&EPA United States Office of Research and Office of International Off ice of Water EPA/600/M-91/032 Environmental Protection Development Activities Washington, DC 20460 October 1991 Agency Washington, DC 20460 Washington, DC 20460 Small Community Wastewater Systems ------- EPA Technical Information Packages This brochure is part of a series of information packages prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Aimed at the international community, the packages focus on key environmental and public health issues being investigated by EPA. The products highlighted within these packages provide a sound technical basis for decisions regarding the development of environmental policy, abatement activities, and pollution prevention. By pooling expertise in the areas of environmental science and technology, significant progress can be anticipated to ensure a habitable environment for all nations. Small Community Wastewater Systems discusses the scope of the wastewater problem in small communities, wastewater collection and treatment systems, as well as sludge management Brochures and associated support material are available on the following topics: • Ensuring Safe Drinking Water ....EPA/600/M-91/012 . Water Quality EPA/600/M-91/033 • Mining Waste Management EPA/600/M-91/027 • Risk Assessment EPA/600/M-91/034 • Pesticide Waste Disposal EPA/600/M-91/028 • Pesticide Usage Guidelines EPA/600/M-91/035 • Air Quality Management EPA/600/M-91/029 • Pollution Prevention EPA/600/M-91/036 • Solid Waste Disposal EPA/600/M-91/030 * Environmental Impact • Hazardous Waste Management ..EPA/600/M-91/031 Assessments EPA/600/M-91/037 * Small Community Wastewater • EPA Information Sources EPA/600/M-91/038 Systems EPA/600/M-91/032 • Environmental Management ...EPA/600/M-91/039 Each complete Technical Information Package (TIP) consists of a cover brochure as well as all of the documents highlighted within the body of the brochure. Generally, the cover brochures contain a section discussing the environmental issue, associated health and environmental effects, guidelines, sampling and analytical methods, as well as treatment and disposal technologies. Following this section, a bibliography is provided to identify other important sources and documents in the field. An attempt has been made to provide references that are readily available in technical libraries. Finally, a number of Office of Research and Development (ORD) technical experts followed by some additional EPA resources are listed to facilitate consultation and technical assistance. Document ordering information is provided on the back inside cover. ------- Scope of the Wastewater Problem in Small Communities Fully 25 percent of the homes in the United States (U.S.) are not served by centralized col- lection and treatment of domestic wastewater. This percentage is relatively stable, and is un- likely to drop below 20 percent since large numbers of unsewered homes constructed each year. A 1975 still are being World Health Organization (WHO) study of developingcoun- tries showed, hi contrast, that 75 percent of urban dwellers were not served by sewers, and 25 percent had no disposal system of any kind. Only 1 5 percent of rural dwellers had adequate excreta disposal methods. In the U.S., small communities that are serviced by centralized collection and treatment (of < 1 mgd) constitute more than 80 percent of all wastewater facili- ties. Sixty-four percent of all treatment facili- ties serve fewer than 3,500 people. A complete breakdown is given in Table 1. In terms of environmental impact, 90 per- cent of the rural communities of the U.S. obtain Table 1. U.S. WASTEWATER SYSTEMS BY SIZE DISTRIBUTION SIZE NO. (POPULATION SERVED) UNSEWERED * <1,000 5,983 1,000-3,500 3,920 3,500-10,000 2,670 10,000-100,000 2,427 >100,000- 446 NATIONAL 15,591 TOTAL % OF POPULATION % TOTAL SERVED POPULATION POTW (MILLION) 0 69 38 2 26 9 17 18 16 72 3 80 100 . 250 25 1 4 7 29 34 100 *23 x 106 Septic tank/soil absorption systems their drinking water from ground water sources, and a high percentage of these are served by septic tank-soil absorption systems (ST-SAS), which represent a health risk to the quality of that ground water. The sewered small communities represent the dominant number (estimated well in excess of 90 percent) of non-compliance violations of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. Since the majority of these systems discharge to higher quality, lower flow streams, the local impacts of these violations are often disproportionately higher than would be the case if only the population were considered on a comparative national basis. Despite the intensive wastewater facility public works programs of the last two decades, the number of dwellings served by individual or non-sewered systems has risen steadily, e.g., from 20.2 million in 1970 to 22.6 million in 1980. With the end of the federal construction grants program, the total number of unsewered facilities is likely to increase at a rate greater than the 320,000-per-year rate of the 1970s. The following products have been devel- oped to maximize the efficiency of these onsite systems and to provide a basis for the optimal use/disposal of resulting residual solids from these onsite treatment devices: EPA 625/1-80/012 "Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems" ~ The document deals with a variety of alternative system designs to overcome site Printed on Recycled Paper ------- Roof Terminal Plumbing Rxtures to be Property Trapped and Vented House Sewers to be Laid on WeN Compacted Earth Absorption field Non Perforated Tite Figure 1. Typical Onsite System 2 limitations which preclude conventional onsite systems. It describes how to evaluate the site to choose the optimal design and management. The document also presents design and opera- tion requirements, as well as performance and applicability criteria for dozens of alternative subsurface soil disposal and surface disposal alternatives. Detailed wastewatercharacteriza- tion and pollution prevention/recycle concepts are provided to facilitate optimum solutions to onsite disposal problems. EPA/625/6-84/009 "Handbook: SeptageTreatmentandDisposal" -Thisdocu- ment was prepared by an international team of experts to maximize the technical information provided on each of the alternative means of treatment and disposal. A strategy of septage management options also is provided to assist localities and their engineers in choosing the most advantageous approach for each set of circumstances. Both of these documents are being up- dated at this time, but both remain germane to present-day needs for assistance until the new documents are completed. Appropriate Wastewater Collection Systems In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a gen- eral awakening to the dilemma of wastewater facilities for small communities revealed that conventional gravity sewers constituted the ------- great majority of the total cost This spurred interest in alternative collection systems that employ small-diameter, light-weight piping buried at shallow depths to serve economically the rural areas with low population densities. These alternative collection systems are classi- fied as three types in accordance with their predominant motive force: pressure, vacuum and gravity. Pressure sewers are subdivided into grinder-pump (GP) systems, which macerate sewage solids before pumping, and septic tank effluent pumping (STEP) systems, which use septic (interceptor) tanks to remove grit, grease and settleable solids prior to pumping. Both systems have been widely applied in North America and in several European and Asian countries. Pressure sewers have been the most popular alternative collection systems in the U.S., with more than 200 systems installed through the federal grants programin the 1980s. Small-diameter gravity (SDG) sewers are nearly as popular as pressure sewers in the U.S., owing to their innate simplicity. These sewers use septic (interceptor) tanks to remove the problem-causing settleable and floatable mate- rials prior to entry into the sewer. This system minimizes concerns of sewer clogging and re- quired self-cleaning velocities, which cause costs of conventional sewers to escalate due to the deep burial and lift stations needed to satisfy these codified requirements. Small-diameter gravity sewers and similar, simplified gravity collection systems also are becoming popular in North and South America, Australia and Asia because of their reduced capital costs and operating requirements when compared with conventional sewers. Vacuum sewers (VS)date back to the 19th century and utilize a central vacuum source that draws wastewater and air through collection pipes to the central collection point. These systems have been the least popular of the three alternatives, with fewer than 50 installations in the U.S. However, their popularity has been growing in the past few years since they can serve denser developments in rural areas and provide wastewater in a fresher condition. The following design manual represents the culmination of more than twenty years of experience with alternative collection systems: EPA/625/1-91/024 "Manual: Alterna- tive Wastewater Collection Systems" - This document outlines the history of non-conven- tional sewer systems, why and where they may be advantageous as alternatives, their design and performance histories, their operation and maintenance requirements and cost examples. The text carefully documents component fea- tures and their impact on performance, pro- vides examples of site conditions that have been serviced effectively by these systems and deals with the myths that are commonly en- countered when these systems are proposed as solutions to local problems. The manual pre- sents in detail the materials of construction, sizing and key features of each component part of the various alternative sewer systems. The material provided illustrates the variability of operation and maintenance requirements, as well as system performance due to different design approaches, materials of construction and construction/procurement procedures. Appropriate Small Community Wastewater Treatment Systems Recent information from EPA's Office of Water "Needs Survey" indicates that more than 10,000 small communities are in need of some form of wastewater management assistance. The 1988 Survey indicates thatmore than 10,000 faculties have documented water quality or public health problems. The efforts initiated in the 1970s determined that urban technologies cannot be downsized and successfully used in small communities for a variety of reasons. Conventional gravity sewers become prohibi- tively expensive in rural areas, where median incomes are significantly lower than in urban/ suburban areas. Operation and maintenance (O&M)-intensive treatment systems, commonly employed in urban areas, e.g., conventional activated sludge, have failed to function prop- erly in rural areas. In fact, even the simplified activated sludge concepts, such as oxidation ditches, extended aeration, etc., have exhibited poor performance in plants processing less than 50,000 to 100,000 gallons per day (gpd). Most of these processes require a level of process expertise rarely found in available operating personnel in rural locations, and when it is attained through training and experience, it is 3 ------- lost to largo1 cities due to concomitantly in- creased salaries. Therefore, the high rate of non-compliance in small community activated sludge systems is completely rational. One advantage of small communities over urban areas is the general availability of land. Wastewater stabilization ponds are the most frequently employed (>7,000) treatment sys- tem in the U.S., which trades off simplicity of operation for land. To a lesser degree the trick- ling filter operation also is a larger space- intensive system, which is far easier to operate than an activated sludge system. The more than 2,000 of these processes that are in operation also verify their applicability in small- to me- dium-size communities. Unfortunately, small community systems often are located on high quality streams with low flows. Therefore, many of the ponds and Miters in use require upgrading to meet more stringent water quality standards. This goal should be accomplished in a manner which is low in capital cost with minimal O&M de- mands of the staff. Probably the most popular approach has been use of various forms of land treatment that require large land areas, but minimal operation and maintenance. Constructed wetlands have recently come to the forefront as a treatment approach that fits a small community's needs, i.e., land intensive and operationally simple. Because of the lack of verified design criteria, these systems are not yet being constructed in an optimal fashion. The number of such systems has already reached 150, and they are being widely touted in the popular press as a panacea to small community treatment problems. These systems potentially may be ideal for small communities in cases whereonly conventional poUutantremoval (sec- ondary treatment) is required or in combination with other simple approaches or even other types of constructed wetlands. Other natural or simple (less mechanical) systems that show great promise for use in small communities are several forms of inter- mittent sand filters and recirculating filters. These systems take advantage of additional available land and limited O&M to treat waste- waters from small communities to a more con- sistently high level than presently employed activated sludge systems. Also promising are some newer, highly automated treatment sys- tems that utilize sequencing or periodic ap- proaches to activated sludge treatment This approach, which minimizes the need for pro- cess (mechanistic, kinetic, etc.) understanding but relies on mechanical aptitude of the O&M staff (easily found in rural settings), has been successfully employed in small European fa- cilities. The following documents provide detailed information on the above treatment problem assessment, upgrading concepts, and appropri- ate treatment alternatives: EPA 625/6-89/020 "Handbook: Retro- fitting POTWs" - This document provides the engineering community with two important sets of information. The first is descriptive information on a variety of techniques for ret- rofitting existing treatment facilities to upgrade theirperfonnance withoutmajor capital expen- ditures. The second is the comprehensive per- formance evaluation/composite correction pro- gram technique of assessing existing facilities to determine the critical problems that prevent better performance. The handbook provides experience data and costs on low-capital-inten- sive treatment plant upgrading/retrofitting. It focuses on the small- to medium-sized facili- ties and attempts to provide maximization of existing structures through basic improvement EPA 625/1-83/015 "Design Manual: Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds" - This document is a comprehensive assessment of stabilization pond technology for small com- munity wastewater treatment It provides dis- cussion of theory, design, performance, con- struction, upgrading alternatives, energy re- quirements, and capital, operation and mainte- nance costs to ensure that this technology is utilized in the most appropriate manner. The information has applicability for both new and existing stabilization ponds and presents cold and warm climate information, as well as a comprehensive comparison of alternative de- sign methods. It also provides suggestions for maximizingpond performance, based on expe- rience on numerous issues other that normal sizing criteria. EPA 625/1-81/013 "Process Design Manual: Land Treatment of Municipal Waste- water" -Thisdocumentprovidesacomprehen- sive description of land treatment methods (in- ------- eluding rapid infiltration, overland flow and slow-rate infiltration). Energy, health and de- sign issues are presented, along with perfor- mance and operational data. A supplement (EPA 625/l-81/013a "Process Design Manual: Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater") provides additional data on rapid infiltration and overland flow to improve the sections in the original design manual. The wealth of dataprovided on climate, soil infiltra- tion rates and various plant uptake rates can guide the engineer through the process of de- sign. These systems require a more skillful design capability. These documents are com- prehensive in nature to address the numerous features required for adequate design. EPA 625/1-88/022 "Design Manual: Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Sys- tems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment" - This document was developed in 1988 to as- semble the state-of-the-art design information on natural wastewater treatment systems. Both free-water-surface and subsurface constructed wetlands are described and assessed, since both have been usedin the U.S. for small community wastewater treatment. In the aquaculture sec- tion, data on both water hyacinth and duckweed systems are provided. The information pre- sented consolidates early worldwide experi- ence. Sludge Management in Small Communities Traditionally, the sludges generated by smaller wastewater treatment facilities and onsite systems have presented difficult prob- lems for small communities, even though the general availability of land should make these simpler to solve than sludge problems in urban areas. The mostcommon scenariofor wastewa- ter treatment plant sludge handling is digestion by aerobic or anaerobic means, air drying on sand beds and dried solids burial in landfills or trenches. Aerobic digesters have been shown generally to be unable to meet EPA's proposed sludge regulations regarding pathogen reduc- tion, while anaerobic digesters are costly to build and demand higher employee skill levels to operate. Operator-friendly concepts such as autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) need to be implemented in the U.S. The process of sand bed drying of sludges has been seriously questioned by several states and foreign countries in recent years, and low-cost Heat Loss to Surroundings Mixing Heat Input Feed Sludge Biological Heat Production Influent Gas (Air) Sensible and Latent Water Vapor Heat Loss in Gas Effluent Heat Loss in Sludge Effluent Figure 2. Heat Balance Schematic of a Thermophilic Aerobic Digester ------- retrofitting concepts, based on comprehensive studies of these systems, and compatible alter- native technologies are needed. Landfilling of small community sludges becomes increas- ingly less acceptable each day. Although land spreading is now widely practiced, only 2 8 % of the small community treatment plant sludges arc presently being utilized for this form of beneficial reuse, despite the local availability of land. The following documents provide engi- neering design, performance and operating and maintenance information on sludge manage- ment systems for small communities: EPA 625/10-89/006 "Environmental Regulations andTechnology- ControlofPatho- gens in Municipal Wastewater Sludge" - This document describes the need for concern and the U.S. regulations on pathogens in sludge. It also describes the pathogen-removal capability of a variety of sludge processing steps includ- ing those incorporated in "processes to signifi- cantly reduce pathogens" and "processes to further reduce pathogens" definitions. Finally, it discusses proposed regulatory changes and provides listings of federal and state personnel who can provide assistance. EPA 625/10-90/007 "Environmental Regulations and Technology - Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Municipal Wastewater Sludge" - The report summarizes the data from Europe on the Autothermal Ther- mophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) technol- ogy. The principles, design, performance and costs of the ATAD systems are included. The variations in ATAD system design are clearly described and their relative merits are high- lighted. A design example is provided, as is a comparison of ATAD system performance ver- sus U.S. regulatory requirements for pathogen reduction and vector attraction. German crite- ria for agricultural use of sludge are also pro- vided. EPA 625/1-87/014 "Design Manual: Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges" - This document provides the necessary engi- neering data for selection of the optimum de- watering system for new installations and for upgrading existing sludge handling schemes. It emphasizes the need for proper conditioning prior to dewatering, and it provides accurate estimates of product quality and its impact on disposal schemes. Many case studies are pro- vided for all types of dewatering discussed under the categorical designations of air dry- ing, belt presses, centrifugation, vacuum filtra- tion and pressure filtration. However, only a few of these are potentially viable for small communities. EPA 625/10-84/003 "Environmental Regulations andTechnology - UseandDisposal of Municipal Wastewater Sludge" -This docu- ment provides a review of the various alterna- tive methods of sludge disposal and reuse. Key information is provided to assist municipalities in choosing the optimum method of reuse/ disposal. The report features flow diagrams to lead die reader through the required sludge processing steps; additionally, typical chemi- cal and biological constituent information is presented for the various stages of sludge pro- cessing. Evaluations and case studies are pro- vided for the following major options: land application, composting/marketing, landfilling, and incineration. EPA 625/1-83/016 "Process Design Manual: Land Application of Municipal Sludge" - This manual provides the detailed engineering data for the land application of municipal sludges. Extensive information is provided on site evaluation and planning, as well as the key information on design, monitor- ing and operational requirements for agricul- tural, forest land, and disturbed land disposal of sludges. It includes cost information, public participation concepts and other concerns of the engineer in considering this most widely applied beneficial reuse of sludge. EPA 600/6-90/002a "Pathogen Risk Assessment for Land Application of Municipal Sludge:Volume I-Methodology andComputer Model and Volume II - User's Manual" — These document describe a methodology and associated computer model for assessing the risk to humans of pathogens in treated munici- pal sewage sludge applied to land. Land appli- cation of sludge in this methodology refers to the distribution of sludge on or just below the ------- soil surface where it is employed as a fertilizer or soil conditioner for growing human food- chain and non-food-chain crops. The two cat- egories of land application addressed in this model are (1) agricultural utilization and (2) distribution and marketing (D&M), and the source of microbial pathogens is (1) liquid or (2) dried or composted municipal sewage sludge. Volume I describes the conceptual framework of the risk assessment methodology and the structural organization, including as- sumptions and components, of the computer model. Volume H contains background infor- mation to provide the user with an understand- ing of the actual functioning of the model. This information includes descriptions of operating variables and their default values, explanations of the various subroutines, and the mathemati- cal basis for process and transfer functions. EPA/600/6-88/003 "Pathogen Risk Assessment Feasibility Study" — This report evaluates the practicality of formulating guide- lines to assess the risk associated with exposure topathogensin sludge. Risk assessment may be used to determine the likelihood that an envi- ronmental agent may cause human disease (that is, potential to cause human cancer or toxicity). On the assumption that the agent causes a particular disease, given current and projected exposure levels, a quantitative evaluation can be made on the magnitude of the likely impact of the agent on public health. The feasibility of performing a microbiological risk assessment for pathogens in municipal wastewater sludge by various disposal options was also evaluated. Active sewage treatment lagoon. ------- Additional References Scope of Problem in Small Communities Deese PI and JJ1. Hudson. 1980. Planning Waste water Management Facilities for SmaUOfflQmunities.USEPA Publication No. 60Q/8-80/030, NTISNo.PB81-111064. DeWalle, F.B., et aL 1985. Determination of Toxic Chemicals in Effluent from Household Septic Tanks. USEPA Publication No. 600/2-85A>50, NTIS NO.PB85-196798/WEP. Feacnem, R.G, D.J. Bradley, H. Garelick, and DD. Mara. 1980. Sanitation and Disease - Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 3, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Kalbermatten JM SJ.DeAnne,CG.Gunnerson, and D.D. Mara. 1982. AppmiwiateSaiutation Alternatives-A Plaiining and Design Manual. World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Kreissl, JJ7.1985. North American and European Experience with Biological Toilets. Proceedings of JAWPRC Conference on Treatment and Disposal of Human Wastes, Tokyo, Japan. Tomson, M., et al. 1984. Characterization of Soil Disposal System Leaehates. USEPA Pub. No. 600/S2-84/101, NTIS No. PB84 196229. Appropriate Wastewater Collection Systems EPA. 1977. Alternatives for Small Wastewater Treatment Systems: Pressure Sewers/Vacuum Sewers. USEPA Publication No. 625/4-77/011, NTIS No. PB299608 set Huffsey, R.R. 1985. Proceedings - 1985 International Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulic Structures and Water Quality Control, University of Kentucky Publication No. BU138, Lexington, KY. Otis, RJ. 1986. Small-diameter Gravity Sewers - An Alternative for Unsewered Communities. EPA/600/S2-86V022, NTIS No. PB86-167335/ AS.' Rezek, J.W. and LA. Cooper. 1985. Investigations of Existing Pressure Sewer Systems. USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-85A>51. NTIS No. PB85- 197044/AS. Water Pollution Control Federation. 1986. Alternative Sewer Systems. WPCF MOP No. FD-12. ------- Appropriate Small Community Wastewater Treatment Systems Bauer D.R E.T. Conrad, and D.G. Sherman. 198 l.Evaluation of Existing and Potential Technologies for On-site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal. USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-81/178, NTIS Publication No. PB82-101635. Canter L W E W Akin, J.F. Kreissl, and J.F. McNabb. 1983. Microbial Health Considerations of Soil Disposal of Domestic Wastewaters. USEPA Publication No. 600/9-83/017, NTIS No. PB84-122100. Cashell* M M D D. Effert, and J.M. Morand, 1987. Alternative Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems on Severely Limited Sites, USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-86/116, NTIS Publication No. PB87-140992/AS. Ciotoli, P.A. and K.C. WiswaU. 1982. Management of Small Community Wastewater Systems. USEPA Publication No. 600/8-82/009, NTIS No. PB82-260829. Deese, P.L. 1986. An Evaluation of Septic Leachate Detection. USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-86/052, NTIS Publication No. PB86191616/AS. Eikrnn, A.S. and R.W. Seabloom. 1982. Alternative Wastewater Treatment - Low-cost Small Systems, Research and Development. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dortrecht, Netherlands, ISBN 90-277-1430-4. EPA. 1980. Wastewater Alternatives for Small Communities. USEPA Publication No. 600/9-80/062, NTIS Publication No. PB81-131658. Farrell, S.0.1985. Evaluation of Color Infrared Aerial Surveys of Wastewater Soil Absorption Systems. USEPA Publication No. 600/2-85/039, NTIS Publication No. PB85-189074. Guo, PKM. and B.E. Jank. 1980. Design and Selection of Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Environment Canada Report No. EPS-WP-80-3. Hudson, J. 1986. Forecasting Onsite Soil Absorption System Failure Rates. USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-86/060, NTIS No. PB 86-216744/AS. Kalbermatten, J.M., D.S. Julius, and C.G. Gunnerson. 1982. Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives - A Technical and Economic Appraisal. World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. KreisslJJU977.USEPAResponsetoP.L.92-500RelatingtoRuTalWastewater Problems. Proceedings of 3idNational Conference on Individual Onsite Wastewater Systems. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, ML Middlebrooks, E.J. and C.H. Middlebrooks. 1979. Energy Requirements for Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Systems. EPA Publication No. MCD-60 and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Special Report No. 79-7. Nilsson, P. 1990. Infiltration of Wastewater - An applied Study on Treatment of Wastewater by Soil Infiltration. Lund (S.W.) University. Publication No. 1002. ------- Rantala, P.. R Santala, and H. Vikman. 1984. Proceedings of the International Conference on New Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Sewerage in Rural and Suburb Areas. Tampare University Publication No: 19, ISBN 951-720-883-9. Reed, S.C., E.J. Middlebrooks and R.W. Crites. 1988. Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. S±£s£«»»3^m!B^ SSWMP, Management of Small Waste Flows. 1978. USEPA Publication No. 600/2-78/173, NTIS No. PB286 560/AS. Tetreault, MJ., B. Rusien, AJi Benedict, and J.F. Kreissl. 1987. Assessment of Phased Isolation Ditch Technologies. JWPCF, 59(9):833. £yIe£Foi ^VJ'Jlmf• Des«n and Management of Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems. USEPA Publication No. 600/S2-85A)70, NTIS Publication No. "oo3-Zlo37U/AS. Wa^ °,-H. and A.R. Townshend. 1987, Appropriate Wastewater Management Technologies for Rural Areas Under Adverse Conditions. Technical University of Nova Scotia Publication. Water Pollution Control Federation. 1990. Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment WPCF Manual of Practice No. FD-16. Sludge Management in Small Communities Bitton, G., B.L. Damron, G.T. Edds, and J.M. Davidson. 1980. Sludge - Health Risks of Land Application. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, ML Condren, A.J., AT. Wallace, LA. Cooper, and J.F. Kreissl. 1987. Design, Operational and Cost Considerations for Vacuum-assisted Sludge Dewatenng Bed Systems. Journal of WPCF, 59(4):228. 6 Enwronment Canada. 1984. Manual for Land Application of Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge. Environment Canada Publication No. EPS o-EP-84-1. EPA. 1989.1988 Needs Survey - Report to Congress. USEPA Publication No. 430/09-89/001. Feige, W.A., RT. Oppclt, and JF. Kreissl. 1975. An Alternative Septage Treatment Method - Lime Stabilization/Sand-bed Dewaterine. USEPA Publication No. 600/2-75/036. Goldstein, N. 1991. Sludge Management Practices in the U.S. Biocycle, 32(3):46. Gunnerson CG., and D.C. Stuckey. 1986. Integrated Resource Recovery - Anaerobic Digestion - Principles and Practices for Biogas Systems. World Bank Technical Paper No. 49. re./ 10 ------- Page, A.L., T.L, Gleason, I.E. Smith, I.K. Iskandar, and Sommers. 1983. Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land. University of California, Riverside, CA. Rezek, J.W., and I. A. Cooper. 1980. Septage Management USEPA Publication No. 600/8-80/032, NTIS Publication No. PBS 1-142481. Small Community Wastewater Expertise List Project Area Contact FAX Small Community Wastewater Collection James Kreissl 513-569-7566 Small Community Wastewater Treatment Constructed Wetlands . Donald Brown 513-569-7276 Eric Preston 503-757-4799 Filtration Systems James Kreissl 513-569-7566 Land Treatment Systems Carl Enfield 405-332-2210 Sequencing Batch Reactors and Biological Package Plants James Heidman 513-569-7276 Small Community Sludge Management Joseph Farrell 513-569-7276 James Smith 513-569-7566 Ground Water Impact James McNabb 405-332-8800 Health and Environmental Effects Judith Olsen 513-569-7475 Sludge Risk Assessment Methodology NormKowal 513-569-7475 Note: TELEX number for most of the above research staff is 989-296-(US EPA UD). 11 ------- Additional Opportunities for Obtaining Technical Information EPA WORKSHOP: Alternative Collection Systems for Small Communities Technical management and administrative information are pre- sented to optimize the use of alternative collection systems in rural areas. Detailed discussion of design issues vs. performance, planning concepts for optimal use, capital costs and operation and maintenance require- ments will be incorporated. The sessions are primarily aimed at planning, regulatory and engineering communities to minimize misuse and optimize proper application of alternative collection system technology. For EPA semi- nar/workshop information, contact: J. F. Kreissl, USEPA, CERI, G-75, Cincinnati, OH 45268. FAX: 513-569-7566. EPA National Small Flows Clearinghouse at the University of West Virginia. This EPA-supported service maintains a small community technology bibliography service and other small community assistance activities. For additional information and assistance, call 800-624-8301 or 304-293-4191, or write to: USEPA Small Flows Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV 26506. ORD TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER NEWSLETTER An ORD newsletter that provides a current listing of scheduled workshops, conferences, and seminars. It also announces the availabil- ity of new publications, reports, databases, and expert systems. A publication order sheet is included. To receive the Technology Transfer Newsletter, write to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 19963, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0963. DATABASES ATTIC - The Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center database is an information retrieval network mat provides up-to- date technical information on innovative treatment methods for hazard- ous wastes. It facilitates access to innovative technology demonstration studies, remediation ideas and experiences, vendor identification, and expert assistance. This on-line system contains literature search data- bases, treatability databases, a message center, a calendar of events, and a publication listing. Call 301-816-9153 for information or assistance. ORD-BBS - The ORD Electronic Bulletin Board System, in addition to fostering communication among officials, researchers and the private sector, facilitates the exchange of technical information and ORD products in the form of electronic messages, brief bulletins about ORD products and activities, files for downloading, participation in confer- ences, and on-line databases for identifying ORD publications. For additional information and assistance in using the BBS, call 513-569- 7272 or write to: CERI, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD- BBS, G-76, Cincinnati, OH 45268. 12 ------- . Ordering Technical Documents The EPA documents mentioned in the Technical Information Package brochures can be ordered at no charge (while supplies are available) from the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI). Once the CERI inventory is exhausted, clients will be directed to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) where documents may be purchased. Orders can be placed by mail, phone, or FAX. To order documents, have the document number or the EXACT title ready. The journal articles listed in the ^ddiriona/Be/fercncej section may be ordered from the U.S. National Focal Point of INFOTERRA. CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION (CERI) NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS) U.S. EPA, P. O. BOX 19963 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD CINCINNATI, OH 45219-0963 SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 513-569-7562 PHONE 989-296-(US EPA UD) TELEX 703^87-4650 PHONE 513-569-7566 FAX 703-321-8547 FAX NEEDED TO ORDER: EPA document number or the EXACT title. NEEDED TO ORDER: EPA document number, NTIS number, or EXACT tide. INFOTERRA U.S. NATIONAL FOCAL POINT U.S. EPA 401M ST., S.W., PM211A WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 202-260-5917 PHONE (23) 4979995 TELEX 202-260-3923 FAX NEEDED TO ORDER: Name of journal, volume number, and page numbers. ------- EPA TIPs Technical Information Packages ------- |