619
Ca
466
469
483
477
490
460
518
554
565
383
576
584
597
TOSCO II
Mg
0.619
0.444
0.367
0.419
0.381
0.383
0.427
0.430
0.455
0.479
0.393
0.422
0.561
Mg
0.478
0.558
0.487
0.449
0.394
0.482
0.518
0.554
0.550
0.616
0.649
0.712
0.756
35
29.8
80.12
1.269
0.512
0.188
0.450
0.999
Mo
5.53
5.74
5.27
5.46
3.30
3.48
1.93
0.758
1.59
0.674
0.395
0.724
<0.05
Mo
7.24
9.02
7.46
5.60
6.44
5.57
2.27
2.06
1.02
0.884
<0.05
—
0.446
Cum V = cumulative volume of leachate.
EC-25°C.= electrical conductivity standardized at 25°C.
-------
Table 8. Moisture Contents* of Processed Shales at Various Pressure and Bulk Densities
Sample
No Compaction
Lurgi Ash
TOSCO II
Lurgi
Packed to a BD = 1 .30 g/cc
Lurgi Ash
TOSCO
HYTORT
BD = 1 .45 g/cc
Lurgi Ash
TOSCO
HYTORT
BD = 1 .60 g/cc
Lurgi Ash
TOSCO
HYTORT
Lurgi
14.7psi (1 bar)
73.6
48.0
27.5
62.4
42.2
35.2
60.2
36.0
31.0
47.2
34.6
30.5
20.7
44.1 psi (3 bar)
62.0
45.8
27.6
62.3
42.0
33.7
58.7
33.8
27.6
46.3
33.5
30.3
20,2
Pressure
73.5 psi (5 bar)
64.5
45.9
26.9
62.2
41.9
32.6
56.6
32.9
25.3
45.8
32.1
28.9
19.8
147 psi (10 bar) :
63.1
43.8
25.3
62.0
41.6
31.8
55.5
32.1 |
23.8 '
!
44.4
30.8
25.4
19.8
200 psi (1 3.6 bar)
59.5
44.7
15.5
61.7
41.4
31.0
55.2
30.5
23.2
43.7
30.5
24.6
19.0
Table entries are moisture contents (w) expressed on a weight % basis: weight of water per unit weight of dry solids.
air pressure is created within the chamber. The excess air
pressure displaces a portion of the water contained in
samples. This water passes from the sample through the
plate and out the drain line. Air is prevented from entering
the region between the bladder and the plate because the
saturated ceramic has no permeability to air. The specified
air pressure in the chamber is maintained until drainage
ceases (usually about 24 hrs), at which time the pressure is
released and the samples are weighed to determine the
water content corresponding to the applied pressure.
The samples are replaced on the plate and a higher air pres-
sure is again exerted. An additional increment of water is
displaced and the samples are again weighed. This process
is continued until the desired range of determinations are
completed. In the set of experiments completed to date, the
range of pressures utilized is 1 to 14 atmospheres. The
results of the water holding tests are contained in Table 8. i
References
Nazareth, V. A. 1984. A Laboratory Column Leach Test for
Oil Shale Solid Wastes. Ph. D. Dissertation, Colorado State
Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 130 p. ;
McWhorter, D. B. and Nazareth, V. A. 1984. Leaching of
Processed Oil Shales. Progress Report, Cooperative
Agreement CR-807668, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,
CO, 60 p.
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268 i
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
•fi- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984-559-111/10715
------- |