4>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency "
Office of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/600/K-92/003A
July 1992
Technology Transfer
on the Use of
Treatability Guidelines in
Site Remediation
Stabilization/Solidification
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Superfund Policy Guidance:
immobilization
m inappropriate for Volatile Organics
® Appropriate Only for Materials
Containing Inorganics and
sometimes Semi-Volatile Organics
and Non-Volatile Organics
Superfund Policy Guidance:
Immobilization
« Use of Immobilization for Semi-Volatile and
Non-Volatile Organies Requries Either
Site-Specific Treatabiltty Studies OR
Non-Slte-Specific Treatabiltty Study Data for
"Similar Waste"
* "Similar Waste" is Defined In Terms of the
Contaminants, Concentrations, and Waste Matrix
* Total Waste Analysis (TWA)
B
Solidification/Stabilization
Applicability
• Soils
li Sediments
9 Sludges
8-2
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GUIDE FOR CONDUCTING
TREATABILITY STUDIES
UNDER CERCLA:
Solidification/Stabilization
Presentation Outline
0 Introduction
*l Technology Description
« Role of Treatability Studies
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Odentify Problems of
Waste Handling
0 Debris
• Mixing
0 Emissions
it Analyses
Assess Waste Uniformity
• Multiple Wastes
€* Homogeneous or
Heterogeneous Waste
0 Worst Case Concentrations
vs. Average Case
Concentrations
B
Measure Volume Increase
Associated with Processing
0 Space Available for
Disposal
0 Other Limitations
8-4
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Solidification/Stabilization
Process
* In-Situ
* Excavation
When to Perform
Treatability Testing
B
As Soon As Possible
Potential Goals for
Treatability Studies
Identify Problems in Waste Handling
Assess Waste Uniformity
Measure Volume Increase Associated
with Processing
Develop Processing Parameters and
Achievable Treatment Levels
8-3
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Evaluate Physical
Characteristics
« Unconfined Compressive Strength
(UCS)(ASTMD1633-34)
• Permeability (TMSWC-13)
• Wet/Dry (ASTM 04843-88)
® Freeze/Thaw (ASTM D4842-90)
Other Parameters to
Evaluate During Curing
0 Off Gassing
• Curing Temperature
0 Moisture Content
• Additive Ratios
B
Percent Reduction Calculation
•H1+ Additive Ratio)x
(Raw Concentration)
1x100
Where Addttlve Ratio =
c
8-6
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Develop Processing
Parameters and the Level of
Processing Control
• Perform Tiered Treatability Testing
% Evaluate Chemical Characteristics
• Evaluate Physical Characteristics
* Estimate Treatment Costs
Perform Treatability Testing
• Representative Number of
Samples
* Homogenization of Raw Waste
Samples
* Multi-Tier Treated Sample
Evaluation
B
Evaluate Chemical
Characteristics
• Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP 55FR26986 June 1990)
« Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure - Distilled H jO
0 Total Waste Analysis — Semi-Volatile
Organics (EPA Method SW 846-8270)
« Total Waste Analysis - Volatile Organics
(EPA Method SW 846-8240)
8-5
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Homogenized Raw Waste
Sample Evaluation
RewWute
Simple
Analytical
Rwutt
Should Be
Equivalent
Grab Samplaa from Mixed
Sample for Analyeie
Multi-Tiered Treated Sample Evaluation
EvituH ntd TlUM Oust RnultB
TIER I _——
Screen JUU
Reagent Mix 1
TIER II
Refine
Euium mat Sonet SMI RMUH*
DDD
Reagent Mix 3
DDD
Reagent Mix 2C
TIER Hi
Evaluate/
Select
Reagent Mix 2A1 (Produces Samples for All Teeta)
B
Additional Considerations
» Chain-of-Custody of Raw, Treated, and
Reserve Samples
« Direct Observation of Mixing and
Castings
% Independent Qualified Analysis
m Final Report
® Vendor Field Tests
8-8
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Time Line Required for
Treatability Tests
Tier I - Treat and Screen
• Cure 14-28 Days
* Analyze Treated 21 Days
Samples
• interpret Results 7 Days
and Reformulate
Time Line Required for
Treatabiiity. Tests
Tier II -Refineand Retreat
• Cure 14-28 Days
• Analyze Treated 21 Days
Samples
* interpret Results 7 Days
and Reformulate
B
Time Line Required for
Treatability Tests _
Tier III - Evaluate/Select Remedy
Cure
Analyze Treated
Samples
Interpret Results
and Report
28 Days
21 Days
14 Days
8-7
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11. Schiegel, R. 1989. Residues from High Temperature Rotary Kilns and Their
Leachability. Presented at the Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic and International, W&E Environmental Systems, Germany.
June 19-22.
12. Sell, N.J. et al. 1992. Solidification and Stabilization of Phenol and Chlorinated Phenol
Contaminated Soils, 2nd Volume. ASTM STP 1123. T.M. Gilliam and C.C. Wiles, Eds,
ASTM Philadelphia, PA, p. 73-85.
13. Sims, R.C. 1990. Soil Remediation Techniques at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites:
A Critical Review. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association Reprint
Series, No. RS-15, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 43 p.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. The Superfund Innovative
Technology/Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, Fourth Edition. EPA/540/5-
91/008, OSWER and ORD, Washington, D.C.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Immobilization Technology Seminar:
Speaker Slide Copies and Supporting Information. CERI-89-222. Center for
Environmental Research, Cincinnati, OH.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Generic Treatability Protocol for
Solidification/Stabilization Treatment for Contaminated Soils.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA '-•
and RCRA Wastes: Physical Tests, Chemical Testing Procedures, Technology Screening,
and Field Activities, Report No. EPA/625/6-89/022, Center for Environmental Research
Information, Cincinnati, Ohio, 82 p.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Technology Evaluation Report: SITE
Program Demonstration Test, In Situ Stabilization/Solidification, Hialeah, Florida, Vol.
I. Report No. EPA/540/5-89/004a, Center for Environmental Research Information,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's
Guide. Second Edition, EPA/600/8-89/046. March
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification
of Hazardous Wastes. EPA/540/2-86/001. Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
21. Weitzman, L. et al. 1989. Volatile Organic Emissions from Stabilized Hazardous Waste.
Final Report. U.S. EPA Contract #68-02-3994.
8-10
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REFERENCES FOR STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION GUIDE
1. Earth, E.F. and R.M. McCandless et al. 1989. General Guide for Treatability
Assessment: Draft S/S Technology Information Bulletin for the USEPA Engineering
Forum. USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, July.
2. Earth, E.F. and C. Wiles. 1989. Technical and Regulatory Status of
Solidificaton/Stabilization in the United-States. Proceedings on the Application of U.S.
Control Technology in Korea. Seoul, Korea.
3. Cartledge, F.K. et al. 1989. A Study of the Morphology and Microchemistry of
Solidified/Stabilized Hazardous Waste Systems. Final Report for U.S. EPA #CR-
812318.
4. Conner, J.R. 1990. Chemical Fixation and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 692 p.
5. Cullinane, J.M. and L;W. Jones. 1989. Handbook for Solidification/Stabilization of
Hazardous Wastes, Final Report, Interagency agreement AD-96-F-2-A145 between the
EPA and the U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers, Waterways Experimental Station,
Vicksburg, MI.
6. Eschenbach, R.C. et al. 1989. Process Description and Initial Test Results with the
Plasma Centrifugal Reactor. Presented at the Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies: Domestic and International, June 19-22. Retech, Inc., Ukiah,
California.
7. Geosafe Corporation. 1989. In Situ Vitrification for Permanent Treatment of
Hazardous Wastes. Presented at Advances in Separations: A Focus on
Electrotechnologies for Products and Wastes, April 11-12. GSC 1903, Geosafe
Corporation, Kirkland, Washington.
8. Geosafe Corporation. 1989. Application and Evaluation Considerations for In Situ
Vitrification Technology: a Treatment Process for Destruction and/or Permanent
Immobilization of Hazardous Materials. GSC 1901, Geosafe Corporation, Kirkland,
Washington.
9. ' Keller, DJ. 1989. Construction Quality Assurance for Stabilization/Solidification. Draft
Final Report, W.A. #2-17. USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio, August 31.
10. Kingsbury, G., P. Hoffman and B. Lesnik. The Liquid Release Test (LRT).
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Symposium,
American Chemical Society. July 24-28. V , . _,
8-9
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