United States Off ice of Research and Office of International Office of Policy, Planning EPA/600/M-91/036 Environmental Protection Development Activities and Evaluation November 1991 Agency Washington, DC 20460 Washington, DC 20460 Washington, DC 20460 EPA Pollution Prevention ------- EPA Technical Information Packages This brochure is part of a series of information packages prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Aimed at the international community, the packages focus on key environmental and public health issues being investigated by EPA. The products highlighted within these packages provide a sound technical basis for decisions regarding the development of environmental policy, abatement activities, and pollution prevention. By pooling expertise in the areas of environmental science and technology, significant progress can be anticipated to ensure a habitable environment for all nations. Pollution Prevention discusses the concepts of pollution prevention and presents strategies for waste reduction. Examples of successful pollution prevention applications as well as some key sources of further information are presented. Brochures and associated support material are available on the following topics: • Ensuring Safe Drinking Water ....EPA/600/M-91/012 • Water Quality EPA/600/M-91/033 • Mining Waste Management EPA/600/M-91/027 • Risk Assessment EPA/600/M-91/034 • Pesticide Waste Disposal EPA/600/M-91/028 • Pesticide Usage Guidelines EPA/600/M-91/035 • Air Quality Management EPA/600/M-91/029 • Pollution Prevention EPA/600/M-91/036 • Solid Waste Disposal EPA/600/M-91/030 • Environmental Impact • Hazardous Waste Management ..EPA/600/M-91/031 Assessments EPA/600/M-91/037 • Small Community Wastewater • EPA Information Sources EPA/600/M-91/038 Systems . EPA/600/M-91/032 • Environmental Management ...EPA/600/M-91/039 Each complete Technical Information Package (TIP) consists of a cover brochure as well as all of the documents highlighted within the body of the brochure. Generally, the cover brochures contain a section discussing the environmental issue, associated health and environmental effects, guidelines, sampling and analytical methods, as well as waste reduction, treatment and disposal technologies. Following this section, a bibliography is provided to identify other important sources and documents in the field. An attempt has been made to provide references that are readily available in technical libraries. Finally, a number of Office of Research and Development (ORD) contacts followed by some additional EPA resources are listed to facilitate consultation and technical assistance. Document ordering information is provided on page 16. FRONT COVER: High pressure filters for removing paper fines from ink —part of the process to recover ink for reuse. Photo by Lisa Brown. ------- Defining the Problem Many of the pollution problems facing the world—such as global climate change, ozone depletion, and non-point source pollution—are not totally amenable to traditional pollution control regulation and enforcement. Further strides in protecting the environment will re- quire preventing environmental problems by reducing or eliminating the generation of pol- lutants. "Pollution prevention" refers to the reduction, elimination, or recycling of pollut- ant discharges to the air, water, or land. Pollu- tion prevention holds the key to future gains in environmental protection, and offers to many sectors of society significant benefits that are not available through traditional pollution con- trol approaches. These benefits fall into two major categories: • Reduced health and ecological risks - Avoiding the shift of pollutants among environmental media - Reducing the need for transportation and disposal of wastes - Reducing the total waste and pollut- ant burden - Reducing risks of exposure to toxic substances. • Economic benefits - Reducing waste management, compli- ance, liability, and remediation costs - Increasing operating efficiencies - Creating markets for sale or reuse of wastes. It will take a concerted effort by all sectors of our society to realize the full potential of the benefits of pollution prevention. Although these benefits are recognized by many organizations, lack of information and knowledge have been a barrier to implementing pollution prevention programs. Industries often lack the capabili- ties, resources, or motivation to conduct the research necessary to fill these information gaps. Therefore, environmental agencies have a crucial role to play, as leaders in pollution prevention, in forging partnerships with these organizations to conduct research and dissemi- nate the information. Strategies for Management Since the passage of the Pollution Preven- tion Act of 1990, pollution prevention has been considered a national objective in the U.S. The Act states that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source wherever feasible, while pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner. In the absence of feasible prevention or recycling opportunities, wastes should be treated. How- ever, disposal or other releases into the envi- ronment should be used as the last resort. The following is a list of fundamental goals of the EPA pollution prevention research program: (1) Stimulate private sector development and use of products, technologies, and processes that result in reduced pollution. (2) Expand the reusability and recyclability of wastes and products and the demand for re- cycled materials. (3) Identify and promote the implementation of effective socioeconomic and institutional ap- proaches to pollution prevention. (4) Establish a program of research that will anticipate and address future environmental problems and pollution prevention opportuni- ties. (5) Conduct a vigorous technology transfer assistance program that facilitates pollution prevention strategies. To identify wastes and processes where pollution prevention techniques can be initi- ated on a large scale, a nationwide waste track- ing system can be valuable. In the U.S., larger manufacturing operations with toxic chemical production or usage levels abovecertain thresh- old amounts must annually report environmen- tal releases (air, water, land, or underground wells) and off-site transfers (to waste manage- ment facilities) of 302 individual toxic chemi- cals and 20 categories of chemical compounds. Although an allowance can be made (when justified) for companies to claim chemical iden- tities as trade secrets, the practice is rare. An Printed on Recycled Paper ------- optional sectionofthereportformallowsmanu- facturers to list waste minimization activities and the effect these activities have had on toxic releases. The compilation of this information results in EPA's publicly available Toxic Re- lease Inventory (TRI). The TRI data, useful to EPA in determining which toxic chemicals should be reviewed and possibly regulated dif- ferently, can also serve as a diagnostic tool to help manufacturers identify and address sources of pollution. Examples of Pollution Prevention Successes The following are a number of examples where pollution prevention techniques have been found to be successful. These examples clearly demonstrate the potential environmen- tal and economic benefits of pollution preven- tion. Product Substitution The Department of Defense has developed a process in which small plastic beads are air blasted at the surface of an airplane to remove paint. This eliminates the need for hazardous solvents to remove the paint. The Department estimates that this process has decreased the amount of hazardous waste from 10,000pounds of wet sludge to 320 pounds of dry paint chips and disintegrated plastic material per aircraft. In addition, the amount of work required per aircraft to remove the paint by air blasting is eight times less than by traditional methods. Process Modification After analysis of the contribution of clean- ing activities to its waste stream, a California chemical plant changed the reactor rinse and cleaning procedures to segregate and recapture phenol wastes from its sanitary wastes in its resin manufacturing operations. This allowed the company to recover the water-phenol mix- ture for reuse and reduced the use of organics by 93 percent. Product Substitution Riker Laboratories in California replaced an organic solvent with a water-based solvent for coating medicine tablets. As a result of this substitution, Riker realized a one-time savings of $180,000 inpollution control equipment that was deemed unnecessary once the switch to the water-based solvent dramatically reduced air pollution emissions. In addition, Riker is sav- ing $15,000 each year by replacing the organic solvent Resource Recovery An assessment of a steel-making facility showed that calcium fluoride (fluorspar) in the sludge generated during neutralization of the pickling line wastewater could be recovered. By recycling the fluorspar, the company will save the substantial amount of money spent to buy it, and also reduce by 30 percent the volume of sludge requiring disposal. Product Substitution EPA initiated an investigation of four eth- ylene glycol ethers because of the potentially toxic effects of these substances. The Agency determined thatthemostlikely substitutes were propylene glycol ethers (much less toxic than ethylene glycol ethers). As a result of EPA's investigation and fear of possible regulatory action, companies voluntarily reduced their use of ethylene glycol ethers in coatings by 50 percent over a period of four years. Refrigerant Recycling Automotive air conditioner refrigerant is the largest source of ozone depleting chlo- rofluprocarbons in the United States. EPA sampled and analyzed refrigerant from over 200 automobile air conditioners to develop a standard of purity for recycled refrigerant. In 1988, a committee that included representa- tives of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers As- sociation (MVMA), the Mobile Air Condi- tioner Society, and the Society of Automotive Engineers reviewed and approved this standard and recommended it to the MVMA. A program for certification of refrigerant recovery devices has subsequently been initiated. When fully implemented, this research could represent an important milestone in reducing the effects of automotive air conditioner refrigerant in de- pleting the earth's stratospheric ozone layer. The following series of documents were prepared by EPA's Office of Research and Development, in cooperation with the state of California, as guides to pollution prevention for specific wastestreams. ------- EPA/625/7-90/004 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Pesticide Formulating Industry — Pesticide formulating facilities generate wastes during decontamination of mix- ing and storage equipment, housekeeping, and laboratory testing for quality assurance. The wastes generated are: containers with leftover raw materials; pesticide dust and scrubber wa- ter from air pollution control equipment; vola- tile organic compounds; off-specification prod- ucts andlaboratory analysis wastes; spills; waste sands or clays; waste rinse water and solvent; laundry wastewater, and stormwater runoff con- taminated with pesticides. Reducing the gen- eration of these wastes at the source, or recy- cling the wastes on- or off- site, benefits pesti- cide manufacturers by reducing raw materials needs, reducing disposal costs, and lowering the liabilities associated with hazardous waste disposal. This guide provides an overview of the pesticide formulating processes and opera- tions that generate waste and presents options for minimizing waste generation through source reduction and recycling. EPA/625/7-90/005 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Paint Manufacturing Industry—Paint manufacturing facilities gen- erate large quantities of both hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. These wastes are equip- ment cleaning wastewater and waste solvents, filter cartridges, off-specification paint spills, leftover containers, and pigment dusts from air pollution control equipment. Reducing the gen- eration of these wastes at the source or recy- cling the wastes on- or off-site will benefit paint manufacturers by reducing raw material needs, reducing disposal costs, and lowering the li- abilities associated with hazardous waste dis- posal. This guide provides an overview of the paint manufacturing processes and operations that generate waste and presents options for minimizing waste generation through source reduction and recycling. EPA/625/7-90/006 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Fabricated Metal Prod- ucts Industry -r- This guide provides an over- view of the metal fabrication processes and operations that generate waste and presents options for minimizing waste generation through source reduction and recycling. These processes are an integral part of aerospace, electronic, defense, automotive, furniture, do- mestic appliance, and many other industries. Fabricated metal processes generate various hazardous waste streams, including oily wastes frommachining operations, heavy metalbearing streams from surface treatment and plating operations, and additional wastes related to paint application. Reducing the generation of these wastes at the source or recycling the wastes on- or off-site will benefit the metal fabricating industry by reducing raw material needs, reducing disposal costs, and lowering the liabilities associated with hazardous waste disposal. EPA/625/7-90/007 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Industry —This guide identi- fies and analyzes waste minimization method- ologies appropriate for the printed circuit board manufacturing industry. The wastes resulting from printed circuit board manufacturing are associated with five types of processes: clean- ing and surface preparation; catalyst applica- tion and electroless plating; pattern printing and masking; electroplating; and etching. The wastes include airborne particulates, spent plat- ing baths, waste rinsewater, and other wastes. This manual includes waste minimization as- sessment worksheets useful to shop managers, engineers, and consultants in formulating a waste minimization strategy for a particular plant. Also presented are case histories of waste minimization assessments performed at three plants. EPA/625/7-90/008 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Commercial Printing Industry — This guide identifies and analyzes waste minimization methodologies appropri- ate for commercial printers, including lithogra- phers, gravure printers, flexographers, and let- terpress and screen printers. This information largely addresses the wastes and waste minimi- zation options for offset lithographers. A vari- ety of wastes are generated during the printing operation. Waste that can be disposed of in trash include waste paper, film, empty contain- ers, used blankets, anddamagedproducts. These wastes result from image processing, plate making, proof making, printing, and finishing processes. Another form of waste —wastewa- ------- ter—results from imageprocessing, plate mak- ing, and printing processes. Equipment clean- ing wastes and air emissions are other catego- ries of waste. Much of the waste paper gener- ated can be recycled. Reducing the generation of these wastes at the source, or recycling the wastes on- or off-site, will benefit commercial printers by reducingraw material needs, reduc- ing disposal costs, and lowering the liabilities associated with hazardous waste disposal. EPA/625/7-90/00? Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - Selected Hospital Waste Streams—This guide provides an overview of hospital waste generating processes and pre- sents options for minimizing waste generation through source reduction andrecycling. Reduc- ing the generation of these materials at the source, or recycling the wastes on- or off-site, will benefit hospitals by reducing disposal costs and lowering the liabilities associated with haz- ardous waste disposal. The hazardous wastes generated by general medical and surgical hospi- tals are small in volume relative to those of industrial facilities; however, the wastes are of a wide variety. Some of the hospital waste streams discussed in this guide include chemo- therapy and antineoplastic chemicals; solvents; formaldehyde; photographic chemicals; radio- nuclides; mercury; waste anesthetic gases; and other toxic, corrosive and miscellaneous chemi- cals. EPA/625/7-91/012 A Guide to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Photoprocessing Indus- try —Commercial photoprocessors generate a variety of waste streams during color and black and white film development and during print making that present opportunities for waste reduction. This guide describes the typical pro- cesses found in photoprocessing operations, specifically those operations based on silver development chemistry, and provides waste reduction options for these operations. Both source reduction and recycling opportunities are identified. Suggestions are provided for regenerating and reusing developer, bleach, and fixative baths, as well as achieving reduc- tion in rinse water flows. Technologies and techniques for recovering silver from both aque- ous and solid waste streams are also discussed. EPA/625/7-91/013 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Auto Repair Industry — Automotive maintenance and repair shops gen- erate a variety of waste streams during activi- ties such as replacing fluids (e.g., motor oil, radiator coolant, transmission fluid, brake fluid), replacingnon-repairableparts (e.g., brake shoes/ pads, shocks, batteries, belts, mufflers, electri- cal components, water pumps) and repairing fixable parts (e.g., brake calipers/rotors/drums, alternators, fuel pumps, carburetors, power train components). Of small quantity generators of hazardous waste in the U.S., the automotive repair industry leads in number of generators and in quantity of total waste produced. Many opportunities exist to reduce the oils, sludges, and solvent and aqueous cleaning wastes that are generated. EPA/625/7-91/014 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Fiberglass Reinforced and Composite Plastics Industries — The fi- berglass reinforced and composite plastic in- dustries generate wastes (including air emis- sions) during fabrication processes and from the use of solvents for cleanup of tools, molds and spraying equipment. The wastes generated are: partially solidified resins, contaminated solvent from equipment clean-up, scrap coated fiber, solvated resin streams, and volatile or- ganic emissions. The guide presents source reduction and recycling opportunities for re- ducing these wastes. Suggestions include using substitutes for solvent cleaners, making changes to mixing and application equipment, recover- ing and recycling solvents, and implementing good materials management and housekeeping practices. To help companies in the industry identify opportunities for waste reduction at their own facilities, the guide includes a set of worksheets which take the user step-by-step through an analysis of the on-site waste gener- ating operations and the possibilities for mini- mizing each waste. The guide and its worksheets are also instructive to consultants serving the fiberglass reinforced and composite plastics industries and government agencies who regu- late waste streams generated from these firms. ------- Pollution prevention promotes environmental quality. Photo by S.C.Delaney 5 ------- EPA/625/7-91/015 Guides to Pollu- tionPrevention-TheMarineMaintenanceand Repair Industry — Marine maintenance and repair facilities generate a variety of waste streams during repair and maintenance of me- chanical systems, structural components, up- holstery, electrical systems, and surfaces of ships and boats. Typical wastes generated from these operations presenting opportunities for waste reduction, are oils, coolants, lubricants, and cleaning agents; various chemicals; paints and coatings; as well as dusts from sanding, sand blasting, and polishing and refmishing operations. Both source reduction and recy- cling opportunities are identified. Suggestions include substitutes for cleaners, strippers, and coatings; segregation and recycling of clean- ers, solvent wastes, cutting and lubrication flu- ids, and engine and lube oils; and implementing good materials management and housekeeping practices. To help companies in the industry identify opportunities for waste reduction at their own facilities, the guide includes a set of worksheets that take the user step-by-step through an analysis of the on-site waste gener- ating operations and the possibilities for mini- mizing each waste. The guide andits worksheets are also instructive to consultants serving the marine maintenance and repair industry and government agencies who regulate waste streams generated from these firms. EPA/625/7-91/016 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Automotive Refinishing Industry—Automotive refinishing shops gen- erate a variety of wastes while performing typical auto body repair and refinishing opera- tions such as welding, filling dents, body sec- tion adjustment, alignments, sanding andpaint- ing. Opportunities forwaste reduction exist for the waste thinners, solvents, and paints gener- ated as well as the air emissions and waste water discharges. Both source reduction and recycling opportunities are identified. Sugges- tions include improved paint application tech- nology and substitute paints; recovery and re- use of solvents and thinners; and implementing good materials management and housekeeping practices. EPA/625/7-91/017 Guides to Pollu- tion Prevention - The Pharmaceutical Industry — Pharmaceutical manufacturers generate a variety of wastes during manufacturing, main- tenance, and housekeeping operations which can be reduced or minimized through source reduction and recycling. The typical waste streams are spent fermentation broths, process liquors, solvents, equipment wash water, spilled materials, off-specification products, and used processing aids. Suggestions include improve- ments to operational practices, solvent recy- cling and implementing good materials man- agement and housekeeping practices. To help companies in the industry identify opportuni- ties for waste reduction at their own facilities, the guide includes a set of worksheets that take the user step-by-step through an analysis of the on-site waste generating operations and the possibilities for minimizing each waste. The guide and its worksheets are also instructive to consultants serving the pharmaceutical manu- facturing industry and governmental agencies who regulate waste streams generated from these firms. To obtain additional information on these and other pollution prevention research topics, contact: USEPA - Office of Research and Development Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Pollution Prevention Research Branch Mail Stop 466 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 Fax: 513-569-7549 Pollution Prevention through Waste Minimization "Waste minimization" is a term applied to activities where volume or toxicity reduction of hazardous waste is accomplished through ei- ther source reduction or recycling techniques. Of the two approaches, source reduction is usually considered preferable to recyclingfrom an environmental perspective. EPA believes that an effective waste minimization program should include each of the following general elements, although some of these elements may be implemented in different ways depending on the preferences of individual industries. ------- A. Top Management Support. Top manage- ment should ensure that waste minimization is a company-wide effort. There are many ways to accomplish this goal. Some of the methods described below may be suitable for some firms and not others. However, some combination of these techniques should be used by every firm to demonstrate top management support. • Make waste minimization a company policy. Put this policy in writing and distribute it to all departments. Make it each person's responsibility to identify opportunities for mini- mizing waste. Reinforce the policy in day-to- day operations, at meetings and other company functions. • Set specific goals for reducing the volume or toxicity of waste streams. • Commit to implementingrecommendations identified through assessments, evaluations or other means. • Designate a waste minimization coordina- tor at each facility to ensure effective imple- mentation of the program. • Publicize success stories. It will trigger additional ideas. • Reward employees who identify cost-ef- fective waste minimization opportunities. • Train employees on aspects of waste mini- mization that relate to their job. Include all departments, such as those in product design, capital planning, production operations, and maintenance. B. Characterization of Waste Generation. Maintain a waste accounting system to track the types, amounts and hazardous constituents of waste and the dates they are generated. C. Periodic Waste Minimization Assessments. Identify opportunities at all points in a process where materials can be prevented from becom- ing a waste (for example, by using less material, recycling materials in the process, finding sub- stitutes, or making equipment changes). Indi- vidual processes or facilities should be reviewed periodically. Larger companies may find it useful to establish a team of independent ex- perts. • Determine the true costs of the waste. Cal- culate the costs of the materials found in the waste stream based on the purchase price of those materials. Calculate the cost of managing the wastes that are generated, including costs for personnel, recordkeeping, transportation, liability insurance, pollution control equipment, treatment and disposal. D. A Cost Allocation System. Departments andmanagers should be charged "fully-loaded" waste management costs for the wastes they generate, factoring in liability, compliance and oversight costs. E. Encourage Technology Transfer. Seek or exchange technical information on waste mini- mization from other parts of your company, from other firms, trade associations, govern- ment and academic technical assistance pro- grams or professional consultants. Many tech- niques have been evaluated and documented that may be useful in your facility. F. Program Evaluation. Conduct periodic re- views of program effectiveness. Use these re- views to provide feedback and identify poten- tial areas for improvement. A Waste Minimization Opportunity As- sessment (WMOA) is a systematic procedure for identifying ways to reduce or eliminate waste. The four phases of a WMOA are: • Planning and organization • Assessment • Feasibility analysis • Implementation Planning and Organization The essential elements of planning and or- ganization for a waste minimization program are: getting management commitment for the program; setting waste minimization goals; and organizing an assessment program task force. Assessment The assessment phase involves a number of steps: ------- • Collect process and facility data • Prioritize and select assessment targets • Select assessment team • Review data and inspect site • Generate options • Screen and select options for feasibility study Collect process and facility data. The waste streams at a facility should be identified and characterized. Information about waste streams may be available on hazardous waste mani- fests, National Pollutant Discharge Elimina- tion System (NPDES) reports, routine sam- pling programs and other sources. Developing a basic understanding of the processes that generate waste at a facility is essential to the WMOA process. Flow dia- grams should be prepared to identify the quan- tity, types and rates of waste-generating pro- cesses. Also, preparing material balances for processes can be useful in tracking process components and identifying losses or emis- sions that may have been unaccounted for pre- viously. Prioritize and select assessment targets. Ide- ally, all waste streams in a facility should be evaluated for potential waste minimization opportunities. With limited resources, how- ever, a plant manager may need to concentrate waste minimization efforts in a specific area. Such considerations as quantity of waste, haz- ardous properties of the waste, regulations, safety of employees, economics, and other char- acteristics need to be evaluated in selecting a target stream. Select assessment team. The team should in- clude people with direct responsibility and knowledge of the particular waste stream or area of the plant. Operators of equipment and the person who sweeps the floor, for example, should be included. Review data and inspect site. The assessment team evaluates process data in advance of the inspection. The inspection should follow the target process from the points where raw mate- rials enter the facility to the points where prod- ucts and wastes leave. The team should identify the suspected sources of waste. This may in- clude the production process; maintenance op- erations; and storage areas for raw materials, finished product, and work in progress. The inspection may result in the formation of pre- liminary conclusions about waste minimiza- tion opportunities. Full confirmation of these conclusions may require additional data collec- tion, analysis, and/or site visits. Generate options. The objective of this step is to generate a comprehensive set of waste mini- mizationoptionsforfurther consideration. Since technical and economic concerns will be con- sidered in the later feasibility step, no options are ruled out at this time. Information from the site inspection, as well as trade associations, government agencies, technical and trade re- ports, equipment vendors, consultants, and plant engineers and operators may serve as sources of ideas for waste minimization options. Both source reduction and recycling op- tions should be considered. Source reduction may be accomplished through: • Good operating practices • Technology changes • Input material changes • Product changes Recycling includes: • Use and reuse of waste • Reclamation Screen and select options for feasibility study. This screening process is intended to select the most promising options for full technical and economic feasibility study. Through either an informal review or a quantitative decision-mak- ing process, options that appear marginal, im- practical or inferior are eliminated from con- sideration. Feasibility Analysis An option must be shown to be technically and economically feasible in order to merit serious consideration for adoption at a facility. A technical evaluation determines whether a proposed option will work in a specific applica- tion. Both process and equipment changes need to be assessed for their overall effects on waste quantity and product quality. An economic evaluation is carried out using standard mea- 8 ------- sures of profitability, such as payback period, return on investment, and net present value. As in any project, the cost elements of a waste minimization project can be broken down into capital costs and operating costs. Savings and changes in revenue also need to be considered. Implementation An option that passes both technical and economic feasibility reviews should then be implemented at a facility. It is then up to the WMOA team, with management support, to continue the process of tracking wastes and identifying opportunities for waste minimiza- tion throughout a facility. EPA has developed the following materi- als for waste minimization in industry. EPA/625/7-88/003 Waste Minimiza- tion Opportunity Assessment Manual — This manual explains how to conduct a waste mini- mization assessment and develop options for reducing hazardous waste generation at a facil- ity. Itpresents the management strategies needed to incorporate waste minimization into com- pany policies and structure, how to establish a company-wide waste minimization program, conduct assessments, implement options, and make the program an on-going one. Included in the appendices are worksheets useful in carry- ing out assessments, sample assessments of common industrial processes, and an example of an economic feasibility analysis. EPA/625/11-91/004 User's Guide: Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) Version 2.0 - This user's guide de- scribes software that was developed as a tool for demonstrating concepts of process analysis following a waste minimization audit. The soft- ware requires user-supplied information for process definition, as well as material inputs and products for each unit operation and out- puts associated with waste streams. SWAMI provides a scheme for identifying and prioritiz- ing (on a cost or volume basis) waste reduction opportunities in process units and treatment operations, performs mass balance calculations, draws process flow diagrams, and directs the selection of candidate waste minimization strat- egies. This software system (downloadable from the ORD Bulletin Board System described on page 15) was developedin conjunction with the EPA publication Waste Minimization Oppor- tunity Assessment Manual (EPA/625/7-88/003). The use of that manual can provide the informa- tion necessary for input to this software. EPA/600/8-91/052 Industrial Pollu- tion Prevention Opportunities for the 1990s— A set of criteria was developed for the purpose of subjectively prioritizing industry segments for their pollution prevention potential and their opportunity for improvement. Using this set of criteria, high priority industries were selected from a Standard Industry Classification (SIC)- based list for investigation of the need or oppor- tunity for waste reduction through source re- duction and/or material recycle. Information concerning the opportunities in particular in- dustries was then solicited through associa- tions and individual companies, researchers, and government agencies. A final list of 17 industries was identified. In addition, the inves- tigation identified a list of generic research or technological needs where industry contacts believed research could lead to waste minimi- zation applicable to more than one industry. ------- Additional References Gardner, L. and D. Huislngh. 1987. "Waste Reduction through Material and Process Substitutions: Progress and Problems Encountered in Industry." Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials. 4:177. Grosse, D. 1991. "Innovative Practices for Treating Waste Streams Containing Heavy Metals: A Waste Minimization Approach." Physical/ Chemical Processes. 2:221-235. Kirsch, F. and G. Looby. 1991. "Waste Minimization Assessment for a Manufacturer of Compressed Air Equipment Components." EPA/600/M- 91/024. Ling, J. and D. Stephan. 1990. "Pollution Prevention - Not Only 'Where It's At,1 but 'Where It's Been.'" Journal of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. 26(4): 13-15,23. Meyers, S. 1990. "Recovery of Metals Using Aluminum Displacement." EPA/600/S2-90/032, NTIS No. PB 89-222 590/AS. Nunno, T., S. Palmer, M. Arienti, and M. Breton. 1988. "Waste Minimization in the Printed Circuit Board Industry: Case study." EPA/600/S2- 88/008, NTIS No. PB 88-161 575/AS. Olexsey, R. et al. 1988. "Technologies for the Recovery of Solvents from Hazardous Wastes." Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials. 5:4. Pallansch, J. 1990. "Machine Coolant Waste Reduction by Optimizing Coolant Life." EPA/600/S2-90/033, NTIS No. PB90-257 783/AS. 10 ------- ) Project Area Antifreeze Recycling Clean Products Emulsion Cleaners Hospital/Medical Waste Reduction Industry-Specific Pollution Prevention Metal Parts Cleaning & Finishing Newsprint Fiber Reduction Oil Life Extension Pollution Prevention Contacts Contact Paul Randall Mary Ann Curran Johnny Springer Kenneth Stone Teresa Marten Lisa Brown Teresa Harten Paul Randall Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse Myles Morse Safe Substitutes Small Generator Waste Minimization Solvent Recovery Technology Transfer Waste Minimization Mary Ann Curran Emma Lou George Johnny Springer Doug Williams James Bridges FAX 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 • i 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 202-260-3861 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7549 513-569-7566 513-569-7549 11 ------- Industry-Specific Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment Materials The Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (described further on pages 13 and 14) contains assessment materials for the industries/ processes listed below. Contact the Clearinghouse for more information about these materials. INDUSTRY/PROCESS SIC CODE Automotive Paint 7535 Automotive Repair 7538 Aviation Facility 4582 Dry Cleaning 7216 Electroplating 3471 Fiberglass 2221 Fur Dressing/Tanning 3111 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 8062 Heavy Equipment Maintenance 7699 Manufacturing/Distribution 3900 Metal Finishing 3471 Paint Manufacturing/Formulating 2851 Pesticide Formulating 2879 Pharmaceutical Preparations 2834 Photofinishing/Photoprocessing 7395 Precious Metal Plating Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Printing Research and Education Institutions Research Laboratories Vocational Shops Wood Treating/Preserving 12 ------- Additional Opportunities for Obtaining Technical Information International Cleaner Production Information Clearinghouse The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), through its Industry and Environment Office and in cooperation with EPA, has established the International Cleaner Production Information Clearing- house (ICPIC) to promote cleaner production through technology trans- fer, education, and public awareness. Through ICPIC, access can be gained to a message center, bulletins, calendar of events, case studies, programme summaries, an on-line bibliography, and UNEP's Cleaner Production Directory of contacts. Additionally, conferences can be accessed that contain a message center, bulletins, and databases particu- lar to the conference topic. Available conferences include: Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse run by EPA (additional informa- tion on this clearinghouse follows); Industry Working Groups; Govern- ment Policies Working Group; Data Harmonization Working Group; Cleaner Production Research; and Country-Specific Conferences. ICPIC can be accessed by anyone using direct dial telephone lines or with a personal computer equipped with a modem and appropriate communications software. For more information on ICPIC, contact: Direction Commerciale Transpac Tour Montparnasse, 33, Avenue du Maine 75755 Paris CEDEX 15 FRANCE .- , Telephone: 33-1-45-38-52-11 Telex: TPC 260676 F Additional information can be requested from: The Director Industry and Environment Office United Nations Environment Programme 39-43 quai Andre Citroen 75739 Paris CEDEX 15 r FRANCE Telephone: 33-1-40-58-88-50 Fax: 33-1-40-58-88-74 Telex: 204 997 F Cables: UNTTERRA PARIS Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) PPIC is a clearinghouse dedicated to reducing industrial pollutants through technology transfer, education and public awareness. Techni- cal, policy, programmatic, legislative, and financial information on pollution prevention is available. Four information exchange mecha- nisms are available to ensure efficient and comprehensive technical support: REPOSITORY - A hard copy reference library containing the most up- to-date information on pollution prevention. Phone 1-800-424-9346 for assistance. POLLUTION PREVENTION ELECTRONIC INFORMATION EX- CHANGE SYSTEM (PIES) - A computerized conduit to information databases and document ordering accessible by any personal computer equipped with a modem. PIES can be accessed internationally or anywhere in the U.S. via TELENET. For more information, or to obtain the number in your area, call: 1-800-TELENET or contact: Sprint Data Services, 8229 Boone Blvd., Suite 500, Vienna, VA 22182 USA. For * t assistance pn the use of this system, call the PPIC Technical Support HOTLINE at 1-703-821-4800. 13 ------- HOTLINE - A telephone service to answer or refer questions and provide a link to PEES for users without access to a personal computer. The phone number is 1-800-424-9346. OUTREACH EFFORTS - Information packets containing general and industry-specific materials on prevention opportunities as well as work- shop training sessions. For further information on PPIC, contact: M. Morse, USEPA, OEETD, 401M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460. FAX: 202-260-245-3861 NATO/CCMS PROJECT: Pollution Prevention Strategies for Sustainable Development The Office of Research and Development in cooperation with the Office of Pollution Prevention is directing a three year project to investigate various pollution prevention policies, regulations, and tech- nologies to increase the adoption of pollution prevention strategies in NATO countries. Other countries participating in the study are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and Turkey. At a recent organizational meeting, three direc- tions were identified for the project (technology; policy and regulations; and education). The study will: 1. Establish an international network of individuals and agencies en- gaged in pursuing the development of pollution prevention and sustain- able development initiatives. 2. Survey current regulatory and market approaches, and government and non-government programs at all levels which encourage pollution prevention in order to identify effective mechanisms in each country. 3. Provide a forum to disseminate the results of state-of-the-art clean technology and clean product development, and identify technology and policy long-term research needs for furthering the adoption of pollution prevention goals. 4. Encourage individuals working in the field of pollution prevention technology and policy research to broaden their understanding of the subject by working in rotational assignments with agencies in the participating countries or by visiting participating countries to view firsthand the environmentally beneficial effects of pollution prevention strategies. 5. Support the presentation of educational seminars and training work- shops in various countries. 6. Provide a focus for exchanging information on new pollution preven- tion options to individuals and agencies within non-NATO countries. The study is incorporating non-NATO countries as participants. 1992 activities for the study will include a workshop in either the Netherlands or Canada in May on Pollution Prevention through Consumer Educa- tion, a workshop in Turkey in May on Pollution Prevention for Devel- oping Countries, and a workshop (held in connection with the annual meeting for the study) in November in Budapest, Policies to Encourage Pollution Prevention. For additional information, contact Harry Free- man, USEPA, RREL, Mailcode466, Cincinnati, OH 45268. FAX: 513- 569-7549. Pollution Prevention Research Branch: Current Projects A semi-annual report published by the Pollution Prevention Re- search Branch of the Office of Research and Development that contains summaries of current pollution prevention projects. To order this report, contact: USEPA- Office of Research and Development Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Pollution Prevention Research Branch Mail Stop 466 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 Fax: 513-569-7549 14 ------- Pollution Prevention News A newsletter devoted to current information and events having to do with pollution prevention. Completed case study results, excerpts from research papers, and a schedule of events dealing with pollution preven- tion are among the information presented. To be added to the mailing list for this newsletter, write to: Pollution Prevention News USEPA 401 M Street SW (PM-222b) Washington, DC 20460 ORD TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER NEWSLETTER An Office of Research and Development newsletter providing a current listing of scheduled workshops, conferences and seminars. It also announces the availability of new publications, reports, databases, and expert systems. A publication order sheet is included. To be added to the Technology Transfer Newsletter mailing list, write to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 19963, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0963. ORD ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM The ORD Electronic Bulletin Board System (BBS), in addition to fostering communication among officials, researchers and the private sector, facilitates the exchange of technical information and ORD products in the form of electronic messages, brief bulletins about ORD products and activities, files for downloading, participation in confer- ences, and on-line databases for identifying ORD publications. For additional information and assistance in using the BBS, call 513-569- 7272 or write to: CERI, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD BBS, G-76, Cincinnati, OH 45268. 15 ------- Ordering Technical Documents The EPA documents mentioned in the Technical Information Package brochures can be ordered at no charge (while supplies are available) from the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI). Once the CERI inventory is exhausted, clients will be directed to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) where documents may be purchased. Orders can be placed by mail, phone, or FAX. To order documents, have the document number or the EXACT title ready. The journal articles listed in the Additional References section may be ordered from the U.S. National Focal Point of INFOTERRA. CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION (CERI) U.S. EPA, P.O. BOX 19963 CINCINNATI, OH 45219-0963 513-569-7562 PHONE 989-296-(US EPA UD) TELEX 513-569-7566 FAX NEEDED TO ORDER: EPA document number or the EXACT title. INFOTERRA U.S. NATIONAL FOCAL POINT U.S. EPA 401MST..S.W., PM211A WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 202-260-5917 PHONE (23) 4979995 TELEX 202-260-3923 FAX NEEDED TO ORDER: Name of journal, volume number, and page numbers. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS) 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 703-487-4650 PHONE 703-321-8547 FAX NEEDED TO ORDER: EPA document number, NTIS number, or EXACT title. 16 ------- Organization of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with Functional Notes Staff Offices Executive Secretary Civil Rights ' Advisory Committee Staff Support Program Offices I Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Solid & Hazardous Wastes Program Superfund Program Emergency Planning 1 Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Toxic Substances Testing Pesticide Registration Toxic Release Inventory Functional Offices Office of Research and Development Ecological & Health Effects Research National Laboratories Technology Transfer 1 Office of Enforcement National Enforcement Policy Coordination with DoJ Investigations Program Support Offices Office of Administration and Resources Management Budget & Finance Human Resources Facilities Information Management Procurement & Grants Office of General Counsel Legal Advice Defensive Litigation Associate Administrators Public Affairs Legislative Affairs State/Local Relations Office of Air and Radiation Air Emissions Program Radiation Programs Acid Rain Global Change Indoor air 1 Off ice of Water Surface Water Program Drinking Water Program Oceans and Estuaries Groundwater Program Wetlands 1 Office of International Activities Negotiate Treaties Infl Visitors Program Exchange & Technical Assistance Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation Economic & Policy Analysis Accountability Systems Regulatory Management Pollution Prevention Program Office of the Inspector General Audits Criminal Investigations Regional Offices (Program Operations and State Oversight) i 1 1 Region 1 Bo*ton Region II New York 1 Region III Philadelphia 1 Region IV Atlanta 1 Region V Chicago 1 1 1 Region VI Dallas Region VII Kama* City Region VIII Denver 1 Region IX San Francisco 1 Region X Seattle ------- EPA TIPs Technical Information Packages ------- |