&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Research and Development EPA/600/M-89/033 July 1990
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH BRIEF
INVESTIGATION OF FAILURE MECHANISMS AND MIGRATION OF
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AT WILSONVILLE, ILLINOIS
Beverly L. Herzog and Robert A. Griffin*
Abstract
In late 1981, ground water contamination was discovered in
a monitoring well at the Earthline disposal facility near
Wilsonville, Illinois. This meant that organic chemicals had
migrated at a rate of 100 to 1000 times the rate predicted
when the site was given its permit in 1976. The Illinois State
Geological Survey (ISGS) then conducted a 3-yr,
multidisciplinary study to determine why the site failed to
perform as predicted. Geology, hydrogeology, geo-
chemistry, engineering geology, and x-ray mineralogy were
disciplines used in the study of this site.
Postulated failure mechanisms included migration through
previously undetermined (unmapped) permeable zones,
subsidence of an underground mine, organic chemical/clay
interactions, acid mine drainage/clay interactions, and trench
cover settlement and erosion. The study concluded that the
primary reason for the rapid migration was the presence of
previously undetermined permeable zones that' included
fractured and jointed glacial till formations. The inaccurate
predictions were caused by the use of laboratory-
determined hydraulic conductivity values, which did not
adequately measure the effects of fractures and joints in the
transit time calculations. Field-measured hydraulic
conductivity values were generally 10 to 1000 times greater
than their laboratory measured counterparts, thus largely
accounting for the discrepancy between predicted and
actual migration rates in the transit time calculations. This
however was compounded by the burial of liquid wastes and
by trench covers that allowed excess infiltration to enter the
trenches. Organic chemical/clay interactions may also have
The authors are with Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois
61820.
exacerbated the problem in areas where liquid organic
wastes were buried.
This Research Brief was developed by the principal
investigators and EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the
research project that is fully documented in the reports and
publications listed at the end.
introduction
Earthline Corporation, a subsidiary of SCA Services, Inc.,
began operating a 130-acre landfill near Wilsonville, Illinois,
on November 15, 1976. The operation was a trench-and-fill
procedure that relied on a clayey glacial till deposit native to
the site for natural attenuation of any leachate. A compact-
ed clay liner was reportedly used to supplement native till in
at least one of the trenches. The company had applied for
and received a permit from the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency (IEPA) to dispose of industrial and
hazardous wastes at the site.
Several months after the landfill was in operation, the
citizens of Wilsonville became alarmed at the disposal of
hazardous wastes near their community. They filed suit to
stop the disposal of wastes and to have them removed from
the site. A lengthy court battle ensued, and Earthline
continued to bury wastes. In 1981, the Illinois Supreme
Court affirmed the 1978 trial court's ruling that the
hazardous wastes buried in the 26 trenches (each 10 to 20
ft deep, 50 to 100 ft wide, and 175 to 400 ft long) at
Wilsonville must be exhumed and removed from the site.
SCA Services, Inc., announced in March 1982 that they
were dropping further appeals and would comply with the
court order. The preparation began in the summer of 1982,
and the actual exhumation and removal process, begun on
September 7, 1982, was expected to take approximately 4
yr. Earlier that year, in January 1982, the IEPA confirmed
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that organic pollutants had migrated as far as 50 ft from the
trenches in a 3-yr period. The levels of volatile, organic
priority pollutants found were reported by Johnson jet al.
(1983). This discovery was a separate issue from the court
proceedings and exhumation order. The migrationi rates
were 100 to 1000 times faster than predicted. Two opvious
questions were posed: (1) why were these organic
compounds migrating faster than predicted and (2) what are
the implications to land disposal of similar wastes at other
sites? This research project was designed to provide
answers to these and many other questions regarding the
efficacy of land disposal of hazardous wastes - particularly
organic liquids. '
The study of the site was a cooperative effort between
several agencies and the site owner. Thej U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency supplied a major part of
the funding through a cooperative agreement with the ISGS,
whose personnel performed a majority of the work! The
IEPA provided a drill rig and crew for the field studies and
performed organic analyses on soil and water samples from
the site. The site owner, SCA Services, Inc., pr0vided
access to the site, safety training, and a substantial amount
of the materials for construction of the monitoring wells.
Waste Management, Inc., which later took over ownership of
the site, continued to cooperate with the study and
additionally provided some analytical support for monitoring
well samples. '
Objectives
To answer the two major research questions, the scjope of
work needed to include studies of several aspects [of site
behavior. :
1. Site characterization-detailed descriptions of
geologic materials, geomorphology, and; hydro-
geology; comparison of field and laboratory
measurements of hydraulic conductivity; bignifi-
cance of fracture flow. j
2. Groundwater quality-distribution of organic
chemicals across the site, sampling methodology
for volatile organic compounds in fine-grained sed-
iments.
3. Organic chemical/clay interactions-laboratory
studies to determine effects of organic chemicals
on permeability and pore structure of clay sojils.
4. Gob pile effects-effects of acidity and high
inorganic salt content of leachate from adjacent
coal refuse pile (gob pile) on the trench materials.
5. Trench cover studies-observations of condition of
trench covers, differential settlement, and mine
subsidence. I
6. Condition of drums and wastes-photographic
documentation of effects of leachate on drums.
A multidisciplinary/multiagency approach was adopted early
in the planning of this project. Cooperation with the site
operators improved access to the site and reduced legal
problems. Consolidation of efforts also reduced the number
of borings, samples, and analyses required.
Site Characterization
Geology
An extensive geologic investigation and description of the
site was carried out to place this site in the proper regional
geologic framework and to collect sufficient baseline data
for extrapolating the results from this investigation to other
sites. The geologic characterization was carried out by four
principal means: (1) examination of all previously gathered
data and information, (2) investigation of outcrops and
exposures at and in the vicinity of the site, (3) study of the
trench walls themselves and backhoe pits at selected
locations on and around the site, and (4) study of drill hole
samples collected on and around the site. The location of
the drill hole samples coincides with well nests and profiles
shown on the site map (Figure 1).
Mine Cleaning Refuse
— Water table (m), April 1984
Figure 1. Map showing water table elevation (m) in April, 1984;
locations of trenches, wells and cross section.
A detailed geologic description of the site was presented by
Follmer (1984); a cross section is given in Figure 2 following
the orientation shown in Figure 1.
The first unit encountered at the land surface is the modern
soil developed in the Peoria Loess. It is orange-brown in
color and is variable in thickness across the site. The loess
itself is a windblown, clayey silt. The combined thickness of
the Peoria Loess and modern soil ranges from 1 ft to 4 ft.
Beneath the Peoria Loess is the Roxana Silt with the
Farmdale Soil developed at the top of the silt. This silt,
which has a higher sand content than the Peoria Loess, is 1
ft to 3-ft thick. Underlying the loess is the Vandalia Till,
which has three phases: an upper, brown, stiff
weathered zone, a brown, brittle weathered zone, and a gray
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unweathered zone. An ancient soil, the Sangamon paleosoi,
is developed in the upper portion of the till and varies from 8
ft to 12 ft in thickness at the site. Discontinuous sand
lenses are found widely scattered throughout the Vandalia
Till, but are more common at the base of the unit. The
Vandalia Till, below the Sangamon Soil, typically varies in
thickness from 5 ft to 20 ft. This till overlies an older till of
the Banner Formation (Follmer,. 1984). The thickness of this
formation is unknown at most locations, since few borings
penetrated it completely. One boring, at Nest 1,
encountered nearly 50 ft of the Banner Formation.
An investigation designed to detect chemical and
mineralogical effects in Pleistocene deposits by the
overlying gob pile led to the observation of mixed-layer
[ kaolinite/smectite (K/S) in the Sangamon paleosoi. This clay
mineral is an indicator of weathering in well-drained soils. Its
irregular distribution suggests a complex pattern of well-
[ drained and poorly drained soils during the Sangamon
interval. It is probable that permeability and degree of
cracking in the paleosoi also vary with the paleodrainage
and/or paleotopography. No alteration of feldspar to kaolinite
was observed.
Hydrology
Hydrogeologic and geochemical investigations of the site
were carried out using borings for installation of 11
piezometer nests, nine monitoring well nests and two well
profiles (Figure. 1). Piezometer nests included three to six
piezometers, whereas well nests contained two to four wells.
Eight to ten wells were included in well profiles. Details of
piezometer construction are presented in Herzog and Morse
(1986) and Griffin et al. (1984). These piezometers were
initially installed for in-situ hydraulic conductivity tests at the
various depths of the piezometers. Later these piezometers
were used to establish the long-term piezometric surface
and, in turn, the hydraulic gradient and flow across the site.
Core samples from these borings were used for chemical
analysis. The chemistry of the water was not analyzed
because of interference caused by the water added during
the hydraulic conductivity slug tests. Slug tests were
analyzed by three methods: Cooper et al. (1967), with
additional type curves by Papadopulos et al. (1973); Nguyen
and Pinder (1984); and Hvorslev (1951). These tests are
discussed in detail in Herzog and Morse (1986). Results
from these slug tests are given in Table 1.
Vertical holes were used to measure hydraulic conductivity
in the horizontal direction, and angle holes at separate
locations to measure hydraulic conductivity in the vertical
direction. Three nests, containing three to four holes per
nest were drilled on a 45° angle to intersect possible
vertical fractures. In-situ hydraulic conductivity
measurements were carried out; these results are also
presented in Table 1.
Differences between vertical and horizontal hydraulic
conductivity ranged from near agreement for a soft ablation
zone to more than a factor of 10 in the unaltered basal
Vandalia. The higher ratios in the basal Vandalia till are
believed due to joints in the till that were observed to have a
predominately vertical orientation. Vertical joints were
observed in nearly all exposures of the till, in backhoe
trenches on the site, and in the continuous cores collected
from angle-hole drilling. These joints were common in the
Sangamon Soil and decreased in. number with depth.
The field-determined, hydraulic conductivity values were
consistent between methods (Herzog and Morse, in press).
Although not all piezometers could be reasonably analyzed
using all three slug test methods, all could be analyzed by
at least one method. These values are 10 to 1000 times
greater than the laboratory-determined values (Griffin et. al.,
1984; Herzog, and Morse, 1986). These differences are
believed due to the discontinuous joints present in the tills
and to scale effects.
A separate set of monitoring wells was constructed for water
quality samples. Hydraulic conductivity was measured on
the monitoring wells during development with the use of the
recovery test as described by Todd (1980). These results
are also given in Table 1. Recovery test results were
generally higher than were slug test results. This is believed
to be the result of an attempt to locate the monitoring wells
in the more permeable zones.
ISGS monitoring well piezometers and SCA monitoring wells
were used to measure the potentiometric surface in each
zone. The water table is shown in Figure 1. Potentiometric
surfaces of deeper zones showed the same general pattern
with lower water levels, indicating that the zones are
connected and the vertical gradient is downward. Figure 1
also shows the influence of the gob pile on groundwater flow
at the site; groundwater flows radially outward from the gob
pile.
Geoc/iem/sfry
Sampling Protocol
As part of the groundwater sampling program, time-series
samples were analyzed to help establish a protocol for
sampling wells finished in fine-grained sediments. These
tests, described more fully in Griffin et al. (1985), showed
dramatic changes in concentration with time after purging.
Most volatile organic compounds were found in their lowest
concentration before purging and their greatest
concentration after 2 hr to 8 hr of recharge. Additional
research is needed however to verify the trends observed
during this series of experiments.
Contaminant Distribution'
Organic compounds were analyzed both from soil samples
and from monitoring wells. The soil samples were collected
as the bore holes for placement of the monitoring wells were
drilled. As reported by Griffin et al. (1984), the highest
concentrations of organic chemicals were found in the
Vandalia Till ablation and weathered basal zones over most
of the site. At nest V, the zone of highest contamination was
the weathered basal Vandalia Till. These zones have higher
hydraulic conductivities than both the overlying and
underlying zones, as can be seen in Table 1.
Monitoring well results indicated that organic compounds
were also found in the unweathered Vandalia Till. A typical
contaminant distribution pattern with trichlorethylene used
as an example, is shown in Figure 2. The highest levels of
contamination on the site were found on the southwest
corner of French Area A, at nests W1 and B, in the
unaltered basal Vandalia, where endrin and dieldrin were
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Table 1. Geometric Means of Field Hydraulic Conductivity Data
Slug tests (cm/s)
Material
Peoria Loess/gob
contact
Vandalia Till ablation
aone-soft,clayey
Vandalia Till ablation
zone-soft, mushy
Base of ablation
zone/top of altered
Vandalia Till
Basal Vandalia Till-
altered, jointed
Basal Vandalia Till-
unaltered
Vandalia Till/Banner
Formation Contact
Banner
Formation/bedrock
contact
Orientation
Vertical
Vertical 45°
angle
Vertical
45 "angle
Cooper et al.
method
1.3 x 10~7
3.8 x 10-5
7.5 x 10-5
Vertical j
Vertical 45°
angle
Vertical
45°angle
Vertical
1.2 x 10-6
8.5 x 10-6
8.4 x 10-7
5.7 x 10'7
Vertical
i
Nguyen &
Finder
1.2 x 20-7
6.4 x 10-7
1.9 x 10-5
2.4 x 10-s
2.3 x ID'6
1.2 X10-S
6.5 x 10-8
9.4 x 10-7
1.1 x 10-7
Hvorslev
method
1.2 x 10-7
4.3 x 10-7
1.2 x 10-7
1.2 x 10-
8.4 x 10-7
3.0 x 10-6
3.9 x 10-8
8.0 x 10-7
2.8 x 10'6
Recovery test
4.8 x 10-3
2.0 x 10-6
1.6 x 10-5
1.3 x 10-6
4.0 x 10-6
6.8 xio-7
9.9 X10-7
1.7 x 10-7
present in concentrations greater than 1%. High levjels of
contamination in the unaltered Vandalia suggest that
contaminants are moving downward through sand lenses
and interconnected joints. '
i
Organic Chemical/Clay Interactions
X-Ray Diffraction Studies :
To establish a procedure for rapidly screening chemical
effects on clay liners and covers, a study was done of
changes in interplanar spacing of smectite in a sodium
bentonite gel caused by different chemicals. The purpose of
this research was to study the mechanisms involved in
organic chemical/clay interactions. It was not meant]to be
site-specific to Wilsonville.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to rapidly determine
changes in basal interplaner spacing (001). A smectite [gel in
demineralized water has an (001) spacing of 100 to 150 + A.
Many chemicals induce a collapse of the (001) spaqing to
12 to 20 A. This collapse is associated with flocculatibn and
crack formation in the gel, which, if occurring in the| field,
could result in large increases in permeability of a clay
barrier. Past studies had suggested that the effects of
chemicals on a smectite gel would be similar to the effects
on nonswelling colloidal particles, although the magnitude of
permeability change should be much less. }
I
The XRD study confirmed estimates of the type of changes
that occur. It was found that salts, alcohols, and several
other chemicals that were miscible in water caused^ rapid
collapse, flocculation, and crack formation in the bentonite
gel. High concentrations of sodium collapsed smectit^ to 17
A as compared with 19A when saturated with calciurn ions.
Calcium replacement usually causes collapse. Expansion of
smectite by organic chemicals is known to be roughly
proportional to their dielectric constants. Unfortunately, only
compounds miscible in water could be studied by this
technique, and many of the problem chemicals at
Wilsonville and other hazardous waste sites are mostly
immiscible in water.
In summary, water, acetone, and various dispersants cause
smectite to expand and seal clay liners. Most organic
chemicals, metal cations with a charge above +1, and high
levels of univalent ions cause collapse of the smectite with
flocculation and cracking. These results indicate that non-
expanding clay minerals might provide a better barrier to
waste migration, especially if these liner materials are
locally available and could be obtained at low enough cost
to produce a significantly thicker barrier.
Viscosity and Test Tube Studies
Because the XRD experiments were limited by the types of
chemicals that could be evaluated, a series of experiments
were designed to see if viscosity measurements and/or
change in gel structure in a sealed test tube could be used
to rapidly screen new chemicals and mixtures of chemicals
for their effect on liner integrity. The viscosity tests were run
on sodium smectite gels, and XRD determinations were
made before the samples were sealed in test tubes for still
further observation.
Results matched very well with earlier XRD studies. It was
again impossible to perform meaningful tests on immiscible
chemicals. An attempt was also made to use acetone as an
immiscibility "bridge," but the approach was not successful.
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ft m
640-4-195
SW
630-
620-
610
600-
590-
580
-190
-185
-180
^afer Table JA_priM2,J984)|_
Trench Area B
Va'ndalia ablation tiHT
/ /Basal Vandalia Till, altered, jointed
Basal Vandalia Till,
unaltered
- 625 - Equipotential line (ft)
h Well screen (well 1D)
Figure 2. Cross from Profile V through Trench Area B to the gob pile showing distribution and trichlorethylene (ppb) in
groundwater, September 1984.
A viscosity decrease, flocculation, crack formation, and
(001) collapse were all closely correlated.
Future work should include more attention to partitioning
coefficients for immiscible chemicals. After the degree of
chemical adsorption on a water-wetted clay surface is
determined, other tests should be made to determine the
effect on liner integrity. More effort should be devoted to
evaluate locally available clays for use as clay barriers and
to compare those materials with bentonite. A study of rate of
loss of water-immiscible wastes from organophillic
adsorbent clays is also needed to estimate waste migration.
Finally, both hydrophilic and organophilic systems need to
be studied with complex mixtures of chemicals under
realistic field conditions.
Gob Pile Effects
A study of the gob pile (coal cleaning refuse) was performed
to determine if acid mine drainage increased the rate of
contaminant migration. Measurements of soil pH were taken
at increments of approximately 1 ft at Nest I. Values of pH in
the gob ranged from 1.85 to 2.40, with the lower values
occurring at the bottom of the gob pile. The pH
measurement immediately below the gob pile was 3.25.
Within 8 ft of the bottom of the gob pile, pH values were
greater than 7 and between 7 and 9 for the remainder of the
stratigraphic column.
Measurements of pH were also made at monitoring wells in
Nest A and Profiles V and W. All water samples had pH
values between 6 and 7. It was concluded that the effect of
.acid mine drainage was highly localized and did not affect
chemical migration in the trenches at the site.
Trench Cover Studies
Cover Condition
The condition of the covers was examined as the covers
were removed to determine the effect of surface and inter-
nal erosion. Investigative techniques included photo-
interpretation, remote sensing, and soil erosivity testing
(Stohretal., 1985).
Depressions and sinkholes in the trench covers were found
by field inspection, supplemented by interpretation of large
scale aerial photography. Most severe depressions occurred
over trenches that extended to nearby contaminated
monitoring wells (Stohr et al., 1985). Not all contaminated
monitoring wells were associated with depressions,
however. Freely drained depressions were distinguished
from water-holding depressions with the use of a post-
sunset thermal infrared ground survey. Freely drained
depressions were slightly warmer than the adjacent ground,
whereas water-retaining depressions were relatively cooler.
Soil erosivity was tested using the pinhole techniques
developed by Sherard et al. (1976) to determine the
susceptibility of trench cover materials to piping. The
qualitative results ranged between "unsusceptible" and
"highly susceptible" to piping. A cover in French Area B,
which contained sinkholes, included both severely erosive
and very resistant soils. No depressions were found in
French Area A and its cover was moderately resistant to
piping (Stohr et al., 1987). This suggests that the pinhole
test would be useful for selecting cover material.
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Differential Settlement
Tilt plates and a precision (third-order) survey were us|ed to
monitor settlement, differential settlement, and tilt of jsome
of the trench covers (Griffin et al., 1983). A "Tiltrrjeter"
(manufactured by Slope Indicator Company*) recorded
tilting measurements at points on 11 trench covers. I
i
Multiple linear regression was employed to model the
relationships between tilting plates and climatic variables
(temperature and precipitation) for 3, 7, and 14 days before
surveying. The model accounts for only 34% of the
movement of the tilt plates.
t
Both temperature and precipitation, at days 3 and 14,
however, correlated inversely with the tilt plate elevation
data during the study period. This movement is believed to
loosen the compacted soil thereby increasing void pace and
pore size. The surface of the cover appears ti) be
particularly vulnerable to these effects. |
Mine Subsidence
i
Subsidence of an underground coal mine, located 300 ft
below the site, was postulated to cause trench instability
and, therefore, to increase rates of chemical migration.
Stereoscopic examination of historical aerial photographs
showed no depressions adjacent to the landfill site. Tree
canopies obscured the ground in some areas; however, no
pattern of tilting trees was observed. A ground
reconnaissance survey done before the exhumjation
activities found no surface depression or other indications of
mine subsidence at the landfill site.
Monthly precision (3rd order) vertical surveys of deep
settlement probes set at or below the bottom of the burial
trenches were done to measure near-surface movements
that indicate underground mine stability. Statistical analysis
by Pearson correlation coefficients showed that all, except
one, of the deep probes were highly correlated.; The
movement of the exception probe is believed to be d|ue to
slope instability, because of its proximity to a steep slope.
Therefore, because no mine subsidence was present at the
site, mine subsidence did not affect the rate of chemical
migration.
Conditions of Drums and Wastes >
As drums and other wastes were removed from the
trenches, their condition was documented to help interpret
the effects of the leachate on the drums and earth materials,
the relative leachate strength, and drum life expectancy^.
On three occasions, stereo photography was used to record
trench investigations. A 2-ft aluminum cube assembled on
site was used for interior orientation of the photography
(Stohr, 1983). Photographic observations of drums and other
waste containers were made periodically during the landfill
exhumation. Observations and photographs were not made
systematically, however. ;
"Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.. i
Results from one study of inclination of drums in one trench
indicated that they varied from 0° to 32° from the vertical as
measured from a photograph wjth a level and plum
aluminum cube atop the drums. Void space between the
drums was calculated to range from 17% to 38% of the
trench volume. The condition of the exhumed drums and
wastes varied greatly: the inclination of drums varied from
0° to 90° from vertical and the condition of the waste was
from good to highly degraded. The good condition of some
drums (paint intact, drums undeformed, and sacks of
herbicide intact) suggests that the longevity of a waste
container in a landfill depends on its original condition,
handling, contents, and the composition of fluids that
surround it. During the excavation of trench 24, drums
buried 3 yr earlier, sitting in an unknown orange-brown
liquid, had intact paint (although some showed surface
corrosion).
Conclusions
The primary reason that the Wilsonville industrial waste
disposal site failed to perform as predicted was that the
earth materials had higher hydraulic conductivity values
than the original tests indicated. The original predictions
were based on laboratory-determined values of hydraulic
conductivity, which were confirmed by this study. Field-
determined values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity,
however, were 10 to 1000 times greater than laboratory-
determined values. In addition, the original investigation did
not recognize the importance of vertical joints and
disconnected sand lenses. These joints cause the vertical
hydraulic conductivity to be up to 10 times greater than the
horizontal value. Joints and sand lenses also presented
preferential pathways for downward movement of chemicals
at some locations in and around the site.
Rates of chemical migration may also have been enhanced
by differential settlement and reactions of organic chemicals
with clay. Highly erodible earth materials allowed freely
draining depressions to develop in the trench covers, and
thus permitted surface water to enter the trenches, interact
with, the waste and increase groundwater gradients out of
the trenches.
The highest levels of contamination found at Nest B and
Profile W are immediately downgradient of an area where
large quantities of liquid wastes were buried. Interactions
between these chemicals and the clay may have opened
joints, and increased downward flow. This mechanism does
not appear to be significant elsewhere on the site.
Although the site was not affected by the acid mine
drainage or subsidence, the coal refuse pile did create a
groundwater mound that affected the local flow direction and
gradients in the shallow groundwater flow system.
This Research Brief and the articles by Follmer (1984),
Griffin et al. (1983, 1984, 1985), Herzog et al. (1989), Herzog
and Morse (1986, and in press), Johnson et al. (1983), Stohr
(1983), and Stohr et al. (1985 and 1987) were submitted by
the Illinois State Geological Survey in partial fulfillment of
Cooperative Agreement CR810442 under the sponsorship of
CR810442 under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The Principal Investigator was Dr.
-------
Robert A. Griffin of the Illinois State Geological Survey,
Champaign, IL 61820. Dr. Michael H. Roulier was the EPA
Project Officer
References
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Follmer, L. R. 1984. Soil-An Uncertain Medium for Waste
Disposal. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual
Madison Waste Comference. University of Wisconsin-
Extension, Madison, Wl p. 296-311.
Griffin, R. A., K. Cartright, P. B. DuMontelle, L. R. Follmer,
C. J. Stohr, T. M. Johnson, M. M. Killey, R. E. Hughes,
B. L. Herzog, and W. J. Morse. 1983. Investigation of
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E. Hughes, S. F. J. Chore, and L. R. Follmer, 1985.
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Comparison of Laboratory and Field-Determined
Values. Waste Management and Research, 4:177-187.
Herzog, B. L, and W. J. Morse. In press. Comparison of
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Hvorslev, M. J. 1951. Time Lag and Soil Permeability in
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