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Risk Assessment review
March 1994
Highlights
• Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook „ p. 1
• Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake
Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children p. 1
• Public-Private Partnership Explores Modeling for
Non-Cancer Risks .' p. 3
I. Special Features
Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook
by Susan Braen Norton, (202) 260-6955
The Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA/600/R-93/
187a&b) is a compendium of data and references for con-
ducting exposure and risk assessments for wildlife species
exposed to toxic chemicals in their environment We hope
that this project will (1) promote the application of risk
assessment methods to wildlife species, (2) foster a consis-
tent approach to wildlife risk assessments, and (3) increase
the accessibility of the literature applicable to these assess-
ments. The document was developed by the Office of
Research and Development (ORD) to support programs in
Risk Assessment Review Committee
Bill Farland - ORD, (202) 260-7317
Maureen McClelland - Region I, (617) 565-3470
Maria Pavlova - Region II, (212) 264-7364
Marian Olsen - Region H, (212) 264-5682
Suzanne Wuerthele - Region VIII, (303) 293-1714
Dana Davoli - Region X, (206) 553-2135
the Office of Water and the Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response.
Purpose
The purpose of the Handbook is to provide a convenient
source of information and an analytic framework to facili-
tate screening-level risk sissessments for common wildlife
species. These screening-level risk assessments may be
used to support site-specific decisions (e.g., for hazardous
waste sites), to support the development of water quality or
(See Wildlife p. 2)
Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure
Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children
by Susan Griffin, (303) 294-1062
The EPA Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK)
Model Version 0.99 and the Guidance Manual for the
IEUBK Model for Lead in Children will soon be available
to both EPA staff and the public. The ffiUBK Model is a
stand-alone, personal computer-compatible software pack-
age that is designed to model exposure from lead in air,
water, soil, dust, diet, paint, and other sources with pharma-
cokinetic modeling to predict a distribution of blood lead
levels in a population of children or a child from 6 months
to 7 years of age. From this distribution, the model calcu-
lates the probability that the children's or child's blood lead
concentration will exceed a selected level of concern (model
default, 10 micrograms/deciliter). The user can then explore
an array of possible changes in exposure media that would
reduce the probability of unacceptable risk to those popula-
tions.
The Guidance Manual has been developed to assist the user
in providing appropriate input to the IEUBK Model and in
interpreting the model output. In the Guidance Manual you
will find the following:
1. Purpose and development of the model; appropriate
and inappropriate uses of the model (Chapter 1),
2. Detailed description of the computer menus, model
parameters, basis for model default values, and situa-
tions when site-specific data is recommended; how to
stan and run the model (Chapter 2),
3. Discussions and practical suggestions on bioavailability,
estimating population and individual variability, use of
blood lead data, and ilead-based paint (Chapter 4), and
4. Specific examples which allow a user to walk through
various applications of the model (Chapter 5).
! (See Guidance p. 3 )
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Wildlife (continued from p. 1)
Table 2. Exposure Factors Included in the Handbook
other media-specific criteria for limiting environmental lev-
els of toxic substances to protect wildlife species, or to
focus research and monitoring efforts.
Contents
The Handbook primarily summarizes values for parameters
useful for the exposure assessment component of risk as-
sessment In addition, data provided in the Handbook on
population parameters (e.g., birth and death rates) may be
useful for placing estimates of risks in a broader ecological
context Values and extrapolation methods required for the
toxici ty assessment component are not covered in this Hand-
book. In addition, no chemical-specific parameters (e.g.,
bioavailability factors) are provided
Species
This Handbook focuses on a selected group of mammals,
birds, amphibians, and reptiles listed in Table 1. Fish and
aquatic or terrestrial invertebrates were not included in the
current effort We do not intend to imply that risk assess-
ments for wildlife should be restricted to the species de-
scribed here or should always be conducted for these species.
In addition, the species included in the Handbook have
broad geographic ranges, and the parameter values pre-
sented may not be representative for all parts of their
ranges.
Tabl* 1. Species Included In EPA's Wildlife Exposure Factors
Handbook
Birds
Great Blue Heron
Canada Goose
Mallard
Lesser Scaup
Osproy
Red-tailed Hawk
Bald Eagle
American Kestrel
Northern Bobwhrta
American Woodcock
Spotted Sandpiper
Honing Gull
Beted Kingfisher
Marsh Wren
American Robin
Mammals
Short-tailed Shrew
Red Fox
Raccoon
Mink
River Otter
Harbor Seal
Deer Mouse
Prairie Vole
Meadow Vole
Muskrat
Eastern Cottontail
Reptiles and
Amphibians
Snapping Turtle
Painted Turtle
Eastern Box Turtle
Racer Snake
Water Snake
Eastern Newt
Green Frog
Bullfrog
Organization
The Handbook includes five sections. Section 1 provides an
overview of the Handbook. Section 2 presents values for
the exposure factors for the selected species and brief
descriptions of relevant aspects of their natural history.
Exposure factors arc listed in Table 2.
Normalizing &
Contact Rate
Factors
body weight •
metabolic rate
surface area
water
ingestion rate
inhalation rate
food
ingestion rate
Dietary
Composition
by season
spring
summer
winter
fall
by habitat/
location
Population
Dynamics
home range size
population density
litter/clutch size
litters/clutches
per year
growth rates
annual
mortality rates
Timing of
Seasonal
Activities
mating
nesting/
egglaying
parturition/
hatching
hiberna-
tion
dispersal
migration
Contents of Section 2: Species Profiles
For 34 Selected Species:
• Description of natural history
• List of similar species
• Table of exposure factor values
• Selected bibliography
The summary for each species includes an introduction to
the general taxonomic group, a qualitative description of
the species, tabulated values for the exposure factors, a list
of similar species, and a selected bibliography for that
species. Section 3 provides allometric models that may be
used to estimate various exposure factors on the basis of
body size. Section 3 also provides equations for estimating
food ingestion rates on the basis of metabolic rate and diet
Section 4 provides recommendations on how to estimate
exposure of wildlife species. Section 4 also discusses avail-
able information on soil and sediment ingestion by wildlife
species.
Contents of Section 3: Allometric Equations
« Food ingestion rates
• Water intake rates
• Inhalation rates
• Surface areas
o Metabolic rates
The Handbook includes an appendix that presents all of the
parameter values identified in our literature survey, with
more details concerning sample size, methods, and qualify-
ing information than listed in the main Handbook.
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Contents of Section 4: Exposure Equations
• General exposure equations
Drinking water
Diet
Soil and sediment ingestion
- Air
Dermal exposure
• Caloric and water content of various diets
° Analysis of uncertainty
Additional Information
>• For further information on the Handbook, contact the
Project Manager, Susan Braen Norton, EPA/ORD/Of-
fice of Health and Environmental Assessment, (202)
260-6955. The Handbook is available from the Center
for Environmental Research Information (CERI), U.S.
EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH
45268; telephone (513) 569-7562; FAX (513) 569-7566.
Guidance (continued from p. 1)
In addition, several revisions have been made to the IEUBK
Model Version 0.99 since the previous 0.5 and 0,6 versions.
The user should be aware of these since model predictions
from Version 0.99 may differ from those in Versions 0.5
and 0.6. These modifications include the following:
1. Updating a number of the default values to reflect more
current exposure information,
2. Revising tissue lead and excretory transfer coefficients
to ensure consistency with current scientific literature,
3. Revising the model to account for the observed
non-linearity in human lead absorption, and
4. Integrating all media in the calculation of the saturable
absorption coefficient .
Copies of both the Guidance Manual and IEUBK Model
(Version 0.99) will be sent to each'of the regional Toxics
Integration coordinators. Additional copies of both the
IEUBK Model and Guidance Manual will be available to
EPA personnel through Superfund Document Control Cen-
ter (EPA/540/R-93/081, Publication Number 9285.7-15-1),
by June 1994. The Center can be reached at (703) 603-
8917. Copies of the model and documentation will be
available to the public through the National Technical In-
formation Service (PB 93-963510), by June 1994. The
National Technical Information Service can be reached at
(703) 487-4650 or for rush service at 1 (800) 553-NTIS.
IL Headquarters
Public-Private Partnership Explores Modeling
Non-Cancer Risks
by Lauren Milone Mictd, (202) 260^358
EPA/ORD signed a cooperative research and development
agreement (CRADA) on March 14 with ChemRisk, a divi-
sion of McLaren Hart Environmental Engineering Corpora-
tion, Portland, ME, to jointly develop and disseminate a
method for describing uncertainties and variations in data
used for estimating non<;ancer risks from exposure to toxic
substances. The intent is to produce a mathematical model
that will enhance the ability of risk managers to make
informed decisions in seltting standards for toxic substances,
based on reference doses (an estimated daily level of expo-
sure unlikely to create an appreciable risk of harmful non-
cancer health effects over a lifetime of exposure). The
CRADA calls for joinl: work by ORD's Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office in Cincinnati, OH, (ECAO-
Cin) and ChemRisk to develop a model, develop computer
software and guidance for applying the model, and write
articles for peer-reviewed scientific journals describing the
method and its applications. Terence Harvey, director of
ECAO-Cin, and Russell E. Keenan, national director of
ChemRisk, signed the CRADA at the annual meeting of the
Society of Toxicology in Dallas. The Federal Technology
Transfer Act (FTTA) authorizes federal research laborato-
ries to enter into CRAJDAs with private industry and aca-
demic institutions to develop and commercialize innovative,
cost-effective technologies.
•>• For further information on the CRADA with ChemRisk,
contact Michael Dourson, Chief, Systemic Toxicants
Assessment Branch, ECAO-Cin, at (513) 569-7533.
For additional information on technology transfer, con-
tact Larry Fradkin, FTTA coordinator, Office of Sci-
ence, Planning and Regulatory Evaluation, ORD, at
(513) 569-7960.
Integrated Risk Information System Highlights
by Patricia Daunt, (513) 5(99-7596
Summarized below are the Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) highlights for the months of January, Febru-
ary, and March. More detailed NEWS is available for
IRIS-2 users on the first screen of the system.
January 1994 Update
Oral RfDs Noted as Pending Change on IRIS
Butylate CASRN 2008^1-5
Manganese . CASRN 7439-96-5
Metolachlor CASRN 51218-45-2
Monochloramine CASRN 10599-90-3
Pronamide CASRN 23950-58-5
3
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Inhalation RfC Added to IRIS
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
CASRN106-46-7
February 1994 Update
There were no major changes made to IRIS in February.
March 1994 Update
Oral RfD Withdrawn from IRIS
Acrylic acid
CASRN 79-10-7
Oral RfDs Noted as Pending Change
Dacthal CASRN 1861-32-1
Metribuzin CASRN 21087-64-9
Oral RfD—Removal of Pending Change Note
Monochloramine CASRN 10599-90-3
(text changes only)
Inhalation RfC Withdrawn from IRIS
Acrylic acid CASRN 79-10-7
Inhalation RfC Added to IRIS
Arsine
CASRN 7784-42-1
Carcinogenicity Assessments—Pending Change Note Re-
moved*
CASRN 56-55-3
CASRN 50-32-8
CASRN 205-99-2
CASRN 207-08-9
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
CASRN 218-01-9
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene CASRN 53-70-3
Indeno[a,2,3-cd]pyrene CASRN 193-39-5
As of March 1, 1994, IRIS contained 517 chemicals. This
included 345 oral reference doses (RfDs), 85 inhalation
reference concentrations (RfCs), and 218 carcinogenicity
assessments, bringing the total number of risk information
assessments to 648. IRIS also contained 73 drinking water
health advisories and 388 EPA regulatory action sections.
>• For additional information, contact Patricia A. Daunt,
IRIS Database Manager at (513) 569-7596.
m. Regions
Region I
Buffalo, NY, is hosting; the 1994 International Hazardous
Material Spills Conference October 31-November 3,1994.
The Hyatt Regency Hotel and the Convention Center in
Buffalo, NY, are the sites for this biannual conference.
Communities, state and local governments, industry, and
* Tl» Carcinogen Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor Workgroup made
th» decision that no estimated order of potential potency will be on IRIS for
tt» polys/omailc hydrocarbons (PAHs), therefore, the pending change
notica was removed from these files.
international guests will have the opportunity to learn more
about how to prevent, prepare for, and respond to hazardous
materials accidents.
In the 10 years since the Bophal tragedy, significant strides
have been made in hazardous materials safety. These posi-
tive changes resulted from proactive partnerships formed
by all the vested interest groups in the private, public, and
international arenas. The theme for this year's conference is
"Partnerships for Hazardous Materials Safety."
The conference offers the opportunity for groups with com-
mon and disparate concerns to exchange and develop ideas.
In addition, state-of-the-art training on various aspects of
hazardous materials safety will be provided throughout the
conference. Conference attendees can influence future di-
rections of these issues through their participation in both
the large presentations and small group discussions sched-
uled to take place.
Considerable resources and energy are being committed to
ensure the overall success of the meeting. The conference
sponsors include the National Response Team, the National
Governors' Association, the Chemical Manufacturers As-
sociation, and the American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers, in cooperation with the Canadian Chemical Producers
Association and the New York State Emergency Response
Commission.
If your work requires you to know about hazardous materi-
als safety, this is one conference you won't want to miss.
Firefighters, government officials, plant or transportation
managers, and other interested parties are encouraged to
attend.
Registration materials will be available in the near future.
To ensure that you are on the mailing list, contact Angela
Moody at (703) 442-9824. If you have questions regarding
the conference contact Sarah Bauer at (202) 260-8247.
This year's conference promises to hold your interest, pro-
vide you with the best training available in the field, and
update your knowledge of hazardous materials issues. If
you attend, not only will you gain greater knowledge in the
subject area, but equally important, the interaction with
your colleagues will renew your interest and commitment
to hazardous materials safety.
•>• Contact Maureen R. McClelland, (617) 565-3470.
IV. Meetings
New York University Summer Institute on Risk
Management in Environmental Health—May
17-20,1994
The Twelfth Summer Institute in Risk Management in
Environmental Health and Protection (including Quantita-
tive Risk Assessment) will be held May 17-20,1994, from
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9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The course will cover environmental
health risk management, quantitative risk assessment, and
risk communication for chemical wastes. Topics include
environmental fate and transport, toxicology, exposure as-
sessment, and dose-response estimation; legal, financial,
and administrative aspects of risk management; risk percep-
tion; and communication. Applications to hazardous waste
management, drinking water, and urban area issues are also
included.
>• For further information contact Professor R.
Zimmerman, Course Director/Wagner Graduate School
of Public Service at New York University (4 Washing-
ton Square North, New York, NY 10003). The phone
number is (212) 998-7432 or the Center for Manage-
ment at (212) 998-7450. Graduate course created is
available ($1,660 plus $33 fee). For a noncredit certifi-
cate the cost is approximately $900.
First International Symposium on Ecosystem
Health and Medicine—June 19-22,1994, in
Ottawa, Canada
The First International Symposium on Ecosystem Health
and Medicine, "New Goals for Environmental Manage-
ment," will be held June 19-22,1994, at the Ottawa Con-
gress Center, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. This emerging
transdisciplinary field bridges the social, health, and eco-
system sciences in fostering new systemic methodologies
for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of ecosystems
under stress. The symposium is organized by the Interna-
tional Society of Ecosystem Health and Medicine and the
University of Guelph.
>• For additional information concerning the meeting,
contact Mr. Remo Petrongolo, Symposium Manager,
Office of Continuing Education, 159 Johnston Hall,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG
2W1. The telephone number is (519) 824-4120, ext
3064 and the FAX number is (519) 767-0758.
Third Summer Institute in Environmental
La w—;July 11-15,1994
New York University will offer the Third Summer Institute
in Environmental Law July 11-15,1994, from 9:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m. The course will address environmental laws
concerning air and water quality and solid and hazardous
waste. Toxic torts are covered from the perspective of
property transfers, liability, public disclosure, citizen suits,
enforcement, the application of health and environmental
standards, and other topics. Co-directors of the course are
Michael B. Gerrard, Esq., of Berle, Kass, and Case and
Professor Rae Zimmerman from New York University.
>• For further information contact Professor R.
Zimmerman, Course Director/Wagner Graduate School
of Public Service at New York University (4 Washing-
ton Square North, New York, NY 10003). The phone
number is (212) 998-7432 or the Center for Manage-
ment at (212) 998-7450. Graduate course credit is
available ($1,660 plus $33 fee). For noncredit certifi-
cate the cost is approximately $900.
Joint Sixth Conference of the International
Society for Environmental Epidemiology and
Fourth Conference of the International Society
for Exposure Analysis-—September 18-21,
1994, Research Triangle Park, NC
The joint Sixth Conference of the International Society for
Environmental Epidemiology and Fourth Conference of the
International Society for Exposure Analysis will be held
September 18-21, 1994, in Research Triangle Park, NC.
The conference is being hosted by the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health. Sponsors
include the National Institute of Environmental Health Sci-
ences, EPA, ATSDR, and die World Health Organization.
The purpose of the joint conference is to bring together
scientists from throughout the world to exchange ideas,
methods, and applications for cutting-edge research on
environmental health.
The theme for this year's conference is the integration of
epidemiologic research with sophisticated tools for expo-
sure assessment to advance our understanding of
environmentally-induced death, disease and disability. Sym-
posium topics include die following:
Multi-Level Exposure Assessment in Air Pollu-
tion Epidemiology,
• Mediods in Studying Health Effects of Pesticides,
Exposure Modeling/Activity Pattern Data,
• Environmental Inequity and Health,
• Hazardous Wasste and Its Health Effects,
° Risk Assessment Methodology,
• Motor Vehicle Pollution, and
• Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Hazards.
To register contact Phyffiss Woody, Registrar, Office of
Continuing Education, University of North Carolina School
of Public Health, CB #8165, Miller Hall, Chapel Hill, NC
27599-8165. Phone registration is available by calling (919)
966-4032 or FAX (919) 966-5692.
Hotel reservations are available dirough die Sheraton Impe-
rial Hotel and Convention Center in Research Triangle
Park, NC (rate $72 for a single or double room). The phone
number of reservations is (800) 222-6503 or (919) 941-5050.
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Seventh International Congress of
Toxicology—July 2-tf, 1995
The Seventh International Congress of Toxicology (ICT
VH) will be held in Seattle, WA, July 2-6, 1995. The
program will be based on the theme "Horizons in Toxicol-
ogy: Preparing for the 21st Century." The meeting will be
hosted by the Society of Toxicology in conjunction with the
International Union of Toxicology.
>• For additional information contact ICT/Vn, c/o Soci-
ety of Toxicology, 110114th Street, N.W., Suite 1100,
Washington, D.C. 20005-5601 or (202) 371-1393. The
FAX number is (202) 371-1090.
Risk and Decision-Making Course Schedule
The following is the schedule for the Risk and
Decision-Making courses through August:
April 13-15
July 12-14
August 2-4
Washington, D.C.
San Francisco, CA
Denver, CO
The following is the schedule for the Risk Communication
workshops through August:
May 4-6
May 24-26
August 16-18
San Francisco, CA
Sacramento, CA
San Francisco, CA
>• Contacts: Jim Cole (202) 260-2747
Marian Olsen (212) 264-5682
Alvin Chun (415) 744-1022
Contacts
Jerome Puskin
Linda Tuxen
Dorothy Patton
John Vandenberg
Dick Hill
Don Barnes
Dean Hill
Maureen McClelland
Marian Olsen
Jeffrey Burke
Elmer Akin
Carole Braverman
Jon RausCher
Mary Rouse
Suzanne Wuerthele
Arnold Den
Dana Davoli
OAR-RAD
ORD-OHEA
ORD-RAF
ORD-HERL
OPTS
SAB
NEIC
Region I
Region U
Region HI
Region IV
Region V
Region VI
Region VIE
Region VHI
Region IX
Region X
(202)260-9640
(202) 260-5949
(202) 260-6743
(919) 541-4527
(202) 260-2897
(202) 260-4126
(202)776-8138
(617) 565-3470
(212) 264-5682
(215)597-1177
(404) 347r 1586
(312) 886-2910
(214) 655-8513
(913) 551-7415
(303) 293-0961
(415)744-1018
(206) 442-2135
If you would like to receive additional copies of this and
subsequent Reviews or to be added to the mailing list
contact
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