United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
              Office of Research and
              Development
              Washington, DC 20460
EPA/600/K-92/016
December 1992
&EPA
Wellhead Protection
Technology Transfer
Area-Wide Workshop

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    The National Rural Water Association (NRWA) is a
nonprofit trade association with about 10,000 members
consisting of rural and smail municipal water and waste-
water utilities in the United States. The mission of NRWA
is to enhance the quality of life in rural and small municipal
areas by providing area-specific grassroots training and
technical assistance programs. NRWA is organized by a
federation of State associations and is governed by a
Board of Directors comprised of individual members from
each State.
    Since its inception in 1976, the NRWA has offered
services to member and nonmember small water systems
in all 50 States and Puerto Rico. NRWA provides class-
room training that gives water system personnel the latest
information about drinking water regulations and technol-
ogy. In addition, NRWA "circuit riders" travel throughout
each State to assist water system personnel in providing
safe water to their customers. NRWA also offers an annual
technical conference for rural and small municipal facili-
ties, seven weeks of technical and in-service training for
more than 200 employees, a comprehensive resource li-
brary, a quarterly publication, technical bulletins, public
educational materials, participation on National Task
Groups, and many other functions.
    The Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Project in-
volves helping small communities develop and implement
localwellhead protection programs through hands-on as-
sistance by NRWA-trained ground-water technicians.
These technicians travel from system to system, meet with
decisionmakers, convince them of the importance of well-
head protection, teach them a simple five-step approach
to wellhead protection, help them implement each step,
and provide consistent follow up. Throughout this process,
the technicians encourage local communities to take
charge and feel ownership of their wellhead protection
plan. The project also helps small communities and State
Affiliates gain access to NRWA's network of resources and
expertise. As of October 1992,553 water systems in the
14 States in the Ground-Water/Wellhead Protection Proj-
ect have initiated wellhead protection efforts, and the pro-
gram has been able to protect the drinking water sources
for more than 1 million people.

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Protecting your ground-water
wells from contamination i
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clearly defined objectives will give the
team benchmarks for measuring
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important that the plannin
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there are existing groups i
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Contamination
incident
The problem of ground-
water contamination is
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up a newspaper in many
communities, you may find
an article describing a
ground-water contamina-
tion incident and its effect
on public water supplies.
This is not surprising, since
95 percent of rural
America and in total about
half the U.S. population
rely on ground water.
These incidents are
especially sobering when
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A wellhead
protection area
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established for any
type of aquifer and
can include all or
part of the pumping
well's cone of
depression, the
recharge area and the
surrounding aquifer.
The actual extent of
the areas within
WHPAs will vary
depending upon the
program goals of
individual State
programs and the
hydrogeologic
settings present in
the State.
pumping well is
replaced by ground
water further away,
usually uphill
(upgradient)from the
well. The recharge
area, which may be
limited by physical
or hydrologic
boundaries, may
consist of all or part
of the cone of
depression as well as
the area from which
the replacing water
comes.
The ground-water
surface around a
pumping wellis
pulled down as water
is drawn into the
well, creating a cone
of depression (COD)
around the well. The
extent of this cone
can vary from only a
few feet to many
miles from the
pumping well,
depending on
hydrogeological
factors. Ground
water drawn into the

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Management activities
commonly employed
within these protection
areas include: regulation
of land use through spe-
cial ordinances and per-
mits, prohibition of speci-
fied activities, and acquisi-
tion of land.
Massachusetts and
Florida are among the
States now using some of
these management tools
to protect public water
supply wells. Beyond the
obvious public health rea-
sons. State-wide
Wellhead Protection Pro-
grams make a lot. of eco-
nomic sense, as the
earlier contamination
examples illustrate.
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Determine the extent
of the wellhead pro-
tection area to be
used
Determine all poten-
tial anthropogenic
sources of contam-
inants which may
have an adverse
effect on public
health in the delin-
eated wellhead
areas
Describe proce-
dures to protect
water supplies from
such contaminants
that are present
within wellhead pro-
tection areas
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Require that all poten-
tial sources of con-
tamination within the
wellhead protection
prea of new public
water supply wells
be considered prior
to construction^
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• Specify the dutie
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agencies and PL


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water systems in
developing and
implementing thf
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The State Role
In Wellhead
Protection
Historically, States
have primary responsibil-
ity for ground-water man-
agement. EPA recog-
nizes that they will fashion
Wellhead Protection Pro-
grams that accommo-
date their own unique
features and needs.
since from State to State,
and even within States,
hydrogeology varies,
sometimes dramatically,
as do laws and adminis-
trative practices,
The Wellhead Protec-
tion Program was en-
acted to both enhance
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involved in public water
administration and

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help States in c
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Some Progr
Features

A/ill need to
3d manag-
Participants \
designate a le<
Getting Started

pable of
quirements
of coordi-
ing agency ca
carrying out rei
of the law and
When it comes to
wellhead protection, par-
ticipating States , „
obviously will vary in their
TJ
nication an
ig the vari-
nating commu
activities amor

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                                                           -
What kind of adminis-
trative structure is
appropriate? Is there
an existing agency
that can manage the
overall program,
ensuring communicat-
ion among those '
involved in program
development? Or is
a new umbrella
agency needed?
What capabilities
should the managing
agency have?
What technical skills
are needed for defin-
ing wellhead protec-
tion areas, taking
stock of sources, and
analyzing source
risks?
What resources are
'available (technical.
managerial, and
financial) to carry out
the program? How .
can any gaps be
closed? Is there infor-
mation on existing
Inventories and risk


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Funds will be allocated
on a matching basis with
EPA matching State funds
at 90 percent for FY 1988,
the maximum allowable
level, with a 10 percent
Federal matching level
decrease during each of
the subsequent program
funding years, e.g., 80
percent for FY 1989, Assis-
tance funds are for a one-
year budget period and
must be applied for
annually.
During the develop-
ment phase, States will
design a State WHP Pro-
gram that specifically
describes their Program
and formally designates
a managing agency to_


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iding arrangements com
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ments in the series '
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of septic systems ai
deal with specific t
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-------
                                 -•'. .i.",T»,S? ':it;^;!s;:'i:--;K,~:.riW5«;.:5K.KviiVVi,\ .-,-:.: •f-:W-::;?SKf:4s:;«:S!:;rv&S.::i
  Gather a broad mix of people with diverse skills in technical,
   managerial, administrative, and public relations areas from
      public, private, and regulatory organizations, such as:
Businesses
Community service organizations
Drilling contractors
Elected officials
Engineers
Environmental groups
Farmers
Interested citizens
Land developers
Land planners
Local government agencies
  Conservation
  Environment
  Extension Service
  Health
  Natural resources
  Planning
  Public works
Public interest groups
Ranchers
Volunteer organizations
  Fraternal organizations
  League of Woman Voters
  Rotary Club
  Senior citizen groups
  Volunteer fire departments
Water suppliers

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                                      EVAPORATION
PRECIPITATION
             OVERLAND
              RUNOFF
           THE HYDEOLOGfC C¥€LE

-------
         VERTICAL  PROFILE]

                     [«*	Zone of Contribution

                [-<	-f Zone of Influence—&\

          Land    I     1
          Surface
        PLAN  VIEWi
         Direction of
         Ground Water
         Row
Ground
Water
Divide
GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY: ZONE OF CONTRIBUTION,
    ZONE OF INFLUENCE, AND CONE OF DEPRESSION

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SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT
                                                                                                        1,2,3
NATURALLY OCCURRING SOURCES
Rocks and soils
Aesthetic Contaminants: Iron and iron bacteria; manganese; calcium and magnesium
(hardness)
Health and Environmental Contaminants: Arsenic; asbestos; metals; chlorides
(fluorides, sulfates); sulfate-reducing bacteria; other microorganisms  	
Water
Excessive sodium; bacteria; viruses; low pH (acid) water
Decaying organic matter
                                        Bacteria
Geological radioactive gas
Radionuclides (radon, etc.)
Natural hydrogeological events and
formations
Salt-water/brackish water intrusion (or intrusion of other poor quality water);
contamination by a variety of substances through sink-hole infiltration in limestone
terrains
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES
Animal feedlots and burial areas
Manure spreading areas and storage pits
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates; phosphates; chloride; chemical sprays and dips for
controlling insect, bacterial, viral, and fungal pests on livestock; coliform4 and
noncoliform bacteria; viruses	
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates
Livestock waste disposal areas
Livestock sewage wastes; nitrates
Crop areas and irrigation sites
Pesticides;5 fertilizers;6 gasoline and motor oils from chemical applicators
Chemical storage areas and containers
Pesticide5 and fertilizer6 residues
Farm machinery areas
Automotive wastes/ welding wastes
Agricultural drainage wells and canals
Pesticides;5 fertilizers;6 bacteria; salt water (in areas where the fresh-saltwater interface
lies at shallow depths and where the water table is lowered by channelization, pumping,
or other causes)
RESIDiNTtAt SOURCES
Common household maintenance and
hobbies
Common Household Products:8 Household cleaners; oven cleaners; drain cleaners;
toilet cleaners; disinfectants; metal polishes; jewelry cleaners; shoe polishes; synthetic
detergents; bleach; laundry soil and stain removers; spot removers and dry cleaning
fluid; solvents; :lye or caustic soda; household pesticides;9 photochemicals; printing ink;
other common,products;                            ,.
Wall and Furniture Treatments: Paints; varnishes; stains,; dyes; wood preservatives
(creosote); paint and lacquer thinners; paint and varnish removers and deglossers; paint
brush cleaners; floor and furniture strippers;
Mechanical Repair and Other Maintenance Products: Automotive wastes;7 waste oils;
diesel fuel; kerosene; #2 heating oil; grease; degreasers for driveways and garages;
metal degreasers; asphalt and roofing tar; tar removers; lubricants; rustproofers; car
wash detergents; car waxes and polishes; rock salt; refrigerants        	
Lawns and gardens
Fertilizers;5 herbicides and other pesticides used for lawn and garden maintenance
                                                                                                                 10
Swimming pools
Swimming pool maintenance chemicals
Septic systems, cesspools, and sewer
lines
Septage; coliform and noncoliform bacteria;4 viruses; nitrates; heavy metals; synthetic
detergents; cooking and motor oils; bleach; pesticides;9'10 paints; paint thinner;
photographic chemicals; swimming pool chemicals;11 septic tank/cesspool cleaner
chemicals;12 elevated levels of chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
phosphate                	      -	
Underground storage tanks
Home heating oil
Apartments and condominiums
Swimming pool maintenance chemicals;11 pesticides for lawn and garden maintenance
and cockroach, termite, ant, rodent, and other pest control;9'10 wastes from on-site
sewage treatment plants; household hazardous wastes8      	   	

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SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'23
MUNICIPAL SOURCES , % - " - -
Schools and government offices and
grounds
Park lands
Public and residential areas infested with
mosquitoes, gypsy moths, ticks, ants, or
other pests
Highways, road maintenance depots, and
deicing operations
Municipal sewage treatment plants and
sewer lines
Storage, treatment, and disposal ponds,
lagoons, and other surface impoundments
Land areas applied with wastewater or
wastewater byproducts
Storm water drains and basins
Combined sewer overflows (municipal
sewers and stormwater drains)
Recycling/reduction facilities
Municipal waste landf il Is
Open dumping and burning sites, closed
dumps
Municipal incinerators
Water supply wells, monitoring wells, older
wells, domestic and livestock wells,
unsealed and abandoned wells, and test
hole wells
Sumps and dry wells
Drainage wells
Well pumping that causes interaquifer
leakage, induced filtration, landward
migration of sea water in coastal areas;
etc.
Artificial ground-water recharge
Solvents; pesticides;9'10 acids; alkalis; waste oils; machinery/vehicle servicing wastes;
gasoline and heating oil from storage tanks; general building wastes13
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;10 insecticides9
Pesticides5'9
Herbicides in highway rights-of-way;5'10 road salt (sodium and calcium chloride); road
salt anticaking additives (ferric ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide); road salt
anticorrosives (phosphate and chromate); automotive wastes7
Municipal wastewater; sludge;14 treatment chemicals15
Sewage wastewater; nitrates; other liquid wastes; microbiological contaminants
Organic matter; nitrate; inorganic salts; heavy metals; coliform and noncoliform
bacteria;4 viruses; nitrates; sludge;14 nonhazardous wastes16
Urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other petroleum products; road salt; microbiological
contaminants
Municipal wastewater; sludge;14 treatment chemicals;15 urban runoff; gasoline; oil; other
petroleum products; road salt; microbial contaminants
Residential and commercial solid waste residues
Leachate; organic and inorganic chemical contaminants; wastes from households8 and
businesses;13 nitrates; oils; metals
Organic and inorganic chemicals; metals; oils; wastes from households8 and
businesses13
Heavy metals; hydrocarbons; formaldehyde; methane; ethane; ethylene; acetylene;
sulfur and nitrogen compounds
Surface runoff; effluents from barnyards, feedlots, septic tanks, or cesspools; gasoline;
used motor oil; road salt
Storm water runoff; spilled liquids; used oil; antifreeze; gasoline; other petroleum
products; road salt; pesticides;5 and a wide variety of other substances
Pesticides;9'10 bacteria
Saltwater; excessively mineralized water
- ' . - -. - . . -
Storm water runoff; excess irn'gation water; stream flow; cooling water; treated sewage
effluent; other substances that may contain contaminants, such as nitrates, metals,
detergents, synthetic organic compounds, bacteria, and viruses
COMMERCIAL SOURCES '„,,'" "~
Airports, abandoned airfields
Auto repair shops
Barber and beauty shops
Jet fuels; deicers; diesel fuel; chlorinated solvents; automotive wastes;7 heating oil;
building wastes13
Waste oils; solvents; acids; paints; automotive wastes;7 miscellaneous cutting oils
Perm solutions; dyes; miscellaneous chemicals contained in hair rinses

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SOURCE
C6hIMERCIM:sqURCES '(Contteseff)
Boat yards and marinas
Bowling; alleys
Car dealerships (especially those with
, sen/fee departments)
Car washes
Camp grounds
Carpet stores
Cemeteries
Construction trade areas and materials
(plumbing, heating and air conditioning,
painting, paper hanging, decorating,
drywall and plastering, acoustical
insulation, carpentry, flooring, roofing and
sheet metal, wrecking and demolition,, etc.)
Country clubs
Dry cleaners
Funeral services and crematories
Furniture repair and finishing shops
Gasoline services stations
Golf courses
• Hardware/lumber/parts stores
Heating oil companies, underground
storagetanks
Horticultural practices, garden nurseries,
florists
Jewelry/metal plating shops
Laundromats
Medical institutions
Office buildings and office complexes
3aint stores
Pharmacies
Dhotography shops, photo processing
laboratories
3rint shops
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1 >2'3
	 - 	 - . ,, 	 ,•-;,.,•, •, ••<••••/•- 	 '-• 	 •; 	 - 	 - 	 ; 	
- * ' "' ; ••- "
Diesel fuels; oil; septage from boat waste disposal areas; wood preservative and
treatment chemicals; paints; waxes; varnishes; automotive wastes7
Epoxy; urethane-based floor finish
Automotive wastes;7 waste oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
Soaps; detergents; waxes; miscellaneous chemicals
Septage; gasoline; diesel fuel from boats; pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ants,
ticks, gypsy moths, and other pests;5'9 household hazardous wastes from: recreational
vehicles (RVsf
Glues and other adhesives; fuel from storage tanks If forklifts are used
Leachate; lawn and garden maintenance chemicals10 :
Solvents; asbestos; paints; glues and other adhesives; waste insulation; lacquers; tars;
sealants; epoxy waste; miscellaneous chemical wastes
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;5'10 pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ticks, ants, gypsy
moths, and other pests;9 swimming pools chemicals;11 automotive wastes
Solvents (perchloroethylene, petroleum solvents, Freon); spotting chemicals
(trichloroethane, methylchloroform, ammonia, peroxides, hydrochloric acid, rust
removers, amyl acetate) •
Formaldehyde; wetting agents; fumigants; solvents
Paints; solvents; degreasfng and solvent recovery sludges
Oils; solvents; miscellaneous wastes
Fertilizers;6 herbicides;5'10 pesticides for controlling mosquitoes, ticks, ants, gypsy
moths, and other pests
Hazardous chemical products in inventories; heating oil and fork lift fuel from storage
tanks; wood-staining and treating productssuch as creosote
Heating oil; wastes fromlruck maintenance areas7
Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides10
Sodium and hydrogen cyanide; metallic salts; hydrochloric acid; sulf uric acfd; chromic
aefrf
Detergents; bleaches; fabric dyes
X-ray developers and fixers;17 infectious wastes; radiologicalwastes; biological wastes;
disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; dental acids; miscellaneous chemicals
Building wastes;13 lawn and garden maintenance chemicals;10 gasoline; motor oil
Paints; paint thinners; lacquers; varnishes; other wood treatments
Spilled and returned products
Biosludges; silver sludges; cyanides; miscellaneous sludges
Solvents; inks; dyes; oils; photographic chemicals;

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SOURCE
COMMERCIAL SOURCES (Continued)
Railroad tracks and yards
Research laboratories
Scrap and junk yards
Sports and hobby shops
Above ground and underground storage
tanks
Transportation services for passenger
transit (local and interurban)
Veterinary services
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Material stockpiles (coal, metallic ores,
phosphates, gypsum)
Waste tailing ponds (commonly for the
disposal of mining wastes)
Transport and transfer stations (trucking
terminals and rail yards)
Above-ground and underground storage
tanks and containers
Storage, treatment, and disposal ponds,
lagoons, and other surface impoundments
Chemical landfills
Radioactive waste disposal sites
Unattended wet and dry excavation sites
(unregulated dumps)
Operating and abandoned production
and exploratory wells (for gas, oil, coal,
geothermal, and heat recovery); test
hole wells; monitoring and excavation
wells
Dry wells
Injection wells
Well drilling operations
INDUSTRIE-PROCESSES (PRESENTLY OPERATED
Asphalt plants
Communications equipment
manufacturers
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1'2'3
" , " --' ---- - ',,,
Diesel fuel; herbicides for rights-of-way; creosote for preserving wood ties
X-ray developers and fixers;17 infectious wastes; radiological wastes; biological wastes;
disinfectants; asbestos; beryllium; solvents; infectious materials; drugs; disinfectants
(quaternary ammonia, hexachlorophene, peroxides, chlornexade, bleach);
miscellaneous chemicals
Any wastes from businesses13 and households;8 oils
Gunpowder and ammunition; rocket engine fuel; model airplane glue
Heating oil; diesel fuel; gasoline; other petroleum products; other commercially used
chemicals • . ''
Waste oil; solvents; gasoline and diesel fuel from vehicles and storage tanks; fuel oil;
other automotive wastes7
Solvents; infectious materials; vaccines; drugs; disinfectants (quaternary
ammonia, hexachlorophene, peroxides, chlornexade, bleach); x-ray developers
and fixers17
f
Acid drainage; other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes16
Acids; metals; dissolved solids; radioactive ores; other hazardous and nonhazardous
wastes15 ; ,
Fuel tanks; repair shop wastes;7 other hazardous and nonhazardous wastes15
Heating oil; diesel and gasoline fuel; other petroleum products; hazardous and
nonhazardous materials and wastes16
Hazardous and nonhazardous Hquid wastes;16 septage; sludge14
Leachate; hazardous and nonhazardous wastes;16 nitrates
Radioactive wastes from medical facilities, power plants, and defense operations;
radionuclides (uranium, plutonium)
A wide range of substances; solid and liquid wastes; oil-field brines; spent acids from
steel mill operations; snow removal piles containing large amounts of salt
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other sulfides; other hazardous and nonhazardous
chemicals16
Saline water from wells pumped to keep them dry
Highly toxic wastes; hazardous and nonhazardous industrial wastes;16 oil-field brines
Brines associated with oil and gas operations
Oft TORN-DOWN FACILITIES)13
Petroleum derivatives
Nitric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acid wastes; heavy metal sludges;
copper-contaminated etchant (e.g., ammonium persulfate); cutting oil and degreasing
solvent (trichloroethane, Freori, or trichloroethylene); waste oils; corrosive soldering
flux; paint sludge; waste plating solution

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SOURCE
HEALTH, ENVffiONNtENTAt, OR AESTHETIC CONTAMINANT1 23 1
tNdU&I^IAX^b^R^ES^Cootioued) *- ' ,A ^ ^ -- , s\
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (PRESENTLY OPERATED OR TORN-DOWN FACILITIES)18 (Continued)
"Electric and electronic equipment
manufacturers-and storage facilities
Electroplaters
Foundries and metal fabricators
Furniture and fixtures manufacturers
Machine and metalworking shops
Mining operations (surface and
underground), underground storage
mines
Unsealed abandoned mines used as
waste pits
Paper mills
Petroleum production -and storage
companies, secondary recovery, of •
petroleum
Industrial pipelines
Photo processing laboratories
Plastics materials and synthetics
producers
Primary metal industries (blast
furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills)
Publishers, printers, and allied
industries
Public utilities (phone, electric. power, '
gas) J
Sawmills and planers
Stone, clay, and glass manufacturers
Welders ;
Wood preserving facilities
Cyanides; ;metal sludges; caustics (chrorriicacid); solvents; oils; alkalis; 'acids.; paints
and paint sludgesrcalciurnlfluofide sludges; methylene chloride; perchioroethylene; :
itrichloroethane; acetone; methanoi;,toluene; PGBs ?
Boric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuricacids; sodium and:potassium. hydroxide; •
chromic acid; sodiumand"hydrpgencyanide;,metallic:salts
Paint wastes; acids; /heavy .-'metals; metal sludjes; plating wastes; oils; solvents; *
explosive wastes *
Paints;.solvents; degreasing sludges; solvent :recovery sludges :
Solvents; metals; miscellaneous orgariics; sludges; oily metal shavings; lubricant and
cutting oils;.dejgreasers (TCE); metal ;marking fluids; mold-release agents
Mine spoils orlailings that often contain metals; acids; highly corrosive mineralized
waters; metal !sulf ides
Metals; acids; minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and norihazardous chemicals^
Metals; acids; .minerals; sulfides; other hazardous and norihazardous •chemicals;16
organic sludges; sodium hydroxide; chlorine; hypochlorite; chlorine dioxide; hydrogen '•
iperoxide {
Hydrocarbons; dil-field 'brines /'highly mineralized salt solutions.) '
Corrosive fluids; .hydrocarbons; other hazardous and nonhazardous materials and *
wastes16 --..•,'
Cyanides; biosludges; silver sludges; miscellaneous sludges
Solvents; oils; miscellaneous orgariics and inorganics (phenols, resins'); paint wastes;
cyanides; acids; alkalis; wastewater treatment slua^es;:cellulose esters; surfactant;
glycolsipheadls^ormaldehyde-peroxidesiaetc. ,
Heavymetal wastewatertreatment sludge; picking Iquor; waste oil; ammonia scrubber
liquor; acid tar sludge; alkaline cleaners; degreasing solvents; sl.ag ; metal .dust ;
Solvents; Jnks; dyes; oils; miscellaneous organics; photographic chemicals {
PGBs from transformers and ;capacitors;iOlls;s6lvents;sludges;.acid;SolUtioa; metal -
Dialing solutions "(chromium, nickel,.cadmiurri); herbicides from ^utility rights-of-way !
Treated wood residue .(copper quinolate, mercury, sodium,bazide); tanner gas; paint ;
sludges; ^solvents; creosQte;:Coating and :gluing wastes ;
Solvents; oils and grease; alkalis; acetic wastes; asbestos ;; heavy metal sludges;
D'henolic solids or; sludges; metai-f Wishing sludge •
Oxygen, acetylene -
Wood preservatives; creosote
      1ln general, ground-water contamination stems from the misuse and improper disposal of liquid and solid wastes; the Illegal
dumping or abandonment of household, commercial, or industrial chemicals; the accidental spilling of chemicals from trucks,
railways, aircraft, handling facilities, and storage tanks; or the improper siting, design, construction, operation, or maintenance of
agricultural, residential, municipal, commercial, and industrial drinking water wells and liquid and solid waste disposal facilities.
Contaminants also can stem from atmospheric pollutants, such as airborne sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which are created by

-------
smoke, flue dust, aerosols, and automobile emissions, fall as acid rain, and percolate through .the soil. When the sources listed, on
this table are used and managed properly, ground-water contamination is not likely to occur.

     2Contaminants can reach ground water from activities occurring on the land surface, such as industrial waste storage; from
sources below the land surface but above the water table, such as septic systems; from structures beneath the water table, such as
wells; or from contaminated recharge water.
     3This table lists most common wastes, but not all potential wastes. For example, it is not possible to list all potential
contaminants contained in storm water runoff or research laboratory wastes.

     4Coiiform bacteria can indicate the presence of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms that may be transmitted in
human feces.  Diseases such as typhoid fever, hepatitis, diarrhea, and dysentery can result from sewage contamination of water
supplies.
     5Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and avicides. EPA has registered approximately 50,000
different pesticide products for use in the United States (Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1985).  Many are highly toxic and quite
mobile in the subsurface. An EPA survey found that the most common pesticides found in drinking water wells were DCPA (dacthal)
and atrazine (EPA, 1990b), which EPA classifies as moderately toxic (class 3) and slightly toxic (class 4) materials, respectively
(Meister Publishing Company, 1991).
     ^The EPA National Pesticides Survey (EPA, 1991) found that the use of fertilizers correlates to  nitrate contamination of ground
water supplies.
     Automotive wastes can include gasoline; antifreeze; automatic trans'mission fluid; battery acid; engine and radiator flushes;
engine and metal degreasers; hydraulic (brake) fluid; and motor oils.
     8Toxic or hazardous components of common household products  are noted on the attached table (EPA 1990c).

     9Common household pesticides for controlling pests such as  ants, termites, bees, wasps, flies, cockroaches, silverfish, mites,
ticks, fleas, worms, rats, and mice can contain active ingredients  including napthalene, phosphorus, xylene, chloroform, heavy
metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, arsenic, strychnine, kerosene, nitrosamines, and dioxin.
     10Common pesticides used for lawn and garden maintenance (i.e., weed killers, and mite, grub, and aphid controls) include
such chemicals as 2,4-D; chlorpyrifos; diazinon; benomyl; captan; dicofol; and methoxychlor.
     "Swimming pool chemicals can contain free and combined chlorine; bromine; iodine; mercury-based, copper-based, and
quaternary algicides; cyanuric acid; calcium or sodium hypochlorite; muriatic acid; sodium carbonate.

     12Septic tank/cesspool cleaners include synthetic organic chemicals such as 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride, and methylene chloride.
     13Common wastes from public and commercial buildings include automotive wastes (see above definition); rock salt; and
residues from cleaning products that may contain chemicals such as xylenols, glycol esters, isopropanol, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane,
sulfonates, chlorinated phenolys, and cresols.
     14Municipal wastewater treatment sludge can contain organic matter; nitrates; inorganic salts; heavy metals; coliform and
noncoliform bacteria (see above definition); and viruses.
     15Municipal wastewater treatment chemicals include calcium  oxide; alum; activated alum, carbon, and silica; polymers; ion
exchange resins; sodium hydroxide; chlorine; ozone; and corrosion inhibitors.

     16The  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) defines  a hazardous waste as a solid waste that may cause an
increase in mortality or serious illness or pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed. A waste is hazardous if it exhibits characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity, and/or toxicity. Not covered by RCRA regulations are domestic sewage; irrigation waters or industrial discharges allowed
by the Clean Water Act; certain nuclear and mining wastes; household wastes; agricultural wastes (excluding some pesticides); and
small quantity hazardous wastes (i.e.,  less than 220 pounds per month) discharged from businesses.
     17X-ray developers and fixers may contain reclaimable silver, glutaldehyde, hydroquinone, phenedone, potassium bromide,
sodium sulfite, sodium carbonate, thiosulfates, and potassium alum.
     18This table lists potential ground-water contaminants from many common industries, but it  does not address all industries.

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SOURCES
  Cralley, Lewis J. and LV. Cralley. 1984. Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Plant Operations. MacMiilan Publishing Co. New York.
  Dadd, Debra.  1986. The Nontoxic Home.  Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc.  Los Angeles.
  Dadd.Debra.  1984. Nontoxic and Natural. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc.  Los Angeles.
  Horsley and Witten, Inc.  1989.  Aquifer Protection Seminar Publication: Tools and Options for Action at the Local Government
  Level. Bamstable Village, Massachusetts.
  MacEachem, Diane. 1990.  Save Our Planet.  Dell Publishing. New York.
  Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1987.  Road Salt and Ground-Water Protection.  Ground-Water Information Flyer #9.  February
  1987.  (revised and reprinted October 1989).
  Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1986.  Landfills and Ground-Water Protection. Ground-Water Information Flyer #8. July.
  Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1985.  Protecting and Maintaining Private Wells. Ground-Water Information Flyer #6.  April.
  Massachusetts Audubon Society. 1984.  Underground Storage Tanks and Ground-Water Protection. Ground-Water Information
  Flyer #5. December 1984 (revised and reprinted July 1986).
  Meister Publishing Company. 1991. Farm Chemicals Handbook.  Willoughby, Ohio.                  '.             :
  Metcalf & Eddy. n.d. A Guide to Water Supply Management in the 1990s.
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, et al. ad. Companion Workbook for "The Power to Protect."
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991.  Protecting Local Ground-Water Supply Through Wellhead Protection.
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992a. National Pesticide Survey Update and Summary of Phase II Results.  EPA Office of
 Water and Office  of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 570/9-91-021. Winter.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992b. Seminar Publication Wellhead Protection: A Guide for Small Communities. Draft.
 August.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991.  EPA's  Pesticide Programs.  May (from hotline).
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990a.  Handbook—Ground Water, Volume I: Ground Water and Contamination. Off ice of
 Research and Development,  Washington, D.C. EPA 625/6-90/016a.  September.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990b.  National Pesticide Survey Project Summary. EPA Office of Water and Office of
 Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Fall.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990c.  Citizen's Guide to Ground-Water Protection. Office of Water, Washington. D C EPA
 440/6-90-004. April.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989.  Wellhead Protection Programs: Tools for Local Governments. EPA Office of Water
 and Office of Ground-Water Protection. April.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA's RCRA Program. EPA Office of Solid
 Waste.  Washington, D.C. EPA/530-SW-86-037. November..

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PRODUCT
Antifreeze (gasoline or coolants systems)
Automatic transmission fluid
Battery acid (electrolyte)
Degreasers for driveways and garag es
Degreasers for engines and metal
Engine and radiator flushes
Hydraulic fluid (brake fluid)
Motor oils and waste oils
Gasoline and jet fuel
Diesel fuel, kerosene, #2 heating oil
Grease, lubes
Rustp roofers
Car wash detergents
Car waxes and polishes
Asphalt and roofing tar
Paints, varnishes, stains, dyes
Paint and lacquer thinner
Paint and varnish removers, deglossers
Paint brush cleaners
Floor and furniture strippers
Metal polishes
Laundry soil and stain removers
Other solvents
Rock salt
Refrigerants
Bug and tar removers
Household cleansers, oven cleaners
Drain cleaners
Toilet cleaners
Cesspool cleaners
Disinfectants
Pesticides (all types)
Photochemicals
Printing ink
Wood preservatives (creosote)
Swimming pool chlorine
Lye or caustic soda
Jewelry cleaners
TOXIC OR HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS
Methanol, ethylene glycol
Petroleum distillates, xylene
Sulfuricacid
Petroleum solvents, alcohols, glycol ether
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, toluene, phenols.dichloroperchloroethylene
Petroleum solvents, ketones, butanol, glycol ether
Hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Phenols, heavy metals
Alkyl benzene sulfonates
Petroleum distillates, hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Heavy metals, toluene
Acetone, benzene, toluene, butyl acetate, methyl ketones
Methylene chloride, toluene, acetone, xylene, ethanol, benzene,
methanol
Hydrocarbons, toluene, acetone, methanol, glycol ethers, methyl
ethyl ketones
Xylene
Petroleum distillates, isopropanol, petroleum naphtha
Hydrocarbons, benzene, trichloroethylene, 1 ,1 ,1 -trichloroethane
Acetone, benzene
Sodium concentration
1 ,1 ,2-trichloro- 1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane
Xylene, petroleum distillates
Xylenols, glycol ethers, isopropanol
1 ,1 ,1 -trichloroethane
Xylene, sulfonates, chlorinated phenols
Tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride
Cresol, xylenols
Naphthalene, phosphorus, xylene, chloroform, heavy metals,
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Phenols, sodium sulfite, cyanide, silver halide, potassium bromide
Heavy metals, phenol-formaldehyde
Pentachlorophenols
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium, cyanide
    • Reprinted from "Natural Resources Facts: Household Hazardous Wastes," Fact Sheet No. 88-3, Department of Natural
Science, University of Rhode Island, August 1988.

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                            WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA
                 INVENTORY OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT SOURCES
 DIRECTIONS:
        Place a number next to each category that you identify in your wellhead protection area.
 Place a corresponding number on a map at the location of the source.  Maps that may be used for
 the inventory include: topography, zoning, village, city, and utility maps. Please consider ease of
 photocopying in your selection of a map.  If there is more than one source for a category, label
 each site with a letter (i.e., 1A, IB, 1C, 2A, 2B). Record the owner's name and address of each site
 on a separate sheet of paper.  Please consider all sources within a 1/2-mile radius of each public
 water supply well and an assessment within the recharge  area(s).
 __Abandoned Wells
 _Aboveground storage tank
   Airport
 __Animal Feedlot/Waste Storage
 _Asphalt Plant
 _Auto Repair/Body Shop/Salvage Washes
 	Cemetery                          :
 	Chemical Production/Mixing/Storage
 	Drainage Canal
 	Dumps
 	Electroplaters/Metal Finishers
 	Fertilizer/Pesticide Storage/
   Production/Mixing
 	Golf Courses/Nurseries
 	Grain Storage Bin
 _Holding Pond/Lagoon
 	Inactive/Abandoned Hazardous Waste Site
	Injection Well
	Irrigation Practices
   Laboratories
__Laundromat/Dry Cleaner
	Machine Shops
	Major Highways and/or Railrpads
_Military Base/Depot
	Mining
	Oil/Gas Pipelines
	Photo Processors
	Printers
_Production/Other Wells
	Refineries
	Refinishing
	Road Salt Storage
	Septic Systems
	Service/Gas Stations
	Sewage Plant
	Underground Storage Tank
__Waste Piles
__Wood Preserving
	.Other (Specify).	
Source:   Wisconsin Rural Water Association.

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 DRAFT

                         WELLHEAD PROTECTION ORDINANCE


       BE IT ORDACNED by the Mayor and Council of the City of	in

 Council duly assembled and it is hereby ordained by the authority of same that the following

 ordinance known as the Wellhead Protection Ordinance is adopted and made a part of the
 Code of Ordinance of the City of	•    to wit:


 Section 1.  Short title and purpose.


       (a)     This ordinance shall be known as the "Wellhead Protection Ordinance."

       (b)     The purpose of this ordinance is to insure the provision of a safe and sanitary
              drinking water supply for the City by the establishment  of wellhead protection
              zones surrounding the wellheads for all wells which are  the supply sources for the
              City water system and by the designation and regulation of property uses and
              conditions which may be maintained within such zones.


Section 2.     Definitions.  When used in this ordinance the following words and phrases shall
have the meanings given in this Section:
       (a)     Hazardous waste or material - any waste or material which because of its
              quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may:

              (1)    Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase
                    in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness; or

              (2)    Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or to the
                    environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or
                    otherwise managed.

       (b)     Sanitary landfill - A disposal site where solid wastes, including putrescible wastes,
              or hazardous wastes, are disposed of on land by placing earth cover thereon.

       (c)     Wellhead - the upper terminal of a well, including adapters, ports, seals, valves
              and other attachments.

       (d)     Regulatory agency - any governmental agency with jurisdiction over hazardous
             waste as defined herein.

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 Section 3.     Establishment of wellhead protection zone.  There is hereby established a use
 district to be known as a wellhead protection zone, identified and described as all the area
 within a circle the center of which is the center of any city water supply wellhead and the radius
 of which is 1,320 feet, or any part thereof which the city has jurisdiction.

 Section 4.     Permitted uses.  The following uses shall be permitted within wellhead protection
 zones:
        (a)     Any use permitted within existing agricultural, single family residential, multi-
               family residential, and commercial districts so long as uses conform to the rules
               and regulations of the regulatory agencies.                           .
        (b)     Any other open land use where any building located on the property is incidental
               and accessory to the primary open land use.
 Section 5.     Prohibited uses. The following uses or conditions shall be and are hereby
 prohibited within wellhead protection zones, whether or not such use or condition may
 otherwise be ordinarily included as a part of a use permitted under Section 4 of this ordinance
 unless such uses are approved or permitted by State and Federal Regulatory Agencies:

       (a)     Surface use or storage of hazardous material, including commercial use of
               agricultural pesticides;
       (b)     Septic tanks or drain fields appurtenant thereto;
       (c)     Impervious surfaces other than roofs of buildings, and streets, parking lots,
               driveways  and walks serving buildings permitted under Section 4 of this
               ordinance;
       (d)     Sanitary landfills;
       (e)     Hazardous waste disposal sites;
       (f)     Stormwater infiltration basins;
       (g)     Underground storage tanks;
       (h)     Sanitary sewer lines within 100 feet of a wellhead.
Section 6.     Administration. The policies and procedures for administration of any wellhead
protection zone established under this ordinance, including without limitation those applicable

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to nonconforming uses, exceptions, enforcement and penalties, shall be the same as provided in
the existing zoning ordinance for the City of	, as the same is presently
enacted or may from time to time be amended.

       This Ordinance shall be effective as of	(date).  All ordinances
and parts or ordinances in conflict herewith shall not be and the same  are hereby repealed.
      ENACTED AND ADOPTED this	day of	, 19	.
                                                                             Mayor
                                             Attest: 	;	
                                                                          City Clerk
                                    (CITY SEAL)

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           EXPLANATION/SUGGESTIONS  FORM


            CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR THE HATER SUPPLY OF:

         „,__,____.._-__.—.—___..-«._.__—,__,__________.__———_—^ XjQU ISiA-NA



  i.   Purpose

       The purpose  of  this Contingency ' Plan  "is  to establish,
provide and  keep updated  certain  emergency response procedures
which may become  necessary  in the event of a partial or total loss
of public water supply service as a  result  of  natural disasters,
chemical contamination,  or  civil disorders.  This Contingency Plan
is the procedural guide for responding to such  emergencies.  This
Plan is coordinated with existing plans such as Hazardous Materials
Response and Civil Defense  Plans.


 II.   Public Water Supply  Characteristics

       A.   Current Supply Source         •

       B.   Treatment

       C.   Distribution

III.   Priority of Water Users. During Water Supply
       Disruption/Emergency

 IV.   Short Term Replacement Alternatives

       A.   Surface Water Sources and Necessary  Treatment

       3.   Bottled Water and Other  Alternatives
           Location of Sources/Contact Persons

  V.   Inventory of Available Equipment and Materials for Use in
       Emergency

       A.   Location, Ownership,  Telephone Numbers

 VI.   Notification Procedures - Personnel! Contact Plan and List of
       Telephone Numbers

       A.   Lead Coordinating Agency/Office Identified?

       B.   Incident Assessment  Team in Place?

       C.   Public Announcement  Plan?

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II.   Public Water Supply System Characteristics

       A.   Current  Supply  Source
                                       Supply Components

             The supply component of.ihe water supply system consists of the supply wells and the
       facilities for-delivering the water to the treatment plant (if any).  Each well should be analyzed
       for three major factors:           <            •

             1)    production capacity,
             2)    connection to supply- :and
             3)    monitoring wells."

       For each of these factors, consider the following questions:

             1)    Production Capacity (supply wells)
                   •     What is the maximum yield?              •      ,       -     .
                 •  •     What, is the pump capacity?
                   •     What is the current flow?
                   •     Axe there seasonal-variations?
                   •     Is  there excess 'capacity?

             2)    Connection to-Supply (pumps, valves)
                   •     Can the well be isolated or cut-off?
                   •     Where is the pump  cut-off?
                   •     If the well  is cut-off, what are the impacts on -supply?
                   •     How can supplies be obtained from another system?

             3)    Monitoring Wells
                    •     What are the potential  sources of contamination in the wellhead
                         area?
                    •     Are monitoring  wells  located  to detect  contamination from
                         identified potential sources?
                    •     Axe well samples  and  monitoring  well  samples analyzed  for
                         contaminants from potential sources?
              Note that while monitoring wells are a part of the supply system, they usually do not
              have production capacity and are not physically connected to the water-supply system.
              Monitoring wells  should  be  evaluated  to  assess  their suitability for  detecting
              contamination.

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B.    Treatment
                                   Treatment Components

          The second, component of the water supply system consists of the treatment facilities
    and processes, which should be analyzed to determine:

          1)     treatment process capacity;
          2)     types of contaminants treated; and
          3)     impact of contamination on treatment capability.

    For each  of these elements, consider-the following questions:

          1)
          2)
          3)
Treatment Process Capacity
•     What is the maximum volume of-water, that can be treated?
•     What is the current flow?
•     Is there excess treatment capacity?     ;
•     Can the existing treatment process be expanded or modified?
Types of Contaminants Treated
•     What contaminants can be treated?
•     How are they identified?
•     Kow does treatment capacity vary by type of contamination?

Impact on  Treatment Capability
•     What levels of contamination will exceed the existing treatment '
      system's capacity?
•     What type of contamination would impair the system's capability
      or otherwise pass through?           '

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                   EXAMPLE OF A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
•-x
                     TC.
                     Va
                                 Ta
Vc
                                                      -Ua
                                                       Ub
                                                   Vd
                                                    Key:
                                                             -Ud
                                                   W = Well and Pump
                                                   T = Treatmant f=sci]fty
                                                   V= Valve
                                                   U = Us«r

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III.    Priority of  Water Users During  Water  Supply
         Disruption/Emergency  .    ,.                    .   ,
                                    Analysis of Water Use and Demand                     .. .;

                 A detailed knowledge of water use and demand is necessary in order to plan for water
          supply replacement.  In order to  choose the best alternative, planners must know the existing
          levels of use and the demand.of different sectors of the community.  The analysis of water use
          and demand should:              :        '••'.'•'."•-      .    '-  "

                 1)   '  establish maximum daily consumption levels;        .         . - .  .   r• .  '
                 2)     establish minimum daily consumption levels;  and
                 3)     identify priority uses.                    ;  •

                 The following steps might be followed to determine demands on the  system for drinking
          water  and other purposes:

                 1.     Estimate present and projected water use (particularly for major, if not
                       all, users):             .              . -             ,       ,
                       a..     Record average daily consumption, minimum, daily consumption,
                              and  maximum daily consumption 'levels  by  use category.   If
                              appropriate, major users for each category might be identified.. Use
                              categories include:
                              •     residential;
                              •     commercial;
                              •     industrial;
                              •     institutional;
                              •     fire safety; and
                              •     agricultural.
                       b.     Project Gaily  use  over,, for  example,  1, 2, and 5 years.   Note
                              seasonal fluctuations, if any.  Projections  allow the'contingency
                              plan to reflect future conditions, especially regarding the siting and
                              planning for new wells.           .
                       c.     Revise projections to take into .account population increases and
                              changes in  commercial and industrial  development.

                  2.    Determine priority uses:
                       a.     Pligh priority uses for public health, protection may  include:
                               •     household and other  public drinking water supplies;
                               •     hospital supplies; and
                               •     fire fighting systems.
                       b.     Lower priority uses may include:
                               •     landscaping;               ;    .
                               •     certain  industrial processes; and
                               •.    non-essential household uses,

                  3.     Determine the supply requirements for priority uses, including:
                               •     minimum quantity,
                               •     minimum pressure levels;
                               •     time of supply, and
                               «     quality  of the supply.

                  If the water supply system  is large enough, this information might  be more useful if
            organized by geographic area.
                                                                                                 SS3

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IV.  Short Term Replacement Alternatives           ;

     JL.  Surface Water Sources and Necessary 'Treatment-
     Is  there a  nearby surface  water  source  that  could be  a
     suitable alternative in either the long term or the short terra
     in the event of a loss of.your water supply?  '

     If  a  surface  water source is a  feasible option,  you  should
     draw  up  a plan for putting that source to  use  with all  the
     necessary elements for activating that plan  and include•it. in
     this  section,                              :
     Consider:

     What type of treatment would be necessary in order to use a
     surface water source?

     How  long  would it  take  to set  up' and where  the necessary
     equipment located?     :                      —

     If this  option feasible for  the  long term or  only  for the
     short term?

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      Emergency and Short-Term Options

Bottled Water
Tank Trucks
Excess Capacity
Conservation
Treatment
     Point of Use
     System
Additional Treatment
                Long-Term Options

Drill New WclIs/WeJlGeids
Additional Treatment In-Sysiem (without cleaning up
  contaminant source)
Poim-of-Use Treatncm
Clean up contamination source
Well Reid Management
     Blending
     Select Pumping
Interconnection
Bottled Water    -                  •          -
Surface Water Supplies
Water Conservation
Waste-Water Reuse Rcinjcction  .
Desalinization
Dual-Systems
(Separate potable/non-potable supplies)
Artificial Aquifer/Excsss Capacity
(Seasonal storage)
                                                             Criteria for Evaluating Options

                                                 Technical and Logistical Feasibility
                                                  •   What procedures are required to implement?
                                                  •   Are technologies available and well developed?
                                                  •   How much water can it provide?
                                                  •   Can it meet the system's priority water uses?
                                                  •   Can it meet the system's total water needs?
                                                  •   How quickly can it be made operational?
                                                  •   What equipment and supplies sre needed?

                                                 Reliability
                                                  •   How reliable is it?
                                                  «   Does  it require operation and maintenance skills?

                                                 Political Considerations
                                                  •   What  administrative procedures are required?
                                                  •   Is property ownership a problem?
                                                  •   Will it gain ;public confidence?

                                                 Cost Considerations
                                                  •   What  is the initial investment?
                                                  •   What  are Ihe operating costs?
                                                  •   Who bears the costs?

-------
    B.  Bottled Water and Other Alternatives
        Location of Sources/Contact Persons
•Ji
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-------
The next  page illustrates an example from a typical equipment list.  The capacity of the
individual pieces of equipment, although not provided in  the example, would be useful
information to include in a plan because equipment needs then could be tied more directly
to specific  equipment,  thus reducing response time.  A.compleie list of equipment and
services would be more exhaustive and include such items as:

      •    Chemical supplies;

      •    Treatment  equipment;                 •-                 •

    .  •    Spare parts (i.e.,  pipes and finings);  .              ;

      •    Alternative distribution equipment (tank trucks);

      •    Vehicles and equipment for emergency excavation and transportation;

      •    Water sampling and- analysis eqiiipment and services;

      •    Portable pumps and generators;

      •    Portable treatment equipment;

   •t  •    Personnel  protection equipment and supplies;

      •    Repair facilities; and

       •    Heavy equipment contractors.

      Depending on the  size of the water supply system and whether the system  is a
 private company or a public utility, these resources may be found  in-house or may be
 available from another branch  of  the municipality - for • example, the public  works
 department.  Once resource needs have been identified, water planners should consider the
 following types of questions:

       •     If the resource  cannot  be located within the municipality, is it
            available from' an adjoining city or town, from the State emergency
            response office, or the National Guard?              •

       •     Are there local contractors who would be willing to-enter into an
            agreement to provide emergency services?

       •    Where is  the nearest well drilling firm and what sort of response
            time can they guarantee?                        !

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V.     Inventory  of Available  Equipment  and  Materials  for  Use  in
        Emergency                         •             :    ,        •
                                                 '
        A.   Location,  Ownership,  Telephone  Numbers
               EXAMPLE OF LIST OF AVAILABLE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT


       The following is an illustrative list of water department equipment and its location.
                  Tvoc
   1        rork Lift
   4        Air Compressor
   1        Trencher
   1        Tapping Machine
   1        Earth-boring Machine
   1        (2040) Tractor
   2        Sewer Bucket Machine
   1        Concrete Mixer
   1        Welder
   '1        Jet Clean Truck
   1        TV Sewer Van
   1      '  Ag-Gator
   1        Fork Lift
   2        580 C Backhoc
   2        530 SE Backhoe
   1    •    Trailer (dual)
   1        Trailer (material)
   1        Trailer (utility)
   1 '       Trailer (tandem)
   1        Sewer Redding Machine
   1        Drill & Angur Assembly
   1        Drill & Augur Assembly
   1        Hydraulic Jack
   1        Kol Roll Machine
   1        Dump Trailer
   1        Pressure Water
   1        Jack Hammer
   1        Power Drive
   1        Power Drive
   1        Hydraulic Valve Operator
   1        Tes; Punip
   1        Gas Air Compressor
   3        Trash Pump (2 ft.)
   1        Multipurpose Saw
   3        Sewer Wagon
    1        Tapping Machine
   3        Multi-Purpose Saw
    1        Generator (gas)
   Age and
Manufacturer

1980 Caterpillar
Ingcrsoll-Rand
Davis
1963 Smith
NA '
John Deere
NA
Stone
Hoban
197S Chevrolet
1980 GMC
NA
19SO Clark
197S Case
19S6 Case
Hy-?ower
NA
1972 Snoco
Hudson
NA
1970 Mighty Moie
19SS Mighty Mole
1963
1963
NA
19S3
19SO
1975 Wach
1964
19S2
1984 Hydro
NA
NA
NA
NA
19S7
NA
NA
 Location

WW Plant
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard-
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Storeroom
WW Plant
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Disu Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist. Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist.  Shop
Dist.  Shop
Equip. Yard
Dist.  Shop
Dist. Shop
Dist.  Shop
                                                                        Caoachv
                                    -Name and
                                  Phone Number of
                                 Qualified Oceraiorfs'l
  NA - Not available

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VI.   Notification  Procedures —  Personnel Contact  Plan and  List of
       Telephone Numbers

       A.   Lead  Coordinating Agency/Office Identified?
                          EXAMPLES OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION ROSTER
       Emergency Plan for Water Supply Should Include Names and Phone Numbers for:

       •     Key Water Supply System Personnel (office and home,
             with hours)                                           '	
        •     Key Community Leaders (off ce and home, with hours)


        •    •• Local Public Health Engineer (office and home, with hours)


        «     Fire Department


        •     Police, Schools                    .         :


        o     Hospital and Ambulance Service


        «     Nursing Homes


        »     Dialysis Users


        »     Neighboring Water Supply System Managers


        •     Power Company Emergency


        •     Highway Department
             All Key Suppliers/Vendors/Technical Representatives of
             Water Supply Related Equipment, Chemicals, and Supplies
              Key Personnel of Major Industrial/Commercial Water Users


              State and Local Emergency Agency


              State and Local-Civil Defense Offices

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        B.   Incident Assessment  Team  in  Place?
                    EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION REPORT"7
                                                                     . i





      This notification report represents a typical form that might be adapted for use in a water supply


contingency plan.                               .






PART 1  - FACTS RELATED TO EMERGENCY




1.    Person or department calling in emergency	
       Phone No./Radio frequency	,	        Date/Time .call received



.2.     Location of emergency



       Street and Home/Building number	,	________
       Other (approximate location, distance from landmark, etc.) _
 3.     Nature of the emergency (e.g., broken water main, chemical spill, lost pressure in home, etc.)
 4.     Condition at scene
 5.     Actual/Potential damage (briefly describe the situation)
 6.    Access restrictions, if any
 7.    Assistance already on the scene (who, what are they doing, etc.)
  PART 2 - EMERGENCY INVESTIGATION



  1.     Personnel investigating emergency	
  2.     Reported results of investigation
  3.     Time Assessed
        ; Adapted from Emereencv Planning and Response - A Water Supply Guide for the Supplier of

  Water. New York State Department of Health, January 19S4.

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                      EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION REPORT*
PART 5 - EMERGENCY ACTION TAXEN
1.      Immediate action taken	___„
      Is immediate action:  Permanent
                        Temporary
3.     Was an emergency crew dispatched:  Yes	  No	      iime arrived on scene
4.     Note all other actions that will be necessary to bring the water supply system back into operation:
 PART 4 - PERSONS/DEPARTMENTS NOTIFIED OF EMERGENCY
            Positions
    Chief Operator
    General Manager
    Local Health Department
    Engineer
    Operations Supervisor
    Plant Manager
    Shift Operator
    Fire Department
    Police Department
    Highway Department
    Local Elected Official
    (Mayor, Commissioner, etc.)
    Department of Health
    Department of Transportation
    Department of Environmental
    Conservation
    County Civil Defense
    Other (refer to system personnel
    and support call-up lists)
    Priority water users
    News Media
Name
Work Phone    Home Phone    Time of Call
                                                        Signature of Person Who Filled Out Form
    To be completed and used by water supply system personnel.

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               EXAMPLE OF REPORTING FORM FOR CHEMICAL INCIDENTS
     Identity of contaminant material:

           Manifest/shipping Invoice/billing label

           Shipper/manufacturer identification

           Container type

           Placard/label information

            Railcar/truck 4-digit identification number

            Nearest railroad track intersection/line intersection
     Characteristics of material, if readily detectable .
     (for example, odor, flammable, volatile, corrosive)
      Present physical state of material (gas, liquid, solid)


      Amount already released


      Amount that may be released


      Other hazardous materials in oroximitv
      Whether significant amounts of the material appear to be
      entering the atmosphere, nearby surface water, storm drains,
      or soil
«     Direction, height, color, odor of any vapor clouds or plumes


•     Weather conditions (including wind direction and speed)


•     Local terrain conditions


«     Personnel at the scene

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         C.    Public  Announcement  Plan?
                                SAMPLE INITIAL NEWS RELEASE
                               (For distribution to previously identified
                             television,  radio, and newspaper personnel.)
The following substance has been detected in the
                                                          svstenr.
It is vital that all residents in the _
use restrictions until further notice:
                                   area observe the following water
The characteristics and potential public health hazards associated with this contaminant are as follows:
 City and water system personnel are taking the following steps to address the problem:
.For further information please contact
                                                     at this phone
 number:  	
 to be held at	
 as additional information becomes  available.
_.  A press conference is scheduled for
                                  _.  News updates will be  provided
 Attached please find a copy of an information sheet which provides details concerning the physical plans,
 organization structure, and function of the	.	:	water system.
 Time:

 Signed:

 Title:
                      Date:

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                  EXAMPLE OF CONSUMER GALL-IN NOTICE
The following notice may be printed on the back of water bills  10 advise consumers on
how and where  to report potential or actual water supply system emergencies.
                                     WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The following may constitute an emergency:

      1.    Vandalism of Water Supply Facilities
      2-    Loss of Water Pressure
      3.    Leaking Water
      4.    Sudden Changes.in Water Quality
      5.    Spills of Chemicals or Petroleum Products
 If you observe any of these conditions, please telephone the _j	water supply'
 system immediately.

    •   Business Office	

    ...  Water Treatment Plant      	

       After Normal  Business Hours	     •	
 If there is  no answer at any of the above numbers, please  contact the Police/Sheriffs
 Deoartrnent at

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                                     EPA Ground-Water Contacts
FEDERAL CONTACT

   Tom Belk
   Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
   (WH 550G)
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
   401 M Street, SW
   Washington, DC  20460
   (202) 260-7593
   FAX (202) 260-4383


REGIONAL CONTACTS

REGION 1
   Rob Adler
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 1
   JFK Federal Building
   Boston, MA 02203-2211
   (617)565-3601
   FAX (617) 565-4940

REGION 2
   Dore LaPosta
   Ground Water Management Section
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 2
   26 Federal Plaza
   New York, NY  10278
   (212) 264-5635
   FAX (212) 264-2194
REGION 3
   Virginia Thompson
   Office of Ground Water     I
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 3
   841 Chestnut Street
   Philadelphia, PA 19106
   (215)597-2786           i
   FAX (215) 597-8241

REGION 4
   Beverly Houston
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 4
   345 Courtiand Street, NE
   Atlanta, GA  30365
   (404) 347-3866
   FAX (404) 347-3866
   FAX (404) 347-1799        ;

REGION 5
   Jerri-Anne Gart
   Ground Water Protection Branch
   (WG-16J)
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 5
   77 West Jackson Boulevard
   Chicago, IL 60604
   (312)353-1441            ;
   FAX (312) 886-7804        ',

REGION 6
   Erlece Allen
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division  :
   U.S. EPA, Region 6        :
   1445 Ross Avenue      .   -!
   Dallas, TX 75202-2733
   (214)655-6446
   FAX (214) 655-6490
REGION 7
   Robert Fenemore
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 7
   726 Minnesota Avenue
   Kansas City, KS 66101
   (913)551-7745
   FAX (913) 551-7765

REGION 8
   James Dunn
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 8
   999 18th Street
   Denver, CO 80202-2405
   (303)294-1135
   FAX (303) 294-1424

REGION 9
   Doris Betuel
   Office of Ground Water (W-6-3)
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 9
   75 Hawthorne Street
   San Francisco, CA 94103
   (415)744-1831
   FAX (415) 744-1235

REGION 10
   William Mullen
   Office of Ground Water
   Water Management Division
   U.S. EPA, Region 10
   1200 6th Avenue
   Seattle, WA 98101
   (206)553-1216
   FAX (206) 559-0165

-------

-------
DEVELOPING A WELLHEAD PROTECTION PLAN:
             A CASE STUDY
          PARTICIPANTS GUIDE

-------

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              DEVELOPING A WELLHEAD PROTECTION PLAN:
                                   A CASE STUDY
 INTRODUCTION

       This case study will familiarize you with a simple, five-step approach to wellhead protection
 that has been used successfully in many communities. You will learn:

 (1) How to select a team that will implement wellhead protection.
 (2) What information is important to gather for delineation of a wellhead protection area.
 (3) How to locate potential sources of contamination.
 (4) What tools are available to manage the wellhead protection area.
 (5) How to ensure that the well area will remain protected in the future.
INSTRUCTIONS:  Read the background information presented below.  Discuss the questions that
follow and write your answers in the spaces provided.
          BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY COMMUNITY (approx. 5 minutes)
       The  town of Whispering  Brook  (see  drawing on ;next  page)  has a population of
approximately 8,050. The area is primarily residential, with two main industries—copper smelting
and agriculture. Town government consists of a Town Council, a Health Officer, a Tax Assessor,
a Planning Board, the Water Department,  and the Town Clerk.  The area is served by two wells,
both drawing drinking water from the same aquifer.  One of the wells is outside of the town
boundary. The wells service 550 connections, with a combined water capacity of 175,000 gallons
per day.  Daily flow averages 120,000 gallons per day. Chlorine is used as water treatment.  The
Rindge Mountains border the town on the northeast.  Don River flows down from the mountain
through several other towns before reaching Whispering Brook.
                                          -1-

-------
-2-

-------
         Step 1: FORM A COMMUNITY PLANNING TEAM (approx. 20 minutes)
u
       Who should be on the Whispering Brook Wellhead Protection Planning team?  Why?
       How many people should be on the team?
       Whom should the team choose as a leader?  Why?
OPTIONAL:

For the rest of this case study, each group member can play the part of a different planning team
member (such as a Town Council member, a farmer, a water department supervisor, a smelter
representative, etc.). Try to answer questions the way the person you're representing might answer.
      What are the goals and objectives of the planning team?
      Whom can the planning team contact for advice on wellhead protection issues?
                                        -3-

-------
    Step 2: DELINEATE THE WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA (approx. 20 minutes)
                                   -, '           ^  ' "- s s
   What information does the planning team  need to provide so that someone  trained in
performing delineations can prepare one for Whispering Brook?
  How can the team obtain assistance in delineating the wellhead protection area?
  Look at the map of Whispering Brook on the next page. Draw a '/4-mile radius circle around each well.
                                         -4-

-------
                                                                               CO
                                                                               u
                                                                               in
                                                                               U)
                                                                               en
                                                                               3
                                                                               m
-5-

-------
    Step 3: IDENTIFY AND LOCATE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
                (approx. 25 min.)	
       How can the planning team locate potential sources of contamination? What resources
can they use to obtain this information?
      Look at the map of Whispering Brook on the previous page. Identify all potential sources
of contamination within the Vs-mile radius circles around each well.
      Do you need to be concerned about potential sources of contamination outside the V4-mile
radius circles?
                                         -6-

-------
         Step 4:  MANAGE THE WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA (approx. 25 min.)
        Which  of the potential contamination sources that you  identified in Step 3 pose the
greatest threat?  (See the list below ranking sources from least to most risk.) Why is it important
to identify the most critical threats?
                      LAND USES AND THEIR RELATIVE RISK TO GROUND WATER
    LEAST RISK
                      A.  1.     Land surrounding a well or reservoir, owned by a water company.
                          2.     Permanent open  space dedicated tq. passive recreation.
                          3.     Federal, state, municipal, private parks and forests.
                          4.     Woodlands managed for forest products.
                          5.     Permanent open  space dedicated to active recreation.

                      B.  1.     Field crops: pasture, hay, grains, vegetables.
                          2.     Low density residential: lots larger than 2 acres.
                          3.     Churches, municipal offices.

                      C.  1.     Agricultural production: dairy, livestock,  poultry,  nurseries,  orchards,
                                 berries.     "       '              ,
                          2.     Golf course, quarries.
                          3.     Medium density residential: lots from 1/2 to 1 acre.

                      D.  1.     Institutional uses: schools, hospitals, nursing homes,  prisons, garages, salt
                                 storage, sewage treatment facilities.
                          2.     High density housing: lots smaller than 1/2 acre.
                          3.     Commercial uses: limited hazardous  material storage  and only sewage
                                 disposal.

                      E.   1.     Retail  commercial: gasoline, farm  equipment,  automotive,  sales  and
                                 services;  dry cleaners; photo procession medical arts; furniture strippers;
                                 machine shops; radiator repair; printers; fuel oil distributors.
                          2.     Industrial: all forms of manufacturing and processing, research facilities.
                          3.     Underground storage of chemicals, petroleum.
MOST RISK              4.     Waste disposal: pits, ponds, lagoons, injection wells used for waste disposal;
                                 bulky waste  and domestic garbage landfills; hazardous waste  treatment,
                                 storage and disposal sites.


Source:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. A Local Planning Process for Ground-Water Protection.
Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC.
                                                   -7-

-------
       What approaches might the planning team use to manage the wellhead protection areas
for the two wells supplying Whispering Brook? Would the management approaches be the same
for both -wells?  Why or why not?
      After your discussion, look over the attached sample ordinance and summary of wellhead
protection tools. You can add to or revise your list of management approaches for the Whispering
Brook wellhead protection areas**
                Step 5:  PLAN FOR THE FUTURE (approx. 15 min.)
      What steps can the planning team take to prepare for the future?

-------
DRAFT

                         WELLHEAD PROTECTION ORDINANCE


       BE IT ORDAINED by the Mayor and Council of the City of	 in
Council duly assembled and it is hereby ordained by the authority of same that the following

ordinance known as the Wellhead Protection Ordinance is adopted and made a part of the
Code of Ordinance of the City of	, to wit:


Section 1.  Short title and purpose.


       (a)     This ordinance shall be known as the "Wellhead Protection Ordinance."

       (b)     The purpose of this ordinance is to insure the provision of a safe and sanitary
              drinking water supply for the City by the establishment of wellhead protection
              zones  surrounding the wellheads for all wells which are the supply sources for the
              City water system and by the designation and regulation of property uses and
              conditions which may be maintained within such zones.


Section 2.     Definitions. When used in this ordinance the following words and phrases shall
have the meanings given in this  Section:
       (a)     Hazardous waste or material - any waste or material which because of its
              quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may:

              (1)     Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase
                     in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness; or

              (2)     Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or to the
                     environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or
                     otherwise managed.

       (b)     Sanitary landfill - A disposal site where solid wastes, including putrescible wastes,
              or hazardous wastes, are disposed of on land by placing earth cover thereon.

       (c)     Wellhead - the upper terminal of a well, including adapters, ports, seals, valves
              and other attachments.

       (d)     Regulatory agency - any governmental agency with jurisdiction over hazardous
              waste as defined herein.
                                           -9-

-------
Section 3.     Establishment of wellhead protection zone.  There is hereby established a use
district to be known as a wellhead protection zone, identified and described as all the area
within a circle the center of which is the center of any city water supply wellhead and the radius
of which is 1,320 feet, or any part thereof which the city has jurisdiction.

Section 4.     Permitted uses. The following uses shall be permitted within wellhead protection
zones:

       (a)    Any use permitted within existing agricultural, single family residential, multi-
              family residential, and commercial districts so long as uses conform to the rules
              and regulations of the regulatory agencies.
       (b)    Any other open land use where any building located on the property is incidental
              and accessory to the primary open land use.

Section 5.     Prohibited uses.  The following uses or conditions shall be and are hereby
prohibited within wellhead protection zones, whether or not such use or condition may
otherwise be ordinarily included as a part of a use permitted under Section 4 of this ordinance
unless such uses are approved or permitted by State and Federal Regulatory Agencies:

       (a)    Surface use or storage of hazardous material, including commercial use of
              agricultural pesticides;
       (b)    Septic tanks or drain fields appurtenant thereto;
       (c)    Impervious surfaces other than roofs of buildings, and streets, parking lots,
              driveways and walks serving buildings permitted under Section  4 of this
              ordinance;          .
       (d)    Sanitary landfills;
       (e)    Hazardous waste disposal sites;
       (f)     Stormwater infiltration basins;
       (g)    Underground storage tanks;
       (h)    Sanitary sewer lines within 100 feet of a wellhead.         „

Section 6.     Administration. The policies and procedures for administration of any wellhead
protection zone established under this ordinance, including without limitation those applicable
                                            -10-

-------
to nonconforming uses, exceptions, enforcement and penalties^ shall be the same as provided in
the existing zoning ordinance for the City of	'      as the same is presently
enacted or may from time to time be amended.

       This Ordinance shall be effective as of	       (date)'. All ordinances
and parts or ordinances in conflict herewith shall not be and the same are hereby repealed.
      ENACTED AND ADOPTED this	day of	, 19__.
                                             Attest:
                                    (CITY SEAL)
                                                                              Mayor
                                                                          City Clerk
                                        -11-

-------
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                               -12-

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           National Rural Water Association/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             WELLHEAD PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
                              AREA-WIDE WORKSHOP
Please answer the following questions regarding your participation at this workshop.
What were your goals for attending the workshop?	
Did the workshop meet your objectives? Why or why not?
For each session you attended, please check the appropriate boxes to indicate whether the information
presented was useful for your work in wellhead protection and .assess the workshop using the following rating
system.
D Excellent 5 D Very Good 4 D Good 3 D Fair 2 C
Overall Workshop Rating



Workshop Session
State Ground- Water Protection Plan
Introduction to Ground Water
a. General Ground Water
b-d. State Ground Water

Check if Useful
for Your Work
in Wellhead
Protection

n
n
n
!

Rate
Session
Overall

n
n
n


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Speaker
Overall

n
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n
H Poor 1

Rate
Slides/
Overheads
Handouts

n
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                                                                                    (over)

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          D Excellent 5  D Very Good 4    D Good 3     D Fair 2      D Poor I
Workshop Session
Ground Water Contamination
 a. All Sources
 b. State Sources
 c. Local Scenarios
Resource Protection
 a. Federal Programs
 b. State Programs
 c. NRWA Programs
5 Steps to Wellhead Protection
Breakout Sessions:
Developing a Wellhead Protection Plan
Group Discussion
Follow-Up Procedures/
Community Resources/
List of Contacts
Packet Materials
Check if Useful
 for Your Work
  in Wellhead
  Protection
      D
      n
      n
      n
      n
      n
      n
      n
      n
Comments/ Suggestions for Improving the Workshop:
  Rate
Session
Overall
   D
   n
   n
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Speaker
Overall
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   n
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Overheads
 Handouts

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    n
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   EH  (Rate materials overall)
                                                             -&U. S. GOVERMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992 - 750-068/60003

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