United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/600/K-92/015
December 1992
&EPA
Wellhead Protection
Technology Transfer
Centerpiece Workshop
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
CENTERPIECE WORKSHOP
CONTENTS
Q Description of the National Rural Water Association and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and their roles in the Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Project.
Q Copy °f Protecting Local Ground-Water Supplies Through Wellhead Protection.
Q Copy of Wellhead Protection: A Decision-Makers'Guide.
Q List of Potential Wellhead Protection Planning Team Members.
Q Diagram of the Hydrological Cycle.
Q Diagram of Ground-Water Hydrology.
Q Table of Potential Sources of Ground-Water Contamination.
Q Inventory List of Potential Sources of Ground-Water Contamination.
Q Model Ordinance.
Q Model Contingency Plan.
Q List of Federal and Regional Contacts.
Q Evaluation Form.
Printed on Recycled Paper
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The National Rural Water Association (NRWA) is a
nonprofit trade association with about 10,000 members
consisting of rural and small municipal water and waste-
water utilities in the United States. The mission of NRWA
is to. enhance the quality of life in rural and small municipal
areas by providing area-specific grassroots training and
technical assistance programs. NRWA is organized by a
federation of State associations and is governed by a
Board of Directors comprised of individual members from
each State.
Since its inception in 1976, the NRWA has offered
services to member and nonmember small water systems
in all 50 States and Puerto Rico. NRWA provides class-
room training that gives water system personnel the latest
information about drinking water regulations and technol-
ogy. In addition, NRWA "circuit riders" travel throughout
each State to assist water system personnel in providing
safe water to their customers. NRWA also offers an annual
technical conference for rural and small municipal facili-
ties, seven weeks of technical and in-service training for
more than 200 employees, a comprehensive resource li-
brary, a quarterly publication, technical bulletins, public
educational materials, participation on National Task
Groups, and many other functions.
The Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Project in-
volves helping small communities develop and implement
local wellhead protection programs through hands-on as-
sistance by NRWA-trained ground-water technicians.
These technicians travel from system to system, meet with
decisionmakers, convince them of the importance of well-
head protection, teach them a simple five-step approach
to wellhead protection, help them implement each step,
and provide consistent follow up. Throughout this process,
the technicians encourage local communities to take
charge and feel ownership of their wellhead protection
plan. The project also helps small communities and State
Affiliates gain access to NRWA's network of resources and
expertise. As of October 1992,553 water systems in the
14 States in the Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Proj-
ect have initiated wellhead protection efforts, and the pro-
gram has been able to protect the drinking water sources
for more than 1 million people.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
developed a Ground-Water Protection Strategy to promote
comprehensive protection at the State and local level. The
overall goal of the strategy is to prevent adverse effects to
human health and the environment and to protect the envi-
ronmental integrity of the nation's ground-water resources.
EPA's strategy recognizes that given the uniquely local
nature of ground-water pollution and use, the States and
local governments must have the primary responsibility for
assessing and prioritizing risks to ground-water resources
and for implementing ground-water protection programs.
EPA helps the States build comprehensive, integrated
programs to protect ground-water resources. The Agency
provides broad national guidance for designing and imple-
menting programs and uses financial incentives to
promote action.
For the National Rural Water Association (NRWA)
Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Project, EPA has pro-
vided a two-year, $2 million grant to NRWA to help small
communities develop and implement wellhead protection
programs. The Agency's Office of Ground Water and
Drinking Water (OGWDW) has joined forces with the Of-
fice of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
(OTTRS) and NRWA to facilitate this program. OTTRS is
coordinating a major technology transfer effort, consisting
of workshops, publications, and other communication
mechanisms. This effort will disseminate the knowledge
gained by NRWA and EPA on wellhead protection and al-
low many more communities to begin wellhead protection
programs.
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Although the size and membership of a
community planning team may differ
from one community to the next, it is
important that the planning team
represents all interests in your town. If
there are existing groups in your
community who have worked together
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Whin site specific information on
well construction, soils, geology, and
ground-water flow is available,
detailed methods can be used to
calculate accurate WHPAs. Ground
water computer models, for example,
can predict which land areas
contribute water to the well under
varying' conditions. EPA has
developed a simplified computer
model that is available to help define
WHPAs.
at a later date.
mile around the public water supply
well, would be considered a good
starting point. This initial wellhead
protection area could then be refined
protection program, an initial area
having a radius of one-half to one
If your state.does not have a wellhead
computer models.
detailed calculations and the use of
mapping WHPAs. They range from
drawing a circle with a specified
radius around the well to more
there are several different methods of
supply well(s). '
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Hazardous waste landfil
Municipal incinerators
Municipal landfills
Municipal sewer lines
Open burning sites
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Road dcidng operations
Road maintenance depots
Storm water drains/basins
Transfer stations
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When ground-water contamination problems
became evident in the Hunt River Aquifer
located in eastern Rhode Island, officials from
the three communities sharing the aquifer
joined forces to ensure that ground water be
protected from further contamination. The
combined efforts ensure consistent protection
of the resource, including ground-water
monitoring, controls over septic systems, and
proper handling, storage, and disposal of toxic
hazardous waste.
Regional Approach
Provincetown, Massachusetts' 1.2 million
gallon-per-day wellfield was closed due to
adjacent ground-water contamination from an
; underground petroleum storage tank. After
over $6 million in state and local funds were
• used to study, design, and install a treatment
system, the town developed an underground
storage tank health regulation to prevent
similar occurrences from happening in the
'. future.
Health Regulations
Acquire land within your
WHPAs, either by purchase
or by techniques such as
easements, conservation
restrictions, or "bargain
sales".
Monitor your community's
water quality, especially
between existing water
quality threats and your
public wells;
Prepare brochures or
pamphlets on the importance
of disposing of pesticides,
used oil, and other contam-
inants properly;
Conduct eduction programs
and workshops to inform
your fellow city and town
residents about the
importance of protecting the
community's ground water;
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potential pollution sources in town. The
passage of a hazardous materials bylaw
requires industries to install ground-water
monitoring wells and pay for the inspection
and sampling conducted by the town.
placement of monitoring wells in strategic
locations around industries and other
Department developed a ground-water
protection strategy that included the
Littleton, Massachusetts' Water
After a neighboring community lost half of
its public water supply due to industrial
contamination of the ground water.
Ground-Water Monitoring
of county residents in protecting WHPAs
from contamination.
programs range from distribution of
brochures regarding ground-water
protection to establishing forums on the role
Virginia have developed comprehensive
• public education programs on ground-
water protection for county residents. These
Accomack and Northampton Counties,
Public Education Programs
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Contingency Flans
Sioux Falls, South Dakota is served by a single
well field that is located adjacent to industrial
businesses, including the municipal airport
and a petroleum storage facility. Several spills
and tank leaks have occurred in the past
prompting the city to develop emergency
response procedures and a contingency plan to
react to spills and leaks.
Even the most comprehensive
wellhead protection program may fail
to protect your community's wells. For
this reason, if s important for your
community to be prepared in case its
water supply becomes contaminated.
The planning team should begin to
develop a contingency plan for
response procedures and alternative
water supplies in case the water supply
is disrupted by contamination or other
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could be chairman of <
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explain how the Program
works and how your State
• tection activities/You
ducedthisbookletto
State's ground-water p
3
of 1986. EPAhaspro-
tion control agency an
see a need for better
coordination of your
part of the Safe Drinking
Water Act Amendments
a
son the Program became
Or maybe you head a
State public health or p
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gram is meant to help
States solve, and the rea-
local water supply well:
State legislator, whose
constituents have beer
voicing their concerns 1
you about the contam
tion and closing of thei
Perhaps you are a
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Wellhead Protection Pro-
These are the kinds of
problems that the Federal
water will limit the growth
of your town.
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you realize the amount of
time and money needed
for clean up. For exam-
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storage tank in a com-
munity in Massachusetts
made headlines in 1977
when it forced the shut-
down of a nearby munici-
pal wellfield, disrupting
that community's only
source of drinking water.
When the tank was exca-
vated, local officials esti-
mated that between
2,000 and 3,000 gallons of
high-test unleaded gaso-
line had leaked into the
ground less than 600 feet
from the nearest well in
the municipal wellfield,
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Contamination
Incident
The problem of ground-
water contamination is
easy to define. If you pick
up a newspaper in many
communities, you may fin<
an article describing a
ground-water contamina-
tion incident and its effecl
on public water supplies.
This is not surprising, since
95 percent of rural
America and in total aboi
half the U.S. population
rely on ground water.
These incidents are
especially sobering when
pumping well is
replaced by ground
water further away,
usually uphill
(upgradient) from tht
well. The recharge
area, which may be
limited by physical
or hydrologic
boundaries, may
consist of all or part
of the cone of
depression as well ai
the area from which
the replacing water
comes.
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9,000 municipal landfills;
190,000 surface impound-
ments; 280 million acres of
cropland treated with pes-
ticides annually; 50 million
tons of fertilizer applied to
crops and lawns annually;
and over 10 million tons of
dry salt and two million gal-
lons of liquid salts applied
to our'highways every win-
ter. These sources do not
always threaten ground-
water supplies, but
always have the potential
to do so, unless man-
aged properly.
The areas surrounding
water well supplies can
be particularly vulnerable
to these sources of con-
tamination, since
contaminants discharged
within the recharge area
to a pumping well may
be drawn toward that
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Threats to Water
Supply Wells
Across the country, hun-
dreds of types of poten-
tial sources of ground-
water contamination
have been identified. The
magnitude of the poten-
tial problem begins to
emerge when you con-
sider just a few of these
contaminant sources: 23
million septic tank systems;
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examples illustrate.
earlier contamination
grams make a lot of eco-
nomic sense, as the
Massachusetts and
Florida are among the
States now using some of
these management tools
to protect public water
supply wells. Beyond the
obvious public health rea-
sons, State-wide
Wellhead Protection Pro-
tion of land.
fied activities, and acquisi-
mits, prohibition of speci-
cial ordinances and per-
of land use through spe-
areas include: regulation
within these protection
Management activities
commonly employed
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water suppliers, are to
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Gather a broad mix of people with diverse skills in technical,
managerial, administrative, and public relations areas from
public, private, and regulatory organizations, such as:
Businesses
Community service organizations
Drilling contractors
Elected officials
Engineers
Environmental groups
Farmers
Interested citizens
Land developers
Land planners
Local government agencies
Conservation
Environment
Extension Service
Health
Natural resources
Planning
Public works
Public interest groups
Ranchers
Volunteer organizations
Fraternal organizations
League of Woman Voters
Rotary Club
Senior citizen groups
Volunteer fire departments
Water suppliers
-------
PR EC [PIT ATI ON
fr » ' ! I
1 f ! [
i ! ! i >
INFILTRA
OVERLAND
RUNOFF
-------
VERTICAL PROFILEj
« ZoneofContributio
Ground
Water
Divide
[-*——[• Zone of Influence—»•{
Land I I
Surface i
Prepumping
Water Level
Cone of
Depression
PLAN VIEW
Direction of
Ground Water
Row
GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY: ZONE OF CONTRIBUTION,
ZONE OF INFLUENCE, AND CONE OF DEPRESSION
-------
SOURCE
NATURALLY OCCURRING SOURCES
Rocks and soils
Water
Decaying organic matter
Geological radioactive gas
Natural hydrogeologlcal events and
formations
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES , „
Animal foedlots and burial areas
Manure spreading areas and storage pits
Livestock waste disposal areas
Crop areas and Irrigation sites
Chemical storage areas and containers
Farm machinery areas
Agricultural drainage wells and canals
RESIDENTIAL SOURCES
Common household maintenance and
hobbies
Lawns and gardens
Swimming pools
Septic systems, cesspools, and sewer
'inos
Underground storage tanks
Apartments and condominiums
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'2'3
t - ; "-"-V """V," -"',:/"
Aesthetic Contaminants: Iron and iron bacteria; manganese; calcium and magnesium
(hardness)
Health and Environmental Contaminants: Arsenic; asbestos; metals; chlorides
(fluorides, sulfates); sulfate-reducing bacteria; other microorganisms;
Excessive sodium; bacteria; viruses; low pH (acid) water
Bacteria
Radionuclides (radon, etc.)
Salt-water/brackish water intrusion (or intrusion of other poor quality water);
contamination by a variety of substances through sink-hole infiltration in limestone
terrains
; -" \ \\ 5: " , -- - , '
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates; phosphates; chloride; chemical sprays and dips for
controlling insect, bacterial, viral, and fungal pests on livestock; coliform4 and
noncoliform bacteria; viruses
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates
Pesticides;5 fertilizers;6 gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
Pesticide5 and fertilizer6 residues
Automotive wastes;7 welding wastes
Pesticides;5 fertilizers;6 bacteria; salt water (in areas where the fresh-saltwater interface
lies at shallow depths and where the water table is lowered by channelization, pumping,
or other causes)
s •• --^ -. - •• Vi- s
Common Household Products:8 Household cleaners; oven cleaners; drain cleaners;
toilet cleaners; disinfectants; metal polishes; jewelry cleaners; shoe polishes; synthetic
detergents; bleach; laundry soil and stain removers; spot removers and dry cleaning
fluid; solvents; lye or caustic soda; household pesticides;9 photochernicals; printing ink;
other common products;
Wall and Furniture Treatments: Paints; varnishes; stains,; dyes; wood preservatives
(creosote); paint and lacquer thinners; paint and varnish removers and deglossers; paint
brush cleaners; floor and furniture strippers;
Mechanical Repair and Other Maintenance Products: Automotive wastes;7 waste oils;
diesel fuel; kerosene; #2 heating oil; grease; degreasers for driveways and garages;
metal degreasers; asphalt and roofing tar; tar removers; lubricants; rustproofers; car
wash detergents; car waxes and polishes; rock salt; refrigerants
Fertilizers;5 herbicides and other pesticides used for lawn and garden maintenance10
Swimming pool maintenance chemicals11
Septage; coliform and noncoliform bacteria;4 viruses; nitrates; heavy metals; synthetic
detergents; cooking and motor oils; bleach; pesticides;9'10 paints; paint thinner;
photographic chemicals; swimming pool chemicals;11 septic tank/cesspool cleaner
chemicals;12 elevated levels of chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
phosphate
Home heating oil
Swimming pool maintenance chemicals;11 pesticides for lawn and garden maintenance
and cockroach, termite, antf rodent, and other pest control;9'10 wastes from on-site
sewage treatment plants; household hazardous wastes8
-------
SOURCE
MUNICIPAL SOURCES ","
Schools and government offices and
grounds.
Park lands
Public.and residential areas infested with
mosquitoes, gypsy moths, ticks, ants, or
other pests
Highways, road maintenance depots, and
deicing operations
Municipal sewage treatment plants and
sewer lines
Storage, treatment, and disposal ponds,
lagoons, and other surface impoundments
Land areas applied with wastewater or
wastewater byproducts
Storm water drains and basins
Combined sewer overflows (municipal
sewers and stormwater drains)
Recycling/reduction facilities
Municipal waste landfills
Open dumping and burning sites, closed
dumps
Municipal incinerators
Water supply wells, monitoring wells, older
wells, domestic and livestock wells,
unsealed and abandoned wells, and test
hole wells
Sumps and dry wells
Drainage wells
Well pumping that causes interaquifer
leakage, induced filtration, landward
migration of sea water in coastal areas;
etc.
Artificial ground-water recharge
COMMERCIAL SOURCES ' '[ ,
Airports, abandoned airfields
Auto repair shops
Barber and beauty shops
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'2'3
\ ' "" > - ^ „ , - " - '" " "
Solvents; pesticides;9'10 acids; alkalis; waste oils; machinery/vehicle servicing wastes;
gasoline and heating oil from storage tanks; general building wastes13
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;10 insecticides9
Pesticides5-9 -...'...'-
Herbicides in highway rights-of-way;5'10 road salt (sodium and calcium chloride); road
salt anticaking additives (ferric ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide); road salt
anticorrosives (phosphate and chromate); automotive wastes7
Municipal wastewater; sludge;14 treatment chemicals15
Sewage wastewater; nitrates; other liquid wastes; microbiological contaminants
Organic matter; nitrate; inorganic salts; heavy metals; coliform and noncoliform
bacteria;4 viruses; nitrates; sludge;14 nonhazardous wastes16
Urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other petroleum products; road salt; microbiological
contaminants ,
Municipal wastewater; sludge;14 treatment chemicals;15 urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other
petroleum products; road salt; microbial contaminants
Residential and commercial solid waste residues
Leachate; organic and inorganic chemical contaminants; wastes from households8 and
businesses;13 nitrates; oils; metals
Organic and inorganic chemicals; metals; oils; wastes from households8 and
businesses13 ,
Heavy metals; hydrocarbons; formaldehyde; methane; ethane; ethylene; acetylene;
sulfur and nitrogen compounds
Surface runoff; effluents from barnyards, feedlots, septic tanks, or cesspools; gasoline;
used motor oil; road salt
Storm water runoff; spilled liquids; used oil; antifreeze; gasoline; other.petroleum
products; road salt; pesticides;5 and a wide variety of other substances
Pesticides;9'10 bacteria
Saltwater; excessively mineralized water
Storm water runoff; excess irrigation water; stream flow; cooling water; treated sewage
effluent; other substances that may contain contaminants, such as nitrates, metals,
detergents, synthetic organic compounds, bacteria, and viruses
"• v •.••"•<.•.
Jet fuels; deicers; diesel fuel; chlorinated solvents; automotive wastes;7 heating oil;
building wastes13
Waste oils; solvents; acids; paints; automotive wastes;7 miscellaneous cutting oils
Perm solutions; dyes; miscellaneous chemicals contained in hair rinses
-------
SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1 >2'3
COMMERCIAL SOURCES (Conahued>V *^V ^V "' * %S'T : " * '„-'-' ** * "-""-^ '
Boat yards and marinas
Bowling alleys
Car dealerships (especially those with
service departments)
Car washes
Camp grounds
Carpet stores
Cemeteries
Construction trade areas and materials
(plumbing, heating and air conditioning,
painting, paper hanging, decorating,
drywall and plastering, acoustical
insulation, carpentry, flooring, roofing and
sheet metal, wrecking and demolition, etc.)
Country clubs
Dry cleaners
Funeral services and crematories
Furniture repair and finishing shops
Gasoline services stations
Golf courses
rfardware/lumber/parts stores
Heating oil companies, underground
storage tanks
•torMcultural practices, garden nurseries,
florists
Jewelry/metal plating shops
Laundromats
Medical Institutions
Office buildings and office complexes
Paint stores
Pharmacies
'holography shops, photo processing
aboratories
Print shops
Diesel fuels; oil; septage from boat waste disposal areas; wood preservative and
treatment chemicals; paints; waxes; varnishes; automotive wastes7
Epoxy; urethane-based floor finish
Automotive wastes;7 waste oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
Soaps; detergents; waxes; miscellaneous chemicals
Septage; gasoline; diesel fuel from boats; pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ants,
ticks, gypsy moths, and other pests;5'9 household hazardous wastes from recreational
vehicles (RVs)8
Glues and other adhesives; fuel from storage tanks if forklifts are used
Leachate; lawn and garden maintenance chemicals10
Solvents; asbestos; paints; glues and other adhesives; waste insulation; lacquers; tars;
sealants; epoxy waste; miscellaneous chemical wastes
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;5-10 pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ticks, ants, gypsy
moths, and other pests;9 swimming pools chemicals;11 automotive wastes
Solvents (perchloroethylene, petroleum solvents, Freon); spotting chemicals I
(trichloroethane, methylchloroform, ammonia, peroxides, hydrochloric acid, rust 1
removers, amyl acetate)
Formaldehyde; wetting agents; fumigants; solvents
Paints; solvents; degreasing and solvent recovery sludges
Oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;5'10 pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ticks, ants, gypsy
moths, and other pests
Hazardous chemical products in inventories; heating oil and fork lift fuel from storage
tanks; wood-staining and treating products such as creosote
Heating oil; wastes from truck maintenance areas7
Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides10
Sodium and hydrogen cyanide; metallic salts; hydrochloric acid; sulfuric acid; chromic
acid
Detergents; bleaches; fabric dyes
X-ray developers and fixers;17 infectious wastes; radiological wastes; biological wastes;
disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; dental acids; miscellaneous chemicals
Building wastes;13 lawn and garden maintenance chemicals;10 gasoline; motor oil
3aints; paint thinners; lacquers; varnishes; other wood treatments
Spilled and returned products
3iosludges; silver sludges; cyanides; miscellaneous sludges
Solvents; inks; dyes; oils; photographic chemicals;
-------
SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'2'3
COMMERCIAL SOURCES (Conttoaed)— — ' - " * - '^—^ -
Railroad tracks and yards
Research laboratories
Scrap and junk yards
Sports and hobby shops
Above ground and underground storage
tanks
Transportation services for passenger
transit (local and interurban)
Veterinary services
Diesel fuel; herbicides for rights-of-way; creosote for preserving wood ties
X-ray developers and fixers;17 infectious wastes; radiological wastes; biological wastes;
disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; solvents; infectious materials; drugs; disinfectants
(quaternary ammonia, hexachlorophene, peroxides, chlornexade, bleach);
miscellaneous chemicals
Any wastes from businesses13 and households;8 oils
Gunpowder and ammunition; rocket engine fuel; model airplane glue
Heating oil; diesel fuel; gasoline; other petroleum products; other commercially used
chemicals
Waste oil; solvents; gasoline and diesel fuel from vehicles and storage tanks; fuel oil;
other automotive wastes7
Solvents; infectious materials; vaccines; drugs; disinfectants (quaternary
ammonia, hexachlorophene, peroxides, chlornexade, bleach); x-ray developers
and fixers17
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Material stockpiles (coal, metallic ores,
phosphates, gypsum)
Waste tailing ponds (commonly for the
disposal of mining wastes)
Transport and transfer stations (trucking
terminals and rail yards) -
Above-ground and underground storage
tanks and containers
Storage, treatment, and disposal ponds,
lagoons, and other surface impoundments
Chemical landfills
Radioactive waste disposal sites
Unattended wet and dry excavation sites
(unregulated dumps)
Operating and abandoned production
and exploratory wells (for gas, oil, coal,
geothermal, and heat recovery); test
hole wells; monitoring and excavation
wells
Dry wells
Injection wells
Well drilling operations
Acid drainage; other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes16
Acids; metals; dissolved solids; radioactive ores; other hazardous and nonhazardous
wastes15 •
Fuel tanks; repair shop wastes;7 other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes15
Heating oil; diesel and gasoline fuel; other petroleum products; hazardous and
nonhazardous materials and wastes16
Hazardous and nonhazardous liquid wastes;16 septage; sludge14
Leachate; hazardous and nonhazardous wastes;16 nitrates
Radioactive wastes from medical facilities, power plants, and defense operations;
radionuclides (uranium, plutonium)
A wide range of substances; solid and liquid wastes; oil-field brines; spent acids from
steel mill operations; snow removal piles containing large amounts of salt
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous
chemicals16
Saline water from wells pumped to keep them dry
Highly toxic wastes; hazardous and nonhazardous industrial wastes;16 oil-field brines
Brines associated with oil and gas operations
\ltib&ffii^R£K£SSES (PRESENTS OPERATED ORTORN-DOWN FACILITIES)15 " "
Asphalt plants
Communications equipment
manufacturers
Petroleum derivatives
Nitric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acid wastes; heavy metal sludges;
copper-contaminated etchant (e.g., ammonium persulfate); cutting oil and degreasing
solvent (trichioroethane, Freon, or trichloroethylene); waste oils; corrosive soldering
flux; paint sludge; waste plating solution
-------
SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'2^
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (Continued) " ~ , ' ^ _ 1 -;
/NDUSTRWL PROCESSES (PRESENTLY OPERATED OR TORN-DOWM FACILITIES)18 (Continued)
Electric and electronic equipment
manufacturers and storage facilities
Eloclroplaters
Foundries and metal fabricators
Furniture and fixtures manufacturers
Machine and metaiworking shops
Mining operations (surface and
underground), underground storage
mines
Unsealed abandoned mines used as
waste pits
Paper mills
Petroleum production and storage
companies, secondary recovery of
petroleum
Industrial pipelines
Photo processing laboratories
Plastics materials and synthetics
producers
Primary metal industries (blast
furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills)
Publishers, printers, and allied
industries
Public utilities (phone, electric power,
gas)
Sawmills and planers
Stone, clay, and glass manufacturers
Welders
Wood preserving facilities
Cyanides; metal sludges; caustics (chromic acid); solvents; oils; alkalis; acids; paints
and paint sludges; calcium fluoride sludges; methylene chloride; perchloroethylene;
trichloroethane; acetone; methanol; toluene; RGBs
Boric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids; sodium and potassium hydroxide;
chromic acid; sodium and hydrogen cyanide; metallic salts
Paint wastes; acids; heavy metals; metal sludges; plating wastes; oils; solvents;
explosive wastes
Paints; solvents; degreasing sludges; solvent recovery sludges
Solvents; metals; miscellaneous organics; sludges; oily metal shavings; lubricant and
cutting oils; degreasers (TCE); metal marking fluids; mold-release agents
Mine spoils or tailings that often contain metals; acids; highly corrosive mineralized
waters; metal sulfides
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous chemicals16
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous chemicals;16
organic sludges; sodium hydroxide; chlorine; hypochlorite; chlorine dioxide; hydrogen
peroxide
Hydrocarbons; oil-field brines (highly mineralized salt solutions) ;
Corrosive fluids; hydrocarbons; other hazardous and nonhazardous materials and
wastes16
Cyanides; biosludges; silver sludges; miscellaneous sludges
Solvents; oils; miscellaneous organics and inorganics (phenols, resins); paint wastes;
cyanides; acids; alkalis; wastewater treatment sludges; cellulose esters; surfactant;
glycols; phenols; formaldehyde; peroxides; etc.
Heavy metal wastewater treatment sludge; picking liquor; waste oil; ammonia scrubber
liquor; acid tar sludge; alkaline cleaners; degreasing solvents; slag; metal dust
Solvents; inks; dyes; oils; miscellaneous organics; photographic chemicals
PCBs from transformers and capacitors; oils; solvents; sludges; acid solution; metal
plating solutions (chromium, nickel, cadmium); herbicides from utility rights-of-way
Treated wood residue (copper quinolate, mercury, sodium bazide); tanner gas; paint
sludges; solvents; creosote; coating and gluing wastes
Solvents; oils and grease; alkalis; acetic wastes; asbestos; heavy metal sludges;
phenolic solids or sludges; metal-finishing sludge
Oxygen, acetylene
Wood preservatives; creosote
1In general, ground-water contamination stems from the misuse and improper disposal oi liquid and solid wastes; the illegal
dumping or abandonment of household, commercial, or industrial chemicals; the accidental spilling of chemicals from trucks,
railways, aircraft, handling facilities, and storage tanks; or the improper siting, design, construction, operation, or maintenance of
agricultural, residential, municipal, commercial, and industrial drinking water wells and liquid and solid waste disposal facilities.
Contaminants also can stem from atmospheric pollutants, such as airborne sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which are created by
-------
smoke, flue dust, aerosols, and automobile emissions, fall as acid rain, and percolate through the soil. When the sources listed on
this table are used and managed properly, ground-water contamination is not likely to occur.
2Contaminants can reach ground water from activities occurring on the land surface, such as industrial waste storage; from
sources below the land surface but above the water table, such as septic systems; from structures beneath the water table, such as
wells; or from contaminated recharge water.
3This table lists most common wastes, but not all potential wastes. For example, it is not possible to list all potential
contaminants contained in storm water runoff or research laboratory wastes.
4Coliform bacteria can indicate the presence of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms that may be transmitted in
human feces. Diseases such as typhoid fever, hepatitis, diarrhea, and dysentery can result from sewage contamination of water
supplies.
5Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and avicides. EPA has registered approximately 50,000
different pesticide products for use in the United States (Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1985). Many are highly toxic and quite
mobile in the subsurface. An EPA survey found that the most common pesticides found in drinking water wells were DCPA (dacthal)
and atrazine (EPA, 1990b), which EPAclassifies as moderately toxic (class 3) and slightly toxic (class 4) materials, respectively
(Mei'ster Publishing Company, 1991).
6The EPA National Pesticides Survey (EPA, 1991) found that the use of fertilizers correlates to nitrate contamination of ground
water supplies.
Automotive wastes can include gasoline; antifreeze; automatic transmission fluid; battery acid; engine and radiator flushes;
engine and metal degreasers; hydraulic (brake) fluid; and motor oils.
8Toxic or hazardous components of common household products are noted on the attached table (EPA 1990c).
9Common household pesticides for controlling pests such as ants, termites, bees, wasps, flies, cockroaches, silverfish, mites,
ticks, fleas, worms, rats, and mice can contain active ingredients including napthalene, phosphorus, xylene, chloroform, heavy
metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, arsenic, strychnine, kerosene, nitrosamines, and dioxin.
10Common pesticides used for lawn and garden maintenance (i.e., weed killers, and mite, grub, and aphid controls) include
such chemicals as 2,4-D; chlorpyrifos; diazinon; benomyl; captan; dicofol; and methoxychlor.
11Swimming pool chemicals can contain free and combined chlorine; bromine; iodine; mercury-based, copper-based, and
quaternary algicides; cyanuric acid; calcium or sodium hypochlorite; muriatic acid; sodium carbonate.
12Septic tank/cesspool cleaners include synthetic organic chemicals such as 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride, and methylene chloride.
13Common wastes from public and commercial buildings include automotive wastes (see above definition); rock salt; and
residues from cleaning products that may contain chemicals such as xylenols, glycol esters, isopropanol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
sulfonates, chlorinated phenolys, and cresols.
14Municipal wastewater treatment sludge can contain organic matter; nitrates; inorganic salts; heavy metals; coliform and
noncoliform bacteria (see above definition); and viruses.
15Municipal wastewater treatment chemicals include calcium oxide; alum; activated alum, carbon, and silica; polymers; ion
exchange resins; sodium hydroxide; chlorine; ozone; and corrosion inhibitors.
16The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) defines a hazardous waste as a solid waste that may cause an
increase in mortality or serious illness or pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed. A waste is hazardous if it exhibits characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity, and/or toxicity. Not covered by RCRA regulations are domestic sewage; irrigation waters or industrial discharges allowed
by the Clean Water Act; certain nuclear and mining wastes; household wastes; agricultural wastes (excluding some pesticides); and
small quantity hazardous wastes (i.e., less than 220 pounds per month) discharged from businesses.
17X-ray developers and fixers may contain reclaimable silver, glutaldehyde, hydroquinone, phenedone, potassium bromide,
sodium sulflte, sodium carbonate, thiosulfates, and potassium alum.
18This table lists potential ground-water contaminants from many common industries, but it does not address all industries.
6,
-------
SOURCES
Cralley, Lewis J. and LV. Cralley. 1984. Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Plant Operations. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York.
Dadd, Debra. 1986. TheNontoxIc Home. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. Los Angeles.
Dadd, Debra. 1984. Nontoxic and Natural. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. Los Angeles.
Horsley and Witten, Inc. 1989. Aquifer Protection Seminar Publication: Tools and Options for Action at the Local Government
Level. Bamstable Village, Massachusetts. I
MaeEachem, Diane. 1990. Save Our Planet. Dell Publishing. New York.
Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1987. Road Salt and Ground-Water Protection. Ground-Water Information Flyer #9. February
1987. (revised and reprinted October 1989).
Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1986. Landfills and Ground-Water Protection. Ground-Water Information Flyer #8. July.
Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1985. Protecting and Maintaining Private Wells. Ground-Water Information Flyer #6. April.
Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1984. Underground Storage Tanks and Ground-Water Protection. Ground-Water Information
Flyer #5. December 1984 (revised and reprinted July 1986).
Malster Publishing Company. 1991. Farm Chemicals Handbook. Willoughby, Ohio.
Metcalf & Eddy. n.d. A Guide to Water Supply Management in the 1990s.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, et al. n.d. Companion Workbook for "The Power to Protect."
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Protecting Local Ground-Water Supply Through Wellhead Protection.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992a. National Pesticide Survey Update and Summary of Phase II Results. EPA Off ice of
Water and Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 570/9-91-021. Winter.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992b. Seminar Publication Wellhead Protection: A Guide for Small Communities. Draft.
August.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. EPA's Pesticide Programs. May (from hotline).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990a. Handbook—Ground Water, Volume I: Ground Water and Contamination. Office of
Research and Development, Washington, D.C. EPA 625/6-90/016a. September.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990b. National Pesticide Survey Project Summary. EPA Off ice of Water and Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Fall.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990c. Citizen's Guide to Ground-Water Protection. Office of Water, Washington. D.C. EPA
440/6-90-004. April.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Wellhead Protection Programs: Tools for Local Governments. EPA Office of Water
and Office of Ground-Water Protection. April.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA's RCRA Program. EPA Off ice of Solid
Waste. Washington, D.C. EPA/530-SW-86-037. November.
-------
pR$Buet \ , "
Antifreeze (gasoline or coolants systems)
Automatic transmission fluid
Battery acid (electrolyte)
Degreasers for driveways and garages
Degreasers for engines and metal
Engine and radiator flushes
Hydraulic fluid (brake fluid)
Motor oils and waste oils
Gasoline and jet fuel . .
Diesel fuel, kerosene, #2 heating oil
Grease, lubes
Rustproofers
Car wash detergents
Car waxes and polishes
Asphalt and roofing tar
Paints, varnishes, stains, dyes
Paint and lacquer thinner
Paint and varnish removers, deglossers
Paint brush cleaners
Floor and furniture strippers
Metal polishes
Laundry soil and stain removers
Other solvents
Rock salt
Refrigerants
Bug and tar removers
Household cleansers, oven cleaners
Drain cleaners
Toilet cleaners
Cesspool cleaners
Disinfectants
Pesticides (all types)
Photochemicals
Printing ink
Wood preservatives (creosote)
Swimming pool chlorine
Lye or caustic soda
Jewelry cleaners
T0XHC OR HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS
Methanol, ethylene glycol
Petroleum distillates, xylene
Sulfuric acid
Petroleum solvents, alcohols, glycol ether
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, toluene, phenols.dichloroperchloroethylene
Petroleum solvents, ketones, butanol, glycol ether
Hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons
Hydrocarbons •
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Phenols, heavy metals
Alkyl benzene sulfonates
Petroleum distillates, hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Heavy metals, toluene
Acetone, benzene, toluene, butyl acetate, methyl ketones
Methylene chloride, toluene, acetone, xylene, ethanol, benzene,
methanol
Hydrocarbons, toluene, acetone, methanol, glycol ethers, methyl
ethyl ketones
Xylene
Petroleum distillates, isopropanol, petroleum naphtha
Hydrocarbons, benzene, trichloroethylene, 1,1 ,1 -trichloro ethane
Acetone, benzene
Sodium concentration
1 ,1 ,2-trichloro- 1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane
Xylene, petroleum distillates
Xylenols, glycol ethers, isopropanol
1 ,1 ,1 -trichloroethane
Xylene, sulfonates, chlorinated phenols
Tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride
Cresol, xylenols
Naphthalene, phosphorus, xylene, chloroform, heavy metals,
chlorinated hydrocarbons -
Phenols, sodium sulfite, cyanide, silver halide, potassium bromide
Heavy metals, phenol-formaldehyde
3entachlorophenols
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium cyanide
Reprinted from "Natural Resources Facts: Household Hazardous Wastes," Fact Sheet No. 88-3, Department of Natural
Science, University of Rhode Island, August 1988.
8
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA
INVENTORY OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT SOURCES
DIRECTIONS:
Place a number next to each category that you identify in your wellhead protection area.
Place a corresponding number on a map at the location of the source. Maps that may be used for
the inventory include: topography, zoning, village, city, and utility maps. Please consider ease of
photocopying in your selection of a map. If there is more than one source for a category, label
each site with a letter (i.e., 1A, IB, 1C, 2A, 2B). Record the owner's name and address of each site
on a separate sheet of paper. Please consider all sources within a 1/2-mile radius of each public
water supply well and an assessment within the recharge area(s).
Abandoned Wells
_Aboveground storage tank
Airport
__Animal Feedlot/Waste Storage
Asphalt Plant
__Auto Repair/Body Shop/Salvage Washes
Cemetery
Chemical Production/Mixing/Storage
Drainage Canal
Dumps
Electroplaters/Metal Finishers
_FertiIizer/Pesticide Storage/
Production/Mixing
Golf Courses/Nurseries
Grain Storage Bin
__Holding Pond/Lagoon
Inactive/Abandoned Hazardous Waste Site
Injection Well
_!ragation Practices
Laboratories
_Laundromat/Dry Cleaner
__Machine Shops
_Major Highways and/or Railroads
__Military Base/Depot
Mining
Oil/Gas Pipelines ]
Photo Processors :
Printers i
Production/Other Wells
Refineries
Refinishing
__Road Salt Storage
Septic Systems
Service/Gas Stations :
Sewage Plant
^Underground Storage Tank
_Waste Piles
I
_Wbod Preserving
Other (Specify) • •
Source: Wisconsin Rural Water Association.
-------
DRAFT
WELLHEAD PROTECTION ORDINANCE
BE IT ORDAINED by the Mayor and Council of the City of in
Council duly assembled and it is hereby ordained by the authority of same that the following
ordinance known as the Wellhead Protection Ordinance is adopted and made a part of the
Code of Ordinance of the City of , to wit:
Section 1. Short title and purpose.
(a) This ordinance shall be known as the "Wellhead Protection Ordinance."
(b) The purpose of this ordinance is to insure the provision of a safe and sanitary
drinking water supply for the City by the establishment of wellhead protection
zones surrounding the wellheads for all wells which are the supply sources for the
City water system and by the designation and regulation of property uses and
conditions which may be maintained within such zones.
Section 2. , Definitions. When used in this ordinance the following words and phrases shall
have the meanings given in this Section:
(a) Hazardous waste or material - any waste or material which because of its
quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may:
(1) Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase
in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness; or
(2) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or to the
environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or
otherwise managed.
(b) Sanitary landfill - A disposal site where solid wastes, including putrescible wastes,
or hazardous wastes, are disposed of on land by placing earth cover thereon.
(c) Wellhead - the upper terminal of a well, including adapters, ports, seals, valves
and other attachments.
(d) Regulatory agency - any governmental agency with jurisdiction over hazardous
waste as defined herein.
-------
Section 3. Establishment of wellhead protection zone. There is hereby established' a use
district to be known as a wellhead protection zone, identified and" described as all the area
within a circle the center of which is the center of any city water supply wellhead and the radius
of which, is 1,320 feet, or any part thereof which the city has jurisdiction.
Section 4. Permitted uses. The following uses shall be permitted within wellhead protection
zones: *-,.''•-
(a) Any use permitted within existing agricultural, single family residential, multi-
family residential, and commercial districts so long as uses conform to the rules
and regulations of the regulatory agencies. , •
(b) Any other open land use where any building located on the property is incidental
and accessory to the primary open land use.
Section 5. Prohibited uses. The following uses or conditions shall be and are hereby
prohibited within wellhead protection zones, whether or not such use or condition may
otherwise be ordinarily included as a part of a use permitted under Section 4 of this ordinance
unless such uses are approved or permitted by State and Federal Regulatory Agencies:
(a) Surface use or storage of hazardous material^ including commerdal use of
agricultural pesticides;
(b) Septic tanks or drain fields appurtenant thereto;
(c) Impervious surfaces other than roofs of buildings, and streets, parking lots,
driveways and walks serving buildings permitted under Section 4 of this
ordinance;
(d) Sanitary landfills;
(e) Hazardous waste disposal sites;
(f) Stormwater infiltration basins;;
(g) Underground storage tanks;
(h) Sanitary sewer lines within 100 feet of a wellhead.
Section 6. Administration. The policies and procedures for administration of any wellhead
protection zone established under this ordinance, including without limitation those applicable
-------
to nonconforming uses, exceptions, enforcement and penalties, shall be the same as provided in
the existing zoning ordinance for the City of , as the same is presently
enacted or may from time to time be amended.
This Ordinance shall be effective as of (date). All ordinances
and parts or ordinances in conflict herewith shall not be and the same are hereby repealed.
ENACTED AND ADOPTED this day of . 19 .
Attest:
(CITY SEAL)
Mayor
City Clerk
-------
-------
EXPLANATION/SUGGESTIONS FORM
CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR THE WATER SUPPLY OF:
I. Purpose
The purpose of this Contingency Plan 'is to establish,
provide and keep updated certain emergency response procedures
which may become necessary in the event of a partial' or total loss
of public water supply service as a result of natural disasters,
chemical contamination, or civil disorders. This Contingency Plan
is the procedural guide for responding to such emergencies. This
Plan is coordinated with existing plans such as Hazardous Materials
Response and Civil Defense Plans."
II. Public Water Supply Characteristics
*
A. Current Supply Source . -
B. Treatment
C. Distribution
III. Priority of Water Users. During Water Supply
Disruption/Emergency
IV. Short Terra Replacement Alternatives
A. Surface Water Sources and Necessary Treatment
B. Bottled Water and Other Alternatives
Location of Sources/Contact Persons
V. Inventory of Available Equipment and Materials for Use in
Emergency
A. Location, Ownership, Telephone Numbers
VI. Notification Procedures - Personnel Contact Plan and List of
Telephone Numbers ' .
A. Lead Coordinating Agency/Office Identified?
B. Incident Assessment Team in Place?
C. Public Announcement Plan?
-------
II. Public Water Supply System Characteristics
A. Current Supply Source
Supply Components
The supply component of the water supply system consists of the supply wells and the
facilities for delivering the water to the treatment plant (if any). Each well.should be analyzed
for three major factors:
1) production capacity,
2) connection to supply- and
3) monitoring wells.* '
For each of these factors, consider the following questions:
1) Production Capacity (supply wells) . •
• What is the maximum yield?
- • What is the pump capacity?
• What is the current flow?
• Are there seasonal variations?
• Is there excess capacity?
2) Connection to Supply (pumps, valves) >
• Can the well be isolated or cut-off?
• Where is the pump cut-off?
• If the well is cut-off, what are the impacts on supply?
• How can supplies be obtained from another system?
3) Monitoring Wells
• What are the potential sources of contamination in the wellhead
area?
• Are monitoring wells located to detect contamination from
identified potential sources?
• Are well samples and monitoring well samples analyzed for
contaminants from potential sources?
Note that while monitoring wells are a part of the supply system, they usually do not
have production capacity and are not physically connected to the water-supply system.
Monitoring wells should v- -—' J " *'u":~ —!*"K!'?'rt fnr H»t*rtin«
contamination.
be evaluated to assess their suitability for detecting
-------
B. Treatment
Treatment Components
The second component of the water supply system consists of the treatment facilities
and processes, which should be analyzed to determine:
1) treatment process capacity;
2) types of contaminants treated; and
3) impact of contamination on. .treatment capability.
For each of these elements, consider-the following questions:
1) Treatment Process Capacity
• What is the maximum volume of-water that can be treated?
• What is the current flow?
• Is there excess treatment capacity?
• Can the existing treatment process be expanded or modified?
2) Types of Contaminants Treated
• What contaminants can be treated?
• How are they identified?
• How does treatment capacity vary by type of contamination?
3) Impact on Treatment Capability
• What levels of contamination will exceed the existing treatment
system's capacity?
• What type of contamination would impair the system's capability
or otherwise pass through?
-------
EXAMPLE OF A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Wa
Va
• ii- h_
1'
Ta
Vc
-r-Ua
Ub
LUC
Vd
Key:
-Ud
W = Well ami Pump
T = Treatment Facilfty
V = Valve
U = User
-------
III. Priority of Water Users During Water Supply
Disruption/Emergency
Analysis of Water Use and Demand
A detailed knowledge of water use and demand, is necessary in order to plan for water
supply replacement. In order to choose the best aherriative, planners must know the existing
levels of use and the demand of different sectors of the community. The analysis of water use
and demand should:
1) ' establish maximum daily consumption levels;
2) establish minimum daily consumption levels; and
3) identify priority uses.
The following steps might be followed to determine demands on the system for drinking
water and other purposes:
1. Estimate present and projected water use (particularly for major, if not
all, users):
a.. Record average daily consumption, minimum daily consumption,
and maximum daily consumption levels by use category. If
appropriate, major users for each category might be identified. Use
categories include:
• residential;
« commercial;
» industrial;
« institutional;
• fire safety; and
« agricultural.
b. Project daily use over, for example, 1, 2, and 5 years. Note
seasonal fluctuations, if any. Projections allow the contingency
plan to reflect future conditions, especially regarding the siting and
planning for new wells.
c. Revise projections to take into account population increases and
changes in commercial and industrial development.
2. Determine priority uses:
a. High priority uses for public health protection may include:
• household and other public drinking water supplies;
• hospital supplies; and
• fire fighting systems.
b. Lower priority uses may include:
• landscaping;
• certain industrial processes; and
• non-essential household uses.
3. Determine the supply requirements for priority uses including:
• minimum quantity,
• minimum pressure levels;
.• time of supply, and
• quality of the supply.
If the water supply system is large enough, this information might be more useful if
organized by geographic area.
-------
IV. Short Term Replacement Alternatives
A. Surface Water Sources and Necessary Treatment
Is there a nearby surface water source that could, be a
suitable alternative in either the long term or the short term
in the event of a loss of your water supply?
If a surface water source is a feasible option, you should
draw up a plan for putting that source to use with all the
necessary elements for activating that plan and include it in
this section. - •
Consider:
What type of treatment would be necessary in order to use a
surface water source?
How long would it take to set up'and where the necessary
equipment located?
If this option feasible for the long term or only for the
short term?
-------
Emergency and Short-Term Options
Bottled Water
Tank Trucks
Excess Capacity
Conservation
Treatment
Point of Use
System
Additional Treatment
Long-Term Options
Drill New Wells/Weiinelds
Additional Treatment In-System (without cleaning up
contaminant source)
Poim-of-Use Treatment.
Clean up contamination source
Well Field Management
Blending
Select Pumping
Interconnection
Bottled Water
Surface Water Supplies
Water Conservation
Waste-Water Reuse Reinjcciion .
Dcsalinizaiion
Dual-Systems
(Separate potable/non-potable supplies)
Artificial Aquifer/Excess Capacity
(Seasonal storage)
Criteria for Evaluating Options
Technical and Logistical Feasibility
• What procedures are required to implement?
• Are technologies available and well developed?
» How much water can it provide?
• Can it meet the system's prioriry water uses?
• Can it meet the system's total water needs?
« Kow quickly can it be made operational?
• What equipment and supplies are needed?
Reliability
• How reliable is it?
• Does it require operation and maintenance skills?
Political Considerations
« What administrative procedures are required?
• Is property ownership a problem?
« Will it gain public confidence?
Cost Considerations
• What is the initial investment?
• What are the operating costs?
« Who bears the costs?
-------
B. Bottled Water and Otner Alternatives
Location of Sources/Contact Persons
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The next page illustrates an example from a typical equipment list The capacity of the
individual pieces of equipment, although not provided in the example, would be useful
information to include in a plan because equipment needs then could be tied more directly
to specific equipment, thus reducing response time. A.complete list of equipment and
services would be more exhaustive and include such hems as:
• Chemical supplies;
• Treatment equipment;
. • Spare pans (i.e., pipes and fittings); .
- • ' Alternative distribution equipment (tank trucks);
• Vehicles and equipment for emergency excavation and transportation;
• Water sampling and analysis equipment and services;
• Portable pumps and generators;- . ,
• Portable treatment equipment;
• Personnel protection equipment and supplies;
• Repair facilities; and
• Heavy equipment contractors.
Depending on the size of the water supply system and whether the system is a
private company or a public utility, these resources may be found in-house or may be
available from another branch of the municipality - for example, the public works
department. Once resource needs have been identified, water planners should consider the
following types of questions:
• If the resource cannot be located within the municipality, is it -
available from' an adjoining city or town, from the State emergency
response office, or the National Guard?
» Are there local contractors who would be willing to-enter into an
agreement to provide emergency services?
» Where is the nearest well drilling firm and what sort of response
time can thev cuarantee?
-------
V. Inventory of Available Equipment and Materials for Use in
Emergency
.• i
A. Location, Ownership, Telephone Numbers
EXAMPLE OF LIST OF AVAILABLE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT
The following is an illustrative list of water department equipment and its location.
Tvoe
Ase and
Manufacturer
Loca'.ion
Cacacitv
Name and
Phone Number of
Qualified Opera torts')
1 Fork Lift
4 Air Compressor
1 Trencher
1 Tapping Machine
I Earth-boring Machine
1 (2040) Tractor
2 Sewer Bucket Machine
1 Concrete Mixer
1 Welder
1 Jet Clean Truck
1 TV Sewer Van
1 Aj-Gator
1 Fork Lift
2 580 C Backhoe
2 530 SE Backhoe
1 • Trailer (dual)
1 Trailer (material)
I Trailer (utility)
1 " Trailer (tandem)
1 Stiver Redding Machine
1 Drill & Angur Assembly
I Drill & Augur Assembly
1 Hydraulic Jack
1 Hot Roll Machine
1 Dump Trailer
1 Pressure Water
1 Jack Hammer
1 Power Drive
i Power Drive
1 Hydraulic Valve Operator
1 Test Punjp
1 Gas Air Compressor
3 Trash Pump (2 ft.)
1 Multipurpose Saw
3 Sewer Wagon
1 Tapping Machine
3 Multi-Purpose Saw
1 Generator (gas)
1980 Caterpillar
Ingcnoll-Rand
Daw's
1963 Smith
I
NA
John Deere
NA
Stone
Hobart
197S Chevrolet
19SO GMC
NA
19SO Clark
197S Case
19S6 Case
Hv-?ower
NA
1972 Snoco
Hudson
NA '.
1970 Mighty Mole
19SS Mighty Mole
1963
1963
NA
1933
1980
1975 Wach
1964
19S2
1984 Hydro
NA
NA
NA
NA
19S7
NA
NA
WW Plant
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard-
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Storeroom
WW Plant
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dis:. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
NA - Not available
-------
Vl. Notification Procedures - Personnel Contact Plan and List of
Telephone Numbers
A. Lead Coordinating Agency/Office Identified?
EXAMPLES OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION ROSTER
Emergency Plan for Water Supply Should Include Names and Phone Numbers for:
• Key Water Supply System Personnel (office and home,
with hours) •
• Key Community Leaders (office and home, with hours)
• - Local Public Health Engineer (office and home, with hours)
• Fire Department
• Police, Schools
• Hospital and Ambulance Service
• Nursing Homes
• Dialysis Users •
• Neighboring Water Supply System Managers
• Power Company Emergency
• Highway Department
All Key Suppliers/Vendors/Technical Representatives of .
Water Supply Related Equipment, Chemicals, and Supplies
• Key Personnel of Major Industrial/Commercial Waier Users
• State and Local Emergency Agency
• State and Local Civil Defense Offices
-------
B. Incident Assessment Team in Place?
EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION REPORT*' '.
This notification report represents a typical form that might be adapted for use in'a water supply
contingency plan. •.-•'•
PART 1 - FACTS RELATED TO EMERGENCY " , >•
1. Person or department calling in emergency
Phone N'o./Radio frequency Date/Time call received
.2, Location of emergency • ,
Street and Home/Building number
Other (approximate location, distance from landmark, etc.) _
3. Nature of the emergency (e.g., broken water main, chemical spill, lost pressure in home, etc.)
4. Condition at scene
5." Actual/Potential damage (briefly describe the situation)
6. Access restrictions, if any
7. Assistance already on the scene (who, what are they doing, etc.)
PART 2 - EMERGENCY INVESTIGATION
1. Personnel investigating emergency
2. Reported results of investigation
3. Time Assessed
1 Adapted from Emergency Planning and Response - A Water Supply Guide for the Supplier of
Water. New York State Department of Health, January 19S4.
-------
EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION REPORT*
PART 3 - EMERGENCY ACTION TAKEN
1. Immediate acrion taken
2. Is immediate action: Permanent
Temporary
3. Was an emergency crew dispatched: Yes
No
Time arrived on scene
4. Note ali_ other actions that will be necessary to bring the water supply system back into operation:
PART 4 . PERSONS/DEPARTMENTS NOTIFIED OF EMERGENCY
Positions
Chief Operator
General Manager
Local Health Dcpsraaem
Engineer
Operations Supervisor
?!ant Manager
Shift Operator
Fire Department
Police Department
Highway Department
Local Elected Official
t.S^yor, Commissioner, etc.)
Department of Health
Department of Transportation
Department of Environmental
Conservation
County Civil Defense
Other (refer to system personnel
»nd support call-up lists)
Priority water users
News Media
Name
Work Phone Home Phone lime of Csil
Signature of Person Who Filled Out Form
To be completed and used by water supply system personnel.
-------
EXAMPLE OF REPORTING FORM FOR CHEMICAL INCIDENTS
Identity of contaminant material:
Manifest/shipping invoice/billing label
Shipper/manufacturer identification
Container type
Placard/label information • '
Railcar/truck 4-digit identification number
Nearest railroad track inters'ectionj
-------
C. Public Announcement Plan?
SAMPLE INITIAL NEWS RELEASE
(For distribution to previously identified
television, radio, and newspaper personnel.)
The'following substance has been detected in the
svstern:
It is vital that all residents in the
use restrictions until further notice:
area observe the following water
The characteristics and potential public health hazards associated with this contairiinant are as follows:
City and water system personnel are taking the following steps to address the problem:
For further information please contact -
number: . A press conference is scheduled for
at this ohone
to be held at
as additional information becomes available.
_. News updates will be provided
Attached please find a copy of an information sheet which provides details concerning the physical plans.
organization structure, and function of the water svstem.
Time:
Signed:
Title:
Date:
-------
EXAMPLE OF CONSUMER CALL-IN NOTICE
The following notice may be printed on the back of water bills to advise consumers on
how and where to report potential or actual water supply system emergencies.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Tne following may constitute an emergency.
1. Vandalism of Water Supply Facilities
2. Loss of Water Pressure
3. Leaking Water
4. Sudden Changes in Water Quality
5. Spills of Chemicals or Petroleum Products
If you observe any of these conditions, please telephone the
svstem immediately.
• Business Office
Water Treatment Plant
After Normal Business Hours
water suppiy
If there is no answer at any of the above numbers, please contact the Police/Sheriffs
Deoartrnent at
-------
EPA Ground-Water Contacts
FEDERAL CONTACT
Tom Belk
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
(WH 550G)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-7593
FAX (202) 260-4383
REGIONAL CONTACTS
REGION 1
RobAdler
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 1
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203-2211
(617)565-3601
FAX (617) 565-4940
REGION 2
Dore LaPosta
Ground Water Management Section
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-5635
FAX (212) 264-2194
REGION 3
Virginia Thompson
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 3
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
(215)597-2786
FAX (215) 597-8241
REGION 4
Beverly Houston
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 4
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-3866
FAX (404) 347-3866
FAX (404) 347-1799
REGION 5
Jerri-Anne Garl
Ground Water Protection Branch
(WG-16J)
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)353-1441
FAX (312) 886-7804
REGION 6
Erlece Allen
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214)655-6446
FAX (214) 655-6490
REGION 7
Robert Fenemore
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)551-7745
FAX (913) 551-7765 ~
REGION 8
James Dunn
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303)294-1135
FAX (303) 294-1424
REGION 9
Doris Betuel
Office of Ground Water (W-6-3)
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415)744-1831
FAX (415) 744-1235
REGION 10
William Mullen
Office of Ground Water
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 10
1200 681 Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)553-1216
FAX (206) 559-0165
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National Rural Water Association/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
WELLHEAD PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
CENTERPIECE WORKSHOP
Pleas© answer the following questions regarding your participation at this workshop.
What were your goals for attending the workshop? - '
Did the workshop meet your objectives? Why or why not?
For each session you attended, please check the appropriate boxes to indicate whether the information
presented was useful for your work in wellhead protection and assess the workshop using the following rating
system.
D Excellent 5
Overall Workshop Rating
Workshop Session
D Very Good 4 D Good 3 D Fair 2 [
Check if Useful
for Your Work Rate Rate
in Wellhead Session Speaker
Protection Overall Overall
H Poor 1
Rate
Slides/
Overheads
Handouts
State Ground-Water Protection Plan
Introduction to Ground Water
a. General Ground Water
b-d. State Ground Water
n
n
n
n
o
n
(over)
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D Excellent 5 D Very Good 4 D Good 3 D Fair 2 D Poor I
Workshop Session
Ground Water Contamination
a. All Sources
b. State Sources
c. Local Scenarios
Resource Protection
a. Federal Programs
b. State Programs
c. NRWA Programs
Panel Discussion
Packet Materials
Check if Useful
for Your Work
in Wellhead
Protection
Rate
Session
Overall
D
Rate
Speaker
Overall
D
n
Rate
Slides/
Overheads
Handouts
D
D
D
D D •. D
D D D
D D D
CH (Rate materials overall)
Comments/Suggestions for Improving the Workshop:
U.S. GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992- 750-068/60002
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