EPA/600/P-95/002Fb
August 1997
VOLUME II - FOOD INGESTION FACTORS
EXPOSURE FACTORS HANDBOOK
Update to Exposure Factors Handbook
EPA/600/8-89/043 - May 1989
Office of Research and Development
National Center for Environmental Assessment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
H August 1997
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CONTENTS
Page No.
VOLUME I
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1. PURPOSE 1-1
1.2. INTENDED AUDIENCE 1-1
1.3. BACKGROUND 1-1
1.3.1. Selection of Studies for the Handbook 1-1
1.3.2. Using the Handbook in an Exposure Assessment 1-3
1.3.3. Approach Used to Develop Recommendations for Exposure Factors 1-4
1.3.4. Characterizing Variability 1-5
1.4. GENERAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DOSE 1-11
1.5. RESEARCH NEEDS 1-14
1.6. ORGANIZATION 1-15
1.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 1-16
APPENDIX 1A 1A-1
2. VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY 2-1
2.1. VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY 2-1
2.2. TYPES OF VARIABILITY 2-2
2.3. CONFRONTING VARIABILITY 2-3
2.4. CONCERN ABOUT UNCERTAINTY 2-3
2.5. TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY AND REDUCING UNCERTAINTY 2-4
2.6. ANALYZING VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ; 2-4
2.7. PRESENTING RESULTS OF VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 2-6
2.8. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 2-7
3. DRINKING WATER INTAKE 3-1
3.1. BACKGROUND 3-1
3.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE .' 3-1
3.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE 3-9
3.4. PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN 3-17
3.5. HIGH ACTIVITY LEVELS/HOT CLIMATES 3-20
3.6. RECOMMENDATIONS 3-23
3.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 3-30
4. SOIL INGESTION AND PICA 4-1
4.1. BACKGROUND 4-1
4.2. KEY STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN 4-1
4.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN 4-11
4.4. SOIL INTAKE AMONG ADULTS 4-16
4.5. PREVALENCE OF PICA 4-17
4.6. DELIBERATE SOIL INGESTION AMONG CHILDREN 4-18
4.7. RECOMMENDATIONS 4-20
4.8. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 4-25
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 iti
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
5. INHALATION ROUTE 5-1
5.1, EXPOSURE EQUATION FOR INHALATION 5-1
5.2. INHALATION RATE 5-1
5.2,1. Background 5-1
5.2,2. Key Inhalation Rate Studies 5-3
5.2.3. Relevant Inhalation Rate Studies 5-16
5.2.4. Recommendations 5-22
5.3. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5 5-27
APPENDIX 5A 5A-1
6. DERMAL ROUTE 6-1
6.1. EQUATION FOR DERMAL DOSE 6-1
6.2. SURFACE AREA 6-2
6.2.1. Background 6-2
6.2.2. Measurement Techniques 6-2
6.2.3. Key Body Surface Area Studies 6-2
6.2.4. Relevant Surface Area Studies 6-4
6.2.5. Application of Body Surface Area Data , 6-4
6.3. SOIL ADHERENCE TO SKIN 6-6
6.3.1. Background 6-6
6.3.2. Key Soil Adherence to Skin Studies 6-6
6.3.3. Relevant Soil Adherence to Skin Studies 6-6
6.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 6-8
6.4.1. Body Surface Area 6-8
6.4.2. Soil Adherence to Skin 6-8
6.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6 6-10
APPENDIX 6A 6A-1
7. BODY WEIGHT STUDIES 7-1
7.1. KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 7-1
7.2. RELEVANT BODY WEIGHT STUDIES 7-4
7.3. RECOMMENDATIONS .7-10
7.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 7 7-11
8, LIFETIME '. 8-1
8.1. KEY STUDY ONLIFETIME 8-1
8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 8-1
8.3. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8 8-1
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
VOLUME n
9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 9-1
9.1. BACKGROUND : 9-1
9.2. INTAKE STUDIES 9-2
9.2.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 9-2
9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based on the USDA CSFH 9^2
9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies 9-4
9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS 9-6
9:2.5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates '.. 9-7
9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 9-7
9.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 9-8
APPENDIX 9A 9A-1
APPENDIX 9B 9B-1
10. INTAKE OFFISH AND SHELLFISH 10-1
10.1. BACKGROUND 10-1
10.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10-2
10.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10-6
10.4. KEY RECREATIONAL (MARINE FISH STUDIES) 10-8
10.5. RELEVANT RECREATIONAL MARINE STUDIES 10-10
10.6. KEY FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES 10-12
10.7. RELEVANT FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES 10-18
10.8. NATIVE AMERICAN FRESHWATER STUDIES 10-20
10.9. OTHER FACTORS 10-24
10.10. RECOMMENDATIONS 10-25
10.10.1. Recommendations - General Population 10-25
10.10.2. Recommendations - Recreational Marine Anglers 10-26
10.10.3. Recommendations - Recreational Freshwater Anglers ..' 10-26
10.10.4. Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations 10-26
10.11. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10 10-27
APPENDIX 10A 10A-1
APPENDIX 10B 10B-1
APPENDIX IOC 10C-1
11. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS .."..... 11-1
ILL INTAKE STUDIES , 11-1
11.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals , 11-1
11.1.2. Key Meat and Dairy Products Intake Study Based on the CSFII' 11-2
11.1.3. Relevant Meat and Dairy Products Intake Studies 11-3
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ' v
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
11.2. FAT CONTENT OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS 11-6
11.3. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES .... 11-7
11.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 11-7
11.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11 11-7
APPENDIX 11A 11 A-l
12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS '. 12-1
12.1. INTAKE STUDIES 12-1
12.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 12-1
12.1.2. Key Grain Products Intake Studies Based on the CSFII 12-2
12.1.3. Relevant Grain Products Intake Studies 12-2
12.1.4. Key Grain Products Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS 12-4
12.2. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES .... 12-4
12.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 12-5
12.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12 12-5
APPENDIX 12A 12A-1
13. INTAKE RATES FOR VARIOUS HOME PRODUCED FOOD ITEMS 13-1
13.1. BACKGROUND 13-1
13.2. METHODS 13-2
13.3. RESULTS 13-7
13.4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 13-9
13.5. RECOMMENDATIONS 13-10
13.6. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 13 13-10
APPENDIX 13A 13A-1
14. BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-1
14.1. BACKGROUND 14-1
14.2. KEY STUDIES ON BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-1
14.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-4
14.4. KEY STUDIES ON LIPID CONTENT AND FAT INTAKE FROM BREAST MILK 14-5
14.5. OTHER FACTORS 14-6
14.6. RECOMMENDATIONS 14-7
14.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 14 14-8
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vi August 1997
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
VOLUME UI
15. ACTIVITY FACTORS 15-1
15.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS 15-1
15.1.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies 15-1
15.1.2. Relevant Activity Pattern Studies 15-7
15.2. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 15-11
15.2.1. Background / .. 15-11
15.2.2. Key Occupational Mobility Studies 15-11
15.3. POPULATION MOBILITY 15-12
15.3.1. Background 15-12
15.3.2. Key Population Mobility Studies 15-13
15.3.3. Relevant Population Mobility Studies 15-15
15.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 15-15
15.4.1. Recommendations for Activity Patterns 15-15
15.4.2. Recommendations: Occupational Mobility 15-17
15.4.3. Recommendations: Population Mobility 15-17
15.4.4. Summary of Recommended Activity Factors 15-18
15.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 15 15-18
APPENDIX 15A 15A-1
APPENDIX 15B 15B-1
16. CONSUMER PRODUCTS 16-1
16.1. BACKGROUND 16-1
16.2. KEY CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDIES 16-1
16.3. RELEVANT CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDY 16-4
16.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 16-5
16.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 16 16-5
APPENDIX 16A , 16A-1
17. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 17-1
17.1. INTRODUCTION 17-1
17.2. BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 17-2
17.2.1. Key Volumes of Residence Studies 17-2
17.2.2. Volumes and Surface Areas of Rooms 17-4
17.2.3. Mechanical System Configurations 17-6
17.2.4. Type of Foundation 17-7
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 vii
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
17.3. TRANSPORT RATES 17-8
17.3.1. Background 17-8
17.3.2. Air Exchange Rates 17-10
17.3.3. Infiltration Models 17-12
17.3.4. Deposition and Filtration 17-14
17.3.5. Interzonal Airflows 17-15
17.3.6. Water Uses 17-15
17.3.7. House Dust and Soil 17-19
17.4. SOURCES 17-20
17.4.1. Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants 17-20
17.4.2. Source Descriptions for Waterborne Contaminants 17-22
17.4.3. Soil and House Dust Sources 17-22
17.5. ADVANCED CONCEPTS 17-23
17.5.1. Uniform Mixing Assumption 17-23
17.5.2. Reversible Sinks 17-23
17.6 RECOMMENDATIONS 17-23
17.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 17 17-24
GLOSSARY G-l
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viii August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
VOLUME I
Table 1-1.
Table 1-2.
Table 1-3.
Table 1A-1.
Table 2-1.
Table 2-2.
Table 2-3.
Table 3-1.
Table 3-2.
Table 3-3.
Table 3-4.
Table 3-5.
Table 3-6.
Table 3-7.
Table 3-8.
Table 3-9.
Table 3-10.
Table 3-11.
Table 3-12.
Table 3-13.
Table 3-14.
Table 3-15.
Table 3-16.
Table 3-17.
Table 3-18.
Table 3-19. .
Table 3-20.
Table 3-21.
Table 3-22.
Table 3-23.
Table 3-24.
Table 3-25.
Table 3-26.
Table 3-27.
Considerations Used to Rate Confidence in Recommended Values 1-6
Summary of Exposure Factor Recommendations and Confidence Ratings 1-7
Characterization of Variability in Exposure Factors 1-10
Procedures for Modifying IRIS Risk Values for Non-standard Populations 1A-4
Four Strategies for Confronting Variability 2-3
Three Types of Uncertainty and Associated Sources and Examples 2-5
Approaches to Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainty 2-6
Daily Total Tapwater Intake Distribution for Canadians, by Age Group
(approx. 0.20 L increments, both sexes, combined seasons) 3-2
Average Daily Tapwater Intake of Canadians (expressed as milliliters per kilogram
body weight) 3-3
Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake of Canadians, by Age and Season (L/day) 3-3
Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake of Canadians as a Function of Level of Physical
Activity at Work and in Spare Time (16 years and older, combined seasons, L/day) 3-3
Average Daily Tapwater Intake by Canadians, Apportioned Among Various Beverages
(both sexes, by age, combined seasons, L/day) 3-4
Total Tapwater Intake (mL/day) for Both Sexes Combined 3-5
Total Tapwater Intake (mL/kg-day) for Both Sexes Combined 3-6
Summary of Tapwater Intake by Age 3-7
Total Tapwater Intake (as percent of total water intake) by Broad Age Category 3-7
General Dietary Sources of Tapwater for Both Sexes 3-8
Summary Statistics for Best-Fit Lognormal Distributions for Water Intake Rates 3-9
Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Tapwater Intake Rates (mL/day) 3-10
Assumed Tapwater Content of Beverages 3-10
Intake of Total Liquid, Total Tapwater, and Various Beverages (L/day) 3-11
Summary of Total Liquid and Total Tapwater Intake for Males and Females (L/day) 3-12
Measured Fluid Intakes (mL/day) 3-13
Intake Rates of Total Fluids and Total Tapwater by Age Group 3-14
Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Beverages and Tapwater by Age 3-14
Average Total Tapwater Intake Rate by Sex, Age, and Geographic Area 3-15
Frequency Distribution of Total Tapwater Intake Rates 3-15
Mean Per Capita Drinking Water Intake Based on USDA, CSFII Data From 1989-91
(mL/day) 3-16
Number of Respondents that Consumed Tapwater at a Specified Daily Frequency 3-18
Number of Respondents that Consumed Juice Reconstituted with Tapwater
at a Specified Daily Frequency 3-19
Total Fluid Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old 3-20
Total Tapwater Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old 3-21
Total Fluid (mL/Day) Derived from Various Dietary Sources by
Women Aged 15-49 Years 3-21
Water Intake at Various Activity Levels (L/hr) 3-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 3-28. Planning Factors for Individual Tapwater Consumption 3-23
Table 3-29. Drinking Water Intake Surveys 3-24
Table 3-30. Summary of Recommended Drinking Water Intake Rates 3-26
Table 3-31. Total Tapwater Consumption Rates From Key Studies 3-26
Table 3-32. Daily Tapwater Intake Rates From Relevant Studies 3-26
Table 3-33. Key Study Tapwater Intake Rates for Children 3-27
Table 3-34. Summary of Intake Rates for Children in Relevant Studies 3-27
Table 3-35. Confidence in Tapwater Intake Recommendations 3-29
Table 4-1. Estimated Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium Concentrations . 4-2
Table 4-2. Calculated Soil Ingestion by Nursery School Children 4-3
Table 4-3. Calculated Soil Ingestion by Hospitalized, Bedridden Children 4-3
Table 4-4. Mean and Standard Deviation Percentage Recovery of Eight Tracer Elements 4-5
Table 4-5. Soil and Dust Ingestion Estimates for Children Aged 1-4 Years 4-5
Table 4-6. Average Daily Soil Ingestion Values Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium as
Tracer Elements 4-6
Table 4-7. Geometric Mean (CM) and Standard Deviation (GSD) LTM Values for Children at
Daycare Centers and Campgrounds 4-7
Table 4-8. Estimated Geometric Mean LTM Values of Children Attending Daycare Centers
According to Age, Weather Category, and Sampling Period 4-8
Table 4-9. Distribution of Average (Mean) Daily Soil Ingestion Estimates Per Child for 64
Children (mg/day) 4-9
Table 4-10. Estimated Distribution of Individual Mean Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Data for 64
Subjects Projected Over 365 Days 4-10
Table 4-11. Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Children 4-12
Table 4-12. Estimated Soil Ingestion Rate Summary Statistics and Parameters for Distributions
Using Binder et al. (1986) Data with Actual Fecal Weights 4-13
Table 4-13. Tukey's Multiple Comparison of Mean Log Tracer Recovery in Adults Ingesting Known
Quantities of Soil 4-14
Table 4-14. Positive/Negative Error (bias) in Soil Ingestion Estimates in the Calabrese et al. (1989)
Mass-balance Study: Effect on Mean Soil Ingestion Estimate (mg/day) 4-15
Table 4-15. Soil Ingestion Rates for Assessment Purposes 4-16
Table 4-16. Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Adults 4-17
Table 4-17. Adult Daily Soil Ingestion by Week and Tracer Element After Subtracting Food and
Capsule Ingestion, Based on Median Amherst Soil Concentrations: Means and
Medians Over Subjects (mg) 4-18
Table 4-18. Daily Soil Ingestion Estimation in a Soil-Pica Child by Tracer and by Week (mg/day) 4-19
Table 4-19. Ratios of Soil, Dust, and Residual Fecal Samples in the Pica Child 4-19
Table 4-20. Soil Intake Studies 4-22
Table 4-21. Confidence in Soil Intake Recommendation 4-24
Table 4-22. Summary of Estimates of Soil Ingestion By Children 4-25
Table 4-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Soil Ingestion 4-25
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 5-1.
Table 5-2.
Table 5-3.
Table 5-4.
Table 5-5.
Table 5-6.
Table 5-7.
Table 5-8.
Table 5-9.
Table 5-10.
Table 5-11.
Table 5-12.
Table 5-13.
Table 5-14.
Table 5-15.
Table 5-16.
Table 5-17.
Table 5-18.
Table 5-19.
Table 5-20.
Table 5-21.
Table 5-22.
Table 5-23.
Table 5-24.
Table 5-25.
Table 5-26.
Table 5-27.
Table 5 A-1.
Table 5A-2.
Calibration and Field Protocols for Self-Monitoring of Activities Grouped by Subject
Panels 5-4
Subject Panel Inhalation Rates by Mean VR, Upper Percentiles, and Self-Estimated
Breathing Rates 5-5 .
Distribution of Predicted IR by Location and Activity Levels for Elementary and
High School Students 5-6
Average Hours Spent Per Day in a Given Location and Activity Level for Elementary (EL)
and High School (HS) Students 5-6
Distribution Patterns of Daily Inhalation Rates for Elementary (EL) and High School (HS)
Students Grouped by Activity Level 5-7
Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (m3/hr) by Age Group and Activity Levels
for Laboratory Protocols 5-8
Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (m3/hr) by Age Group and Activity Levels
in Field Protocols 5-9
Distributions of Individual and Group Inhalation/Ventilation Rate for Outdoor Workers . . 5-10
Individual Mean Inhalation Rate (mVhr) by Self-Estimated Breathing Rate or Job Activity
Category for Outdoor Workers : 5-10
Comparisons of Estimated Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) with Average Food-Energy
Intakes for Individuals Sampled in the 1977-78 NFCS 5-12
Daily Inhalation Rates Calculated from Food-Energy Intakes 5-13
Daily Inhalation Rates Obtained from the Ratios of Total Energy Expenditure to
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 5-14
Daily Inhalation Rates Based on Time-Activity Survey 5-15
Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposures 5-16
Daily Inhalation Rates Estimated From Daily Activities 5-17
Summary of Human Inhalation Rates for Men, Women, and Children by
Activity Level (nvVhour) 5-18
Activity Pattern Data Aggregated for Three Microenvironments by Activity Level
for all Age Groups " 5-18
Summary of Daily Inhalation Rates Grouped by Age and Activity Level 5-18
Distribution Pattern of Predicted VR and EVR (equivalent ventilation rate)
for 20 Outdoor Workers 5-20
Distribution Pattern of Inhalation Rate by Location and Activity Type for 20 Outdoor
Workers 5-21
Actual Inhalation Rates Measured at Four Ventilation Levels 5-22
Confidence in Inhalation Rate Recommendations 5-23
Summary of Recommended Values for Inhalation 5-24
Summary of Inhalation Rate Studies 5-25
Summary of Adult Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposure Studies 5-26
Summary of Children's (18 years old or less) Inhalation Rates for Long-Term
Exposure Studies 5-26
Summary of Children's Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposure Studies 5-26
Mean Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min) by Group and Activity for Laboratory Protocols .. 5A-3
Mean Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min) by Group and Activity for Field Protocols 5A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 5A-3.
Table 5A-4.
Table 5A-5.
Table 5A-6.
Table 5A-7.
Table 6-1.
Table 6-2.
Table 6-3.
Table 6-4.
Table 6-5.
Table 6-6.
Table 6-7.
Table 6-8.
Table 6-9.
Table 6-10.
Table 6-11.
Table 6-12.
Table 6-13.
Table 6-14.
Table 6-15.
Table 6-16.
Table 6-17.
Table 6-18.
Table 6-A1.
Table 6-A2.
Table 7-1.
Table 7-2.
Table 7-3.
Table 7-4.
Table 7-5.
Table 7-6.
Table 7-7.
Characteristics of Individual Subjects: Anthropometric Data, Job Categories,
Calibration Results 5A-4
Statistics of the Age/Gender Cohorts Used to Develop Regression Equations for
Predicting Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) 5A-4
Selected Ventilation Values During Different Activity Levels Obtained From
Various Literature Sources 5A-5
Estimated Minute Ventilation Associated with Activity Level for Average Male Adult .. 5A-6
Minute Ventilation Ranges by Age, Sex, and Activity Level 5A-7
Summary of Equation Parameters for Calculating Adult Body Surface Area 6-12
Surface Area of Adult Males in Square Meters 6-13
Surface Area of Adult Females in Square Meters 6-13
Surface Area of Body Part for Adults (m2) 6-14
Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Part for Adults 6-14
Total Body Surface Area of Male Children in Square Meters 6-15
Total Body Surface Area of Female Children in Square Meters 6-15
Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Body Part for Children 6-16
Descriptive Statistics for Surface Area/BodyWeight (SA/WB) Ratios (m2/kg) 6-17
Statistical Results for Total Body Surface Area Distributions (m2) 6-17
Summary of Field Studies 6-20
Geometric Mean and Geometric Standard Deviations of Soil Adherence by Activity
and Body Region 6-22
Summary of Surface Area Studies 6-24
Summary of Recommended Values for Skin Surface Area 6-25
Confidence in Body Surface Area Measurement Recommendations 6-25
Recommendations for Adult Body Surface Area 6-26
Summary of Soil Adherence Studies 6-26
Confidence in Soil Adherence to Skin Recommendations 6-27
Estimated Parameter Values for Different Age Intervals 6-A5
Summary of Surface Area Parameter Values for the DuBois and
DuBois Model 6-A6
Smoothed Percentiles of Weight (in kg) by Sex and Age: Statistics from NCHS and Data
from Pels Research Institute, Birth to 36 Months 7-1
Body Weights of Adults (kilograms) 7-4
Body Weights of Children (kilograms) 7-4
Weight in Kilograms for Males 18-74 Years of Age—Number Examined, Mean, Standard
Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age: United States, 1976-1980 7-5
Weight in Kilograms for Females 18-74 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean, Standard
Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age: United States, 1976-1980 7-6
Weight in Kilograms for Males 6 Months-19 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean,
Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States, 1976-1980 .. 7-7
Weight in Kilograms for Females 6 Months-19 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean,
Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States, 1976-1980 .. 7-8
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 7-8. Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses Female's Body Weights 6 Months to
20 Years of Age 7-9
Table 7-9. Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses Male's Body Weights 6 Months to
20 Years of Age 7-10
Table 7-10. Summary of Body Weight Studies ..7-11
Table 7-11. Summary of Recommended Values for Body Weight 7-11
Table 7-12. Confidence in Body Weight Recommendations 7-12
Table 8-1. Expectation of Life at Birth, 1970 to 1993, and Projections, 1995 to 2010 8-2
Table 8-2. Expectation of Life by Race, Sex, and Age: 1992 8-3
Table 8-3. Confidence in Lifetime Expectancy Recommendations 8-5
VOLUME II
Table 9-1. Sub-category Codes and Definitions Used in the CSFII 1989-91 Analysis 9-9
Table 9-2. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for 1989-91 CSFII Data Used in
Analysis of Food Intake 9-10
Table 9-3. Per Capita Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-11
Table 9-4. Per Capita Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-12
Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-13
Table 9-6. Per Capita Intake of USD A Categories of Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) .9-19
Table 9-7. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-20
Table 9-8. Per Capita Intake of Protected Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) , 9-21
Table 9-9. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-22
Table 9-10. Per Capita Intake of Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-23
Table 9-11. Per Capita Intake of Root Vegetables (g/kg7day as consumed) 9-24
Table 9-12. Mean Daily Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977-78,
87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys 9-25
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All
Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups 9-26
Table 9-14. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978) 9-33
Table 9-15. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex an Age (1987-1988) 9-33
Table 9-16. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978) 9-34
Table 9-17. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988) 9-34
Table 9-18. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995) 9-35
Table 9-19. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995) .. 9-35
Table 9-20. Mean Per Capita Intake of Fats and Oils (g/day as consumed) in a Day by Sex and
Age (1994 and 1995) .' 9-36
Table 9-21. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Subclass by
Region (g/day as consumed) , 9-36
Table 9-22. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Food Subclasses Per Capita by Age
(g/day as consumed) 9-37
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 9-23. Consumption of Foods (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated
Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a US Citizen (averaged across sex) Calculated
from the FDA Diet Data 9-37
Table 9-24. Mean Daily Intake of Foods (grams) Based on the Nutrition Canada Dietary Survey 9-38
Table 9-25. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1991 9-38
Table 9-26. Quantity (as consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the
Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days 9-39
Table 9-27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions 9-40
Table 9-28. Summary of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies 9-43
Table 9-29. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables 9-44
Table 9-30. Confidence in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations 9-45
Table 9A-1. Fraction of Grain and Meat Mixture Intake Represented by
Various Food Items/Groups 9A-3
Table 9 B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data 9 B-3
Table 10-1. Total Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables 10-30
Table 10-2. Mean and 95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) by Sex and Age 10-31
Table 10-3. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females by Age 10-32
Table 10-4. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males by Age '. 10-32
Table 10-5. Mean Total Fish Consumption by Species 10-33
Table 10-6. Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions Using the NonLinear Optimization (NLO) Method . 10-33
Table 10-7. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the
U.S. Population (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-34
Table 10-8. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) by Habitat
for Consumers Only (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-35
Table 10-9. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat and Fish Type for U.S.
Population (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-36
Table 10-10. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat for
Consumers Only (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-37
Table 10-11. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U.S.
Population (Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)) 10-38
Table 10-12. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat for Consumers Only
(Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)) 10-39
Table 10-13. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-40
Table 10-14. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-40
Table 10-15. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-41
Table 10-16. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (grams/day) for the
U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-41
Table 10-17. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-42
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-18. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-42
Table 10-19. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) , 10-43
Table 10-20. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-43
Table 10-21. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-44
Table 10-22. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-44
Table 10-23. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-45
Table 10-24. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-45
Table 10-25. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-46
Table 10-26. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-46
Table 10-27. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-47
Table 10-28. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-47
Table 10-29. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-48
Table 10-30. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-48
Table 10-31. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-49
Table 10-32. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-49
Table 10-33. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the U.S.
Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) .... 10-50
Table 10-34, Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-50
Table 10-35. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-51
Table 10-36. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the U.S.
Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-51
Table 10-37. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for Consumers
Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-52
fable 10-38. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-52
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-39. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-53
Table 10-40. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-53
Table 10-41. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for Consumers
Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-54
Table 10-42. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-54
Table 10-43. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-55
Table 10-44. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-55
Table 10-45. Distribution of Quantity of Fish Consumed (in grams) Per Eating Occasion, by
Age and Sex 10-56
Table 10-46. Mean Fish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Age 10-56
Table 10-47. Percent of Respondents That Responded Yes, No, or Don't Know to Eating
Seafood in 1 Month (including shellfish, eels, or squid) 10-57
Table 10-48. Number of Respondents Reporting Consumption of a Specified Number of
Servings of Seafood in 1 Month 10-58
Table 10-49. Number of Respondents Reporting Monthly Consumption of Seafood That Was
Purchased or Caught by Someone They Knew 10-59
Table 10-50. Estimated Number of Participants in Marine Recreational Fishing by State
and Subregion 10-60
Table 10-51. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine Recreational
Fishermen, by Wave and Subregion 10-61
Table 10-52. Average Daily Intake (g/day) of Marine Finfish, by Region and Coastal Status 10-62
Table 10-53. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine
Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Atlantic and Gulf 10-62
Table 10-54. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine
Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Pacific 10-63
Table 10-55. Median Intake Rates Based on Demographic Data of Sport Fishermen and
Their Family/Living Group 10-63
Table 10-56. Cumulative Distribution of Total Fish/Shellfish Consumption by Surveyed
Sport Fishermen in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area 10-64
Table 10-57. Catch Information for Primary Fish Species Kept by Sport Fishermen (n=1059).... 10-64
Table 10-58. Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons in Commencement
Bay, Washington , 10-64
Table 10-59. Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates (g/day) for the Survey and Total Angler
Populations Based on the Reanalysis of the Puffer et al. (1981) and Pierce et al. (1981)
Data 10-65
Table 10-60. Means and Standard Deviations of Selected Characteristics by Subpopulation
Groups in Everglades, Florida 10-65
Table 10-61. Mean Fish Intake Among Individuals Who Eat Fish and Reside in Households
With Recreational Fish Consumption , 10-66
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-62. Comparison of Seven-Day Recall and Estimated Seasonal Frequency for Fish
Consumption 10-66
Table 10-63. Distribution of Usual Fish Intake Among Survey Main Respondents Who
Fished and Consumed Recreationally Caught Fish 10-66
Table 10-64. Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers in Maine During the
1989-1990 Ice Fishing or 1990 Open-Water Seasons 10-67
Table 10-65. Analysis of Fish Consumption by Ethnic Groups for "All Waters" (g/day) 10-67
Table 10-66. Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey Respondents
During the 1990 Season 10-68
Table 10-67. Mean Sport-Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables, Michigan Sport
Anglers Fish Consumption Study, 1991-1992 10-68
Table 10-68. Distribution of Fish Intake Rates (from all sources and from sport-caught sources)
For 1992 Lake Ontario Anglers 10-69
Table 10-69. Mean Annual Fish Consumption (g/day) for Lake Ontario Anglers, 1992, by
Sociodemographic Characteristics 10-69
Table 10-70. Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers 10-70
Table 10-71. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents 10-70
Table 10-72. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult Respondents
(Consumers and Non-consumers Combined) - Throughout the Year 10-71
Table 10-73. Fish Intake Throughout the Year by Sex, Age, and Location by All Adult Respondents .. 10-71
Table 10-74. Children's Fish Consumption Rates - Throughout Year 10-72
Table 10-75. Sociodemographic Factors and Recent Fish Consumption 10-72
Table 10-76. Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for AH Respondents .. 10-74
Table 10-77. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All
Respondents and Consumers Only 10-74
Table 10-78. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period and
Selected Characteristics for All Respondents (Mohawk, N=97; Control, N=154) 10-75
Table 10-79. Percentage of Individuals Using Various Cooking Methods at Specified Frequencies .... 10-75
Table 10-80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species 10-76
Table 10-81. Recommendations - General Population : 10-79
Table 10-82. Recommendations - General Population - Fish Serving Size 10-79
Table 10-83. Recommendations - Recreational Marine Anglers 10-79
Table 10-84. Recommendations - Freshwater Anglers 10-79
Table 10-85. Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations 10-80
Table 10-86. Summary of Fish Intake Studies 10-81
Table 10-87. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for General Population 10-85
Table 10-88. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for Recreational Marine Anglers 10-86
Table 10-89. Confidence in Recommendations for Fish Consumption - Recreational Freshwater 10-87
Table 10-90. Confidence in Recommendations for Native American Subsistence Fish Consumption ... 10-88
Table 10B-1. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Residence Size ... 10B-3
Table 10B-2. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Age 10B-3
Table 10B-3. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Ethnicity 10B-4
Table 10B-4. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Education 10B-4
Table 10B-5. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Income 10B-5
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10B-6, Percent of Fish Meals Where Fat was Trimmed or Skin was Removed, by Demographic
Variables 10B-6
Table 10B-7. Method of Cooking of Most Common Species Kept by Sportfishermen 10B-7
Table 10B-8. Adult Consumption of Fish Parts 10B-7
Table 10C-1. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption U.S. Population - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - As Consumed Fish 10C-3
Table 10C-2, Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption U.S. Population - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - Uncooked Fish 10C-4
Table 10C-3. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption As Consumed Fish - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - U.S. Population 10C-5
Table 10C-4. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption Uncooked Fish - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - U.S. Population 10C-6
Table 11-1. Per Capita Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day as consumed)) , 11-9
Table 11-2. Per Capita Intake of Total Dairy Products (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-10
Table 11-3. Per Capita Intake of Beef (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-11
Table 11-4. Per Capita Intake of Pork (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-12
Table 11-5. Per Capita Intake of Poultry (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-13
Table 11-6. Per Capita Intake of Game (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-14
Table 11-7. Per Capita Intake of Eggs (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-15
Table 11-8. Main Daily Intake of Meat and Dairy Products Per Individual in a Day for USDA
1977-78, 87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys 11-16
Table 11-9. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products (g/kg-day as consumed)
Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups 11-17
Table 11-10. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1977-1978 11-18
Table 11-11. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 11-18
Table 11-12. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as
consumed) for 1977-1978 11-19
Table 11-13. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 11-19
Table 11-14. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1994 and 1995 11-20
Table 11-15. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age
(g/day as consumed) for 1994 and 1995 11-20
Table 11-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Dietary Intake of Food Sub Classes Per Capita by Age
(g/day as consumed) .11-21
Table 11-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and
Sub Class by Region (g/day as consumed) 11-21
Table 11-18. Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products for Different Age Groups (averaged
across sex), and Estimated Lifetime Average Intakes for 70 Kg Adult Citizens
Calculated from the FDA Diet Data 11-22
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 11-19. Per Capita Consumption of Meat and Poultry in 1991 11-22
Table 11-20. Per Capita Consumption of Dairy Products in 1991 11-23
Table 11-21. Adult Mean Daily Intake (as consumed) of Meat and Poultry Grouped by Region and
Gender 11-24
Table 11-22. Amount (as consumed) of Meat Consumed by Adults Grouped by Frequency of Eatings . 11-24
Table 11-23. Quantity (as consumed) of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products Consumed Per
Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days ... 11-25
Table 11-24. Percentage Lipid Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible
Portions) of Selected Meat and Dairy Products 11-26
Table 1 -25. Fat Content of Meat Products 11-27
Table 1 -26. Fat Intake, Contribution of Various Food Groups to Fat Intake, and Percentage of the
Population in Various Meat Eater Groups of the U.S. Population 11-28
Table 1 -27. Mean Total Daily Dietary Fat Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age and Gender 11-28
Table 1 -28. . Percentage Mean Moisture Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of
Edible Portions) 11-29
Table 1 -29. Summary of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Intake Studies 11-30
Table 1 -30. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Meat and Dairy
Products and Serving Size 11-31
Table 11-31. Confidence in Meats and Dairy Products Intake Recommendations 11-32
Table 12-1. Per Capita Intake of Total Grains Including Mixtures (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-6
Table 12-2. Per Capita Intake of Breads (g/kg-day as consumed)) 12-7
Table 12-3. Per Capita Intake of Sweets (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-8
Table 12-4. Per Capita Intake of Snacks Containing Grain (g/kg-day as consumed) : 12-9
Table 12-5. Per Capita Intake of Breakfast Foods (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-10
Table 12-6. Per Capita Intake of Pasta (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-11
Table 12-7. Per Capita Intake of Cooked Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-12
Table 12-8. Per Capita Intake of Rice (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-13
Table 12-9. Per Capita Intake of Ready-to-Eat Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed)) 12-14
Table 12-10. Per Capita Intake of Baby Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-15
Table 12-11. Mean Daily Intakes of Grains Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977-78,
87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys ...'. 12-16
•Table 12-12. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Grains Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic
Subgroups 12-16
Table 12-13. Mean Grain Intake Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1977-1978 12-17
Table 12-14. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 12-17
Table 12-15. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1994 and 1995 : 12-18
Table 12-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Per Capita Intake of Grains, by Age
(g/day as consumed) 12-18
Table 12-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Grains, by Region (g/day as
consumed) 12-19
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 12-18. Consumption of Grains (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated
Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a U.S. Citizen (averaged across sex) Calculated
from the FDA Diet Data 12-19
Table 12-19. Per Capita Consumption of Flour and Cereal Products in 1991 12-20
Table 12-20. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the
Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days 12-20
Table 12-21. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Grains Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions . 12-21
Table 12-22. Summary of Grain Intake Studies 12-22
Table 12-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Grain Products 12-22
Table 12-24. Confidence in Grain Products Intake Recommendation 12-23
Table 12A-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in the Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII
Grains Data 12A-3
Table 13-1. 1986 Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors 13-1
Table 13-2. Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables in 1986 13-1
Table 13-3. Sub-category Codes and Definitions 13-4
Table 13-4. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations (Individuals) for NFCS Data
Used in Analysis of Food Intake 13-6
Table 13-5. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Meats 13-8
Table 13-6. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Fruits 13-8
Table 13-7. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Vegetables 13-9
Table 13-8. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined 13-12
Table 13-9. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-13
Table 13-10. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-13
Table 13-11. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - South 13-14
Table 13-12. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - West 13-14
Table 13-13. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined .. 13-15
Table 13-14. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-16
Table 13-15. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-16
Table 13-16. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - South 13-17
Table 13-17. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - West 13-17
Table 13-18. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined ... 13-18
Table 13-19. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-19
Table 13-20. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-19
Table 13-21. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - South 13-20
Table 13-22. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kgrday) - West 13-20
Table 13-23. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined 13-21
Table 13-24. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-22
Table 13-25. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-22
Table 13-26. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - South 13-23
Table 13-27. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - West 13-23
Table 13-28. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - All Regions 13-24
Table 13-29. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-25
Table 13-30. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-25
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 13-31. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - South 13-26
Table 13-32. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - West 13-26
Table 13-33. Seasonally Adjusted Consumer Only Homegrown Intake (g/kg-day) 13-27
Table 13-34, Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Apples (g/kg-day) 13-28
Table 13-35. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Asparagus (g/kg-day) 13-29
Table 13-36. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Beef (g/kg-day) 13-30
Table 13-37. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Beets (g/kg-day) 13-31
Table 13-38. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Broccoli (g/kg-day) 13-32
Table 13-39. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Cabbage (g/kg-day) 13-33
Table 13-40. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Carrots (g/kg-day) 13-34
Table 13-41. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Corn (g/kg-day) 13-35
Table 13-42. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Cucumbers (g/kg-day) 13-36
Table 13-43. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Eggs (g/kg-day) , 13-37
Table 13-44. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Game (g/kg-day) 13-38
Table 13-45. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Lettuce (g/kg-day) 13-39
Table 13-46. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Lima Beans (g/kg-day) 13-40
Table 13-47. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Okra (g/kg-day) 13-41
Table 13-48. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Onions (g/kg-day) 13-42
Table 13-49. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Berries (g/kg-day) 13-43
Table 13-50. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peaches (g/kg-day) 13-44
Table 13-51. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Pears (g/kg-day) 13-45
Table 13-52. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peas (g/kg-day) 13-46
Table 13-53. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peppers (g/kg-day) 13-47
Table 13-54. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Pork (g/kg-day) 13-48
Table 13-55. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Poultry (g/kg-day) 13-49
Table 13-56. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Pumpkins (g/kg-day) 13-50
Table 13-57. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Snap Beans (g/kg-day) 13-51
Table 13-58. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Strawberries (g/kg-day) 13-52
Table 13-59. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Tomatoes (g/kg-day) 13-53
Table 13-60. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown White Potatoes (g/kg-day) 13-54
Table 13-61. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Exposed Fruit (g/kg-day) 13-55
Table 13-62. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Protected Fruits (g/kg-day) 13-56
Table 13-63. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-57
Table 13-64, Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-58
Table 13-65. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Root Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-59
Table 13-66. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Dark Green Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-60
Table 13-67. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-61
Table 13-68. - Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-62
Table 13-69. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Citrus (g/kg-day) , 13-63
Table 13-70. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Fruit (g/kg-day) 13-64
Table 13-71, Fraction of Food Intake that is Home Produced 13-65
Table 13-72. Confidence in Homegrown Food Consumption Recommendations 13-67
Table 13A-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data 13A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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EFH
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 14-1. Daily Intakes of Breast Milk 14-2
Table 14-2. Breast Milk Intake for Infants Aged 1 to 6 Months , 14-2
Table 14-3. Breast Milk Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First 4 Months
of Life 14-3
Table 14-4. Breat Milk Intake During a 24-Hour Period 14-3
Table 14-5. Breast Milk Intake Estimated by the DARLING Study 14-4
Table 14-6. Milk Intake for Bottle- and Breast-fed Infants by Age Group 14-4
Table 14-7. Milk Intake for Boys and Girls 14-4
Table 14-8. Intake of Breast Milk and Formula , 14-5
Table 14-9. Lipid Content of Human Milk and Estimated Lipid Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed
Infants 14-6
Table 14-10. Predicted Lipid Intakes for Breast-fed Infants Under 12 Months of Age 14-6
Table 14-11, Number of Meals Per Day 14-7
Table 14-12. Percentage of Mothers Breast-feeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital and Infants
at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the United States in 1989, by Ethnic Background and
Selected Demographic Variables 14-10
Table 14-13. Breast Milk Intake Studies 14-11
Table 14-14. Confidence in Breast Milk Intake Recommendations , 14-13
Table 14-15. Breast Milk Intake Rates Derived From Key Studies 14-14
Table 14-16. Summary of Recommended Breast Milk and Lipid Intake Rates 14-15
VOLUME ra
Table 15-1. Time Use Table Locator Guide 15-20
Table 15-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and
Type of Day 15-21
Table 15-3. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five
Different Age Groups 15-22
Table 15-4. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average Shower Duration for 2,550 Households . 15-23
Table 15-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by
Total Sample and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (age 18-64 years) 15-24
Table 15-6. Total Mean Time Spent at Three Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample and
Gender for the CARB and National Study (ages 18-64 years) 15-24
Table 15-7. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and National Studies
(ages 12 years and older) , 15-25
Table 15-8. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by Total
Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data 15-26
Table 15-9. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type of Day for
the California and National Surveys (sample population ages 12 years and older) 15-27
Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups
for the National and California Surveys 15-28
Table 15-11. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories for All
Respondents 15-30
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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EF.H
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Age
and Gender 15-30
Table 15-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons
and Regions 15-31
Table 15-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents
(minutes/day) 15-31
Table 15-15. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender .... 15-32
Table 15-16. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Season and Region .. 15-32
Table 15-17. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures Grouped by
All Respondents, Age, and Gender 15-33
Table 15-18. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors 15-33
Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of
Respondents 15-34
Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents 15-35
Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower) 15-36
Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering by the
Number of Respondents 15-37
Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering
(minutes/shower) 15-38
Table 15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by Number of Respondents 15-39
Table 15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents 15-40
Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 15-41
Table 15-27. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number
of Respondents 15-42
Table 15-28. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s)
(minutes/bath) , 15-43
Table 15-29. Total Time Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of Respondents .. 15-44
Table 15-30. Total Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub (minutes/bath) .... 15-45
Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by the
Number of Respondents 15-46
Table 15-32. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or
Bath (minutes/bath) 15-47
Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by
the Number of Respondents 15-48
Table 15-34. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Food While Fried,
Grilled, or Barbequed (minutes/day) 15-49
Table 15-35. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Open Flames
Including Barbeque Flames (minutes/day) 15-50
Table 15-36. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air
(minutes/day) 15-51
Table 15-37. Range of the Number of Times an Automobile or Motor Vehicle was Started in
a Garage or Carport at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-52
Table 15-38. Range of the Number of Times Motor Vehicle Was Started with Garage Door
Closed at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-53
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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EFH
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-39. Number of Minutes Spent at a Gas Station or Auto Repair Shop (minutes/day) 15-54
Table 15-40. Number of Minutes Spent at Home While the Windows Were Left Open
(minutes/day) 15-55
Table 15-41. Number of Minutes the Outside Door Was Left Open While at Home (minutes/day) .... 15-56
Table 15-42. Number of Times an Outside Door Was Opened in the Home at Specified Daily
Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-57
Table 15-43. Number of Minutes Spent Running, Walking, or Standing Alongside a Road with
Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) 15-58
Table 15-44. Number of Minutes Spent in a Car, Van, Truck, or Bus in Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) .. 15-59
Table 15-45. Number of Minutes Spent in a Parking Garage or Indoor Parking Lot (minutes/day) .... 15-60
Table 15-46. Number of Minutes Spent Walking Outside to a Car in the Driveway or Outside
Parking Areas (minutes/day) 15-61
Table 15-47. Number of Minutes Spent Running or Walking Outside Other Than to the Car
(minutes/day) 15-62
Table 15-48. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay (hours/week) 15-63
Table 15-49. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay Between 6PM and 6AM (hours/week) 15-64
Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week) 15-65
Table 15-51. Number of Times Floors Were Swept or Vacuumed at Specified Frequencies by the
Number of Respondents , 15-66
Table 15-52. Number of Days Since the Floor Area in the Home Was Swept or Vacuumed by the
Number of Respondents 15-67
Table 15-53. Number of Loads of Laundry Washed in a Washing Machine at Home by the
Number of Respondents 15-68
Table 15-54. Number of Times Using a Dishwasher at Specified Frequencies by the Number of
Respondents 15-69
Table 15-55. Number of Times Washing Dishes by Hand at Specified Frequencies by the Number
of Respondents 15-70
Table 15-56. Number of Times for Washing Clothes in a Washing Machine at Specified Frequencies
by the Number of Respondents 15-71
Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the Number of
Respondents 15-72
Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand or Gravel (minutes/day) 15-73
Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When
Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents 15-74
Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When Fill Dirt
Was Present (minutes/day) 15-75
Table 15-61. Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in a Month
by the Number of Respondents 15-76
Table 15-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other Circumstances
Working (hours/month) 15-77
Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the Number of
Respondents 15-78
Table 15-64. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day) 15-79
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the
Number of Respondents 15-80
Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually Spent in the Water by Swimmers by
the Number of Respondents 15-82
Table 15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool
(minutes/month) , 15-83
Table 15-68. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Working in a Main Job .... 15-84
Table 15-69. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation 15-85
Table 15-70. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Cleanup 15-86
Table 15-71. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Cleaning House ......... 15-87
Table 15-72. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Cleaning 15-88
Table 15-73. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Clothes Care 15-89
Table 15-74. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Car Repair/Maintenance , 15-90
Table 15-75. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Repairs 15-91
Table 15-76, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Plant Care 15-92
Table 15-77. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Animal Care 15-93
Table 15-78. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Household Work . 15-94
Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Indoor Playing 15-95
Table 15-80. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Playing ....... 15-96
Table 15-81. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent for Car Repair Services ... 15-97
Table 15-82, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Washing, etc. 15-98
Table 15-83. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Sleeping/Napping 15-99
Table 15-84. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Attending
Full Time School ...' • , 15-100
Table 15-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active Sports 15-101
Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Recreation ... 15-102
Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise 15-103
Table 15-88. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation 15-104
Table 15-89. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Doing Dishes/Laundry ... 15-105
Table 15-90. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Housekeeping 15-106
Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bathing 15-107
Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Yard work/Maintenance 15-108
Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Sports/Exercise 15-109
Table 15-94. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Eating or Drinking 15-110
Table 15-95. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at an
Auto Repair Shop/Gas Station 15-111
Table 15-96. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Gym/Health Club 15=-! 12
Table 15-97. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the
Laundromat , 15-113
Table 15-98. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at Work
(non-specific) 15-114
Table 15-99. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the
Dry Cleaners 15-115
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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EFH
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-100. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Bar/Nightclub/Bowling Alley 15-116
Table 15-101. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Restaurant ... 15-117
Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at School 15-118
Table 15-103. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Plant/Factory/Warehouse 15-119
Table 15-104. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on a
Sidewalk, Street, or in the Neighborhood 15-120
Table 15-105. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors in a
Parking Lot 15-121
Table 15-106. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Service Station or Gas Station 15-122
Table 15-107. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Construction Site 15-123
Table 15-108. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on School
Grounds/Playground 15-124
Table 15-109. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Park/Golf Course 15-125
Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Pool/River/Lake 15-126
Table 15-111. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Restaurant/Picnic 15-127
Table 15-112. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Farm 15-128
Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Kitchen ... 15-129
Table 15-114. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom 15-130
Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Bedroom .. 15-131
Table 15-116, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Garage ... 15-132
Table 15-117. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Basement 15-133
Table 15-118. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the
Utility Room or Laundry Room 15-134
Table 15-119. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Outdoor
Pool or Spa 15-135
Table 15-120. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Yard or
Other Areas Outside the House 15-136
Table 15-121. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Car 15-137
Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Truck
(Pick-up/Van) 15-138
Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Motorcycle,
Moped, or Scooter 15-139
Table 15-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in Other Trucks 15-140
Table 15-125, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bus 15-141
Table 15-126. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking 15-142
Table 15-127. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a
Bicycle/Skateboard/Rollerskate 15-143
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-128. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a Bus, Train
etc., Stop , , 15-144
Table 15-129. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a
Train/Subway/Rapid Transit 15-145
Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on an Airplane , 15-146
Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a Residence
(all rooms) 15-147
Table 15-132. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors (outside the
residence) 15-148
Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling Inside
a Vehicle 15-149
Table 15-134. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Near a Vehicle . 15-150
Table 15-135, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Other Than
Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, or Farms 15-151
Table 15-136. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in an Office or Factory ... 15-152
Table 15-137. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Malls, Grocery Stores,
or Other Stores 15-153
Table 15-138. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Schools, Churches,
Hospitals, and Public Buildings 15-154
Table 15-139. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bars/Nightclubs,
Bowling Alleys, and Restaurants 15-155
Table 15-140. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Outdoors
Such as Auto Repair Shops, Laundromats, Gyms, and at Work (non-specific) 15-156
Table 15-141. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers Present .... 15-157
Table 15-142. Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the Number of Respondents ........ 15-158
Table 15-143. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking (minutes/day) 15-160
Table 15-144. Range of Time Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco by the Number of Respondents . 15-161
Table 15-145. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco (minutes/day) 15-162
Table 15-146. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked Based on the Number of Respondents 15-163
Table 15-147. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked by Other People Based on Number
of Respondents 15-164
Table 15-148. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked While at Home Based on the
Number of Respondents 15-165
Table 15-149. Differences in Time Use (hours/week) Grouped by Sex, Employment Status,
and Marital Status for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 15-166
Table 15-150. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Age for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 15-167
Table 15-151. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Education for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 15-168
Table 15-152. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Race for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 15-169
Table 15-153. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Regions . 15-169
Table 15-154. Total Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by
Type of Day 15-170
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-155. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During Four Waves
of Interviews 15-170
Table 15-156. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Gender . 15-171
Table 15-157. Percent Responses of Children's "Play" (activities) Locations in Mary vale, Arizona ... 15-171
Table 15-158. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex 15-172
Table 15-159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Race 15-172
Table 15-160. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Employment
Status 15-172
Table 15-161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major Occupational
Groups and Age 15-173
Table 15-162. Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 Years and Older 15-173
Table 15-163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T, for
Each Group in Survey 15-174
Table 15-164. Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R(t) by
Housing Category 15-174
Table 15-165. Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units 15-175
Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time 15-175
Table 15-167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period 15-176
Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age 15-176
Table 15-169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers (1993) 15-177
Table 15-170. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution) 15-177
Table 15-171. Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution) 15-177
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations 15-178
Table 15-173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations 15-185
Table 15-174. Recommendations for Population Mobility 15-188
Table 15-175, Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations 15-188
Table 15-176. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors 15-187
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries 15A-3
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California
and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years) 15A-17
Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments 15A-19
Table 15A-4. Major Time Use Activity Categories 15A-21
Table 15A-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week 15A-22
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals 15A-24
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure 15A-27
Table 15B-1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for Selected
1-Year Periods: 1960-1992 (numbers in thousands) 15B-3
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 15B-4
Table 16-1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U.S. Household 16-7
Table 16-2. Frequency of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-10
Table 16-3. Exposure Time of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-11
Table 16-4. Amount of Products Used for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-12
Table 16-5. Time Exposed After Duration of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-13
Table 16-6. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Adhesive Removers 16-14
Page
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August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No,
Table 16-7. Adhesive Remover Usage by Gender 16-14
Table 16-8. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Spray Paint 16-15
Table 16-9. Spray Paint Usage by Gender 16-15
Table 16-10. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Paint Removers/Strippers ......... 16-16
Table 16-11. Paint Stripper Usage by Gender 16-16
Table 16-12. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used by Task for
Household Cleaning Products 16-17
Table 16-13. Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Time in Performing Household Tasks ......... 16-19
Table 16-14. Mean Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Performing Household Tasks ' 16-20
Table 16-15. Mean and Percentile Rankings for Exposure Time Per Event of Performing
Household Tasks 16-21
Table 16-16. Total Exposure Time for Ten Product Groups Most Frequently Used for
Household Cleaning 16-21
Table 16-17. Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior Painters (hours) . 16-22
Table 16-18. Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/Occasion (hours) and Frequency of
Occasions Spent Painting Per Year 16-22
Table 16-19. Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painters 16-22
Table 16-20. Number of Respondents Using Cologne, Perfume, Aftershave or Other
Fragrances at Specified Daily Frequencies 16-23
Table 16-21. - Numberof Respondents Using Any Aerosol Spray Product for Personal Care
Item Such as Deodorant or Hair Spray at Specified Daily Frequencies 16-24
Table 16-22. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Freshly Applied
Paints (minutes/day) 16-25
Table 16-23. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Household
Cleaning Agents Such as Scouring Powders or Ammonia (minutes/day) 16-26
Table 16-24. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities (at home or elsewhere) Working with
or Near Floorwax, Furniture Wax or Shoe Polish (minutes/day) 16-27
Table 16-25. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Glue 16-28
Table 16-26. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Solvents, Fumes
or Strong Smelling Chemicals (minutes/day) 16-29
Table 16-27. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Stain or Spot
Removers (minutes/day) 16-30
Table 16-28. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Gasoline or
Diesel-powered Equipment, Besides Automobiles (minutes/day) , 16-31
Table 16-29. Number of Minutes Spent Using Any Microwave Oven (minutes/day) 16-32
Table 16-30. Number of Respondents Using a Humidifier at Home , 16-33
Table 16-31. Number of Respondents Indicating that Pesticides Were Applied by the Professional at
Home to Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies 16-34
Table 16-32. Number of Respondents Reporting Pesticides Applied by the Consumer at Home to
Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies 16-35
Table 16-33. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Pesticides, Including
Bug Sprays or Bug Strips (minutes/day) 16-36
Table 16-34. Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products 16-37
Table 16-35. Summary of Consumer Products Use Studies 16-40
Table 16A-1. Volumes Included in 1992 Simmons Study 16A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 17-1. Summary of Residential Volume Distributions 17-3
Table 17-2. Average Estimated Volumes of U.S. Residences, by Housing Type and Ownership 17-4
Table 17-3. Residential Volumes in Relation to Household Size and Year of Construction 17-4
Table 17-4. Dimensional Quantities for Residential Rooms 17-5
Table 17-5. Examples of Products and Materials Associated with Floor and Wall Surfaces
in Residences 17-6
Table 17-6, Percent of Residences with Basement, by Census Region and EPA Region 17-8
Table 17-7. Percent of Residences with Certain Foundation Types by Census Region 17-9
Table 17-8. States Associated with EPA Regions and Census Regions 17-9
Table 17-9. Summary of Major Projects Providing Air Exchange Measurements in the
PFT Database 17-11
Table 17-10. Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Rates (air changes per hour-ACH), by Region .... 17-12
Table 17-11. Distributions of Residential Air Exchange Rates by Climate Region and Season 17-13
Table 17-12. Deposition Rates for Indoor Particles 17-15
Table 17-13. Particle Deposition During Normal Activities 17-15
Table 17-14. In-house Water Use Rates (gcd), by Study and Type of Use 17-17
Table 17-15. Summary of Selected HUD and Power Authority Water Use Studies 17-17
Table 17-16. Showering and Bathing Water Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-17. Showering Characteristics for Various Types of Shower Heads 17-18
Table 17-18. Toilet Water Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-19. Toilet Frequency Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-20. Dishwasher Frequency Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-21. Dishwasher Water Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-22. Clothes Washer Frequency Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-23. Clothes Washer Water Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-24. Range of Water Uses for Clothes Washers 17-19
Table 17-25. Total Dust Loading for Carpeted Areas 17-19
Table 17-26. Particle Deposition and Resuspension During Normal Activities 17-20
Table 17-27. Dust Mass Loading After One Week Without Vacuum Cleaning 17-20
Table 17-28. Simplified Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants 17-21
Table 17-29. Volume of Residence Surveys 17-29
Table 17-30. Air Exchange Rates Surveys 17-29
Table 17-31. Recommendations - Residential Parameters 17-30
Table 17-32. Confidence in House Volume Recommendations 17-30
Table 17-33. Confidence in Air Exchange Rate Recommendations 17-31
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VOLUME I
EFH
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1-1. Schematic of Dose and Exposure: Oral Route 1-13
Figure 1-2. Road Map to Exposure Factor Recommendations 1-17
Figure 6-1. Schematic of Dose and Exposure: Dermal Route 6-12
Figure 6-2. SA/BW Distributions for Infants, Adults, and AH Ages Combined ', 6-18
Figure 6-3. Surface Area Frequency Distribution: Men and Women , 6-19
Figure 7-1. Weight by Age Percentiles for Boys Aged Birth-36 Months 7-2
Figure 7-2. Weight by Age Percentiles for Girls Aged Birth-36 Months 7-3
VOLUME II
Figure 10-1. Seasonal Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990 10-73
Figure 10-2. Peak Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990 10-73
VOLUME ffl
Figure 15-1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991-92 15-14
Figure 17-1. Elements of Residential Exposure ;... 17-1
Figure 17-2, Cumulative Frequency Distributions for Residential Volumes from the PFT Data
Base and the U.S. DOE's RECs 17-3
Figure 17-3. Configuration for Residential Forced-air Systems 17-7
Figure 17-4. Idealized Patterns of Particle Deposition Indoors .' 17-14
Figure 17-5. Air Flows for Multiple-zone Systems 17-16
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PREFACE
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) has prepared this handbook to address factors commonly used in exposure assessments. This
handbook was first published in 1989 in response to requests from many EPA Program and Regional offices for
additional guidance on how to select values for exposure factors.
Several events sparked the efforts to revise the Exposure Factors Handbook. First, since its
publication in 1989, new data have become available. Second, the Risk Assessment Council issued a memorandum
titled, "Guidance on Risk Characterization for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors," dated February 26, 1992, which
emphasized the use of multiple descriptors of risk (i.e., measures of central tendency such as average or mean, or
high end), and characterization of individual risk, population risk, important subpopulations. A new document was
issued titled "Guidance for Risk Characterization," dated February 1995. This document is an update of the
guidance issued with the 1992 policy. Third, EPA published the revised Guidelines for Exposure Assessment in
1992,
As part of the efforts to revise the handbook, the EPA Risk Assessment Forum sponsored a
two-day peer involvement workshop which was conducted during the summer of 1993. The workshop was attended
by 57 scientists from academia, consulting firms, private industry, the States, and other Federal agencies. The ,
purpose of the workshop was to identify new data sources, to discuss adequacy of the data and the feasibility of
developing statistical distributions and to establish priorities.
As a result of the peer involvement workshop, three new chapters were added to the handbook.
These chapters are: Consumer Product Use, Residential Building Characteristics, and Intake of Grains. This
document also provides a summary of the available data on consumption of drinking water; consumption of fruits,
vegetables, beef, dairy products, grain products, and fish; breast milk intake; soil ingestion; inhalation rates; skin
surface area; soil adherence; lifetime; activity patterns; and body weight.
A new draft handbook that incorporated comments from the 1993 workshop was published for
peer review in June 1995. A peer review workshop was held in July 1995 to discuss comments on the draft
handbook. A new draft of the handbook that addressed comments from the 1995 peer review workshop was
submitted to the Science Advisory Board (SAB) for review in August 1996. An SAB workshop meeting was held
December 19-20, 1996, to discuss the comments of the SAB reviewers. Comments from the SAB review have been
incorporated into the current handbook.
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FOREWORD
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and Development
(ORD) has five main functions: (1) providing risk assessment research, methods, and guidelines; (2) performing
health and ecological assessments; (3) developing, maintaining, and transferring risk assessment information and
training; (4) helping ORD set research priorities; and (5) developing and maintaining resource support systems for
NCEA. The activities under each of these functions are supported by and respond to the needs of the various
program offices. In relation to the first function, NCEA sponsors projects aimed at developing or refining techniques
used in exposure assessments.
This handbook was first published in 1989 to provide statistical data on the various factors used in assessing
exposure. This revised version of the handbook provides the up-to-date data on these exposure factors. The
recommended values are based solely on our interpretations of the available data. In many situations different values
may be appropriate to use in consideration of policy, precedent or other factors.
Michael A. Callahan
Director
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Washington Office
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
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EFH
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development was
responsible for the preparation of this handbook. The original document was prepared by Versar Inc. under EPA
Contract No. 68-02-4254, Work Assignment No. 189. John Schaum, of NCEA-Washington Office, served as the
EPA Work Assignment Manager, providing overall direction and coordination of the production effort as well as
technical assistance and guidance. Revisions, updates, and additional preparation were provided by Versar Inc.
under Contract Numbers 68-DO-01Q1, 68-D3-0013, and 68-D5-0051, Russell Kinerson and Greg Kew have served
as EPA Work Assignment Managers during previous efforts of the update process. Jackie Moya served as Work
Assignment Manager for the current updated version, providing overall direction, technical assistance, and serving as
contributing author.
AUTHORS DESKTOP PUBLISHING GRAPHICS
Patricia Wood Susan Perry Kathy Bowles
Linda Phillips Jennifer Baker
Aderonke Adenuga WORD PROCESSING
Mike Koontz
Harry Rector Valerie Schwartz
Charles Wilkes
Maggie Wilson
*.
Exposure Assessment Division
Versar Inc.
Springfield, VA
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CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS
The following EPA individuals have reviewed and/or have been contributing authors of this document.
Michael Dellarco
Robert McGaughy
Amy Mills
Jacqueline Moya
Susan Perlin
Paul Pinsky
John Schaum
Paul White
Amina Wilkins
Chieh Wu
The following individuals were Science Advisory Board Reviewers:
Members
Dr. Joan Daisey
Lawrence Berkley Laboratory
Berkley, California
Dr. Paul Bailey
Mobil Business Resources Corporation
Paulsboro, New Jersey
Dr. Robert Hazen
State of New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy
Trenton, New Jersey
Dr. Timothy Larson
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Dr. Kai-Shen Liu
California Department of Health Services
Berkeley, California
Dr. Paul Lioy
Environmental Occupational Health
Sciences Institute
Piscataway, New Jersey
Dr. Maria Morandi
University of Texas School of Public Health
Houston, Texas
Dr. Jonathan M. Samet
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Mr. Ron White
American Lung Association
Washington, D,C.
Dr. Lauren Zeise
California Environmental Protection Agency
Berkeley, California
Federal Experts
Dr. Richard Ellis
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C.
Ms. Alanna J. Moshfegh
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C.
tosure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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An earlier draft of this document was peer reviewed by a panel of experts at a peer-review workshop held in
1995. Members of the Peer Review Panel were as follows:
Edward Avol
Department of Preventive Medicine
School of Medicine
University of Southern California
James Axley
School of Architecture
Yale University
David Burmaster
Alceon Corporation
Steven Colome
Integrated Environmental Services
Michael DiNovi
Chemistry Review Branch
U.S. Food & Drug Administration
Dennis Druck
Environmental Scientist
Center of Health Promotion & Preventive
Medicine
U.S. Army
J. Mark Fly
Department of Forestry, Wildlife, &
Fisheries
University of Tennessee
Larry Gephart
Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc.
Patricia Guenlher
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
PJ. (Bert) Hakkinen
Paper Product Development & Paper
Technology Divisions
The Proctor & Gamble Company
Mary Hama
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Dennis Jones
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
John Kissel
Department of Environmental Health
School of Public Health & Community Medicine
Neil Klepeis
Information Systems & Services, Inc.
Andrew Persily
National Institute of Standards & Technologies
Barbara Petersen
Technical Assessment Systems, Inc.
Thomas Phillips
Research Division
California Air Resources Board
Paul Price
ChemRisk
John Risher
Division of Toxicology
The Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
John Robinson
University of Maryland
Peter Robinson
The Proctor & Gamble Company
P. Barry Ryan
Department of Environmental & Occupational
Health
Rollins School of Public Health
Emory University
Val Schaeffer
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Brad Shurdut
DowElanco
John Talbott
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U.S. Department of Energy
Frances Vecchio
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
The following individuals within EPA have reviewed an earlier draft of this document and provided valuable
comments:
OFFICE
REVIEWERS/CONTRIBUTORS
Office of Research and Development
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Office of Pollution, Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
Maurice Berry
Jerry Blancato
Elizabeth Bryan
Curtis Dary
Stan Durkee
Manuel Gomez
Wayne Marchant
Sue Perlin
James Quanckenboss
Glen Rice
Lance Wallace
Jim Konz
Pat Kennedy
Cathy Fehrenbaeker
Office of Water
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
EPA Regions
Denis Borum
Helen Jacobs
Warren Peters
Steve Ehlers - Reg. VI
Maria Martinez - Reg. V!
Mike Morton - Reg. VI
Jeffrey Yurk - Reg. VI
Youngmoo Kim - Reg. VI
In addition, the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) of the Office of Research and
Development of EPA made an important contribution to this handbook by conducting additional analyses of the
National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) data. EPA input to the NHAPS data analysis came from Karen
A. Hammerstrom and Jacqueline Moya from NCEA-Washington Office; William C. Nelson from NERL-RTP, and
Stephen C. Hern, Joseph V. Behar (retired), and William H. Englemann from NERL-Las Vegas.
The EPA Office of Water made an important contribution by conducting an analysis of the USDA
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individual (CSFII) data. They provided fish intake rates for the general
population. The analysis was conducted under the direction of Helen Jacobs from the Office of Water.
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
9.1. BACKGROUND
Ingestion of contaminated fruits and vegetables is
a potential pathway of human exposure to toxic chemicals.
Fruits and vegetables may become contaminated with
toxic chemicals by several different pathways. Ambient
pollutants from the air may be deposited on or absorbed
by the plants, or dissolved in rainfall or irrigation waters
that contact the plants. Pollutants may also be absorbed
through plant roots from contaminated soil and ground
water. The addition of pesticides, soil additives, and
fertilizers may also result in food contamination.
The primary source of information on consumption
rates of fruits and vegetables among the United States
population is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
(USDA) Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)
and the USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals (CSFH). Data from the NFCS have been used
in various studies to generate consumer-only and per
capita intake rates for both individual fruits and
vegetables and total fruits and total vegetables. CSFII
data from the 1989-1991 survey have been analyzed by
EPA to generate per capita intake rates for various food
items and food groups.
Consumer-only intake is defined as the quantity of
fruits and vegetables consumed by individuals who ate
these food items during the survey period. Per capita
intake rates are generated by averaging consumer-only
intakes over the entire population of users and non-users.
In general, per capita intake rates are appropriate for use
in exposure assessment for which average dose estimates
for the general population are of interest because they
represent both individuals who ate the foods during the
survey period and individuals who may eat the food items
at some time, but did not consume them during the survey
period. Total fruit intake refers to the sum of all fruits
consumed in a day including canned, dried, frozen, and
fresh fruits. Likewise, total vegetable intake refers to the
sum of all vegetables consumed in a day including
canned, dried, frozen, and fresh vegetables. For the
purposes of this handbook, the distinctions between fruits
and vegetables are those commonly used, not the
botanical definitions. For example, in this report,
tomatoes are considered vegetables, although technically
they are fruits.
Intake rates may be presented on either an as
consumed or dry weight basis. As consumed intake rates
(g/day) are based on the weight of the food in the form
that it is consumed. In contrast, dry weight intake rates
are based on the weight of the food consumed after the
moisture content has been removed. In calculating
exposures based on ingestion, the unit of weight used to
measure intake should be consistent with those used in
measuring the contaminant concentration in the produce.
Intake data from the individual component of the NFCS
and CSFII are based on "as eaten" (i.e., cooked or
prepared) forms of the food items/groups. Thus,
corrections to account for changes in portion sizes from
cooking losses are not required.
Estimating source-specific exposures to toxic
chemicals in fruits and vegetables may also require
information on the amount of fruits and vegetables that
are exposed to or protected from contamination as a result
of cultivation practices or the physical nature of the food
product itself (i.e., those having protective coverings that
are removed before eating would be considered
protected), or the amount grown beneath the soil (i.e.,
most root crops such as potatoes). The percentages of
foods grown above and below ground will be useful when
the concentrations of contaminants in foods are estimated
from concentrations in soil, water, and air. For example,
vegetables grown below ground may be more likely to be
contaminated by soil pollutants, but leafy above ground
vegetables may be more likely to be contaminated by
deposition of air pollutants on plant surfaces.
The purpose of this section is to provide:
(1) intake data for individual fruits and vegetables, and
total fruits and total vegetables; (2) guidance for
converting between as consumed and dry weight intake
rates; and (3) intake data for exposed and protected fruits
and vegetables and those grown below ground.
Recommendations are based on average and upper-
percentile intake among the general population of the U.S.
Available data have been classified as being either a key
or a relevant study based on the considerations discussed
in Volume I, Section 1.3.1 of the Introduction.
Recommendations are based on data from the CSFII
1989-1991 survey, which was considered the only key
intake study for fruits and vegetables. Other relevant
studies are also presented to provide the reader with
added perspective on this topic. It should be noted that
many of the relevant studies are based on data from
USDA's NFCS and CSFH. The USDA NFCS and CSFII
are described below.
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
9.2. INTAKE STUDIES
9.2.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey and Continuing
Survey of Food Intake by Individuals
USDA conducts the NFCS approximately every 10
years. The three most recent NFCSs were conducted in
1965-66, 1977-78, and 1987-88. The purpose of these
surveys was to "analyze the food consumption behavior
and dietary status of Americans" (USDA, 1992a). The
survey uses a statistical sampling technique designed to
ensure that all seasons, geographic regions of the U.S.,
and demographic and soeioeconomie groups are
represented. There are two components of the NFCS.
The household component collects information on the
socioGconomie and demographic characteristics of
households, and the types, value, and sources of foods
consumed over a 7-day period. The individual component
collects information on food intakes of individuals within
each household over a 3-day period (USDA, 1992b).
The same basic survey design was used for the
three most recent NFCSs, but the sample sizes and
statistical classifications used were somewhat different
(USDA, I992a). In 1965-66, 10,000 households were
surveyed (USDA, 1972). The sample size increased to
15,000 households (over 36,000 individuals) in 1977-78,
but decreased to 4,500 households in 1987-88 because of
budgetary constraints and a low response rate (37
percent). Data from the 1977-78 NFCS are presented in
this handbook because the data have been published by
USDA in various publications and reanalyzed by various
EPA offices according to the food items/groups
commonly used to assess exposure. Published 1-day data
from the 1987-88 NFCS data are also presented.
USDA also conducts the Continuing Survey of
Food Intake by Individuals. The purpose of the survey is
to "assess food consumption behavior and nutritional
content of diets for policy implications relating to food
production and marketing, food safety, food assistance,
and nutrition education" (USDA, 1995). An EPA analysis
of the 1989-91 CSFII data set is presented in this
handbook. During 1989 through 1991, over 15,000
individuals participated in the CSFII (USDA, 1995).
Using a stratified sampling technique, individuals of all
ages living in selected households in the 48 conterminous
states and Washington, D.C. were surveyed. Individuals
provided 3 consecutive days of data, including a personal
interview on the first day followed by 2-day dietary
records. The 3-day response rate for the 1989-91 CSFII
was approximately 45 percent. Published 1-day data from
the 1994 and 1995 CSFI! are also presented. The 1994
and 1995 CSFII included data for 2 non-consecutive
survey days (although 2 days of data have been collected,
only data for the first survey day have been analyzed and
published by USDA). Over 5,500 individuals participated
in these surveys (USDA, 1996a; 1996b).
Individual average daily intake rates calculated
from NFCS and CSFII data are based on averages of
reported individual intakes over one day or three
consecutive days. Such short term data are suitable for
estimating mean average daily intake rates representative
of both short-term and long-term consumption. However,
the distribution of average daily intake rates generated
using short term data (e.g., 3 day) do not necessarily
reflect the long-term distribution of average daily intake
rates. The distributions generated from short term and
long term data will differ to the extent that each
individual's intake varies from day to day; the
distributions will be similar to the extent that individuals'
intakes are constant from day to day.
Day to day variation in intake among individuals will
be great for food item/groups that are highly seasonal and
for items/groups that are eaten year around but that are not
typically eaten every day. For these foods, the intake
distribution generated from short term data will not be a
good reflection of the long term distribution. On the other
hand, for broad categories of foods (e.g., vegetables)
which are eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with
minimal seasonality, the short term distribution may be a
reasonable approximation of the true long term
distribution, although it will show somewhat more
variability. In this and the following section,
distributions are shown only for the following broad
categories of foods: fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy.
Because of the increased variability of the short-term
distribution, the short-term upper percentiles shown here
will overestimate somewhat the corresponding percentiles
of the long-term distribution.
9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based
on the USDA CSFII
U.S. EPA Analysis of USDA 1989-91 CSFI! Data -
EPA analyzed three years of data from USDA's CSFII to
generate distributions of intake rates for various fruit and
vegetable items/groups. Data from the 1989, 1990, and
1991 CFSH were combined into a single data set to
increase the number of observations available for analysis.
Approximately 15,000 individuals provided intake data
over the three survey years. The fruit and vegetable
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
items/groups selected for this analysis included total fruits
and total vegetables; individual fruits such as: apples,
peaches, pears, strawberries, and other berries; individual
vegetables such as: asparagus, beets, broccoli, cabbage,
carrots, corn, cucumbers, lettuce, lima beans, okra,
onions, peas, peppers, pumpkin, snap beans, tomatoes,
and while potatoes; fruits and vegetables categorized as
exposed, protected and roots; and various USDA
categories (i.e., citrus and other fruits, and dark green,
deep yellow, and other vegetables). These fruit and
vegetable categories were selected to be consistent with
those evaluated in the homegrown food analysis presented
in Chapter 13. Intake rates of total vegetables, tomatoes,
and white potatoes were adjusted to account for the
amount of these food items eaten as meat and grain
mixtures as described in Appendix 9A. Food
items/groups were identified in the CSFH data base
according to USDA-defined food codes. Appendix 9B
presents the codes used to determine the various food
groups. Intake rates for these food items/groups represent
intake of all forms of the product (i.e., home produced and
commercially produced).
Individual identifiers in the database were used
throughout the analysis to categorize populations
according to demographics. These identifiers included
identification number, region, urbanization, age, sex, race,
body weight, weighting factor, season, and number of
days that data were reported. Distributions of intake were
determined for individuals who provided data for all three
days of the survey. Individuals who did not provide
information on body weight, or for which identifying
information was unavailable, were excluded from the
analysis. Three-day average intake rates were calculated
for all individuals in the database for each of the food
items/groups. These average daily intake rates were
divided by each individual's reported body weight to
generate intake rates in units of g/kg-day. The data were
also weighted according to the three-day weights provided
in the 1991 CSFII. USDA sample weights are calculated
to account for inherent biases in the sample selection
process, and to adjust the sample population to reflect the
national population. Summary statistics for individual
intake rates were generated on a per capita basis. That is,
both users and non-users of the food item were included
in the analysis. Mean consumer only intake rates may be
calculated by dividing the mean per capita intake rate by
the percent of the population consuming the food item of
interest. Summary statistics included are: number of
weighted and unweighted observations, percentage of the
population using the food item/group being analyzed,
mean intake rate, standard error, and percentiles of the
intake rate distribution (i.e., 0,1,5,10,25,50,75,90, 95,
99, and 100th percentile). Data were provided for the
total population using the food item being evaluated and
for several demographic groups including: various age
groups (i.e., <1, 1-2, 3-5, 6-11, 12-19, 20-39, 40-69, and
70+ years); regions (i.e., Midwest, Northeast, South, and
West); urbanizations (i.e., Central City, Nonmetropolitan,
and Suburban; seasons (i.e., winter, spring, summer, and
fall); and races (i.e., White, Black, Asian, Native
American, and other). Table 9-1 provides the codes,
definitions, and a description of the data in these
categories. The total numbers of individuals in the data
set, by demographic group are presented in Table 9-2.
The food analysis was accomplished using the SAS
statistical programming system (SAS, 1990).
The results of this analysis are presented in Tables
9-3 and 9-4 for total fruits and total vegetables, Table 9-5
for individual fruits and vegetables, and Table 9-6 for the
various USDA categories. The data for exposed/protected
and root food items are presented in Tables 9-7 through 9-
11. These tables are presented at the end of this Chapter.
The results are presented in units of g/kg-day. Thus, use
of these data in calculating potential dose does not require
the body weight factor to be included in the denominator
of the average daily dose (ADD) equation. It should be
noted that converting these intake rates into units of g/day
by multiplying by a single average body weight is
inappropriate, because individual intake rates were
indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents. However, if there is a need to compare the
intake data presented here to intake data in units of g/day,
a body weight less than 70 kg (i.e., approximately 60 kg;
calculated based on the number of respondents in each
age category and the average body weights for these age
groups, as presented in Chapter 7 of Volume I) should be
used because the total survey population included children
as well as adults.
The advantages of using the 1989-91 CSFII data
set are that the data are expected to be generally
representative of the U.S. population and that it includes
data on a wide variety of food types. However, it should
be noted that the survey covers only the 48 coterminous
U.S. States; Hawaii, Alaska, and U.S. Territories are not
included. The data set was the most recent of a series of
publicly available USDA data sets (i.e., NFCS 1977-78;
NFCS 1987-88; CSFII 1989-91) at the time that EPA
conducted the analysis for this handbook, and should
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
reflect recent eating patterns in the United States. The
data set includes three years of intake data combined.
However, the 1989-91 CSFII data are based on a three
day survey period. Short-term dietary data may not
accurately reflect long-term eating patterns. This is
particularly true for the tails (extremes) of the distribution
of food intake. In addition, the adjustment for including
mixtures adds uncertainty to the intake rate distributions.
The calculation for including mixtures assumes that intake
of any mixture includes all of the foods identified in
Appendix Table 9A-1 in the proportions specified in that
table. This may under- or over-estimate intake of certain
foods among some individuals.
The data presented in this handbook for the USDA
1989-91 CSFII is not the most up-to-date information on
food intake. USDA has recently made available the data
from its 1994 and 1995 CSFII. Over 5,500 people
nationwide participated in both of these surveys,
providing recalled food intake information for 2 separate
days. Although the 2-day data analysis has not been
conducted, USDA published the results for the
respondents* intakes on the first day surveyed (USDA,
1996a; 1996b). USDA 1996 survey data will be made
available later in 1997. As soon as 1996 data are
available, EPA will take steps to get the 3-year data
(1994, 1995, and 1996) analyzed and the food ingestion
factors updated. Meanwhile, Table 9-12 presents a
comparison of the mean daily intakes per individual in a
day for fruits and vegetables from the USDA survey data
from years 1977-78, 19887-88, 1989-91, 1994, and 1995.
This table shows that food consumption patterns have
changed for fruits, when comparing 1977 and 1995 data.
Consumption of fruits increased by 72 percent, but
vegetable intake remained relatively constant, when
comparing data from 1977 and 1995. However, only an
11 percent increase was observed when comparing fruit
intake values from 1989-91 with the most recent data
from 1994 and 1995. This indicates that the 1989-91
CSFII data are probably adequate for assessing ingestion
exposure for current populations.
9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies
Tits U.S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System
(DRES) - USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs - The
U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) uses the
Dietary Risk Evaluation System (formerly the Tolerance
Assessment System) to assess the dietary risk of pesticide
use as part of the pesticide registration process. OPP sets
tolerances for specific pesticides on raw agricultural
commodities based on estimates of dietary risk. These
estimates are calculated using pesticide residue data for
the food item of concern and relevant consumption data.
Intake rates are based primarily on the USDA 1977-78
MFCS although intake rates for some food items are based
on estimations from production volumes or other data
(i.e., some items were assigned an arbitrary value of
0.000001 g/kg-day) (Kariya, 1992). OPP has calculated
per capita intake rates of individual fruits and vegetables
for 22 subgroups (age, regional, and seasonal) of the
population by determining the composition of MFCS food
items and disaggregating complex food dishes into their
component raw agricultural commodities (RACs) (White
etal., 1983).
The DRES per capita, as consumed intake rates for
all age/sex/demographic groups combined are presented
in Table 9-13. These data are based on both consumers
and non consumers of these food items. Data for specific
subgroups of the population are not presented here, but
are available through OPP via direct request. The data in
Table 9-13 may be useful for estimating the risks of
exposure associated with the consumption of individual
fruits and vegetables. It should be noted that these data
are indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents and are expressed in units of grams of food
consumed per kg body weight per day. Consequently, use
of these data in calculating potential dose does not require
the body weight factor in the denominator of the ADD
equation. It should also be noted that conversion of these
intake rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a single
average body weight is not appropriate because the DRES
data base did not rely on a single body weight for all
individuals. Instead, DRES used the body weights
reported by each individual surveyed to estimate
consumption in units of g/kg-day.
The advantages of using these data are that
complex food dishes have been disaggregated to provide
intake rates for a very large number of fruits and
vegetables. These data are also based on the individual
body weights of the respondents. Therefore, the use of
these data in calculating exposure to toxic chemicals may
provide more representative estimates of potential dose
per unit body weight. However, because the data are
based on MFCS short-term dietary recall the same
limitations discussed previously for other MFCS data sets
also apply here. In addition, consumption patterns may
have changed since the data were collected in 1977-78,
OPP is in the process of translating consumption
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
information from the USDA CSFII 1989-91 survey to be
used in DRES.
Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in One
Day in the U.S., USDA (1980, 1992b, 1996a, 1996b) -
USDA calculated mean intake rates for total fruits and
total vegetables using NFCS data from 1977-78 and 1987-
88 (USDA, 1980; USDA, 1992b) and CSFII data from
1994 and 1995 (USDA, 1996a; 1996b). The mean per
capita total intake rates are presented in Tables 9-14 and
9-15 for fruits and Tables 9-16 and 9-17 for vegetables.
These values are based on intake data for one day from
the 1977-78 and 1987-88 USDA NFGSs, respectively.
Data from both surveys are presented here to demonstrate
that although the 1987-88 survey had fewer respondents,
the mean per capita intake rates for all individuals are in
good agreement with the earlier survey. Also, slightly
different age classifications were used in the two surveys
providing a wider range of age categories from which
exposure assessors may select appropriate intake rates.
Tables 9-18 and 9-19 present similar data from the 1994
and 1995 CSFII. The age groups used in this data set are
the same as those used in the 1987-88 MFCS. Tables 9-14
through 9-19 include both per capita intake rates and
intake rates for consumers-only for various ages of
individuals. Intake rates for consumers-only were
calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by
the fraction of the population using vegetables or fruits in
a day. The average per capita vegetable intake rate is 201
g/day based on the 1977-78 data (USDA, 1980), 182
g/day based on the 1987-88 data (USDA, 1992b), 186
g/day based on the 1994 data, and 188 g/day based on the
1995 data. For fruits the average per capita intake rate is
142 g/day based on the two most recent USDA NFCSs
(USDA, 1980: USDA, 1992b), and 171 g/day and 173
g/day based on the 1994 and 1995 CSFII, respectively
(USDA, 1996a, 1996b). One-day per capita intake data
for fats or oils from the 1994 and 1995 CSFII surveys are
presented in Table 9-20. This total fats and oils food
category includes table and cooking fats, vegetable oils,
salad dressings, nondairy cream substitutes, and sauces
such as tartar sauce that are mainly fat or oil (USDA,
1996a). It does not include oils or fats that were
ingredients in food mixtures.
The advantages of using these data are that they
provide intake estimates for all fruits, all vegetables, or all
fats combined. Again, these estimates are based on one-
day dietary data which may not reflect usual consumption
patterns.
U.S. EPA - Office of Radiation Programs - The
U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) has also
used the USDA 1977-78 MFCS to estimate daily food
intake (U.S. EPA, 1984a; 1984b). ORP uses food
consumption data to assess human intake of radionuclides
in foods. The 1977-78 MFCS data have been reorganized
by ORP, and food items have been classified according to
the characteristics of radionuclide transport. Data for
selected agricultural products are presented in Table 9-21
and Table 9-22. These data represent per capita, as
consumed intake rates for total, leafy, exposed, and
protected produce. Exposed produce refers to products
(e.g., apples, pears, berries, etc.) that can intercept
atmospherically deposited materials. The term protected
refers to products (e.g., citrus fruit, carrots, corn, etc.) that
are protected from deposition from the atmosphere.
Although the fruit and vegetable classifications used in the
study are somewhat limited in number, they provide
alternative food categories that may be useful to exposure
assessors. Because this study was based on the USDA
NFCS, the limitations discussed previously regarding
short-term dietary recall data also apply to the intake rates
reported here. Also, consumption patterns may have
changed since the data were collected in 1977-78.
U.S. EPA - Office of Science and Technology - The
U.S. EPA Office of Science and Technology (OST)
within the Office of Water (formerly the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards) used data from the FDA
revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets
(Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates (U.S.
EPA, 1989). OST uses these consumption data in its risk
assessment model for land application of municipal
sludge. The FDA data used are based on the combined
results of the USDA 1977-78, NFCS and the second
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANESII), 1976-80 (U.S. EPA, 1989). Because food
items are listed as prepared complex foods in the FDA
Total Diet Study, each item was broken down into its
component parts so that the amount of raw commodities
consumed could be determined. Table 9-23 presents
intake rates of various fruit and vegetable categories for
various age groups and estimated lifetime ingestion rates
that have been derived by U.S. EPA. Note that these are
per capita intake rates tabulated as grams dry weight/day.
Therefore, these rates differ from those in the previous
tables because U.S. EPA (1984a, 1984b) report intake
rates on an as consumed basis.
The EPA-OST analysis provides intake rates for
additional food categories and estimates of lifetime
Exposure Factors Handbook
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
average daily intake on a per capita basis. In contrast to
the other analyses of USDA NFCS data, this study reports
the data in terms of dry weight intake rates. Thus,
conversion is not required when contaminants are to be
estimated on a dry weight basis. These data, however,
may not reflect current consumption patterns because they
are based on data from 1977-78.
Canadian Department of National Health and
Welfare Nutrition Canada Survey - The Nutrition Canada
Survey was conducted between 1970 and 1972 to "(a)
examine the mean consumption of selected food groups
and their contribution to nutrient intakes of Canadians, (b)
examine patterns of food consumption and nutrient intake
at various times of the day, and provide information on
the changes in eating habits during pregnancy."
(Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare,
n.d,). The method used for collecting dietary intake data
was 24-hour recall. The recall method relied on interview
techniques in which the interviewee was asked to recall all
foods and beverages consumed during the day preceding
the interview. Intake rates were reported for various
age/sex groups of the population and for pregnant women
(Table 9-24). The report does not specify whether the
values represent per capita or consumer-only intake rates.
However, they appear to be consistent with the as
consumed intake rates for consumers-only reported by
USDA (1980, 1992b). It should be noted that these data
are also based on short-term dietary recall and are based
on the Canadian population.
USDA (1993) - Food Consumption, Prices, and
Expenditures, 1970-92 - The USDA's Economic Research
Service (ERS) calculates the amount of food available for
human consumption in the United States on an annual
basis (USDA, 1993). Supply and utilization balance
sheets are generated, based on the flow of food items from
production to end uses for the years 1970 to 1992. Total
available supply is estimated as the sum of production and
imports (USDA, 1993). The availability of food for
human use commonly termed as "food disappearance" is
determined by subtracting exported foods from the total
available supply (USDA, 1993). USDA (1993) calculates
the per capita food consumption by dividing the total food
disappearance by the total U.S. population. USDA (1993)
estimated per capita consumption data for various fruit
and vegetable products from 1970-1992 (1992 data are
published). In this section, the 1991 values, which are the
most recent published final data, are presented. Retail
weight per capita data are presented in Table 9-25. These
data have been derived from the annual per capita values
in units of pounds per year, presented by USDA (1993),
by converting to units of g/day.
One of the limitations of this study is that
disappearance data do not account for losses from the
food supply from waste or spoilage. As a result, intake
rates based on these data may overestimate daily
consumption because they are based on the total quantity
of marketable commodity utilized. Thus, these data
represent bounding estimates of intake rates only. It
should also be noted that per capita estimates based on
food disappearance are not a direct measure of actual
consumption or quantity ingested, instead the data are
used as indicators of changes in usage over time (USDA,
1993). An advantage of this study is that it provides per
capita consumption rates for fruits and vegetables that are
representative of long-term intake because disappearance
data are generated annually.
AIHC, 1994 - Exposure Factors Sourcebook - The
AIHC Sourcebook (AIHC, 1994) uses the data presented
in the 1989 version of the Exposure Factors Handbook
which reported data from the USDA 1977-78 NFCS.
Distributions arc provided in the @Risk format and the
©Risk formula is also provided. In this handbook, new
analyses of more recent data from the USDA 1989-91
CSFII are presented. Numbers, however, cannot be
directly compared with previous values since the results
from the new analysis are presented on a body weight
basis.
The Sourcebook was classified as a relevant study
because it was not the primary source for the data to make
recommendations in this document. However, it can be
used as an alternative source of information.
The advantage of using the CSFII and USDA
NFCS data sets are that they are the largest publicly
available data source on food intake patterns in the United
States. Data are available for a wide variety of fruit and
vegetable products and are intended to be representative
of the U.S. population.
9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size
Study Based on the USDA NFCS
Pao et at. (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by
Individuals - Using data gathered in the 1977-78 USDA
NFCS, Pao et al. (1982) calculated distributions for the
quantities of individual fruit and vegetables consumed per
eating occasion by members of the U.S. population (i.e.,
serving sizes), over a 3-day period. The data were
collected during NFCS home interviews of 37,874
respondents, who were asked to recall food intake for the
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
day preceding the interview, and record food intake the
day of the interview and the day after the interview.
Serving size data are presented on an as consumed
(g/day) basis. The data presented in Table 9-26 are for all
ages of the population, combined. If age-specific intake
data are needed, refer to Pao et al. (1982). Although
serving size data only are presented in this handbook,
percentiles for the average quantities of individual fruits
and vegetables consumed by members of the U.S.
population who had consumed these fruits and vegetables
over a 3-day period can be found in Pao et al. (1982).
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USDA NFCS and are
representative of the U.S. population. This data set
provides serving size distributions for a number of
commonly eaten fruits and vegetables, but the list of foods
is limited and does not account for fruits and vegetables
included in complex food dishes. Also, these data
represent the quantity of fruits and vegetables consumed
per eating occasion. Although these estimates are based
on USDA NFCS 1977-78 data, serving size data have
been collected but not published for the more recent
USDA surveys. These estimates may be useful for
assessing acute exposures to contaminants in specific
foods, or other assessments where the amount consumed
per eating occasion is necessary. However, it should be
noted that serving sizes may have changed since the data
were collected in 1977-78.
9.2,5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry
Weight Intake Rates
As noted previously, intake rates may be reported
in terms of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is
essential that exposure assessors be aware of this
difference so that they may ensure consistency between
the units used for intake rates and those used for
concentration data (i.e., if the unit of food consumption is
grams dry weight/day, then the unit for the amount of
pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight).
If necessary, as consumed intake rates may be
converted to dry weight intake rates using the moisture
content percentages presented in Table 9-27 and the
following equation;
IRdw =
[<100-W)/10CfJ
(Eqn. 9-1)
"Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as
consumed" rates by using:
IRac = IRdw/[(100-W)/100] (Eqn. 9-2)
where:
IRdw
wac
= dry weight intake rate;
= as consumed intake rate;
= percent water content.
and
9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
The 1989-91 CSFII data described in this section
were used in selecting recommended fruit and vegetable
intake rates for the general population and various
subgroups of the United States population. The general
design of both key and relevant studies are summarized in
Table 9-28. Table 9-29 presents a summary of the
recommended values for fruit and vegetable intake and
Table 9-30 presents the confidence ratings for the fruit
and vegetable intake recommendations. Based on the
CSFII 1989-91, the recommended per capita fruit intake
rate for the general population is 3.4 g/kg-day and the
recommended per capita vegetable intake rate for the
general population is 4.3 g/kg-day. Per capita intake rates
for specific food items, on a g/kg-day basis, may be
obtained from Table 9-5. Percentiles of the per capita
intake rate distribution in the general population for total
fruits and total vegetables are presented in Tables 9-3 and
9-4. From these tables, the 95th percentile intake rates for
fruits and vegetables are 12 g/kg-day and 10 g/kg-day,
respectively. It is important to note that the distributions
presented in Tables 9-3 through 9-4 are based on data
collected over a 3-day period and may not necessarily
reflect the long-term distribution of average daily intake
rates. However, for these broad categories of food (i.e.,
total fruits and total vegetables), because they are eaten on
a daily basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality,
the short term distribution may be a reasonable
approximation of the long-term distribution, although it
will display somewhat increased variability. This implies
that the upper percentiles shown here will tend to
overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the true
long-term distribution. Intake rates for the home-
produced form of these fruit and vegetable products are
presented in Volume II, Chapter 13. It should be noted
Exposure Factors Handbook
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
that because these recommendations are based on 1989-91
CSFII data, they may not reflect the most recent changes
that may have occurred in consumption patterns.
However, as indicated in Table 9-12, intake has remained
fairly constant between 1989-91 and 1995. Thus, the
1989-91 CSFII data are believed to be appropriate for
assessing ingestion exposure for current populations.
9.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9
American Industrial Health Council (AIHC). (1994)
Exposure factors sourcebook. AIHC, Washington,
DC.
Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare,
Bureau of National Sciences, Health Protection
Branch (n.d.)- Food Consumption, Patterns Report:
A report from Nutrition Canada.
Kariya, J. (1992) Written communication to L.
Phillips, Versar, Inc., March 4, 1992.
Pao, E.M.; Fleming, K.H.; Guenther, P.M.; Mickle, S.J.
(1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals:
amount per day and per eating occasion. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Home Economics
Report No. 44.
Pcnnington, J.A.T. (1983) Revision of the total diet
study food list and diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
82:166-173.
SAS Institute, Inc. (1990) SAS Procedures Guide,
Version 6, Third Edition, Gary, NC: SAS Institute,
Inc., 1990,705 pp.
USDA. (1972) Food consumption: households in the
United States, Seasons and year 1965-1966. U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
USDA. (1979-1986) Agricultural Handbook No. 8.
United States Department of Agriculture.
USDA. (1980) Food and nutrient intakes of
individuals in one day in the United States, Spring
1977. Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
1977-1978. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Preliminary Report No. 2.
USDA. (1992a) Changes in food consumption and
expenditures in American households during the
1980s. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Washington, D.C. Statistical Bulletin No. 849.
USDA. (1992b) Food and nutrient intakes by
individuals in the United States, 1 day, 1987-88:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition
Information Service. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey 1987-88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87-
1-1.
USDA. (1993) Food consumption prices and
expenditures (1970-1992) U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Statistical Bulletin, No. 867.
USDA. (1995) Food and nutrient intakes by
individuals in the United States, 1 day, 1989-91.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service. NFS Report No. 91-2.
USDA. (1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's
1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
USDA. (1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's
1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
U.S. EPA. (1984a) An estimation of the daily average
food intake by age and sex for use in assessing the
radionuclide intake of individuals in the general
population. EPA-520/1-84-021.
U.S. EPA. (1984b) An estimation of the daily food
intake based on data from the 1977-1978 USDA
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.
Washington, DC: Office of Radiation Programs.
EPA-520/1-84-015.
U.S. EPA. (1989) Development of risk assessment
methodologies for land application and distribution
and marketing of municipal sludge. Washington,
DC: Office of Science and Technology. EPA 600/-
89/001.
White, S.B.; Peterson, B.; Clayton, C.A.; Duncan, D.P.
(1983) Interim Report Number 1: The
construction of a raw agricultural commodity
consumption data base. Prepared by Research
Triangle Institute for EPA Office of Pesticide
Programs.
Page
9-8
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Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-1. Sub-category Codes and Definitions Used in the CSFII 1989-91 Analysis
Code Definition
Description
Region3
1 Northeast
2 Midwest
3 South
4 West
includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont
Includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota. Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin
Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West
Virginia
Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
and Wyoming
Urbanization
1 Central City
2 Suburban
3 Nonmetropolitan
Cities with populations of 50,000 or more that is the main city within the metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
An area, that is generally within the boundaries of an MSA, but is not within the legal limit of the central city.
An area that is not within an MSA.
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
April, May, June
July, August, September
October, November, December
January, February, March
Race
I
2
3
4
5, 8, 9 Other/NA
White (Caucasian)
Black
Asian and Pacific Islander
Native American, Aleuts, and Eskimos
Don't know, no answer, some other race
a Alaska and Hawaii were not included.
Source: CSFII 1989-91,
Exposure Factors Handbook
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Table 9-2. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for
1989-91 CSFII Data Used in Analysis of Food Intake
Demographic Factor
Toial
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70*
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmeiropolitan
Suburban
-Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weighted
242,707,000
7,394,000
7,827,000
11,795,000
21,830,000
26,046,000
78,680,000
71,899,000
17,236,000
60,633,000
60,689,000
60,683,000
60,702,000
73,410,000
53,993,000
1 15,304,000
2,871,000
29,721,000
2,102,000
7,556,000
200,457,000
59,285,000
50,099,000
83,741,000
49,582,000
Unweighted
11,912
424
450
603
1,147
1,250
3,555
3,380
1,103
3,117
3,077
2,856
2,862
3,607
3,119
5,186
149
1,632
171
350
9,610
3,007
2,180
4,203
2,522
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2
Table 9-3. Per Capita Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Tote!
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolilan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Oihcr/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
NOTE: SE =
Percent
Consuming
69.0%
67.9%
76.7%
80.8%
79.2%
62.6%
58.8%
71.0%
83.3%
68.9%
68.3%
70.4%
68.4%
68.8%
67.4%.
70.1%
77.2%
63.7%
61.4%
64.9%
70.1%
69.9%
73.9%
62.0%
75.4%
Standard error
Mean
3.381
14.898
11.836
8.422
5.047
2.183
1. 875
2.119
2.982
3.579
3.249
3.381
3.314
3.288
3.107
3.567
5.839
3.279
3.319
4.027
3.337
3.236
3.665
3.017
3.880
SE
0.068
1.285
0.582
0.364
0.160
0.095
0.056
0.051
0.087
0.169
0.116
0.131
0.119
0.114
0.113
0.113
0.632
0.188
0.490
0.465
0.075
0.120
0.143
0.105
0.187
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
'0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
P25
0
0
2.80
2.22
1.30
0
0
0
0.89
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.24
0
0
0
0
0
0.07
0
0.17
P50
1.68
8.80
9.76
6.37
3.86
1.36
1.06
1.36
2.42
1.66
1.73
1.80
1.52
1.66
1.51
1.80
4.20
1.51
1.58
1.77
1.66
1.58
1.84
1.42
2.08
P75
4.16
21.90
17.99
12.53
7.17
3.38
2.82
3.24
4.28
3.94
4.14
4.29
4.27
4.00
3.94
4.40
6.76
4.25
4.31
5.10
4.06
4.07
4.70
3.80
4.45
P90
7.98
35.98
25.70
19.29
11.79
5.66
5.08
5.20
6.77
8.20
7.43
7.87
8.33
7.82
7.52
8.43
17.30
7.70
7.57
10.92
7.87
7.87
8.37
7.39
9.18
P95
12.44
42.77
30.69
22.78
14.49
7.24
6.43
6.73
8.31
13.41
12.22
12.26
12.17
11.94
12.25
13.19
20.65
12.34
16.02
14.96
12.21
11.30
12.75
11.67
14.61
P99 PI 00
26.54 210.72
88.42 210.72
52.27 80.19
32.83 52.87
21.53 30.37
11.80 16.86
10.26 41.58
10.52 23.07
11.89 15.00
32.62 204.28
23.71 88.42
23.11 210.72
26.54 75.52
23.73 210.72
26.04 84.34
28.13 204.28
29.61 38.95
26.54 210.72
22.66 29.24
47.78 53.89
26.48 204.28
28.64 84.34
31.67 88.42
24.67 210.72
25.49 204.28
P = Percenlile of the distribution
Source; Based on EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSFI1
s
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Table 9-4. Per Capita Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Croup
Total
Age (years)
-------
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so!?
Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
28.4%
41.7%
42.9%
44.1%
41.6%
23,0%
21.3%
26.0%
30.8%
33.7%
25.9%
23.2%
30.4%
27.4%
26.8% .
29.9%
38.3%
22.7%
20.5%
24.9%
29.4%
29.1%
31.5%
23.6%
32.7%
Apples
Mean
0.854
5.042
4.085
3.004
1.501
0.394
0.337
0.356
0.435
1.094
0.667
0.751
0.905
0.749
0.759
0.965
0.871
0.688
0.407
0.964
0.879
0.782
0.953
0.828
0.885
SE
0.052
0.823
0.508
0.312
0.123
0.062
0.033
0.027
0.052
0.116
0.078
0.122
0.095
0.081
0.104
0.083
0.327
0.159
0.273
0.256
0.057
0.082
0.1 16
0.099
0.121
Asparagus
Percent
Consuming Mean
1.5%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
1.1%
2.5%
3.5%
0.8%
2.7%
1.1%
1.3%
1.1%
1.3%
1.8%
2.7%
0.3%
0.0%
0.6%
1.7% •
1.8%
1.6%
1.0%
1.8%
0.012
0
0.003
0.00 1
0.001
0.003
0.008
0.025
0.026
0.005
0.023
0.006
0.015
0.013
0.0 11
0.013
0.067
0.003
0
0.001
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.010
0.012
SE
0.008
0
0.041
0.038
0.019
0.033
0.012
0,016
0.028
0.013
0.017
0.014
0.018
0.018
0.015
0.012
0.123
0.019
0
0.009
0.009
0.016
0.022
0.014
0.015
Bananas
Percent
Consuming Mean
20.9%
24.3%
23.3%
20.1%
16.2%
13.3%
14.4%
26.0%
37.4%
19.3%
21,3%
20.5%
22.6%
19.6%
20.5%
21.9%
33,6%
14.4%
17.5%
20.6%
21.8%
18.8%
23.0%
19.3%
24.0%
0.27
1.33
0.86
0.46
0.29
0.16
0.13
0.22
0.36
0.25
0.27
0.23
0.31
0.25
0.24
0.29
0.54
0,19
0.36
0.33
0.27
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.27
SE
0.02
0.27
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0,03
0.20
0.04
0.16
0.15
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
Percent
Consuming
1.8%
1.2%
0.7%
0.5%
0.9%
0.6%
1.3%
2.4%
5.2%
1.2%
2.0%
1.7%
2,3%
i.3%
1.8%
2.0%
0.7%
1.1%
1.2%
0.9%
1.9%
0.8%
2.3%
1.8%
2.4%
Beets
Mean
0.009
0.045
0.006
0.006
0.008
0.001
0.004
0.009
0.029
0.009
0.009
0.005
0.0 11
0.008
0.010
0.008
0.040
0.007
0.003
0.0 IS
0.008
0.010
0.008
0.009
0.008
SE
0.010
0.296
0.055
0.056
0.040
0.010
0,007
0.009
0.022
0.040
0.012
0.008
0.013
0.031
0.013
0.009
0.320
0,024
0.028
0.101
0.010
0.049
0.012
0.011
0.009
r
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Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day at consumed) (continued)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<0i
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropoli
tan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native
American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
10.9%
4.2%
7.6%
10.1%
6.8%
8.2%
11.4%
13.8%
11.8%
10.8%
11.7%
8.8%
12.3%
10.6%
9.0%
12.2%
15.4%
8.3%
5.3%
10.3%
11.4%
8.4%
13.5%
9.8%
13.4%
Broccoli
Mean
0.107
0.142
0.234
0.307
0.098
0.065
0.081
0.102
0.115
0.089
0.122
0.120
0.098
0.119
0.067
0.119.,
0.209
0.154
0.021
0.180
0.097
0.077
0.113
0.109
0.135
SE
0.012
0.224
0.134
0.118
0.052
0.028
0.015
0.016
0.028
0.024
0.022
0.032
0.020
0.024
0.017
0.019
0.166
0.047
0.045
0.100-
0.012
0.025
0.026
0.022
0.025
Percent
Consuming
12.2%
2.4%
5.1%
7.5%
7.5%
8.5%
10.6%
17.1%
21.1%
12.3%
12.4%
12.3%
11.9%
10.8%
13.7%
12.4%
27.5%
13.9%
4.7%
6.0%
12.1%
10.1%
11.6%
14.4%
i 1.8%
Cabbage
Mean
0.088
0.023
0.086
0.107
0.049
0.065
0.070
0.115
0.151
0.092
0.086
0.097
0.076
0.073
0.102
0.091
0.400
0.129
0.037
0.041
0.080
0.065
0.083
0.106
0.088
SB
0.009
0.078
0.089
0.081
0.027
0.028
0.015
0.015
0.025
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.014
0.100
0.029
0.068
0.044
0.009
0.016
0.022
0.015
0.016
Percent
Consuming
16.9%
13.4%
13.3%
15.1%
17.1%
11.8%
15.2%
20.1%
21.3%
17.7%
16.5%
13.9%
19.2%
15.5%
14.4%
19.2%
28.2%
7.0%
11.1%
12.9%
18.6%
16.2%
19.0%
12.4%
23.3%
Carrots
Mean
0.115
0.379
0.214
0.148
0.154
0.056
0.076
0.120
0.132
0.100
0.117
0.083
0.160
0.1 11
0.095
0.127
0.177
0.066
0.097
0.104
0.122
0.100
0.151
0.074
0.166
SE
0.010
0.165
0.085
0.052
0.037
0.018
0.013
0.016
0.022
0.017
0.022
0.017
0.022
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.101
0.036
0.075
0.063
0.011
0.018
0.027
0.015
0.021
Percent
Consuming
24.1%
17.5%
32.9%
31.5%
35.8%
24.0%
23.8%
20.4%
19.0%
23.6%
24.7%
24.8%
23.2%
22.4%
27.6%
23.1%
14.1%
24.6%
30.4%
16.9%
24.3%
26.8%
23.3%
24.9%
20.1%
Com
Mean
0.206
0.356
0.587
0.490
0.367
0.173
0.154
0.138
0.140
0.171
0.204
0.244
0.205
0.182
0.255
0.198
0.134
0.226
0.373
0.160
0.204
0.242
0.208
0.219
0.138
SE
0.010
0.128
0.091
0.070
0.032
0.024
0.6 i 3
0.013
0.027
0,018
0.019
0.022
0.020
0.017
0.020
0.015
0.080
0.028
0.099
0.065
0.011
0.020
0,026
0.016
0.018
£
Si
g.
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Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) (continued)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<0l
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Cucumbers
Percent
Consuming Mean
15.8%
2.4%
7.3%
12.1%
14.9%
12.6%
17.0%
19,8%
14.8%
14.3%
15.8%
19.0%
14.3%
15.1%
15.1%
16.7%
16.1%
7.8%
6.4%
10.9%
17.5%
15.1%
18.9%
118%
17.2%
0.063
0.02!
0.062
0.083
0.086
0.050
0.057
0.070
0.05S
0.056
0.060
0.092
0.044
0.061
0.071
0.060
0.065
0.040
0.037
0.038
0.067
0.074
0.097
0.042
0.050
SE
0.006
0.107
0.069
0.046
0.032
0.017
0.009
0.008
0.016
0.014
0.009
0.014
0.0 10
0.011
0.013
0.008
0.036
0.021
0.042
0.029
0.007
0.014
0.018
0.007
0.011
Lettuce
Percent
Consuming Mean
41.3%
6.8%
18.2%
29.4%
36.3%
40.4%
44.4%
51.0%
37.4%
38.1%
43.5%
42.3%
41.5%
37.9%
39.9%
44.6%
40.3%
27.1%
42.7%
41.1%
43.7%
36.1%
43.9%
39.3%
48.7%
0.224
0.025
0.116
0.191
0.247
0.187
0.231
0.264
0,203
0.175
0.259
0.218
0.243
0.196
0.221
0.242
0.231
0.134
0.146
0.186
0.239
0.191
0.246
0.210
0.263
SE
0.006
0.026
0.039
0.031
0.027
0.014
0.0 10
0.010
0.017
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.009
0.012
0.009
0.050
0.014
0.034
0.027
0.007
0.012
0.014
0.009
0.013
Lima Beans
Percent
Consuming Mean
0.9%
0.5%
0.4%
0.0%
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.5%
1.9%
0.8%
1.0%
0.9%
1.0%
0.5%
1.5%
0.9%
0.0%
0.9%
0.0%
0.0%
1,0%
0.4%
0.5%
1.8%
0.5% '
0.006
0.005
0.006
0
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.010
0.008
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.007
0.004
0.015
0.004
0
0,006
0
0
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.0 11
0.002
SE
0.007
0.055
0.069
0
0.017
0.019
0.012
0.013
0.019
O.OiO
0.015
0.014
0.013
O.OII
0.018
0.007
0
0.021
0
0
0.007
0.019
0.013
0.011
0.009
Percent
Consuming
1.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.7%
0.3%
1.4%
1.0%
1.8%
2.7%
0.9%
0.8%
2.2%
1.3%
1.0%
1.8%
1.2%
4.7%
2.1%
0.0%
1.7%
1.1%
0,2%
0.6%
3.2%
0.2%
Okra
Mean
0.009
0.003
0,004
0.013
0.005
0.011
0.008
0.008
0.015
0.004
0.009
0.016
0.006
0.004
0.013
0.010
0.084
0.024
0
0.004
0.006
0
0.009
0.016
0.005
SE
0.007
0.040
0.068
0.046
0.028
0.027
0.016
0.010
0.021
0.009
0.020
0.015
0.012
0.008
0.015
0.012
0.074
0.029
0
0.023
0.007
0.004
0.031
0.010
0.022
I I
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Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables (p/kg-
-------
1
?
a
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<0l
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
12,8%
13.7%
13.6%
12.9%
13.2%
8.4%
10.9%
(4.8%
16.4%
13.2%
12.6%
11.2%
14.1%
11.7%
14.5%
12,5%
8.1%
17.0%
2.9%
6.9%
12.5%
10.9%
12.5%
16.2%
9.5%
Table 9-5.
Peas
Mean
0.095
0.294
0.174
0.199
0.120
0.053
0.067
0.084
0.117
0.120
0,077
0.074
0.1 11
0.085
0.113
0.094
0.047
0.143
0.007
0.037
0.092
0.071
0.101
0.126
0,067
Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) (continued)
SE
0,009
0.142
0.083
0.077
0.029
0.021
0.013
0.011
0.024
0.023
0.015
0.019
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.014
0.071
0.032
0.035
0.058
0.010
0.014
0.026
0.017
0.018
Percent
Consuming
6.5%
0,7%
2.4%
3,0%
4.7%
5.3%
7.9%
8.6%
4.7%
6.0%
7.3%
7.9%
4.7%
6.5%
6.0%
6.8%
8.1%
3.6%
5.3%
11.1%
6.8%
4.7%
9.0%
5.8%
7.6%
Peppers
Mean
0.022
0.003
0.011
0.014
0.019
0.017
0.026
0.027
0.010
0.023
0.021
0.023
0.019
0.023
0.017
0.023
0.102
0.005
0.015
0.037
0.022
0.016
0.036
0.015
0.025
SE
0.005
0.025
0.031
0.032
0.016
0.014
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.009
0.006
0.007
0.112
0.007
0.031 •
0.024
0.005
0.011
0.012
0.006
0.010
Percent
Consuming
1.0%
• 5.2%
0.4%
0.7%
0.4%
0,2%
0.6%
1.2%
1.7%
1.9%
0.6%
0.4%
1.0%
1,1%
0.5%
1.3%
0.7%
0,3%
0.0%
0.9%
1.2%
1.2%
1.4%
0.5%
1.3%
Pumpkins
Mean
0.026
0.497
0.030
0.018
0.012
0
0.007
0.011
0.034
0.043
0.034
0.012
0.015
0.035
0.015
0.025
0.005
0.037
0
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.061
0.002
0.030
SE
0.032
0.363
0.253
0.148
0.118
0.007
0.026
0.018
0.053
0.056
0.105
0.064
0.037
0.068
0.068
0.041
0.057
0.238
0
0.208
0.030
0.050
0.106
0,026
0.060
Snap Beans
Percent
Consuming Mean
21.5%
16.7%
24.9%
25.0%
25.6%
18,3%
19.0%
22.3%
25.5%
21.5%
18.9%
22.3%
23.7%
20.2%
22.3%
22.0%
13.4%
24.1%
21.1%
15.1%
21.5%
22.4%
19.7%
24.3%
I7.S%
0.146
0.439
0.383
0.274
0.183
0.112
0.096
0.124
0.149
0.164
0.109
0.147
0.163
0.133
0.141
0.156
0.059
0.188
0.119
0.168
' 0.140
0.146
0.131
0.177
0.107
SE
0.008
0.154
0.070
0.048
0.024
0.018
0.010
0.0 11
0.019
0.018
0.013
0.016
0.017
0.015
0.013
0.013
0.050
0.022
0.048
0.073
0.009
0.014
0.020
0.014
0.019
9
rl
8.
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Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake oflndividual Fraits and Vegetables (g/kg-
-------
1
*•* R
VC »*J
x, a3
Table 9-6. Per Capita
Dark Green Vegetables
Population
Orouo
Total
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Oiher/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
19.1%
7,5%
12,4%
14,8%
13.3%
14,3%
18,8%
24.4%
24.6%
19.6%
21.0%
15.4%
20.0%
20.5%
16.0%
19.9%
30.9%
25.9%
9.4%
15.1%
18.1%
12.6%
21.1%
20.5%
22.6%
Mean
0.180
0.180
0.364
0.390
0.150
0,112
0.137
0.187
0.255
0.169
0.187
0.182
0.180
0.197
0.133
0.190
0.327
0.318
0.126
0.224
0.156
0.125
0.185
0,206
0.195
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on BPA's analyses of the 1989-91
SE
0.012
0.177
0,137
0.119
0.044
0,030
0.016
0.016
0.034
0.0X1
0.020
0.029
0.024
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.127
0.039
0.092
0.087
0.012
0.026
0.026
0.02!
0.022
CSFII
Intake of USD A Categories of Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed)
Deep Yellow Vegetables
Percent
Consuming
20.0%
10.1%
14.4%
16.3%
19.1%
14.0%
17.5%
24.8%
29.4%
22,7%
19.7%
15.6%
21.9%
18.6%
18.4%
22.0%
29.5%
12.5%
10.5%
13.4%
21.6%
18.7%
22.1%
16.8%
25.2%
Mean SE
0.147 0.010
0.178 0.157
0.281 0.109
0.177 0,063
0.185 0.043
0.080 0.020
0.100 0.015
0.164 0.017
0.245 0,028
0.156 0,020
0.144 0,023
0.094 0.017
0.192 0.023
0.133 0.019
0.138 0.021
0.160 0.016
0.221 0.118
0.104 0.029
0.081 0.060
0.106 0.071
0.154 0,011
0.128 0.020
0.175 0.026
0.119 0,018
0.187 0.021
Citrus Fruits
Percent
Consumins
38.0%
24.8%
43.6%
41.0%
40.5%
37.0%
33.4%
39.9%
46.8%
38.3%
38.4%
33.8%
41.3%
39.8%
34.2%
39.1%
51.0%
40.1%
33.3%
40.3%
37.4%
35.5%
45.6%
33.5%
41.8%
Mean SE
1.236 0.039
1.929 0.586
4.237 0.459
2.596 0.267
i.805 0.1.38
I.I 30 0.085
0.903 0.049
0.864 0.045
1.155 0.069
1.21 1 0.074
1.225 0.072
1.136 0.093
1.371 0.073
1.187 0.072
1.153 0.074
1.306 0.058
2.479 0.45.3
1.474 0.135
0.945 0.219
1.439 0.229
1.178 0.041
1.099 0.077
1.430 0.079
1.090 0.067
1.449 0.092
Other Fruits
Percent
Consuming
57.7%
61.6%
66.4%
70.0%
70.1%
47.3*
44.9%
60.9%
76.1%
57.6%
56.4%
60.8%
56.0%
55.3%
57.8%
59.2%
69.8%
46.2%
50.9%
52.0%
59.8%
59.8%
60.5%
50.3%
65.0%
Mean
2.141
12.855
7.599
5.826
3.242
1.053
0.972
1.255
1.827
2.354
2.024
2.245
1.943
2.090
1.954
2.262
3.360
1.806
2.375
2.589
2.154
2.137
2.235
1.927
2.414
SE
0.063
1.284
0.498
0.348
0.126
0.070
0.042
0.038
0.067
0.171
0.102
0.112
0.106
0.100
0.100
0.110
0.547
0.156
0.431
0.452
0.071
0.108
0.132
0.095
0.182
Other Vegetables
Percent
Consuming
83.1%
41.7%
73.6%
78.9%
83.2%
81.0%
84.1%
88.3%
87.7%
82.5%
83.3%
83.1%
83.4%
81.4%
83.2%
84.1%
85.2%
78.1%
75.4%
76.3%
84.2?o
81.2%
84.5%
83.2%
83.8%
Mean
1.316
1.346
2.077
1.979
1.534
0.950
1.081
1.374
1.615
1.276
1.297
1.332
1.361
1.245
1.407
1.319
2.228
1.232
1.077
1.116
1.326
1.186
1.445
1.346
1.293
SE
0.016
0.200
0.136
0.102
0.062
0.035
0.022
0,026
0.046
0,032
0.030
0.032
0.031
0.027
0.033
0.023
0.205
0.044
0.107
0.104
0.017
0.029
0.040
0.026
0.033
§•
&
a,
f
1
a.
o
3
2
f*
***.
o
3
-------
I
Q
05
I
I
&
a
Table 9-7. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Fruits (e/ke-day a< consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<0!
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
44.1%
54.7%
55.3%
56.9%
58.8%
36.4%
32.7%
44.3%
57.7%
45.5%
42.6%
45.3%
43.0%
42.4%
44.0%
45.3%
52.3%
34.6%
35.7%
34.0%
46,1%
47.3%
47.3%
36.9%
49.4%
Mean
1.435
9.224
5.682
4.324
2.316
0.682
0.596
0.716
1.032
1.753
1.184
1.44
1.362
i.322
1.335
1.553
2.118
1.132
0.939
1.614
1.468
1. 422
1.518
1.271
1.643
SE
0.062
1.247
0.486
0.344
0.12
0.065
0.038
0.031
0.058
0.179
0.078
0.113
0.097
0.088
0.097
0.112
0.541
0.149
0.316
0.408
0.07
0.091
0.118
0.092
0.198
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
2.897
2,897
2.305
1.379
0
0
0
0.534
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.654
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
1.402
12.336
8398
5.766
3.32
0.871
0.754
1.102
1.452
1.521
1.283
1.389
1.441
1.328
1.445
1.442
1.674
1.045
0.922
1.659
1.441
1.645
1.49
1.177
1.443
P90
3.496
26.98
15.187
11.65
5.879
2.158
1.984
2.139
2.894
3.64
3.208
3.451
3.54
3.481
3.32
3.686
4.299
" 2.888
2.271
4.084
3.593
3.501
3.898
3.104
3.774
P95
6.075
33.216
19.107
19.049
8.585
3.214
2.858
3.048
4.042
7.537
5.505
6.313
5.703
6.075
5.505
6.614
8.678
4.618
4.157
8.529
6.104
6.114
6.834
5.695
7.009
P99 P100
17.823 204.28
75.353 204.28
33.353 80.189
24.123 48.728
15.318 25.367
6.703 10.766
5.911 28.486
5.127 13.206
6.983 10.631
25.206 204.28
14.872 84.336
17.427 98.133
18.752 59.848
15.927 80.189
16.057 84.336
20.444 204.28
25.206 27.337
17.351 80.189
15.635 17.684
35.073 36.71
17.427 204.28
16.438 84,336
19.393 75.353
19.91 80.189
15.947 204,28
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA
's analyses of the
1 989-9 1CSFI1
§
81
I
§•'
&
8.
5s
3
o
a.
1
I
a
-------
so
O
3-
Table 9-8. Per Capita Intake of Protected Fruits (g/kg-dav as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
52.9%
38.9%
56.7%
57.0%
56.2%
47.7%
45.4%
57.3%'
67.5%
50.2%
53.9%
54.1%
53.7%
53.3%
49.4%
54.7%
69.8%
49.6%
46.8%
51.7%
53.4%
49.5%
59.4%
47.6%
60.1%
Mean
1.692
3.097
5.518
3.443
2.339
1,401
1.188
1.284
1,78
1.539
1.75
1.754
1,727
1.632
1.55
1.797
3.279
1.861
2.019
2.014
1,629
1.501
1.887
1.56
1.947
SE
0.037
0.528
0,455
0.235
0.125
0,081
0.047
0.043
0.072
0.071
0.072
0.082
0,071
0.069
0.069
0.056
0.429
0.126
0.33
0.263
0.039
0.072
0,08
0,064
0.084
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
, 0
0"
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0;
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0,598
0
2.618
1.948
1.079
0.598
0,108
0.583
1,236
0.269
0.688
0.672
0.621
0.625
0.334
0.667
2.052
0.621
0.851
0.845
0.574
0.265
0.838
0.465
0.854
P75
2,316
4.353
9.049
5.606
3.727
2.234
1.694
2.009
2,706
2.04
2,407
2.471
2.423
2.276
2.115
2.472
4,382
2.695
2.701
2.472
2.238
2.07
2,675
2.147
2.613
P90
4.687
9.963
15.677
9.826
6.92
4.341
3.645
3.541
4.363
4.323
4.681
4.732
4.941
4.497
4.368
4.897
6.981
5.64
5.995
5.759
4.527
4.353
5.371
4.443
4.88
P95
6.717
15.242
20.912
13.018
8.688
5.761
4.844
4.596
5.779
6.509
6.787
6.571
6.905
6.099
6,961
6.826
17.729
7.24!
10.354
8.88
6.425
6.099
7.268
6.39
7.836
P99 PI 00
13.019 136.69
23.624 136.69
27.432 49.904
17.729 35.141
12.807 27.945
7.894 15.503
8.205 29.275
7.719 21.372
8.611 15.003
13.595 26.751
13.032 44.68
15.503 136.69
12.166 30.692
11.535 136.69
12.076 29,275
14.399 44.68
17.729 18.792
13.572 136.69
11. 554 15.244
14.279 44.68
12.53 49.904
12.53 49.904
13,018 42.347
12.076 136.69
16.064 44.68
NOTE: SB = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989-91 CSFII
a
r
a-
5s
13
o
o
a.
I
-------
•9
§
a
I
c
03
Table 9-9. Per Caniia Intake of Exposed VegeiaMes (e/kt-dav as consumed)
Population Percent
Groun Consuming
Total 84.9%
Age (years)
<0i 42.7%
01-02 78.0%
03-05 83.6%
06-11 84.7%
12-19 83.6%
20-39 86.3%
40-69 89.9%
70+ 86.4%
Season
Fall 82.8%
Spring 85.0%
Summer 87.1%
Winter 84.9%
Urbanization
Central City 83.6%
Nonmetropolitan 85.8%
Suburban 85.2%
Race
Asian 83.2%
Black 81.8%
Native American 75,4%
Otner/NA 85.4%
While 85.6%
Region
Midwest 80.9%
Northeast 84.7%
South 86.7%
West 86.6%
NOTE: SE = Standard error
Mean
1.49
1.208
2.268
2.245
1,606
1.181
1.3
1.568
1.603
1.383
1.475
1.634
1.468
1,413
1.55
1.511
2.133
1.472
1.501
1.682
1.476
1.215
1,561
1,609
1.546
SE
0.016
0.17
0.145
0.119
0.059
0.04
0.025
0.026
0.044
0.033
0.031
0.033
0.033
0.029
0.031
0.025
0.195
0.051
0.141
0.092
0.017
0.029
0.041
0.027
0.035
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0.367
0
0.299
0.329
0.293
0.253
0.331
0.557
0.672
0.29
0,383
0.432
0.367
0.302
0.471
0.356
0.606
0.308
0.168
0.338
0.371
0.239
0.378
0.434
0.424
P50
1.043
0
1.132
1.411
1.062
0.804
0.923
1.22
1.326
0.951
1.028
1.272
0.999
0.957
1.185
1.055
1.537
0.908
1.018
1.287
1.045
0.824
1.051
1.208
1.127
P75
2.067
1.55
3.616
3.061
2.222
1.696
1.87
2.177
2.214
1.824
2.075
2.289
2.09
1.952
2,146
2.098
3.135
1.88
2.423
2.748
2,067
1.683
2,126
2.254
2.158
P9Q
3.403
3.834
5.855
5.433
3,769
2.756
2.968
3.42
3.344
3.151
3.406
3.68
3.109
3.278
3.499
3.464
4.746
3.217
3.445
3.644
3.376
2.843
3.564
3.575
3.524
P95
4.515
6.451
7.404
7.664
5.118
3.84
3.692
4.443
4.206
4.283
4.562
4.765
4.464
4.331
4.59
4.683
6.883
4.989
4.155
4.697
4.464
3.834
4.994
4.562
4.7
P99
7.727
11.524
12.808
12.493
9.161
5.699
6.327
6.274
5.928
8.783
7.403
7.399
7.664
8.17
7.283
7.664
10.325
9.219
6.424
6.933
7.359
6.35
8.243
7.404
7.664
P100
20.492
18,592
20.492
17.872
15,741
12.139
14.837
13.624
12.814
18.592
20.492
18.283
16.152
20.492
17.872
16.152
11.841
16.141
8.189
8.368
20,492
20.492
18.283
14,568
16.152
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSF11
s
I
8.
I.
O
3
I
2
-------
g
v> 52
<•» R
9
3
I
Table 9-10. Per Capita Intake of Protected Vegetables (g/ks-dav as consumed)
Population Percent
GrouD Consuming
Total 34.0%
Age (years)
<01 30.9%
01-02 41.6%
03-05 39.8%
06-11 44.3%
12-19 30.1%
20-39 31.6%
40-69 32.4%
70 + 34.6%
Season
Fall 34.1%
Spring 34.8%
Summer 32.5%
Winter 34.4%
Urbanization
Central City 31.7%
Nonmc'tropolitan 37.9%
Suburban 33,1%
Race
Asian 16.1%
Black 37.3%
Native American 32.7%
Other/NA 22.9%
White 34.1%
Region
Midwest 35.8%
Northeast 32.4%
South 36.8%
West 28.4%
NOTE: SE = Standard error
Mean
0.332
1.144
0.794
0.703
0.5
0.229
0.233
0.239
0.303
0.336
0.32
0.334
'0.337
0.303
0.396
0.32
0.166
0.411
0.38
0.221
0.326
0.344
0.369
0.358
0.236
SE
0.012
0.192
0.104
0.081
0.035
0.025
0.015
0.014
0.02S
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.022
0.022
0.024
0.018
0.081
0.038
0.095
0.074
0.013
0.022
0.036
0.019
0.022
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PiO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0.414
1.435
1.201
1.205
0.848
0.332
0.323
0.362
0.427
0.394
0.421
0.411
0.42
0.354
0.514
0.39
0
0.502
0.446
0
0.413
0.46
0.376
0.48
0.178
P90
1,038
4.584
2.232
2.443
1.439
0.824
0.78
0.772
1.015
1,064
0.96
1.116
1.109
0.971
1.22
1.029
0.636
1.29
1.062
0.644
1.014
1.127
1.102
1.093
0.791
P95
1.637
6.25
3.766
3.053
2.058
1.339
1.161
1.164
1.491
1.725
1.435
1.7
1.724
1.619
1.725
1.591
1.201
2.014
1.826
1.369
1.587
1.674
1.835
1.726
1.257
P99
3.394
8.752
6.488
4.811
3.32
2.138
2.427
2.033
2.291
3.674
3.493
3.492
2.945
3.098
3.826
3.32
1.506
4.579
2.85
2.767
3.317
3.013
5.022
3.484
2.688
P100
14.4
14.4
9.74
11.3
8.6
4.94
5.6
6.25
5.34
11.3
14.4
10.4
8.68
14.4
11.3
14.1
3.17
9.07
4.64
5.6
14.4
11.3
14.1
14.4
6.25
P= Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSFI1
?
s.
3-
I
8
».
o
3
1
-------
I
8
Table 9-11. Per Carrfts Intake of Root Vegetables (e/ke-
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-12.
Food Product
Fruits
Vegetables
Source: USDA,
Mean Daily Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977-78, 87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys
77-78 Data
(g/day)
142
201
1980; 1992; 1996a; !996b.
87-88 Data
(g/day)
142
182
89-91 Data
(g/day)
156
179
94 Data
(g/day)
171
186
95 Data
(g/day)
173
188
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 _^ 9-25
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Alfalfa Sprouts
Apples-Dried
Apples-Fresh
Apples-Juice
Apricots-Dried
Apricots-Fresh
Artichokes-Globe
Artichokes-Jerusalem
Asparagus
Avocados
Bamboo Shoots
Bananas-Dried
Bananas-Fresh
Bananas-Unspecified
Beans-Dry-Blackeye Peas (cowpeas)
Bcans-Dry-Broad Beans (Mature Seed)
Beans-Dry-Garbanzo (Chick Pea)
Beans-Dry-Great Northern
Bcans-Dry-Hyacinth (Mature Seeds)
Beans-Dry-Kidney
Beans-Dry-Lima
Beans-Dry-Navy (Pea)
Beans-Dry-Other
Beans-Dry-Pigeon Beans
Beans-Dry-Pinto
Beans-Succulent-Broad Beans (Immature
Seed)
Beans-Succulent-Green
Beans-Succulent-Hyacinth (Young Pods)
Bcans-Succulent-Lima
Beans-Sueculent-Other
Beans-Succulent- Yellow, Wax
Beans-Unspecified
Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0001393
0.0002064
0.4567290
0.2216490
0.0004040
0.0336893
0.0032120
0.0000010
0.0131098
0.0125370
0.0001464
0.0004489
0.2240382
0.0032970
0.0024735
0.0000000
0.0005258
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0136313
0.0079892
0.0374073
0.0398251
0.0000357
0.0363498
0.0000000
0.2000500
0.0000000
0,0256648
0.0263838
0.0054634
0.0052345
Based on AH Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups
Standard Error
0.0000319
0.0000566
0.0142203
0.0142069
0.0001457
0.0022029
0.0007696
*
0.0010290
0.0020182
0.0000505
0.0001232
0.0088206
0.0004938
0.0005469
*
0.0001590
#
*
0.0045628
0.0016493
0.0023595
0.0023773
0.0000357
0.0048479
*
0.0062554
*
0.0021327
0.0042782
0.0009518
0.0012082
Page
9-26
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fniits and Vegetables Based on All SexMge/Dernographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity11
Beets-Roots
Beets-Tops (Greens)
Bitter Melon
Blackberries
Blueberries
Boysenberries
Bread Nuts
Bread Fruit
Broccoli
Brussel Sprouts
Cabbage-Chinese/Celery, Inc. Bok Choy
Cabbage-Green and Red
Cactus Pads
Cantaloupes
Carambola
Carob
Carrots
Casabas
Cassava (Yuca Blanca)
Cauliflower
Celery
Cherimoya
Cherries-Dried
Cherries-Fresh
Cherries-Juice
Chicory (French or Belgian Endive)
Chili Peppers
Chives
Citrus Citron
Coconut-Copra
Coconut-Fresh
Coconut-Water
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0216142
0.0008287 •
0.0000232
0.0064268
0.0090474
0.0007313
0.0000010
0.0000737
0.0491295
0.0068480
0.0045632
0.0936402
0.0000010
0.0444220
0.0000010
0.0000913
0.1734794
0.0007703
0.0002095
0.0158368
0.0609611
o.ooooo to
0.0000010
0.0321754
0.0034080
0.0006707
0.0000000
0.0000193
0.0001573
0.0012860
0.0001927
0.0000005
Standard Error
0.0014187
0.0003755
0.0000233
0.0007316
0.0008951
0.0006284
*
0.0000590
0.0032966
0.0009061
0.0020966
0.0039046
*
0.0029515
*
0.0000474
0.0041640
0.0003057
0.00001574
0.0011522
0.0014495
* •
*
0.0024966
0.0009078
0.0001465
*
0.0000070
0.0000324
0.0000927
0.0000684
0.0000005
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-27
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Collarets
Com, Pop
Corn, Sweet
Crabapples
Cranberries
Cranberries-Juice
Crenshaws
Cress, Upland
Cress, Garden, Field
Cucumbers
Currants
Dandelion
Dates
Dewberries
Eggplant
Elderberries
Endive, Curlcy and Escarole
Fennel
Figs
Garlic
Genip (Spanish lame)
Ginkgo Nuts
Gooseberries
Grapefruit-Juice
Grapefruit-Pulp
Grapes-Fresh
Grapes-Juice
Grapes-Leaves
Grapes-Raisins
Groumkherries (Poha or Cape-
Gooseberries)
Guava
Honevdew Melons
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0,0188966
0.0067714
0.2367071
0.0003740
0.0150137
0.0170794
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0720821
0.0005462
0.0005039
0.0006662
0.0023430
0.0061858
0.0001364
0.0011851
0.0000000
0.0027847
0.0007621
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0003953
0.0773585
0.0684644
0.0437931
0.0900960
0.0000119
0.0169730
0.0000000
0.0000945
0.0183628
Standard Error
0.0032628
0.0003348
0.0062226
*
0.0006153
0.0022223
*
*
*
0.0034389
0.0000892
0.0002225
0.0001498
*
0.0007645
0.0001365
0.0001929
*
0.0005254
0.0000230
*
*
0.0001341
0.0053846
0.0032321
0.0023071
0.0058627
0.0000887
0.0009221
*
0.0000558
0.0042879
Page
9-28
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables ,
Table 9-13, Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity3
Huckleberries (Gaylussacia)
Juneberry
Kale
Kiwi
Kohlrabi
Kumquats
Lambsquarter
Leafy Oriental Vegetables
Leeks
Lemons-Juice
Lemons-Peel
Lemons-Pulp
Lemons-Unspecified
Lemiles-Split
Lentiles-Whole
Lettuce-Head Varieties
Lettuce-Leafy Varieties
Lettuce-Unspecified
Limes-Juice
Limes-Pulp
Limes-Unspecified
Loganberries
Logan Fruit
Loquats
Lychee-Dried
Lychees (Litchi)
Maney (Mammee Apple)
Mangoes
Mulberries
Mung Beans (Sprouts)
Mushrooms
Mustard Greens
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0015036
0.0000191
0.0002357
0.0000798
. 0.000048!
0.0000010
0.0000388
0.0189564
0.0002570
0.0002149
0.0020695
0.0000079
0.0012022
0.2122803
0.0044328
0.0092008
0.0032895
0.0000941
0.0000010
0.0002040
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0005539
0.0000010
0.0066521
0,0213881
- 0.0145284
Standard Error
#
#
0.0006070
0.0000191
0.0001028
0.0000574
0.0000481
*
0.0000221
0.0009004
0.0001082
0.0000378
0.0003048
'0.0000064
0.0002351
0.0059226
0.0003840
0.0004328
0.0005473
0.0000344
*
*
*
*
* .
*
*
0.0002121
*
0.0006462
0.0009651
0.0024053
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 '
Page
9-29
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9- Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity8
Nectarines
Okrn
Olives
Onions-Dehydrated or Dried
Onions-Dry-Bulb (Cipollini)
Onions-Green
Oranges-Juice
Oranges-Peel
Oranges-Pulp
Papayas-Dried
Papayas-Fresh
Papayas-Juice
Parsley Roots
Parsley
Parsnips
Passion Fruit (Cranadilla)
Pawpaws
Peaches-Dried
Peaches-Fresh
Pears-Dried
Pears-Fresh
Peas (GardenH3reen Immature
Peas (Gardcn)-Mature Seeds, Dry
Peppers, Sweet, Garden
Peppers-Other
Persimmons
Persian Melons
Pimentos
Pineapple-Dried
Pineapple-Fresh, Pulp
Pineapple-Fresh, Juice
Pitanga (Surinam Cherry)
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0129663
0.0146352
0.003175?
0.0001192
0.1060612
0.0019556
1 .0947265
0.0001358
0.1503524
0.0009598
0.0013389
0.0030536
0.0000010
0.0036679
0.0006974
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0000496
0.2153916
0.0000475
0.1224735
0.1719997
0.0017502
0.0215525
0.0043594
0.0004008
0.0000010
0.0019485
0.0000248
0.0308283
0.0371824
0.0000010
Standard Error
0.0013460
0.0017782
0.0002457
0.0000456
0.0021564
0.0001848
0.0283937
0.0000085
0.0092049
0.0000520
0.0005055
0.0012795
*
0.0001459
0.0001746
#
*
0.0000152
0.0078691
0.0000279
0.0050442
0.0067868
0.0002004
0.0010091
0.0004748
0.0002236
*
0.0001482
0.0000195
0.0017136
0.0026438
*
Page
9-30
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Scx/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity'
Plantains
Plums, Prune-Juice
Plums (Damsons)-Fresh
Plums-Prunes (Dried)
Poke Greens
Pomegranates
Potatoes (White)-Who!e
Potatoes (White)-Unspecified
Potatoes (White)-Peeled
Potatoes (White)-Dry
Potatoes (White)-Peel Only
Pumpkin
Quinces
Radishes-Roots
Radishes-Tops
Raspberries
Rhubarb
Rutabagas-Roots
Rutabagas-Tops
Salsify (Oyster Plant)
Shallots
Soursop (Annona Muricata)
Soybeans-Sprouted Seeds
Spinach
Squash-Summer
Squash-Winter
Strawberries
Sugar Apples (Sweetsop)
Sweetpotatoes (including Yams)
Swiss Chard
Tangelos
Tangerine-Juice
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0016370
0.0137548
0.0248626
0.0058071
0.0002957
0.0000820
0.3400582
0.0000822
0.7842573
0.0012994
0.0000217
0.0044182
0.0001870
0.0015558
0.0000000
0.0028661
0.0037685
0.0027949
0.0000000
0.0000028
0.0000000
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0435310
0.0316479
0.0324417
0.0347089
0.0000010
0.0388326
0.0016915
0.0025555
0.0000839
Standard Error
0.0007074
0.0017904
0.0020953
0.0005890
0.0001475
0.0000478
0.0102200
0.0000093
0.0184579
0.0001896
0.0000133
0.0004354
*
0.0001505
*
0.0005845
0.0006588
0.0009720
*
0,0000028
*
*
*
0.0030656
0.0022956
0.0026580
0.0020514
*
0.0035926
0.0004642
0.0006668
0.0000567
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-31
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All
Raw Agricultural Commodity3
Tangerines
Tapioca
Taro-Grcens
Taro-Root
Tomatoes-Catsup
Tomatoes-Juice
Tomatoes-Paste
Tomatoes-Puree
Tomatoes-Whole
Towelgourd
Turnips-Roots
Turnips-Tops
Water Chestnuts
Watercress
Watermelon
Yambean, Tuber
Yaulia, Tannler
Younsberries
* Not repotted
* Consumed in any raw or prepared form
Source: DRES data base (based on 1977-78
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0088441
0.0012199
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0420320
0.0551351
0.0394767
0.17012311
0.4920164
0.0000010
0.0082392
0.0147111
0.0004060
0.0003553
0.0765054
0,0000422
0.0000856
0.0003570
NFCS data).
Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Standard Error
0.0010948
0.0000951
*
*
0.0015878
0.0029515
0.0012512
0.0054679
0.0080927
*
0.0014045
0.0025845
0.0000682
0.0001564
0.0068930
0.0000402
0.0000571
*
Page
9-32
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9- Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-14. Mean Total Fruit Iniake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978)°
Age (yr)
Per Capita Intake
(g/dav)
Percent of Population Using
Fruit in a Pay
Intake (g/day) for Users Only*
Males and Females
I and under
1-2
3-5
6-8
Males
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and over
Females
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and over
Males and Females
All ages
169
146
134
152
133
120
147
107
141
115
171
174
186
148
120
126
133
122
.133
171
179
189
142
86.8
62.9
56.1
60.1
50.5
51.2
47.0
39.4
46.4
44.0
62.4
62.2
62.6
59.7
48.7
49.9
48.0
47.7
52.8
66.7
69.3
64.7
54.2
196
231
239
253
263
236
313
271
305
262
275
281
197
247
247
251
278
255
252
256
259
292
263
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) data for one day,
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using fruit in a day.
Source: USDA. 1980.
Age (vr)
Males and Females
5 and under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Males and Females
All Aees
Table 9- 15. Mean Total Fruit Intake
(as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988)*
Percent of Population Using
Per Capita Intake (e/dav) Fruit in 1 Dav
157
182
158
133
154
131
140
142
59.2
63.8
49.4
46.5
58.3
47.1
52.7
51.4
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population
Source: USDA. 1992b.
Intake (g/day) for Users Only"
265
285
320
286
264
278
266
276
using fruits in a day.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-33
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-16. Mean Tola! Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978)"
Age (yr)
Per Capila intake
(g/day)
Percent of Population Using
Vegetables in a Day
Intake (g/day) for Users Only
Males and females
land under
1-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and over
Females
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 & over
Males and Females
All Ages
76
91
100
136
138
184
216
226
248
261
285
265
264
139
154
178
184
187
187
229
221
198
201
62.7
78.0
79.3
84.3
83.5
84.5
85.9
84.7
88.5
86.8
90,3
88.5
93.6
83.7
84.6
83.8
81.1
84.7
84.6
89.8
87.2
88.1
85.6
121
116
126
161
165
217
251
267
280
300
316
300
281
166
183
212
227
221
221
255
253
226
235
1 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables in a day.
Source: USDA. 1980.
Table 9-17. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988)3
Age (vr)
Per Capita Intake (e/dav)
Percent of Population Using
Vegetables in a Day
Intake (g/dav) for Users Only1*
Males and Female;
5 and under
Male;
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Males and Females
All Ages
81
129
173
232
129
129
183
182
74.0
86.8
85.2
85.0
80.6
75.8
82.9
82.6
109
149
203
273
160
170
221
220
1 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables in a day.
Source: USDA. 1992b.
Page
9-34
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and
Age (vr)
Males and Females
5 and under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Males and Females
AH Aees
r>er Capita Intake (g/day)
1994
230
176
169
175
174
148
157
171
1995
221
219
210
170
172
167
155
173
Percent of Population Using
Fruit in 1 Day
1994
70.6
59.8
44.0
50.2
59.3
47.1
55.1
54.1
' Based on USDA CSFH (1994 and 1995) data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction
Source: USDA. 1996a; 1996b.
1995
72.6
62.2
47.1
49.6
63.6
44.4
54.4
54.2
of the population
1995)"
Intake (a/day) for Users Onlyb
1994
326
294
384
349
293
314
285
316
using fruits in a day.
1995
304
352
446
342
270
376
285
319
Table 9-19. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995)a
Asc (vr) Per Capita Intake (e/dav)
1994
Males and Females
5 and under 80
Males
6-11 118
12-19 154
20 and over 242
6-11 115
12-19 132
20 and over 190
Males and Females
AllAaes 186
1995
83
111
202
241
108
144
189
188
Percent of Population Using
Vegetables in 1 Day
1994
75.2
82.4
74.9
85.9
82.9
78.5
84.7
83.2
a Based on USD A CSFll ( 1 994 and 1 995 ) data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the
Source: USDA, 1996a; 1996b.
1995
75.0
80.6 '
79.0
86.4
79.1
76.0
83.2
82.6
fraction of the population
Intake (g/dav) for Users Onlvb
1994
106
143
206
282
139
168
224
223
1995
111
138
256
278
137
189
227
228
using vegetables in a day.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-35
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-20. Mean Per Capita Intake of Fats and Oils (g/day as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995)a
Total Fats and Oilsb
1994 1995
Males and Females
Sand
under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Males and Females
All Ages
4
8
11
19
7
9
!6
14
3
7
14
18
8
9
14
14
Table Fatsc
1994
2
3
2
5
3
2
4
4
Salad Dressings'1
1995
2
3
5
5
3
3
5
4
1994
2
5
8
11
4
6
10
9
* Based on USDA CSFII 1994 and 1995 data for one day.
*" Table fats, cooking fats, vegetable oils, salad dressings, nondairy cream substitutes, sauces that are
c Butter, margarines, blends of butter with margarines or vegetable oils, and butter replacements.
d Regular and reduced- and low-calorie dressings and mayonnaise,
Source: USDA. 1996a; 1996b.
1995
1
4
10
10
4
6
7
8
mainly fat and oil
Table 9-21. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Subclass by Region (g/day as consumed)
US population Northeast North Central South West
Total Produce
Leafy"
Exposed*
Protected'
Other
282.6 ± 3.5
39.2 ± 0.8
86.0 ±1.5
150.4*2.3
7.0 ±0.3
270.6 * 6.9
38.1 ± 1.5
88,5 ± 3.0
1372 ±4.5
6,9 ± 0.6
282.4 ± 6.7
37.1 ± 1.5
87.8 ±2.9
150.1 ±4.3
7.3 + 0.5
280.7 ±5.6
38.4 ± 1.2
76.9 ± 2.4
160,1 ±3.6
5.4 ± 0.4
303.1 ±8.2
45.3 ±1.8
95.5 ± 3.6
152.5 ±5,3
9.8 ± 0.7
* Produce belonging to this category include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, and spinach.
*" Produce belonging to this category include: apples, pears, berries, cucumber, squash, grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, prunes, string
beans, pea pods, and tomatoes.
c Produce belonging to this category include: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips, citrus fruits, sweet com, legumes (peas, beans, etc.), melons,
onion, and potatoes.
NOTE: Northeast = Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
North Central = Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
and Kansas.
South = Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
West = Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1984b (based on 1977-78 NFCS data).
Page
9-36
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-22.Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Food Subclasses Per Capita by Age (g/day as consumed)
Age (years)
All Ages
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-39
40-59
260
Leafy produce"
39.2 ± 0.8
3.2 + 4.9
9,1 ±2.4
20.1 ±2.0
26.1 ± 1.9
31. 4 ±2.0
35.3 ±2.6
• 41.4+2.7
44.4 ±2.1
5L3±1.6
45.4 ± 1.8
Exposed produce1*
86.0 ± 1.5
75.5 ± 9.8
55.6 ±4.8
69.2 ± 4.8
76.8 ± 3.8
71.9 ±4.0
65.6 ±5. 2
73.4 ±5.3
77.1 ±4.2
94.7 ± 3.3
114.2 + 3.6
Protected produce0 »
150.4 + 2.3
50.8 ± 14.7
94.5 ±7.2
128.9 ±6.1
151.7 + 5.7
156.6 + 6.0
144.5+7.8
149.8 ± 8.0
150.5+6.3
162.9*4.9
163.9 ±5.5
Other produce
7.0 ±0.3
25 .5 ±1.8
5.1 ±0.9
4.3 ± 0.8
8.1 +0.7
6.2 ± 0.7
5.0 ±1.0
7.0 ±1.0
6.1 ±0.8
6.9 ±0.6
7.6 ±0.7
a Produce belonging to this category include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, and spinach.
b Produce belonging to this category include: apples, pears, berries, cucumber, squash, grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, prunes, string beans,
pea pods, and tomatoes.
c Produce belonging to this category include: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips, citrus fruits, sweet com, legumes (peas, beans, etc.), melons,
onion, and potatoes.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1984a (based on 1977-78 NFCS data),
Table 9-23. Consumption of Foods (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and
Estimated Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a US Citizen
(averaged across sex) Calculated from the FDA Diet Data
Age (in years)
(0-1) (1-5)
Potatoes 5.67 10.03
Leafy Veg. 0.84 0.49
Legume Veg. 3.81 4.56
Root Veg. 3.04 0.67
Garden fruits 0.66 1.67
Peanuts 0.34 2.21
Mushrooms 0.00 0.01
Veg. Oils 27.62 17.69
(6-13)
14.72
0.85
6.51
1.20
2.57
2.56
0.03
27.54
(14-19)
19.40
1.22
8.45
1.73
3.47
2.91
0.04
37.04
(20-44)
17.28
2.16
9.81
1.77
4.75
2.43
0.14
37.20
(45-70)
14.79
2.65
9.50
1.64
4.86
1.91
0.06
27.84
~"~ Estimated Lifetime
Intake*
15.60
1.97
8.75
1.60
4.15
2.25
0.08
31.24
3 The estimated lifetime dietary intakes were estimated by:
Estimated lifetime = IR(O-l) + 5vrs * 1R (1-5) + 8 vrs * IR
where IR = the intake rate for a specific age group.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1989 (based on 1977-78 NFCS
and NHANES
(6-13) + 6 yrs*
70 years
11 data).
IR (14-19) + 25 yrs
* IR (20-44) +
25 vrs * IR (45-70)
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 9-37
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-24. Mean Daily Intake of Foods (grams) Based on the Nutrition Canada Dietary Survey3
Age (yrs)
Sample Size
Fruit and Vegetables Not
Fruit Products Including Potatoes
Potatoes
Nuts and
Legumes
Males and Females
1-4
5-11
Mski
12-19
20-39
40-64
65+
Females
12-19
20-39
40-64
65+
Pregnant Females
1031
1995
1070
999
1222
881
1162
1347
1500
818
769
258
312
237
244
194
165
237
204
239
208
301
56
83
94
155
134
118
97
134
136
103
156
' Report does not specify whether means were calculated per capita or for consumers only,
consumed intake rates for consumers only reported by USDA (1980).
Source: Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, n.d.
75
110
185
189
131
124
115
99
79
80
114
6
13
20
15
15
8
15
8
10
5
15
The reported values are consistent with the as
Table 9-25. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1991*
Fresh Fruits
Food Item
Citrus
Oranges (includes Temple oranges)
Tangerines and Tangelos
Lemons
Limes
Grapefruit
Tcnal Fresh Citrus
Noncitrus
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Cherries
Cranberries
Grapes
Kisvi Fruit
Mangoes
Peaches & Nectarines
Pears
Pineapple
Papayas
Plums and Prunes
Strawberries
Total Fresh Noncitrus
Total Fresh Fruits
Per Capita Consumption
(e/dav)b
10.2
1.6
3.1
0.9
7.1
22.9
21.8
0.1
1.7
31.2
0.5
0,4
8.2
0.5
1.0
7.6
3.7
2.2
0.3
1.7
4.1
85.0
107.7
Fresh Vegetables
Food Item
Artichokes
Asparagus
Snap Beans
Broccoli
Brussel Sprouts
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Sweet Corn
Cucumber
Eggplant
Escarolc/Endive
Garlic
Head Lettuce
Onions
Bell Peppers
Radishes
Spinach
Tomatoes
Total Fresh Vegetables
1 Based on retail-weight equivalent. Includes imports; excludes exports and foods grown in home gardens. Data for
Per Capita Consumption
(g/dav)b
0.62
0.75
1.4
3.5
0.4
9.5
9.0
2.2
7.8
6.6
5.2
0.5
0.3
1.6
30.2
18.4
5.8
0.6
0.9
16.3
126.1
1991 used.
** Original data were presented in Ibs/yr; data were converted to g/day by multiplying by a factor of 454 g/lb and dividing by 365 days/yr.
Source: USDA, 1993,
Page
9-38
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
a «
§ S2
"* R
I
Table 9-26.
Food category
Raw vegetables
White potatoes
Cabbage and coleslaw
Carrots
Cucumbers
Lettuce and tossed salad
Mature onions
Tomatoes
Cooked vegetables
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Corn, whole kernel
Lima beans
Mixed vegetables
Cowpeas, field peas, black-
eyed peas
Green peas
Spinach
String beans
Summer squash
Sweet potatoes
Tomato juice
Cucumber pickles
Fruits
Grapefruit
Grapefruit juice
Oranges
Orange juice
Apples
Applesauce, cooked apples
Apple juice
Cantaloupe
Raw peaches
Raw pears
Raw strawberries
a Percentiles are cumulative;
Quantity (as consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days
% Irtdiv. using
food in 3 days
74.4
9.7
5
5.6
50.7
8.5
27.8
6.2
4.7
9.8
23.9
2.8
3.4
2.9
18.3
4.5
27.3
2.8
4.1
3.9
9.2
4.7
3.6
9
35.5
18.2
9.8
3.8
3.3
4.5
3.1
2.1
Quantity consumed per eating
occasion (g)
Average Standard
Deviation
125
68
43
80
65
31
81
112
128
70
95
110
117
131
90
121
86
145
136
91
45
159
202
146
190
141
134
191
171
160
163
100
90
45
40
76
59
33
55
68
83
59
56
75
69
88
57
70
54
98
87
122
45
58
99
57
84
49
86
101
91
75
69
58
5
29
15
4
8
10
3
30
30
28
19
21
21
28
22
20
24
18
27
38
91
7
106
95
73
95
69
28
63
61
76
82
37
Consumers-only
Quantity consumed per eating occasion at specified percentiles (g)"
25
63
40
13
24
20
17
45
78
75
46
65
67
91
88
43
78
67
105
86
122
16
134
125
145
125
138
64
124
136
152
164
75
50
105
60
31
70
55
18
62
90
145
75
83
88
94
88
85
103
70
108
114
182
30
134
186
145
187
138
128
186
136
152
164
75
75
170
90
55
110
93
36
113
155
150
92
123
170
182
175
85
185
135
215
185
243
65
165
247
145
1 249
138
130
248
272
152
164
149
90
235
120
100
158
140
57
123
185
225
150
170
175
187
196
170
205
140
215
225
243
90
268
250
180
249
212
255
248
272
304
164
149
95
280
120
122
220
186
72
182
190
300
155
170
219
187
350
170
205
140
352
238
363
130
268
375
228
311
212
155
372
272
304
328
180
99
426
240
183
316
270
180
246
350
450
276
330
350
374
350
330
380
280
430
450
486
222
330
500
360
498
276
488
496
529
456
328
298
for example, 50 percent of people eat 105 g white potatoes per day or less.
Source: Panel al.. 1982 (based on 1977-78 NFCS data).
U)(
a
5s
a"
3
a
I
8
i
ej.
r
-------
Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions
Food
Fruit
Apples - dried
Apples -
Apples - juice
Applesauce
Apricots
Apricots - dried
Bananas
Blackberries
Blueberries
Boysenbcrries
Cantaloupes - unspecified
Casabas
Cherries - sweet
Crabapples
Cranberries
Cranberries -juice cocktail
Currants (red and white)
Elderberries
Grapefruit
Grapefruit -juice
Grapefruit - unspecified
Grapes - fresh
Grapes -juice
Grapes - raisins
Honeydew melons
Kim fruit
Kumquats
Lemons -juice
Lemons - peel
Lemons • pulp
Limes -juice
Limes - unspecified
Loganberries
Mulberries
Nectarines
Oranges - unspecified
Peaches
Pears - dried
Pears - fresh
Pineapple
Pineapple -juice
Plums
Quinces
Raspberries
Strawberries
Tangerine -juice
Tangerines
Watermelon
Vegetables
Alfalfa sprouts
Artichokes - globe & French
Artichokes - Jerusalem
Moisture Content (Percent)
Raw Cooked
31.76
83.93*
86.35
31.09
74.26
85.64
84.61
85.90
89.78
91.00
80.76
78.94
86.54
85.00
83.9S
79.80
90.89
90.00
90.89
81.30
84.12
15.42
89.66
83.05
81.70
90.73
81.60
88.98
90.21
88.26
84.61
87.68
86.28
86.75
87.66
26.69
83.81
86.50
83.80
86.57
91.57
88.90
87.60
91.51
91.14
84.38
78.01
84,13*
84.46**
87.93
88.35*
86.62*
85.56*
86.59*
84.95*
90.10*
92.46*
92.52*
87.49*
64.44*
86.47*
83.51*
85.53
85.20
89.97*
87.00*
89.51*
86.50
Comments
sulfured; *without added sugar
*with skin; **without skin
canned or bottled
*unsweetened
*canned juice pack with skin
sulrured; *without added sugar
*frozen unsweetened
frozen unsweetened
"canned, juice pack
bottled
*canned unsweetened
pink, red, white
American type (slip skin)
canned or bottled
seedless
*canned or bottled
*canned or bottled
all varieties
*canned juice pack
sulfured; *without added sugar
*canned juice pack
*canned juice pack
canned
* frozen unsweetened
*canned sweetened
*canned juice pack
boiled, drained
Page
9-40
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-27, Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions (continued)
Food
Asparagus
Bamboo shoots
Beans - dry
Beans - dry - blackeye peas (cowpeas)
Beans - dry - hyacinth (mature seeds)
Beans - dry - navy (pea)
Beans - dry - pinto
Beans - lima
Beans - snap - Italian - green - yellow
Beets
Beets - tops (greens)
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage - Chinese/celery,
including bok choy
Cabbage - red
Cabbage - savoy
Carrots
Cassava (yucca blanca)
Cauliflower
Celeriac
Celery
Chili peppers
Chives
Cole slaw
Collards
Corn - sweet
Cress - garden - field
Cress - garden
Cucumbers
Dandelion - greens
Eggplant
Endive
Garlic
Kale
Kohlrabi
Lambsquarter
Leeks
Lentils - whole
Lettuce - iceberg
Lettuce - romaine
Mung beans (sprouts)
Mushrooms
Mustard greens
Okra
Onions
Onions - dehydrated or dried
Parsley
Parsley roots
Parsnips
Peas (garden) - mature seeds - dry
Peppers - sweet - garden
Potatoes (white) - peeled
Moisture Content (Percent)
Raw Cooked
92.25
91.00
66.80
87.87
79.15
81.30
70.24
90.27
87.32
92.15
90.69
86.00
95.32
91.55
91.00
87.79
68.51
92.26
88.00
94.70
87.74
92.00
81.50
93.90
75.96
89.40
89.40
96.05
85.60
91.93
93.79
58.58
84.46
91.00
84.30
83.00
67.34
95.89
94.91
90.40
91.81
90.80
89.58
90.82
3.93
88.31
88.31
79.53
88.89
92.77
78.96
92.04
95.92
71.80
86.90
76.02
93.39
67.17
89.22
90.90
89.13
90.20
87.32
95.55
93.60
92.00
87.38
92.50
92.30
95.00
92.50*
95.72
69.57
92.50
92.50
89.80
91.77
91.20
90.30
88.90
90.80
68.70
93.39
91.08
94.46
89.91
92.24
77.72
88.91
94.70
75.42
Comments
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
"canned solids & liquid
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained .
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
stir-fried
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
baked
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-41
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fniils and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions (continued)
Food
Potatoes (white) - whole
Pumpkin
Radishes - roots
Rhubarb
Rutabagas - unspecified
Salsify (oyster plant)
Shallots
Soybeans - sprouted seeds
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweetpotatoes (including yams)
Swiss chard
Tapioca - pearl
Taro - greens
Taro - root
Tomatoes -juice
Tomatoes - paste
Tomatoes - puree
Tomatoes - raw
Tomatoes - whole
Towelgourd
Turnips - roots
Turnips - tops
Water chestnuts
Yambean - tuber
Moisture Content (Percent)
Raw
83.29
91.60
94.84
93.61
89.66
77.00
79.80
69.05
91.58
93.68
88.71
72.84
92.66
10.99
85.66
70.64
93.95
93.95
93.85
91.87
91.07
73.46
89.15
Cooked
71.20
93.69
67.79
90.10
81.00
79.45
91.21
93.70
89.01
71.85
92.65
92.15
63.80
93.90
74.06
87.26
92.40
84.29
93.60
93.20
87.93
Comments
baked
boiled, drained
frozen, cooked with added sugar
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
steamed
boiled, drained
all varieties; boiled, drained
all varieties; baked
baked in skin
boiled, drained
dry
steamed
canned
canned
canned
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
Source: USDA, 1979-1986.
Page
9-42
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
O
8-
Table 9-28. Summary of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies
Study
KEY STUDIES
EPA Analysis of 1989-91
USDA CSFH data
REUSVANT.STIJDIES
A1HC, 1994
Canadian Department of
National Health and
Welfare, n.d.
EPA's DRES
Paoetal., 1982
USDA, 1980; I992b;
1996a; 1996b
USDA, 1993
U.S. EPA/ORP, 1984a;
1984b
U.S. EPA/OST, 1989
Survey Population Used in
Calculating Intake
Per capita data; consumer
only data can be calculated
Per Capita
Not known if per capita or
consumers only
Per capita (i.e., consumers
and nonconsumers)
Consumers only serving
she data provided
Per capita and consumer
only
Per capita consumption
based on "food
disappearance"
Per capita
Estimated lifetime dietary
intake
Types of Data Used Uniis
1989-91 CSFII darn; g/kg-day; as consumed
Based on 3-day average individual
intake rate
Based on the 1977-78 USDA NFCS g/day
data provided in the 1989 version of the
Exposure Factors Handbook.
1970-72 survey based on 24-hour g/day; not known if as
dietary recall consumed
1 977-78 NFCS g/kg-day; as consumed
3-day individual intake data
1977-78 NFCS g; as consumed
3-day individual intake data
1977-78 and 1987-88 NFCS, and 1994 g/day; as consumed
and 1995 CSFII
1-day individual intake data
Based on food supply and utilization g/day; as consumed
data provided by the National
Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS),
Customs Service Reports, and trade
associations
1977-78 NFCS g/day; as consumed
Individual intake data
Based on FDA Total Diet Study Food g/day; dry weight
List which used 1977-78 NFCS data,
and NHANES II data
Food Items
Major food groups; individual food
items; exposed and protected fruits
and vegetables; USDA food
categories
Distributions for vegetables using
©Risk software.
Fruit and fruit products, vegetables
not including potatoes and nuts and
legumes
Intake for a wide variety of fruits and
vegetables presented; complex food
groups were disaggregated
Serving sizes for only a limited
number of products
Total fruits and total vegetables
Various food groups
Exposed', protected, and leafy
produce
Various food groups; complex foods
disaggregated
8.
31
Si
a,
I
I
a
a.
I
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IB
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-29, Summary of Recommended Values
Mean 95th Pereentile
Total Fruit Intake
3.4 g/kg-day 12 g/kg-day
Total Vegetable Intake
4.3 g/kg-day 10 g/kg-day
Individual Fruit and Vegetables Intake
see Table 9-5
for Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Multiple Percentiles „--" Study
~" / -& - " ' i itf
see Table 9-3 ' EPA Analysis of CSFII
' ' ' 1989-91 Data T
' ' • ' ' ''* ' 'l* c . ' - ' " . .
.seeTkble'9-4 , , EPA Analysis "of CSFII
• • ' ^ « - " \ 1989-91 Data^
EPA Analysis of CSFII
-" ' ' ,1989-91'Data
Page
9-44
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-30. Confidence in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
• Accessibility
• Reproducibilify
• Focus on factor of interest
• Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data collection
period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
* Representativeness of the
population
• Characterization of variability
• Lack of bias in study design
(high rating is desirable)
* Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
USDA CSF11 survey receives high level of peer
review. EPA analysis of these data has been peer
reviewed outside the Agency.
CSFII data are publicly available.
Enough information is included to reproduce
results.
Analysis is specifically designed to address food
intake.
Data focuses on the U.S. population.
This is new analysis of primary data.
Were the most current data publicly available at the
time the analysis was conducted for the Handbook.
Survey is designed to collect short-term data.
Survey methodology was adequate.
Study size was very large and therefore adequate.
The population studied was the U.S. population.
Survey was not designed to capture long term day-
to-day variability. Short term distributions are
provided.
Response rate was adequate.
No measurements were taken. The study relied on
survey data.
I; CSFH 1989-91 was the most recent data set
publicly available at the time the analysis was
conducted for the Handbook. Therefore, it was the
only study classified as key study.
Although the CSFII was the only study classified
as key study, the results are in good agreement
with earlier data.
The survey is representative of U.S. population.
Although there was only one study considered key,
these data are the most recent and are in agreement
with earlier data. The approach used to analyzed
the data was adequate. However, due to the
limitations of the survey design estimation of long-
term percentile values (especially the upper
percentiles) is uncertain.
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium confidence for average values;
Low confidence for long term percentile
distribution
High . ..• . :
High
High
Medium
Medium
N/A
Low
High
High confidence in the average;
Low confidence in the long-term upper
percentiles • •
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9-45
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9A
APPENDIX 9 A
CALCULATIONS USED IN THE 1989-91 CSFII ANALYSIS TO CORRECT FOR MIXTURES
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9A-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9A
APPENDIX 9A
Calculations Used in the 1989-91 CSFII Analysis to Correct for Mixtures
Distributions of intake for various food groups were generated for the food/items groups using the USDA 1989-
91 CSFII data set as described in Sections 9.2.2. and 11.1.2. However, several of the food categories used did not
include meats, dairy products, and vegetables that were eaten as mixtures with other foods. Thus, adjusted intake
rates were calculated for food items that were identified by USDA (1995) as comprising a significant portion of grain
and meat mixtures. To account for the amount of these foods consumed as mixtures, the mean fractions of total meat
or grain mixtures represented by these food items were calculated (Table 9A-1) using Appendix C of USDA (1995).
Mean values for all individuals were used to calculate these fractions. These fractions were multiplied by each
individual's intake rate for total meat mixtures or grain mixtures to calculate the amount of the individual's food
mixture intake that can be categorized into one of the selected food groups. These amounts were then added to the
total intakes rates for meats, grains, total vegetables, tomatoes, and white potatoes to calculate an individual's total
intake of these food groups, as shown in the example for meats below.
rr> __ //J? * CV ^ 4, f If? * £V "^
meat-adjusted ~ ^ #r mixtures meattgr' \**^mt mixtures meatlmt'
where:
^meat-adjusted = adjusted individual intake rate for total meat;
IRgr mixtures = individual intake rate for grain mixtures;
IRml mjxlures = individual intake rate for meat mixtures;
IRmeat = individual intake rate for meats;
Frmeat/gr = fraction of grain mixture that is meat; and
Frmeat/mt = fraction of meat mixture that is meat. •
Population distributions for mixture-adjusted intakes were based on adjusted intake rates for the population of
interest.
Table 9A-I, Fraction of Grain and Meat Mixture Intake Represented by Various Food Items/Groups
Grain Mixtures
total vegetables
tomatoes
white potatoes
total meats
beef
pork
poultry
dairy
total grains
Meat Mixtures
total vegetables
tomatoes
white potatoes
total meats
beef
pork
poultry
dairy
total grains
0.2360
0.1685
0,0000
0.0787
0,0449
0,0112
0.0112
0.1348
0.3146
0.2778
0.1111
0.0333
0.3556
0.2000
0.0222
0.0778
0.0556
0.1333
Exposure Factors
August 1997
Handbook
Page
9A-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
APPENDIX 9B
FOOD CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED IN
ANALYSIS OF THE 1989-91 USDA CSFO DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9B-1
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Volume II - Food tngestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USD A CSFQ Data
Food
Product
Food Codes
MAJOR FOOD GROUPS
Total Fruits
6- Fruits
citrus fruits and juices
dried fruits
other fruits
fruits/juices & nectar
fruit/juices baby food
(includes baby foods)
Total
Vegetables
7- Vegetables (all forms)
white potatoes & PR starchy
dark green vegetables
deep yellow vegetables
tomatoes and torn, mixtures
other vegetables
vcg. and mixtures/baby food
veg. with meat mixtures
411- Beans/legumes
412- Beans/legumes
413- Beans/legumes
(includes baby foods; mixtures, mostly vegetables; does not
include nuts and seeds)
Total Meats
20- Meat, type not specified
21- Beef
22- Pork
23- Lamb, veal, game, carcass meat
24- Poultry
25- Organ meats, sausages, lunehmeats, meat spreads
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base;
and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby foods)
Total Dairy
1- Milk and Milk Products
milk and milk drinks
cream and cream substitutes
milk desserts, sauces, and gravies
cheeses
(includes regular fluid milk, human milk, imitation milk products,
yogurt, milk-based meal replacements, and infant formulas)
INDIVIDUAL FOODS
White
Potatoes
71- White Potatoes and PR Starchy Veg,
baked, boiled, chips, slicks, creamed, scalloped, au gratin,
fried, mashed, stuffed, puffs, salad, recipes, soups, Puerto
Rican starchy vegetables
(does not include vegetables soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Peppers
7512100 Pepper, hot chili, raw
7512200 Pepper, raw
7512210 Pepper, sweet green, raw
7512220 Pepper, sweet red, raw
7522600 Pepper, green, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522601 Pepper, green, cooked, fat not added
7522602 Pepper, green, cooked, fat added
7522604 Pepper, red, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522605 Pepper, red, cooked, fat not added
7522606 Pepper, red, cooked, fat added
7522609 Pepper, hoi, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522610 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat not added
7522611 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat added
7551101 Peppers, hot, sauce
7551102 Peppers, pickled
7551105 Peppers, hoi pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Onions
7510950 Chives, raw
7511150 Garlic, raw
7511250 Leek, raw
7511701 Onions, young green, raw
7511702 Onions, mature
7521550 Chives, dried
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7521840 Leek, cooked
7522100 Onions, mature cooked, NS as to fat added
7522101 Onions, mature cooked, fat not added
7522102 Onions, maiure cooked, fat added
7522103 Onions, pearl cooked
7522104 Onions, young green cooked, NS as to fat
7522105 Onions, young green cooked, fat not added
7522106 Onions, young green cooked, fat added
7522110 Onion, dehydrated
7541501 Onions, creamed
7541502 Onion rings
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9B-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used
Food
Product
Com 7510960 Com, raw
7521600 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/fat added
7521601 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/fat not added
752 1 602 Com, cooked, NS as to color/fat added
7521605 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/cream style
7521607 Corn, cooked, dried
7521610 Corn, cooked, yellow/NS as to fat added
752I61 1 Corn, cooked, yellow/fat not added
7521612 Corn, cooked, yellow/fat added
7521615 Corn, yellow, cream style
7521616 Com, cooked, yell. & wh./NS as to fat
7521617 Com, cooked, yell. & wh./fat not added
752 1 6 1 8 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./fat added
752 1619 Com, yellow, cream style, fat added
7521620 Corn, cooked, white/NS as to fat added
Apples 62101 10 Apples, dried, uncooked
62101 15 Apples, dried, uncooked, low sodium
6210120 Apples, dried, cooked, NS as to sweetener
6210122 Apples, dried, cooked, unsweetened
6210123 Apples, dried, cooked, with sugar
6210130 Apple chips
6310100 Apples, raw
6310111 Applesauce, NS as to sweetener
6310112 Applesauce, unsweetened
6310113 Applesauce with sugar
63 1 0 11 4 Applesauce with low calorie sweetener
6310121 Apples, cooked or canned with syrup
6310131 Apple, baked NS as to sweetener
6310132 Apple, baked, unsweetened
63 1 0 1 33 Apple, baked with sugar
n Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data (continued)
Food Codes
752 1 62 1 Corn, cooked, white/fat not added
7521622 Corn, cooked, white/fat added
7521625 Corn, white, cream style
7521630 Corn, yellow, canned, low sodium, NS fat
752 1 63 1 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat not add
7521632 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat added
752 1 749 Hominy, cooked
752175- Hominy, cooked
7541101 Corn scalloped or pudding
7541102 Corn fritter
7541103 Corn with cream sauce
7550101 Corn relish
76405- Corn, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meal mixtures; includes baby food)
6310141 Apple rings, fried
6310142 Apple, pickled
6310150 Apple, fried
6340101 Apple, salad
6340106 Apple, candied
6410101 Apple cider
6410401 Apple juice
6410405 Apple juice with vilamin C
6410409 Apple juice with calcium
6710200 Applesauce baby fd., NS as to str. or jr.
6710201 Applesauce baby food, strained
67 1 0202 Applesauce baby food, junior
6720200 Apple juice, baby food
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
Tomatoes 74- Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
raw, cooked, juices, sauces, mixtures, soups, sandwiches
Snap Beans 7510180 Beans, string, green, raw
7520498 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/fat added
7520499 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/no fat
7520500 Beans, string, cooked, NS color & fat
7520501 Beans, string, cooked, green/NS fat
7520502 Beans, string, cooked, green/no fat
7520503 Beans, suing, cooked, green/fat
75205 1 1 Beajis, str., canned, low sod,,green/NS fat
7520512 Beans, sir., canned, low sod,, green/no fat
75205 1 3 Beans, sir., canned, low sod,,green/fat
7520600 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/NS fat
7520601 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/no fat
7520602 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/fat
7540301 Beans, siring, green, creamed
7540302 Beans, string, green, w/mushroom sauce
7540401 Beans, string, yellow, creamed
755001 1 Beans, string, green, pickled
7640100 Beans, green, string, baby .
7640101 Beans, green, string, baby, str.
7640102 Beans, green, string, baby, junior
7640103 Beans^green, string, baby, creamed
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods)
Beef 21- Beef (excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
beef, nfs plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base;
beef steak and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
beef oxtails, neckbones, ribs
roasts, slew meat, corned, brisket, sandwich steaks
ground beef, patties, meatballs
other beef items
beef babv food
Page
9B-4
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data (continued)
Food
Product
Pork 22- Pork
pork, nfs; ground dehydrated
chops
steaks, cutlets
ham
roasts
Canadian bacon
bacon, salt pork
other pork items
pork baby food
Game 233- Game
Poultry 24- Poultry
chicken
turkey
duck
other poultry
poultry baby food
Eggs 3- Eggs
eggs
egg mixtures
egg substitutes
eggs baby food
froz, meals with egg as main ingred.
Broccoli 722- Broccoli (all forms)
Carrots 7310- Carrots (all forms)
73 1 1 140 Carrots in Sauce
7311200 Carrot Chips
76201- . Carrots, baby
Pumpkin 732- Pumpkin (all forms)
733- Winter squash (all forms)
76205- Squash, baby
Asparagus 7510080 Asparagus, raw
75202- Asparagus, cooked
7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese
Lima Beans 7510200 Lima Beans, raw
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
752041- Lima Beans, canned
75402- Lima Beans with sauce
Cabbage 7510300 Cabbage, raw
7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw
75 10500 Cabbage, red, raw
75 1 4 1 00 Cabbage salad or coleslaw
7514130 Cabbage, Chinese, salad
75210- Chinese Cabbage, cooked
752 11 - Green Cabbage, cooked
Food Codes
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base;
and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base;
and gelatin:based drinks)
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base;
and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
(includes baby foods)
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods) . .
i
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures, or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; does not include succotash)
7521 2- Red Cabbage, cooked
752130- Savoy Cabbage, cooked
75230- Sauerkraut, cooked
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
755025- Cabbage, pickled or in relish
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9B-5
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFI! Data (continued)
Food
Product
Lettuce 75113- Lettuce, raw
75 143- Lettuce salad with other veg.
7514410 Lettuce, wilted, with bacon dressing
7522005 Lettuce, cooked
Oicra 7522000 Okra, cooked, NS as to fat
7522001 Okra, cooked, fat not added
7522002 Okra, cooked, fat added
752201 0 Lufta, cooked (Chinese Okra)
Peas 7512000 Peas, green, raw
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75223- Peas, cowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked
75224- Peas, green, cooked
75225- Peas, pigeon, cooked
7523 1 - Snowpeas, cooked
754J650 Pea salad
Cucumbers 7511100 Cucumbers, raw
75 142- Cucumber salads
752167- Cucumbers, cooked
7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill
7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish
7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour
7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet
Beds 7510250 Beets, raw
752080- Beets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7540501 Beets, harvard
Strawberries 6322- Strawberries
64 1 32SO Strawberry Juice
Other Berries 6320- Other Berries
6321- Other Berries
634 1 101 Cranberry salad
Peaches 62116- Dried Peaches
63135- Peaches
6412203 Peach Juice
6420501 Peach Nectar
Pears 621 19- Dried Pears
63137- Pears
6341201 Pear salad
6421501 Pear Nectar
Food Codes
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
7541450 Okra, fried
7550700 Okra, pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
754 1 660 Pea salad with cheese
754 17- Peas, with sauce or creamed
76409- Peas, baby
7641 1- Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber, Kim Chee
75503 1 1 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
75503 14 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
7550021 Beeis, pickled
76403- Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
64 10460 Blackberry Juice
64105- Cranberry Juice
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
67108- Peaches ,baby
671 1450 Peaches, dry, baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
67109- Pears, baby
67 1 1 455 Pears, dry, baby
6721200 Pear juice, baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
Page
9B-6
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestton Factors
Appendix9B
Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFH Data (continued)
Food
Product
Food Codes
EXPOSED/PROTECTED FRUITS/VEGETABLES, ROOT VEGETABLES
Exposed 621011- Apple, dried
Fruits 621012- Apple, dried
6210130 Apple chips
62104- Apricot, dried
62108- Currants, dried
62110- Date, dried
62116- Peaches, dried
621 19- Pears, dried
62121- Plum, dried
62122- Prune, dried
62125- Raisins
63101- Apples/applesauce
63102- Wi-apple
63103- Apricots
63 1 1 1 - Cherries, maraschino
63112- Acerola
63113- Cherries, sour
63115- Cherries, sweet
63117- Currants, raw
63123- Grapes
6312601 Juneberry
63131- Nectarine
63135- Peach
63137- Pear
63139- Persimmons
Protected 61 - Citrus ft., Juices (incl, cit. juice mixtures)
Fruits 62107- Bananas, dried
62113- Figs, dried
62 114- Lychees/Papayas, dried
62120- Pineapple, dried
62126- Tamarind, dried
63105- Avocado, raw
63107- Bananas
63 109- Cantaloupe, Carambola
63110- Cassaba Melon
63119- Figs
63121- Genip
63125- Guava/Jackfruit, raw
6312650 Kiwi
6312651 Lychee.raw
6312660 Lychee, cooked
63127- Honeydew
63129- Mango
63133- Papaya
63134- Passion Fruit
63141- Pineauole
63143- Plum
63146- Quince
63147- Rhubarb/Sapodillo
632- Berries
64101- Apple Cider
64104- Apple Juice
6410409 Apple juice with calcium
64105- Cranberry Juice
64116- Grape Juice
64122- Peach Juice
64132- Prune/Strawberry Juice
6420101 Apricot Nectar
64205- Peach Nectar
64215- Pear Nectar
67102- Applesauce, baby
67108- Peaches, baby
67109- Pears, baby
67 1 1450 Peaches, baby, dry
67 1 1455 Pears, baby, dry
67202- Apple Juice, baby
6720380 White Grape Juice, baby
672 12- Pear Juice, baby
(includes baby foods/juices except mixtures; excludes
fruit mixtures)
63145- Pomegranate
63 148- Sweetsop, Soursop, Tamarind
63149- Watermelon
64120- Papaya Juice
64121- Passion Fruit Juice
64 1 24- Pineapple J uiee
64125- Pineapple juice
64 1 33- Watermelon Juice
6420150 Banana Nectar
64202- Cantaloupe Nectar
64203- Guava Nectar
64204- Mango Nectar
64210- Papaya Nectar
642 1 3- Passion Fruit Nectar
64221- Soursop Nectar
6710503 Bananas, baby
6711500 Bananas, baby, dry
6720500 Orange Juice, baby
672 1 300 Pineapple Juice, baby
(includes baby foods/juices except mixtures; excludes fruit
mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
9B-7
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data (continued)
Food
Product
Food Codes
Exposed
Vcg,
721 - Dark Green Leafy Veg,
722- Dark Green Nonleafy Veg.
74- Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
7510050 Alfalfa Sprouts
7510075 Artichoke, Jerusalem, raw
75100SO Asparagus, raw
75101 - Beans, sprouts and green, raw
7510260 Broccoflower, raw
7510275 B russel Sprouts, raw
7510280 B uckwheat Sprouts, raw
7510300 Cabbage, raw
7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw
7510500 Cabbage, Red, raw
7510700 Cauliflower, raw
7510900 Celery, raw
7510950 Chives, raw
7511100 Cucumber, raw
7511120 Eggplant, raw
7511200 Kohlrabi, raw
75113- Lettuce, raw
7511500 Mushrooms, raw
7511900 Parsley
7512100 Pepper, hot chili
75122- Peppers, raw
7512750 Seaweed, raw
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75128- Summer Squash, raw
7513210 CeleryJuice
7514100 Cabbage or cole slaw
7514130 Chinese Cabbage Salad
7514150 Celery with cheese
75142- Cucumber salads
75143- Lettuce salads
7514410 Lettuce, wilted with bacon dressing
7SI4600 Greek salad
7514700 Spinach salad
7520060 Algae, dried
75201- Artichoke, cooked
75202- Asparagus, cooked
75203- Bamboo shoots, cooked
752049- Beans, string, cooked
75205- Beans, green, cooked/canned
75206- Beans, yellow, cooked/canned
75207- Bean Sprouts, cooked
752085- Breadfruit
752087- Broccoflower, cooked
752090- Brussel Sprouts, cooked
75210- Cabbage, Chinese, cooked
75211 - Cabbage, green, cooked
75212- Cabbage, red, cooked
752130- Cabbage, savoy, cooked
75214- Cauliflower
75215- Celery, Chives, Christophine (chayote)
752167- Cucumber, cooked
752170- Eggplant, cooked
752171- Fern shoots
752172- Fern shoots
752173- Flowers of sesbania, squash or lily
7521801 Kohlrabi, cooked
75219- Mushrooms, cooked
75220- Okrafletiuce, cooked
7522116 Palm Hearts, cooked
7522121 Parsley, cooked
75226- Peppers, pimento, cooked
75230- Sauerkraut, cooked/canned
75231 - Snowpeas, cooked
75232- Seaweed
75233- Summer Squash
7540050 Artichokes, stuffed
7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese
75403- Beans, green with sauce
75404- Beans, yellow with sauce
7540601 Brussel Sprouts, creamed
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
75409- Cauliflower, creamed
75410- Celery/Chiles, creamed
75412- Eggplant, fried, with sauce, etc.
75413- Kohlrabi, creamed
75414- Mushrooms, Okra, fried, stuffed, creamed
754180- Squash, baked, fried, creamed, etc,
7541822 Christophine, creamed
7550011 Beans, pickled
7550051 Celery, pickled
7550201 Cauliflower, pickled
755025- Cabbage, pickled
7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill
7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish
7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour
7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet
7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber, Kim Chee
7550308 Eggplant, pickled
7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
7550314 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
7550500 Mushrooms, pickled
7550700 Okra, pickled
75510- Olives
7551101 Peppers, hot
7551102 Peppers.pickled
7551104 Peppers, hot pickled
7551301 Seaweed, pickled
7553500 Zucchini, pickled
76102- Dark Green Veg., baby
76401- Beans, baby (excl. most soups & mixtures)
411 - Beans/legumes
412- Beans/legumes
413- Beans/legumes
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Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 9B
Appendix 96. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 IISDA CSFH Data (continued)
Food
Product
Protected 732- Pumpkin
Veg, 733- Winter Squash
7510200 Lima Beans, raw
7510550 Cactus, raw
7510960 Corn, raw
7512000 Peas, raw
7520070 Aloe vera juice
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
75204 1 - Lima Beans, canned
7520829 Bitter Melon
752083- Bitter Melon, cooked
7520950 Burdock
752131- Cactus
752160- Corn, cooked
752161- Corn, yellow, cooked
752162- Corn, white, cooked
752163- Corn, canned
7521749 Hominy
Root 7 1 - White Potatoes and Puerto Rtcan St. Veg.
Vegetables 7310- Carrots
73 1 1 140 Carrots in sauce
7311200 Carrot chips
734- Sweetpotatoes
7510250 Beets, raw
7511150 Garlic, raw
7511180 Jicama (yambean), raw
7511250 Leeks, raw
75117- Onions, raw
7512500 Radish, raw
7512700 Rutabaga, raw
7512900 Turnip, raw
752080- Beets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7521362 Cassava
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7521771 Horseradish
7521840 Leek, cooked
7521850 Lotus root
7522 1 0- Onions, cooked
Food Codes
752175- Hominy
75223- Peas, cowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked
75224- Peas, green, cooked
75225- Peas, pigeon, cooked
75301- Succotash
75402- Lima Beans with sauce
754 1 1 - Corn, scalloped, fritter, with cream
7541650 Pea salad
7541660 Pea salad with cheese
75417- Peas, with sauce or creamed
7550101 Corn relish
76205- Squash, yellow, baby
76405- Corn, baby
76409- Peas, baby
764 1 1 - Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
75221 10 Onions, dehydrated
752220- Parsnips, cooked
7S227- Radishes, cooked
75228- Rutabaga, cooked
75229- Salsify, cooked
75234- Turnip, cooked
75235- Water Chestnut
7540501 Beets, harvard
754 15- Onions, creamed, fried
"7541601 Parsnips, creamed
7541810 Turnips, creamed
7550021 Beets, pickled
7550309 Horseradish
7551201 Radishes, pickled
7553403 Turnip, pickled
76201- Carrots, baby
76209- Sweetpotatoes, baby
76403- Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
USDA SUBCATEGORIES
Dark Green 72- Dark Green Vegetables
Vegetables all forms
leafy, nonleafy, dk. gr, veg. soups
Deep Yellow 73- Deep Yellow Vegetables
Vegetables all forms
carrots, pumpkin, squash, sweetpotatoes, dp, yell, veg.
soups
Other 75- Other Vegetables
Vegetables all forms
Citrus Fruits 61- Citrus Fruits and Juices
6720500 Orange Juice, baby food
6720600 Orange-Apricot Juice, babv food
6720700 Orange-Pineapple Juice, baby food
6721100 Orange-Apple-Banana Juice, baby food
(excludes dried fruits)
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Appendix 9B
Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data (continued)
Food
Product
Other Fruits 62-
63-
64-
671-
67202-
67203-
Food Codes
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits
Fruit Juices and Nectars Excluding Citrus
Fruits, baby
Apple Juice, baby
Baby Juices
67204- Baby Juices
67212- Baby Juices
67213- Baby Juices
6725- Baby Juice
673- Baby Fruits
674- Baby Fruits
MIXTURES
Meal 27- Meal Mixtures
Mixtures 28-
GnJn 58- Grain Mixtures
Mixtures
(includes frozen plate meals and soups)
(includes frozen plate meals and soups)
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
10. INTAKE OF FISH AND SHELLFISH
10.1. BACKGROUND
Contaminated finfish and shellfish are potential
sources of human exposure to toxic chemicals. Pollutants
are carried in the surface waters, but also may be stored
and accumulated in the sediments as a result of complex
physical and chemical processes. Consequently, finfish
and shellfish are exposed to these pollutants and may
become sources of contaminated food.
Accurately estimating exposure to a toxic chemical
among a population that consumes fish from a polluted
water body requires an estimation of intake rates of the
caught fish by both fishermen and their families.
Commercially caught fish are marketed widely, making
the prediction of an individual's consumption from a
particular commercial source difficult. Since the catch of
recreational and subsistence fishermen is not "diluted" in
this way, these individuals and their families represent the
population that is most vulnerable to exposure by intake
of contaminated fish from a specific location.
This section focuses on intake rates of fish. Note
that in this section the term fish refers to both finfish and
shellfish. The following subsections address intake rates
for the general population, and recreational and
subsistence fishermen. Data are presented for intake rates
for both marine and freshwater fish, when available. The
available studies have been classified as either key or
relevant based on the guidelines given in Volume I,
Section 1.3. Recommended intake rates are based on the
results of key studies, but other relevant studies are also
presented to provide the reader with added perspective on
the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to fish intake.
Survey data on fish consumption have been
collected using a number of different approaches which
need to be considered in interpreting the survey results.
Generally, surveys are either "creel" studies in which
fishermen are interviewed while fishing, or broader
population surveys using either mailed questionnaires or
phone interviews. Both types of data can be useful for
exposure assessment purposes, but somewhat different
applications and interpretations are needed. In fact, results
from creel studies have often been misinterpreted, due to
inadequate knowledge of survey principles. Below, some
basic facts about survey design are presented, followed by
an analysis of the differences between creel and
population based studies.
The typical survey seeks to draw inferences about
a larger population from a smaller sample of that
population. This larger population, from which the survey
sample is to be taken and to which the results of the
survey are to be generalized, is denoted the target
population of the survey. In order to generalize from the
sample to the target population, the probability of being
sampled must be known for each member of the target
population. This probability is reflected in weights
assigned to each survey respondent, with weights being
inversely proportional to sampling probability. When all
members of the target population have the same
probability of being sampled, all weights can be set to one
and essentially ignored.
In a mail or phone study of licensed anglers, the
target population is generally all licensed anglers in a
particular area, and in the studies presented, the sampling
probability is essentially equal for all target population
members. In a creel study, the target population is anyone
who fishes at the locations being studied; generally, in a
creel study, the probability of being sampled is not the
same for all members of the target population. For
instance, if the survey is conducted for one day at a site,
then it will include all persons who fish there daily but
only about 1/7 of the people who fish there weekly, l/30th
of the people who fish there monthly, etc. In this
example, the probability of being sampled (or inverse
weight) is seen to be proportional to the frequency of
fishing. However, if the survey involves interviewers
revisiting the same site on multiple days, and persons are
only interviewed once for the survey, then the probability
of being in the survey is not proportional to frequency; in
fact, it increases less than proportionally with frequency.
At the extreme of surveying the same site every day over
the survey period with no re-interviewing, all members of
the target population would have the same probability of
being sampled regardless of fishing frequency, implying
that the survey weights should all equal one.
On the other hand, if the survey protocol calls for
individuals to be interviewed each time an interviewer
encounters them (i.e., without regard to whether they were
previously interviewed), then the inverse weights will
again be proportional to fishing frequency, no matter how
many times interviewers revisit the same site. Note that
when individuals can be interviewed multiple times, the
results of each interview are included as separate records
in the data base and the survey weights should be
inversely proportional to the expected number of times
that an individual's interviews are included in the data
base.
In the published analyses of most creel studies,
there is no mention of sampling weights; by default all
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Chapter 10-Intake of Fish and Shellfish
weights are set to 1, implying equal probability of
sampling. However, since the sampling probabilities in a
creel study, even with repeated interviewing at a site, are
highly dependent on fishing frequency, the fish intake
distributions reported for these surveys are not reflective
of the corresponding target populations. Instead, those
individuals with high fishing frequencies are given too
big a weight and the distribution is skewed to the right,
i.e., it overestimates the target population distribution.
Price et al. (1994) explained this problem and set
out to rectify it by adding weights to creel survey data; he
used data from two creel studies (Puffer et al., 1981 and
Pierce et al., 1981) as examples. Price et al. (1994) used
inverse fishing frequency as survey weights and produced
revised estimates of median and 95th percentile intake for
the above two studies. These revised estimates were
dramatically lower than the original estimates. The
approach of Price et al. (1994) is discussed in more detail
in Section 10.5 where the Puffer et al. (1981) and Pierce
et al. (1981) studies are summarized.
When the correct weights are applied to survey
data, the resulting percentiles reflect, on average, the
distribution in the target population; thus, for example, an
estimated 90 percent of the target population will have
intake levels below the 90th percentile of the survey fish
intake distribution. There is another way, however, of
characterizing distributions in addition to the standard
percentile approach; this approach is reflected in
statements of the form "50 percent of the income is
received by, for example, the top 10 percent of the
population, which consists of individuals making more
than $100,000", for example. Note that the 50th
percentile (median) of the income distribution is well
below $100,000. Here the $100,000 level can be thought
of as, not the 50th percentile of the population income
distribution, but as the 50th percentile of the "resource
utilization distribution" (see Appendix 10A for technical
discussion of this distribution). Other percentiles of the
resource utilization distribution have similar interpreta-
tions; e.g., the 90th percentile of the resource utilization
distribution (for income) would be that level of income
such that 90 percent of total income is received by
individuals with incomes below this level and 10 percent
by individuals with income above this level. This
alternative approach to characterizing distributions is of
particular interest when a relatively small fraction of
individuals consumes a relatively large fraction of a
resource, which is the case with regards to recreational
fish consumption. In the studies of recreational anglers,
this alternative approach, based on resource utilization,
will be presented, where possible, in addition to the
primary approach of presenting the standard percentiles of
the fish intake distribution.
It has been determined that the resource utilization
approach to characterizing distributions has relevance to
the interpretation of creel .survey data. As mentioned
above, most published analyses of creel surveys do not
employ weights reflective of sampling probability, but
instead give each respondent equal weight. For
mathematical reasons that are explained in Appendix 10A,
when creel analyses are performed in this (equal
weighting) manner, the calculated percentiles of the fish
intake distribution do not reflect the percentiles of the
target population fish intake distribution but instead
reflect (approximately) the percentiles of the "resource
utilization distribution". Thus, one would not expect 50
percent of the target population to be consuming above
the median intake level as reported from such a creel
survey, but instead would expect that 50 percent of the
total recreational fish consumption would be individuals
consuming above this level. As with the example above,
and in accordance with the statement above that creel
surveys analyzed in this manner overestimate intake
distributions, the actual median level of intake in the
target population will be less (probably considerably so)
than this level and, accordingly, (considerably) less than
50 percent of the target population will be consuming at
or above this level. These considerations are discussed
when the results of individual creel surveys are presented
in later sections and should be kept in mind whenever
estimates based on creel survey data are utilized.
The U,S, EPA has prepared a review of and an
evaluation of five different survey methods used for
obtaining fish consumption data. They are:
* Recall-Telephone Survey;
« Recall-Mail Survey;
» Recall-Personal Interview;
* Diary; and
• Cree! Census.
The reader is referred to U.S. EPA 1992-Cansumption
Surveys for Fish and Shellfish for more detail on these
survey methods and their advantages and limitations.
10.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES
Tuna Research Institute Survey - The Tuna
Research Institute (TRI) funded a study of fish
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
consumption which was performed by the National
Purchase Diary (NPD) during the period of September,
1973 to August, 1974. The data tapes from this survey
were obtained by the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS), which later, along with the FDA, USDA and
TRI, conducted an intensive effort to identify and correct
errors in the data base. Javitz (1980) summarized the TRI
survey methodology and used the corrected tape to
generate fish intake distributions for various sub-
populations.
The TRI survey sample included 6,980 families
who were currently participating in a syndicated national
purchase diary panel, 2,400 additional families where the
head of household was female and under 35 years old; and
210 additional black families (Javitz, 1980). Of the 9,590
families in the total sample, 7,662 families (25,162
individuals) completed the questionnaire, a response rate
of 80 percent. The survey was weighted to represent the
U.S. population based on a number of census-defined
controls (i.e., census region, household size, income,
presence of children, race and age). The calculations of
means, percentiles, etc. were performed on a weighted
basis with each person contributing in proportion to
his/her assigned survey weight.
The survey population was divided into 12
different sample segments and, for each of the 12 survey
months, data were collected from a different segment.
Each survey household was given a diary in which they
recorded, over a one month period, the date of any fish
meals consumed and the following accompanying
information: the species of fish consumed, whether the
fish was commercially or recreationally caught, the way
the fish was packaged (canned, frozen fresh, dried,
smoked), the amount offish prepared and consumed, and
the number of servings consumed by household members
and guests. Both meals eaten at home and away from
home were recorded. The amount of fish prepared was
determined as follows (Javitz, 1980): "For fresh fish, the
weight was recorded in ounces and may have included the
weight of the head and tail. For frozen fish, the weight
was recorded in packaged ounces, and it was noted
whether the fish was breaded or combined with other
ingredients (e.g., TV dinners). For canned fish, the weight
was recorded in packaged ounces and it was noted
whether the fish was canned in water, oil, or with other
ingredients (e.g., soups)".
Javitz (1980) reported that the corrected survey
tapes contained data on 24,652 individuals who consumed
fish in the survey month and that tabulations performed by
NPD indicated that these fish consumers represented 94
percent of the U.S. population. For this population of
"fish consumers", Javitz (1980) calculated means and
percentiles offish consumption by demographic variables
(age, sex, race, census region and community type) and
overall (Tables 10-1 through 10-4). The overall mean fish
intake rate among fish consumers was calculated at 14.3
g/day and the 95th percentile at 41.7 g/day.
As seen in Table 10-1, the mean and 95th
percentile of fish consumption were higher for Asian-
Americans as compared to the other racial groups. Other
differences in intake rates are those between gender and
age groups. While males (15,6 g/d) eat slightly more fish
than females (13,2 g/d), and adults eat more fish than
children, the corresponding differences in body weight
would probably compensate for the different intake rates
in exposure calculations (Javitz, 1980). There appeared
to be no large differences in regional intake rates,
although higher rates are shown in the New England and
Middle Atlantic census regions,
The mean and 95th percentile intake rates by age-
gender groups are presented in Table 10-2, Tables 10-3
and 10-4 present the distribution offish consumption for
females and males, respectively, by age; these tables give
the percentages of females/males in a given age bracket
with intake rates within various ranges. Table 10-5
presents mean total fish consumption by fish species.
The TRI survey data were also utilized by Rupp et
al. (1980) to generate fish intake distributions for three
age groups (<11, 12-18, and 19+ years) within each of the
9 census regions and for the entke United States.
Separate distributions were derived for freshwater finfish,
saltwater finfish and shellfish; thus, a total of 90 (3*3*10)
different distributions were derived, each corresponding
to intake of a specific category of fish for a given age
group within a given region. The analysis of Rupp et al.
(1980) included only those respondents with known age,
This amounted to 23,213 respondents.
Ruffle et al. (1994) used the percentiles data of
Rupp et al. (1980) to estimate the best fitting lognormal
parameters for each distribution. Three methods (non-
linear optimization, first probability plot and second
probability plot) were used to estimate optimal
parameters. Ruffle et al. (1994) determined that, of the
three methods, the non-linear optimization method (NLO)
generally gave the best results. For some of the
distributions fitted by the NLO method, however, it was
determined that the lognormal model did not adequately
fit the empirical fish intake distribution. Ruffle et al.
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
(1994) used a criterion of minimum sum of squares (min
SS) less than 30 to identify which distributions provided
adequate fits. Of the 90 distributions studied, 77 were
seen to have min SS < 30; for these, Ruffle et al. (1994)
concluded that the NLO modeled lognormal distributions
are "well suited for risk assessment". Of the remaining 13
distributions, 12 had min SS > 30; for these Ruffle et al.
(1994) concluded that modeled lognormal distributions
"may also be appropriate for use when exercised with due
care and with sensitivity analyses". One distribution, that
of freshwater finfish intake for children < 11 years of age
in New England, could not be modeled due to the absence
of any reported consumption.
Table 10-6 presents the optimal lognormal
parameters, the mean (jS), standard deviation (s), and min
SS, for all 89 modeled distributions. These parameters can
be used to determine percentiles of the corresponding
distribution of average daily fish consumption rates
through the relation DFC(p)=exp[/i+ z(p)s] where DFC(p)
is the pth percentile of the distribution of average daily
fish consumption rates and z(p) is the z-score associated
with the pth percentile (e.g., z(50)=0). The mean average
daily fish consumption rate is given by exp[u + 0.5s2],
The analyses of Javitz (1980) and Ruffle et al.
(1994) were based on consumers only, who are estimated
to represent 94.0 percent of the U.S. population. U.S.
EPA estimated the mean intake in the general population
by multiplying the fraction consuming, 0.94, by the mean
among consumers reported by Javitz (1980) of 14.3 g/day;
the resulting estimate is 13.4 g/day. The 95th percentile
estimate of Javitz (1980) of 41.7 g/day among consumers
would be essentially unchanged when applied to the
general population; 41.7 g/day would represent the 95,3
pcrcentile (ie,, 100*[0.95*0.94+0.06]) among the general
population.
Advantages of the TRI data survey are that it was
a large, nationally representative survey with a high
response rate (80 percent) and was conducted over an
entire year. In addition, consumption was recorded in a
daily diary over a one month period; this format should be
more reliable than one based on one-month recall. The
upper percentiles presented are derived from one month
of data, and are likely to overestimate the corresponding
upper percentiles of the long-term (i.e., one year or more)
average daily fish intake distribution. Similarly, the
standard deviation of the fitted lognormal distribution
probably overestimates the standard deviation of the long-
term distribution. However, the period of this survey
(one month) is considerably longer than those of many
other consumption studies, including the USDA National
Food Consumption Surveys, which report consumption
over a 3 day to one week period.
Another obvious limitation of this data base is that
it is now over twenty years out of date. Ruffle et al. (1994)
considered this shortcoming and suggested that one may
wish to shift the distribution upward to account for the
recent increase in fish consumption. Adding ln(l+x/100)
to the log mean jw will shift the distribution upward by x
percent (e.g., adding 0,22 = ln(1.25) increases the
distribution by 25 percent). Although the TRI survey
distinguished between recreationally and commercially
caught fish, Javitz (1980), Rupp et al. (1980), and Ruffle
et al. (1994) (which was based on Rupp et al., 1980) did
not present analyses by this variable.
U. S. EPA (1996a) - Daily A verage Per Capita Fish
Consumption Estimates Based on the Combined USDA
1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes
by Individuals (CSFII) — The USDA conducts the CSFII
on an ongoing basis. U.S. EPA used the 1989, 1990, and
1991 CSFII data to generate fish intake estimates.
Participants in the CSFII provided 3 consecutive days of
dietary data. For the first day's data, participants supplied
dietary recall information to an in-home interviewer.
Second and third day dietary intakes were recorded by
participants. Data collection for the CSFII started in April
of the given year and was completed in March of the
following year.
The CSFII contains 469 fish-related food codes;
survey respondents reported consumption across 284 of
these codes. Respondents estimated the weight of each
food that they consumed. The fish component (by weight)
of these foods was calculated using data from the recipe
file for release 7 of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for
Individual Food Intake Surveys. The amount of fish
consumed by each individual was then calculated by
summing, over all fish containing foods, the product of
the weight of food consumed and the fish component (i.e.,
the percentage fish by weight) of the food.
The recipe file also contains cooking loss factors
associated with each food. These were utilized to convert,
for each fish containing food, the as-eaten fish weight
consumed into an uncooked equivalent weight of fish.
Analyses of fish intake were performed on both an as-
eaten and uncooked basis.
Each (fish-related) food code was assigned by EPA
a habitat type of either freshwater/estuarine or marine.
Food codes were also designated as finfish or shellfish.
Average daily individual consumption (g/day) for a given
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
fish type-by-habitat category (e.g., marine finfish) was
calculated by summing the amount of fish consumed by
the individual across the three reporting days for all fish-
related food codes in the given fish-by-habitat category
and then dividing by 3. Individual consumption per day
consuming fish (g/day) was calculated similarly except
that total fish consumption was divided by the specific
number of survey days the individual reported consuming
fish; this was calculated for fish consumers only (i.e.,
those consuming fish on at least one of the three survey
days). The reported body-weight of the individual was
used to convert consumption in g/day to consumption in
g/kg-day.
There were a total of 11,912 respondents in the
combined data set who had three-day dietary intake data.
Survey weights were assigned to this data set to make it
representative of the U.S. population with respect to
various demographic characteristics related to food intake.
U.S. EPA (1996a) reported means, medians, upper
percentiles, and 90-percent interval estimates for the 90th,
95th, and 99th percentiles. The 90-percent interval
estimates are nonparametric estimates from bootstrap
techniques. The bootstrap estimates result from the
percentile method which estimates the lower and upper
bounds for the interval estimate by the lOOa percentile
and 100 (1-a) percentile estimates from the non-
parametric distribution of the given point estimate (U.S.
EPA, 1996a).
Analyses of fish intake were performed on an as-
eaten as well as on an uncooked equivalent basis and on
a g/day and g/kg-day basis. Table 10-7 gives the mean
and various percentiles of the distribution of per-capita
fish intake rates (g/day) based on uncooked equivalent
weight by habitat and fish type, for the general population.
The mean per capita intake rate of finfish and shellfish
from all habitats was 20.1 g/day. Per-capita consumption
estimates by species are shown in Appendix IOC. Table
10-8 displays the mean and various percentiles of the
distribution of total fish intake per day consuming fish, by
habitat for consumers only. Also displayed is the
percentage of the population consuming fish of the
specified habitat during the three day survey period.
Tables 10-9 and 10-10 present similar results as above but
on a mg/kg-day basis; Tables 10-11 and 10-12 present
results in the same format for fish intake (g/day) on an as-
eaten (cooked) basis.
Tables 10-13 through 10-44 present data for daily
average per capita fish consumption by age and gender.
These data are presented by selected age grouping (4 and
under, 15-44, 45 and older, all ages) and gender. Tables
10-13 through 10-20 present fish intake data (g/day and
mg/kg-day) on an as consumed basis for the general
population and Tables 10-21 through 10-28 for consumers
only. Tables 10-29 through 10-44 provide intake data
(g/day and mg/kg-day) on an uncooked equivalent basis
for the same population groups described above.
"The advantages of this study are its large size, its
relative currency and its representativeness. In addition,
through use of the USDA recipe files, the analysis
identified all fish-related food codes and estimated the
percent fish content of each of these codes. By contrast,
some analyses of the USDA National Food Consumption
Surveys (NFCSs) which reported per capita fish intake
rates ( e.g., Pao et al., 1982; USDA, 1992a), excluded
certain fish containing foods (e.g., fish mixtures, frozen
plate meals) in their calculations.
Results from the 1977-1978 MFCS survey (Pao et
al., 1982) showed that only a small percentage of
consumers ate fish on more than one occasion per day.
This implies that the distribution presented for fish intake
per day consuming fish can be used as a surrogate for the
distribution of fish intake per (fish) eating occasion (Table
10-8).
Also, it should be noted that the 1989-91 CSFII
data are not the most recent intake survey data. USDA
has recently made available data from its 1994 and 1995
CSFII. Over 5,500 people nationwide participated in both
of these surveys, providing recalled food intake
information for two separate days. Although the 2-day
data analysis has not been conducted, USDA published
results for the respondents' intakes on the first day
surveyed (USDA, 1996a; USDA, 1996b). USDA 1996
survey data will be made available later in 1997. As soon
as 1996 data are available, EPA will take steps to get the
3-year data (1994, 1995, 1996) analyzed and the food
ingestion factors updated. Meanwhile, comparisons
between the mean daily fish intake per individual in a day
from the USDA survey data from years 1977-78,1987-88,
1989-91,1994, and 1995 indicate that fish intake has been
relatively constant over time. The 1-day fish intake rates
were 11 g/day, 11 g/day, 13 g/day, 9 g/day, and 11 g/day
for survey years 1977-78, 1987-88, 1989-91, 1994, and
1995, respectively. This indicates that the 1989-91 CSFII
data presented in this handbook are probably adequate for
assessing fish ingestion exposure for current populations.
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
10.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION
STUDIES
Pao et al. (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by
Individuals: Amount Per Day and Per Eating Occasion -
The USDA 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption
Survey (MFCS) was described in Chapter 9. The survey
consisted of a household and individual component. For
the individual component, all members of surveyed
households were asked to provide 3 consecutive days of
dietary data. For the first day's data, participants supplied
dietary recall information to an in-home interviewer.
Second and third day dietary intakes were recorded by
participants. A total of 15,000 households were included
in the 1977-78 NFCS and about 38,000 individuals
completed the 3-day diet records. Fish intake was
estimated based on consumption of fish products
identified in the NFCS data base according to NFCS-
dcfincd food codes. These products included fresh,
breaded, floured, canned, raw and dried fish, but not fish
mixtures or frozen plate meals.
Pao et al. (1982) used the 1977-78 NFCS to
examine the quantity of fish consumed per eating
occasion. For each individual consuming fish in the 3 day
survey period, the quantity of fish consumed per eating
occasion was derived by dividing the total reported fish
intake over the 3 day period by the number of occasions
the individual reported eating fish. The distributions, by
age and sex, for the quantity of fish consumed per eating
occasion are displayed in Table 10-13 (Pao et al., 1982).
For the general population, the average quantity of fish
consumed per fish meal was 117 g, with a 95th pereentile
of 284 g. Males in the age groups 19-34,35-64 and 65-74
years had the highest average and 95th pereentile
quantities among the age-sex groups presented.
Pao et al. (1982) also used the data from this
survey set to calculate per capita fish intake rates.
However, because these data are now almost 20 years out
of date, this analysis is not considered key with respect to
assessing per capita intake (the average quantity of fish
consumed per fish meal should be less subject to change
over time than is per capita intake). In addition, fish
mixtures and frozen plate meals were not included in the
calculation of fish intake. The per capita fish intake rate
reported by Pao et al. (1982) was 11.8 g/day. The 1977-
1978 NFCS was a large and well designed survey and the
data are representative of the U.S. population.
USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
1987-88 - The USDA 1987-88 Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey (NFCS) was described in Chapter 9.
Briefly, the survey consisted of a household and
individual component. The household component asked
about household food consumption over the past one
week period. For the individual component, each member
of a surveyed household was interviewed (in person) and
asked to recall all foods eaten the previous day; the
information from this interview made up the "one day
data" for the survey. In addition, members were
instructed to fill out a detailed dietary record for the day
of the interview and the following day. The data for this
entire 3-day period made up the "3-day diet records". A
statistical sampling design was used to ensure that all
seasons, geographic regions of the U.S., demographic, and
socioeconomic groups were represented. Sampling
weights were used to match the population distribution of
13 demographic characteristics related to food intake
(USDA, 1992a).
Total fish intake was estimated based on
consumption of fish products identified in the NFCS data
base according to NFCS-defined food codes. These
products included fresh, breaded, floured, canned, raw
and dried fish, but not fish mixtures or frozen plate meals.
A total of 4,500 households participated in the
1987-88 survey; the household response rate was 38
percent. One day data were obtained for 10,172 (81
percent) of the 12,522 individuals in participating
households; 8,468 (68 percent) individuals completed 3-
day diet records.
USDA (1992b) used the one day data to derive per
capita fish intake rate and intake rates for consumers of
total fish. These rates, calculated by sex and age group,
are shown in Table 10-14. Intake rates for consumers-
only were calculated by dividing the per capita intake
rates by the fractions of the population consuming fish in
one day.
The 1987-1988 NFCS was also utilized to estimate
consumption of home produced fish (as well as home
produced fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy products) in
the general U.S. population. The methodology for
estimating home-produced intake rates was rather
complex and involved combining the household and
individual components of the NFCS; the methodology, as
well as the estimated intake rates, are described in detail
in Chapter 12. However, since much of the rest of this
chapter is concerned with estimating consumption of
recreationally caught, i.e., home produced fish, the
methods and results of Chapter 12, as they pertain to fish
consumption, are summarized briefly here.
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A total of 2.1 percent of the survey population
reported home produced fish consumption during the
survey week. Among consumers, the mean intake rate was
2.07 g/kg-day and the 95th percentile was 7.83 g/kg-day;
the per-capita intake rate was 0.04 g/kg-day. Note that
intake rates for home-produced foods were indexed to the
weight of the survey respondent and reported in g/kg-day.
It is possible to compare the estimates of home-
produced fish consumption derived in this analyses with
estimates derived from studies of recreational anglers
(described in Sections 10.4-10.8); however, the intake
rates must be put into a similar context. The home-
produced intake rates described refer to average daily
intake rates among individuals consuming home-produced
fish in a week; results from recreational angler studies,
however, usually report average daily rates for those
eating home-produced fish (or for those who
recreationally fish) at least some time during the year.
Since many of these latter individuals eat home-produced
fish at a frequency of less than once per week, the average
daily intake in this group would be expected to be less
than that reported.
The MFCS household component contains the
question "Does anyone in your household fish?". For the
population answering yes to this question (21 percent of
households), the MFCS data show that 9 percent
consumed home-produced fish in the week of the survey;
the mean intake rate for these consumers from fishing
households was 2.2 g/kg-day. (Note that 91 percent of
individuals reporting home grown fish consumption for
the week of the survey indicated that a household member
fishes; the overall mean intake rate among home-produced
fish consumers, regardless of fishing status, was the
above reported 2.07 g/kg-day). The per capita intake rate
among those living in a fishing household is then
calculated as 0.2 g/kg-day (2.2 * 0,09). Using the
estimated average weight of survey participants of 59 kg,
this translates into 11.8 g/day. Among members of fishing
households, home-produced fish consumption accounted
for 32.5 percent of total fish consumption.
As discussed in Chapter 12 of this volume, intake
rates for home-produced foods, including fish, are based
on the results of the household survey, and as such, reflect
the weight offish taken into the household. In most of the
recreational fish surveys discussed later in this section, the
weight of the fish catch (which generally corresponds to
the weight taken into the household) is multiplied by an
edible fraction to convert to an uncooked equivalent of the
amount consumed. This fraction may be species specific,
but some studies used an average value; these average
values ranged from 0.3 to 0.5. Using a factor of 0,5
would convert the above 11.8 g/day rate to 5.9 g/day.
This estimate, 5.9 g/day, of the per-capita fish intake rate
among members of fishing households is within the range
of the per-capita intake rates among recreational anglers
addressed in sections to follow.
An advantage of analyses based on the 1987-1988
USDA NFCS is that the data set is a large, geographically
and seasonally balanced survey of a representative sample
of the U.S. population. The survey response rate,
however, was low and an expert panel concluded that it
was not possible to establish the presence or absence of
non-response bias (USDA, 1992b). Limitations of the
home-produced analysis are given in Chapter 12 of this
volume.
Tsang and Klepeis (1996) - National Human
Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) - The U.S. EPA
collected information for the general population on the
duration and frequency of time spent in selected activities
and time spent in selected microenvironments via 24-hour
diaries. Over 9,000 individuals from 48 contiguous states
participated in NHAPS. Approximately 4,700
participants also provided information on seafood
consumption. The survey was conducted between
October 1992 and September 1994. Data were collected
on the (1) number of people that ate seafood in the last
month, (2) the number of servings of seafood consumed,
and (3) whether the seafood consumed was caught or
purchased (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). The participant
responses were weighted according to selected
demographics such as age, gender, and race to ensure that
results were representative of the U.S. population. Of
those 4,700 respondents, 2,980 (59.6 percent) ate seafood
(including shellfish, eels, or squid) in the last month
(Table 10-15). The number of servings per month were
categorized in ranges of 1-2, 3-5, 6-10, 11-19, and 20+
servings per month (Table 10-16). The highest
percentage (35 percent) of respondent population had an
intake of 3-5 servings per month. Most (92 percent) of
the respondents purchased the seafood they ate (Table 10-
17).
Intake data were not provided in the survey.
However, intake of fish can be estimated using the
information on the number of servings of fish eaten from
this study and serving size data from other studies. The
recommended mean value in this handbook for fish
serving size is 129 g/serving (Table 10-8). Using this
mean value for serving size and assuming that the average
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individual eats 3-5 servings per month, the amount of
seafood eaten per month would range from 387 to 645
grams/month or 12.9 to 21.5 g/day for the highest
percentage of the population. These values are within the
range of mean intake values for total fish (20.1 g/day)
calculated in the U.S. EPA analysis of the USDA CSHI
data. It should be noted that an all inclusive description
for seafood was not presented in Tsang and Klepeis
(1996). It is not known if processed or canned seafood
and seafood mixtures are included in the seafood
category.
The advantages of NHAPS is that the data were
collected for a large number of individuals and are
representative of the U.S. general population. However,
evaluation of seafood intake was not the primary purpose
of the study and the data do not reflect the actual amount
of seafood that was eaten. However, using the assumption
described above, the estimated seafood intake from this
study are comparable to those observed in the EPA CSFII
analysis.
10.4. KEY RECREATIONAL (MARINE FISH
STUDIES)
National Marine Fisheries Service (1986a, b, c;
1993) ~ The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
conducts systematic surveys, on a continuing basis, of
marine recreational fishing. These surveys are designed to
estimate the size of the recreational marine finfish catch
by location, species and fishing mode. In addition, the
surveys provide estimates for the total number of
participants in marine recreational finfishing and the total
number of fishing trips. The surveys are not designed to
estimate individual consumption of fish from marine
recreational sources, primarily because they do not
attempt to estimate the number of individuals consuming
the recreational catch. Intake rates for marine recreational
anglers can be estimated, however, by employing
assumptions derived from other data sources about the
number of consumers.
The NMFS surveys involve two components,
telephone surveys and direct interviewing of fishermen in
the field. The telephone survey randomly samples
residents of coastal regions, defined generally as counties
within 25 miles of the nearest seacoast, and inquires about
participation in marine recreational fishing in the
resident's home state in the past year, and more
specifically, in the past two months. This component of
the survey is used to estimate, for each coastal state, the
total number of coastal region residents who participate
in marine recreational fishing {for finfish) within the
state, as well as the total number of (within state) fishing
trips these residents take. To estimate the total number of
participants and fishing trips in the state, by coastal
residents and others, a ratio approach, based on the field
interview data, was used. Thus, if the field survey data
found that there was a 4:1 ratio of fishing trips taken by
coastal residents as compared to trips taken by non-coastal
and out of state residents, then an additional 25 percent
would be added to the number of trips taken by coastal
residents to generate an estimate of the total number of
within state trips.
The field intercept survey is essentially a creel type
survey. The survey utilizes a national site register which
details marine fishing locations in each state. Sites for
field interviews are chosen in proportion to fishing
frequency at the site. Anglers fishing on shore, private
boat, and charter/party boat modes who had completed
their fishing were interviewed. The field survey included
questions about frequency of fishing, area of fishing, age,
and place of residence. The fish catch was classified by
the interviewer as either type A, type B1 or type B2 catch.
The type A catch denoted fish that were taken whole from
the fishing site and were available for inspection. The type
Bl and B2 catch were not available for inspection; the
former consisted of fish used as bait, filleted, or discarded
dead while the latter was fish released alive. The type A
catch was identified by species and weighed, with the
weight reflecting total fish weight, including inedible
parts. The type B1 catch was not weighed, but weights
were estimated using the average weight derived from the
type A catch for the given species, state, fishing mode and
season of the year. For both the A and B1 catch, the
intended disposition of the catch (e.g., plan to eat, plan to
throw away, etc.) was ascertained.
EPA obtained the raw data tapes from NMFS in
order to generate intake distributions and other specialized
analyses. Fish intake distributions were generated using
the field survey tapes. Weights proportional to the inverse
of the angler's reported fishing frequency were employed
to correct for the unequal probabilities of sampling; this
was the same approach used by NMFS in deriving their
estimates. Note that in the field survey, anglers were
interviewed regardless of past interviewing experience;
thus, the use of inverse fishing frequency as weights was
justified (see Section 10.1).
For each angler interviewed in the field survey, the
yearly amount of fish caught that was intended to be eaten
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by the angler and his/her family or friends was estimated
by EPA as follows:
Y = [(wt of A catch) * IA + (wt of B1 catch) * IB] * [Fishing frequency] (Eqn. 10-1)
where IA (IB) are indicator variables equal to 1 if the type
A (Bl) catch was intended to be eaten and equal to 0
otherwise. To convert Y to a daily fish intake rate by the
angler, it was necessary to convert amount of fish caught
to edible amount offish, divide by the number of intended
consumers, and convert from yearly to daily rate.
Although theoretically possible, EPA chose not to use
species specific edible fractions to convert overall weight
to edible fish weight since edible fraction estimates were
not readily available for many marine species. Instead, an
average value of 0.5 was employed. For the number of
intended consumers, EPA used an average value of 2.5
which was an average derived from the results of several
studies of recreational fish consumption (Chemrisk, 1991;
Puffer et al., 1981; West et al., 1989), Thus, the average
daily intake rate (ADI) for each angler was calculated as
ADI = Y » (0.5)/[2.5 * 365]
(Eqn. 10-2)
Note that ADI will be 0 for those anglers who either did
not intend to eat their catch or who did not catch any fish.
The distribution of ADI among anglers was calculated by
region and coastal status (i.e., coastal versus non-coastal
counties). A mean ADI for the overall population of a
given area was calculated as follows: first the estimated
number of anglers in the area was multiplied by the
average number of intended fish consumers (2.5) to get a
total number of recreational marine finfish consumers.
This number was then multiplied by the mean ADI among
anglers to get the total recreational marine finfish
consumption in the area. Finally, the mean ADI in the
population was calculated by dividing total fish
consumption by the total population in the area.
The results presented below are based on the
results of the 1993 survey. Samples sizes were 200,000
for the telephone survey and 120,000 for the field surveys.
All coastal states in the continental U.S. were included in
the survey except Texas and Washington.
Table 10-18 presents the estimated number of
coastal, non-coastal, and out-of-state fishing participants
by state and region of fishing. Florida had the greatest
number of both Atlantic and Gulf participants. The total
number of coastal residents who participated in marine
finfishing in their home state was 8 million; an additional
750,000 non-coastal residents
participated in marine
finfishing in their home state.
Table 10-19 presents the
estimated total weight of the A and Bl catch by region
and time of year. For each region, the greatest catches
were during the six-month period from May through
October. This period accounted for about 90 percent of
the North and Mid-Atlantic catch, about 80 percent of the
Northern California and Oregon catch, about 70 percent
of the Southern Atlantic and Southern California catch
and 62 percent of the Gulf catch. Note that in the North
and Mid-Atlantic regions, field surveys were not done in
January and February due to very low fishing activity.
For all regions, over half the catch occurred within 3 miles
of the shore or in inland waterways.
Table 10-20 presents the mean and 95th percentile
of average daily intake of recreationally caught marine
finfish among anglers by region. The mean ADI among
all anglers was 5.6, 7.2, and 2.0 g/day for the Atlantic,
Gulf, and Pacific regions, respectively. Also given is the
per-capita ADI in the overall population (anglers and non-
anglers) of the region and in the overall coastal population
of the region. Table 10-21 gives the distribution of the
catch by species for the Atlantic and Gulf regions and
Table 10-22 for Pacific regions.
The NMFS surveys provide a large, up-to-date, and
geographically representative sample of marine angler
activity in the U.S. The major limitation of this data base
in terms of estimating fish intake is the lack of information
regarding the intended number of consumers of each
angler's catch. In this analysis, it was assumed that every
angler's catch was consumed by the same number (2.5) of
people; this number was derived from averaging the
results of other studies. This assumption introduces a
relatively low level of uncertainty in the estimated mean
intake rates among anglers, but a somewhat higher level
of uncertainty in the estimated intake distributions. It
should be noted that under the above assumption, the
distributions shown here pertain not only to the population
of anglers, but also to the entire population of recreational
fish consumers, which is 2.5 times the number of anglers.
If the number of consumers was changed, to, for instance,
2.0, then the distribution would be increased by a factor of
1.25 (2.5/2.0), but the estimated population of recreational
fish consumers to which the distribution would apply
would decrease by a factor of 0.8 (2.0/2.5). Note that the
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mean intake rate of marine finfish in the overall
population is independent of the assumption of number of
intended fish consumers.
Another uncertainty involves the use of 0.5 as an
(average) edible fraction. This figure is somewhat
conservative (i.e., the true average edible fraction is
probably lower); thus, the intake rates calculated here may
be biased upward somewhat.
It should be noted again that the recreational fish
intake distributions given refer only to marine finfish. In
addition, the intake rates calculated are based only on the
catch of anglers in their home state. Marine fishing
performed out-of-state would not be included in these
distributions. Therefore, these distributions give an
estimate of consumption of locally caught fish.
10.5. RELEVANT RECREATIONAL MARINE
STUDIES
Puffer er al. (1981) - Intake Rates of Potentially
Hazardous Marine Fish Caught in the Metropolitan Los
Angeles Area - Puffer et al. (1981) conducted a creel
survey with sport fishermen in the Los Angeles area in
1980. The survey was conducted at 12 sites in the harbor
and coastal areas to evaluate intake rates of potentially
hazardous marine fish and shellfish by local, non-
professional fishermen. It was conducted for the full 1980
calendar year, although inclement weather in January,
February, and March limited the interview days. Each site
was surveyed an average of three times per month, on
different days, and at a different time of the day. The
survey questionnaire was designed to collect information
on demographic characteristics, fishing patterns, species,
number of fish caught, and fish consumption patterns.
Scales were used to obtain fish weights. Interviews were
conducted only with anglers who had caught fish, and the
anglers were interviewed only once during the entire
survey period.
Puffer et al. (1981) estimated daily consumption
rates (grams/day) for each angler using the following
equation:
(KxNxWxF)/[Ex365J
(Eqn. 10-3)
where:
K = edible fraction of fish (0.25 to 0.5 depending on species);
N = number of fish in catch;
W = average weight of (grams) fish in catch;
F = frequency of fishing/year; and
E = number of fish eaters in family/living group.
No explicit survey weights were used in analyzing this
survey; thus, each respondent's data was given equal
weight.
A total of 1,059 anglers were interviewed for the
survey. The ethnic and age distribution of respondents is
shown in Table 10-23; 88 percent of respondents were
male. The median intake rate was higher for
Oriental/Samoan anglers (median 70.6 g/day) than for
other ethnic groups and higher for those ages over 65
years (median 113.0 g/day) than for other age groups.
Puffer et al. (1981) found similar median intake rates for
seasons; 36,3 g/day for November through March and
37.7 g/day for April through October. Puffer et al. (1981)
also evaluated fish preparation methods; these data are
presented in Appendix 10B. The cumulative distribution
of recreational fish (finfish and shellfish) consumption by
survey respondents is presented in Table 10-24; this
distribution was calculated only for those fishermen who
indicated they eat the fish they catch. The median fish
consumption rate was 37 g/day and the 90th percentile
rate was 225 g/day (Puffer et al., 1981). A description of
catch patterns for primary fish species kept is presented in
Table 10-25.
As mentioned in the Background to this Chapter,
intake distributions derived from analyses of creel surveys
which did not employ weights reflective of sampling
probabilities will overestimate the target population intake
distribution and will, in fact, be more reflective of the
"resource utilization distribution". Therefore, the
reported median level of 37.3 g/day does not reflect the
fact that 50 percent of the target population has intake
above this level; instead 50 percent of recreational fish
consumption is by individuals consuming at or above 37.3
g/day. In order to generate an intake distribution
reflective of that in the target population, weights
inversely proportional to sampling probability need to be
employed. Price et al. (1994) made this attempt with the
Puffer et al. (1981) survey data, using inverse fishing
frequencies as the sampling weights. Price et al. (1994)
was unable to get the raw data for this survey, but using
frequency tables and the average level of fish
consumption per fishing trip provided in Puffer et al.
(1981), generated an approximate revised intake
distribution. This distribution was dramatically lower than
that obtained by Puffer et al. (1981); the median was
estimated at 2.9 g/day (compared with 37.3 from Puffer et
al., 1981) and the 90th percentile at 35 g/day (compared
to 225 g/day from Puffer et ai,, 1981).
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There are several limitations to the interpretation of
the percentiles presented by both Puffer et al. (1981) and
Price et al. (1994). As described in Appendix 10A, the
interpretation of percentiles reported from creel surveys
in terms of percentiles of the "resource utilization
distribution" is approximate and depends on several
assumptions. One of these assumptions is that sampling
probability is proportional to inverse fishing frequency.
In this survey, where interviewers revisited sites numerous
times and anglers were not interviewed more than once,
this assumption is not valid, though it is likely that the
sampling probability is still highly dependant on fishing
frequency so that the assumption does hold in an
approximate sense. The validity of this assumption also
impacts the interpretation of percentiles reported by Price
et al. (1994) since inverse frequency was used as sampling
weights. It is likely that the value (2.9 g/day) of Price et
al. (1994) underestimates somewhat the median intake in
the target population, but is much closer to the actual
value than the Puffer et al. (1981) estimate of 37.3 g/day,
Similar statements would apply about the 90th percentile.
Similarly, the 37.3 g/day median value, if interpreted as
the 50th percentile of the "resource utilization
distribution", is also somewhat of an underestimate.
It should be noted again that the fish intake
distribution generated by Puffer et al. (1981) (and by
Price et al., 1994) was based only on fishermen who
caught fish and ate the fish they caught. If all anglers
were included, intake estimates would be somewhat
lower. In contrast, the survey assumed that the number of
fish caught at the time of the interview was all that would
be caught that day. If it were possible to interview
fishermen at the conclusion of their fishing day, intake
estimates could be potentially higher. An additional factor
potentially affecting intake rates is that fishing quarantines
were imposed in early spring due to heavy sewage
overflow (Puffer et al., 1981).
Pierce et al. (198J) - Commencement Bay Seafood
Consumption Study - Pierce et al. (1981) performed a
local creel survey to examine seafood consumption
patterns and demographics of sport fishermen in
Commencement Bay, Washington. The objectives of this
survey included determining (1) seafood consumption
habits and demographics of non-commercial anglers
catching seafood; (2) the extent to which resident fish
were used as food; and (3) the method of preparation of
the fish to be consumed. Salmon were excluded from the
survey since it was believed that they had little potential
for contamination. The first half of this survey was
conducted from early July to mid-September, 1980 and
the second half from mid-September through most of
November. During the summer months, interviewers
visited each of 4 sub-areas of Commencement Bay on five
mornings and five evenings; in the fall the areas were
sampled 4 complete survey days. Interviews were
conducted only with persons who had caught fish. The
anglers were interviewed only once during the survey
period. Data were recorded for species, wet weight, size
of the living group (family, place of residence, fishing
frequency, planned uses of the fish, age, sex, and race
(Pierce et al., 1981). The analysis of Pierce et al. (1981)
did not employ explicit sampling weights (i.e., all weights
were set to 1).
There were 304 interviews in the summer and 204
in the fall. About 60 percent of anglers were white, 20
percent black, 19 percent Oriental and the rest Hispanic or
Native American. Table 10-26 gives the distribution of
fishing frequency calculated by Pierce et al. (1981); for
both the summer and fall, more than half of the fishermen
caught and consumed fish weekly. The dominant (by
weight) species caught were Pacific Hake and Walleye
Pollock. Pierce et al. (1981) did not present a distribution
of fish intake or a mean fish intake rate.
The U.S. EPA (1989a) used the Pierce et ai. (1981)
fishing frequency distribution and an estimate of the
average amount of fish consumed per angling trip to
create an approximate intake distribution for the Pierce et
al. (1981) survey. The estimate of the amount of fish
consumed per angling trip (380 g/person-trip) was based
on data on mean fish catch weight and mean number of
consumers reported in Pierce et. al. (1981) and on an
edible fraction of 0.5. U.S. EPA (1989a) reported a
median intake rate of 23 g/day.
Price et al. (1994) obtained the raw data from this
survey and performed a re-analysis using sampling
weights proportional to inverse fishing frequency. The
rationale for these weights is explained in Section 10.1
and in the discussion above of the Puffer et al. (1981)
study. In the re-analysis, Price et al. (1994) found a
median intake rate of 1.0 g/day and a 90th percentile rate
of 13 g/day. The distribution of fishing frequency
generated by Price et al. (1994) is shown in Table 10-27.
Note that when equal weights were used, Price et al.
(1994) found a median rate of 19 g/day, which was close
to the approximate U.S. EPA (1989a) value reported
above of 23 g/day.
The same limitations apply to interpreting the
results presented here to those presented above in the
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discussion of Puffer et al. (1981), The median intake rate
found by Price et ai. (1994) (using inverse frequency
weights) is more reflective of median intake in the target
population than is the value of 19 g/day (or 23 g/day); the
latter value reflects more the 50th percentile of the
resource utilization distribution, (i.e., that anglers with
intakes above 19 g/day consume 50 percent of the
recreational fish catch). Similarly, the fishing frequency
distribution generated by Price et al. (1994) is more
reflective of the fishing frequency distribution in the target
population than is the distribution presented in Pierce et
al. (1981). Note the target population is those anglers
who fished at Commencement Bay during the time period
of the survey.
As with the Puffer et al, (1981) data, these values
(1.0 g/day and 19 g/day) are both probably underestimates
since the sampling probabilities are less than proportional
to fishing frequency; thus, the true target population
median is probably somewhat above 1.0 g/day and the
true 50th percentiie of the resource utilization distribution
is probably somewhat higher than 19 g/day. The data
from this survey provide an indication of consumption
patterns for the time period around 1980 in the
Commencement Bay area. However, the data may not
reflect current consumption patterns because fishing
advisories were instituted due to local contamination.
U.S. DHHS (1995) - Health Study to Assess the
Human Health Effects of Mercury Exposure to Fish
Consumed from the Everglades - A health study was
conducted in two phases in the Everglades, Florida for the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S.
DHHS, 1995). The objectives of the first phase were to:
(a) describe the human populations at risk for mercury
exposure through their consumption of fish and other
contaminated animals from the Everglades and (b)
evaluate the extent of mercury exposure in those persons
consuming contaminated food and their compliance with
the voluntary health advisory. The second phase of the
study involved neurologic testing of all study participants
who had total mercury levels in hair greater than 7.5 /ug/g.
Study participants were identified by using special
targeted screenings, mailings to residents, postings and
multi-media advertisements of the study throughout the
Everglades region, and direct discussions with people
fishing along the canals and waterways in the
contaminated areas. The contaminated areas were
identified by the interviewers and long-term Everglade
residents. Of a total of 1,794 individuals sampled, 405
individuals were eligible to participate in the study
because they had consumed fish or wildlife from the
Everglades at least once per month in the last 3 months of
the study period. The majority of the eligible participants
(> 93 percent) were either subsistence fishermen,
Everglade residents, or both. Of the total eligible
participants, 55 individuals refused to participate in the
survey. Useable data were obtained from 330 respondents
ranging in age from 10-81 years of age (mean age 39
years ± 18.8) (U.S. DHHS, 1995). Respondents were
administered a three page questionnaire from which
demographic information, fishing and eating habits, and
other variables were obtained (U.S. DHHS, 1995).
Table 10-28 shows the ranges, means, and standard
deviations of selected characteristics by subgroups of the
survey population. Sixty-two percent of the respondents
were male with a slight preponderance of black
individuals (43 percent white, 46 percent black non-
Hispanic, and 11 percent Hispanic) (Table 10-28). Most
of the respondents reported earning an annual income of
$15,000 or less per family before taxes (U.S.
DHHS, 1995). The mean number of years fished along
the canals by the respondents was 15.8 years with a
standard deviation of 15.8. The mean number of times
per week fish consumers reported eating fish over the last
6 months and last month of the survey period was 1.8 and
1.5 per week with a standard deviation of 2.5 and 1.4,
respectively (Table 10-28). Table 10-28 also indicates
that 71 percent of the respondents reported knowing about
the mercury health advisories. Of those who were aware,
26 percent reported that they had lowered their
consumption of fish caught in the Everglades while the
rest (74 percent) reported no change in consumption
patterns (U.S. DHHS, 1995).
A limitation of this study is that fish intake rates
(g/day) were not reported. Another limitation is that the
survey was site limited, and, therefore, not representative
of the U.S. population. An advantage of this study is that
it is one of the few studies targeting subsistence
fishermen.
10.6. KEY FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL
STUDIES
West et al. (1989) - Michigan Sport Anglers Fish
Consumption Survey, 1989 - surveyed a stratified random
sample of Michigan residents with fishing licences. The
sample was divided into 18 cohorts, with one cohort
receiving a mail questionnaire each week between January
and May 1989. The survey included both a short term
recall component recording respondents' fish intake over
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a seven day period and a usual frequency component. For
the short-term component, respondents were asked to
identify all household members and list all fish meals
consumed by each household member during the past
seven days. The source of the fish for each meal was
requested (self-caught, gift, market, or restaurant).
Respondents were asked to categorize serving size by
comparison with pictures of 8 oz. fish portions; serving
sizes could be designated as either "about the same size",
"less", or "more" than the 8 oz. picture. Data on fish
species, locations of self-caught fish and methods of
preparation and cooking were also obtained.
The usual frequency component of the survey
asked about the frequency offish meals during each of the
four seasons and requested respondents to give the overall
percentage of household fish meals that come from
recreational sources. A sample of 2,600 individuals were
selected from state records to receive survey
questionnaires. A total of 2,334 survey questionnaires
were deliverable and 1,104 were completed and returned,
giving a response rate of 47.3 percent among individuals
receiving questionnaires.
In the analysis of the survey data by West et, al.
(1989), the authors did not attempt to generate the
distribution of recreationally caught fish intake in the
survey population. EPA obtained the raw data of this
survey for the purpose of generating fish intake
distributions and other specialized analyses.
As described elsewhere in this handbook,
percentiles of the distribution of average daily intake
reflective of long-term consumption patterns can not in
general be estimated using short-term (e.g., one week)
data. Such data can be used to estimate mean average
daily intake rates (reflective of short or long term
consumption); in addition, short term data can serve to
validate estimates of usual intake based on longer recall.
EPA first analyzed the short term data with the
intent of estimating mean fish intake rates. In order to
compare these results with those based on usual intake,
only respondents with information on both short term and
usual intake were included in this analysis. For the
analysis of the short term data, EPA modified the serving
size weights used by West et al. (1989), which were 5, 8
and 10 oz., respectively, for portions that were less, about
the same, and more than the 8 oz. picture. EPA examined
the percentiles of the distribution of fish meal sizes
reported in Pao et al. (1982) derived from the-1977-1978
USDA National Food Consumption Survey and observed
that a lognormal distribution provided a good visual fit to
the percentile data. Using this lognormal distribution, the
mean values for serving sizes greater than 8 oz. and for
serving sizes at least 10 percent greater than 8 oz. were
determined. In both cases a serving size of 12 oz. was
consistent with the Pao et al. (1982) distribution. The
weights used in the EPA analysis then were 5, 8, and 12
oz. for fish meals described as less, about the same, and
more than the 8 oz. picture, respectively. It should be
noted that the mean serving size from Pao et al. (1982)
was about 5 oz., well below the value of 8 oz. most
commonly reported by respondents in the West et al.
(1989) survey.
Table 10-29 displays the mean number of total and
recreational fish meals for each household member based
on the seven day recall data. Also shown are mean fish
intake rates derived by applying the weights described
above to each fish meal. Intake was calculated on both a
grams/day and grams/kg body weight/day basis. This
analysis was restricted to individuals who eat fish and who
reside in households reporting some recreational fish
consumption during the previous year. About 75 percent
of survey respondents (i.e., licensed anglers) and about 84
percent of respondents who fished in the prior year
reported some household recreational fish consumption.
The EPA analysis next attempted to use the short
term data to validate the usual intake data. West et al.
(1989) asked the main respondent in each household to
provide estimates of their usual frequency of fishing and
eating fish, by season, during the previous year. The
survey provides a series of frequency categories for each
season and the respondent was asked to check the
appropriate range. The ranges used for all questions
were; almost daily, 2-4 times a week, once a week, 2-3
times a month, once a month, less often, none, and don't
know. For quantitative analysis of the data it is necessary
to convert this categorical information into numerical
frequency values. As some of the ranges are relatively
broad, the choice of conversion values can have some
effect on intake estimates. In order to obtain optimal
values, the usual fish eating frequency reported by
respondents for the season during which the questionnaire
was completed was compared to the number offish meals
reportedly consumed by respondents over the seven day
short-term recall period. The results of these comparisons
are displayed in Table 10-30; it shows that, on average,
there is general agreement between estimates made using
one year recall and estimates based on seven day recall.
The average number of meals (1.96/week) was at
the bottom of the range for the most frequent consumption
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group with data (2-4 meals/week). In contrast, for the
lower usual frequency categories, the average number of
meals was at the top, or exceeded the top of category
range. This suggests some tendency for relatively
infrequent fish eaters to underestimate their usual
frequency of fish consumption. The last column of the
table shows the estimated fish eating frequency per week
that was selected for use in making quantitative estimates
of usual fish intake. These values were guided by the
values in the second column, except that frequency values
that were inconsistent with the ranges provided to
respondents in the survey were avoided.
Using the four seasonal fish eating frequencies
provided by respondents and the above conversions for
reported intake frequency, EPA estimated the average
number offish meals per week for each respondent. This
estimate, as well as the analysis above, pertain to the total
number of fish meals eaten (in Michigan) regardless of the
source of the fish. Respondents were not asked to provide
a seasonal breakdown for eating frequency of
recreationally caught fish; rather, they provided an
overall estimate for the past year of the percent of fish
they ate that was obtained from different sources. EPA
estimated the annual frequency of recreationally caught
fish meals by multiplying the estimated total number of
fish meals by the reported percent of fish meals obtained
from recreational sources; recreational sources were
defined as either self caught or a gift from family or
friends.
The usual intake component of the survey did not
include questions about the usual portion size for fish
meals. In order to estimate usual fish intake, a portion
size of 8 oz. was applied (the majority of respondents
reported this meal size in the 7 day recall data).
Individual body weight data were used to estimate intake
on a g/kg-day basis. The fish intake distribution estimated
by EPA is displayed in Table 10-31.
The distribution shown in Table 10-31 is based on
respondents who consumed recreational caught fish. As
mentioned above, these represent 75 percent of all
respondents and 84 percent of respondents who reported
having fished in the prior year. Among this latter
population, the mean recreational fish intake rate is
14.4*0.84=12.1 g/day; the value of 38.7 g/day (95th
percentile among consumers) corresponds to the 95.8th
percentile of the fish intake distribution in this (fishing)
population.
The advantages of this data set and analysis are that
the survey %vas relatively large and contained both short-
term and usual intake data. The presence of short term
data allowed validation of the usual intake data which was
based on long term recall; thus, some of the problems
associated with surveys relying on long term recall are
mitigated here.
The response rate of this survey, 47 percent, was
relatively low. In addition, the usual fish intake
distribution generated here employed a constant fish meal
size, 8 oz.. Although use of this value as an average meal
size was validated by the short-term recall results, the use
of a constant meal size, even if correct on average, may
seriously reduce the variation in the estimated fish intake
distribution.
This study was conducted in the winter and spring
months of 1988. This period does not include the summer
months when peak fishing activity can be anticipated,
leading to the possibility that intake results based on the
7 day recall data may understate individuals' usual
(annual average) fish consumption. A second survey by
West et al. (1993) gathered diary data on fish intake for
respondents spaced over a full year. However, this later
survey did not include questions about usual fish intake
and has not been reanalyzed here. The mean recreational
fish intake rates derived from the short term and usual
components were quite similar, however, 14.0 versus 14.4
g/day.
Chemrisk (1991) - Consumption of Freshwater
Fish by Maine Anglers - Chemrisk conducted a study to
characterize the rates of freshwater fish consumption
among Maine residents (Chemrisk, 1991; Ebert et al.,
1993). Since the only dietary source of local freshwater
fish is recreational fish, the anglers in Maine were chosen
as the survey population. The survey was designed to
gather information on the consumption of fish caught by
anglers from flowing (rivers and streams) and standing
(lakes and ponds) water bodies. Respondents were asked
to recall the frequency of fishing trips during the 1989-
1990 ice-fishing season and the 1990 open water season,
the number of fish species caught during both seasons,
and estimate the number of fish consumed from 15 fish
species. The respondents were also asked to describe the
number, species, and average length of each sport-caught
fish consumed that had been gifts from other members of
their households or other household. The weight of fish
consumed by anglers was calculated by first multiplying
the estimated weight of the fish by the edible fraction, and
then dividing this product by the number of intended
consumers. Species specific regression equations were
utilized to estimate weight from the reported fish length.
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The edible fractions used were 0.4 for salmon, 0.78 for
Atlantic smelt, and 0.3 for all other species (Ebert et al.,
1993).
A total of 2,500 prospective survey participants
were randomly selected from a list of anglers licensed in
Maine. The surveys were mailed in during October, 1990.
Since this was before the end of the open fishing season,
respondents were also asked to predict how many more
open water fishing trips they would undertake in 1990.
Chemrisk (1991) and Ebert et al. (1993) calculated
distributions of freshwater fish intake for two populations,
"all anglers" and "consuming anglers". All anglers were
defined as licensed anglers who fished during either the
1989-1990 ice-fishing season or the 1990 open-water
season (consumers and non-consumers) and licensed
anglers who did not fish but consumed freshwater fish
caught in Maine during these seasons. "Consuming
anglers" were defined as those anglers who consumed
freshwater fish obtained from Maine sources during the
1989-1990 ice fishing or 1990 open water fishing season.
In addition, the distribution offish intake from rivers and
streams was also calculated for two populations, those
fishing on rivers and streams ("river anglers") and those
consuming fish from rivers and streams ("consuming river
anglers").
A total of 1,612 surveys were returned, giving a
response rate of 64 percent; 1,369 (85 percent) of the
1,612 respondents were included in the "all angler"
population and 1,053 (65 percent) were included in the
"consuming angler" population. Freshwater fish intake
distributions for these populations are presented in Table
10-32. The mean and 95th percentile was 5.0 g/day and
21.0 g/day, respectively, for " all anglers," and 6.4 g/day
and 26.0 g/day, respectively, for "consuming anglers."
Table 10-32 also presents intake distributions for fish
caught from rivers and streams. Among "river anglers" the
mean and 95th percentiles were 1.9 g/day and 6.2 g/day,
respectively, while among "consuming river anglers" the
mean was 3.7 g/day and the 95th percentiie was 12.0
g/day. Table 10-33 presents fish intake distributions by
ethnic group for consuming anglers. The highest mean
intake rates reported are for Native Americans (10 g/day)
and French Canadians (7.4 g/day). Because there was a
low number of respondents for Hispanics, Asian/Pacific
Islanders, and African Americans, intake rates within
these subgroups were not calculated (Chemrisk, 1991).
The consumption, by species, of freshwater fish
caught is presented in Table 10-34. The largest specie
consumption was salmon from ice fishing (-292,000
grams); white perch (380,000 grams) for lakes and ponds;
and Brooktrout (420,000 grams) for rivers and streams
(Chemrisk, 1991).
EPA obtained the raw data tapes from the marine
anglers survey and performed some specialized analyses.
One analysis involved examining the percentiles of the
"resource utilization distribution" (this distribution was
defined in Section 10.1). The 50th, or more generally the
pth percentile of the resource utilization distribution, is
defined as the consumption level such that p percent of
the resource is consumed by individuals with
consumptions below this level and 100-p percent by
individuals with consumptions above this level. EPA
found that 90 percent of recreational fish consumption
was by individuals with intake rates above 3.1 g/day and
50 percent was by individuals with intakes above 20
g/day. Those above 3.1 g/day make up about 30 percent
of the "all angler" population and those above 20 g/day
make up about 5 percent of this population; thus, the top
5 percent of the angler population consumed 50 percent of
the recreational fish catch.
EPA also performed an analysis of fish
consumption among anglers and their families. This
analysis was possible because the survey included
questions on the number, sex, and age of each individual
in the household and whether the individual consumed
recreationally caught fish. The total population of
licensed anglers in this survey and their household
members was 4,872; the average household size for the
1,612 anglers in the survey was thus 3.0 persons. Fifty-six
percent of the population was male and 30 percent was 18
or under.
A total of 55 percent of this population was
reported to consume freshwater recreationally caught fish
in the year of the survey. The sex and ethnic distribution
of the consumers was similar to that of the overall
population. The distribution of fish intake among the
overall household population, or among consumers in the
household, can be calculated under the assumption that
recreationally caught fish was shared equally among all
members of the household reporting consumption of such
fish (note this assumption was used above to calculate
intake rates for anglers). With this assumption, the mean
intake rate among consumers was 5.9 g/day with a median
of 1.8 g/day and a 95th percentile of 23.1 g/day; for the
overall population the mean was 3.2 g/day and the 95th
percentile was 14.1 g/day.
The results of this survey can be put into the
context of the overall Maine population. The 1,612
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anglers surveyed represent about 0.7 percent of the
estimated 225,000 licensed anglers in Maine. It is
reasonable to assume that licensed anglers and their
families will have the highest exposure to recreationally
caught freshwater fish. Thus, to estimate the number of
persons in Maine with recreationally caught freshwater
fish intake above, for instance, 6.5 g/day (the 80th
percentile among household consumers in this survey),
one can assume that virtually all persons came from the
population of licensed anglers and their families. The
number of persons above 6,5 g/day in the household
survey population is calculated by taking 20 percent (i.e.,
100 percent - 80 percent) of the consuming population in
the survey; this number then is 0.2*(0.55*4872)=536.
Dividing this number by the sampling fraction of 0.007
(0.7 percent) gives about 77,000 persons above 6.5 g/day
of recreational freshwater fish consumption statewide.
The 1990 census showed the population of Maine to be
1,2 million people; thus the 77,000 persons above 6.5
g/day represent about 6 percent of the state's population.
Chemrisk (1991) reported that the fish
consumption estimates obtained from the survey were
conservative because of assumptions made in the analysis.
The assumptions included: a 40 percent estimate as the
edible portion of landlocked and Atlantic salmon;
inclusion of the intended number of future fishing trips
and an assumption that the average success and
consumption rates for the individual angler during the
trips already taken would continue through future trips.
The data collected for this study were based on recall and
self-reporting which may have resulted in a biased
estimate. The social desirability of the sport and
frequency of fishing are also bias contributing factors;
successful anglers are among the highest consumers of
freshwater fish (Chemrisk, 1991). Over reporting appears
to be correlated with skill level and the importance of the
activity to the individual; it is likely that the higher
consumption rates may be substantially overstated
(Chemrisk, 1991). Additionally, fish advisories are in
place in these areas and may affect the rate of fish
consumption among anglers. The survey results showed
that in 1990, 23 percent of all anglers consumed no
freshwater fish, and 55 percent of the river anglers ate no
freshwater fish. An advantage of this study is that it
presents area-specific consumption patterns and the
sample size is rather large.
West et al. (1993) - Michigan Sport Anglers Fish
Consumption Study, 1991-1992 - This survey, financed by
the Michigan Great Lakes Protection Fund, was a follow-
up to the earlier 1989 Michigan survey described
previously. The major purpose of 1991-1992 survey was
to provide short-term recall data of recreational fish
consumption over a full year period; the 1989 survey, in
contrast, was conducted over only a half year period
(West et al., 1993).
This survey was similar in design to the 1989
Michigan survey. A sample of 7,000 persons with
Michigan fishing licenses was drawn and surveys were
mailed in 2-week cohorts over the period January, 1991 to
January, 1992. Respondents were asked to report detailed
fish consumption patterns during the preceding seven
days, as well as demographic information; they were also
asked if they currently eat fish. Enclosed with the survey
were pictures of about a half pound of fish. Respondents
were asked to indicate whether reported consumption at
each meal was more, less or about the same as the picture.
Based on responses to this question, respondents were
assumed to have consumed 10, 5 or 8 ounces of fish,
respectively.
A total of 2,681 surveys were returned. West et al.
(1993) calculated a response rate for the survey of 46.8
percent; this was derived by removing from the sample
those respondents who could not be located or who did
not reside in Michigan for at least six months.
Of these 2,681 respondents, 2,475 (93 percent)
reported that they currently eat fish; all subsequent
analyses were restricted to the current fish eaters. The
mean fish consumption rates were found to be 16.7 g/day
for sport fish and 26.5 g/day for total fish (West et al.,
1993). Table 10-35 shows mean sport-fish consumption
rates by demographic categories. Rates were higher
among minorities, people with low income, and people
residing in smaller communities. Consumption rates in
g/day were also higher in males than in females; however,
this difference would likely disappear if rates were
computed on a g/kg-day basis.
West et al. (1993) estimated the 80th percentile of
the survey fish consumption distribution. More extensive
percentile calculations were performed by U.S. EPA
(1995) using the raw data from the West et al. (1993)
survey and calculated 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles.
However, since this survey only measured fish
consumption over a short (one week) interval, the
resulting distribution will not be indicative of the long-
term fish consumption distribution and the upper
percentiles reported from the EPA analysis will likely
considerably overestimate the corresponding long term
percentiles. The overall 95th percentile calculated by
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U.S. EPA (1995) was 77.9; this is about double the 95th
percenttle estimated using year long consumption data
from the 1989 Michigan survey.
The limitations of this survey are the relatively low
response rate and the fact that only three categories were
used to assign fish portion size. The main study strengths
were its relatively large size and its reliance on short-term
recall.
Connelly et al. (1996) - Sportfish Consumption
Patterns of Lake Ontario Anglers and the Relationship to
Health Advisories, 1992 - The objectives of this study
were to provide accurate estimates of fish consumption
(overall and sport caught) among Lake Ontario anglers
and to evaluate the effect of Lake Ontario health advisory
recommendations (Connelly et al., 1996). To target Lake
Ontario anglers, a sample of 2,500 names was randomly
drawn from 1990-1991 New York fishing license records
for licenses purchased in six counties bordering Lake
Ontario. Participation in the study was solicited by mail
with potential participants encouraged to enroll in the
study even if they fished infrequently or consumed little
or no sport caught fish. The survey design involved three
survey techniques including a mail questionnaire asking
for 12 month recall of 1991 fishing trips and fish
consumption, self-recording information in a diary for
1992 fishing trips and fish consumption, periodic
telephone interviews to gather information recorded in the
diary and a final telephone interview to determine
awareness of health advisories (Connelly et al., 1996).
Participants were instructed to record in the diary
the species offish eaten, meal size, method by which fish
was acquired (sport-caught or other), fish preparation and
cooking techniques used and the number of household
members eating the meal. Fish meals were defined as
finfish only. Meal size was estimated by participants by
comparing their meal size to pictures of 8 oz. fish steaks
and fillets on dinner plates. An 8 oz. size was assumed
unless participants noted their meal size was smaller than
8 oz., in which case a 4 oz. size was assumed, or they
noted it was larger than 8 oz., in which case a 12 oz. size
was assumed. Participants were also asked to record
information on fishing trips to Lake Ontario and species
and length of any fish caught.
From the initial sample of 2,500 license buyers,
1,993 (80 percent) were reachable by phone or mail and
1,410 of these were eligible for the study, in that they
intended to fish Lake Ontario in 1992. A total of 1,202 of
these 1,410, or 85 percent, agreed to participate in the
study. Of the 1,202 participants, 853 either returned the
diary or provided diary information by telephone. Due to
changes in health advisories for Lake Ontario which
resulted in less Lake Ontario fishing in 1992, only 43
percent, or 366 of these 853 persons indicated that they
fished Lake Ontario during 1992, The study analyses
summarized below concerning fish consumption and Lake
Ontario fishing participation are based on these 366
persons.
Anglers who fished Lake Ontario reported an
average of 30.3 (S.E. = 2.3) fish meals per person from all
sources in 1992; of these meals 28 percent were sport
caught (Connelly et al., 1996). Less than 1 percent ate no
fish for the year and 16 percent ate no sport caught fish.
The mean fish intake rate from all sources was 17.9 g/day
and from sport caught sources was 4.9 g/day. Table 10-36
gives the distribution offish intake rates from all sources
and from sport caught fish. The median rates were 14.1
g/day for all sources and 2.2 g/day for sport caught; the
95th percentiles were 42.3 g/day and 17.9 g/day for all
sources and sport caught, respectively. As seen in Table
10-37, statistically significant differences in intake rates
were seen across age and residence groups, with residents
of large cities and younger people having lower intake
rates on average.
The main advantage of this study is the diary
format. This format provides more accurate information
on fishing participation and fish consumption, than studies
based on 1 year recall (Ebert et al., 1993). However, a
considerable portion of diary respondents participated in
the study for only a portion of the year and some errors
may have been generated in extrapolating these
respondents' results to the entire year (Connelly et al.,
1996). In addition, the response rate for this study was
relatively low, 853 of 1,410 eligible respondents, or 60
percent, which may have engendered some non-response
bias.
The presence of health advisories should be taken
into account when evaluating the intake rates observed in
this study. Nearly all respondents (>95 percent) were
aware of the Lake Ontario health advisory. This advisory
counseled to eat none of 9 fish species from Lake Ontario
and to eat no more than one meal per month of another 4
species. In addition, New York State issues a general
advisory to eat no more than 52 sport caught fish meals
per year. Among participants who fished Lake Ontario in
1992, 32 percent said they would eat more fish if health
advisories did not exist. A significant fraction of
respondents did not totally adhere to the fish advisory;
however, 36 percent of respondents, and 72 percent of
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respondents reporting Lake Ontario fish consumption, ate
at least one species of fish over the advisory limit.
Interestingly, 90 percent of those violating the advisory
reported that they believed they were eating within
advisory limits,
10.7. RELEVANT FRESHWATER
RECREATIONAL STUDIES
Fiore et al. (1989) - Sport Fish Consumption and
Body Burden Levels of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: A
Study of Wisconsin Anglers. This survey, reported by
Fiore et al. (1989), was conducted to assess
sociodemographic factors and sport fishing habits of
anglers, to evaluate anglers' comprehension of and
compliance with the Wisconsin Fish Consumption
Advisory, to measure body burden levels of PCBs and
DDE through analysis of blood serum samples and to
examine the relationship between body burden levels and
consumption of sport-caught fish. The survey targeted all
Wisconsin residents who had purchased fishing or
sporting licenses in 1984 in any of 10 pre-selected study
counties. These counties were chosen in part based on
their proximity to water bodies identified in Wisconsin
fish advisories. A total of 1,600 anglers were sent survey
questionnaires during the summer of 1985.
The survey questionnaire included questions about
fishing history, locations fished, species targeted,
kilograms caught for consumption, overall fish
consumption (including commercially caught) and
knowledge of fish advisories. The recall period was one
year.
A total of 801 surveys were returned (50 percent
response rate). Of these, 601 (75 percent) were from
males and 200 from females; the mean age was 37 years.
Fiore et al. (1989) reported that the mean number offish
meals for 1984 for all respondents was 18 for sport-caught
meals and 24 for non-sport caught meals. Fiore et al.
(1989) assumed that each fish meal consisted of 8 ounces
(227 grams) of fish to generate means and percentiles of
fish intake. The reported per-capita intake rate of sport-
caught fish was 11.2 g/day; among consumers, who
comprised 91 percent of all respondents, the mean sport-
caught fish intake rate was 12,3 g/day and the 95th
percentile was 37.3 g/day. The mean daily fish intake
from all sources (both sport caught and commercial) was
26.1 g/day with a 95th percentile of 63.4 g/day. The 95th
percentile of 37.3 g/day of sport caught fish represents 60
fish meals per year; 63.4 g/day (the 95th percentile of
total fish intake) represents 102 fish meals per year.
Fiore et al. (1989) assumed a (constant) meal size
of 8 ounces (227 grams) of fish which may over-estimate
average meal size, Pao et al. (1982), using data from the
1977-78 USDA MFCS, reported an average fish meal size
of slightly less than 150 grams for adult males. EPA
obtained the raw data from this study and calculated the
distribution of the number of sport-caught fish meals and
the distribution of fish intake rates (using 150
grams/meal); these distributions are presented in Table
10-38. With this average meal size, the per-capita
estimate is 7.4 g/day.
This study is limited in its ability to accurately
estimate intake rates because of the absence of data on
weight offish consumed. Another limitation of this study
is that the results are based on one year recall, which may
tend to over-estimate the number of fishing trips (Ebert et
al.,1993). In addition, the response rate was rather low (50
percent).
Connelly et al. (1992) - Effects of Health Advisory
and Advisory Changes on Fishing Habits and Fish
Consumption in New York Sport Fisheries - Connelly et
al. (1992) conducted a study to assess the awareness and
knowledge of New York anglers about fishing advisories
and contaminants found in fish and their fishing and fish
consuming behaviors. The survey sample consisted of
2,000 anglers with New York State fishing licenses for the
year beginning October 1, 1990 through September 30,
1991. A questionnaire was mailed to the survey sample
in January, 1992. The questionnaire was designed to
measure catch and consumption of fish, as well as
methods of fish preparation and knowledge of and
attitudes towards health advisories (Connelly et al., 1992).
The survey adjusted response rate was 52.8 percent (1,030
questionnaires were completed and 51 were not
deliverable).
The average and median number of fishing days
per year were 27 and 15 days respectively (Connelly et
al. 1992). The mean number of sport-caught fish meals
was 11. About 25 percent of anglers reported that they
did not consume sport-caught fish.
Connelly et al, (1992) found that 80 percent of
anglers statewide did not eat listed species or ate them
within advisory limits and followed the 1 sport-caught fish
meal per week recommended maximum. The other 20
percent of anglers exceeded the advisory
recommendations in some way; 15 percent ate listed
species above the limit and 5 percent ate more than one
sport caught meal per week.
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Connelly et al. (1992) found that respondents
eating more than one sport-caught meal per week were
just as likely as those eating less than one meal per week
to know the recommended level of sport-caught fish
consumption, although less than 1/3 in each group knew
the level. An estimated 85 percent of anglers were aware
of the health advisory. Over 50 percent of respondents
said that they made changes in their fishing or fish
consumption behaviors in response to health advisories,
The advisory included a section on methods that
can be used to reduce contaminant exposure.
Respondents were asked what methods they used for fish
cleaning and cooking. Summary results on preparation
and cooking methods are presented in Section 10.9 and in
Appendix 10B.
A limitation of this study with respect to estimating
fish intake rates is that only the number of sport-caught
meals was ascertained, not the weight offish consumed.
The fish meal data can be converted to an intake rate
(g/day) by assuming a value for a fish meal such as that
from Pao et al. (1982) (about 150 grams as the average
amount of fish consumed per eating occasion for adult
males - males comprised 88 percent of respondents in the
current study). Using 150 grams/meal the mean intake
rate among the angler population would be 4,5 g/day; note
that about 25 percent of this population reported no sport-
caught fish consumption.
The major focus of this study was not on
consumption, per se, but on the knowledge of and impact
offish health advisories; Connelly et al. (1992) provides
important information on these issues.
Hudson River Sloop Cleanvater, Inc. (1993) -
Hudson River Angler Survey - Hudson River Sloop
Clearwater, Inc. (1993) conducted a survey of adherence
to fish consumption health advisories among Hudson
River anglers. All fishing has been banned on the upper
Hudson River where high levels of PCB contamination
are well documented; while voluntary recreational fish
consumption advisories have been issued for areas south
of the Troy Dam (Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc.,
1993).
The survey consisted of direct interviews with 336
shore-based anglers between the months of June and
November 1991, and April and July 1992. Socio-
demographic characteristics of the respondents are
presented in Table 10-39. The survey sites were selected
based on observations of use by anglers, and legal
accessibility. The selected sites included upper, mid-, and
lower Hudson River sites located in both rural and urban
settings. The interviews were conducted on weekends and
weekdays during morning, midday, and evening periods.
The anglers were asked specific questions concerning:
fishing and fish consumption habits; perceptions of
presence of contaminants in fish; perceptions of risks
associated with consumption of recreationally caught fish;
and awareness of, attitude toward, and response to fish
consumption advisories or fishing bans.
Approximately 92 percent of the survey
respondents were male. The following statistics were
provided by Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc. (1993),
The most common reason given for fishing was for
recreation or enjoyment. Over 58 percent of those
surveyed indicated that they eat their catch. Of those
anglers who eat their catch, 48 percent reported being
aware of advisories. Approximately 24 percent of those
who said they currently do not eat their catch, have done
so in the past. Anglers were more likely to eat their catch
from the lower Hudson areas where health advisories,
rather than fishing bans, have been issued. Approximately
94 percent of Hispanic Americans were likely to eat their
catch, while 77 percent of African Americans and 47
percent of Caucasian Americans intended to eat their
catch. Of those who eat their catch, 87 percent were
likely to share their meal with others (including women of
childbearing age, and children under the age of fifteen).
For subsistence anglers, more low-income than
upper income anglers cat their catch (Hudson River Sloop
Clearwater, Inc., 1993). Approximately 10 percent of the
respondents stated that food was their primary reason for
fishing; this group is more likely to be in the lowest per
capita income group (Hudson River Sloop Clearwater,
Inc., 1993).
The average frequency of fish consumption
reported was just under one (0.9) meal over the previous
week, and three meals over the previous month.
Approximately 35 percent of all anglers who eat their
catch exceeded the amounts recommended by the New
York State health advisories. Less than half (48 percent)
of all the anglers interviewed were aware of the State
health advisories or fishing bans. Only 42 percent of
those anglers aware of the advisories have changed their
fishing habits as a result.
The advantages of this study include: in-person
interviews with 95 percent of all anglers approached;
field-tested questions designed to minimize interviewer
bias; and candid responses concerning consumption of
fish from contaminated waters. The limitations of this
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study are that specific intake amounts are not indicated,
and that only shore-based anglers were interviewed.
10.8. NATIVE AMERICAN FRESHWATER
STUDIES
Wolfe and Walker (1987) - Subsistence Economies
in Alaska: Productivity, Geography, and Development
Impacts - Wolfe and Walker (1987) analyzed a dataset
from 98 communities for harvests of fish, land mammals,
marine mammals, and other wild resources. The analysis
was performed to evaluate the distribution and
productivity of subsistence harvests in Alaska during the
1980s. Harvest levels were used as a measure of
productivity. Wolfe and Walker (1987) defined harvest
to represent a single year's production from a complete
seasonal round. The harvest levels were derived primarily
from a compilation of data from subsistence studies
conducted between 1980 to 1985 by various researchers
in the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of
Subsistence.
Of the 98 communities studied, four were large
urban population centers and 94 were small communities.
The harvests for these latter 94 communities were
documented through detailed retrospective interviews
with harvesters from a sample of households (Wolfe and
Walker, 1987). Harvesters were asked to estimate the
quantities of a particular species that were harvested and
used by members of that household during the previous
12-month period. Wolfe and Walker (1987) converted
harvests to a common unit for comparison, pounds
dressed weight per capita per year, by multiplying the
harvests of households within each community by
standard factors converting total pounds to dressed
weight, summing across households, and then dividing by
the total number of household members in the household
sample. Dressed weight varied by species and community
but in general was 70 to 75 percent of total fish weight;
dressed weight for fish represents that portion brought
into the kitchen for use (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).
Harvests for the four urban populations were
developed from a statewide data set gathered by the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Game
and Sports Fish. Urban sport fish harvest estimates were
derived from a survey that was mailed to a randomly
selected statewide sample of anglers (Wolfe and Walker,
1987). Sport fish harvests were disaggregated by urban
residency and the dataset was analyzed by converting the
harvests into pounds and dividing by the 1983 urban
population.
For the overall analysis, each of the 98
communities was treated as a single unit of analysis and
the entire group of communities was assumed to be a
sample of all communities in Alaska (Wolfe and Walker,
1987). Each community was given equal weight,
regardless of population size. Annual per capita harvests
were calculated for each community. For the four urban
centers, fish harvests ranged from 5 to 21 pounds per
capita per year (6.2 g/day to 26.2 g/day).
The range for the ,94 small communities was 25 to
1,239 pounds per capita per year (31 g/day to 1,541
g/day). For these 94 communities, the median per capita
fish harvest was 130 pounds per year (162 g/day). In
most (68 percent) of the 98 communities analyzed,
resource harvests for fish were greater than the harvests of
the other wildlife categories (land mammal, marine
mammal, and other) combined.
The communities in this'study were not made up
entirely of Alaska Natives. For roughly half the
communities, Alaska Natives comprised 80 percent or
more of the population, but for about 40 percent of the
communities they comprised less than 50 percent of the
population. Wolfe and Walker (1987) performed a
regression analysis which showed that the per capita
harvest of a community tended to increase as a function of
the percentage of Alaska Natives in the community.
Although this analysis was done for total harvest (i.e.,
fish, land mammal, marine mammal and others) the same
result should hold for fish harvest since fish harvest is
highly correlated with total harvest.
A limitation of this report is that it presents (per-
capita) harvest rates as opposed to individual intake rates.
Wolfe and Walker (1987) compared the per capita harvest
rates reported to the results for the household component
of the 1977-1978 USD A National Food Consumption
Survey (NFCS). The NFCS showed that about 222
pounds of meat, fish, and poultry were purchased and
brought into the household kitchen for each person each
year in the western region of the United States. This
contrasts with a median total resource harvest of 260
Ibs/yr in the 94 communities studied. This comparison,
and the fact that Wolfe and Walker (1987) state that
"harvests represent that portion brought into the kitchen
for use," suggest that the same factors used to convert
household consumption rates in the NFCS to individual
intake rates can be used to convert per capita harvest rates
to individual intake rates. In Section 10.3, a factor of 0.5
was used to convert fish consumption from household to
individual intake rates. Applying this factor, the median
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per capita individual fish intake in the 94 communities
would be 81 g/day and the range 15.5 to 770 g/day.
A limitation of this study is that the data were
based on 1-year recall from a mailed survey. An
advantage of the study is that it is one of the few studies
that present fish harvest patterns for subsistence
populations.
AIHC (1994) - Exposure Factors Sourcebook - The
Exposure Factors Sourcebook (AIHC, 1994) provides
data for non-marine fish intake consistent with this
document. However, the total fish intake rate
recommended in AIHC (1994) is approximately 40
percent lower than that in this document. The fish intake
rates presented in this handbook are based on more recent
data from USDA CSFII (1989-1991). AIHC (1994)
presents probability distributions in grams fish per
kilogram of body weight for fish consumption based on
data from U.S. EPA Guidance Manual, Assessing Human
Health Risks from Chemically Contaminated Fish and
Shellfish (U.S. EPA, 1989b). The ©Risk formula is
provided for direct use in the @Risk simulation software.
The @Risk formula was provided for the distributions that
were provided for the ingestion of freshwater finfish,
saltwater finfish, and fish (unspecified) in the U.S. general
population, children ages 1 to 6 years, and males ages 13
years and above. Distributions were also provided for
saltwater finfish ingestion in the general population and
for females and for males 13 years of age and older.
Distributions for shellfish ingestion were provided for the
general population, children ages 1 to 6 years, and for
males and females 13 years of age and above.
Additionally, distributions for "unspecified" fish ingestion
were presented for the above mentioned populations.
The Sourcebook has been classified as a relevant
rather than key study because it was not the primary
source for the data used to make recommendations in this
document. The Sourcebook is very similar to this
document in the sense that it summarizes exposure factor
data and recommends values. Therefore, it can be used as
an alternative information source on fish intake. •
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
(CRITFC) (1994) - A Fish Consumption Survey of the
Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakama, and Warm Springs Tribes
of the Columbia River Basin - CRITFC (1994) conducted
a fish consumption survey among four Columbia River
Basin Indian tribes during the fall and winter of 1991-
1992. The target population included all adult tribal
members who lived on or near the Yakama, Warm
Springs, Umatilla or Nez Perce reservations. The survey
was based on a stratified random sampling design where
respondents were selected from patient registration files
at the Indian Health Service. Interviews were performed
in person at a central location on the member's
reservation.
Information requested included annual and
seasonal numbers of fish meals, average serving size per
fish meal, species and part(s) of fish consumed,
preparation methods, changes in patterns of consumption
over the last 20 years and during ceremonies and festivals,
breast feeding practices and 24 hour dietary recall
(CRITFC, 1994). Foam sponge food models
approximating four, eight, and twelve ounce fish fillets
were provided to help respondents estimate average fish
meal size. Fish intake rates were calculated by
multiplying the annual frequency of fish meals by the
average serving size per fish meal.
The study was designed to give essentially equal
sample sizes for each tribe. However, since the
population sizes of the tribes were highly unequal, it was
necessary to weight the data (in proportion to tribal
population size) in order that the survey results represent
the overall population of the four tribes. Such weights
were applied to the analysis of adults; however, because
the sample size for children was considered small, only an
unweighted analysis was performed for this population
(CRITFC, 1994).
The survey respondents consisted of 513 tribal
members, 18 years old and above. Of these, 58 percent
were female and 59 percent were under 40 years old. In
addition, information for 204 children 5 years old and less
was provided by the participating adult respondent. The
overall response rate was 69 percent.
' The results of the survey showed that adults
consumed an average of 1.71 fish meals/week and had an
average intake of 58.7 grams/day (CRITFC, 1994). Table
10-40 shows the adult fish intake distribution; the median
was between 29 and 32 g/day and the 95th percentile
about 170 g/day. A small percentage (7 percent) of
respondents indicated that they were not fish consumers.
Table 10-41 shows that mean intake was slightly higher in
males than females (63 g/d versus 56 g/d) and was higher
in the over 60 years age group (74,4 g/d) than in the 18-39
years (57.6 g/d) or 40-59 years (55.8 g/d) age groups.
Intake also tended to be higher among those living on the
reservation. The mean intake for nursing mothers, 59.1
g/d, was similar to the overall mean intake.
A total of 49 percent of respondents reported that
they caught fish from the Columbia River basin and its
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tributaries for personal use or for tribal ceremonies and
distributions to other tribe members and 88 percent
reported that they obtained fish from either self-
harvesting, family or friends, at tribal ceremonies or from
tribal distributions. Of all fish consumed, 41 percent came
from self or family harvesting, 11 percent from the harvest
of friends, 35 percent from tribal ceremonies or
distribution, 9 percent from stores and 4 percent from
other sources (CRITFC, 1994).
The analysis of seasonal intake showed that May
and June tended to be high consumption months and
December and January low consumption months. The
mean adult intake rate for May and June was 108 g/d
while the mean intake rate for December and January was
30.7 g/d. Salmon was the species eaten by the highest
number of respondents (92 percent) followed by trout (70
percent), lamprey (54 percent), and smelt (52 percent).
Table 10-42 gives the fish intake distribution for children
under 5 years of age. The mean intake rate was 19.6 g/d
and the 95th percentile was approximately 70 g/d,
The authors noted that some non-response bias may
have occurred in the survey since respondents were more
likely to live near the reservation and were more likely to
be female than non-respondents. In addition, they
hypothesized that non fish consumers may have been
more likely to be non-respondents than fish consumers
since non consumers may have thought their contribution
to the survey would be meaningless; if such were the case,
this study would overestimate the mean intake rate. It was
also noted that the timing of the survey, which was
conducted during low fish consumption months, may have
led to underestimation of actual fish consumption; the
authors conjectured that an individual may report higher
annual consumption if interviewed during a relatively high
consumption month and lower annual consumption if
interviewed during a relatively low consumption month.
Finally, with respect to children's intake, it was observed
that some of the respondents provided the same
information for their children as for themselves, thereby
the reliability of some of these data is questioned.
Although the authors have noted these limitations,
this study does present information on fish consumption
patterns and habits for a Native American subpopulation.
It should be noted that the number of surveys that address
subsistence subpopulations is very limited.
Peterson et al, (1994) - Fish Consumption Patterns
and Blood Mercury Levels in Wisconsin Chippewa
Indians - Peterson et al. (1994) investigated the extent of
exposure of melhylmercury to Chippewa Indians living on
a Northern Wisconsin reservation who consume fish
caught in northern Wisconsin lakes. The lakes in northern
Wisconsin are known to be contaminated with mercury
and the Chippewa have a reputation for high fish
consumption (Peterson et al., 1994). The Chippewa
Indians fish by the traditional method of spearfishing.
Spearfishing (for walleye) occurs for about two weeks
each spring after the ice breaks, and although only a small
number of tribal members participate in it, the
spearfishing harvest is distributed widely within the tribe
by an informal distribution network of family and friends
and through traditional tribal feasts (Peterson et al., 1994).
Potential survey participants, 465 adults, 18 years
of age and older, were randomly selected from the tribal
registries (Peterson et al., 1994). Participants were asked
to complete a questionnaire describing their routine fish
consumption and, more extensively, their fish
consumption during the two previous months. They were
also asked to give a blood sample that would be tested for
mercury content. The survey was carried out in May
1990. A follow-up survey was conducted for a random
sample of 75 non-respondents (80 percent were
reachable), and their demographic and fish consumption
patterns were obtained. Peterson et al. (1994) reported
that the non-respondents' socioeconomic and fish
consumption were similar to the respondents.
A total of 175 of the original random sample (38
percent) participated in the study. In addition, 152
nonrandomly selected participants were surveyed and
included in the data analysis; these participants were
reported by Peterson et al. (1994) to have fish
consumption rates similar to those of the randomly
selected participants. Results from the survey showed that
fish consumption varied seasonally, with 50 percent of the
respondents reporting April and May (spearfishing
season) as the highest fish consumption months (Peterson
et al., 1994). Table 10-43 shows the number offish meals
consumed per week during the last 2 months (recent
consumption) before the survey was conducted and during
the respondents' peak consumption months grouped by
gender, age, education, and employment level. During
peak consumption months, males consumed more fish (1.9
meals per week) than females (1.5 meals per week),
respondents under 35 years of age consumed more fish
(1.8 meals per week) than respondents 35 years of age and
over (1.6 meals per week), and the unemployed consumed
more fish (1.9 meals per week) than the employed (1.6
meals per week). During the highest fish consumption
season (April and May), 50 percent of respondents
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reported eating one or less fish meals per week and only
2 percent reported daily fish consumption (Figures 10-
1 and 10-2). A total of 72 percent of respondents reported
Walleye consumption in the previous two months.
Peterson et al. (1994) also reported that the mean number
of fish meals usually consumed per week by the
respondents was 1.2.
The mean fish consumption rate reported (1.2 fish
meals per week, or 62.4 meals per year) in this survey was
compared with the rate reported in a previous survey of
Wisconsin anglers (Fiore et al., 1989) of 42 fish meals per
year. These results indicate that the Chippewa Indians do
not consume much more fish than the general Wisconsin
angler population (Peterson etal., 1994). The differences
in the two values may be attributed to differences in study
methodology (Peterson et al., 1994). Note that this
number (1.2 fish meals per week) includes fish from all
sources. Peterson et al. (1994) noted that subsistence
fishing, defined as fishing as a major food source, appears
rare among the Chippewa. Using the recommended rate
in this handbook of 129 g/meal as the average weight of
fish consumed per fish meal in the general population, the
rate reported here of 1.2 fish meals per week translates
into a mean fish intake rate of 22 g/day in this population.
Fitzgerald etal. (1995) - Fish PCB Concentrations
and Consumption Patterns Among Mohawk Women at
Akwesasne - Akwesasne is a native American community
of ten thousand plus persons located along the. St.
Lawrence River (Fitzgerald et al., 1995). The local food
chain has been contaminated with PCBs and some species
have levels that exceed the U.S. FDA tolerance limits for
human consumption (Fitzgerald et al., 1995). Fitzgerald
et al. (1995) conducted a recall study from 1986 to 1992
to determine the fish consumption patterns among nursing
Mohawk women residing near three industrial sites. The
study sample consisted of 97 Mohawk women and 154
nursing Caucasian controls. The Mohawk mothers were
significantly younger (mean age 24.9) than the controls
(mean age 26.4) and had significantly more years of
education (mean 13.1 for Mohawks versus 12.4 for
controls). A total of 97 out of 119 Mohawk nursing
women responded, a response rate of 78 percent; 154 out
of 287 control nursing Caucasian women responded, a
response rate of 54 percent.
Potential participants were identified prior to, or
shortly after, delivery. The interviews were conducted at
home within one month postpartum and were structured to
collect information for sociodemographics, vital statistics,
use of medications, occupational and residential histories,
behavioral patterns (cigarette smoking and alcohol
consumption), drinking water source, diet, and fish
preparation methods (Fitzgerald et al., 1995). The dietary
data collected were based on recall for food intake during
the index pregnancy, the year before the pregnancy, and
more than one year before the pregnancy.
The dietary assessment involved the report by each
participant on the consumption of various foods with
emphasis on local species of fish and game (Fitzgerald et
al., 1995). This method combined food frequency and
dietary histories to estimate usual intake. Food frequency
was evaluated with a checklist of foods for indicating the
amount of consumption of a participant per week, month
or year. Information gathered for the dietary history
included duration of consumption, changes in the diet, and
food preparation method.
Table 10-44 presents the number of local fish
meals per year for both the Mohawk and control
participants. The highest percentage of participants
reported consuming between 1 and 9 local fish meals per
year. Table 10-44 indicates that Mohawk respondents
consumed statistically significantly more local fish than
did control respondents during the two time periods prior
to pregnancy; for die time period during pregnancy there
was no significant difference in fish consumption between
the two groups. Table 10-45 presents the mean number of
local fish meals consumed per year by time period for all
respondents and for those ever consuming (consumers
only). A total of 82 (85 percent) Mohawk mothers and 72
(47 percent) control mothers reported ever consuming
local fish. The mean number of local fish meals
consumed per year by Mohawk respondents declined over
time, from 23.4 (over one year before pregnancy) to 9.2
(less than one year before pregnancy) to 3.9 (during
pregnancy); a similar decline was seen among consuming
Mohawks only. There was also a decreasing trend over
time in consumption among controls, though it was much
less pronounced.
Table 10-46 presents the mean number of fish
meals consumed per year for all participants by time
period and selected characteristics (age, education,
cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption). Pairwise
contrasts indicated that control participants over 34 years
of age had the highest fish consumption of local fish
meals (22.1) (Table 10-46). However, neither the overall
nor pairwise differences by age among "the Mohawk
women over 34 years old were statistically significant, and
may be due to the small sample size (N=6) (Fitzgerald et
al., 1995). The most common fish consumed by Mohawk
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mothers was yellow perch; for controls the most common
fish consumed was trout.
An advantage of this study is that it presents data
for fish consumption patterns for Native Americans as
compared to a demographicaily similar group of
Caucasians. Although the data are based on nursing
mothers as participants, the study also captures
consumption patterns prior to pregnancy (up to 1 year
before and more than 1 year before). Fitzgerald et al,
(1995) noted that dietary recall for a period more than one
year before pregnancy may be inaccurate, but these data
were the best available measure of the more distant past.
They also noted that the observed decrease in fish
consumption among Mohawks from the period one year
before pregnancy to the period of pregnancy is due to a
secular trend of declining fish consumption over time in
Mohawks. This decrease, which was more pronounced
than that seen in controls, may be due to health advisories
promulgated by tribal, as well as state, officials. The
authors note that this decreasing secular trend in Mohawks
is consistent with a survey from 1979-1980 that found an
overall mean of 40 fish meals per year among male and
female Mohawk adults.
The data are presented as number of fish meals per
year; the authors did not assign an average weight to fish
meals. If assessors wanted to estimate the weight of fish
consumed, some average value of weight per fish meal
would have to be assumed. Pao et al. (1982)
reported 104 grams as the average weight of
fish consumed per eating occasion for females
19-34 years old.
10.9. OTHER FACTORS
Other factors to consider when using the available
survey data include location, climate, season, and
ethnicity of the angler or consumer population, as well as
the parts of fish consumed and the methods of
preparation. Some contaminants (for example, some
dioxin compounds) have the affinity to accumulate more
in certain tissues, such as the fatty tissue, as well as in
certain internal organs. The effects of cooking methods
for various food products on the levels of dioxin-like
compounds have been addressed by evaluating a number
of studies in U.S. EPA (1996b). These studies showed
various results for contamination losses based on the
methodology of the study and the method of food
preparation. The reader is referred to U.S. EPA (1996b)
for a detailed review of these studies. In addition, some
studies suggest that there is a significant decrease of
contaminants in cooked fish when compared with raw fish
(San Diego County, 1990). Several studies cited in this
section have addressed fish preparation methods and parts
offish consumed. Table 10-47 provides summary results
from these studies on fish preparation methods; further
details on preparation methods, as well as results from
some studies on parts of fish consumed, are presented in
Appendix 10B.
The moisture content (percent) and total fat content
(percent) measured and/or calculated in various fish forms
(i.e., raw, cooked, smoked, etc.) for selected fish species
are presented in Table 10-48, based on data from USDA
(1979-1984). The total percent fat content is based on the
sum of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
fat. The moisture content is based on the percent of water
present.
In some cases, the residue levels of contaminants in
fish are reported as the concentration of contaminant per
gram of fat. These contaminants are lipophilic
compounds. When using residue levels, the assessor
should ensure consistency in the exposure assessment
calculations by using consumption rates that are based on
the amount of fat consumed for the fish species of interest.
Alternately, residue levels for the "as consumed" portions
of fish may be estimated by multiplying the levels based
on fat by the fraction of fat (Table 10-48) per product as
follows:
; residue level
g-fat j
.( g-fat I
^ g-producl^
(Eqn, 10-4)
The resulting residue levels may then be used in
conjunction with "as consumed" consumption rates.
Additionally, intake rates may be reported in terms
of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is essential
that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that
they may ensure consistency between the units used for
intake rates and those used for concentration data (i.e., if
the unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/day,
then the unit for the amount of pollutant in the food
should be grams dry weight). If necessary, as consumed
intake rates may be converted to dry weight intake rates
using the moisture content percentages of fish presented
in Table 10-48 and the following equation:
(Eqn. 10-5)
Page
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
"Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as
consumed" rates by using;
IRac = IRdv/[(100-W)/iQQ]
where; -
IRdw = dry weight intake rate;
IRac = as consumed intake rate; and
W = percent water content.
(Eqn. 10-6)
10.10. RECOMMENDATIONS
Fish consumption rates are recommended based on
the survey results presented in the key studies described
in the preceding sections. Considerable variation exists in
the mean and upper percentile fish consumption rates
obtained from these studies. This can be attributed largely
to the characteristics of the survey population (i.e.,
general population, recreational anglers) and the type of
water body (i.e., marine, estuarine, freshwater), but other
factors such as study design, method of data collection
and geographic location also play a role. Based on these
study variations, recommendations for consumption rates
were classified into the following categories:
* General Population;
* Recreational Marine Anglers;
• Recreational Freshwater Anglers; and
* Native American Subsistence Fishing
Populations
The recommendations for each of these categories
were rated according to the level of confidence the
Agency has in the recommended values. These ratings
were derived according to the principles outlined in
Volume I, Section 1.3; the ratings and a summary of the
rationale behind them are presented in tables which follow
the discussion of each category.
For exposure assessment purposes, the selection of
the appropriate category (or categories) from above will
depend on the exposure scenario being evaluated.
Assessors should use the recommended values (or range
of values) unless specific studies are felt to be particularly
relevant to their needs, in which case results from a
specific study or studies may be used. This is particularly
true for the last two categories where no nationwide key
studies exist. Even where national data exist, it may be
advantageous to use regional estimates if the assessment
. targets a particular region. In addition, seasonal, age, and
gender variations should be considered when appropriate.
It should be noted that the recommended rates are
based on mean (or median) values which represent a
typical intake or central tendency for the population
studied, and on upper estimates (i.e., 90th-99th
percentiles) which represent the high-end fish
consumption of the population studied. For the
recreational angler populations, the recommended means
and percentiles are based on all persons engaged in
recreational fishing, not just those consuming
recreationally caught fish.
10.10.1. Recommendations - General Population
The key study for estimating mean fish intake
(reflective of both short-term and long-term consumption)
is U.S. EPA (1996a) analysis of USDA CSFII1989-1991.
The recommended values for mean intake by habitat and
fish type are shown in Table 10-49.
For all fish (finfish and shellfish), the
recommended values are 6.6 g/day for freshwater/
estuarine fish, 13.5 g/day for marine fish, and 20.1 g/day
for all fish. Note that these values are reported as
uncooked fish weight. This is important because the
concentration of the contaminants in fish are generally
measured in the uncooked samples. Assuming that
cooking results in some reductions in weight (e.g., loss of
moisture), and the mass of the contaminant in the fish
tissue remains constant, then the contaminant
concentration in the cooked fish tissue will increase.
Although actual consumption may be overestimated when
intake is expressed in an uncooked basis, the net effect on
the dose may be canceled out since the actual
concentration may be underestimated when it is based on
the uncooked sample. On the other hand, if the "as
consumed" intake rate and the uncooked concentration are
used in the dose equation, dose may be underestimated
since the concentration in the cooked fish is likely to be
higher, if the mass of the contaminant remains constant
after cooking. Therefore, it is more conservative and
appropriate to use uncooked fish intake rates. If
concentration data can be adjusted to account for changes
after cooking, then the "as consumed" intake rates are
appropriate. For example, concentration may be
expressed on a dry weight basis and, if data are available,
loss of contaminant mass after cooking may be accounted
for in the concentration. However, data on the effects of
cooking in contaminant concentrations are limited and
assessors generally make the conservative assumption that
cooking has no effect on the contaminant mass. Both "as
consumed" and uncooked fish intake values have been
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
presented in this handbook so that the assessor can choose
ihe intake data that best matches the concentration data
that is being used.
CSFII data were based on a short-term survey and
could not be used to estimate the distribution over the
long term of the average daily fish intake. The long-term
average daily fish intake distribution can be estimated
using the TRI study which provided dietary data for a one
month period. However, because the data from the TRI
study are now over 20 years old, the value presented in
Table 10-49 (56 g/day) has been adjusted by upward 25
percent based on Ruffle et al. (1994) to reflect the
increase in fish consumption since the TRI survey was
conducted. In addition to the arguments provided by
Ruffle et al. (1994) for adjusting the data upward, recent
data from CSFII 1989-91 indicate an increase of fish
intake of 33 percent when compared to USDA MFCS data
from 1977-78. Therefore, the adjustment recommended
by Ruffle et al. (1994) of 25 percent seems appropriate.
Then, as suggested by Ruffle et al. (1994) the
distributions generated from TRI should be shifted
upward by 25 percent to estimate the current fish intake
distribution. Thus, the recommended percentiles of long-
term average daily fish intake are those of Javitz (1980)
adjusted 25 percent upward (see Tables 10-3, 10-4).
Alternatively, the log-normal distribution of Ruffle et al.
(1994) (Table 10-6) may be used to approximate the long
term fish intake distribution; adjusting the log mean ^ by
adding log(1.5)= 0.4, will shift the distribution upward by
25 percent.
It is important to note that a limitation with these
data is that the total amount of fish reported by
respondents included fish from all sources (e.g., fresh,
frozen, canned, domestic, international origin). Neither
the TRI nor the CSFII surveys identified the source of the
fish consumed. This type of information may be relevant
for some assessments. It should be noted that because
these recommendations are based on 1989-91 CSFII data,
they may not reflect the most recent changes that may
have occurred in consumption patterns. However, as
indicated in Section 10.2, the 1989-91 CSFII data are
believed to be appropriate for assessing ingestion
exposure for current populations because the rate of fish
ingestion did not change dramatically between 1977-78
and 1995.
The distribution of serving sizes may be useful for
acute exposure assessments. The recommended values
are 129 grams for mean serving size and 326 grams for
the 95th percentile serving size based on the CSFII
analyses (Table 10-50),
10.10.2. Recommendations - Recreational Marine
Anglers
The recommended values presented in Table 10-51
are based on the surveys of the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS, 1993). The intake values are based on
finfish consumption only.
10.10.3. Recommendations - Recreational
Freshwater Anglers
The data presented in Table 10-52 are based on
mailed questionnaire surveys (Ebert et al., 1993 and West
et al,, 1989; 1993) and a diary study (Connelly et al.,
1992; 1996). The mean intakes ranged from 5-17 g/day.
The recommended mean and 95th percentile values for
recreational freshwater anglers are 8 g/day and 25 g/day,
respectively; these were derived by averaging the values
from the three populations surveyed in the key studies.
Since the two West et al. surveys studied the same
population, the average of the-means from the two studies
was used to represent the mean for this population. The
estimate from the West et al. (1989) survey was used to
represent the 95th percentile for this population since the
long term consumption percentiles could not be estimated
from the West et al. (1993) study.
10.10,4. Recommendations - Native American
Subsistence Populations
Fish consumption data for Native American
subsistence populations, are very limited. The CRITFC
(1994) study gives a per-capita fish intake rate of 59 g/day
and a 95th percentile of 170 g/day. The report by Wolfe
and Walker (1987) presents harvest rates for 94 small
communities engaged in subsistence harvests of natural
resources. A factor of 0.5 was employed to convert the
per-capita harvest rates presented in Wolfe and Walker
(1987) to per capita individual consumption rates; this is
the same factor used to convert from per capita household
consumption rates to per capita individual consumption
rates in the analysis of homegrown fish consumption from
the 1987-1988 NFCS, Based on this factor, the median
per-capita harvest in the 94 communities of 162 g/day
(and the range of 31-1,540 g/day) is converted to the
median per capita intake rate of 81 g/day (range 16-770
g/day) shown in Table 10-53-; The recommended value
for mean intake is 70 g/day and the recommended 95th
percentile is 170 g/day.
Page
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
It should be emphasized that the above
recommendations refer only to Native American
subsistence fishing populations, not the Native American
general population. Several studies show that intake rates
of recreationally caught fish among Native Americans
with state fishing licenses (West et al, 1989; Ebert et al.,
1993) are somewhat higher (50-100 percent) than intake
rates among other anglers, but far lower than the rates
shown above for Native American subsistence
populations.
In addition, the studies of Peterson et al. (1994)
and Fiore et al. (1989) show that total fish intake among
a Native American population on a reservation (Chippewa
in Wisconsin) is roughly comparable (50 percent higher)
to total fish intake among licensed anglers in the same
state. Also, the study of Fitzgerald et al. (1995) showed
that pregnant women on a reservation (Mohawk in New
York) have sport-caught fish intake rates comparable to
those of a local white control population.
The survey designs, data generated, and
limitations/advantages of the studies described in this
report are summarized and presented in Table 10-54.
The confidence in recommendations is presented in Table
10-55. The confidence rating for recreational marine
anglers is presented in Table 10-56. Confidence in fish
intake recommendations for recreational freshwater fish
consumption is presented in Table 10-57. The confidence
in intake recommendations for Native American
subsistence populations is presented in Table 10-58.
10.11. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10
American Industrial Hygiene Council (AIHC) (1994)
Exposure factors sourcebook. AIHC, Washington,
DC.
ChemRisk (1991) Consumption of freshwater fish by
maine anglers. Portland, ME: ChemRisk.
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
(CRITFC). (1994) A fish consumption survey of
the Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakama and Warm
Springs tribes of the Columbia River Basin.
Technical Report 94-3. Portland, OR: CRIFTC.
Connelly, N.A.; Knuth, B.A.; Bisogni, C.A. (1992)
Effects of the health advisory and advisory changes
on fishing habits and fish consumption in New
York sport fisheries. Human Dimension Research
Unit, Department of Natural Resources, New York
State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Report for the New York Sea Grant Institute
Project No. R/FHD-2-PD. September.
Connelly, N.A.; Knuth, B.A.; Brown, T.L. (1996)
Sportfish consumption patterns of Lake Ontario
anglers and the relationship to health advisories,
N. Am. J. Fisheries Management, 16:90-101.
Ebert, E.; Harrington, N.; Boyle, K.; Knight, J.;
Keenan, R. (1993) Estimating consumption of
freshwater fish among Maine anglers. N. Am. J.
Fisheries Management 13:737-745.
Fiore, B.J.; Anderson, H.A.; Hanrahan, L.P.; Olsen,
L.J.; Sonzogni, W.C. (1989) Sportfish
consumption and body burden levels of chlorinated
hydrocarbons: A study of Wisconsin anglers.
Arch. Environ. Health 44:82-88.
Fitzgerald, E.; Hwang, S.A.; Briz, K.A.; Bush, B.;
Cook, K.; Worswick, P. (1995) Fish PCB
concentrations and consumption patterns among
Mohawk women at Akwesasne. J. Exp. Anal.
Environ. Epid. 5(1):1-19.
Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc. (1993) Hudson
River angler survey. Hudson River Sloop
Clearwater, Inc., Poughkeepsie, NY.
Javitz, H. (1980) Seafood consumption data analysis.
SRI International, Final report prepared for EPA
Office of Water Regulations and Standards. EPA
Contract 68-01-3887.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (1986a)
Fisheries of the United States, 1985. Current
Fisheries Statistics No. 8368. U.S. Department of
Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (1986b)
National Marine Fisheries Service. Marine
Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Atlantic and
Gulf Coasts, 1985. Current Fisheries Statistics No.
8327. U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (1986c)
National Marine Fisheries Service. Marine
Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Pacific
Coast. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 8328. U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (1993)
Data tapes for the 1993 NMFS provided to U.S.
EPA, National Center for Environmental
Assessments.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-27
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Pao, E.M.; Fleming, K.H.; Guenther, P.M.; Mickle, SJ.
(1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals:
amount per day and per eating occasion. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Home Economics
Report No. 44.
Peterson, D.; Kanarek, M.; Kuykendall, M.; Diedrich,
J.; Anderson, H.; Remington, P.; Sheffy, T. (1994)
Fish consumption patterns and blood mercury
levels in Wisconsin Chippewa Indians, Archives.
Environ. Health, 49:53-58.
Pierce, R.S.; Noviello, D.T.; Rogers, S.H. (1981)
Commencement Bay seafood consumption report.
Preliminary report. Tacoma, WA: Tacoma-Pierce
County Health Department.
Price, P.; Su, S.; Gray, M. (1994) The effects of
sampling bias on estimates of angler consumption
rates in creel surveys. Portland, ME: ChemRisk.
Puffer, H.W., Azen, S.P.; Duda, M.J.; Young, D.R.
(1981) Consumption rates of potentially hazardous
marine fish caught in the metropolitan Los Angeles
area. EPA Grant #R807 120010.
Ruffle, B.; Burmaster, D.; Anderson, P.; Gordon, D.
(1994) Lognormal distributions for fish
consumption by the general U.S. population. Risk
Analysis 14(4):395-404.
Rupp, E.; Miler, F.L.; Baes, C.F. III. (1980) Some
results of recent surveys of fish and shellfish
consumption by age and region of U.S. residents.
Health Physics 39:165-175.
San Diego County. (1990) San Diego Bay health risk
study. San Diego, CA. San Diego County
Department of Health Services.
Tsang, A.M.; Klepeis, N.E. (1996) Results tables from
a detailed analysis of the National Human Activity
Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Draft Report
prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by Lockheed Martin, Contract No. 68-W6-
001, Delivery Order No. 13.
USDA. (1979-1984) Agricultural Handbook No. 8.
USDA. (1989-1991) Continuing Survey of Food
Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). U.S. Department
of Agriculture.
USDA, (I992a) Changes in food consumption and
expenditures in American households during the
1980's. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Washington, D.C. Statistical Bulletin No. 849.
USDA. (1992b) U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Human Nutrition Information Service. Food and
nutrient intakes by individuals in the United States,
1 day, 1987-88: Nationwide Food Consumption
Survey 1987-88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87-M, in
preparation.
USDA. (1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's
1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
USDA. (1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's
1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
U.S. DHHS. (1995) Final Report: Health study to
assess the human health effects of mercury
exposure to fish consumed from the Everglades.
Prepared by the Florida Department of Health and
Rehabilitative Services for the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.
PB95-167276.
U.S. EPA. (1984) Ambient water quality criteria for
2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin. Washington,
DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards.
EPA 440/5-84-007.
U.S. EPA. (1989a) Exposure factors handbook.
Washington, DC: Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment,
U.S. EPA. (1989b) Assessing human health risks from
chemically contaminated fish and shellfish: a
guidance manual. Washington, DC: Office of
Marine and Estuarine Protection. EPA 503/8-89-
002.
U.S. EPA. (1992) Consumption surveys for fish and
shellfish; a review and analysis of survey methods.
Washington, DC: Office of Water. EPA 822/R-92-
001.
U.S. EPA. (1995) Fish consumption estimates based on
the 1991-92 Michigan sport anglers fish
consumption study. Final Report. Prepared by
SAIC for the Office of Science and Technology.
U.S. EPA. (1996a) Daily average per capita fish
consumption estimates based on the combined
USDA 1989, 1990 and 1991 continuing survey of
food intakes by individuals (CSFII) 1989-91 data.
Volumes I and II. Preliminary Draft Report.
Washington, DC: Office of Water.
U.S. EPA. (1996b) Estimating exposure to dioxin-like
compounds. (Draft). Washington, DC: Office of
Page
10-28
Exposure Factors Handbook
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Research and Development, National Center for Wolfe, R.J.; Walker, R.J. (1987) Subsistence
Environmental Assessment. economics in Alaska: productivity, geography, and
West, P.C.; Fly, M.J.; Marans, R.; Larkin, F. (1989) development impacts. Arctic Anthropology
Michigan sport anglers fish consumption survey. A 24(2):56-81.
report to the Michigan Toxic Substance Control
Commission. Michigan Department of
Management and Budget Contract No. 87-20141.
West, P.C.; Fly, J.M.; Marans, R.; Larkin, F.;
Rosenblatt, D. (1993) 1991-92 Michigan sport
anglers fish consumption study. Prepared by the
University of Michigan, School of Natural
Resources for the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources, Ann Arbor, MI. Technical Report No. <
6. May.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-1, Total Fish Consumption by
Demographic Variablesa
Intake (g/person/dav)
Demographic Category
Race
Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other
Sss
Female
Male
Age(vears)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Census Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Centra!
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Community Type
Rural, non-SMSA
Central city, 2M or more
Outside central city, 2M or more
Central city, 1M-2M
Outside central city, 1M - 2M
Central city, 500K - 1M
Outside central city, 500K - 1M
Outside central city, 250K - 500K
Central city, 250K - 500K
Central city, SOK - 250K
Outside central city, SOK - 250K
Other urban
Mean
14,2
16,0
21.0
13,2
13.2
15.6
6.2
10.1
14.5
15.8
17.4
20,9
21.7
13.3
16.3
16.2
12.9
12.0
15.2
13.0
14.4
12.1
14.2
13.0
19.0
15.9
15.4
14.5
14.2
14.0
12.2
14.1
13.8
11.3
13.5
* The calculations in this table are based on respondents who consumed fish during the survey
are estimated to represent 94 percent
Source: Javitz. 1980.
of the U.S. population.
95th Percentile
41.2
45.2
67.3
29.4
38,4
44.8
16.5
26.8
38.3
42.9
48.1
53.4
55.4
39.8
46.5
47.8
36.9
35.2
44.1
38.4
43.6
32.1
39.6
38.3
55.6
47.3
41.7
41.5
41.0
39.7
32.1
40.5
43.4
31.7
39.2
month. These respondents
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Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-2. Mean and 95th Pereentile of Fish
Consumption (g/day) by Sex and Agea
Age (years)
Female 0-9
10-19
20-19
30 - 39
-40 - 49
50-59
60-69
70+
Male 0 - 9
10- 19
20- 19
30-39
40-49
50 - 59
60-69
70+
Overall
a The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish in
respondents are estimated to represent 94,0% of the U.S. population.
Source: Javitz, 1980.
Total Fish
Mean
6.1
9.0
13.4
14.9
16.7
19,5
19.0
10.7
6.3
11.2
16.1
17.0
18.2
22.8
24.4
15.8
14.3
the month
95th Pereentile
17.3
25.0
34.S
41.8
49.6
50,1
46.3
31.7
15.8
29.1
43.7
45.6
47.7
57.5
61.1
45.7
41.7
of the survey. These
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
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I
8
a
*>
05
ta..
I
3
a.
VO
VO
Tabk 10-3. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females by Age"
0.0-3.0
5.1-10.0
IO.I-I5.0
15.1-20.0
Consumption Category (g/day)
20.1-25.0 25.1-30.0 30.1-37.5
Age (yrs)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Overall
55.5
17.8
28.1
22.4
17.5
17.0
11.5
41.9
28.9
26.8
31.4
26.1
73.6
21.9
17.4
16.9
22.1
24.0
11.0
15.4
20.4
18.0
20.7
16.8
20.6
12.3
16.8
3.7
6.9
11.8
12.7
13.2
15.5
15.9
9.7
10.7
1.0
3.5
6.7
8.3
9.3
10.5
9.1
5.2
6.4
Percentage
I.I
2.4
3.5
4.8
4.5
8.5
9.2
2.9
4.3
0.7
1.2
4.4
3.8
4.6
6.8
6.0
2.6
3.5
37.6-47.5
0.3
0.7
2.2
2.8
2.8
5.2
6.1
1.2
2.4
47.6-60.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.9
3.4
4.2
2.4
0.8
1.6
60.1-122.5 over 122.5
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.7
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.2
1.2
* The percentage of females in an age bracket whose average daily fish consumption is within the specified range.
The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are estimated to represent 94% of the U.S
Source: Javitz, 1980.
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.I
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
population.
Table 10-4. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males by Age"
Consumption Category (g/day)
0.0-5.0
5.1-10.0
10.1-15.0
15.1-20.0
20.1-25.0
Age (yrs)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Overall
52.1
27.8
16.7
16.6
11.9
9.9
7.4
24.5
22.6
30.1
29.3
22.9
21.2
22.3
15.2
15.0
21.7
23.1
11.9
19.0
19.6
19.2
18.6
15.4
15.6
15.7
17.0
3.1
10.4
14.5
13.2
14.7
14.4
12.8
9.9
11.3
1.2
6.0
8.8
9.5
8.4
10.4
11.4
9.8
7.7
25.1-30.0
30.1-37.5
37.6-47.5
47.6-600
60.1-122.5 over 1225
Percentage
0.6
3.2
6.2
7.3
8.5
9.7
8.5
5.3
5.7
0.7
1.7
4.4
5.2
5.3
8.7
9.9
5.4
4.6
0.1
1.7
3.1
3.2
5.2
7.6
8.3
3.1
3.6
0.2
0.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
4.3
5.5
1.7
2.2
O.I
0.5
1.9
2.2
1.7
4.1
5.5
2.8
2,1
0.0
0.0
O.I
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
O.I
0.1
a The percentage of males in an age bracket whose average daily fish consumption is within the specified range.
The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are estimated to represent 94% of the U.S. population.
Source: Javitz. 1980.
IT
I
8.
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-5. Mean Total Fish Consumption by Species8
Species
Not reported
Abalone
Anchovies
Bassb
Blueflsh
Bluegillsb
Bonitob
Buffalofish
Butterfish
Carp"
Catfish (Freshwater)0
Catfish (Marine)11
Clamsb
Cod
Crab, King
Crab, other than Kingb
Crappieb
Croaker"
Dolphin"
Drums
Floundersb
Groupers
Haddock
Hake
Halibut"
Herring
Kingfish
Lobster (Northern)b
Lobster (Spiny)
Mackerel, Jack
Mackerel, other than Jack
Mean consumption
(g/day)
1.173
0.014
0.010
0.258
0.070
0.089
0.035
0.022
0.010
0.016
0.292
0.014
0.442
0.407
0.030
0.254
0.076
0.028
0.012
0.019
1.179
0.026
0.399
0.117
0.170
0.224
0.009
0.162
0.074
0.002
0.172
Species
Mullet"
Oysters6
Perch (Freshwater)1"
Perch (Marine)
Pike (Marine)6
Pollock
Pompano
Rockfish
Sablefish
Salmon*
Scallops1"
Scuf
Sharks
Shrimpb
Smelt"
Snapper
Snookb
Spot*
Squid and Octopi
Sunfish
Sword fish
Tilefish
Trout (Freshwater)6
Trout (Marine)*1 -
Tuna, light
Tuna, White Albacore
Whitefishb
Other fmfishb
Other shellfish"
Mean consumption
(g/day)
0.029
0.291
0.062
0.773
0.154
0.266
0.004
0.027
0.002
0.533
0.127
0.014
0.001
1.464
0.057
0.146
0,005
0.046
0.016
0.020
0.012
0.003
0.294
0.070
3.491
0.008
0.141
0.403
0.013
a The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are
estimated to represent 94% percent of the U.S. population.
b Designated as freshwater or estuarine species by Stephan (1980).
Source: Javitz, 1980.
Table 10-6. Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions
Shellfish
ft
a
(min SS)
finfish (freshwater)
IJ-
a
(min SS)
Finfish (saltwater)
l-t
a
(min SS)
Adults
1.370
0.858
27.57
0.334
1.183
6.45
2.311
0.72
30.13
Using the NonLinear Optimization (NLO) Method
Teenaeers
-0.183
1.092
1.19
0.578
0.822
23.51
1.691
0.830
0.33
Children
0.854
0.730
16.06
-0.559
1.141
2.19
0.881
0.970
4.31
The following equations may be used with the appropriate n and o values to obtain an average Daily Consumption Rate (DCR), in grams
percentiles of the DCR distribution.
DCR50 = exp (M)
DCR90 = exp LU + z(0.90) • a]
DCR99 = exp [u. + z(0.99) • a]
DCROTg = exp L" + 0.5 • o2]
Source: Ruffle et al. 1994.
, and
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-33
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-7. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U.S. Population
(Uncooked Fish Weight)
Habitat
Statistic
Estimate (90% Interval)
Finfish
Shellfish
Total
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50th%
90lrr%
95th%
99th%
3.6 (3.0-4.1)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.4 (0.00 - 0.7)
21.7(14.8-25.8)
87.3(80.1 -98.0)
12.5(11.5- 13.5)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
47.5 (43.6 - 49.8)
74.6 (70.3 - 76.3)
133.0(127.8- 143.2)
16.1 (15.0- 17.2)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
59.1 (54.6-62.3)
84.4(81.3-89.6)
156.7(148.7- 168.1)
2.4 (2.0 - 2.8)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.3)
13.3(11.7- 17.8)
63.6 (60.4 - 68.5)
1.6(1.3-1.9)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 6.8)
50.3 (44.5 - 59.0)
4.0 (3.4 - 4.6)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 3.5)
22.7(21.8-26.6)
99.0 (87.8 - 109.6)
6.0 (5.3 - 6.7)
0.0(0.0-0.0)
15.9(14.4- 17.8)
40.0(37.9-44.8)
107.6(98.3-109.1)
14.1 (13.1- 15.1)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
52.1 (47.8-55.9)
76.5(74.6-80.9)
138.2(133.0- 155.1)
20.1 (18.8-21.4)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
70.1 (65.4-74.2)
102.0 (99.3 - 106.7)
173.2(162.8- 176.5)
Note: Pcrcentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications; percent consuming gives the percentage of
individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3-day survey period. Estimates are projected from a sample of 11,912
individuals to the U.S. population.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Page
10-34
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-8. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) by Habitat for Consumers Only
Habitat
Fresh/Estuarinea
Marineb
All Fistf
(Uncooked Fish Weight)
Statistic
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Mean
SOlhft
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Estimate
86.2
48.8
217.9
290.0
489.3
. 18.5
113.1
93.3
222.7
271.7
415.9
30.1
129.0
101.9
249.1
326.0
497.5
36.9
Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications;
individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3-day survey period.
a Sample size =
b Sample size =
c Sample size =
Source: U.S. EPA
1 ,892; population size = 44,946,000
3,184; population size = 73,100,000
3,927; population size = 89,800,000
, 1996a.
90% Interval
78.4 - 94.0
45.6 - 54.9
205.3-237.3
267.1-325.6
424.9-534.2
107.8- 118.4
92.0 - 94.9
216.5-225.6
260.6 - 279.9
367.3 - 440.5
123.7- 134.3
98.9 - 103.9
241.0-264,1
306. 1 - 335.6
469.2-519.7
percent consuming gives the percentage of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-35
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-9. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat and Fish Type for U.S. Population
(Uncooked Fish Weight)
Habitat
Frcsh/Esluarine
Marine
AH Fish
Statistic
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50Ui%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50fh%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Finfish
58.1(48.4-67.7)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
5.9 (0.0 - 12.3)
340.5(252.9-410.1)
1,401.9(1,283.9- 1,511.8)
215.8(195.9-235.6)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
783.4 (752.5 - 842.2)
1.208.1 (1,149.5-1,264.9)
2,400.0(2,284.2-2,660.1)
273.9 (252.0 - 295.7)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
966.1 (893.3- 1,039.5)
1,434.3(1,371.2-1,526.8)
2,857.5 (2,649.6 - 3,003.6)
Note; Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method
a sample of 1 1,912 individuals to the U.S. population.
Source: U.S. EPA,
1996a.
Estimate (90% Interval)
Shellfish
35.9(30.2-41.6)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 3.8)
190.0(155.7-268.3)
953.5(871.3- 1,007.4)
24.3 (20.6 - 28.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 88.8
701.3(636.2-944.7)
60.2 (52.3 - 68.2)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 47.4)
372.5 (324. i - 460.5)
1,412.4(1,296.0- 1,552.1)
with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Total
94.0 (83.4 - 104.6)
0.0(0.0-0.0)
251.8(222.5-282.6)
677.7(631.9-729.1)
1,593.3(1,511.8-1,659.2)
240.1 (220.1 -260.0)
0.0(0.0-0.0)
855.6 (809.7 - 909.8)
1,271.5(1,227.2- 1,371.2)
2,575.3 (2,393.2 - 2,708.6)
334.1(311.3-356.9)
0.0(0.0-0.0)
1,I23.I'(I,090.8- 1,179.0)
1,684.2(1,620.5-1,718.5)
3,092.8 (2,973.7 - 3,250.2)
Estimates are projected from
Page
10-36
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-10. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat for Consumers Only
(Uncooked Fish Weight)
Habitat Statistic
Fresh/Esruarinea Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Marine1" Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
All Fishc Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Estimate
1,363.4
819.7
3,325.1
4,408.2
7,957.5
18.5
1,927.0
1,507.7
3,752.9
5,018.7
8,448.3
30.1
2,145.3
1,662.8
4,223.9
5,477.9
9,171.5
36.9
Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications;
individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3-day survey period.
a Sample size = 1 ,892; population size = 44,946,000
b Sample size = 3,184; population size = 73,100,000
c Sample size = 3,927; population size = 89,800,000
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
90% Interval
1,242.2- 1,484.7
736.9-895.7
3,232.6 - 3,677.0
4,085.6-4,781.3
6,979.2-8,921.0
1,829.5-2,024.4
1,470.7-1,538.8
3,632.0-4,001.2
4,852.1-5,267.3
7,215.7-9,136.9
2,055.9 - 2,234.6
1,610.7- 1,720.1
4,085.8 - 4,454.2
5,163.3-5,686.0
8,605.4 - 9,796.6
percent consuming gives the percentage of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-37
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-1 1. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U.S. Population
(Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)
Habita<
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
Statistic
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Mean
50lh%
90(h%
95th%
99th%
Finfish
2.8 (2.4 - 3.3)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.3 (0.0 - 0.7)
17.2 (12.9 - 20.8)
70.9(60.3-75.7)
9.7(9.0- 10.5)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
37.3 (33.7 - 37.4)
56.2 (55.6 - 58.2)
103.1 (98.5- 112.0)
12.6(11.7- 13.4)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
46.0(43.6-49.0)
67.0 (63.0 - 70.7)
119.1 (113.9- 125.9)
Pcrcentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
sample of 1 1,912 individuals to the U.S. population.
Source: U.S. EPA,
1996a.
Estimate (90% Interval)
Shellfish
1.9(1.6-2.2)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.2)
10.1 (7.9- 13.8)
49.9 (45.6 - 56.4)
1.2(1.0- 1.4)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 5.3)
37.0 (35.4 - 44.5)
3.1 (2.7-3.5)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
0.0 (0.0 - 2.6)
18.9(16.7-22.1)
74.3 (68.7 - 82.0)
1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
Total
4.7 (4.2 - 5.3)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
12.6(10.9- 14.0)
32.2 (29.8 - 35.2)
82.5 (77.2 - 86.4)
10.9(10.1 - 11.7)
0.0 (0.0 - 0.0)
39.5 (37.3 - 42.9)
59.6(57.0-61.8)
106.8(104.6- 114.6)
15.7(14.7-16.6)
0.0 (0.0 - O.-O)
55.0(51.4-56.0)
78.3 (75.2 - 80.6)
133.5(125.3- 140.2)
Estimates are projected from a
Page
10-38
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-12. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat for Consumers Only
(Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)
Habitat Statistic
Fresh/Estuarinea
Marineb
All Fishc
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Mean
50th%
90th%
95th%
99th%
Percent Consuming
Estimate
68.0
39.5
170.8
224.8
374.7
18.5
87.8
71.8
169.4
208.5
320.4
30.1
100.6
80.8
197.4
253.4
371.6
36.9
Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications;
individuals consuming the specified category offish during the 3-day survey period.
a Sample size =
b Sample size =
c Sample size =
Source: U.S. EPA
1,892; population size = 44,946,000
3,184; population size = 73,100,000
3,927; population size = 89,800,000
, 1996a.
90% Interval
61.9-74.1
36.2 - 44.7
158.7-181.8
212.9-246.0
336.5-341.3
83.7-91.8
69.7 - 74.2
167.0 - 173.7
198.1 -221.7
292.8-341.9
96.7 - 104.6
79.3 - 83.9
188.7-205.1
231.5-264.5
359.3-401.6
percent consuming gives the percentage of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 L
Page
10-39
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-13. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All ages 11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
1.58 (1.06-2.10)
4.28 (3.55-5.02)
5.27(4.21-6.32)
4.02(3.43-4.61)
2.17(1.32-3.02)
6.14(5.08-7.19)
7.12(5.87-8.38)
5.46(4.81-6.11)
1.88(1.36-2.40)
5.17(4.46-5.87)
6.11 (5.20-7.02)
4.71 (4.17-5.25)
90th % (90% B.I.)
1.44(0.00-4.07)
10.90(8.79-13.84)
18.72(15.19-22.12)
10.66(8.11-13.19)
0.99(0.21-6.67)
18.19(10.21-24.20)
22.67 (19.28-27.83)
16.05(12.41-19.30)
1.31 (0.00-4.33)
13.88(12.05-17.21)
21.48(16.69-23.33)
12.62(10.91-13.98)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
12.51 (6.00-14.20)
28.80 (26.26-33.53)
34.67(29.17-39.38)
28.11 (23.14-31.27)
14.94(11.88-22.33)
48.61 (35.42-54.65)
46.62(41.27-58.01)
40.29 (35.92-43.73)
13.90(9.32-15.05)
36.21 (28.64-47.31)
40.55(35.80-47.31)
32.16(29.81-35.15)
99th % (90% B.I.)
36.09 (28.53-43.20)
70.87 (64.74-90.56)
85.35(71.71-100.50)
71.98(60.38-86.40)
48.72 (37.48-52.29)
96.32(85.60-115.75)
103.07(86.41-125.11)
86.40(78.37-103.07)
40.77(35.15-44.82)
86.14(74.67-96.67)
88.18(85.33-103.07)
82.45(77.17-86.40)
with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Table 10-14. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Marine)
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
1431
2891
2340
6662
1546
2151
1553
5250
2977
5042
3893
11912
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Mean (90% C.I.)
6.60(5.16-8.05)
9.97(8.94-11.01)
12.59(11.36-13.82)
10.10(9.27-10.93)
7.25 (5.72-8.79)
13.33(11.89-14.77)
13.32(11.73-14.92)
11.85(10.75-12.95)
6.93 (5.63-8.23)
11.58(10.55-12.60)
12.92(11.86-13.98)
10.94(10.14-11.73)
90th % (90% B.I.)
24.84(18.67-31.20)
36.83(31.42-41.99)
42.92 (38.92-47.66)
36.97 (34.86-37.33)
24.85(19:92-33.85)
52.73 (48.34-55.80)
5039(47.13-53.33)
47.13(44.52-49.80)
24.88 (22.64-28.08)
44.24 (39.84-46.70)
46.51 (38.98-50.97)
39.51 (37.29-42.91)
estimated using the percentile bootstrap method
95th % (90% B.I.)
37.32 (32.27-42.05)
55.53 (47.67-59.59)
.63.85(57.27-72.36)
55.54(51.67-56.98)
49.89 (42.09-56.45)
71.49(63.99-80.00)
64.51 (61.64-74.58)
64.50 (62.46-67.53)
42.07(38.15-48.96)
62.18(57.88-69.72)
64.19(60.67-72.00)
59.62(57.03-61.84)
99th % (90% B.I.)
87.05 (63.26-1 12.06)
105.32(96.98-112.00)
103.08(91.61-121.52)
102.01 (97.67-110.69)
92.64(65.87-132.39)
116.51 (106.06-143.31)
116.86(106.93-144.94)
113.94(103.47-130.00)
91.64(68.59-112.06)
110.07(103.50-120.49)
113.33(104.59-119.53)
106.84(104.59-114.55)
with 1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
Page
10-40
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-15. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
1431
2891
2340
6662
1546
2151
1553
5250
2977
5042
3893
11912
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were
Source: U.S.
EPA, 1996a.
Mean (90% C.I.)
8.19(6.53-9.84)
14.25(12.96-15.55)
17.86(16.19-19.52)
14.13(13.07-15.18)
9.42(7.60-11.25)
19.46(17.75-21.18)
20.45(18.41-22.49)
17.31 (16.04-18.59)
8.82(7.39-10.24)
16.74(15.54-17.94)
19.03 (17.54-20.52)
15.65 (14.67-16.63)
(All Fish)
90th % (90% B.I.)
32.28 (26.78-37.33)
47.13(41.95-55.83)
56.70(54.13-62.99)
46.44 (43.63-49.67)
34.85 (27.77-42.09)
68.60 (65.74-74.70)
64.44(61.33-69.27)
60.23 (56.91-62.99)
32.88(27.97-37.11)
57.88 (56.00-60.85)
61.32(56.00-65.74)
55.02(51.38-56.00)
estimated using the percentile bootstrap method
95th % (90% B.I.)
43.09(37.99-51.55)
71.58(64.74-82.11)
81.94(74.63-88.23)
70.23 (67.27-73.91)
52.85 (49.93-62.50)
93.65 (85.60-96.96)
99th % (90% B.I.)
95.19(63.26-113.96)
120.84(110.69-132.79)
130.51 (122.02-140.21)
120.22(112.06-126.07)
98.36(71.74-132.39)
149.07(142.73-154.41)
87.21 (85.33-100.19) 168.49(143.78-174.55)
85.69(80.61-93.32)
50.95 (44.64-53.86)
84.59(79.91-90.83)
86.21 (77.42-94.70)
78.34(75.21-80.56)
with 1 ,000 bootstrap
143.91 (135.35-154.15)
98.33(86.40-113.96)
138.21 (122.84-149.15)
143.91 (131.12-171.37)
133.46(125.27-140.21)
replications.
Table 10-16. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
Habitat
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
for the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by
Grams/day
Statistic Estimate
Mean 5.59
50th % 0.00
90th % 17.80
95th % 39.04
99th % 86.30
Mean 12.42
50th % 0.00
90th % 45.98
95th % 64.08
99th % 111.38
Mean 18.01
50th % 0.00
90th % 60.64
95th % 86.25
99th % 142.96
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Habitat - As Consumed
90% Interval
Lower Bound
4.91
0.00
14.89
36.13
81.99
11.55
0.00
44.48
61.61
101.94
16.85
0.00
57.06
80.29
134.23
1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
Note: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 1 8 and older to the U.S. population
individuals of age
Source: U.S. EPA
18 and older using 3-year combined survey weights.
, 1996a.
Upper Bound
6.28
0.00
20.63
42.16
96.67
13.29
0.00
48.34
68.05
120.49
19.17
0.00
64.63
91.00
154.15
of 177,807,000
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-41
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All apes 11912
10-17. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Mean (90% C.I.)
67.12(46.16-88.09)
66.22 (55.35-77.08)
78.29 (63.27-93.30)
70.32 (60.09-80.55)
73.93 (44.89-102.96)
75.35 (62.00-88.70)
86.75 (70.91-102.58)
78.36(69.10-87.61)
70.59 (53.29-87.89)
70.58(61.27-79.89)
82,12 (70.19-94.05)
74.16(65.74-82.57)
90th % (90% B.l.)
57.30(0.00-128,52)
174.96(115.11-205.05)
273.63(209.63-300.11)
177.91 (132.69-212.30)
28.10(8.86-231.33)
230.13(132.30-309.85)
291.50(230.15-364.24)
231.57(186.27-276.04)
53.24 (0.00-1 18.48)
197.11 (154.78-229.29)
286.93 (228.49-332.88)
204.00(177.97-225.16)
Percenlilc intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a,
95th % (90% B.I.)
460.16(218.56-559.86)
451.04(421.65-505.49)
548.66(466.18-633.87)
497.30 (442.20-558.85)
723.93 (423.52-785.58)
577.84(410.09-706.31)
584.96(512.66-630.77)
589.22 (549.64-630.09)
556.34(417.11-683.80)
502.26(410.09-604.29)
566.30(505.10-625.21)
547.64(505.10-565.37)
1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90® B.I.)
1356.54(1295.24-2118.93)
1188.16(977.85-1278.63)
1251.00(1038.97-1324.90)
1269.76(1093.19-1328.24)
1290.10(1279.82-1355.11)
1132.23(1028.61-1416.47)
1231.60(1115.58-1566.68)
1265.10(1133.18-1355.11)
1347.67(1279.82-1390.82)
1167.57(1021.96-1279.82)
1251.55(1115.58-1324.90)
1274.55 (1 197.29-1324.90)
Table 10-18. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
Ago
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
1431
2891
2340
6662
1546
2151
1553
5250
2977
5042
3893
II912
Mean (90% C.I.)
256.90 (207.04-306.76)
159.79(142.76-176.82)
191.08(171.33-210.83)
190.61 (172.89-208.33)
230.25(188.33-272.17)
165.92(147.73-184.12)
164.37 (144.87-183.87)
181.08(163.00-199.15)
243.31(202.43-284.18)
162,72(148.13-177.31)
178,99(164.13-193.84)
186.06(170.81-201.31)
(Marine)
90th % (90% B.I.)
936.94 (723.73-1055.43)
573.49(493.39-663.16)
644.33 (608.39-725.83)
658.64(627.61-700.33)
846.57(734.83-987.18)
626.85 (593.90-680.90)
621.00(562.90-691.03)
670.19(622.62-714.53)
873.87(741.53-1093.69)
602.58 (564.88-648.54)
628,06 (555.84-700,65)
663.00(627.39-717.18)
95th % (90% B.I.)
1545.15 (1260.24-1760.26)
873.73 (780.56-929.55)
978.84(881.06-1103.01)
1024.76(958.94-1096.14)
1504.37(1320.60-1749.26)
933.05 (833.43-982.30)
839.06 (800.23-946.97)
981.87(934.45-1071.54)
1522.52(1371.10-1587.20)
893.82 (856.58-940.85)
914.67 (825.21-1040.75)
991.96 (960.40-1044.69)
99th % (90% B.I.)
3060.22 (2403.50-4354.46)
1700.21 (1578.65-1815.48)
1694.58(1488.32-1791.84)
1979.45 (1793.40-2137.78)
2885.08 (2631.87-3430.60)
1472.98(1411.97-1525.47)
1422.94 (1293.89-1791.31)
1923.63(1802.17-1972.86)
3059.93 (2732.63-3430.60)
1576.09(1503.11-1697.71)
1568.85(1483.71-1760.74)
1942.17(1815.48-2042.99)
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentHe bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Source: U.S. EPA.
1996a.
Page
10-42
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-19. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(All Fish)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 143 1
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All ages 11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
324.02 (264.25-383.80)
226.01 (205.01-247.01)
269.37 (243.36-295.38)
260.93 (239.15-282.72)
304.17(251.91-356.43)
241.27(219.25-263.29)
251.12(225.48-276.76)
259.43(239.81-279.06)
313.90(268.42-359.38)
233.30(216.16-250.44)
261.10(240.34-281.87)
260.22 (242.60-277.83)
90th % (90% B.I.)
1091.52(929.29-1407.54)
755.51 (641.02-879.29)
862.18(796.63-955.82)
873.61 (796.63-911.89)
1172.17(1085.62-1320.60)
867.70(814.06-919.25)
797.83 (762.30-858,52)
894.96(842.29-938.16)
1128.26(1005.58-1320,60)
828.12(771.73-868.89)
818.10(771.23-882.53)
880.47(844.35-918.79)
Percentile intervals (B.L) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Source: U.S. EPA, 1 996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
1690.99(1513.97-2072.35)
1126.02(975.49-1269.56)
1296.64(1186.00-1344.85)
1323.29(1269.56-1418.85)
1575.43(1496.19-1943.82)
1208.43(1101.68-1266.32)
1122.80(1041.28-1266.18)
1298.95 (1224.82-1366.86)
1679.91 (1546.20-1848.43)
1155.30(1102.57-1212.19)
1249.97(1101.32-1323.53)
1308.54(1267.15-1346.71)
1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90% B.L)
3982.60 (3219.32-4568.45)
2195.86(1762.90-2310.54)
2147.32(1791.84-2354.25)
2361.12(2272.41-2598.14)
3393.84(2731.95-3733.22)
1760.48(1611.45-1851.26)
1922.33(1786.53-2275.93)
2346.64 (1972.86-2631.87)
3419.49(3184.04-3733.22)
2003.46 (1787.65-21g2.19)
1967.01 (1796.52-2257.50)
2356.54 (2224.54-2556.68)
Table 10-20. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mgftg-day)
for the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed
90% Interval
Habitat
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
Statistic Estimate
Mean 75.56
50th % 0.00
90th % 242.49
95th % 547,61
99th % 1,171.84
Mean 172,86
50th % 0.00
90th % 624.83
95th % 911.05
99th % 1,573.20
Mean 248.42
50th % 0.00
90th % 829.02
95th % 1,197.36
99th % 2,014.67
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method
Note: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age
individuals of age 18 and older using 3-year combined survey weights.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Lower Bound
66.37
0.00
205.05
493.47
1,123,52
160.73
0.00
598.84
877.29
1,468.43
232,19
0.00
791.06
1,133.18
1,839.55
with 1 ,000 bootstrap replications
18 and older to the population of
Upper Bound
84.75
0.00
277.26
587.37
1,252.78
184.99
0.00
670.34
952.66
1,713.17
264.64
0.00
872.61
1,264.74
2,180.87
177,807,000
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-43
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-21. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Sample
Age Size
Females
14 or under 138
15-44 445
45 or older 453
All ages 1036
Mules
14 or under 157
15-44 356
45 or older 343
All ages 856
Both Sexes
14 or under 295
15-44 801
45 or older 796
AH ages 1892
Mean (90% C.I.)
38,44
61.40
62.49
58.82(51.57-66.06)
52.44
81.56
82.23
77.50 (70.21-84.80)
45.73
71.44
71,81
68.00(61.92-74.07)
90th % (90% B.I.)
91.30
148.83
150.67
145.65(130.73-152.24)
112.05
224.01
192.31
197.93(169.51-224.85)
108.36
180.67
174.54
170.84(158.74-181.79)
95th % (90% B.I.) 99th
128.97
185.44
214.91
190.28(173.88-219.03) 330.41
154.44
275.02
255.68
253.48(216.54-290.00) 404.65
% (90% B.I.)
182.66
363.56
296.69
(259.20-526.69)
230.74
371.53
449.09
(371.63421
136.24 214.62
230.95 371.52
231.38 427,73
224.78 (212.91-245.98) 374.74 (336.50^t31
60)
34)
Percentite intervals (B.!,) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Age
Sample
Size
Mean C.I.)
90th % (90% B.I.)
95th % (90% B.I.)
99th
% (90% B.I.)
Table 10-22. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Marine)
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
315 69.04
774 76.53
715 85.24
1804 78,47(74.43-82.51)
348 78.44
565 104.57
467 101.46
1380 98.59(93.16-104.03)
114.23
149.78
167.11
155.38(147.00-166.64)
160.97
191.29
188.77
184.53(173.46-194.13)
162.37
178.74
218.35
195.15(179.12-212.07)
190.68
227.56
259.85
224.89(210.00-250.28)
336.59
271.06
264.8
279.79(263.48-336.17)
336.98
316.69
333.18
328.18(310.42-348.49)
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
663
1339
1182
3184
73.62
89.93
92.19
87.77(83.74-91.80)
153.2
171.88
178.33
169.39(167.00-173.65)
176,9
209.17
223.82
209.50(198.11-221.73)
337.24
308.06
314.44
320.41 (292.80-341.88)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Page
10-44
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-23, Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(All Fish)
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
AH ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
378
952
879
2209
429
702
587
1718
807
1654
1466
3927
Mean (90% C.I.)
69.54
88.8
96.47
88.47 (83.98-92.97)
79.72
124.78
119.44
114.18(108.79-119.56)
74.8
106.06
106,62
100.63(96.66-104.60)
90th % (90% B.I.)
126.22
170.01
184.42
170.10(166.63-173,88)
161.62
230.77
224.82
219.96(209.17-229.91)
153.7
203.33
209.34
197.44(188.74-205.12)
95th % (90% B.I.)
165.27
212.56
226.25
220.56(201.97-236,00)
190
296.66
262.43
272.49(254.99-301.51)
178.08
271.66
254.69
253.38(231.51-264.45)
99th % (90% B.I
)
338.04
361.04
310.12
340.71 (289.17-368.51)
308.59
397.7
434.28
411.68(371.43-447
337.46
372.77
407.14
371.59(359.29-401
85)
61)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source; U.S. EPA, I996a.
Table 10-24. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed
Habitat
Statistic
Estimate
90% Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Fresh/Estuarine
n= 1,541
N = 37,166,000
Marine
n = 2,432
N = 57,830,000
All Fish
n = 3,007
N = 70,949,000
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90lh%
95th %
99th %
Mean
SOth %
90th %
95th %
99th %
70.91
42.45
176.58
230.41
402.56
91.49
77.56
172.29
215.62
313.05
106.39
85.36
206.76
258.22
399.26
64.16
37.24
165.08
224.00
358.58
87.35
74.89
168.00
201.99
292.80
102,37
84.00
197.84
241.00
336.50
77.65
46.91
193.26
255.55
518.41
95.64
78.52
182.00
225.63
324.81
110.41
87.36
213.00
266.86
423.56
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3-day reporting period; n = sample size; N = population size.
Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older
using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-45
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-25. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finftsh and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Age Sample Size
Females 0
14 or under 138
15-44 445
45 or older 453
All ages 1036
Moles 0
14 or under 157
15-44 356
45 or older 343
All ages 856
Both Sexes 0
14 or under 295
15-44 801
45 or older 796
All ages 1892
Mean (90% CJ.)
0
1639.20
961.58
927.85
1037.29(905.50-1169.09)
0
1798.24
1004.96
992.11
1117.74(1011.55-1223.94)
0
1721.99
983.19
958.20
1076.80(980.00-1173.61)
90th % (90% B.I.)
0
3915.56
2578.81
2229.97
2582.5 (2248.8-2734.5)
0
3759.29
2744.61
2448.54
2789.95 (2526.87-3132.65)
0
3760.67
2616.63
2394.21
2695.81 (2546.77-2819.33)
95th % (90% B.I.)
0
6271.09
3403.75
2894.18
3434.16 (2927.72-3979.82)
0
3952.99
3348.86
3281.38
3399.26 (3256,87-3907.77)
0
4208.18
3360.85
3121.09
3399.46(3132.65-3839.47)
99eh % (90% B.I.)
0
10113.24
6167.24
4338.36
6923.5(4757.8-9134.9)
0
7907.38
4569.62
5716.41
5259.97 (4834.34-6593.97)
0
9789.49
5089.78
5157.95
6526.10(5270.61-6931.61)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Table 10-26. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(Marine)
Sample
Age Size Mean (90% C.I.)
Females
14orundcr 315 2591.57
15-44 774 1227.41
45 or older 715 1293.99
All ages 1804 1486.90(1400.58-1573.23)
Males
14 or under 348 2471.15
15-44 565 1302.62
45 or older 467 1242.49
All ages 1380 1505.19(1411.84-1598.55)
Both Sexes
14 or under 663 2532.95
15-44 1339 1263.35
45 or older 1182 1271.92
AH ages 3184 1495.37(1422.63-1568.12)
90th % (90% B.I.)
5074.80
2469.67
2642.60
2992-38(2841.13-3303.96)
4852.33
2390.20
2251.43
2899.23 (2797.30-3199.05)
5068.69
2464.80
2461.37
2956.38 (2838.46-3083.70)
95th % (90% B.I,).
6504.67
3007.98
3565.34
3961.24(3768.48-4192.13)
5860.72
2882.91
2877.73
3836.02(3563.32-4581.61)
6376,47
2961,92
3383.46
3887.52 (3770.65-41 13.22)
99th % (90% B.I.)
9970.44
4800.68
4237.73
6521.73(5792.54-7794.41)
8495.57
3887.23
4016.80
5859.85 (5247.79-7895.62)
8749.02
4251.47
4220.78
6510.73(5772.57-6852.01)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, 199fia.
Page
10-46
Exposure Factors Handbook
' August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-27, Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumer Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed
(All Fish)
Sample
Age Size
Females
14 or under 378
15 - 44 952
45 or older 879
All ages 2209
Males
14 or under 429
15-44 702
45 or older 587
All ages ' 1718
Both Sexes
14 or under 807
15-44 1654
45 or older 1466
All ages 3927
Mean (90% C.I.)
2683.51
1414.54
1449.43
1637.08(1546.08-1728.08)
2568.93
1545.93
1451.06
1715.79 (1636.68-1794.90)
2624.35
1477.57
1450.15
1674.31 (1606.79-1741.83)
90th % (90% B.I.)
5299.68
2726.46
2838.76
3122.82 (2992.63-3308.93)
4714.97
2854.49
2841.35
3399.26 (3290.97-3766.18)
5020.14
2798.37
2839.04
3299.54 (3133.69-3462,35)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
95th % (90% B.l.)
7160.73
3740.83
3736.61
4312.16(3969.22-4710.75)
5818.08
3773.51
3366.84
4244.32 (4015.03-4581.61)
6904.83
3747.88
3515.81
4258.69 (4065.32-4483.83)
1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90% B.I.)
12473.65
6703.25
4693.94
7163.38(6852.67-7794.41)
9350.89
5254.04
5091.31
6818.35 (5792.54-7588.15)
10384.82
5386.43
4922.99
7126.90 (6644.1 1-7794.41)
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, I996a
Table 10-28. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed
Habitat
Milligrams/kilogram/person/day
Statistic
Estimate
90% Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Fresh/Estuarine
n = l,54I
N = 37,166,000
Marine
n = 2,432
N = 57,830,000
All Fish
n = 3,007
N = 70,949,000
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99lh%
959.15
601.88
2,442.97
3,116.28
5,151.98
1,270.78
1,062.93
2,467.68
3,116.74
4,250.22
1,461.71
1,189.29
2,802.28
3,588.11
5,355.90
867.58
532.31
2,233.16
2,839.90
4,432.30
1,214.65
1,019.60
2,331.88
2,906.16
4,037.74
1,406.34
1,156.77
2,685.81
3,308.93
5,095.58
1,050.72'
656.86
2,606.66
3.303.96
6,931.61
1,326.90
1,087.06
2,585.09
3,264.98
4,387.96
1,517.09
1,225.43
2,868.73
3,798.54
5,766.99
Percentile intervals were estimated using the perceiitile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3-day reporting period; n = sample size; N = population size
Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older
using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a. ' '
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-47
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Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All ages 11912
10-29. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Mean (90% C.I.)
1.99(1.34-2.64)
5.50 (4.53-6.48)
6.65 (5.30-8.00)
5.13 (4.37-5.88)
2.69(1.62-3.76)
7.87 (6.46-9.29)
8.87 (7.32-10.43)
6.91 (6.07-7.75)
2.35(1.70-3.00)
6.64(5.71-7.56)
7.66(6.50-8.81)
5.98(5.29-6.67)
90th % (90% B.I.)
1.81 (0.00-4.63)
13.62(9.99-18.11)
24.18(18.11-27.41)
13.31 (10.48-16.67)
1.07 (0.33-8.67)
22.10(13.43-31.80)
28.74 (24.23-33.07)
19.00(14.99-23.69)
1.72(0.00-5.00)
18.30(14.99-21.14)
26.11 (21.95-28.85)
15.89(14.39-17.76)
Perccntile Intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
15.88(7.89-18.38)
36.68 (32.53-40.31)
46.91 (37.94-52.92)
35.63 (28.92-40.07)
18.47(14.39-25.91)
63.26(50.62-70.12)
61.15 (52.57-71.59)
51.43(47.32-54.82)
17.46(12.78-18.68)
47.31 (36.22-59.65)
52.92(45.73-61.51)
40.03(37.94-44.75)
method with 1,000 bootstrap
99th % (90% B.I.)
46,82 (36.72-54.55)
94.93(75.74-114.34)
108.90(92.06-123.72)
94.61 (77.70-109.09)
57.07 (47.32-65.37)
126.61 (108.54-162.80)
125.90(112.28-147.62)
112.11 (108.54-127.19)
50.14(43.58-55.00)
109.66(94.43-127.19)
113.10(107.18-133.74)
107.63(98.25-109.09)
replications.
Table 10-30. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
1 4 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
1431
2891
2340
6662
1546
2151
1553
5250
2977
5042
3893
11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
8.61 (6.67-10.56)
12.84(11.51-14.18)
16.26(14.68-17.84)
13.05(11.97-14.12)
9.40(7.36-11.45)
17.11(15.31-18.90)
17.22(15.19-19.25)
15.27(13.86-16.68)
9.02(7.28-10.75)
14.88 (13.57-16.19)
16.69(15.34-18.04)
14.11(13.07-15.14)
(Marine)
90th % (90% B.I.)
31.23(26.85-37.29)
46.66 (38.35-54.30)
56.01 (50.00-61.97)
46.70 (44.49-49.72)
31,32(25.20-44.12)
66.06(62.21-73.20)
62.64 (59.39-68.44)
61.12(56.59-63.09)
31.52(30.19-35.75)
55.99(53.04-61.33)
59.12(52.84-64.53)
52.10(47,83-55.93)
95th % (90% B.I.)
49.75(41.46-57.49)
72.16(63.12-77.18)
84.71 (75.05-93.29)
72.22 (65.55-75.47)
65.37 (54.60-73.39)
93.32(81.26-106.67)
84.96 (79.93-99.44)
81.89(77.91-87.16)
56.35 (50.22-62.25)
80.70(75.19-87.16)
84.92 (76.67-93.32)
76.51(74.58-80.89)
99th % (90% B.I.)
104.26(83.35-140.07)
133.69(121.33-142,82)
131.43(112.07-156.01)
130.73(121.33-137.18)
118,42(82.34-176,52)
155.16(136.77-181.18)
146.78 (142.58-185.44)
147.09(134.55-174.31)
117.75(91.82-140.07)
138.23(128.40-157.23)
142.92(134.55-155.13)
138.22(132.98-155.13)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Source: U.S.
EPA. 1996a.
Page
10-48
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-31. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
1431
2891
2340
6662
1546
2151
1553
5250
2977
5042
3893
11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
10.60(8.40-12.81)
18.35(16.67-20.02)
22.91 (20.78-25.04)
18.17(16.82-19.53)
12.09(9.70-14.49)
24.98(22.79-27.17)
26.09 (23.52-28.67)
22.18(20.52-23.83)
11.36(9.49-13,24)
21.51(19.97-23.06)
24.35 (22.46-26,24)
20.08(18.82-21.35)
(All Fish)
90th % (90% B.I.)
41.10(35.80-47.57)
62.21 (54.47-73.56)
74.56 (65.37-79.67)
61.08(56.94-63.12)
45.59(34.69-53.11)
87.15(80.89-94.63)
81.76(76.67-88.03)
76.13 (74.22-79.92)
43.00 (34.69-47.32)
75.15(73.56-79.71)
77.57 (72.07-84.02)
70.11 (65.37-74.20)
95th % (90% B.I.)
56.16(49.78-65.55)
93.13(82.29-108.03)
107.66(97.64-111.71)
92.03(86.94-96.11)
68.18(64.28-79.90)
122.29(111.05-124.83)
112.33(109.65-130.36)
110.88(108.54-118.56)
65.34(56.28-68.51)
109.57(106.72-117.47)
110.13(100.42-119.87)
102.01 (99.26-106.67)
99th % (90% B.I.)
130.78(83.35-160.66)
155.75(137.18-174.31)
159.97(157.17-173.74)
157.08(147.34-168.83)
127.20 (87.29-176.52)
197.15(179.86-198.87)
211.20(190.74-223.72)
180.90(174.39-198.87)
130.41 (107.12-160.66)
175.73(162.80-198.63)
180.74(164.76-210.75)
173.18(162.80-176.52)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Source: U.S.
EPA, 1996a. •
Table 10-32. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight
Habitat
90% Interval
Statistic
Estimate
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99lh %
7.09
0.00
21.72
49.89
111.13
16.01
0.00
59.35
82.95
142.78
23.10
0.00
76.84
110.28
177.44
6.22
0.00
18.52
47.32
107.18
14.89
0.00
56.59
80.37
131.02
21.62
0.00
74.37
106.67
171.73
7.96
0.00
25.82
54.67
116.38
17.12
0.00
61.49
88.36
156.89
24.58
0.00
80.13
115.32-
198.63
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
NOTE: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 18 and older to the U.S. population
of 177,807,000 individuals of age 18 and older using 3-year combined survey weights.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-49
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-33. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Rnfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Sample Size
Age
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
Ail ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
AH ages 1 1912
Mean (90% C.I.)
84.78(58.06-111.50)
85.15(70.68-99.62)
98.97(79.89-118.04)
89.54(76.51-102.58)
91.62(55.18-128.05)
96.91(78,91-114.90)
107.87(88.47-127.28)
98.86(87.19-110.52)
88.26(66.69-109.83)
90.77(78.37-103.16)
103.00(87.86-118.15)
93.99 (83.41-104.57)
90th % (90% B.I.)
70.75(0.00-143.13)
202.83(153.48-259.97)
333.38 (269.96-379.98)
225.51 (176.38-280.11)
38.98(12.26-281.50)
281.17(165.37-387.46)
361.99(304.96-455.29)
292.58(217.42-342.11)
66.00(0.00-143.13)
250.26(194.04-289.19)
345.69(291.80-423.39)
251.82(222.54-282.58)
Pcrcentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
599.06(266.71-722.58)
584.79(538.05-631.86)
733.74 (606.36-820.68)
625.30(552.99-713.85)
868.97(485.33-1063.50)
740.91 (546.79-850.52)
702.35 (628.25-810.62)
755.53 (677.47-790.85)
717.37 (485.60-880.64)
631.31 (538.05-773.91)
719.81(637.94-790.85)
677.66(631.86-729.11)
1,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90% B.I.)
1713.06(1511.78-2313.50)
1411.42(1236.72-1659.15)
1561.40(1331.46-1667.88)
1558.08(1394.99-1659.15)
1642.60(1599.78-1693.88)
1589.97(1353.43-1992.23)
1612.49(1344.07-1848.39)
1596.61(1538.89-1711.41)
1688.55(1511.78-1824.44)
1529.94(1352.50-1659.15)
1590.13(1373.97-1668.93)
1593.28(1511.78-1659.15)
Table 10-34. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Marine)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Moles
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All ages 11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
333.99 (267.25-400.72)
206.03(183.95-228.11)
246.73(221.45-272.00)
246.47 (223.28-269.66)
296.99(241.85-352.13)
212.88(190.31-235.44)
212.15(187.25-237.04)
233.07 (209.65-256.49)
315.12(260.95-369.29)
209.30(190.68-227.92)
231.06(212.18-249.95)
240.07(220.14-260.01)
90th % (90% B.l.)
1132.99(864.83-1407.24)
762.54(617.86-857.55)
829.52 (777.87-944.26)
847.60(811.19-893.29)
1089,46 (1003.46-1256.97)
800.79(741.29-859.61)
792.86(747.56-890.31)
859.01 (798.27-907.76)
1123.28(993.12-1371.24)
780.16(722,86-843.41)
813.12(747.56-907.76)
855.63 (809.67-909.76)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Source: U.S. EPA. I996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
1959.91 (1780.61-2347.02)
1137.58(1036.38-1211.86)
1236.00(1174.14-1413.34)
1305.49 (1215.53-1385.66)
1907.65(1685.30-2186.58)
1191.75(1096.61-1245.94)
1 100.20 (1039.02-1210.66)
1255.35(1204.46-1382.05)
1909.37(1785.09-2062.64)
1 174.69 (1 104.42-1215.53)
1193.22(1076.85-1333.72)
1271.54(1227.16-1371.24)
1,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90% B.I.)
3776.60 (3173.86-5736.90)
2174.21 (2014.41-2393.16)
2161.65(1952.51-2303.80)
2615.85 (2365.65-2857.62)
3723.81 (3274.93-4574.13)
1890.42(1685.30-1969.63)
1842.38(1749.67-2219.32)
2520.94(2263.58-2733.15)
3820.21 (3370.59-4574.13)
2019.59(1918.45-2237.22)
2029.16(1863.17-2219.32)
2575.29 (2393.16-2708.59)
Page
10-50
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II" Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-35. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(All Fish)
Sample
Age Size
Females
14 or under 1431
15-44 2891
45 or older 2340
All ages 6662
Males
14 or under 1546
15-44 2151
45 or older 1553
All ages 5250
Both Sexes
14 or under 2977
15-44 5042
45 or older 3893
All ages 11912
Mean (90% C.I.)
418.76(339.58-497.95)
291.18(263.86-318.50)
345.69(312.49-378.90)
336.01 (307.83-364.20)
388.61 (320.66456.56)
309.78(281.55-338.02)
320.02 (287.79-352.25)
331.93(306.46-357.40)
403.38(343.65-463.12)
300.06(277.94-322.19)
334.07 (307.87-360.26)
334.06(311.25-356.88)
90th % (90% B.I.)
1389.10(1150.77-1785.09)
993.92 (854.63-1 127.32)
1122.26(1050.15-1230.68)
1120.91(1054.05-1172.38)
1476.31 (1371.24-1632.55)
1096.57(1044.57-1194.06)
1013.05(955.37-1096.43)
1126.66(1081.06-1225.66)
1442.72(1279.82-1672.75)
1040.98(1003.55-1097.08)
1069.14(978.95-1140.98)
1123.14(1090.76-1178,95)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
95th % (90% B.I.)
2341.90 (2062.64-2860.52)
1436.00(1234.66-1631.25)
1669.72(1556.83-1784.37)
1720.84(1642.63-1855.69)
2038.58(1909.00-2631.42)
1566.39(1410.20-1609.35)
1459.73(1340.97-1601.79)
1621.80(1599.78-1696.20)
2191.90(2021.16-2536.75)
1514.82(1421.34-1572.40)
1579.43(1373.97-1696.20)
1684.23(1620.48-1718.51)
1,000 bootstrap replications.
99th % (90% B.I.)
4985.96 (3971.54-5736.90)
2726.50(2406.11-3044.81)
2684.71 (2303.80-3064.38)
3093.76 (2973.66-3265.54)
4294.12(3556.31-4574.13)
2275.15(2047.18-2465.77)
2392.05 (2233.16-2806.51)
3031.31(2806.51-3274.93)
4425.27 (4000.274669.59)
2481.23(2383.54-2773.15)
2653.45 (2292.45-2806.51)
3092.77 (2973.66-3250.20)
Table 10-36. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (rng/kg-day)
for the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight
90% Interval
Habitat
Fresh/Estuarine
Marine
All Fish
Statistic Estimate
Mean
50th"
90th c
95th c
99th "
Mean
50th c
90th"
95th '
99th c
Mean
50th °
90th?
' 95th «
99th c
95.99
6 0.00
& 306.74
1,547.81
222.86
5> 0.00
6 810.43
*> 1,190.45
4 2,033.92
318.85
2,559.07
Lower Bound
84.30
0.00
259.97
626.01
1,411.56
207.34
0.00
778.50
1,145.61
1,870.09
298.20
0.00
1,016.87
1,464.72 .
2,444.24
Upper Bound
107.69
0.00
334.58
734.34
1,599.78
238.37
0.00
859.61
1,219.60
2,263.58
339.49
0.00
1,105.01
1,609.14
2,764.50
Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
NOTE: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 1 8 and older to the population of
177,807,000 individuals of age 1 8 and older using 3-year combined survey weights.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-51
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-37. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finflsh and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 138
15-44 445
45 or older 453
All ages 1036
Males
14 or under 157
15-44 356
45 or older 343
AH ages 856
Both Sexes
14 or under 295
15-44 801
45 or older 796
All ages 1892
Mean (90% C.I.)
48.3
78.56
78.77
74.67 (65.46-83.88)
64.91
104.86
102.56
98.12(88.60-107.64)
56.95
91.66
90
86.19(78.41-93.97)
90th % (90% B.I.)
117.27
191.95
192.32
181.08(171.19-197.59)
141.35
269.96
234.28
246.93(212.93-283.90)
134.89
237.27
220.76
217.92(205.28-237.27)
95th % (90% B.I.)
161.44
242.76
258.56
239.59 (220.69-284.70)
193.79
343.66
326.96
324.53(283.28-381.58)
166.32
322.06
295.41
290.04(267.10-325.61)
99th % (90% B.I.)
230.63
472.21
368.84
409.00(345.96-671.54)
287.28
494.38
539.77
499.19(488.41-532.32)
262.87
494.64
523.94
489.29 (424.87-534.20)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1 ,000 bootstrap replications,
Consumers only are individuals reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, I996a.
Table 10-38. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Marine)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 315
15-44 774
45 or older 715
All ages 1804
Males
14 or under 348
15-44 565
45 or older 467
All ages 1380
Both Sexes
14 or under 663
15-44 1339
45 or older 1182
All ages 3184
Mean (90% C.I.)
89.92
98.53
110
101.30(95.90-106.69)
101.5
133.86
131.2
126.85(119.75-133.94)
95.56
115.41
119.08
113.11(107.79-118.43)
90th % (90% B.I.)
169.23
194.59
214.73
195.37(186.67-213.33)
205.49
244.46
243.33
238.64(225.57-247.01)
189.32
223.99
226.55
222.67(216.50-225.56)
95th % (90% B.I.)
198.62
231.22
279.67
252.43(231.53-278.16)
242.28
297.67
327.14
296.68(279.95-316.81)
231.72
263.76
288.16
271.70(260.62-279.95)
99th % (90% B.I.)
432.51
317.42
345.37
372.17(314.67-428.00)
408.68
393.14
428.72
425.98(403.66-481.95)
442.87
383.16
418.23
415.88 (367.26-440.45)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1 ,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Page
10-52
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-39. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
Age
Females
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Males
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Both Sexes
14 or under
15-44
45 or older
All ages
Sample Size
378
952
879
2209
429
702
587
1718
807
1654
1466
3927
Mean (90% C.I.)
89.73
1 14.04
123.61
113.58(107.69-119.47)
102.01
160.06
152.52
146.18(138.99-153.38)
96.07
136.12
136.38
129.00(123.74-134.27)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile
Consumers only are individuals
Source: U.S.
EPA, 1996a.
reported fish consumption at
(All Fish)
90th % (90% B.I.)
163.47
220.63
236.3
220.44 (206,27-226.80)
205.25
305.61
292.95
283.46(261.72-297.95)
195.35
262.15
263.95
249.09(240.99-264.10)
95th % (90% B.I.)
204.14
• 277.69
298.66"
287.08.(257.09-312.42)
. 244.46
379.38
350.26
350.99 (328.70-382.33)
• •• 232.85
343.86
326.94
326.00 (306.02-335.58)
99th % (90% B.I.)
476.56
461.54
397.43
448.57(393.68-531.63)
386.47
495.51
555.11
520.51 (488.41-591.47)
466.09
488.9
510.25
497.54(469.23-519.67)
bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
least once during the three day
reporting period.
Table 10-40. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day)
for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight
Habitat
Statistic
Estimate
90% Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
FresWEstuarine
n= 1,541
N = 37,166,000
Marine
n = 2,432
N = 57,830,000
All Fish
n = 3,007
N = 70,949,000
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
89.88
53.64.
223.11
,296.89
502.93
i17.83
98.79
225.51
279.50
403.48 .
136.33
111.50
262.03
328.66
506.02
81.41
46.44
206.58
283.90
448.23
112.47
95.69
222.67
261.47
369.10
131.11
108.53
253.24
323.61
435.44
98.35
57.81
237.27
325.61
654.55
123.20
100.76
234.00
289.44
427.73
141.55
112.00
272.71
340.52
531.63
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3-day reporting period; n = sample size; and N = population
size. Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and
older using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this .survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-53
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-41. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine)
Age Sample Size Mean (90% C.I.) 90th % (90% B.I.)
Females
14 or under 138 2070.41 4450,54
15-44 445 1229.97 3045.41
4Sorolder 453 1171.17 2886.48
Allnges 1036 1317.18(1150.10-1484.26)3250.31(2988.81-3491.38)
Males
14 or under 157 2229.31 4638.34
15-44 356 1294.27 3318.89
45 or older 343 1235.55 2898.00
All ages 856 1411.35(1278.61-1544.08) 3579.06(3225.84-4060.30)
Both Sexes
14 or under 295 2153.11 4634.82
15-44 801 1261.99 3276.06
45 or older 796 1201.57 2892.52
All ages 1892 1363.44(1242.24-1484.65) 3325.14(3232.58-3676.99)
95th % (90% B.I.)
6915.31
4191.25
3519.87
4240.89 (3710.16-5025.02)
5071.41
4275.83
4097.24
4615.66(4121.91-5081.65)
5756.93
4246.63
3981.84
4408. 1 8 {4085.55^78 1 .34)
99th % (90% B.I.)
13269.61
7711.43
5577.34
8912.52 (6385.55-1 1533.98)
9622.15
5974.96
7217.68
6594.61 (5980.19-7944.55)
12388.27
6625.15
6378.11
7957.50 (6979.20-8920.99)
Pcrccmile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Table 10-42. Per Capita Distribution of Fish {Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
Age Sample Size
Females 0
14 or under 315
15-44 774
45 or older 715
Allagcs 1804
Males 0
14 or under 348
15-44 565
45 or older 467
Alleges 1380
Both Sexes 0
14 or under 663
15-44 1339
45 or older 1182
Allages 3184
Mean (90% C.I.)
0
3359.10
1582.77
1669.73
1920.77 (1804.28-2037.26)
0
3180.45
1666.42
1604.71
1934.12 (1812.97-2055.28)
0
3272.13
1622.75
1641.87
1926.95 (1829.50-2024.39)
(Marine)
90th % (90% BJ.)
0
6058.97
3129.41
3429.24
3793.20 (3618.554328.00)
0
6434.20
3102.24
2931.17
3736.16 (3548.08-4072.42)
0
6278.74
3120.60
3320.87
3752.89(3631.98-4001.16)
95th % (90% B.I.)
0
8573.62
3854.14
4397.07
5083.63 (4953.40-5552.65)
0
8089.26
3651.10
3725.63
4884,60 (4454.15-5710.83)
0
8424.77
3682.17
4328.34
501 8.74 (4852.08-5267.3 1 )
99th % (90% B.I.)
0
13050,09
5961.80
5476.02
8576.60 (7527.83-9743.01)
0
10764.01
4998.14
5373.82
8066.96 (6852.67-9869.52)
0
1 1838.54
5517.95
5406,76
8448,28 (7215.72-9136.89)
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Page
10-54
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-43. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumer Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(All Fish)
Age Sample Size
Females
14 or under 378
15-44 952
45 or older 879
All ages 2209
Males
14 or under 429
15-44 702
45 or older 587
All ages 1718
Both Sexes
14 or under 807
15-44 1654
45 or older 1466
All ages 3927
Mean (90% C.I,)
3448.73
1818.32
1857.64
2102.20 (1982.89-2221.51)
3273.63
1983.16
1850.69
2193.24 (2089.20-2297.28)
3358.33
1897.40
1854.57
2145.26(2055.92-2234.61)
90th % (90% B.I.)
7100.43
3506.20
3520.90
4092.51 (3842,15-4282.08)
5734.46
3720.05
3534.61
4385.06(4121.91-4776.34)
6333.46
3674.88
3522.43
4223.91 (4085.76-4454.15)
95th % (90% B.I.)
9012.18
4661.96
4740.11
5545.07 (5080.72-6007.28)
7570.83
4769.44
4311.83
5351.38(5055.10-5727.01)
8611.73
4709.78
4615.22
5477.86 (5163,33-5686.04)
99th % (90% B.I.)
15381.13
8789.33
6561.13
9630.23 (8166.44-9796.61)
11891.85
6121.56
6374.34
8596.82 (7816.70-10199.24)
12406.35
7276.18
6440.17
9 17 1 .52 (8605.35-9796.61 )
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996a.
Table 10-44. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Fmfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day)
for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight
Habitat
Statistic
Estimate
90% Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Fresh/Estuarine
n= 1,541
N = 37,166,000
Marine
n = 2,432
N = 57,830,000
All Fish
n = 3,007
N = 70,949,000
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
Mean
50th %
90th %
95th %
99th %
1,216.82
740.93
3,050.95
4,025.44
6,638.62
1,637.10
1,370.42
3,169.02
3,926.74
5,452.75
1,873.84
1,515.91
3,599.04
4,665.15
7,022.47
1,101.74
639.11
2,931.26
3,639.76
6,007.28
1,564.27
1,302.29
3,006,55
3,632.70
5,353.12
1,801.93
1,477.99
3,443.64
4,264.03
6,459.64
1,331.90
822.65
3,270.80
4,121.91
8.920.99
1,709.92
1,422.69
3,328.98
4,156.98
5,596.31
1,945.75
1,570.40
3,676.99
4,812.97
7,294.80
Percentile intervals (B.I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3-day reporting period; n = sample size; and N = population
size. Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and
older using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1996a.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-55
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-45. Distribution of Quantity of Fish Consumed (in grams) Per Eating Occasion, by Age and Sex
Percentiles
Age (yoars)-Sex Group
1-2 Male-Female
3-5 Male-Female
6-8 Male-Female
9-14 Male
9-14 Female
15-! 8 Male
15-1 8 Female
19-34 Male
19-34 Female
35-64 Male
35-64 Female
65-74 Male
65-74 Female
75+ Male
75+ Female
Overall
Mean
52
70
81
101
86
117
111
149
104
147
119
145
123
124
112
117
SD
38
51
58
78
62
115
102
125
74
116
98
109
87
68
69
98
5th
8
12
19
28
19
20
24
28
20
28
20
35
24
36
20
20
25th
28
36
40
56
45
57
56
64
57
80
57
75
' 61
80
61
57
50th
43
57
72
84
79
85
85
113
85
113
85
113
103
106
112
85
75th
58
85
112
113
112
142
130
196
135
180
152
180
168
170
151
152
90th
112
113
160
170 '
168
200
225
284
184
258
227
270
227
227
196
227
95th
125
170
170
255
206
252
270
362
227
360
280
392
304
227
225
284
99th
168
240
288
425
288
454
568
643
394
577
480
480
448
336
360
456
Source: Paoetal., 1982.
Table 10-46. Mean Fish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Age3
Sex
Age (year)
Per capita intake
(g/day)
Percent of population consuming
fish in 1 day
Mean intake (g/day) for consumers
only"
Males or Females
5 and under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals
3
3
15
7
9
12
11
6.0
3.7
2.2
10.9
7.1
9,0
10.9
9.4
67
79
136
138
99
100
110
117
" Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-88 data for one day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by the fraction of the population consuming fish in one day.
Source: USDA, 1992b.
Page
10-56
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-47. Percent of Respondents That Responded Yes, No, or Don't Know to Eating Seafood in I Month (including shellfish, eels, or
Population Group
Overall
Gender
*
Male
Female
Age (years)
*
1-4
5-1 1
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
*
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Hispanic
*
No
Yes
DK
Employment
*
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
Education
«
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronehitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing data; DK
Source: Tsang and Klepeis,
Total N
4663
2 '
2163
2498
84
263
348
326
2972
670
60
3774
463
77
96
193
46
4243
348
26
958
2017
379
1309
1021
399
1253
893
650
445
1048
1036
1601
978
3156
1507
1264
1181
1275
943
4287
341
35
4500
125
38
4424-
203
36
— Don't know; 9
1996.
N
1811
|
821
989
25
160
177
179
997
273
20
1475
156
21
39
100
10
1625
165
11
518
630
134
529
550
196
501
304
159
101
370
449
590
402
1254
557
462
469
506
374
1674
131
6
1750
56
50
1726
80
5
'o = Row percentage;
No
%
38.8
50.0
38.0
39.6
29.8
60.8
50.9
54.9
33.5
40.7
33.3
39.1
33.7
27.3
40.6
51.8
21.7
31.2
35.4
40.4
54.1
31.2
35.4
40.4
53.9
49.1
40.0
34.0
24.5
22.7
35.3
43.3
36.9
41.1
39.7
37.0
36.6
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.0
38.4
17.7
38.9
44.8
13.2
9.0
39.4
13.9
N = Sample size
Response
Yes
N
2780
1
1311
1468
42
102
166
137
1946
387
22
2249
304
56
56
93
412
1366
236
766
412
1366
236
766
434
198
739
584
484
341
655
575
989
561
1848
932
780
691
745
564
2563
207
10
2698
68
14
2648
121
ii
%
59.6
50.0
60.6
58.8
50.0
38.8
47.7
42.0
65.5
57.8
36.7
59.6
65.7
72.7
58.3
48.2
43.0
67.7
62.3
58.5
43.0
67.7
62.3
58.5
42.5
49.6
59.0
65.3
74,5
76.6
62.5
55.5
61.8
57.4
58.6
61.8
61.7
58.5
58.4
59.8
59.8
60.7
28.6
60.0
54.4
36.8
59.6
59.6
30.6
N
72
#
31
41
17
1
5
10
29
10
18
50
3
*
1
*
28
21
9
14
28
21
9
14
37
45
13
7
7
3
23
12
22
15
54
18
22
21
24
5
SO
3
19
52
1
19
SO
2
20
squid)
DK
%
1.5
*
1.4
1.6
20.2
0.4
1.4
3.1
1.0
1.5
30.0
1.3
0.6
#
1.0
*
41.3
1.2
*
»
2.9
1.0
2.4
1.1
3.6
1.3
1.0
0.8
I.I
0.7
2.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.5
1.2
0.9
54.3
1.2
0.8
50.0
1.1
1.0
55.6
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-57
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table
Populition Croup
Overall
Gender
•
Mate
Female
Age (years)
•
1-4
5-11
12-1?
18-64
»64
Bmee
*
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Hispanic
*
No
Yes
DK
Employment
*
Full Tin*
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fill
Asthma
No
Y«
DK
Angina
No
Y«
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing data; DK
Source: Tsang and Klepeis,
10-48. Number of Respondents Reporting Consumption of a Specified Number of Servings of Seafood in I Month
Total N
2780
1311
1468
1
42
102
166
137
1946
387
2249
304
56
56
93
22
2566
182
15
17
399
1366
236
766
13
434
198
739
584
484
341
655
575
989
561
1848
932
780
691
745
564
2563
207
10
2698
68
14
2648
121
11
= Don't know; 5
1996.
Number of Servings in a Month
1-2
918
405
512
1
13
55
72
68
603
107
731
105
15
22
41
4
844
68
5
1
190
407
70
249
2
205
88
267
161
115
82
191
199
336
192
602
316
262
240
220
196
846
69
3
896
19
3
877
37
4
5> = Row percentage; N
3-5
990
458
532
»
16
29
57
54
679
155
818
103
17
18
25
9
922
52
8
8
140
466
95
285
4
149
62
266
219
183
HI
241
221
339
189
661
329
284
244
249
213
917
71
2
960
27
3
940
47
3
= Sample size;
6-10
519
261
258
*
5
12
21
9
408
64
428
56
11
6
14
4
480
34
2
3
40
307
46
124
2
47
20
119
122
121
90
137
102
175
105
346
173
131
123
160
105
475
42
2' .
509
S
2
495
23
1
11-19
191
101
90
«
4
2
6
2
145
32
155
16
5
5
9
I
175
15
«
1
11
107
14
57
2
12
6
46
48
43
36
62
17
70
42
129
62
60
45
59
27
180
11
#
183
7
1
185
6
*
20+
98
57
41
*
1
*
4
1
79
13
76
10
5
3
2
2
88
8
*
2
5
57
8
26
2
7
10
21
26
17
17
12
22
41
23
70
28
28
2S
31
14
88
9
1
95
I
2
91
6
1
DK
64
29
35
*
3
4
6
3
32
16
41
14
3
2
2
2
57
5
*
2
13
22
3
25 '
1
14
12
20
8
5
5
12
14
28
10
40
24
15
14
26
9
57
5
2
55
6
3
60
2
2
Refused = Respondent refeed to answer.
Page
10-58
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestton Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake ofFish and Shellfish
Table 10-49. Numer of Respondents Reporting Monthly Consumption of Seafood That Was Purchased or Caught by Someone They Knew
Population Group
Overall
Gender
*
Male
Female
Age (years)
1-4
S-II
12-17
18-64
>64
Race ,
#
While
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
, Note: * = Missing data; DK
Source: Tsang and Klepeis,
Total N
2780
1311
1468
1
42
102
166
137
1946
387
2249
304
56
56
93
22
2566
182
15
17
399
1366
236
766
13
434
198
739
584
484
341
655
• . 575
989
561
1848
932
780
691
745
'564
2563
207
10
2698
68
14
2648
121
11
= Don't know; N =* Sample size;
1996.
*
3
I
2
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
1
1
*
*
*
I
2
•
«
1
*
2
1
*
*
*
*
2
*
1
2
*
1
*
2
1 -
*
'2
i
2
1
*
3
, *
*
3
*
# f
Mostly Purchased
2584
1206
1377
1
39
94
153
129
1810
359
2092
280
50
55
86
21
2387
169
12
16
368
1285
217
701
13
401
174
680
547
460
322
627
547
897
513
1724
860
741
655
674
514
2384
190
10
2507
63
14
2457
116
11
Mostly Caught
154
85
69
. *
3
8
9
6
106
22
124
19
4
*
7
*
140
13
1
*
25
64
15
50
26
20
48
28
19
13
21
20
73
40
100
54
35
27
54
38
142
12
, *
151
3
*
149
5
*
DK
39
19
20
*
*
*
4
2
27
6
32
4
2
1
ik
*
37
*
2
*
6
15
3
15
7
4
11
7
5
5
5 '
8.
18
8
22
17
4
'9'
15 '
11
35
. 4
*
37
2.
# .
39
*
#
Refused ~ Respondent refused to answer. '
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-59
-------
Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-50. Estimated Number of Participants in Marine Recreational Fishing by State and Subregion
Subreeion
Pacific
North Atlantic
Mid-Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf of Mexico
State
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
TOTAL
Delaware
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Virginia
TOTAL
Florida
Georgia
N. Carolina
S. Carolina
TOTAL
Alabama
Florida
Louisiana
Mississippi
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
Coastal Partici pants
902
534
.J65
1,701
186
93
377
34
J7
787
90
540
583
539
294
1,046
1,201
89
398
131
1,819
95
1,053
394
Ig7
1.699
8,053
Non Coastal Participants
8
99
J2
126
*b
9
69
10
*
88
*
32
9
13
22
83
*
61
224
Jl
362
9
*
48
42
9$.
760
Out of State a
159
63
78
47
100
273
32
157
159
268
433
70
131
741
29
745
304
101
1,349
63
51
Total Participants a
910
633
284
186
102
446
44
97
90
572
592
552
323
1,201
150
622
208
104
1,053
442
200
* Not additive across states. One person can be counted as "OUT OF STATE" for more than one state.
11 An asterisk (*) denotes no non-coastal counties in state.
Source: NMFS. 1993.
Page
10-60
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-51. Estimated Weigh! of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B 1 ) by
Marine Recreational Fishermen, by Wave and Subregion
Jan/Feb
Mar/ Apr
May/Jun
Jul/Aug
Sep/Oct
Nov/Dec
Ath
Region
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
intic and Gulf
Weight (1 000 kg)
1,060
3.683
4,743
310
1,030
1,913
3.703
6,956
3,272
4,815
4,234
5.936
18,257
4,003
9,693
4,032
5.964
23,692
2,980
7,798
3,2%
7.516
21,590
456
1,649
2,404
4.278
8,787
84,025
Reaion
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
So.California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
So. California
N. California
Oregon
TOTAL
OR AND TOTAL
Pacific
Weight nOOQke)
418
101
i«
684
590
346
144
1.080
1,195
563
581
2,339
1,566
1,101
_J2
2,706
859
1,032
724
2,615
447
• 417
J5
929
10,353
Source: NMFS, 1993.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-61
-------
Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-52. Average Daily Intake (g/day) of Marine Finftsh, by Region and Coastal Status
Region'
N. Alland:
Mid-Atlantic
S, Allamic
All Allamic
Gulf
S, California
N. California
Oregon
All Pacific
1 N, Atlantic - ME, NH,
FL (Gulf Coast).
Mean
6.2
6.3
4.7
5.6
7.2
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.0
95th Percemile
20.1
18.9
15.9
18.0
26.1
5.5
5.7
8.9
6.8
MA, RI, and CT; Mid-Atlantic - NY, NJ, MD,
Intake Among Anglers
Per-Capita
(Coastal)6
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.3
3.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.3
DE, and VA; S. Atlantic - NC, SC
Per-Capita
(Coastal & Non-Coastal)1'
I.I
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.9
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.3
Proportion of
Population Coastal
0.82
0.70
0.51
0.66
0.60
0.96
0.70
0.87
0.86
GA, and FL {Atlantic Coast); Gulf- AL, MS, LA, and
** Mean intake rate among entire coastal population of region.
' Mean intake rate among entire population of region.
Source: NMFS, 1993.
Table 10-53. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type
by Species Group and Subregion
Cartilaginous fishes
Eels
Herrings
Calfishes
Toadfisbes
Cods and Hikes
Searobins
Sculpins
Temperate Basses
Sea Basses
Blucflsh
Jacks
Dolphins
Snappers
Grams
Porglcs
Drums
Mullets
Barracudas
Wrasses
Mackerels and Tunas
Flounders
Tnggcrflshes/Filefishes
Puffers
Other fishes
North Atlantic
(1,000 kg)
66
14
118
0
0
2,404
2
1
837
22
4,177
0
65
0
0
132
3
1
0
783
878
512
0
*
105
Mid Atlantic
(1,000kg)
1,673
9
69
306
7
988
68
*
2,166
2,166
3,962
138
809
*
9
417
2.458
43
*
1,953
3,348
4,259
48
16
72
A and B I )4 by Marine Recreational Fishermen
, Atlantic and Gulf
South Atlantic
(1,000kg)
162
*)>
1
138
0
4
*
0
22
644
1,065
760
2,435
508
239
1,082
2,953
382
356
46
4,738
532
109
56
709
Gulf
(1,000kg)
318
Of
89
535
*
0
*
0
4
2,477
158
2,477
1,599
3,219
816
2.629
9,866
658
244
113
4,036
377
544
4
915
All Kegions
(l.OOOkK)
2,219
23
177
979
7
1,396
70
1
2,229
5,309
5,362
3,375
4,908
3,727
1,064
4,160
15,280
1,084
600
2,895
13,000
5,680
701
76
1.801
* For Catch Type A and B 1 , the fish were not thrown back.
h An asterisk (*) denotes daw not reported
* Zero (0)-< 1000 kg.
Source- NMFS. 1993.
Page
10-62
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-54. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and Bl)a by Marine Recreational
Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Pacific
Species Group
Cartilaginous fish
Sturgeons
Herrings
Anchovies
Smelts
Cods and Hakes
Silversides
Striped Bass
Sea Basses
Jacks
Croakers
Sea Chubs
Surfperches
Pacific Barracuda
Wrasses
Tunas and Mackerels
Rockfishes
California Scorpionfish
Sablefishes
Greenlings
Sculpins
Flatfishes
Other fishes
2 For Catch Type A and B 1,
b Zero(0)f <1000kg.
Southern California
(1.000kg)
35
Ob
10
*c
0
0
58
0
1,319
469
141
53
74
866
73
1,260
409
86
0
22
6
106
89
the fish were not thrown back.
Northern California
(1.000kg)
162
89
15
7
71
0
148
51
17
17
136
1
221
10
5
36
1,713
0
0
492
81
251
36
Oregon
- (l.OOOke)
1
13
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
47
0
0
1
890
0
5
363
44
5
307
Total
198
102
65
7
71
0
206
51
1,336
487
277
54
342
876
78
1,297
3,012
86
5
877
131
362
432
c An asterisk (*) denotes data not reported.
Source: NMFS, 1993.
Table 10-55. Median Intake
Ethnic Group
Caucasian
Black
Mexican-American
Oriental/Sarnoan
Other
Age (years)
<17
18-40
41 -65
>65
Rates Based on Demographic Data of Sport Fishermen and Their Family/Living Group
Percent of total interviewed
42
24
16
13
5
11
52
28
9
Median intake rates
(g/person-day)
46,0
24.2
33.0
70.6
a
27.2
32.5
39.0
113.0
2 Not reported.
Source: Puffer etal, 1981.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-63
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-56. Cumulative Distribution of Total Fish/Shellfish Consumption by Surveyed .Sport Fishermen
in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area
Percentile
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
Intake rate (g/person-day)
2.3
4.0
8.3
15.5
23.9
36.9
53.2
79.8
120.8
224.8
338.8
Source: Pufferetal. (1980.
Table 10-57. Catch Information
Species
White Croaker
Pacific Mackerel
Pacific Bonito
Queen fish
Jacksmelt
Walleye Perch
Shiner Perch
Opaleye
Black Perch
Kelp Bass
California Halibut
Shellfish"
* Crab, mussels, lobster, abalone.
Source: Modified from Puffer et al.. 1981.
for Primary Fish Species Kept by Sport Fishermen (n =
1059)
Average Weight (Grams) Percent of Fishermen who Caught
153
334
717
143
223
115
54
307
196
440
1752
421
34
25
18
17
13
10
7
6
5
5
4
3
Table 10-58. Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons in Commencement Bay. Washington
Fishing Frequency
Frequency Percent
in the Summer*
Frequency Percent
in the Fall"
Frequency Percent
in the Fall0
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Bimonthly
Biyearly
Yearly
10.4
50.3
20.1
6.7
4.4
8.1
8.3
52.3
15.9
3.8
6.1
13.6
5.8
51.0
21.1
4.2
6.3
11.6
Summer - July through September, includes 5 survey days and 4 survey areas (i.e., area # 1, #2, #3 and #4)
Fall - September through November, includes 4 survey days and 4 survey areas (i.e., area # i, Wi, #3 and #4)
c Fall - September through November, includes 4 survey days described in footnote b plus an additional survey area (5 survey areas) (i.e.,
area #1, #2, #3, #4 and #5)
Source: Pierce etal.. 1981.
Page
10-64
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-59. Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates (g/day) for the Survey and Total Angler Populations
Based on the Reanalysis of the Puffer et al. ( 1981) and Pierce etal. (1981)Data
50th
Survey Population
Puffer etal. (1981)
Pierce etal, (1981)
Average
Total Angler Population
Puffer etal. (1981)
Pierce etal. (1981)
Average
Percentile
37
J9
28
2,9a
12
2.0
90th Percentiie
225
155
190
35"
11
24
a Estimated based on the average intake for the 0 - 90th percentile anglers.
b Estimated based on the average intake for the 91st - 96th percentile anglers.
Source: Price et al., 1994.
Table 10-60. Means and Standard Deviations of Selected Characteristics by
Subpopulation Groups in Everglades, Florida
Variables
(Na=330)
Age (years)
Sex
Female
Male
Race/ethnicity
Black
White
Hispanic
Number of Years Fished
Number Per Week Fished in Past 6 Months of Survey Period
Number Per Week Fished in Last Month of Survey Period
Aware of Health Advisories
Mean ± Std. Dev.b
38.6 ±18.8
38%
62%
46%
43%
11%
15.8 ± 15.8
1.8 ±2.5
1.5* 1.4
71%
Range
2-81
-
--
0-70
0-20
0- 12.
a Number of respondents who reported consuming fish
b Std. Dev. = standard deviation
Source: U.S. DHHS. 1995
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 10-65
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-61. Mean Fish Intake Among individuals Who Eat Fish and Reside
in Households With Recreational Fish Consumption
Group
All household
members
Respondents (i.e.,
licensed anglers)
ABC Orouos (years}
1-5
6iolO
1 to 20
21 to 40
40 to 60
60 Jo 70
71 to 80
80+
All Fish
meals/week
0.686
0.873
0.463
0.49
0.407
0.651
0.923
0.856
1.0
0.8
Recreational Rsh
meals/week
0.332
0.398
0.223
0.278
0.229
0.291
0.42
0.431
0.622
0.6
n
2196
748
121
151
349
793
547
160
45
10
Total Fish
grams/day
21.9
29.4
11.4
13.6
12.3
22
29.3
28.2
32.3
26.5
Recreational
Fish
Erams/dav
11.0
14.0
5.63
7.94
7.27
10,2
14.2
14,5
20.1
20
Tola! Fish
grams/ kg/day
0.356
0.364
0.737
0.481
0.219
0.306
0.387
0.377
0.441
0.437
Recreational
Fish grams/
kg/day
0.178
0.168
0.369
0.276
0.123
0.139
0.186
0.193
0.271
0.345
Source: U.S. EPA analysis using data from West et al., 1989.
Table 10-62.
Usual Fish Consumption
Frequency Category
Almost daily
2-4 times a week
Once a week
2-3 times a month
Once a month
Less often
Comparison of Seven-Day Recall and Estimated Seasonal
Mean Fish Meals/Week
7-dav Recall Data
no data
1.96
1.19
0.840 (3.6 times/month)
0.459 (1.9 times/month)
0.306 (1. 3 times/month)
Frequency for Fish Consumption
Usual frequency Value Selected
for Data Analysis (times/week)
4 [if needed]
2
1.2
0.7 (3 times/month)
0.4 (1.7 times/month)
0.2 (0.9 times/month)
Source: U.S. EPA analysis using data from West et al.. 1989.
Table 10-63. Distribution of Usual Fish Intake Among Survey Main Respondents
Who Fished and Consumed Recreationally Caught Fish
n
mean
10%
25%
50%
75%
90%
95%
Source:
AllFisli
Meals/Week
738
0.859
0.300
0.475
0.750
1.200
1.400
1.800
Recreational Fish
Meals/Week
738
0.447
0.040
0.125
0.338
0.672
1.050
1.200
U.S. EPA analysis usira data from West et al..
All Fish Intake
grams/day
738
27.74
9.69
15.34
24.21
38.74
45.20
58.11
1989.
Recreational
Fish Intake
grams/day
738
14.42
1.29
4.04
10.90
21.71
33.90
38.74
All Fish Fmake
grams/ kg/day
726
0.353
0.119
0.187
0.315
0.478
0.634
0.747
Recreational
Rsh Intake
srams/ks/day
726
0.1806
0.0159
0.0504
0.1357
0.2676
0.4146
0.4920
Page
10-66
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-64. Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers in Maine During the 1989-1990
Ice Fishing or 1990 Open-Water Seasons"
Intake Rates (grams/day)
Percenttle Rankings
All Watersb
Rivers and Streams
All Anglers'
(N = 1.369)
Consuming Anglers*
(N = 1.053)
River Anglers1
(N = 741)
Consuming Anglers
(N=464)
50th (median)
66th
75th
90th
95th
Arithmetic Mean1
1.1
2.6
4.2
11.0
21.0
5.0
T791
2.0
4.0 -
5.8
13.0
26.0
6.4
[771
0.19
0.71
1.3
3.7
6.2
1.9
T821
0.99
1.8
2.5
6.1
12.0
3.7
f811
5 Estimates are based on rank except for those of arithmetic mean.
b All waters based on fish obtained from all lakes, ponds, streams and rivers in Maine, from other household sources and from other non-
household sources.
c Licensed anglers who fished during the seasons studied and did or did not consume freshwater fish, and licensed anglers who did not fish
but ate freshwater fish caught in Maine during those seasons.
d Licensed anglers who consumed freshwater fish caught in Maine during the seasons studied.
c Those of the "all anglers" who fished on rivers or streams (consumers and nonconsumers).
1 Values in brackets [ ] are percentiles at the mean consumption rates.
Source: Chemrisk. 1991;Ebert et al.. 1993.
Table 10-65. Analysis of Fish Consumption by Ethnic Groups for "All Waters" (g/day)s
Consuming Anglersb
French Native Other White
Canadian Irish Italian American Non-Hispanic
Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage
N of Cases 201 138 27 96 533
Median (50th percentilef'"1 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.3. 1.9
66th percemile*'11 4.1 4.4 2.6 4.7 3.8
75th percentilec'd 6.2 6.0 5.0 6.2 5.7
Arithmetic Meanc 7.4 5.2 4.5 10 6.0
• Percentile at the Meand 80 70 74 83 76
90th percentile*'11 15 12 .12 16 13
95th percentilec'd 27 20 21 51 24
Percentile at 6.5 g/dayd'= 77 75 81 77 77
Scandinavian
Heritage
37
1.3 .
2.6
4.9 .
5.3
78
9.4
25
84
a "Al! Waters" based on fish obtained from all lakes, ponds, streams and rivers in Maine, from other household sources and from other non-
household sources.
b "Consuming Anglers" refers to only those anglers who consumed freshwater fish obtained from Maine sources during the 1989-1990 ice
fishing or 1990 open water fishing season.
c The average consumption per day by freshwater fish consumers in the household.
' d Calculated by rank without any assumption of statistical distribution.
c Fish consumption rate recommended by U.S. EPA (1984) for use in establishing ambient water quality standards.
Source: Chemrisk. 1991.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-67
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-66. Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey Respondents During the 1990 Season
Ice Fishing
Species
Landlocked salmon
Atlantic salmon
Togue (Lake (rout)
Brook Irout
Brown trout
Yellow perch
White perch
Bass (smallmouth and largemoutlt}
Pickerel
Lake whtiefish
Hompout (Catfish and bullheads)
Bottom fish (Suckers, carp and sturgeon)
Chub
Smelt
Other
TOTALS
Quantity
Consumed
(#)
832
3
483
1,309
275
235
2,544
474
1,091
111
47
50
0
7,808
201
15.463
Grains
(xlO3)
Consumed
290
1.1
200
100
54
9.1
160
120
180
20
8.2
81
0
150
210
1,583.4
Lakes and Ponds
Quantity
Consumed
' (#)
928
33
459
3,294
375
1,649
6,540
73
553
558
1,291
62
252
428
90
16.587
Grams
(xlO3)
Consumed
340
9.9
160
210
56
52
380
5.9
91
13
100
22
3S
4.9
110
1.590
Rivets and Streams
Quantity
Consumed
(#)
305
17
33
10,185
338
188
3,013
787
303
55
180
100
219
4,269
54
20,046
Grams
(xlO3) •
Consumed
!20
11
- 2.7
420
23
7.4
180
130
45
2.7
7.8
6.7
130
37
45
1.168
Source: Chemrisk, 1991.
Table 10-67.
Insane."
$40,000
Education
Some High School
High School Degree
Some College-College Degree
Post Graduate
Residence SJzeb
Large City/Suburb (>100,000)
Small City (20,000-100,000)
Town (2,000-20,000)
Small Town (100-2,000)
Rural, Non Farm
Farm
ASS (years)
16-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60+
Male
Female
RBce/Eihnteirvb
Minority
White
' P<.01,Ftest
b P<.05, Ftest
Source; West et al., 1993
Mean Sport-Fish Consumption by Demographic
Anglers Fish Consumption Study, 1991-
N
290
369
662
871
299
1,074
825
231
487
464
475
272
598
140
266
583
556
419
596
299
1,074
160
2,289
Variables, Michigan Sport
1992
Mean (a/day)
21.0
20.6
17.5
14.7
16.5
17.0
17.6
14.5
14.6
12.9
19.4
22.8
17.7
15.1
18.9
16.6
16.5
16.5
16.2
17.5
13.7
23.2
16,3
95% C.I.
16.3-25,8
15.5-25.7
15.0-20.1
12.8- 16.7
12.9-20.1
14.9- 1 9.1
14.9 - 20.2
10.5-18.6
11.8- 17.3
10.7 - 15.0
15.5-23.3
16.8-28.8
15.1 -20.3
10.3-20.0
13.9-23.9
13.5- 19.7
13.4- 19.6
13.6- 19.4
13.8- 18.6
15.8-19.1
11.2- 16.3
13.4-33.1
14.9- 17.6
Page
10-68
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-68. Distribution of Fish Intake Rates
(from all sources and from spprt-caught sources)
For 1992 Lake Ontario Anglers
Percentile of Lake Ontario Anglers
25%
30%
75%
90%
95%
99%
Fish from All Sources (g/day)
8.8
14.1
23.2
34.2
42.3
56.6
Sport-Caught Fish (g/dav)
0.6
2.2
6.6
13.2
17.9
39.8
Source. Connelly et al., 1996.
Table 10-69. Mean Annual Fish Consumption (g/day)
for Lake Ontario Anglers, 1992,
by Sociodemographic Characteristics
Mean Consumption
Demographic Group
Overall
Residence
Rural
Small City
City (25- 100,000)
City (> 100,000)
Income
< $20,000
$21,000-34,000
$34,000-50,000
>$50,000
Age (years)
<30 '
30-39
40-49
50+
Education
< High School
High School Graduate
Some College
College Graduate
Some Post Grad.
Note - Scheffe's test showed statistically
age groups (all sources).
Source: Connelly et al., 1996.
Fish from all
17.9
17.6
20.8
19.8
13.1
20.5
17.5
16.5
20.7
13.0
16.6
18.6
21.9
17.3
17.8
18.8
17.4
20.5
Sources Sport-Caught Fish
4.9
5.1
6.3
5.8
2.2
4.9
4.7
4.8
6.1
4.1
4.3
5.1
6.4
7.1
4.7
5.5
4.2
5.9
significant differences between residence types (for all sources and sport caught) and
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 10-69
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-70, Percentile and Mean Intake
Percentile
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
98th
100th
Mean
Annual
Number of Sport Caught
4
10
25
50
60
100
365
18
Source: Raw data on sport-caught meals from Fiore et al., 1989.
fish meal;
this value is dervied
fromPaoetal., 1982.
Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers
Meals Intake Rate of Sport-Caught Meals (g/dav)
1.7
4.1
10.2
20.6
24.6
41.1
150
7.4
EPA calculated intake rates using a value of 150 grams per
Table 10-71.
Catccorv
Geographic Distribution
Age Distribution (years)
Annual Household Income
Ethnic Background
Sociodemographic Characteristics
of Respondents
Subcategorv
Upper Hudson
Mid Hudson
Lower Hudson
<14
15-29
30-44
45-59
>60
<$ 10,000
$10-29,999
$30 - 49,999
$50 - 69,999
$70 - 89,999
> $90,000
Caucasian American
African American
Hispanic American
Asian American
Native American
Percent of Total*
18%
35%
48%
3%
26%
35%
23%
12%
16%
41 %
29%
10%
2%
3%
67%
21 %
10% .
1%
1 %
* A total of 336 shore-based anglers were interviewed
Source: Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc., 1993
Page
10-70
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 1 0-72. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult Respondents
(Consumers and
Non-consumers
Number of Grams/Day Cumulative Percent
0.00
1.6
3.2
4.0
4.9
6.5
7.3
8.1
9,7
12.2
13,0
16.2
19.4
20.2
24.3
29.2
32.4
38.9
40.5
48.6
N = 500
Weighted Mean = 58.7 grams/day (g/d)
Weighted SE = 3.64
90th Percentile: 97.2 g/d < (90th) < 130 g/d
95th Percentile ~ 170 g/d
99th Percentile = 389 g/d
Source: CRITFC, 1994
8.9%
9.0%
10.4%
10,8%
10.9%
12.8%
12.9%
13.7%
14.4%
14.9%
16.3%
22.8%
24.0%
24.1%
27.9%
28.1%
52.5%
52.9%
56.5%
67.6%
Combined) - Throughout the Year
Number of Grams/Day
64.8
72.9
77.0
81.0
97.2
130
146
162
170
194
243
259
292
324
340
389
486
648
778
972
Cumulative Percent
. 80.6%
81.2%
81.4%
83.3%
89.3%
92.2%
93.7%
94.4%
94.8%
97.2%
97.3%
97.4%
97,6%
98.3%
98.7%
99.0%
99.6%
99.7%
99.9%
100%
Table 10-73.
Sex
Female
Male
Total
Age (years)
18-39
40-59
60 & Older
Total
Location
On Reservation
Off Reservation
Total
Fish Intake Throughout the Year by Sex,
N
278
222
500
287
155
58
500
440
60
500
Age, and Location by All Adult
Weighted Mean
(grams/day)
55.8
62.6
58.7
57.6
55.8
74.4
58.7
60.2
47.9
58.7
Respondents
Weighted SE
4.78
5.60
3.64
4.87
4.88
15.3
3.64
3.98
8.25
3.64
Source: CRITFC, 1994.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-71
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
N=194
Unweighted
Unweighted
Table 10-74.
Number of Grams/Day
0.0
0.4
0,8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.1
4.9
6.5
8.1
9.7
12.2
13.0
16,2
19,4
20.3
24.3
32.4
48.6
64.8
72.9
81.0
97.2
162.0
Mean = 19.6 grams/day
SB =1.94
Children's Fish Consumption Rates - Throughout Year
Unweighted Cumulative Percent
21.1%
21.6%
22.2%
24.7%
25.3%
28.4%
32.0%
33.5%
35.6%
47.4%
48.5%
51.0%
51.5%
72.7%
73.2%
74.2%
76.3%
87.1%
91.2%
94.3%
96.4%
97.4%
98.5%
100%
Source: CRITFC, 1994.
Table 10-75. Sociodemographic Factors and Recent Fish Consumption
Peak Consumption3
Average0 i3 (%)
All participants (N-323)
Gender
Mate (n-148)
Female (n- 175}
Age (y)
<35 (n-150)
s35 (n-I73)
High School Graduate
No(n-105)
Yes(n-218)
Unemployed
Yes fn-78)
No (n-245)
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.6
20
26.
15
23
17
18
21
27
18
Walleye
4.2
5.1
3.4
5.3a
3.2
3.6
4.4
4.8
4.0
Recent Consumption
N. Pike
0,3
0,5a
0.2
0.3
0.4
•0.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
Muskellunse
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.2
Bass
0.5
0,7*
0.3
0,7
0.3
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.3
* Highest number of fish meals consumed/week.
Number of meals of each species in the previous 2 months.
c Average peak fish consumption.
Percentage of population reporting peak fish consumption of 2 3
Source: Peterson et al.. 1994.
fish meals/week.
Page
10-72
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Which months of th* year do you
eat the most fish?
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JU Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
* Participants could list mora than one month.
Figure 10-1. Sesoiial Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990
During those months of the year when you eM the most fish,
how many fish meals do you oat in a week?
R»h meals par week
Figure 10-2. Peak Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990.
Source: Peterson et al., 1994.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-73
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 -Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-76. Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All
Number of Local " " ""
Fish Meals During Pregnancy
Consumed Per Year
Mohawk Control
None
1-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50+
Total
• p
" P
c N
Source:
N° %
63 64.9
24 24.7
5 5.2
1 1.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
4 4.1
97 100.
0
<0.05 for Mohawk vs. Control.
< 0.001 for Mohawk vs. Control.
= number of respondents.
Fitzgerald et al., 1995.
N°
109
24
7
5
2
1
6
154
%
70.8
15.6
4.5
3.3
1.3
0.6
3.9
100.
0
Respondents •
Time Period
& 1 Yr, Before Pregnancy3
Mohawk Control
N*
42
40
4
3
0
1
7
97
%
43.3
41.2
4.1
3.1
0.0
1.0
7.2
100.
0
N*
99
31
6
3
3
1
11
154
%
64.3
20.1
3.9
1.9
1.9
0.6
7.1
100.
0
> Yr. Before Pregnancyb
Mohawk Control
N0
20
42
6
9
1
1
18
97
%
20.6
43.3
6.2
9.3
1.0
1.0
18.6
100.
0
N0
93
35
8
5
1
1
11
154
%
60.4
22.7
5.2
3.3
0.6
0.6
7.1
100.
0
Table 10-77. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time
Period for All Respondents and Consumers Only
All Respondents
(N=97 Mohawks and 154 Controls)
During s 1 Yr. Before
Pregnancy Pregnancy
Mohawk 3.9(1.2) 9.2(2.3)
Control 7.3(2.1) 10.7(2.6)
>1 Yr. Before
Pregnancy
23.4 (4.3)a
10.9 (2.7)
Consumers Only
(N=82 Mohawks and 72 Controls)
During si Yr. Before >1 Yr. Before
Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy
4.6(1.3) 10.9(2.7) 27.6(4.9)
1 5.5 (4.2)a 23.0 (5. 1 )b 23.0 (5.5)
* p <0.001 for Mohawk vs. Control.
b p<0.05 for Mohawk vs. Control
( ) = standard error.
Test for linear trend:
p<0.001 for Mohawk (All participants and consumers only);
p=0.07 for Controls (All participants and consumers only).
Source: Fitzgerald etal., 1995.
Page
10-74
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-78. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period and Selected
Characteristics for All Respondents (Mohawk, N=97; Control, N= 154)
Time Period
During Pregnancy
Background Variable
Age (Yrs)
<20
20-24
25-29
30-34
>34
Education (Yrs)
<12
12
13- 15
>15
Cigarette Smoking
Yes
No
Alcohol Consumption
Yes
No
2 F (4,149) = 2.66,
b F (1,152) = 3.77,
c F (1, 152) = 5.20,
" F (1, 152) = 6.42,
Source: Fitzgerald et a!..
Mohawk
7.7
1.3
3,9
12.0
1.8
6.3
7.3
1.7
0.9
3.8
3.9
4.2
3.8
Control
0.8
5.9
9.9
7.6
11.2
7.9
5.4
10.1
6.8
8.8
6.4
9.9
6.3"
s 1 Year Before Presnancv
Mohawk
13.5
5.7
15.5
9.5
1.8
14.8
8.1
8.0
10.7
10.4
8.4
6.8
12.1
Control
13.9
14.5
6.2
2.9
26.2
12.4
8.4
15.4
0.8
13.0
8.3
13.8
4,7C
> 1 Year Before Pregnancy
Mohawk
27.4
20.4
25.1
12.0
52.3
24.7
15.3
29.2
18.7
31.6
18.1
18.0
29.8
Control
10.4
15.9
5.4
5.6
22. 1*
8.6
11.4
13.3
2.1
10.9
10.8
14.8
2.9d
p =0.035 for Age Among Controls.
p=0.054 for Alcohol
p= 0.024 for Alcohol
p=0.012 for Alcohol
1995.
Among Controls.
Among Controls.
Among Controls.
Table 10-79. Percentage of Individuals
Use
Study Frequency Bake
Connelly et a!., Always 24(a)
1992 Ever 75(a)
Connelly et al, Always 13
1996 Ever 84
CRITFC, 1994 At least 79
monthly
Ever 98
Fitzgerald et al., Not
1995 Specified
Puffer et al.. As Primary 16.3
1981 Method
Pan Fry
51
88
4
72
51
80
94(e)(f)
52.5
Using Various Cooking Methods at Specified Frequencies
Deep Fry Broil or
Grill Poach Boil Smoke
13 24(a) .
59 75(a)
4
42
'14 27 I! 46 31
25 39 17 73 66
71(e)(g)
12
Raw Other
1 34(b)
29(c)
49(d)
3 67(b)
71(0
75(d)
0.25 19(h)
" 24 and 75 listed as bake, BBQ, or poach
b Dried
° Roasted
d Canned
c Not specified whether deep or pan fried
f Mohawk women
* Control population
h boil, stew, soup, or steam
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-75
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 -Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-80,
Species
Anchovy, European
Bass
Bass, Striped
Bluefish
Buitcrfish
Carp
Catfish
Cod, Atlantic
Cod, Pacific
Croaker, Atlantic
Dolphinfish, Mahimahi
Drum, Freshwater
Flatfish, Flounder and Sole
Grouper
Haddock
Halibut, Atlantic & Pacific
Halibut, Greenland
Herring, Atlantic & Turbot, domestic species
Herring, Pacific
Mackerel, Atlantic
Mackerel, Jack
Mackerel, King
Mackerel, Pacific & Jack
Mackerel, Spanish
Monkfish
Mullet, Striped
Ocean Perch, Atlantic
Perch, Mixed species
Pike, Northern
Pike, Walleye
Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species'
Moisture
Content
(%)
73,37
50.30
75.66
79.22
70.86
74.13
76.31
69.63
76.39
58.81
81.22
75.61
75.92
16.14
81.28
78.03
59.76
77.55
77.33
79.06
73.16
79.22
73.36
79.92
74.25
71.48
77.92
71.69
70.27
72.05
64.16
59.70
55.22
71.52
63.55
53.27
69.17
75.85
70.15
71.67
68.46
83.24
77.01
70.52
78.70
72.69
79.13
73.25
78.92
72.97
79.31
Total Fat Content
(%)b
FINFISH
4.101
8.535
3.273
1.951
3.768
NA
4.842
6.208
3.597
12.224
0.456
0.582
0.584
1.608
0.407
2.701
11.713
0.474
4.463
0.845
1.084
0.756
0.970
0.489
0.627
0.651
1.812
2.324
12.164
7.909
10.140
10.822
16.007
12.552
9.076
15.482
4.587
1.587
6.816
5.097
5.745
NA
2.909
3.730
1.296
1.661
0.705
0.904
0.477
0.611
0.990
Comments
Raw
Canned in oil, drained solids
Freshwater, mixed species, raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Channel, raw
Channel, cooked, breaded and fried
Atlantic, raw
Canned, solids and liquids
Cooked, dry heat
Dried and salted
Raw
Raw
Cooked, breaded and fried
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw, mixed species
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Smoked
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Kippered
Pickled
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Canned, drained solids
Raw
Canned, drained solids
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Page
10-76
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species3 (continued)
Species
Pollock, Alaska & Walleye
Pollock, Atlantic
Rockfish, Pacific, mixed species
Roughy, Orange
Salmon, Atlantic
Salmon, Chinook
Salmon, Chum
Salmon, Coho
Salmon, Pink
Salmon, Red & Sockeye
Sardine, Atlantic
Sardine, Pacific
Sea Bass, mixed species
Seatrout, mixed species
Shad, American
Shark, mixed species
Snapper, mixed species
Sole, Spot
Sturgeon, mixed species
Sucker, white
Sunfish, Pumpkinseed
Swordftsh
Trout, mixed species
Trout, Rainbow
Tuna, light meat
Tuna, white meat
Tuna, Bluefish, fresh
Turbot, European
Whitefish, mixed species
Whiting, mixed species
Yellowtail, mixed species
Moisture
Content
(%)
81.56
74.06
78.18
79.26
73.41
75.90
68.50
73.17
72.00
75.38
70.77
72.63
65.35
76.35
68.81
70.24
68.72
61.84
59.61
68.30
78.27
72.14
78.09
68.19
73.58
60.09
76.87
70.35
75.95
76.55
69.94
62.50
79.71
79.50
75.62
68.75
71.42
71.48
63.43
59.83
74.51
64.02
69.48
68.09
59.09
76.95
72.77
70.83
80.27
74.71
74.52
Total Fat
Content
(%)"
0.701
0,929
0.730
1.182
1,515
3.630
5.625
9.061
3.947
3.279
4.922
4.908
6.213
2.845
5.391
4.560
6.697
9.616
10.545
11.054
1.678
2.152
2.618
NA
3.941
12.841
0.995
1.275
3.870
3.544
4.544
3.829
1.965
0.502
3.564
4.569
5.901
2.883
3.696
7.368
0.730
NA
2.220
4.296
5.509
NA
5.051
0.799
0.948
1.216
NA
Comments
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw (Mixed species)
Cooked, dry heat (mixed species)
Raw
Raw
Raw
Smoked
Raw
Canned, drained solids with bone
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Canned, solids with bone and liquid
Raw
Canned, drained solids with bone
Cooked, dry heat
Canned in oil, drained solids with bone
Canned in tomato sauce, drained solids with bone
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, batter-dipped and fried
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Smoked
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Canned in oil, drained solids
Canned in water, drained solids
Canned in oil
Canned in water, drained solids
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Smoked
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-77
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table !0-80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species" (continued)
Moisture Total Fat
Content Content
Species
Crab, Alaska King
Crab. Blue
Crab, Dunj>eness
Crab, Queen
Crayfish, mixed species
Lobster, Northern
Shrimp, mixed species
Spiny Lobster, mixed species
Clam, mixed species
Mussel, Blue
Octopus, common
Oyster, Eastern
Oyster, Pacific
Scallop, mixed species
Squid
* Data are reported as in the Handbook
<%)
SHELLFISH
79.57
77.55
79.02
79.16
77.43
71.00
79.18
80.58
80.79
75.37
76.76
76.03
75,86
72.56
52.86
77,28
74.07
81.82
63.64
97.70
61.55
63.64
80,58
61.15
80.25
85.14
85,14
64.72
70.28
82.06
78.57
58.44
73.82
78,55
64.54
(%)"
NA
0.854
0,801
0.910
1.188
6.571
0.616
0.821
0.732
0.939
NA
0.358
1.250
1.421
10.984
0.926
1.102
0.456
0.912
NA
10.098
0.912
1.538
3.076
0.628
1.620
1.620
11.212
3.240
1.752
0.377
10.023
NA
0.989
6.763
Comments
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Imitation, made from surimi
Raw
Canned (dry pack or drained solids of wet pack)
Cooked, moist heat
Crab cakes
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Canned (dry pack or drained solids of wet pack)
Cooked, breaded and fried
Cooked, moist heat
Imitation made from surimi, raw
Raw
Canned, drained solids
Canned, liquid
Cooked, breaded and fried
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Raw
Canned (solids and liquid based) raw
Cooked, breaded and fried
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, breaded and fried
Imitation, made from Surimi
Raw
Cooked, fried
h Total Fat Content - saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated
NA = Not available
Source: USDA. 1979-1984 -U.S. Agricultural
Handbook No. 8
Page
10-78
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestioh Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
'- "Table;. 10-81* Recommendations- General:Population'. "*/
Mean Intake^ -.;< ' '".---'J* »' PSjttoPfercentile of Long-term' ^. '"'.* .%>., •s""—''•"*•''* •*,:, *-"?•:» i-,,s "^
(g/day), \, * " ->t*'-*• "'intake DistriButioh (g/day)f - \ * '-,?,' ."Study (Reference)-,,,""% t- „!„/'""4*
20.
14.
6.0 (Freshwater/Estuarine Pish)
" '•» - ' -..Table'10-82., Recommendation's ^GerierM'Population -^ ,"* "" *7- '-
'- .*''.-•-'' ' '/ ' ''•= Fish Serving Size *• .^•(/vv.ic'*/1 X.V %'^-
Mean Intake '(grams)'- . •• r 95th Perceritile Xgrams) *" "^V Study (Referencg)'^^^ v. "-.«*,' ''' '**.*
129 %> : • * "- ••'"326-" *"-*''""• '1989-1991 CSB!,JrbJT*EPA'. 1996) -~>
~y '' * ^
, Mean Intake
" " ' - .^'5.6*
^ '%' -2.0"
-,7 "*''--:« Table 10-83. Recommendations - Recreati'onaljvfarine" Anglers ^ „ •
'(g/day) J'^"' ! i." -^th>ercentile (g/da>)
, x^ *v -^ "--ieio ^'vf
%•> « , -, , -6j ., x_
v^ "^(V" •»• "^ "• i * "^ * f^ *" *i
--,, w Study Location*'^, - *•" _
- v_ Atlantic, "^ X ,"'"•>_,
•^""•.. - , VC.'
-,».KVS! S|udyti •"'•».-. "-
. /"NMFS'*1993 -r-
eldAmelaation^^^^^
« _,rt . "-,.,.. -^ i*5 . 4 'm. B5'- 'iW- -. -«.^-^.
.;>^
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 10-79
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-85, Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations
Per-Capita (or Mean) Intake Upper Percentile
(g/day) (g/day)
Study Population " ; ^;"V' ,
Reference,
59
16
81
770
170 (95th)
94 Alaska" Communities '
! '(Highest of 94)"'": v
4 Columbia River Tribes:./.'>'"-: "',,,;>
- 94 Maska'Cb:mrnunitiesr-: •: • '"': Wolfe and Walker, 1989
• -'(Lowesl.pf'94) •":--•/•'"''. [*.},"•-. .-••••- ^:' "-'- ;'*•
,94 Alaska 'Communities • -:';- ;J',:'; ".Wolfe-and, WaJUcer,:4 989,'
Page
10-80
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Pq
Table 10-86. Summary of Fish Intake Studies
Source of Data
(Reference)
Population Surveyed
Survey Time Period/Type
Analyses Performed (References)
Limitations/Advantages
General Population
Key Studies
Javitz, 1 980 - TR! Survey
U ,S. EPA, 1 996a
25,162 individuals -
general population;
the TK1 Survey
sample
11,912 individuals-
general population
Relevant Studies
AIHC, 1994
Paoetal., 1982
Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
USDA, 1992
37,874 individuals -
general population
9,386 individuals -
general population
10,000 individuals-
general population
Sept. 1973-Aug. 1974 (I year
survey). Completed diary over 1
month period on date of meal
consumption, species offish,
packaging type, amount offish
prepared, number of servings
consumed, etc.
Participants provided 3 consecutive
days of dietary data. Three survey
years (1989-1991) combined into one
data set.
Participants provided 3 consecutive
days of dietary data. Survey
conducted between April 1977 and
March 1978.
Participants provided 24-hour diary
data. Follow-up questionnaires,
survey conducted between October
1992 and September 1994.
Participants provided 3 consecutive
days of dietary data. Survey
conducted between April 1987 and
March 1988.
Mean and distribution of fish consumption
rates grouped by race, age, gender, census
region, fish species, community type, and
religion. Lognormal distribution fit to fish
intake distribution by age and region by
Ruffle etal. (1994).
Analysis ofCSFll 1989-91, Rsh grouped
by habitat (freshwater vs. marine) and type
(finfish vs. shellfish). Per capita fish
intake rales calculated using cooked and
uncooked equivalent weight and reported
in g/day and gftg-day; also intake
distribution per day eating fish.
Distributions using @Risk simulation
software.
Mean and distribution of average daily fish
intake and average fish intake per eating
occasion; by age-sex groups and overall.
Frequency of eating fish and number of
servings per month provided.
Per capita fish intake rates and percent of
population consuming fish in one day; by
age and sex.
High response rate (80%); population was
large and geographically and seasonally
representative; consumption rates based
on one month of diary data; survey data is
over 20 years out of date
Large, geographically representative study;
relatively recent. Based on short-term (3
day) data so long-term percetuiles offish
intake distribution could not be estimated.
Limited reviews of supporting studies;
good alternative source of information.
Population was large and geographically
representative; data were based on short-
term dietary recall; data are almost 20
years out of date.
Population large and geographically and
seasonally balanced; data based on recall;
intake data not provided.
Population was large and geographically
and seasonally balanced; data based on
short-term dietary recall.
OoCTQ
3"
&
a
1
s-
<5
(X
tn
S}.
-------
*a
*i 5»-
vo ®
TMs 10-86. Summary at Rsh Intake Studies (continued)
Source of Data f Reference)
Population Surveyed
Survev Time Pcrwxf/Tyne
Analyses Performed (References)
Unaiations/Advanmces
Recreational-Marine Fish
Key. Study
NMFS 1986a,b,c; 1993
Relevant Studies
Pierce et al., 1981
Puffer el al,, 1 98 1
U.S. DHHS, 1995
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts -
41,000 field interviews and
58,000 telephone interviews;
Pacific Coast - 38,000 field
interviews and 73,000
telephone interviews,
-500 anglers in
Commencement Bay,
Washington
1,067 anglers in the Los
Angeles, California area.
330 everglade residents/
subsistence fishermen or
both
Telephone interviews with residents of
coastal counties; information on fishing
frequency and mode of fishing trips.
Field interviews with marine anglers;
information on area and mode fished,
fishing frequency, species caught,
weight of fish, and whether fish were
intended to be consumed.
July-November 1980; creel survey
interviews conducted consisting of 5
summer days and 4 fall days.
Creel survey conducted for the full 1980
calendar year.
1992-1993; questionnaire wilh
demographic information and fishing
and eating habits.
Intake rates were not calculated; total
catch size grouped by marine species,
seasons, and number of fishermen for
each coastal region were presented.
Distribution of fishing frequency;
total weight of catch grouped by
species. Re-analysis by Price et al.
(1994) using inverse fishing
frequency as sample weights.
Distribution of sport fish intake
rates. Median rates by age, ethnicity
and fish species. Re-analysis by
Price et al (1994) using inverse
fishing frequency as sample weights.
Provides data for fishing frequency
by sex, age, and ethnicity.
Population was large geographically and
seasonally bstaced; fish caught were
weighed in the field. No information on
number of potential consumers of catch.
Local survey. Original analysis by Pierce
et al. (1981) did not calculate intake rates;
analysis over-estimated fishing frequency
distribution by oversampling frequent
anglers. Re-analysis by Price et. al.
(1994) involved several assumptions; thus
results are questionable.
Local survey. Original (unweighted)
analysis over-estimated fish intake by
oversampling frequent anglers. Re-
analysis by Price et al. (1994) involves
several assumptions; thus results are
questionable.
Intake rates were not reported, study not
representative of the U.S. population; oac
of few studies that target subsistence
fishermen.
;s
&
&
3
Q>
a.
a
o
Si
flj ft
H I"
(5* &}
-------
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 10-83
Table 10-86. Summary of Fish Intake Studies (continued)
Source of Dala
(Reference) Population Surveyed Survev Time Period/Tvne Analyses Performed (References) Umitations/AdvantaEes
Recreational Fresh Water Fish
Chemrisk, 1991;Ebcrt 1,612 licensed Maine anglers 1989-1990 ice fishing season and 1990 Mean and distribution of fish Data based on one year recall; high
etal., 1993 open water season; mailed survey; one consumption rates by ethnic groups and response rate; area-specific
year recall of frequency of fishing trips, overall. Mean and distribution of fish consumption patterns.
number and length of fish species consumption rates for fish from rivers
caught. and streams. EPA analysis of fish
intake for household members.
Connelly etal., 1996 825 anglers with NY State Survey consisted of self-recording Distribution of intake rates of sport Meal size estimated by comparison
fishing licenses intending to information in a diary for 1992 fishing caught fish. with pictures of 8 oz. fish meals.
fish Lake Ontario. trips and fish consumption.
West etal., 1993 2,681 persons with Michigan January 1991 through January 1992; Mean consumption rate for sport and Relatively low response made and only
fishing licenses mailed survey; 7-day recall; total fish by demographic category three categories were used to assign
demographics information requested, (West etal., 1993) and 50th, 90th, and fish portion size. Relatively large-scale
and quantity offish eaten, if any, at 95th percentile (U.S. EPA, 1995), study and reliance on short-term recall.
each meal based on a photograph of 1/2
Ib of fish (more about same, or less).
West etal., 1989 1,171 Michigan residents with January-May 1988; anglers completed Mean intake rates of self-caught fish . Weight of fish consumed was
fishing licenses questionnaires based on 7-day and I - based on 7-day recall period estimated using a picture of an 8 oz,
year recall. and mean and percentiles of self-caught fish meal; smaller meals were judged to
fish intake based on one year recall. be 5 oz., larger ones 10 oz.
Relevant Studies
Connelly el at, 1 992 1 ,030 anglers licensed in New Survey mailed out in Jan. 1 992; one Knowledge and effects of fish health Response rate of 52.8%; only number
York year recall of the period Oct. 1990-Sept, advisories. Mean number of sport- offishmealsreported.
1991 caught fish meals.
Rote etal., 1989 801 individuals with 1985 summer; mailed survey; one year Mean number of sport caught fish Constant meal size assumed.
Wisconsin fish or sporting recall of sport fish consumption. meals of Wisconsin anglers.
licenses
Hudson River Sloop 336 shore-based anglers Survey conducted June-November Knowledge and adherence to health Data collected from personal
Clearwater, Inc. (1993) 1991; April-July 1992, Onsite advsisories interviews; intake data not provided;
interview with analers fish meal data provided.
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors ^ftSMfc
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish **
-------
I
§
c
2"
«•»
>•«
\o
Table 10-86. Summary of Rsh Intake Studies (continued)
Source of Data
(Reference)
Native American
Kcv Studies
CRITFC, 1994
Fitzgerald eial. 1995
Petersen ci a!,, 1994
Wolfe and Walker,
1987
Population Surveyed
Four Iribes in Washington
state; total of 51 3 adults and
204 children under five
97 Mohawk women in New
York; 154 Caucasian women;
nursing mothers
327 residents of Chippewa
reservation. Wisconsin
Ninety-eight communities in
Alaska surveyed by various
researchers
Survey Time Period/Type
Fall and Winter of 1991-1992; stratified
random sampling approach; in-person
interviews; information requested
included 24-hour dietary recall, seasonal
and annual number of fish meals, average
weight of fish meals and species
consumed.
1988-1992, up to 3-year recall
Self-administered questionaire completed
in May, 1990.
Surveys conducted between 1980 and
1985; data based on 1 -year recall period.
Annual per capita harvest of fish, land
mammals, marine mammals and other
resources estimated for each communitv.
Analyses Performed (References')
Mean and distribution of fish intake
rates for adults and for children. Mean
intake rates by age and gender.
Frequency of cooking and preparation
methods.
Mean number of sport-caught fish
meals per year.
Mean number of fish meals per year.
Distribution among communities of
annual per-capiia harvests for each
resource category.
UmitalionsMdvimtaees
Survey was done at only one time of the
year and involved one year recall; fish
intake rates were based on all fish sources
but great majority was locally caught;
study provides consumption and habits for
subsistence subpopulation group.
Survey for nursing mothers only, recall for
up to 3 years; small sample size; may be
representative of Mohawk women;
measured in fish meals.
Did not distinguish between commercial
and sport-caught meals.
Data based on 1-year recall; data provided
are harvest data thai must be converted to
individual intake rates; surveyed
communities are only a sample of all
Alaska communities.
J NFMS - National Marine Fisheries Services.
1
1
a
8,
a.
o
-------
Volume II ~ Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 -Intake of Fish andShellfish
Table 10-87. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for General Population
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
* Accessibility
* Reproducibility
» Focus on factor of interest
* Data pertinent to U.S.
« Primary data
* Currency
» Adequacy of data collection period
• Validity of approach
« Study size
* Representativeness of the population
» Characterization of variability
* Lack of bias in study design (high
rating is desirable)
» Measurement error
Other Elements
» Number of studies
* Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
Peer reviewed by USDA and EPA.
CSF11 data are publicly available. Javitz is a
contractor report to EPA.
Enough information is available to reproduce
results.
The studies focused on fish ingestion.
The studies were conducted for U.S. population.
The studies are primary studies.
Studies were conducted from 1973-1974 to 1989-
1991.
Long-term distribution are based on one month
data collection period.
Data are collected using diaries and one-day recall.
However, data adjusted to account for changes in
eating pattern.
The Range of samples was 10,000 -37,000.
The data are representative of overall U.S.
population.
Long-term distribution (generated from 1973-1974
data) was shifted upward based on recent increase
in mean consumption.
Response rates were fairly high; there was no
obvious source of bias.
Estimates of intake amounts were imprecise.
There was 1 study for the mean, the results of 2
studies were utilized for long-term distribution.
High
High (CSFII)
Medium (Javitz)
High
High
High
High
Medium (mean)
Low (Long-Term Distribution)
High (Mean)
Medium (Long-term distribution)
Medium
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium (Mean)
Low (Long-term distribution)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-85
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-88. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for Recreational Marine Anglers
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
» Accessibility
« Rcproducibility
• Focus on factor of interest
• Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
* Currency
• Adequacy of data collection period
* Validity of approach
* Study size
« Representativeness of the population
• Characterization of variability
* Lack of bias in study design (high
rating is desirable)
« Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between researchers
Overall Bating
Data were reviewed by NMFS and EPA. High
The analysis of the NMFS data is presented in the Handbook and High
NMFS data can be found in NMFS publications.
Enough information is available to reproduce results. High
Studies focused on fish catch rather than fish consumption per Medium
se.
The studies were conducted in the U.S. High
Data are from primary studies. High
The data were based on 1993 studies. High
Data were collected once for each angler. The yearly catch of Medium
anglers were estimated from catch on intercepted trip and
repotted fishing frequency.
The creel survey provided data on fishing frequency and fish Medium
weight; telephone survey data provided number of anglers. An
average value was used for the number of intended fish
consumers and edible fraction.
Studies encompassed a population of over 100,000. High
Data were representative of overall U.S. coastal state population. High
Distributions were generated. High
Response rates were fairly high; There was no obvious source of High
bias.
Rsh were weighed in the field. High
There was 1 study. Low
N/A
Medium
Page
10-86
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-89. Confidence in Recommendations for Fish Consumption - Recreational Freshwater
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
* Accessibility
• Reproducibility
« Focus on factor of interest
• Data pertinent to U.S.
* Primary data
» Currency
* Adequacy of data collection period
« Validity of approach
» Study size
» Representativeness of the population
» Characterization of variability
* Lack of bias in study design (high
rating is desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
« Number of studies
* Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
Studies can be found in peer reviewed journals and has been High
reviewed by the EPA.
The original study analyses are reported in accessible journals. High
Subsequent EPA analyses are detailed in Handbook.
Enough information is available to reproduce results. High
Studies focused on ingestion of fish by the recreational High
freshwater angler.
The studies were conducted in the U.S. High
Data are from primary references. High
Studies were conducted between 1988-1992. High
Data were collected for one year period for 3 studies; and a one High
week period for one study.
Data presented are as follows: one year recall of fishing trips (2 Medium
studies), one week recall of fish consumption (1 study), and one
year diary survey (1 study). Weight of fish consumed was
estimated using approximate weight of fish catch and edible
fraction or approximate weight of fish meal.
Study population ranged from 800-2600. High
Each study was localized to a single state or area. Low
Distributions were generated. High
Response rates were fairly high. One year recall of fishing trips Medium
may result in overestimate.
Weight of fish portions were estimated in one study, fish weight Medium
was estimated from reported fish length in another study.
There are 4 key studies. High
Intake rates in different parts of country may be expected to Medium
show some variation.
The main drawback is that studies are not nationally Medium
representative and not representative of long-term consumption.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10-87
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 10 - Intake of Fish and Shellfish
Table 10-90, Confidence in Recommendations for Native American Subsistence Fish Consumption
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
» Level of peer review
* Accessibility
» Reproducibility
• Focus on factor of interest
* Data pertinent to U.S.
* Primary data
• Currency
* Adequacy of data collection period
* Validity of approach
• Study size
« Representativeness of the population
* Characterization of variability
• Lack of bias in study design (high
rating is desirable)
« Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
* Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
Studies are from peer reviewed journal (1 study), and Medium
technical reports (Istudy).
Journal articles are publicly available. CR1TFC is a Medium
technical report.
The studies were adequately detailed. High
Studies focused on fish ingestion and fish harvest. High
All studies were specific to area in the U.S. High
One study used primary data, the other used secondary Medium
data.
Data were from early 1980's to 1992. Medium
Data collected for one year period. High
One study used fish harvest data; EPA used a factor to Medium
convert to individual intake. Other study measured
individual intake directly,
The sample population was 500 for the study with Medium
primary data.
Only two stales were represented. Low
Individual variation were not described in summary study. Medium
Medium
The response rate was 69% in study with primary data.
Bias was hard to evaluate in summary study.
The weight of the fish was estimated.
There were two studies; only one study described
individual variation in intake.
Range of per-capita rates from summary study includes
per-capita rate from study with primary data.
Studies are not nationally representative. Upper
percentiles are based on only one study.
Medium
Medium
High
Medium (per capita intake)
Low (upper percentiles)
Page
10-88
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 10A
APPENDIX 10A
RESOURCE UTILIZATION DISTRIBUTION
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 lOA-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 10A
Appendix 10A. Resource Utilization Distribution
The percentiles of the resource utilization distribution of Y are to be distinguished from the percentiles of the
(standard) distribution of Y, The latter percentiles show what percentage of individuals in the population are consuming
below a given level. Thus, the 50th percentile of the distribution of Y is that level such that 50 percent of individuals
consume below it; on the other hand, the 50th percentile of the resource utilization distribution is that level such that 50
percent of the overall consumption in the population is done by individuals consuming below it.
The percentiles of the resource utilization distribution of Y will always be greater than or equal to the
corresponding percentiles of the (standard) distribution of Y, and, in the case of recreational fish consumption, usually
considerably exceed the standard percentiles.
To generate the resource utilization distribution, one simply weights each observation in the data set by the Y level
for that observation and performs a standard percentile analysis of weighted data. If the data already have weights, then
one multiplies the original weights by the Y level for that observation, and then performs the percentile analysis.
Under certain assumptions, the resource utilization percentiles offish consumption may be related (approximately)
to the (standard) percentiles offish consumption derived from the analysis of creel studies. In this instance, it is assumed
that the creel survey data analysis did not employ sampling weights (i.e., weights were implicitly set to one); this is the
case for many of the published analyses of creel survey data. In creel studies the fish consumption rate for the ith
individual is usually derived by multiplying the amount offish consumption per fishing trip (say Cj) by the frequency
of fishing (say fj). If it is assumed that the probability of sampling of an angler is proportional to fishing frequency, then
sampling weights of inverse fishing frequency (I/ f;) should be employed in the analysis of the survey data. Above it
was stated that for data that are already weighted the resource utilization distribution is generated by multiplying the
original weights by the individual's fish consumption level to create new weights. Thus, to generate the resource
utilization distribution from the data with weights of (I/ f-), one multiplies (I/ f;) by the fish consumption level of (-, Cj
to get new weights of Cj.
Now if Cj (amount of consumption per fishing trip) is constant over the population, then these new weights are
constant and can be taken to be one. But weights of one is what (it is assumed) were used in the original creel survey
data analysis. Hence, the resource utilization distribution is exactly the same as the original (standard) distribution
derived from the creel survey using constant weights.
The accuracy of this approximation of the resource utilization distribution offish by the (standard) distribution of
fish consumption derived from an unweighted analysis of creel survey data depends then on two factors, how
approximately constant the Q 's are in the population and how approximately proportional the relationship between
sampling probability and fishing frequency is. Sampling probability will be roughly proportional to frequency if repeated
sampling at the same site is limited or if re-interviewing is performed independent of past interviewing status.
Note: For any quantity Y that is consumed by individuals in a population, the percentiles of the "resource utilization
distribution" of Y can be formally defined as follows: Yp (R) is the pth percentile of the resource utilization
distribution if p percent of the overall consumption of Y in the population is done by individuals with
consumption below Yp (R) and 100-p percent is done by individuals with consumption above Yp(R).
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ; 10A-3
-------
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 10B
APPENDIX 10B
FISH PREPARATION AND COOKING METHODS
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 IOB-1
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Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 10B
Table 10B-I. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Residence Size3
Residence Size
Cooking Method
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)b
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)
3 Large City = over
Large
City/Suburb
32.7
19.6
6.0
23.6
12.4
2.5
3.2
0.0000
393
45.8
12.2
2.8
20.2'
11.8
2.7
4.5
0
205
100,000; Small City
Small City
31.0
24.0
3.0
20.8
12.4
6.0
2.8
0.0000
317
45.7
14.5
2.3
17.6
8.8
8.5
2.7
0
171
= 20,000-100,000;
Town
Total Fish
36.0
23.3
3.4
13.8
10.0
8.3
5.2
0.0000
388
Sport Fish
47.6
17.5
2.9
10.6
6.3
10.4
4.9
0
257
Town = 2,000-20,000
Small Town
32.4
24.7
3.7
21.4
10.3
5.0
1.9
0.5
256
41.4
15.2
0.5
25.3
8.7
6.7
1.5
0.7
176
Small Town =
Rural Non-
Farm
38.6
26.2
3.4
13.7
12.7
2.3
2.9
0.2
483
51.2
21.9
3.6
8.2
9.7
1.9
3.5
0
314
100-2,000.
Farm
51.6
15.7
3.5
13.1
6.4
7.0
l.S
_
94
63.3
7.3
0
10.4
6.9
9.3
2.8
0
62
b N = Total number of respondents
Source: West et al.. 1993
Table 10B-2. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Age
Age (years)
Cooking Method
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled or Boiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)a
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)
a N = Total number of respondents.
Source: Westetal.. 1993.
17-30
45.9
23.0
0.0000
15.6
10.8
3.1
1.6
0.0000
246
57.6
18.2
0.0000
15.0
3.6
3.8
1.7
0.0000
174
31-40
Total Fish
31.7
24.7
6.0
15.2
13.0
5.2
4.2
0.0000
448
Sport Fish
42.6
21.0
4.4
10.1
10.4
7.2
4.3
0.0000
287
41-50
30.5
26.9
3.6
24.3
8.7
2.2
3.5
0.3
417
43.4
17.3
0.8
25.9
6.4
3.0
3.2
0.0000
246
51-64
33.9
23.7
3.9
16.1
12.8
6.5
2.7
0.4
502
46.6
14.8
3.2
12.2
11.7
7.5
3.5
0.4
294
>64
40.7
14.0
4.3
18.8
11.5
6.8
4.0
0.0000
287
54.1
•7.7
3.1
12.2
9.9
8.2
4.8
0.0000
163
Overall
35.3
23.5
3.9
17.8
11.4
4.7
3.2
0.2
1946
47.9
16.5
2.4
14.8
8.9
5.9
3.5
0.1
1187
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10B-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix IOC
Table 10B-3, Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Ethnicity
Ethnicity
CookinirMethod
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)"
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Total jN)
* N at Total number of respondents.
Source: Wcstetal, 1993.
Black
40.5
27.0
0
19.4
1.9
9.5
1.6
0
52
44.9
36.2
0
0
5.3
13.6
0
19
Native American
Total Fish
37.5
22.0
1.1
9.8
16.3
6.2
4.2
0
84
Sport Fish
47.9
20.2
0
1.5
18.2
8.6
3.6
60
Hispanic
16.1
83.9
0
0
0
0
3.5
0.3
12
52.1
47.9
0
0
0
0
0
4
White
35.8
22.7
4.3
17.7
11.7
4.5
2.7
0.4
1,744
48.8
15.7
2.7
14.7
8.6
5.6
3.7
39
Other
18.5
18.4
0
57.6
5.4
0
4.0
0
33
22.0
9.6
0
61.9
6.4
0
0
0
Table 10B-4. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking
Education
Cookine Kfethod
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)'
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Baked
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)
* N = Total number of respondents.
Source: West of al.. 1993.
Through Some H.S.
44.7
23.6
2.2
8.9
8.1
10.0
2.1
0.5
236
56.1
13.6
2.8
6.3
7.4
10.1
2.8
0.8
146
H.S. Degree
Total Fish
41.8
23.6
2.8
10.9
12.1
5.1
3.4
0.3
775
Sport Fish
52.4
15.8
2.4
9.4
10.6
6.3
3.3
0
524
Methods by Education
College Degree
28.8
23.8
5.1
23.8
11.6
3.0
4.0
0
704
41.8
18.6
3.0
21.7
6.1
3.9
4.6
0
421
Post Graduate
Education
22.9
19.4
5.8
34.1
12.8
3.8
1.3
0
211
36,3
12.9
0
28.3
14.9
6.5
1.0
0
91
Page
10B-4
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 10B
Table JOB-5.
Income
Cooking Method
Pan Fried
DeepFried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)a
Pan Fried
Deep Fried
Boiled
Grilled/Broiled
Baked
Combination
Other (Smoked, etc.)
Don't Know
Total (N)
3 N = Total number of respondents.
Source: West et al.. 1993.
Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using
0 - $24,999
Total Fish
44.8
21.7
2.1
11.3
9.1
8.7
2.4
0
544
Sport Fish
51.5
15.8
1.8
12.0
7.2
9.1
2.7
0
387
Various Cooking Methods by Income
$25,000 - $39,999
39.1
22.2
3.5
15.8
12.3
2.9
4.0
0.2
518
51.4
15.8
2.1
12.2
10.0
3.8
4.6
0
344
$40,000 - or more
26.5
23.4
5.6
25.0
13.3
2.5
3.5
0.3
714
42.0
17.2
3.7
19.4
10.0
3.5
3.8
0.3
369
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10B-5
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix IOC
Table 10B-6. Percent of Fish Meals Where Fat was Trimmed or Skin
Population
Residence Size
Large City/Suburb
Small City
Town
Small Town
Rural Non-Farm
Farm
Age (years)
17-30
31-40
41-50
51-65
Over 65
Ethnicity
Black
Native American
Hispanic
While
Other
Education
Some High School
High School Degree
College Degree
Posi-Graduale
Income
-------
Vohtme II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 1 OB
Table 1 OB-7. Method of Cooking of Most Common Species Kept by Sportfishermen
Species
While Croaker
Pacific Mackerel
Pacific Bonito'
Queenflsh
Jacksmelt
Walieye Perch
Shiner Perch
Opaleye
Black Perch
Kelp Bass
California Halibut
Shellfish*
(n = 1059)
a Crab, mussels, lobster
Percent of Anglers
Catching Species
34%
25%
18%
17%
13%
10%
7%
6%
5%
5%
4%
3%
, abalone
Use as Primary Cooking Method (Percent)
Deep Fry
19%
10%
' 5%
15%
17%
12%
11%
16%
18%
12%
13%
0%
Pan Fry Bake and Charcoal Broil Raw
64%
41%
33%
70%
57%
69%
72%
56%
53%
55%
60%
0%
12%
28%
43%
6%
19%
6%
8%
14%
14%
21%
24%
0%
0%
0%
2%
i%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Other11
5%
21%
17%
8%
7%
13%
11%
14%
15%
12%
3%
100%
b Boil, soup, steam, stew
Source: Modified from
Puffer etal., 1981.
Table IOB-8. Adult Consumption of Hsh Parts
Species
Salmon
Lamprey
Trout
Smelt
Whitefish
Sturgeon
Walleye
Squawftsh
Sucker
Shad
Source: CR1TFC,
Number
Consuming
473
249
365
209
125
121
46
15
42
16
1994,
Weighted Percent Consuming Specific Parts
Fillet
95.1%
86.4%
89.4%
78.8%
93.8%
94.6%
100%
89.7%
89.3%
93.5%
Skin
55.8%
89.3%
68.5%
88.9%
53.8%
18.2%
20.7%
34.1%
50.0%
15.7%
Head
42.7%
18.1%
13.7%
37.4%
15.4%
6.2%
6.2%
8.1%
19.4%
0.0%
Eggs
42,8%
4.6%
8.7%
46,4%
20.6%
11.9%
9.8%
11.1%
30.4%
0.0%
Bones
12.1%
5.2%
7.1%
28.4%
6.0%
2.6%
2.4%
5.9%
9.8%
3.3%
Organs
3.7%
3.2%
2.3%
27.9%
0.0%
0.3%
0.9%
0.0%
2.1%
0.0%
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
10B-7
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-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix IOC
APPENDIX IOC
PER CAPITA ESTIMATES BY SPECIES
BASED ON THE USDA CSFII DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ' " 10C-1
-------
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*»• a
"I
S
Table IOC-1. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption
U.S. Population - Mean Consumption by Species Within Habitat - As Consumed Fish
Habitat
Estuarine
Freshwater
Marine
Species
Shrimp
Perch
Flatfish (Estuarine)
Crab (Estuarine)
Flounder
Oyster
Clam (Estuarine)
Mullet
Croaker
Herring
Smelts
Scallop (Estuarine)
Anchovy
Scup
Sturgeon
Catfish
Trout
Carp
Pike
Salmon (Freshwater)
Tuna
Clam (Marine)
Cod
Flatfish (Marine)
Salmon (Marine)
Haddock
Pollock
Crab (Marine)
Ocean Perch
Porgy
Scallop (Marine)
Sea Bass
Lobster
Estimated Mean
Grams/Person/Day
1.37241
0.52580
0.43485
0.29086
0.24590
0.17840
0.14605
0.07089
0.05021
0.02937
0.02768
0.00247
0.00228
0.00050
0.00040
1.06776
0.43050
0.04846
0.01978
0.00881
4.19998
1.66153
1.22627
1.06307
0.73778
0.51533
0.44970
0.33870
0.31878
0.29844
0.21805
0.20794
0.20001
Habitat Species
Marine Swordfish
(Com) Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Sole
Mackerel
Whiting
Halibut
Mussels
Shark
Whitefish
Seafood
Snapper
Octopus
Barracuda
Abaione
Unknown Fish
All Species Tuna
Clam (Marine)
Shrimp
Cod
Catfish
Faltfish (Marine)
Salmon (Marine)
Perch
Haddock
Pollock
Flatfish (Estuarine)
Trout
Crab (Marine)
Ocean Perch
Porgy
Crab (Estuarine)
Estimated Mean
Grams/Person/Day
0.13879
0.12196
0.10013
0.09131
0.07396
0.06379
0.05498
0.02463
0.02217
0.0190!
0.00916
0.00574
0.00539
0.00375
0.001 1 1
0.00075
0.00186
4.19998
.66153
.38883
.22827
.06776
.06307
0.73778
0.52580
0.51533
0.44970
0.43485
0.43050
0.33870
0.31878
0.29844
0.29088
Habitat Species
All Species Flounder
(Com) Scallop (Marine)
Sea Bass
Lobster
Oyster
Clam (Esiuarine)
Swordfish
Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Sole
Mullet
Mackarel
Whiting
Croaker
Carp
Herring
Smelts
Halibut
Mussels
Pike
Shark
Whilefish -
Salmon (Freshwater)
Seafood
Snapper
Octopus
Scallop (Esiuarine)
Anchovy
Fish
Barracuda
Abaione
Scup
Sturgeon
Estimated Mean
Grams/Person/Day
0.24590
0.21805
0.20794
0.20001
0.17840
0.14605
0.13879
0.12196
0.10313
0.091 31
0.07396
0.07089
0.06379
0.05498
0.05021
0.04846
0.02937
0.02768
0.02463
0.02217
0.01978
0.01901
0.00916
0.00881
0.00574
0.00539
0.00375
0.00247
0.00228
0.00166
0.001 1 1
0.00075
0.00050
0.00040
Noies: Estimates are projected from a sample of 1 1 ,912 individuals to the U.S. population of 242,707,000 using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in
the 48 conceminous states.
Source of individual consumption data
USDA Combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII).
The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file for release 7 of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.
5s
8-
3
8.
I
£i»
-------
Tabfc 10C-2. D»ily Avenge Pet Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption
U.S. Populalion - Mean Consumption by Species Within Habitat - Uncooked Fish
Estimated Mean
Habitat Species Grams/Person/Day
Estuarine Shrimp 1.78619
Perch 0.66494
Ratfish (Estuarine) 0.50832
Crab (Estuarine) 0.40848
Rounder 0.28559
Oyster 0.18827
Mullet 0.08959
Croaker 0.06539
Smelts 0.03470
Herring 0.03408
Clam (Estuarine) 0.03339
Anchovy 0.00304
Scallop (Estuarine) 0.00297
Scup ' 0.00050
Sturgeon 0.00040
Freshwater Catfish 1.38715
Trout 0.53777
Carp 0.06012
Pike 0.02244
Salmon (Freshwater) 0.01183
Marine Tuna 5.67438
Cod 1.47609
Flatfish (Marine) 1.24268
Salmon (Marine) 0.99093
Haddock 0.62219
Pollock 0.52906
Crab (Marine) 0.47567
Porgy 0.42587
Ocean Perch 0.39327
Clam (Marine) 0.37982
Lobster 0.27583
Sea Bass 0.2666!
Scallop (Marine) 0.26199
Estimated Men
Habitat Species Grams/Pcrson/Day
Marine Swordlish 0,17903
(Com) Squid 0.14420
Sardine 0.13750
Pompano 0.12160
Mackerel 0.09866
Sole 0.08339
Whiting 0.06514
Mussels 0.03718
Halibut 0.03030
Shark 0.02385
Whitefish 0.00916
Snapper 0.00551
Octopus 0.00457
Barracuda 0.00130
Abalone 0.00094
Seafood 0.00043
Unknown Fish 0.00248
All Species Tuna 5.67438
Shrimp 1.78619
Cod 1.47609
Catfish 1. 387 15
Flatfish (Marine) 1.24268
Salmon (Marine) 0.99093
Perch 0.66494
Haddock 0.62219
Trout 0.53777
Pollock 0.52906
Flatfish (Esruarine) 0.50832
Crab (Marine) 0.47567
Porgy 0.42587
Crab (Estuarine) 0.40848
' Ocean Perch 0.39327
Clam (Marine) 0.37982
Estimated Mean
Habiut Species Grams/Person/Day
All Species Flounder 0.28559
(Com) Lobster 0.27563
Sea Bass 0.26661
Scallop (Marine) 0,26199
Oyster O.I8S27
Swwdfish 0,17903
Squid 0,14420
Sardine 0.13750
Pompino 0.12160
Mackarel 0.09866
Mullet 0.08958
Sole 0.08339
Croaker 0,06539
Whiting 0,06514
Carp 0.06012
Mussels 0,03718
Smelts 0.03470
Herring 0.03406
Clam (Estuarine) 0.03339
Halibut 0.03030
Shark 0.02385
Pike 0.02244
Salmon (Freshwater) 0.0! 1 83
Whitefish 0.00916
Snapper 0.00551
Octopus 0.00457
Anchovy 0.00304
Scallop (Estuarine) 0.00297
Fish 0.00248
Barracuda 0.00130
Abalone 0.00094
Scup 0.00050
Seafood 0.00043
Sturgeon 0.00040
Notes: Estimates are projected from a sample of 1 1 ,91 2 individuals to the U.S. population of 242,707,000 using 3-year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in
the 48 conleminous stales.
Source of individual consumption data: USDA Combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII).
Amount of consumed fish recorded by survey respondents was convened to uncooked fish quantities using data from the recipe file for release 7 of USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake
Surveys. The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file for release 7 of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for individual Food Intake Surveys.
5s
Kl
t
8.
a.
I
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a
I
Table 10C-3, Daily Average Per Capita Estimates Of Fish Consumption
As Consumed Fish - Mean Consumption by Species Within Habitat
U.S. Population
Habitat
Estuarinc
Freshwater
Marine
Estimates are
Source: U.S.
Species
Shrimp
Perch
Flatfish
Crab
Flounder
Oyster
Mullet
Croaker
Herring
Smelts
Clam
Scallop
Anchovy
Scup
Sturgeon
Catfish
Trout
Carp
Pike
Salmon
Tuna
Cod
Flatfish
Salmon
Haddock
Pollock
Crab
Ocean Perch
Clam
Porgy
Scallop
Sea Bass
Lobster
Estimated
Mean Habitat
Grams/person/day
1.37241 Marine (Con't.)
0.52580
0.43485
0.29086
0.24590
0.17419
0.07089
0.05021
0.02937
0.02768
0.02691
0.00247
0.00228
0.00050
0.00040
1.06776
0.43050 Unknown
0.04846
0.01978 Al! Species
0.00881
4.19998
1.22827
1.06307
0.73778
0.51533
0.44970
0.33870
0.31878
0.30617
0.29844
0.21805
0.20794
0.20001
projected from a sample of 1 1,912 individuals to the U.S.
EPA. 1996a.
Species
Swordfish
Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Sole
Mackerel
Whiting
Halibut
Mussels
Shark
Whitefish
Snapper
Octopus
Barracuda
Abalone
Seafood
Fish
Tuna
Shrimp
Cod
Catfish
Flatfish (Marine)
Salmon (Marine)
Perch
Haddock
Pollock
Flatfish '(Estuarine)
Trout
Crab (Marine)
Ocean Perch
Clam (Marine)
Porgy
Crab (Estuarine)
Estimated
Mean Habitat
Grams/person/day
0.13879 AH Species
0.12196 (Con't.)
0.10313
0.0913!
0.07396
0.06379
0.05498
0.02463
0.02217
0.01901
0.00916
0.00539
0.00375
0.001 1 1
0.00075
0.00043
0.00186
4.19998
1.37241
1.22827
1.06776
1.06307
0.73778
0.52580
0.5 1533
0.44970
0.43485
0.43050
0.33870
0.31878
0.30617
0.29844
0.29086
Species
Flounder
Scallop (Marine)
Sea Bass
Lobster
Oyster
Swordfish
Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Sole
Mullet
Mackerel
Whiting
Croaker
Carp
Herring
Smelts
Clam (Estuarine)
Halibut
Mussels
Pike
Shark
Whitefish
Salmon
(Freshwater)
Snapper
Octopus
Scallop (Estuarine)
Anchovy
Fish
Barracuda
Abalone
Scup
Seafood
Sturgeon
Estimated
Mean
Grams/person/day
0.24590
0.21805
0.20794
0.20001
0.17419
0.13879
0.12196
0.10313
0.09131
0.07396
0.07089
0.06379
0.05498
0.05021
0.04846
0.02937
0.02768
0.02691
0.02463
0,02217
0.01978
0.01901
0.00916
0.00881
0.00539
0.00375
0.00247
0.00228
0.00186
0.001 II
0.00075
0.00050
0.00043
0.00040
population of 242,707,000 using 3-year combined survey weights.
s 2
Si, A
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3
2
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55
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5!
Table lQC-4. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates Of Fish Consumption
Uncooked Fish** - Mean Consumption by Species Within Habitat
U.S. Population
Habitat
Esluarine
Freshwater
Marine
Species
Shrimp
Perch
Flatfish
Crab
Flounder
Oyster
Mullet
Croaker
Smelts
Herring
Clam
Anchovy
Scallop
Scup
Sturgeon
Catfish
Trout
Carp
Pike
Salmon
Tuna
Cod
Flatfish
Salmon
Haddock
Pollock
Crab
Porgy
Ocean Perch
Clam
Lobster
Sea Bass
Scallop
Estimated
Mean Habitat
Grams/person/day
1.78619 Marine (Cont.)
0.66494
0.50832
0.40848
0.28559
0,18827
0.08958
0.06539
0.03470
0.03408
0.03339
0.00304
0.00297
0,00050
0.00040
1.38715
0.53777 Unknown
0.06012
0.02244 All Species
0.01183
5.67438
1,47609
1.24268
0.99093
0.62219
0.52906
0.47567
0.42587
0.39327
0.37982
0.27563
0.26661
0.26199
Species
Swordftsh
Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Mackerel
Sole
Whiting
Mussels
Halibut
Shark
Whiteflsh
Snapper
Octopus
Barracuda
Abalone
Seafood
Fish
Tuna
Shrimp
Cod
Catfish
Flatfish (Marine)
Salmon (Marine)
Perch
Haddock
Trout
Pollock
Flatfish (Estuarine)
Crab (Marine)
Porgy
Crab (Estuarine)
Ocean Perch
Clam (Marine)
Estimated
Mean
Grams/person/day
0.17903
0.14420
0.13750
0.12160
0.09866
0.08339
0.06514
0.03718
0.03030
0.02385
0.00916
0.00551
0.00457
0.00130
0.00094
0.00043
0.00248
5.67438
1.78619
1.47609
1.38715
1.24268
0.99093
0.66494
0.62219
0.53777
0.52906
0.50832
0.47567
0.42587
0.40848
0.39327
0.37982
Habitat Species
All Species (Con't.) Flounder
Lobster
Sea Bass
Scallop (Marine)
Oyster
Swordflsh
Squid
Sardine
Pompano
Mackerel
Mullet
Sole
Croaker
Whiting
Carp
Mussels
Smelts
Herring
Clam {Estuarine)
Halibut
Shark
Pike
Salmon (Freshwater)
Whitefish
Snapper
Octopus
Anchovy
Scallop (Estuarine)
Fish
Barracuda
Abalone
Scup
Seafood
Sturgeon
Estimated
Mean
Grams/person/day
0.28559
0.27563
0.26661
0.26199
0.18827
0.17903
0.14420
0.13750
0.12160
0.09866
0.08958
0.08339
0.06539
0.06514
0.06012
0.03718
0.03470
0.03408
0.03339
0.03030
0.02385
0.02244
0.01183
0.00916
0.00551
0.00457
0.00304
0.00297
0.00248
0.00130
0.00094
0.00050
0.00043
0.00040
Estimates are projected from a sample of 1 1,912 individuals to the U.S. population of 242,707,000 using 3-year combined survey weights.
Source: U,S
EPA. I996a.
§
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
11. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
Consumption of meat, poultry, and dairy products
is a potential pathway of exposure to toxic chemicals.
These food sources can become contaminated if animals
are exposed to contaminated media (i.e., soil, water, or
feed crops).
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (MFCS) and
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)
are the primary sources of information on intake rates of
meat and dairy products in the United States. Data from
the MFCS have been used in various studies to generate
consumer-only and per capita intake rates for both
individual meat and dairy products and total meat and
dairy products. CSFII 1989-91 survey data have been
analyzed by EPA to generate per capita intake rates for
various food items and food groups. As described in
Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables,
consumer-only intake is defined as the quantity of meat
and dairy products consumed by individuals who ate these
food items during the survey period. Per capita intake
rates are generated by averaging consumer-only intakes
over the entire population of users and non-users. In
general, per capita intake rates are appropriate for use in
exposure assessments for which average dose estimates
for the general population are of interest because they
represent both individuals who ate the foods during the
survey period and individuals who may eat the food items
at some time, but did not consume them during the survey
period.
Intake rates may be presented on either an as
consumed or dry weight basis. As consumed intake rates
(g/day) are based on the weight of the food in the form
that it is consumed. In contrast, dry weight intake rates
are based on the weight of the food consumed after the
moisture content has been removed. In calculating
exposures based on* ingestion, the unit of weight used to
measure intake should be consistent with those used in
measuring the contaminant concentration in the produce.
Fat content data are also presented for various meat and
dairy products. These data are needed for converting
between residue levels on a whole-weight or as consumed
basis and lipid basis. Intake data from the individual
component of the NFCS and CSFII are based on "as
eaten" (i.e., cooked or prepared) forms of the food
items/groups. Thus, corrections to account for changes in
portion sizes from cooking losses are not required.
The purpose of this section is to provide:
(1) intake data for individual meat and dairy products,
total meat, and total dairy; (2) guidance for converting
between as consumed and dry weight intake rates; and
(3) data on the fat content in meat and dairy products.
Recommendations are based on average and upper-
percentile intake among the general population of the U.S.
Available data have been classified as being either a key
or a relevant study based on the considerations discussed
in Volume I, Section 1.3.1 of the Introduction.
Recommendations are based on data from the 1989-91
CSFII survey, which was considered the only key intake
study for meats and dairy products. Other relevant studies
are also presented to provide the reader with added
perspective on this topic. It should be noted that most of
the studies presented in this section are based on data
from USDA's NFCS and CSFII. The USDA NFCS and
CSFII are described below.
11.1. INTAKE STUDIES
11.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey and Continuing
Survey of Food Intake by Individuals
The NFCS and CSFII are the basis of much of the
data on meat and dairy intake presented in this section.
Data from the 1977-78 NFCS are presented because the
data have been published by USDA in various reports and
reanalyzed by various EPA offices according to the food
items/groups commonly used to assess exposure.
Published one-day data from the 1987-88 NFCS and 1994
and 1995 CSFII are also presented. Recently, EPA
conducted an analysis of USDA's 1989-91 CSFII. These
data were the most recent food survey data that were
available to the public at the time that EPA analyzed the
data for this Handbook. The results of EPA's analyses are
presented here. Detailed descriptions of the NFCS and
CSFII data are presented in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake
of Fruits and Vegetables.
Individual average daily intake rates calculated
from NFCS and CSFII data are based on averages of
reported individual intakes over one day or three
consecutive days. Such short term data are suitable for
estimating average daily intake rates representative of
both short-term and long-term consumption. However, the
distribution of average daily intake rates generated using
short term data (e.g., 3 day) do not necessarily reflect the
long-term distribution of average daily intake rates. The
distributions generated from short term and long term data
will differ to the extent that each individual's intake varies
from day to day; the distributions will be similar to the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
extent that individuals' intakes are constant from day to
day.
Day-to-day variation in intake among individuals
will be great for food item/groups that are highly seasonal
and for items/groups that are eaten year around but that
arc not typically eaten every day. For these foods, the
intake distribution generated from short term data will not
be a good reflection of the long term distribution. On the
other hand, for broad categories of foods (e.g., total
meats) which are eaten on a daily basis throughout the
year with minimal seasonality, the short term distribution
may be a reasonable approximation of the true long term
distribution, although it will show somewhat more
variability. In this and the following section then,
distributions are shown only for the following broad
categories of foods: total meats and total dairy products.
Because of the increased variability of the short-term
distribution, the short-term upper percentiles shown will
overestimate somewhat the corresponding percentiles of
the long-term distribution.
11.1.2. Key Meat and Dairy Products Intake Study
Based on the CSFII
U.S. EPA Analysis of 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data -
EPA conducted an analysis of USDA's 1989-91 CSFII
data set. The general methodology used in analyzing the
data is presented in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of
Fruits and Vegetables of this Handbook. Intake rates
were generated for the following meat and dairy products:
total meats, total dairy, beef, pork, poultry, game, and
eggs. Appendix 9B presents the food categories and
codes used in generating intake rates for these food
groups. These data have been corrected to account for
mixtures as described in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of
Fruits and Vegetables and Appendix 9A. However, it
should be noted that although total meats account for
items such as luncheon meats, sausages, and organ meats,
these items are not included in the individual meat groups
(i.e., beef, poultry, etc.). Per capita intake rates for total
meat and total dairy are presented in Tables 11-1 and 11-2
at the end of this Chapter. Tables 11-3 to 11-7 present per
capita intake data for individual meats and eggs. The
results are presented in units of g/kg-day. Thus, use of
these data in calculating potential dose does not require
the body weight factor to be included in the denominator
of the average daily dose (ADD) equation. It should be
noted that converting these intake rates into units of g/day
by multiplying by a single average body weight is
inappropriate, because individual intake rates were
indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents. However, if there is a need to compare the
intake data presented here to intake data in units of g/day,
a body weight less than 70 kg (i.e., approximately 60 kg;
calculated based on the number of respondents in each
age category and the average body weights for these age
groups, as presented in Volume I, Chapter 7, Body
Weight) should be used because the total survey
population included children as well as adults.
The advantages of using the 1989-91 CSFII data
set are that the data are expected to be representative of
the U.S. population and that it includes data on a wide
variety of food types. The data set was the most recent of
a series of publicly available USDA data sets (i.e., NFCS
1977-78; NFCS 1987-88; CSFII 1989-91) at the time the
analysis was conducted for this Handbook, and should
reflect recent eating patterns in the United States. The
data set includes three years of intake data combined.
However, the 1989-91 CSFII data are based on a three
day survey period. Short-term dietary data may not
accurately reflect long-term eating patterns. This is
particularly true for the tails of the distribution of food
intake. In addition, the adjustment for including mixtures
adds uncertainty to the intake rate distributions. The
calculation for including mixtures assumes that intake of
any mixture includes all of the foods identified and the
proportions specified in Appendix Table 9A-1. This
assumption yields valid estimates of per capita
consumption, but results in overestimates of the
proportion of the population consuming individual meats;
thus, the quantities reported in Tables 11-3 to 11-7 should
be interpreted as upper bounds on the proportion
consuming beef, pork, poultry, game, and eggs.
The data presented in this handbook for the USDA
1989-91 CSFII is not the most up-to-date information on
food intake. USDA has recently made available the data
from its 1994 and 1995 CSFII. 'Over 5,500 people
nationwide participated in both of these surveys,
providing recalled food intake information for 2 separate
days. Although the two-day data analysis has not been
conducted, USDA published the results for the
respondents' intakes on the first day surveyed (USDA,
1996a,b). USDA 1996 survey data will be made available
later in 1997. As soon as 1996 data are available, EPA
will take steps to get the 3-year data (1994, 1995, and
1996) analyzed and the food ingestion factors updated.
Meanwhile, Table 11-8 presents a comparison of the mean
daily intakes per individual in a day for the major meat
and dairy groups from USDA survey data from years
Page
11-2
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
1977-78, 1987-88, 1989-91, 1994, and 1995. This table
shows that food consumption patterns have changed for
beef and meat mixtures when comparing 1977 and 1995
data. In particular, consumption of beef decreased by 50
percent when comparing data from 1977 and 1995, while
consumption of meat mixtures increased by 44 percent.
However, consumption of the food items presented in
Table 11-8 has remained fairly constant when comparing
values from 1989-91 with the most recent data from 1994
and 1995. Meat mixtures show the largest change with an
increase of 16 percent from 1989 to 1995. This indicates
that the 1989-91 CSFII data are probably adequate for
assessing ingestion exposure for current populations;
however, these data should be used with caution.
It is interesting to note that there was not much
variation in beef and poultry consumption from 1989-91
to 1995. This seems to contradict the other USDA
reports that show that in recent years the U.S. population
has been substituting beef for other sources of protein
such as poultry and fish. One of those reports is the report
titled Meat and Poultry Inspection; 1994 Report of the
Secretary of Agriculture to the U.S. Congress (USDA,
1994). This USDA report shows a 39% increase in the
number of poultry inspected at federally inspected plants
in 1994 compared to 1984. In contrast, the number of
meat animals inspected at federally inspected plants
increased only by 2% from 1984 to 1994. This trend in
food consumption patterns was also reported in the USDA
report titled Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures,
1970-92 (USDA, 1993). This report shows that in 1992,
consumption among Americans averaged 18 pounds less
red meat, 26 pounds more poultry, and 3 pounds more fish
and shellfish than in 1970. This apparent contradiction
may be explained by assuming that most of the increase in
poultry consumption has occured in the meat mixtures and
grain mixtures categories. There has been a considerable
shift from consuming individual food items to food in
mixtures (such as pizza, tacos, burritos, frozen entrees,
and salads from grocery stores). This may explain why, in
Table 11-8, domestic consumption has remained fairly
constant in the past few years.
11.1.3. Relevant Meat and Dairy Products Intake
Studies
The U.S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System
(ORES) - U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) -
EPA OPP's DRES contains per capita intake rate data for
various items of meat, poultry, and dairy products for 22
subgroups (age, regional, and seasonal) of the population.
As described in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits
and Vegetables, intake data in DRES were generated by
determining the composition of 1977/78 MFCS food items
and disaggregating complex food dishes into their
component raw agricultural commodities (RACs) (White
et al., 1983). The DRES per capita, as consumed intake
rates for all age/sex/demographic groups combined are
presented in Table 11-9. These data are based on both
consumers and non-consumers of these food items. Data
for specific subgroups of the population are not presented
in this section, but are available through OPP via direct
request. The data in Table 11-9 may be useful for
estimating the risks of exposure associated with the
consumption of the various meat, poultry, and dairy
products presented. It should be noted that these data are
indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents and are expressed in units of grams of food
consumed per kg body weight per day. Consequently, use
of these data in calculating potential dose does not require
the body weight factor in the denominator of the average
daily dose (ADD) equation. It should also be noted that
conversion of these intake rates into units of g/day by
multiplying by a single average body weight is not
appropriate because the DRES data base did not rely on
a single body weight for all individuals. Instead, DRES
used the body weights reported by each individual
surveyed to estimate consumption in units of g/kg-day.
The advantages of using these data are that
complex food dishes have been disaggregated to provide
intake rates for a variety of meat, poultry, and dairy
products. These data are also based on the individual
body weights of the respondents. Therefore, the use of
these data in calculating exposure to toxic chemicals may
provide more representative estimates of potential dose
per unit body weight. However, because the data are
based on NFCS short-term dietary recall, the same
limitations discussed previously for other NFCS data sets
also apply here. In addition, consumption patterns may
have changed since the data were collected in 1977-78.
OPP is in the process 'of translating consumption
information from the USDA CSFII 1989-91 survey to be
used in DRES.
Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in One
Day in the U.S., USDA (1980, 1992, I996a, I996b) -
USDA calculated mean per capita intake rates for meat
and dairy products using NFCS data from 1977-78 and
1987-88 (USDA, 1980; 1992) and CSFII data from 1994
and 1995 (USDA, 1996a; 1996b). The mean per capita
intake rates for meat and dairy products are presented in
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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11-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Tables 11-10 and 11-11 for meats and Tables 11-12 and
11-13 for dairy based on intake data for one day from the
1977-78 and 1987-88 USDA NFCSs. Tables 11-14 and
11-15 present similar data from the 1994 and 1995 CSFII
for meats and dairy products, respectively.
The advantages of using these data are that they
provide mean intake estimates for all meat, poultry, and
dairy products. The consumption estimates are based on
short-term (i.e., 1-day) dietary data which may not reflect
long-term consumption.
U.S. EPA - Office of Radiation Programs - The
U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) has also
used the USDA 1977-78 MFCS to estimate daily food
intake. ORP uses food consumption data to assess human
intake of radionuclides in foods (U.S. EPA, 1984a;
1984b). The 1977-78 NFCS data have been reorganized
by ORP, and food items have been classified according to
the characteristics of radionuclide transport. The mean
per capita dietary intake of food sub classes (milk, other
dairy products, eggs, beef, pork, poultry, and other meat)
grouped by age for the U.S. population is presented in
Table 11-16. The mean daily intake rates of meat,
poultry, and dairy products for the U.S. population
grouped by regions are presented in Table 11-17.
Because this study was based on the USDA NFCS, the
limitations and advantages associated with the USDA
NFCS data also apply to these data. Also, consumption
patterns may have changed since the data were collected
in 1977-78.
U.S. EPA - Office of Science and Technology - The
U.S. EPA Office of Science and Technology (OST)
within the Office of Water (formerly the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards) used data from the FDA
revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets
(Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates. OST
uses these consumption data in its risk assessment model
for land application of municipal sludge. The FDA data
used are based on the combined results of the USDA
1977-78 NFCS and the second National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976-80
(U.S. EPA, 1989). Because food items are listed as
prepared complex foods in the FDA Total Diet Study,
each item was broken down into its component parts so
that the amount of raw commodities consumed could be
determined. Table 11-18 presents intake rates for meat,
poultry, and dairy products for various age groups.
Estimated lifetime ingestion rates derived by U.S. EPA
(1989) are also presented in Table 11-18. Note that these
arc per capita intake rates tabulated as grams dry
weight/day. Therefore, these rates differ from those in the
previous tables because Pao et ai. (1982) and U.S. EPA
(1984a, 1984b) report intake rates on an as consumed
basis.
The EPA-OST analysis provides intake rates for
additional food categories and estimates of lifetime
average daily intake on a per capita basis. In contrast to
the other analyses of USDA NFCS data, this study reports
the data in terms of dry weight intake rates. Thus,
conversion is not required when contaminants are
provided on a dry weight basis. These data, however,
may not reflect current consumption patterns because they
are based on 1977-78 data.
USDA (1993) - Food Consumption, Prices, and
Expenditures, 1970-92 -The USDA's Economic Research
Service (ERS) calculates the amount of food available for
human consumption in the United States annually. Supply
and utilization balance sheets are generated. These are
based on the flow of food items from production to end
uses. Total available supply is estimated as the sum of
production (i.e., some products are measured at the farm
level or during processing), starting inventories, and
imports (USDA, 1993). The availability of food for
human use commonly termed as "food disappearance" is
determined by subtracting exported foods, products used
in industries, farm inputs (seed and feed) and end-of-the
year inventories from the total available supply (USDA,
1993). USDA (1993) calculates the per capita food
consumption by dividing the total food disappearance by
the total U.S. population.
USDA (1993) estimated per capita consumption
data for meat, poultry, and dairy products from 1970-1992
(1992 data are preliminary). In this section, the 1991
values, which are the most recent final data, are presented.
The meat consumption data were reported as carcass
weight, retail weight equivalent, and boneless weight
equivalent. The poultry consumption data were reported
as ready-to-cook (RTC) weight, retail weight, and
boneless weight (USDA, 1993). USDA (1993) defined
beef carcass weight as the chilled hanging carcass, which
includes the kidney and attached internal fat (kidney,
pelvic, and heart fat), excludes the skin, head, feet, and
unattached internal organs. The pork carcass weight
includes the skin and feet, but excludes the kidney and
attached internal fat. Retail weight equivalents assume all
food was sold through retail foodstores; therefore,
conversion factors (Table 11-19) were used to correct
carcass or RTC to retail weight to account for trimming,
shrinkage, or loss of meat and chicken at these retail
Page
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
outlets (USDA, 1993). Boneless equivalent values for
meat (pork, veal, beef) and poultry excludes all bones, but
includes separable fat sold on retail cuts of red meat. Pet
food was considered as an apparent source of food
disappearance for poultry in boneless weight estimates,
while pet food was excluded for beef, veal, and pork
(USDA, 1993). Table 11-19 presents per capita
consumption in 1991 for red meat (carcass weight, retail
equivalent, and boneless trimmed equivalent) and poultry
(RTC, retail equivalent for chicken only, and boneless
trimmed equivalent). Per capita consumption estimates
based on boneless weights appear to be the most
appropriate data for use in exposure assessments, because
boneless meats are more representative of what people
would actually consume. Table 11-20 presents per capita
consumption in 1991 for dairy products including eggs,
milk, cheese, cream, and sour cream.
One of the limitations of this study is that
disappearance data do not account for losses from the
food supply from waste, spoilage, or foods fed to pets.
Thus, intake rates based on these data will overestimate
daily consumption because they are based on the total
quantity of marketable commodity utilized. Therefore,
these data may be useful for estimating bounding
exposure estimates. It should also be noted that per capita
estimates based on food disappearance are not a direct
measure of actual consumption or quantity ingested,
instead the data are used as indicators of changes in usage
over time (USDA, 1993). An advantage of this study is
that it provides per capita consumption rates for meat,
poultry, and dairy products which are representative of
long-term intake because disappearance data are
generated annually. Daily per capita intake rates are
generated by dividing annual consumption by 365
days/year.
National Live Stock and Meat Board (1993) -
Eating in America Today: A Dietary Pattern and Intake
Report - The National Live Stock and Meat Board
(NLMB) (1993) assessed the nutritional value of the
current American diet based on two factors: (1) the
composition of the foods consumed, and (2) the amount
of food consumed. Data used in this study were provided
by MRCA Information Services, Inc. through MRCA's
Nutritional Marketing Information Division. The survey
conducted by MRCA consisted of a 2,000 household
panels of over 4,700 individuals. The survey sample was
selected to be representative of the U.S., population.
Information obtained from the survey by MRCA's Menu
Census included food and beverage consumption over a
period of 14 consecutive days. The head of the household
recorded daily food and beverage consumption in-home
and away-from-home in diaries for each household
member. The survey period was from July 1, 1990
through June 30, 1991. This ensured that all days carried
equal weights and provided a seasonally balanced data
set. In addition, nutrient intake data calculated by the
MRCA's Nutrient Intake Database (NID) (based on the
1987-88 USDA Food Intake Study) and information on
food attitudes were also collected. It should be noted,
however, that the 14 daily diaries provided only the
incidence of eating each food product by an individual,
but not the quantity eaten by each person. The intake rate
for each individual was estimated by multiplying the
eating frequency of a particular food item by the average
amount eaten per eating occasion. The data on the
average amount eaten per eating occasion were obtained
from the USDA NFCS survey.
Table 11-21 presents the adult daily mean intake of
meat and poultry grouped by region and gender. The
adult population was defined as consumers ages 19 and
above (NLMB, 1993). Beef consumption was high in all
regions compared to other meats and poultry (Table 11-
21). The average daily consumption of meat in the U.S.
was 114.2 g/day which included beef (57 percent), veal
(0.5 percent), lamb (0.5 percent), game/variety meats (8
percent), processed meats (18 percent), and pork (16
percent) (NLMB, 1993). Table 11-22 shows the amount
of meat consumed by the adult population grouped as
non-meat eaters (1 percent), light meat eaters (30 percent),
medium meat eaters (33 percent), and heavy meat eaters
(36 percent).
The advantage of this study is that the survey
period is longer (i.e., 14 days) than any other food
consumption survey. The survey is also based on a
nationally representative sample. The survey also
accounts for foods eaten as mixtures. However, only
mean values are provided. Therefore, distribution of
long-term consumption patterns cannot be derived. In
addition, the survey collects data on incidence of eating
each food item and not actual consumption rates. This
may introduce some bias in the results. The direction of
this bias is unknown.
AlHC (1994) - Exposure Factors Sourcebook - The
AIHC Sourcebook (AIHC, 1994) uses the data presented
in the 1989 version of the Exposure Factors Handbook
which reported data from the USDA 1977-78 NFCS. In
this Handbook, new analyses of more recent data from the
USDA 1989-91 CSFII are presented. Numbers, however,
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
cannot be directly compared with previous values since
the results from the new analysts are presented on a body
weight basis. The Sourcebook was selected as a relevant
study because it was not the primary source for the data
used to make recommendations in this document.
However, it is an alternative information source,
Pao et al. (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by
Individuals - Using data gathered in the 1977-78 USDA
MFCS, Pao et al. (1982) calculated percentiles for the
quantities of meat, poultry, and dairy products consumed
per eating occasion by members of the U.S. population.
The data were collected during MFCS home interviews of
37,874 respondents, who were asked to recall food intake
for the day preceding the interview, and record food
intake the day of the interview and the day after the
interview. Quantities consumed per eating occasion, are
presented in Table 11-23.
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USDA MFCS and are
representative of the U.S. population. This data set
provides distributions of serving sizes for a number of
commonly eaten meat, poultry, and dairy products, but the
list of foods is limited and does not account for meat,
poultry, and dairy products included in complex food
dishes. Also, these data are based on short-term dietary
recall and may not accurately reflect long-term
consumption patterns. Although these data are based on
the 1977-78 NFCS, serving size data have been collected
but not published for the more recent USDA surveys.
11.2. FAT CONTENT OF MEAT AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS
In some cases, the residue levels of contaminants in
meat and dairy products are reported as the concentration
of contaminant per grarn of fat. This may be particularly
true for lipophilic compounds. When using these residue
levels, the assessor should ensure consistency in the
exposure assessment calculations by using consumption
rates that are based on the amount of fat consumed for the
meat or dairy product of interest. Alternately, residue
levels for the "as consumed" portions of these products
may be estimated by multiplying the levels based on fat by
the fraction of fat per product as follows:
residue level _ residue level g-fat _
g-product ~ g-fal 8 -product (bqn' 11'' '
The resulting residue levels may then be used in
conjunction with "as consumed" consumption rates. The
percentages of lipid fat in meat and dairy products have
been reported in various publications. USDA's
Agricultural Handbook Number 8 (USDA, 1979-1984)
provides composition data for agricultural products. It
includes a listing of the total saturated, monounsaturated,
and polyunsaturated fats for various meat and dairy items.
Table 11-24 presents the total fat content for selected
meat and dairy products taken from Handbook Number 8.
The total percent fat content is based on the sum of
saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.
The National Livestock and Meat Board (NLMB)
(1993) used data from Agricultural Handbook Number 8
and consumption data to estimate the fat contribution to
the U.S. diet. Total fat content in grams, based on a 3-
ounce (85,05 g) cooked serving size, was reported for
several categories (retail composites) of meats. These
data are presented in Table 11 -25 along with the
corresponding percent fat content values for each product.
NLMB (1993) also reported that 0.17 grams of fat are
consumed per gram of meat (i.e., beef, pork, lamb, veal,
game, processed meats, and variety meats) (17 percent)
and 0.08 grams of fat are consumed per gram of poultry
(8 percent).
The average total fat content of the U.S. diet was
reported to be 68.3 g/day. The meat group (meat, poultry,
fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts) was reported to contribute
the most to the average total fat in the diet (41 percent)
(NLMB, 1993). Meats (i.e., beef, pork, lamb, veal, game,
processed meats, and variety meats) reportedly contribute
less than 30 percent to the total fat of the average U.S.
diet. The milk group contributes approximately 12
percent to the average total fat in the U.S. diet (NLMB,
1993). Fat intake rates and the contributions of the major
food groups to fat intake for heavy, medium, and light
meat eaters, and non meat eaters are presented in Table
11-26 (NLMB, 1993). NLMB (1993) also reported the
average meat fat intake to be 19.4 g/day, with beef
contributing about 50 percent of the fat to the diet from all
meats. Processed meats contributed 31 percent; pork
contributed 14 percent; game and variety meats
contributed 4 percent; and lamb and veal contributed 1
percent to the average meat fat intake.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) (1994) used
data from NHANES III to calculate daily total food
energy intake (TFEI), total dietary fat intake, and
saturated fat intake for the U.S. population during 1988 to
1991. The sample population comprised 20,277
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
individuals ages 2 months and above, of which 14,001
respondents (73 percent response rate) provided dietary
information based on a 24-hour recall, TFEI was defined
as "all nutrients (i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrate, and
alcohol) derived from consumption of foods and
beverages (excluding plain drinking water) measured in
kilocalories (kcal)." Total dietary fat intake was defined
as "all fat (i.e., saturated and unsaturated) derived from
consumption of foods and beverages measured in grams."
CDC (1994) estimated and provided data on the
mean daily TFEI and the mean percentages of TFEI from
total dietary fat grouped by age and gender. The overall
mean daily TFEI was 2,095 kcal for the total population
and 34 percent (or 82 g) of their TFEI was from total
dietary fat (CDC, 1994), Based on this information, the
mean daily fat intake was calculated for the various age
groups and genders (see Appendix 11A for detailed
calculation). Table 11-27 presents the grams of fat per
day obtained from the daily consumption of foods and
beverages grouped by age and gender for the U.S.
population, based on this calculation.
11.3. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED
AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
As noted previously, intake rates may be reported
in terms of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is
essential that exposure assessors be aware of this
difference so that they may ensure consistency between
the units used for intake rates and those used for
concentration data (i.e., if the unit of food consumption is
grams dry weight/day, then the unit for the amount of
pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight). If
necessary, as consumed intake rates may be converted to
dry weight intake rates using the moisture content
percentages of meat, poultry and dairy products presented
in Table 11-28 and the following equation:
IRdw = l
. *[(100-W)/100]
(Eqn. 11-2)
Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as
consumed" rates by using:
IRac = IRdw/[(100-WyiOO]
where:
(Eqn. 11-3)
IR(jw = dry weight intake rate;
IRac = as consumed intake rate; and
W = percent water content.
11.4. RECOMMENDATIONS
The 1989-91 CSFII data described in this section
were used in selecting recommended meat, poultry, and
dairy product intake rates for the general population and
various subgroups of the United States population. The
general design of both key and relevant studies are
summarized in Table 11-29. The recommended values
for intake of meat and dairy products are summarized in
Table 11-30 and the confidence ratings for the
recommended values for meat and dairy intake rates are
presented in Table 11-31. Per capita intake fates for
specific meat items, on a g/kg-day basis, may be obtained
from Tables 11-3 to 11-7. Percentiles of the intake rate
distribution in the general population for total meat and
total dairy are presented in Tables 11-1 and 11-2. From
these tables, ihe mean and 95th percentile intake rates for
meats are 2.1 g/kg-day and 5.1 g/kg-day, respectively.
The mean and 95th percentile intake rates for dairy
products are 8.0 g/kg-day and 29,7 g/kg-day. It is
important to note that the data presented in Tables 11-1
through 11-7 are based on data collected over a 3-day
period and may not necessarily reflect the long-term
distribution of average daily intake rates. However, for
these broad categories of food (i.e., total meats and total
dairy products), because they may be eaten on a daily
basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality, the
short-term distribution may be a reasonable
approximation of the long-term distribution, although it
will display somewhat increased variability. This implies
that the upper percentiles shown here will tend to
overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the true
long-term distribution. Intake rates for the homeproduced
form of these food items/groups are presented in Volume
II, Chapter 13. It should be noted that because these
recommendations are based on 1989-91 CSFII data, they
may not reflect recent the most changes in consumption
patterns. However, as indicated in Table 11-8, intake has
remained fairly constant between 1989-91 and 1995,
Thus, the 1989-91 CSFII data are believed to be
appropriate for assessing ingestion exposure for current
populations.
11.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11
American Industrial Health Council (AIHC). (1994)
Exposure factors sourcebook. Washington, DC.,
AIHC.
CDC, (1994) Dietary fat and total food-energy intake.
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-7
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Volume II • Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report, February 25, 1994: 43(7)118-125.
Finley, B.L.; Paustenbach, B.L. (1992) Opportunities
for improving exposure assessments using population
distribution estimates. Presented for the Committee
on Risk Assessment Methodology, February 10-11,
Washington, DC.
National Livestock and Meat Board (NLMB). (1993)
Eating in America today: A dietary pattern and
intake report. National Livestock and Meat Board.
Chicago, IL.
Pao, E.M.; Fleming, K.H.; Guenther, P.M.; Mickle, S.J.
(1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals:
amount per day and per eating occasion. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Home Economics Report
No. 44.
Pcnnington, J.A.T. (1983) Revision of the total diet
study food list and diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
82:166-173.
USDA. (1979-1984) Agricultural Handbook No. 8.
United States Department of Agriculture.
USDA. (1980) Food and nutrient intakes of
individuals in one day in the United States, Spring
1977. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978. Preliminary
Report No. 2.
USDA. (1992) Food and nutrient intakes by
individuals in the United States, 1 day, 1987-88. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition
Information Service. Nationwide Food Consumption
Survey 1987-88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87-1-1.
USDA. (1993) Food consumption, prices, and
expenditures (1970-1992) U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Statistical
Bulletin, No. 867.
USDA. (1994) Meat and poultry inspection; 1994
report of the Secretary of Agriculture to the U.S.
Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
USDA. (1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's
1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
USDA. (1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's
1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
U.S. EPA. (1984a) An estimation of the daily average
food intake by age and sex for use in assessing the
radionuclide intake of individuals in the general
population. EPA-520/1-84-021.
U.S. EPA. (1984b) An estimation of the daily food
intake based on data from the 1977-1978 USDA
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Washington,
DC: Office of Radiation Programs.
EPA-520/1-84-015.
U.S. EPA. (1989) Development of risk assessment
methodologies for land application and distribution
and marketing of municipal sludge. Washington, DC:
Office of Science and Technology. EPA 600/-
89/001.
White, S.B.; Peterson, B.; Clayton, C.A.; Duncan, D.P.
(1983) Interim Report Number 1: The construction
of a raw agricultural commodity consumption data
base. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute for
EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
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"I
I
!-J
!
S
3
Table 11-1, Per Capita Imake of Total Meats (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
< 01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmctropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
NOTE: SE =
P =
Source: Based on
Percent
Consuming Mean
96.4*
66.1%
95.6%
91.5%
91.6%
91,1%
91.9%
913%
97.196
91.1%
95.8%
96.3%
96.4%
96.7%
95.7%
96.6%
89.3%
95.5%
86.5%
95.1%
96.9%
96.5%
96.5%
96.7%
95.8%
Standard error
Pertentite of the distribution
EPA's analyses of the 1989-91
2.146
2.867
4.384
3.873
3.011
2.078
1.923
1.700
1.531
2.182
2.053
2.178
2.173
2.163
2.168
2.126
2.233
2.434
2.269
2.628
2.083
2.204
2.148
2.249
1.903
CSF1I
SE
0.014
0.187
0.116
0.092
0.052
0.034
0.019
0.017
0.028
0.029
0.027
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.021
0.131
0.053
0.131
0.109
0.015
0.029
0.033
0.025
0.030
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0.33
0
1.07
1.12
0.66
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.32
0.37
0.26
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.30
0.39
0
0.33
0
0
0.34
0.44
0.35
0.37
0.08
P10
0.63
0
1.58
1.38
1.02
0.67
0.64
0.59
0.49
0.66
0.61
0.63
0.63
0.59
0.63
0.64
0.60
0.62
0.41
0.65
0.63
0.69
0.67
0.68
0.47
P25
1.13
0
2.70
2.21
1.80
1.19
1.09
1.03
0.89
1.15
1.09
1.11
1.18
1.09
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.15
1.32
1.40
1.12
1.21
1.16
1.18
0.92
P50
1.84
2.34
4.13
3.50
2.78
1.99
1.73
1.58
1.42
1.85
1.75
1.86
1.88
1.79
1.90
1.84
1.86
1.94
1.87
2.29
1.81
1.85
1.89
1.90
1.60
P75
2.78
4.72
5.38
5.04
3.98
2.79
2.54
2.20
2.03
2.80
2.63
2,84
2.87
2.82
2.79 .
2.74
3.23
3.02
3.38
3.34
2.72
2.82
2.75
2.88
2.54
P90
4.06
6.52
7.69
6.64
5.12
3.49
3.49
2.95
2.73
4.11
3.93
4.10
4.06
4;14
4.04
4.03
4.49
5.03
4.64
4.90
3.87
4.08
3.98
4.35
3.69
P95
5.06
8.56
8.41
8.23
6.08
4.40
4.14
3.47
3.20
5.16
4.91
5.18
5.05 "
5.22
5.12
4.94
4.66
6.14
5.09
6.03
4.87
5.05
4.99
5.34
4.57
P99
7.67
11.52
11.88
11.25
8.38
5.95
5.46
4.73
4.28
8.06
7.31
7.86
7.35
7.97
7.69
7.31
6.86
9.87
7.32
11.25
7.18
7.86
8.27
7.73
6.64
-
P100
25.67
25.67
21.61
15.00
11.68
8.28
8.37
7.64
6.63
25.67
15.00
18.19
14.6!
25.67
14.61
15.00
8.13
25.67
8.57
11.25
18.19
21.61
15.00
13.42
25.67
ft
I
i
s
5s
I
a
•"
^
I
a
i
&
-------
I
I
NO O
so g_
Table 1 1-2. Per Capita Intake of Total Dairy Products (gftg-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70-1-
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolhan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
97.1%
89.6%
95.6%
97.595
97.4%
97.9%
97.9%
96.9%
97.6%
97.7%
96.8%
96.8%
97.1%
97.2%
96.6%
97.4%
94.0%
94.8%
88.9%
97.1%
97.7%
97.3%
97.2%
97.3%
96.7%
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P ~ Pereentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989-91
Mean
8.015
62.735
26.262
21.149
13.334
6.293
3.618
3,098
3.715
8.262
8.273
7.561
7.964
8.528
7.224
8.058
8.730
7.816
6.987
10.727
7.943
9.291
7.890
6.926
8.454
CSFII
SE
0.147
2.800
0.743
0.517
0.264
0.147
0.062
0,053
0.104
0.286
0.335
0.257
0.293
0.309
0.261
0.209
1.264
0.498
1.057
1.002
0.156
0.341
0.330
0.225
0.313
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0.15
0
2.69
3.27
1.81
0.27
0.12
0,10
0.16
0.17
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.10
0.17
0
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.11
0.17
P10
0.40
0.61
8.19
6.75
3.54
0.61
0.30
0.26
0.47
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.43
0.41
0.28
0.43
0.14
0.11
0.14
0.33
0.49
0.50
0.42
0.27
0.49
P25
1.36
24.68
15.22
11.89
6.72
2.31
0.95
0.94
1.46
1.32
1.37
1.37
1.39
1.44
1.08
1.42
0.63
0.64
0.81
1.03
1.50
1.66
1.42
1.01
1.60
PSO
3.61
45.78
23.48
19.52
11.88
5.29
2.64
2.23
3,03
3,53
3.50
3.51
3.90
3.78
3.34
3.61
3.86
2.49
2.83
4,15
3.76
4.20
3.41
3.10
3.93
P75
818
91.12
36.13
28.31
18,58
9.20
5.04
4.36
4.93
8.31
7.88
7.93
8.77
8.05
7.82
8.45
7.23
7.29
8.06
11.28
8.24
9.61
7.54
7.49
8.67
P90
18.55
136.69
45.72
39.54
25.38
12.75
8.15
6.99
8.03
20.16
18.02
18.01
17.60
18.25
17.28
19.50
21.62
17.28
20.20
34.64
18.16
21.33
18.07
15.86
19.88
P95
29.72
170.86
55.07
44.16
28.76
15.12
10.64
9.05
9.63
32.71
27.02
30.86
27.34
29.5!
24.70
32.04
36.16
27.78
24.17
40.33
28.76
34.35
32,04
25.76
29.89
P99
72.16
210.72
69.42
57.58
39.60
23.58
17.23
12.99
16.49
7S.83
116.00
64.95
63.27
106.93
59.17
69.42
72.01
116.00
66.71
121.50
66. li
90.88
78.15
54.94
84.46
Plffll
390.53
390.53
108.95
62.88
62.55
53.47
43.31
34.42
26.33
351.48
390.53
347.93
307.54
318.93
390.53
351.48
124.26
347.93
139.37
166.48
390.53
390.53
307.54
347.93
174.65
I
I
<**.
a
54,
8.
1
f
-------
Table. 11-3. Per Capita Intake of Beef fete-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter ,
Urbanization .
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
91%
64% :
93%
95%
95%
95%
94%
90%
- 87%
92%
91%
90%
92%
91%
91%
92%
89%
87% '
82%
90%
93%
92%
93%
90%
92%
Mean
0,825
0.941
1,46
1.392
1,095
0.83
0.789
0,667
0.568
0.834
0.797
0.845
0.823
0.808
0.841
0:828
0.895
0.665
0.995
1.159
0.833
0.853
0.805
0.846
0.775
SE
0.007
0.075
0.056
0.05
0.028
0.02
0.012
0.0! 1
0.018
0.014
0.014
0.017
0.015
0.013
0.015
0.0 11
0.072
0.019
0.088
0.069
0.008
0.015
0.017
0.013
0.016
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0,028
0.032
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0.055
0
0,187
0.14
0.102
0.114
0,087
0.031
0
0.063
0.046
0.045
0.066
0,037
0,064
0,059
0.08
0
0.016
0
0.068
0.07
0.054
0.058
0.039
P25
0.268
0
0.531
0.506
0.337
0,3
0.297
0.221
0.151
0.296
0.254
0.254
0.272
0.271
0.269
0,265
0.228
0.151
0.182
0.389
0.284
0.31
0.253
0.268
0.235
P50
0.626
0.488
1,339
1.162
0.924
0.654
0.644
0.536
0.427
0.665
0.595
0.605
0.636
0.611
0.637
0.63
0.694
0.42
0.73
0.739
0.651
0.66
0.595
0.648
0.562
P75
1.163
1.417
2:166
1,905
1.56
1.204
1.109
0.977
0.817
1.167
1.132
1.187
1.157
1.13
1.196.
1.163
i.251
0.963
1.299
1.63
1.18
1.191
1.136
1.195
1.105
P90
1.804
2.536
2f?83
3.163
2.376
1.775
1.662
1.458
1.324
1.785
1.788
1.887
1.767
1.777
1.852
1.797
2,065
1.488
2.338
2.756
1.784
1.853
1.816
1.805
1.73
P95
2.327
3.205
3.65
3.573
2.92
2,192
2.165
1.76
1,651
2.277
2.295
2.519
2.271
2.329
2.308
2.337
2.444
2.177
2.825
3.269
2.28
2.345
2.352
2.324
2.226
P99 P100
3.478 7.959
5.776 7.959
• 4.741 • 7,57!
5.908 6.769
3.944 6.024
3.108 4.508
3.059 6.086
2.474 4,968
2.62 4.02
3.339 6.086
3.531 7.959
3.707 7.085
3.266 7.571
3.325 6.182
3.531 6.66
3.511 7.959
3,135 5.862
3.126 6.769
4.958 6.66
5.908 6.182
3.41 7.959
3.65 6.468
3.41 6.769
3.511 7.959
3.219 6.66
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on
EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSF11
i Ore
a.
b
a
I"
fs
s
«s
£N
8,
a
o
-------
I
o
Table 11-4, Per Capita Intake of Pork (E/ke-dav as consumed)
Population Percent
Group Consumine
Total 90.2%
Age (years)
<01 63.0%
01-02 92.4%
03-05 95.0%
06-11 94.5%
12-19 94.0%
20-39 92.5%
40-69 88.3%
70 + 86.5%
Season
Fall 91,9%
Spring 88.8%
Summer 89,4%
Winter 90.6%
Urbanization
Central City 89.5%
Nonmetropolitan 90.3%
Suburban 90.6%
Race
Asian 85.9%
Black 89.2%
Native American 83.6%
Other/NA 88.3%
White 90,6%
Region
Midwest 91.3%
Northeast 90.4%
South 89.5%
West 89.7%
NOTE: SE = Standard error
Mean
0.261
0.291
0.492
0.473
0.352
0.27
0.23
0.212
0.207
0.254
0.264
0.245
0.279
0.258
0.299
0.244
0.256
0.418
0.188
0.191
0.241
0.284
0.236
0.283
0.22
SE
0.005
0.04
0.041
0.035
0.018
0.013
0.007
0.007
0.011
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.009
0.009
0.01
0.006
0.049
0.019
0.024
0.021
0.005
0.009
0.01
0.008
0.009
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PIO
0.005
0
0.033
0.021
0.015
0.012
0.009
0
0
0.01
0
0
0.006
0.001
0.007
0.006
0.003
0.002
0
0
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0
P25
0.031
0
0.071
0.057
0.052
0.039
0.031
0.025
0.016
0.037
0.027
0.027
0.032
0.027
0.038
0.03
0.027
0.035
0.027
0.027
0.031
0.034
0.027
0.032
0.028
P50
0.083
0.078
0.182
0.147
0.116
0.09
0.08
0,068
0.061
0.098
0,076
0.072
0.084
0.076
0.099
0.078
0.057
0.123
0.08
0.075
0.081
0.095
0.071
0.09
0.072
P75
0.263
0.228
0.424
0.362
0.311
0.289
0.233
0.242
0.223
0.267
0.265
0.22
0.3
0.235
0.324
0.253
0,192
0.48
0.179
0.183
0.249
0.318
0.227
0.281
0.198
P90
0.735
0.69
1.525
1.372
1.098
0.742
0.704
0.613
0.667
0.723
0.728
0.688
0.819
0.736
0.863
0.678
0.72
1. 19
0.473
0.48
0.685
0.776
0.699
0.802
0.59
P9S
1.137
1.671
2,633
2.35
1.418
1,118
1.039
0,915
0.924
1.045
1.19
1.097
1.195
1.085
1.212
1.098
1.157
2.108
0.889
0.845
1.061
1.113
1.064
1.212
1.009
P99
2.384
3.269
3,633
3.309
2.869
2.699
1.747
1.865
1.74
2.118
2.762
2.43
2,608
2.699
2.808
2.269
2,487
3.178
1.317
1.638
2.035
2.487
2.11
2.769
1.944
PIOO
8.231
5.431
6.94
8.231
' 5.024
5.157
6.363
4.342
3.035
5.338
6.94
8.231
5.946
6.94
8.23!
5.946
3.966
8.231
1.662
5.252
5.946
6.362
5.338
8.231
5.946
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSFII
.*•*
I
ff
I
a"
2"
^
-------
n
si S
o
o
Table 11-5, Per Capita Intake of Poultry (g/te-dav as consumed)
Population Percent
Group Consuming
Total 91.7%
Age (years)
<01 64.9%
01-02 94.2%
03-05 95.0%
06-1 1 95.7%
12-19 94.3%
20-39 94,6%
40-69 90.5%
70 + 86.7%
Season
Fail 92.9%
Spring 91.0%
Summer 90.4%
Winter 92.6%
Urbanization
Central City 91.7%
Nonrnetropolitan 90.6%
Suburban 92.4%
Race
Asian 88.6%
Black 91.9%
Native American 80.7%
Other/NA 91.7%
White 92.0%
Region
Midwest 91.7%
Northeast 92.7%
South 91.7%
West 91.0%
NOTE: SE = Standard error
Mean
0.598
0.816
1.156
1.068
0.871
0.558
0.53
0.477
0.463
0.635
0.538
0.625
0.595
0.627
0.54
0.608
0.79
0.798
0.54
0.81
0.559
0.551
0.651
0.643
0.526
SE PI
0.007 0
0.087 0
0.064 0
0.049 0
0.028 0
0.017 0
0.0 1 0
0.01 0
0.017 0
0.015 0
0.013 0
0.015 0
0.014 0
0.014 0
0.013 0
O.Oil 0
0.068 0
0.025 0
0.051 0
0.049 0
0.007 0
0.014 0
0.017 0
0.012 0
0.014 0
P5
0
0
0.017
0
0.022
0
0.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0.015
0
0.08
0.044
0.047
0.02
0.021
O.OII
0
0.022
0.009
0.013
0.025
0.011
0.014
0.02
0.035
0.02
0
0.005
0.016
0.013
0.016
0.02
0,011
P25
0.097
0
0.211
0.18
0.166
0.088
0.098
0.084
0.072
0.112
0.071
0.089
0.113
0.095
0.093
0.1
0.112
0.143
0.071
0.169
0.092
0.095
0.093
0.106
0.086
PSO
0.344
0.178
0.636
0.607
0.556
0.378
0.332
0.294
0.286
0.366
0.305
0.359
0.372
0.333
0.314
0.37
0.503
0.521
0.324
0.467
0.318
0.318
0.391
0.394
0.28
P75
0.83
1.07
1.695
1.647
1.364
0.813
0.768
0.696
0.692
0.867
0.74
0.905
0,82
0.877
0.781
0.842
1.15
1.133
0,985
1.252
0.771
0.735
0.934
0.93
0.754
P90
1.506
2.467
2.93!
2.662
2.182
1.476
1.35
1.192
1.189
1.571
1.368
1.562
1.443
1.589
1.321
1.542
1.901
1.867
1.343
2.11
1.419
1.328
1.687
1.581
1.33
P95
2.035
3.453
4.144
3.603
2.851
1.806
1.744
1.528
1. 539
2.209
1.829
2.171
1.94
2.218
1.71
2.06
2.368
2.352
1.545
2.695
1.906
1.938
2.134
2.173
1.766
P99
3.273
7.373
5.429
5.024
3.861
2.394
2.666
2.358
2.284
3.543
3.052
3.863
3.091
3.518
3.077
3.III
2.939
4.288
2.348
3.863
3.091
3.244
3.38
3.426
2.942
P100
12.239
12.239
11.747
7.565
6.936
3.535
3.801
6.219
4.092
12.239
11.543
6.596
8.418
12.239
11.543
8.306
4.745
12.239
4.158
4.002
11.543
11.747
8.306
8.418
12.239
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the
1989-91 CSF11
s
H«
I
*
I
f5
s?
1
a.
-------
Table 1 1-6. Per Capita Intake of Game (g/kc-
-------
S
*2
S
a
1=
o
Population Percent
Group Consuming
Total 41.4%
Age (years)
<01 32.3%
01-02 43.3%
03-05 39.6%
06-1 1 36.6%
12-19 36.0%
20-39 , 43.3%
40-69 44.0%
70 •¥ ' 42.0%
Season
Fall 40.1%
Spring 42.7%
Summer ' 40.5%
Winter 42.2%
Urbanization
Central City 41.6%
Nonmetropolitan 43.8%
Suburban 39.7%
Race
Asian 38.9%
Black 48.9%
Native American 49.7%
Other/NA 55.1%
White 39,5%
Region
Midwest 36.9%
Northeast 35.9%
South 44.3%
West 46.6%
Mean
0.317
0.791
0.822
0.677
0.414
0.244
0.271
0.225
0.218
0.29!
0.307
0.344
0.325
0.315
0.338
0.309
0.452
0.385
0.491
0.472
0.297
0.288
0.264
0.325
0.392
Table 11 -7.
SE
0.009
0.126
0.087
0.088
0.033
0.023
0.012
0.009
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.02
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.013
0.094
0.023
0.17
0.056
0.01
0.019
0.02
0.014
0.022
Per Capita Intake of EMS (E/ke-day as consumed)
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
'0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0.445
1.537
1.381
0.89
0.735
0.345
0.439
0,375
0.328
0.422
0,402
0.476
0.47
0.423
0,493
0,434
0.615
0,595
0.457
0.712
0.408
0.35
0.376
0.469
0.563
P90
0.968
2.744
2.604
2.224
1.312
0.828
0.897
0,725
0.653
0.871
1.015
1.035
0.98
0.924
1.043
0.95
1.47
1.134
1.395
1.26
0.922
0.893
0.791
0,999
1.135
P95
1.422
3.645
3.299
3.106
1.617
1,26
1.193
1.029
0.969
1.237
1.42
1.496
1,409
1.422
1.438 .
1.399
2.604
1.486
1.61
2.247
1.368
1.44
1.229
1,422
1.603
P99
2.953
5.487
5.242
7.475
3,037
2.137
1.764
1.496
1.582
2.744
2.604
3.533
2.841
3.106
2.826
2.73
2.672
2.881
10.799
3.292
2.906
3.106
2.815
2.531
3.08
P100
13.757
13.757
8.577
10.799
6,331
4:12
5.392
3,216
2.791
6.331
13.548
13.757
11.39
13.757
13.548
H.39
2.672
6.213
13.548
5.997
13.757
13.548
11.39
8.737
13.757
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989-91 CSFII
& I
I I
I
n
I
1
!.
I
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-8. Main Daily Intake of Meat and Dairy Products Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1 977-78, 87-88, 89-9 1 , 94, and 95 Surveys
77-78 Data
Food Product (g-day)
Beef 52
Poultry 25
Meat Mixtures1 69
Dairy Products2 314
87-88 Data
(g/day)
32
26
86
290
89-91 Data
(g/day)
26
27
90
286
94 Data
(g/day)
24
29
95
277
1 Includes mixtures having meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient; frozen meals in which the main course is a meat, poultry
meat, poultry, or fish sandwiches coded as a single item; and baby-food meat and poultry mixtures,
1 Includes total milk, cream, milk desserts, and cheese. Total milk includes fluid milk, yogurt, flavored milk, milk drinks, meal
with milk, milk-based infant formulas, and unreconstiruled dry milk and powdered mixtures.
Sources: USDA, 1980; 1992; 1996a; 1996b,
95 Data
(g/day)
27
24
104
284
, or fish item;
replacements
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
11-16 August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-9. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products (g/kg-d as consumed)
Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups
Raw Agricultural Commodity
Average Consumption (Grams/kg
Body Weight/Day)
Standard Error
Milk-Non-Fat Solids
Milk-Non-Fat Solids (Food additive) -
Milk-Fat Solids
Milk-Fat Solids (Food additive)
Milk Sugar (Lactose)
Beef-Meat Byproducts
Beef (Organ Meats) - Other
Beef - Dried
Beef (Boneless) - Fat (Beef Tallow)
Beef (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Beef (Organ Meats) - Liver
Beef (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Goat-Meat Byproducts
Goat (Organ Meats) - Other
Goat (Boneless) - Fat
Goat (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Goat (Organ Meats) - Liver
Goat (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Horse
Rabbit
Sheep - Meat Byproducts
Sheep (Organ Meats) - Other
Sheep (Boneless) - Fat
Sheep (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Sheep (Organ Meats) - Liver
Sheep (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Pork - Meat Byproducts
Pork (Organ Meats) - Other
Pork (Boneless) - Fat (Including Lard)
Pork (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Pork (Organ Meats) - Liver
Pork (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Meat, Game
Turkey - Byproducts
Turkey - Giblets (Liver)
Turkey - Flesh (w/o Skin, w/o Bones)
Turkey - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
Turkey - Unspecified
Poultry, Other - Byproducts
Poultry, Other - Giblets (Liver)
Poultry, Other - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
Eggs - Whole
Eggs - White Only
Eggs - Yolk Only
Chicken - Byproducts
Chicken - Giblets (Liver)
Chicken - Flesh (w/o Skin, w/o Bones)
Chicken - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
0.9033354
0.9033354
0.4297199
0.4297199
0.0374270
0.0176621
0.0060345
0.0025325
0.3720755
0.0004798
0.0206980
1.1619987
0.0000000
0,0000000
0.0000397
0.0000000
0.0000000
0.0001891
0.0000000
0.0014207
0.0000501
0.0000109
0.0042966
0.0000090
0.0000000
0.0124842
0.0250792
0.0038496
0.2082022
0.0000168
0.0048194
0.3912467
0.0063507
0.0002358
0.0000537
0.0078728
0.0481655
0.0000954
0.0000000
0.0002321
0.0053882
0.5645020
0.0092044
0.0066323
0.0000000
0.0050626
0.0601361
0.3793205
0.0134468
0.0134468
0.0060264
0.0060264
0.0033996
0.0005652
0.0007012
0.0004123
0.0048605
0.0003059
0.0014002
0.0159453
NA
NA
0.0000238
NA
NA
0.0001139
NA
0.00003544
0.0000381
0.0000197
0.0005956
0.0000079
NA
0.0015077
0.0022720
0.0003233
0.0032032
0.0000106
0.0004288
0.0060683
0.0010935
0.0000339
0.0000370
0.0007933
0.0026028
0.0000552
NA
0.0001440
0.0007590
0.0076651
0.0004441
0.0004295
NA
0.0005727
0.0021616
0.0104779
NA = Not applicable
a Consumed in any raw or prepared form.
Source: ORES database (based on 1977-78 NFCS)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-17
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-10. Mean Meat
Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for
Total
Meat
Poultry
Group Age (yrs.) and Fish
Moles and Females
1 and Under
1-2
3-5
6-8
Males;
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and Over
Females
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and Over
Males and Females
All AECS
* Based on USDA Nationwide
72
91
121
149
188
218
272
310
285
295
274
231
196
162
176
180
184
183
187
187
159
134
207
Beef
9
18
23
33
41
53
82
90
86
75
70
54
41
38
47
46
52
48
49
52
34
31
54
Pork
4
6
8
15
22
18
24
21
27
28
32
25
39
17
19
14
19
17
19
19
21
17
20
Food Consumption Survey
Lamb,
Veal,
Game
3
(b)
(b)
1
3
(b) t
1
2
1
1
1
2
7
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
4
2
2
Frankfurters,
Sausages, Luncheon
Meats, Spreads
2
15
15
17
19
25
25
33
30
26
29
22
19
20
18
16
18
16
14
12
12
9
20
Total
Poultry
4
16
19
20
24
27
37
45
31
31
31
29
28
27
23
28
26
24
24
26
30
19
27
1977-1978
Chicken
Only
1
13
19
19
21
24
32
43
29
28
29
26
25
23
22
27
24
22
21
24
25
16
24
Meat
Mixtures'
51
32
49
55
71
87
93
112
94
113
86
72
54
55
61
61
61
66
63
60
47
49
72
1977-78 data for one day.
b Less lhan 0,5 g/day but more than 0.
e Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient.
Source: USDA, 1980.
Table 11-11. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for 1987-1988
Group
Age (yrs.)
Males and Females
5 and Under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals •
Total Meat,
Poultry, and
Fish
92
156
252
250
151
169
170
193
Beef
10
22
38
44
26
31
29
32
Lamb, Frankfurters,
Veal, Game Sausages,
Pork Luncheon Meats
9 <0,5
14 <0.5
17 1
19 23
9 1
10 <0.5
12 1
14 1
11
13
20
2
11
18
13
17
Total
Poultry
14
27
27
31
20
17
24
26
Chicken
Only
12
24
20
25
17
13
18
20
Meat
Mixturess15
39
74
142
108
74
80
73
86
* Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-88 data for one day.
11 Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient.
Source: USDA, 1992.
Page
11-18
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11- Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-12. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)2
Group Age (yrs.)
1 and Under
1-2
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and Over
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and Over
All Apjes
Total Milk
618
404
353
433
432
504
519
388
' 243
203
180
217
193
402
387
316
224
182
130
139
166
214
266
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumpiion Survey
Source: USDA, 1980.
Fluid Milk
361
397
330
401
402
461
467
353
213
192
173
204
184
371
343
279
205
158
117
128
156
205
242
1977-78 data for one day.
Cheese
1
8
9
10
8
9
13
15
21
18
17
14
18
7
11
11
18
19
18
19
14
20
15
for 1977-1978
Eggs
5
20
22
18
26
28
31
32
38
41
36
36
41
14
19
21
26
26
23
24
22
19
27
Table 11-13. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for 1987-1988
Group Age (yrs.)
Males and Females
5 and under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food
Source: USDA, 1992.
Total Fluid Milk
347
439
392
202
310
260
148
224
Consumption Survey
Whole Milk
177
224
183
88
135
124
55
99
1987-88 data for one day.
Lowfat/Skim Milk
129
159
168
94
135
114
81
102
Cheese
7
10
12
17
9
12
15
14
Eggs
11
17
17
27
, 14
18
17
20
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 11-19
-------
I
8
I
I
^3
f
i* a
Table 1 1-14. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)1 for 1994 and 1995
Total Meat,
Group Poultry, and
Age (yrs.) Fish
Beef Pork
1994 1995 1994 1995 1994
Males and Females
5 and Under 94 87 10
Males
6-11 131 161 19
12-19 238 256 31
20 and over 266 283 35
Females
6-11 117 136 18
12-19 164 158 23
20 and over 168 167 18
All individuals 195 202 24
2 Based on USDA CSP11 1994 and 1995 data
** Less than 0.5 g/day but more than 0.
c Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry,
Source: USDA, I996a; 1996b.
8 6
18 9
29 11
41 17
16 5
22 5
21 9
27 11
for one day.
1995
4
7
11
14
5
7
11
10
Lamb
Veal,
Game
1994
(b)
0
1
2
(b)
(b)
1
1
1995
(b)
(b)
1
1
(b)
0
1
1
Frankfurters,
Sausages,
Luncheon
Meats
1994
17
22
21
29
18
16
16
21
1995
18
27
27
27
20
10
15
21
Total Poultry
1994
16
19
40
39
19
20
25
29
1995
15
25
26
31
17
19
'22
24
Chicken Only
1994
14
16
29
30
15
15
20
23
1995
14
22
23
27
14
18
19 •
21
Meat
Mixtures'5
1994
41
51
119
124
51
94
87
98
1995
39
68
150
149
69
82
83
104
or fish as a main ingredient.
Table 11-15. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)" for 1994 and 1995
Group Age (yts.)
Males and Females
5 and under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals
1 Based on USDA CSFH 1994 and
Source: USDA, 1996a; 1996b.
Total Fluid Milk
1994
424
407
346
195
340
239
157
229
1995
441
400
396
206
330
235
158
236
Whole Milk
1994
169
107
105
50
101
75
37
65
1995
165
128
105
57
93
71
32
66
Lowfat Milk
1994
130
188
160
83
136
88
56
89
1995
129
164
176
88
146
107
57
92
Cheese
1994
12
11
19
19
17
14
16
17
1995
9
12
20
16
13
13
15
15
Eggs
1994
11
13
18
23
12
13
15
17
1995
13
15
24
23
15
17
16
19
1995 data for one day.
9
•I
1
2
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter II - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Dietary Intake
of Food Sub Classes Per Capita by Age (g/day as consumed)
Age (yrs.)
All Ages
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-39
40-59
260
Source: U.S
Fresh Cows'
Milk
253.5 ± 4.9
272.0 ±3 1.9
337.3 ± 15.6
446.2 ± 13.1
456.0 ± 12.3
404.8 ± 12.9
264.3 ± 16.4
217.6 ± 17.2
182.9+13.5
169.1 ±10.5
192.4+11.8
EPA, 1984a (based on
Other Dairy
Products
55. 1± 1.2
296.7 ± 7.6
41.0 ±3.7
47 .3 ±3.1
53.3 ± 2.9
52.9 ±3.1
44.2 ±4.0
51.5 ±4.1
53.8 ±3.2
52.0 ± 2.5
55.9 ± 2.8
1977-78 NFCS).
Eggs
26.9 + 0.5
4.9 ± 3.2
19.8 ± 1.6
17.0 ±1.3
19.3 ±1.2
24.8 ± 1.3
28.3 ±1.7
27.9 ±1.7
30.1 ±1.4
31.1 ±1.0
28.7 ±1.2
Beef
87.6 ±1.1
18.4 ±7.4
42.2 ± 3.7
63.4 ±3.1
81.9 ±2.9
99.5 ± 3.0
103.7 ± 3.9
103.8 ±4.0
105.8 ±3.2
99.0 ± 2.5
74.3 ± 2.8
Pork
28.2 ± 0.6
5.8 ±3.6
13.6 ± 1.8
18.2 ± 1.5
22.2 ± 1.4
29.5 ± 1.5
29.6 ±1.9
31.8 ±2.0
33.0 ±1.5
33.5 ±1.2
27.5 ±1.3
Poultry
3 1.3 ±0.8
18.4 ±4.9
19.0 ±2.4
24.7 ± 2.0
30.0 ±1.9
33.0 ± 2.0
33.0 ± 2.6
33.8 ± 2.7
34.0±2.1
33.8 ±1.6
31.5 ±1.8
Other Meat
25.1 ±0.4
2.6 ± 2.8
17.6 ± 1.4
22.3 ±1.2
26.1 ± 1.1
27.6 ± 1.1
28.8 ±1.5
28.9 + 1.5
28.4 ± 1.2
27.4 ± 0.9
21.1 ± 1.0
Table 11-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Sub Class by Region (g/day as consumed)
US Population
Northeast
North Central
South
West
Dairy Products (Total)
Fresh Cows Milk
Other
Meats (Total)
Beef and Veal
Pork
Poultry
Other
308.6 ± 5.3
253.5 ±4.9
55.1 ± 1.2
26.9 ± 0.5
172.2 ±1.6
87.6 ±1.1
28.2 ± 0.6
31.3 ±0.8
25.1 ±0.4
318.6 ± 10.4
256.1 ±9.7
62.5 ± 2.3
23.8+1.0
169.9 ± 3.3
82.3 + 2.3
28.8 ± 1.1
31.7 ±1.5
27.1 ±0.9
336.1 ± 10.0
279.7 ± 9.4
56.5 + 2.2
23.5 ± 0.9
176.9 ±3.1
92.9 ± 2.2
29.6 ±1.1
26.6 ±1.4
27.8 ±0.8
253.6 ± 8.4
211.0 + 7.8
42.6 ± 1.9
31.0 ±0.8
171.9+2.6
84.0 ± 1.8'
30.1 +0.9
36.5+1.2
21.3+0.7
348.1 ±12.3
283.5 + 11.5
64.6 ± 2.7
29.1 ± 1.2
168.6 + 3.9
92.9 ± 2.7
22.1 ±1.3
28.9+1.8
24.7 + 1.0
NOTE: Northeast = Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
North Central = Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska, and Kansas.
South = Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
West = Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1984b (based on 1977-78 NFCS).
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-21
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-18. Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products for Different Age Groups (averaged across sex), and
Estimated Lifetime Average Intakes for 70 Kg Adult Citizens Calculated from the FDA Die
Produce
Beef
Beef Liver
Limb
Pork
Poultry
Dairy
Eggs
Beef Fat
Beef Liver Fat
Lamb Fat
Dairy Fat
Pork Fat
Poultry Fat
Baby Toddler
(0-1 yrs) 1-6 yrs)
3.99 9.66
0.17 0.24
0.14 0.08
1.34 4.29
2.27 3.76
40.70 32.94
3.27 6.91
2.45 6.48
0.05 0.07
0.14 0.08
38.99 16.48
2.01 8.19
1.10 0.83
Child
(6-14 yrs)
15.64
0.30
0.06
6.57
5.39
38.23
7.22
11.34
0.08
0.07
20.46
10.47
1.12
Teen
(14-20 yrs)
g - dry weight/day
21.62
0.36
0.05
8.86
7.03
43.52
7.52
16.22
0.10
0.06
24.43
12.75
1.41
Adult
(20-45 yrs)
23.28
1.08
0.30
10.27
7.64
27.52
8.35
20.40
0.29
0.31
18.97
14.48
1.54
Data.
Old
(45-70 yrs)
18.34
1.2
0.21
9.94
6.87
22.41
9.33
14.07
0.33
0.22
14.51
13.04
1.31
Estimated
Lifetime Intake3
19.25
0.89
0.20
9.05
6.70
28.87
8.32
15.50
0.25
0.21
18.13
12.73
1.34
'The estimated lifetime dietary intakes were estimated by:
Estimated lifetime intake = IR(O-I) + Svrs • IR (1-5) * 8 vrs
•IR (6-13) + 6 vrs MR (14-19)
70 years
i- 25 vrs • IR (20-44)
i. 25 vrs • IR (45-70)
where IR « the intake rale for K specific age group.
Source: U.S. EPA. 1989 (based in 1977-78 NFCS and NHANES II data).
Table 11-19. Per Capita Consumption of Meat and Poultry in 1991'
Food Item
Per Capita Consumption Careassb
Weight
(E/davlf
Per Capita Consumption
RTC=
(E/dav)f
Per Capita Consumption Retail Cut
Equivalent*1
(E/dav)r
Per Capita Consumption Boneless
Trimmed Equivalent0
fe/dav)f
Hal Mm
Beef
Veil
Port
Limb ind Mutton
Totil1
118.3
1.5
8.0
2.0
201.7
82.8
1.2
62.1
1.7
147.9
78.4
0.99
58.3
1.2
139.1
Poultry
Young Chicken
Other Chicken —
Chtckcn
Turkey
Total'
—
91.3
22.2
109.2
78.3
1.7
770
—
54. S"
17.5"
72.1
* Includes processed meats and poultry in a fresh basis: excludes shipments to U.S. territories: uses U.S. total population, July 1, and docs not include residents of the U.S. territories.
* BccrCarcass-\Vcighl is the weight of the chQkd hanging carcass, which includes the kidney and attached internal tat [kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (kph)] but not head, feet, and
ututlxhcd internal organs. Definitions of carcass weight for other red meats differ slightly.
" RTC • rudY'lo-cook poultry weight Is the entire dressed bird which includes bones, skin, fat, liver, heart, gizzard, and neck.
4 Retail equivalents in 1991 were converted from carcass weight by multiplying by a factor of 0.7,0.83, 0.89. and 0.776 for beef, veal, lamb, and pork, respectively; 0.877 was the factor
used each 1'or young chicken and other chicken.
• Boneless equivalent for red meal derived from carcass weight in 1991 by using conversion factors of 0.663, 0.685, 0.658 and 0.729 for beef, veal, lamb, and pork, respectively; 0.597,
0.597 «nd 0,790 were Ihc factors used for young chicken, other chicken, and turkey.
' Original diu were presented in Ibs; converted to g/day by multiplying by a factor of 453.6 g/lb and dividing by 365 days/yr.
' Computed from unrounded data.
k IncluJcs skin. neck, and f iMcts.
1 E.ukkles amount of RTC chicken going to pet food as well as some water leakage that occurs when chicken is cut-up before packaging.
SMirce: USPA. IW.
Page
11-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-20. Per Capita Consumption of Dairy Products in 199la
Food Item Per Capita
Consumption (g/day)>
Eggs
Farm Weight11'0 37.8
Retail Weight0'" 37.3
Fluid Milk and Cream 289.7
Plain Whole Milk 105.3
Lowfat Plain Milk (2%) 98. 1
Lowfat Plain Milk ( I %) 25.8
Skim Plain Milk 29.7
Whole Flavored Milk and Drink 3.4
Lowfat Flavored Milk and Drink 8.5
Buttermilk (lowfat and skim) 4.2
Half and Half Cream 3.9
Light Cream 0.4
Heavy Cream 1 .6
Sour Cream 3.2
Eggnog 0.5
Evaporated and Condensed Milk1
Canned Whole Milk 2.6
Bulk Whole Milk 1.4
Bulk and Canned Skim Milk 6.2
Total" 10.2
Drv Milk Products'
Dry Whole Milk 0.5
Nonfat Dry Milk 3.2
Dry Buttermilk 0.3
Total0 4.0
Dried Whey 4.5
Butter 5.2
Food Item
Cheese
American
Cheddar
Other*
Italian
Provolone
Romano
Parmesan
Mozzarella
Ricotta
Other
Miscellaneous
Swiss'
Brick
Muenster
Cream
Neufchatel
Blue*
Other
Processed Products
Cheese
Foods and spreads
Cheese Content
Consumed as Natural
Cottage Cheese (lowfat)
Frozen Dairy Products
Ice Cream
Ice Milk
Sherbet
Other Frozen Products
Total6
All Diary Products
USDA Donations
Commercial Sales
Total
Per Capita
Consumption (g/day)*
11.2
2.5
0.8
0.2
0.6
9.0
1.0
0.07
.1.5
0.07
0.5
1.9
0.3
0.2
1.2
6.1
4.7
8.5
22.6
1.6
20.3
9.2
1.5
5.3
36.4
17,1
685.2
702.4
a All per capita consumption figures use U.S. total populations, except fluid rnilk and cream data, which are based on U.S. residential
population. For eggs, excludes shipments to U.S. territories, uses U.S. total population, July 1 , which does not include U.S. territories.
b A dozen eggs converted at 1 .57 pounds.
c The factor for converting farm weight to retail weight was 0.97 in 1960 and was increased 0.003 per year until 0.985
** Includes Colby, washed curd, Monterey, and Jack.
c Computed from unrounded data.
f Includes imports of Gruyere and Emmenthaler.
g Includes Gorgonzola.
h Includes mellorine, frozen yogurt beginning 1981, and other nonstandardized frozen diary products.
' Includes quantities used in other dairy products.
was reached in 1990.
3 Original data were presented in Ibs, conversions to g/day were calculated by multiplying by a factor of 453.6 and dividing by 365 days.
Source: USDA, 1993.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-23
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-21. Adult Mean Daily Intake (as consumed) of Meat and Poultry Grouped by Region and Gender"
Food Item
Pacific
Male Female
Mountain
Male Female
Mean Daily Intake (g/day)
Region
North Central Northeast
Male Female Male Female
South
Male Female
Beef
Pork
Lamb
Veal
Variety
Meats/Game
Processed Meats
Poultry
84.8
18.6
1.3
0.4
11. 1
22.8
67.3
52.8
12.6
1.2
0.2
7.9
15.4
56.1
89.8
23.7
0.5
0.2
9.1
22.9
51.0
59.6
16.8
0.3
0.2
7.4
13.2
45.2
86.8
26.5
0.4
0.4
11.9
26.3
51.7
55.9
18.8
0.4
0.4
8.0
15.8
44.7
71.8
22.4
1.3
2.8
8.1
21.2
56.2
46.6
15.9
1.0
1.5
6.8
15.5
49.2
87.3
24.4
0.5
0.3
9.4
26.0
57.7
54.9
17.2
0.3
0.3
7.8
17.0
50.2
' Adult population represents consumers ages 19 and above.
NOTE: Pacific = Washington, Oregon and California
Mountain = Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada
North Central = Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
and Kansas.
Northeast = Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
South = Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
Source: National Livestock and Meat Board, 1993.
Table 11-22. Amount (as consumed) of Meat Consumed by Adults Grouped by Frequency of Eatings'
Percent of Eaters
Frequency of Eatings
Percent of Total
Eaters
Male
Female
Total
Consumption for
14 Days
(g)
Median Daily
Intake
(g/day)
Non-Meat Eaters"
Light Meat Eaters'"
Medium Meat Eatersc
Heavy Meat Eatersd
1%
30%
33%
36%
20
27
39
73
80
73
61
27
None
<1025
1025-1584
>1548
None
54
93
144
* A female who is employed and on a diet. She lives alone or in a small household (without children).
b Female who may or may not be on a diet. There are probably 2-4 people in her household but that number is not likely to include children.
c This person may be of either sex, might be on a diet, and probably lives in a household of 2-4 people, which may include children.
d Mate who is not on a diet and lives in a household of 2-4 individuals, which may include children.
0 Adult population represents consumers ages 19 and above.
Source: National Livestock and Meat Board. 1993.
Page
11-24
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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II
I
9
Table 1 1-23. Quantity (as consumed) of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion
and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days
Food category
Meata
Beef
Pork
Lamb
Veal
Poultry
Chicken
Turkey
Dairy Products
Eggs
Butter
Margarine
Milkb
Cheese0
% Indiv. using Quantity consumed per eating
food in 3 days occasion
(g)
Average
84.6
67.3
49.9
1.5
2.3
42.8
38.7
5.8
54.3
31.4
43.1
82.5
40
107
133
69
146
130
128
131
105
82
12
11
203
41
a Meat - beef, pork, lamb, and veal.
b Milk - fluid milk, milk beverages, and milk-based infant
c Cheese - natural and processed cheese.
Source: Pao et al., 1982 (based on 1977-78 NFCS).
Standard 5
Deviation
85 16
85 41
69 8
84 43
71 42
77 42
76 43
73 28
44 40
13 2
11 2
134 15
28 14
formulas.
Consumers-only
Quantity consumed per eating occasion at Specified Percentiles (g)
25 50
46 86
84 112
16 44
88 123
84 112
82 112
84 112
57 86
50 64
5 7
5 7
122 244
28 28
75
140
168
92
184
168
168
170
129
100
14
14
245
56
90
224
224
160
227
224
224
224
172
128
28
28
366
58
95
252
280
194
280
276
280
280
240
150
28
28
488
85
99
432
448
320
448
352
388
388
350
237
57
57
552
140
! I
* I
f
ft ^
a "*i
I.
g
**••
I
1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 1 1-24. Percentage Lipid Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible Portions)
of Selected Meat and Dairy Products"
Product
Meats
Beef
Lean only
Lean and fat, 1/4 in. fat trim
Brisket (point half)
Lean and fat
Brisket (flat half)
Lean and fat
Lean only
Pork
Lean only
Lean and fat
Cured shoulder, blade roll, lean and fat
Cured ham, Icon and fat
Cured ham, lean only
Sausage
Ham
Ham
Lamb
Lean
Lean and fat
Veal
Lean
Lean and fat
Rabbit
Composite of cuts
Chicken
Meat only
Meat and skin
Turkey
Meat only
Meat and skin
Ground
Fat Percentage
6.16
9.91
19.24
21.54
22.40
4.03
5.88
9.66
14.95
17.18
20.02
12.07
7.57
38.24
4.55
9.55
5.25
9.52
21.59
20.94
2.87
6.58
6.77
11.39
5.55
8.05
3.08
7.41
15.06
13.60
2.86
4.97
8.02
9.73
6.66
Comment
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Unheated
Center slice
Raw, center, country style
Raw, fresh
Cooked, extra lean (5% fat)
Cooked, (11% fat)
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
11-26 August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 1 1-24. Percentage Lipid Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible Portions)
of Selected
Product
Dairy
Milk
Whole
Human
Lowfat (1%)
Lowfat (2%)
Skim
Cream
Half and half
Medium
Heavy-whipping
Sour
Butter
Cheese
American
Cheddar
Swiss
Cream
Parmesan •
Cottage
Colby
Blue
Provolone •
Mozzarella
Yogurt
Eggs
a Based on the Hpid content in 100 grams, edible portion.
Source: USDA, 1979-1984.
Meat and Dairy Products3
Fat Percentage
3.16
4.17
0.83
1.83
0.17
18.32
23.71
35.09
19.88
76.93
29.63
31,42
26.02
33.07
24.50; 28.46
1.83
30.45
27.26
25.24
20.48
1.47
8.35
(continued)
Comment
3.3% fat, raw or pasteurized
Whole, mature, fluid
Fluid
Fluid
Fluid
Table or coffee, fluid
25% fat, fluid
Fluid
Cultured
Regular
Pasteurized
Hard; grated
Lowfat, 2% fat
Plain, lowfai
Chicken, whole raw, fresh or frozen
Table 1 1-25.
Meat Product
3-oz cooked serving (85.05 g)
Beef, retail composite, lean only
Pork, retail composite, lean only
Lamb, retail composite, lean only
Veal, retail composite, lean only
Broiler chicken, flesh only
Turkey, flesh only
Fat Content of Meat Products
Total Fat
(g)
8.4
8.0
8.1
5.6
6.3
4.2
Percent Fat
Content (%)
9,9
9.4
9.5
6.6
7.4 ' •
4.9
Source: National Livestock and Meat Board. 1993
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-27
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 1 1 -26. Fat Intake, Contribution of Various Food Groups to Fat Intake, and Percentage of the Population in
Various Meat Eater Groups of the U.S. Population
Average Fat Intake (g)
Percent of Population
Meat Group (%)"
Bread Group (%)
Milk Group (%)
Fruits (%)
Vegetables (%)
Fats/oil/sweets (%)
Total
Population
68.3
100
41
24
12
1
9
13
1 Meat Group includes meat, poultry, dry beans, eggs, and
Source: National Livestock and MeatBoard, 1993.
Heavy Meat
Eaters
84.5
36
44
23
11
1
9
12
nuts.
Medium Meat
Eaters
62.5
33
40
24
13
1
9
13
Light Meat
Eaters
53.5
30
37
26
14
1
9
14
Non-Meat
Eaters
32.3
1
33
25
14
1
11
17
Table 1 1-27. Mean Total Daily Dietary Fat Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age and Gender1
Age
(yrs)
2-1 1 (months)
1-2
3-5
6-11
12-16
16-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
i8Q
Total
*2
N
871
1,231
1,647
1,745
711
785
1,882
1,628
1,228
929
1,108
851
809
14,801
13,314
* Totol dietary fat intake includes all
drinking water).
Total
Mean Fat Intake
(g/day)
37.52
49.96
60.39
74.17
85.19
100.50
97.12
93.84
84.90
79.29
69.15
61.44
54.61
81.91
82.77
fat (i.e., saturated and
Males
N
439
601
744
868
338
308
844
736 '
626
473
646
444
290
7,322
6,594
unsaturated) derived
Mean Fat Intake
(g/day)
38.31
51.74
70,27
79.45
101.94
123.23
118.28
1 14.28
99.26
96.11
80.80
73.35
68.09
97.18
98.74
Females
N
432
630
803
877
373
397
638
791
602
456
560
407
313
7,479
8.720
Mean Fat Intake
(g/day)
36.95
48.33
61.51
68.95
71.23
77.46
76.52
74.06
70.80
63.32
59.52
53.34
47.84
67.52
68.06
from consumption of foods and beverages (excluding plain
Source: Adapted from CDC, 1994.
Page
11-28
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11 -28.
Food
Meat
Beef
Beef liver
Chicken (light meat)
Chicken (dark meat)
Duck - domestic
Duck - wild
Goose - domestic
Ham - cured
Horse
Lamb
Lard
Pork
Rabbit - domestic
Turkey
Dairy Products
Eggs
Butter
Cheese American pasteurizec
Cheddar
Swiss
Parmesan, hard
Parmesan, grated
Cream, whipping, heavy
Cottage, lowfat
Colby
Blue
Cream
Yogurt
Plain, lowfat
Plain, with fat
Human milk - estimated
from USDA Survey
Human
Skim
Lowfat
Percentage Mean Moisture Content (Expressed as
Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible Portions)2
Moisture Content Percent Comments
71.60
68.99
74.86
75.99
73.77
75.51
68.30
66.92
72.63
63.98
73.42
0.00
70.00
72.81
69.11
74.16
74.57
15.87
39.16
36.75
37.21
29.16
17.66
57.71
79.31
38.20
42.41
53.75
85.07
87.90
87.50
90.80
90.80-
Raw, composite, trimmed, retail cuts
Raw
Raw, without skin
Raw, without skin
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw, roasted
Cooked, roasted
Raw, composite, trimmed, retail cuts
Raw
Raw
Raw, roasted
Cooked, roasted
Raw
Raw
Regular
Made from whole milk
Whole, mature, fluid
1%
a Based on the water content in 100 grams, edible portion.
Source: USDA, 1979-1984.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-29
-------
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
11-30 August 1997
Table 1 1-29. Summary of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Intake Studies
Survey Population Used in
Study Calculating Intake Types of Data Used Units Food Items
KEY STUDIES
EPA Analysis of Per capita 1989-91 CSFII data; g/kg-day; as consumed Distributions of intake rates for total
1989-91 CSFII Data Based on 3-day average individual meats and total dairy; individual food
intake rates. items.
RELEVANT STUDIES
AfflC, 1994 Adults, Per Capita USDA NFCS 1977-78 data g/day Distribution for beef consumption
' presented in the 1989 version of presented in ©Risk format.
the Exposure Factors Handbook
that were analyzed by Finley and
Paustenbach (1992).
EPA'sDRES Per capita (i.e., consumers 1977-78 NFCS, g/kg-day; as consumed Intake for a wide variety of meats,
(White et a!., 1983) and nonconsumers) 3-day individual intake data poultry, and dairy products presented;
complex food groups were disaggregated
NLMB, 1993 Adult daily mean intake rates MRCA's Menu Census • g/day; as consumed Intake rates for various meats by region
and gender.
Pao et al., 1982 Consumers only serving size 1977-78 NFCS , • g; as consumed Distributions of serving sizes for meats,
data provided • 3-day individual intake data poultry, and diary products,
USDA, 1980; 1992; Per capita and consumer only 1977-78 and 1987-88 NFCS, and g/day; as consumed Total meat, poultry and fish, total
1996a; 1996b grouped by age and sex 1994 and 1995 CSFII : . poultry, total milk, cheese and eggs.
1-day individua! intake data
USDA, 1993 Per capita consumption based . Based on food supply and - g/day; as consumed Intake rates of meats, poultry, and diary
on "food disappearance" utilization data which were products: intake rates of individual food
provided by National Agricultural items.
Statistics Service (NASS),
Customs Service reports, and
trade associations.
U.S. EPA/ORP, Per capita 1977-78 NFCS g/day; as consumed Mean intake rates fortotal meats, total
1984a; 1984b Individual intake data diary products, and individual food items.
-U.S. EPA/OST, 1989 Estimated lifetime dietary Based on FDA Total Diet Study g/day; dry weight Various food groups; complex foods
intake Food List which used 1977-78 disaggregated
NFCS data, and NHANES II data
1£iW- A Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
* ** Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
f
" •• - -?*- If ~* . O < «^» -> „ v t» * ^ "
" " Table 1 I^3p /Summary of Rccomnaended Valneg.forJ'er Capita Intake of >,.V J»*'
,f j> ^ %.* t» Meat and DaiQ^odiicls and'Servmg Size j% A"" £~t ' '
' v if * • A "*" iA* 'Iv'
seJTables li-3 toJ1-7C' I" jsee.Tri>teAl-3"te *7 ^2&lli
*.* W > "** ~"=~ ^ j "™ ^"w
11 -3. to i I -7 y " . EPA Aolysis of CSmi989-91 tteta.^'
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
11-31
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 11 - Intake of Meat and Dairy Products
Table 11-31. Confidence in Meats and Dairy Products Intake Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
• Accessibility
• Reproduclbility
• Focus on factor of interest
• Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representativeness of the population
• Characterization of variability
• Lack of bias in study design (high rating is desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
USDA CSFII survey receives high level of peer review.
EPA analysis of these data has been peer reviewed
outside the Agency.
CSFT1 data are publicly available.
Enough information is included to reproduce results.
Analysis is specifically designed to address food
intake.
Data focuses on the U.S. population.
This is new analysis of primary data.
Were the most current data publicly available at the
lime the analysis was conducted for this Handbook.
Survey is designed to collect short-term data.
Survey methodology was adequate.
Study size was very large and therefore adequate.
The population studied was the U.S. population.
Survey was not designed to capture long term day-to-
day variability. Short term distributions are provided
for various age groups, regions, etc.
Response rate was adequate.
No measurements were taken. The study relied on
survey data.
1
CSFII was the most recent data set publicly available
at the time the analysis was conducted for this
Handbook. Therefore, it was the only study classified
as key study.
Although the CSFII was the only study classified as
key study, the results are in good agreement with
earlier data.
The survey is representative of U.S. population.
Although there was only one study considered key,
these data are the most recent and are in agreement
with earlier data. The approach used to analyze the
data was adequate. However, due to the limitations of
the survey design, estimation of long-term percentile
values (especially the upper pcrccntilcs) is uncertain.
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium confidence for
average values;
Low confidence for long term
percentile distribution
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
N/A
Low
High
High confidence in the
average;
Low confidence in the long-
term upper percentiles
Page
11-32
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 11A
APPENDIX 11A
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF MEAN DAILY FAT INTAKE BASED ON CDC (1994) DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 11A-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 11A
Sample Calculation of Mean Daily Fat Intake Based on CDC (1994) Data
CDC (1994) provided data on the mean daily total food energy intake (TFEI) and the mean percentages of TFEI
from total dietary fat grouped by age and gender. The overall mean daily TFEI was 2,095 kcal for the total population
and 34 percent (or 82 g) of their TFEI was from total dietary fat (CDC, 1994). Based on this information, the amount
of fat per kcal was calculated as shown in the following example.
0.34 x 2,095 x X = 82
day day day
X = 0.12
kcal
where 0,34 is the fraction of fat intake, 2,095 is the total food intake, and X is the conversion factor from kcal/day
to g-fat/day.
Using the conversion factor shown above (i.e., 0.12 g-fat/kcal) and the information on the mean daily TFEI and
percentage of TFEI for the various age/gender groups, the daily fat intake was calculated for these groups. An
example of obtaining the grams of fat from the daily TFEI (1,591 kcal/day) for children ages 3-5 and their percent
TFEI from total dietary fat (33 percent) is as follows:
0.33 x 0.12 = 63
day kcal day
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 11A-3
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-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS
Consumption of grain products is a potential
pathway of exposure to toxic chemicals. These food
sources can become contaminated by absorption or
deposition of ambient air pollutants onto the plants,
contact with chemicals dissolved in rainfall or irrigation
waters, or absorption of chemicals through plant roots
from soil and ground water. The addition of pesticides,
soil additives, and fertilizers may also result in
contamination of grain products.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (MFCS) and
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)
are the primary sources of information on intake rates of
grain products in the United States. Data from the MFCS
have been used in various studies to generate consumer-
only and per capita intake rates for both individual grain
products and total grains. CSFII 1989-91 survey data
have been analyzed by EPA to generate per capita intake
rates for various food items and food groups. As
described in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and
Vegetables, consumer-only intake is defined as the
quantity of grain products consumed by individuals who
ate these food items during the survey period. Per capita
intake rates are generated by averaging consumer-only
intakes over the entire population of users and non-users.
In general, per capita intake rates are appropriate for use
in exposure assessments for which average dose estimates
for the general population are of interest because they
represent both individuals who ate the foods during the
survey period and individuals who may eat the food items
at some time, but did not consume them during the survey
period.
This Chapter provides intake data for individual
grain products and total grains. Recommendations are
based on average and upper-percentile intake among the
general population of the U.S. Available data have been
classified as being either a key or a relevant study based
on the considerations discussed in Volume I, Section 1.3.1
of the Introduction. Recommendations are based on data
from the 1989-91 CSFII survey, which was considered the
only key intake study for grain products. Other relevant
studies are also presented to provide the reader with
added perspective on this topic. It should be noted that
most of the key and relevant studies presented in this
Chapter are based on data from USDA's MFCS and CSFII.
The USDA MFCS and CSFII are described below.
12.1. INTAKE STUDIES
12.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey and Continuing
Survey of Food Intake by Individuals
The NFCS and CSFII are the basis of much of the
data on grain intake presented in this section. Data from
the 1977-78 NFCS are presented because the data have
been published by USDA in various reports and
reanalyzed by various EPA offices according to the food
items/groups commonly used to assess exposure.
Published one-day data from the 1987-88 NFCS and 1994
and 1994 CSFII are also presented. Recently, EPA
conducted an analysis of USDA's 1989-91 CSFII. These
data were the most recent food survey data available to
the public at the time that EPA analyzed the data for this
Handbook. The results of EPA's analyses are presented
here. Detailed descriptions of the NFCS and CSFII data
are presented in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits
and Vegetables.
Individual average daily intake rates calculated
from NFCS and CSFII data are based on averages of
reported individual intakes over one day or three
consecutive days. Such short term data are suitable for
estimating average daily intake rates representative of
both short-term and long-term consumption. However, the
distribution of average daily intake rates generated using
short term data (e.g., 3-day) do not necessarily reflect the
long-term distribution of average daily intake rates. The
distributions generated from short term and long term data
will differ to the extent that each individual's intake varies
from day to day; the distributions will be similar to the
extent that individuals' intakes are constant from day to
day.
Day-to-day variation in intake among individuals will
be great for food item/groups that are highly seasonal and
for items/groups that are eaten year around, but that are
not typically eaten every day. For these foods, the intake
distribution generated from short term data will not be a
good reflection of the long term distribution. On the other
hand, for broad categories of foods (e.g., total grains)
which are eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with
minimal seasonality, the short term distribution may be a
reasonable approximation of the true long term
distribution, although it will show somewhat more
variability. In this Chapter, distributions are shown for
the various grain categories. Because of the increased
variability of the short-term distribution, the short-term
upper percentiles shown will overestimate somewhat the
corresponding percentiles of the long-term distribution.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 '
Page
12-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
12,1.2. Key Grain Products Intake Studies Based on
the CSFH
U.S. EPA Analysis of 1989-91 USDA CSFH Data -
EPA conducted an analysis of USDA's 1989-91 CSFH
data set. The general methodology used in analyzing the
data is presented in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of
Fruits and Vegetables of this Handbook. Intake rates
were generated for the following grain products: total
grains, breads, sweets, snacks, breakfast foods, pasta,
cooked cereals, rice, ready-to-eat cereals, and baby
cereals. Appendix 12A provides the food codes and
descriptions used in this grain analysis. The data for total
grains have been corrected to account for mixtures as
described in Volume II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and
Vegetables and Appendix 9A using an assumed grain
content of 31 percent for grain mixtures and 13 percent
for meat mixtures. Per capita intake rates for total grains
are presented in Tables 12-1. Table 12-2 through 12-10
present per capita intake data for individual grain
products. The results are presented in units of g/kg-day.
Thus, use of these data in calculating potential dose does
not require the body weight factor to be included in the
denominator of the average daily dose (ADD) equation.
It should be noted that converting these intake rates into
units of g/day by multiplying by a single average body
weight is inappropriate, because individual intake rates
were indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents. However, if there is a need to compare the
intake data presented here to intake data in units of g/day,
a body weight less than 70 kg (i.e., approximately 60 kg;
calculated based on the number of respondents in each
age category and the average body weights for these age
groups, as presented in Volume I, Chapter 7) should be
used because the total survey population included children
as well as adults.
The advantages of using the 1989-91 CSFII data
set are that the data are expected to be representative of
the U.S. population and that it includes data on a wide
variety of food types. The data set was the most recent of
a series of publicly available USDA data sets (i.e., MFCS
1977-78; MFCS 1987-88; CSFII 1989-91) at the time the
analysis was conducted for this Handbook, and should
reflect recent eating patterns in the United States. The
data set includes three years of intake data combined.
Hosvever, the 1989-91 CSFII data are based on a three
day survey period. Short-term dietary data may not
accurately reflect long-term eating patterns. This is
particularly true for the tails of the distribution of food
intake. In addition, the adjustment for including mixtures
adds uncertainty to the intake rate distributions. The
calculation for including mixtures assumes that intake of
any mixture includes grains in the proportions specified in
Appendix Table 9A-1. This assumption yields valid
estimates of per capita consumption, but results in
overestimates of the proportion of the population
consuming total grains; thus, the quantities reported in
Table 12-1 should be interpreted as upper bounds on the
proportion of the population consuming grain products.
The data presented in this handbook for the USDA
1989-91 CSFII is not the most up-to-date information on
food intake. USDA has recently made available the data
from its 1994 and 1995 CSFII. Over 5,500 people
nationwide participated in both of these surveys providing
recalled food intake informatin for 2 separate days.
Although the 2-day data analysis has not been conducted,
USDA published the results for the respondents' intakes
on the first day surveyed (USDA, 1996a; 1996b), USDA
1996 survey data will be made available later in 1997. As
soon as 1996 data are available, EPA will take steps to get
the 3-year data (1994, 1995, and 1996) analyzed and the
food ingestion factors updated. Meanwhile, Table 12-11
presents a comparison of the mean daily intakes per
individual in a day for grains from the USDA survey data
from years 1977-78, 1987-88, 1989-91, 1994, and 1995.
This table shows that food consumption patterns have
changed for grains and grain mixtures when comparing
1977 and 1995 data. When comparing data from 1977
and 1995, consumption of grains mixtures and grain
increased by 106 percent and 41 percent, respectively.
However, consumption of grains has remained fairly
constant when comparing values from 1989-91 with the
most recent data from 1994 and 1995. Grain mixtures and
grains increase 20 percent and 11 percent, respectively
from 1989 to 1995. The 1989-91 CSFII data are probably
adequate for assessing ingestion exposure for current
populations, but these data should be used with caution.
12.1.3. Relevant Grain Products Intake Studies
The U.S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System
(DRES) - USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) -
EPA OPP's DRES contains per capita intake rate data for
various grain products for 22 subgroups (age, regional,
and seasonal) of the population. As described in Volume
II, Chapter 9 - Intake of Fruits and Vegetables, intake data
in DRES were generated by determining the composition
of 1977/78 MFCS food items and disaggregating complex
food dishes into their component raw agricultural
commodities (RACs) (White et ai, 1983). The DRES per
Page
12-2
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
capita, as consumed intake rates for all
age/sex/demographic groups combined are presented in
Table 12-12, These data are based on both consumers
and non-consumers of these food items. Data for specific
subgroups of the population are not presented in this
section, but are available through OPP via direct request.
The data in Table 12-12 may be useful for estimating the
risks of exposure associated with the consumption of the
various grain products presented. It should be noted that
these data are indexed to the reported body weights of the
survey respondents and are expressed in units of grams of
food consumed per kg body weight per day.
Consequently, use of these data in calculating potential
dose does not require the body weight factor in the
denominator of the average daily dose (ADD) equation.
It should also be noted that conversion of these intake
rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a single average
body weight is not appropriate because the ORES data
base did not rely on a single body weight for all
individuals. Instead, ORES used the body weights
reported by each individual surveyed to estimate
consumption in units of g/kg-day.
The advantages of using these data are that
complex food dishes have been disaggregated to provide
intake rates for a variety of grains. These data are also
based on the individual body weights of the respondents.
Therefore, the use of these data in calculating exposure to
toxic chemicals may provide more representative
estimates of potential dose per unit body weight.
However, because the data are based on MFCS short-term
dietary recall, the same limitations discussed previously
for other NFCS data sets also apply here. In addition,
consumption patterns may have changed since the data
were collected in 1977-78. OPP is in the process of
translating consumption information from the USDA
CSFII 1989-91 survey to be used in DRES.
Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in One
Day in the U.S., USDA (1980, 1992; 1996a; 1996b) -
USDA calculated mean per capita intake rates for total
and individual grain products using NFCS data from
1977-78 and 1987-88 (USDA 1980; 1992) and CSFII data
from 1994 and 1995 (USDA, 1996a; 1996b). The mean
per capita intake rates for grain products are presented in
Tables 12-13 and 12-14 for the two NFCS survey years,
respectively. Table 12-15 presents similar data from the
1994 and 1995 CSFII for grain products.
The advantages of using these data are that they
provide mean intake estimates for various grain products.
The consumption estimates are based on short-term (i.e.,
1-day) dietary data which may not reflect long-term
consumption.
U.S. EPA - Office of Radiation Programs - The
U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) has also
used the USDA 1977-78 NFCS to estimate daily food
intake. ORP uses food consumption data to assess human
intake of radionuclides in foods (U.S. EPA, 1984a;
1984b). The 1977-78 NFCS data have been reorganized
by ORP, and food items have been classified according to
the characteristics of radionuclide transport. The mean
dietary per capita intake of grain products, grouped by
age, for the U.S. population are presented in Table 12-16.
The mean daily intake rates of grain products for the U.S.
population grouped by regions are presented in Table 12-
17. Because this study was based on the USDA NFCS,
the limitations and advantages associated with the USDA-
NFCS data also apply to this data set. Also, consumption
patterns may have changed since the data were collected
in 1977-78.
U.S. EPA - Office of Science and Technology - The
U.S. EPA Office of Science and Technology (OST)
within the Office of Water (formerly the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards) used data from the FDA
revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets
(Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates. OST
uses these consumption data in its risk assessment model
for land application of municipal sludge. The FDA data
used are based on the combined results of the USDA
1977-78 NFCS and the second National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976-80
(U.S. EPA, 1989). Because food items are listed as
prepared complex foods in the FDA Total Diet Study,
each item was broken down into its component parts so
that the amount of raw commodities consumed could be
determined. Table 12-18 presents intake rates for grain
products for various age groups. Estimated lifetime
ingestion rates derived by U.S. EPA (1989) are also
presented in Table 12-18. Note that these are per capita
intake rates tabulated as grams dry weight/day. Therefore,
these rates differ from those in the previous tables because
USDA (1980; 1992) and U.S. EPA (1984a, 1984b) report
intake rates on an as consumed basis.
The EPA-OST analysis provides intake rates for
additional food categories and estimates of lifetime
average daily intake on a per capita basis. In contrast to
the other analyses of USDA NFCS data, this study reports
the data in terms of dry weight intake rates. Thus,
conversion is not required when contaminants are
provided on a dry weight basis. These data, however,
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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12-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
may not reflect current consumption patterns because they
are based on 1977-78 data,
USDA (1993) - Food Consumption, Prices, and
Expenditures, 1970-92 - The USDA's Economic
Research Service (ERS) calculates the amount of food
available for human consumption in the United States
annually. Supply and utilization balance sheets are
generated. These are based on the flow of food items from
production to end uses. Total available supply is
estimated as the sum of production (i.e., some products
are measured at the farm level or during processing),
starting inventories, and imports (USDA, 1993). The
availability of food for human use commonly termed as
"food disappearance" is determined by subtracting
exported foods, products used in industries, farm inputs
(seed and feed) and end-of-the year inventories from the
total available supply (USDA, 1993). USDA (1993)
calculates the per capita food consumption by dividing the
total food disappearance by the total U.S. population.
USDA (1993) estimated per capita consumption
data for grain products from 1970-1992 (1992 data are
preliminary). In this section, the 1991 values, which are
the most recent final data, are presented. Table 12-19
presents per capita consumption in 1991 for grains.
One of the limitations of this study is that
disappearance data do not account for losses from the
food supply from waste, spoilage, or foods fed to pets.
Thus, intake rates based on these data may overestimate
daily consumption because they are based on the total
quantity of marketable commodity utilized. Therefore,
these data may be useful for estimating bounding
exposure estimates. It should also be noted that per capita
estimates based on food disappearance are not a direct
measure of actual consumption or quantity ingested,
instead the data are used as indicators of changes in usage
over time (USDA, 1993). An advantage of this study is
that it provides per capita consumption rates for grains
which are representative of long-term intake because
disappearance data are generated annually. Daily per
capita intake rates are generated by dividing annual
consumption by 365 days/year.
12.1.4. Key Grain Products Serving Size Study
Based on the USDA NFCS
Pao et al, (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by
Individuals - Using data gathered in the 1977-78 USDA
NFCS, Pao et al. (1982) calculated percentiles for the
quantities of grain products consumed per eating occasion
by members of the U.S. population. The data were
collected during NFCS home interviews of 37,874
respondents, who were asked to recall food intake for the
day preceding the interview, and record food intake the
day of the interview and the day after the interview.
Quantities consumed per eating occasion, are presented in
Table 12-20.
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USDA NFCS and are
representative of the U.S. population. This data set
provides distributions of serving sizes for a number of
commonly eaten grain products, but the list of foods is
limited and does not account for grain products included
in complex food dishes. Also, these data are based on
short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect
long-term consumption patterns. Although these data are
based on the 1977-78 NFCS, serving size data have been
collected, but not published, for the more recent USDA
surveys.
12.2. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED
AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
As noted previously, intake rates may be reported
in terms of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is
essential that exposure assessors be aware of this
difference so that they may ensure consistency between
the units used for intake rates and those used for
concentration data (i.e., if the unit of food consumption is
grams dry weight/day, then the unit for the amount of
pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight). If
necessary, as consumed intake rates may be converted to
dry weight intake rates using the moisture content
percentages of grain products presented in Table 12-21
and the following equation:
= IRac*[(100-W)/100]
(Eqn. 12-1)
Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as
consumed" rates by using:
IRac = IRdw/[(100-WyiOO]
where:
(Eqn. 12-2)
IR£jw = dry weight intake rate;
IRac = as consumed intake rate; and
W = percent water content.
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August 1997
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Volume II' Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
12.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
The 1989-91 CSFH data described in this section
were used in selecting recommended grain, product intake
rates for the general population and various subgroups of
the United States population. The general design of both
key and relevant studies are summarized in Table 12-22
The recommended values for intake of grain products are
summarized in Table 12-23 and the confidence ratings for
the recommended values for grain intake rates are
presented in Table 12-24. Per capita intake rates for
specific grain items, on a g/kg-day basis, may be obtained
from Tables 12-2 through 12-10. Percentiles of the intake
rate distribution in the general population for total grains,
are presented in Table 12-1. From these tables, the mean
and 95th percentile intake rates for grains are 4.1 g/kg-day
and 10.8 g/kg-day, respectively. It is important to note
that the data presented in Tables 12-1 through 12-10 are
based on data collected over a 3-day period and may not
necessarily reflect the long-term distribution of average
daily intake rates. However, for the broad categories of
foods (i.e., total grains, breads), because they may be
eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with minimal
seasonality, the short-term distribution may be a
reasonable approximation of the long-term distribution,
although it will display somewhat increased variability.
This implies that the upper percentiles shown will tend to
overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the true
long-term distribution. It should be noted that because
these recommendations are based on 1989-91 CSFH data,
they may not reflect the most recent changes in
consumption patterns.' However, as indicated in Table 12-
11, intake has remained fairly constant between 1989-19
and 1995. Thus, the 1989-91 CSFII data are believed to
be appropriate for assessing ingestion exposure for current
populations.
12.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12
Pao, E.M.; Fleming, K.H.; Guenther, P.M.; Mickle, S.J.
(1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals:
amount per day and per eating occasion. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Home Economics
Report No. 44.
Pennington, J.A.T. (1983) Revision of the total diet
study food list and diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
82:166-173.
USDA. (1980) Food and nutrient intakes of
individuals in one day in the United States, Spring
1977. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978. Preliminary
Report No. 2.
USDA. (1992) Food and nutrient intakes by
individuals in the United States, 1 day, 1987-88.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition
Information Service. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey 1987-88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87-1-
1.
USDA. (1993) Food consumption prices and
expenditures (1970-1992) U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Statistical
Bulletin, No. 867.
USDA. (1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's
1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
USDA. (1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's
1995 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge
Survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD.
U.S. EPA, (1984a) An estimation of the daily average
food intake by age and sex for use in assessing the
radionuclide intake of individuals in the general
population. EPA-520/1-84-021.
U.S. EPA. (1984b) An estimation of the daily food
intake based on data from the 1977-1978 USDA
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.
Washington, DC: Office of Radiation Programs.
EPA-520/1-84-015.
U.S. EPA. (1989) Development of risk assessment
methodologies for land application and distribution
and marketing of municipal sludge. Washington,
DC: Office of Science and Technology. EPA 600/-
89/001.
White, S.B.; Peterson, B.; Clayton, C.A.; Duncan, D.P.
(1983) Interim Report Number 1: The construction
of a raw agricultural commodity consumption data
base. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute for
EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
12-5
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I
§
I
I?
o
O
•j
Table 12-1. Per Capita Intake of Total Grains Including Mixtures (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population Group
Total
Age (years)
<01
1-2
3-5
6-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Percent
Consuming
97.5%
80.4%
95.8%
97.5%
97.7%
98.2%
98.4%
98.3%
98.7%
97.9%
97.0%
97.5%
97.6%
97.6%
96.9%
97.8%
94.0%
96.9%
87.7%
97.1%
97.9%
97.3%
97.fi %
97.9%
97.2%
MEAN
4,061
7.049
10.567
9.492
6,422
3.764
3.095
2.792
3.263
4.282
3.983
3.948
4.031
4.159
4.013
4.02
6.479
4.372
3.98
4.561
3.962
4.016
4.255
3.943
4.116
Includes breads; sweets such as cakes, pie, and pastries;
Note: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91 CSFII.
SE
0.033
0.361
0.285
0.201
0.117
0.065
0.035
0.031
0.066
0.066
0.071
0.062
0.063
0.061
0.067
0.049
0.402
0.103
0.276
0.208
0.035
0.07
0.079
0.052
0.072
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
snack and breakfast
P5 P10
0.74 1.16
0 0
2.86 4,34
3.13 4.35
2,14 2.88
1,15 1,52
0.70 1.08
0.69 0.98
0.89 1.24
0.84 1.24
0.70 1.10
0.74 1.13
0.70 1.17
0.75 1.13
0.60 1.11
0.80 1.18
0 1.46
0.55 0.94
0 0.61
0 1.21
0.79 1.18
0.79 1.17
0.78 1,26
0.71 1.10
0.69 1.13
foods made with
P25
1.90
1.46
6.55
6,09
4.07
2.16
1.75
1.59
1.86
2.07
1.79
1.82
1.95
1.91
1.85
1.90
3.02
1.81
1.63
2.26
1.90
1.90
2.02
1.83
1.92
grains; pasta;
P50
3.06
6.05
9.59
8.91
5.70
3,31
2.73
2.47
2.72
3.19
2.95
2.99
3,17
3.06
3.12
3.04
5.44
3.05
3.67
3.56
3.03
2.92
3.19
3.06
3.13
P75
4.96
10.18
14.06
11.88
7.82
4.81
4.00
3.54
4.04
5.19
4.73
4.96
4.99
5.07
4.93
4.91
9.07
5.69
5.81
5.36
4.80
4.69
5.37
4.89
5.03
cooked ready-to-eat,
P90
8.04
16.75
18.92
15,13
10.26
6.46
5.47
4.96
5.81
8.54
7.78
7.98
8.00
8.71
7.81
7.79
14.13
9.47
6.90
8.87
7.79
7.80
8.44
8.13
7,98
P95 P99
10.77 18.53
19.50 27.61
21.57 28.22
19.14 23.87
12.85 21.40
8.03 10.92
6.55 9.57
6.09 8.40
7.63 10.47
11.88 19.10
10.52 23.87
10.16 15.34
10.48 16.86
11.61 17.69
10.08 21.05
10.63 18.53
14.63 20.65
12.47 18.96
9.00 20.43
11.72 22.07
10.20 18.07
11.04 20.36
11.61 17.73
10.20 16.42
10.90 19.50
and baby cereals, rice and grain
P100
42.98
37.41
42.98
33,08
31.93
19.30
25.71
20.34
21.45
37.77
31.93
30.13
42.98
37.77
31.93
42.98
23.78
40.07
21,84
30.51
42.98
31.93
42.98
40.07
25.89
mixtures.
K«
K)
s.
I
I
a
-------
I
a
rs
I
Table 12-2. Per Capita Intake of Breads (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population Group Percent
Consuming
Total 91.6%
Age (years)
< 01 50.9%
1-2 88.9%
3-5 91.9%
6-11 93.4%
12-19 91.8%
20-39 . • 92.9%
40-69 . 93.7%
70+ • ... 95.1%
Season . • , •. ; ••
Fall' . 91.3%
Spring ( 91.4%
Summer 92.4%
Winter 91.2%
Urbanization
Central City 91,2%
Nonmetropolitan . 91.7%
Suburban. ' - 91.8%
Race ;'•''•
Asian 78.5%
Black 88.8%
Native American ''. 81.3% -
Other/NA 89.1%
White 92.5%
Region
Midwest 91.2%
Northeast 91.1%
South 91.8%
West 92.1%
g
Includes breads, rolls, muffins, bagels
Note: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
MEAN
1.133
1.072
2.611
2.217
1.668
1.068
0.936
0.915
0.976
1.181
•1,095
1.126
1.129
1.127
1.184
1.113
0.981
1.159
1.336
1.333
1.121
1.109
1.104
1.155
1.153
SB
0.010
0.102
0.089
0.063
0.037
0.025
0.012
0.011
0.021
0.020
0.018
0.018
0.019
0.017
0.020
0.014
0.078
0.030
• 0.133
0.067
0.010
0.018
0.021
0.017
0.022
, biscuits, cornbread,
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91
CSHI.
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 0.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o.
0
• 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0.19
0.
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.21
0.18
0.20
0.29
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.19
0.18
O.lV
% 0.19
0
0.11
0.13
0
0.20
0.20 ,
0.18
0.18
0.19
P25
0.48
0
1.17
1,19
0.88
0.45
0.43
0.46
0.56
0.50
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.34
0.37
• '0.41
0.62
0.51
0.50
0.51
0.46
0.49
P50
0.90
0.34
2.39
2.03
1.44
0.91
0.81
0.81
0.87
0.94
0.89
0.90
0.89
• 0.91 ':
\ 0.93 -
i 0.89
• 0.86 '
.0.84
.. , 0.72
1.11
0.91
"0.90
0.90
0.92
0.91
P75
1.50
1.65
3.86
3.04
2.18
1.46
• 1.27
1.25
1.31
1.57
1.45
1.51
1.50
' h50 •'
1.54
i.49
1.51
1.55
1-.80
1.70
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.54
1.48*
P90
2.31
3.29
4.68
4.01 '
3.16
2.15
1.81
1.77
1.76
2.45
2.18
2.24
2.37
2.33
2.51
2.20
2.57
2.59
• 2.91
2.66
2.23
2.22
2.26
2.41
2.35
P95
3.04
4.06
5.42
5.14
3.98
2.78
2.27
2.08
2.15
3.16
2.91
2.98
3.07
2.98
3.24
2.89
2.61
3.29
4.13
3.79
2.95
2.91
2.83
3.1.3
3.12
P99
4.67
6.09
8.23
6.95
5.95
3.43
3.41
2.83
2.76
5.27
4.54
4.43
4.66
4.50
4.97
4.68
3.34
5.58
9.09
6.16
4.51
4.43
4.50
4.89
5.14
P100
12.99
12.99
10.29
12.35
9.17
7.44
7.04
11.16
11.81
11.81
. 12.35
9.17
12,99
11.81
12.99
12.35
3.34
8.94
11.71
9.98
12.99
• 7.97
9.98
12.99
12.35 -
and tortillas.
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Table 12-3.
Population Croup Percent MEAN
Consuming
Total 50.2% 0,508
Age (years)
<01 28.1% 0.447
1-2 49.6% 1.144
3-5 59.2% 1.139
6-11 63.7% 0.881
12-19 54.0% 0.511
20-39 45.0% 0.383
40-69 49.1% 0.381
70 + 56.3% 0.444
Season
Fall 52.9% 0.533
Spring 48.3% 0.466
Summer 48.5% 0.527
Winter 51.2% 0508
Urbanization
Central City 45.3% 0.495
Nonmetropolitan 52.3% 0.593
Suburban 52.4% 0.477
Race
Asian 37.6% 0.515
Black 39.3%. 0.387
Native American 33.9% 0.325
Other/NA 32.3% 0.283
White 53.2% 0.537
Region
Midwest 53.0% 0.573
Northeast 55.9% 0.587
South 47.5% 0.471
West 46.7% 0.416
Includes cakes, cookies, pies, pastries, doug
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
SE
0.011
0.096
0.111
0.079
0.046
0.030
0.015
0.015
0.029
0.022
0.021
0.025
0.022
0.021
0.025
0.015
0.101
0.030
0.075
0.088
0.012
0.024
0.027
0.018
0.022
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
»hnuts, breakfast bars.
Per Capita Intake of Sweets (g/kg-day as consumed)
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0.13
0
0.43
0.56
0.43
0.22
0
0.08
0.16
0.14
0,10
0.06
0.19
0.11
0.25
0.10
0.05
0
0
0
0.17
0.17
0.22
0.09
0
P75
0.71
0.41
1.75
1.82
1.29
0.75
0.59
0.55
0.63
0.76
0.65
0.70
0.71
0.65
0.82
0.69
0.78
0.46
0.33
0.21
0.77
0.79
0.83
0.65
0.55
P90
1,50
1.42
3.32
3,01
2.33
1.47
1.24
1.13
1.29
1.55
1.36
1.50
1.55
1.58
1.42
1.82
1.20
1.47
0.64
1.55
1.65
1.63
1.39
1.25
P95
2.12
2.26
4.87
4.33
3.28
1.99
1.66
1.58
1.64
2.21
1.82
2.35
2.00
2.12
2.34
2.00
2.22
1.71
1.48
1.45
2.17
2.41
2.21
1.98
1.91
P99
3.96
5.51
6.51
6.78
5.39
3.25
2.48
2.70
2.73
3.82
3.58
4.54
4.00
4.24
4.52
3.55
2.52
3.51
2.44
3.04
4.09
4.00
4.60
3.89
3.33
P100
13.39
9.35
13.39
9.25
12.97
9.65
7.45
5.70
6.94
13.39
9.35
8.73
10.84
9.94
13.39
9.65
4.06
9.67
3.78
9.94
13.39
12.97
13.39
10.84
9.65
and coffee cakes.
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91 CSFtI,
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Table 12-4, Per Capita Intake of Snacks Containing Grain (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population Group , Percent
Consuming
Total 40.3%
Age (years)
<01 31.4%
1-2 46.7%
3-5 48.9%
6-U 43.1%
12-19 40.2%
20-39 38.2%
40-69 40.3%
70 + 40.9%
Season
Fall 41.6%
Spring 38.3%
Summer 37.5%
Winter 43.9%
Urbanization
Central City 36.5%
Nonmetropolitan 39.8%
Suburban 43.3%
Race
Asian 22.1%
Black 25.9%
Native American 30.4%
Other/NA 28.3%
White 43.7%
Region
Midwest 45.2%
Northeast 35.8%
South 39.8%
West 39.4%
Includes grain snacks sych as crackers,
NOTE: SE = Standard error
MEAN
0.160
0.321
0.398
0,393
0.269
0.170
0.123
0.104
0.074
0.180
0.136
0.165
0.160
0.158
0.144
0.169.
0.077
0.107
0.142
0.139
0.170
0.202
0.113
0.162
0.155
SE
0.005
0.064
0.040
0.034
0.023
0.016
0.007
0.006
0.007
0.012
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.035
0.014
0,050
0.026
0.006
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.011
salty snacks, popcorn, and
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pretzels.
PS P10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
0
0.10
0.12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0.18
0.35
0.65
0.58
0.32
0.21
0.15
0.14
0.10
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.19
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.04
0,07
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.23
0.10
0,19
0.16
P90
0.47
1.24
1.30
1,22
0.86
0.50
0.41
0.33
0.20
0.50
0.43
0.52
0.44
0.46
0.44
0.50
0.27
0.33
0.32
0.43
0.49
0.57
0.35
0.46
0.46
P95
0.78
1.82
1.61
1.65
1.24
0.74
0.60
0.46
0.36
0.87
0.67
0.86
0.76
0.81
0.66
0.80
0.37
0.59
0.44
0.69
0.81
0.99
0.61
0.80
0.76
P99
1.74
4.66
2.03
2.20
2.43
1.94
1.21
1.06
0.70
1.99
1.29
1.72
1.77
1.81
1.32
1.75
1.09
1,19
1.29
1.27
1.80
1.95
1.28
1.63
1.8!
PIOO
6.73
5.73
6.73
4.76
4.00
3.51
4.60
2.85
1.47
6.73
3.43
5.73
4.60
3.70
4.76
6.73
1.34
4.76
4.60
1.91
6.73
6.73
5.73
4.76
4.60
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91 CSFI1.
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Table 12-5. Per Capita Intake of Breakfast Foods (g/kg-day as consumed) a
Population Group Percent
Consuming
Total 15.0%
Age (years)
< 01 13.2%
1-2 20.9%
3-5 24.5%
6-11 25.0%
12-19 18.4%
20-39 13.2%
40-69 10.8%
70 + 12.5%
Season
Fall 15.1%
Spring 13.2%
Summer 14.8%
Winter 17.0%
Urbanization
Central City 15.1%
Nonmetropolitan 13.3%
Suburban 15.9%
Race
Asian 10. 1 %
Black 11.9%
Native American 18.7%
Other/NA 13.7%
White 15.6%
Region
Midwest 14.7%
Northeast 15.2%
South 12.3%
West 19.7%
MEAN
0.144
0.255
0.418
0.446
0.307
0.193
0.086
0.063
0.096
0.146
0.120
0.145
0.168
0.142
0.120
0.157
0.076
0.114
0.156
0.079
0.152
0.121
0.158
0.130
0.184
SE
0.012
0.108
0.103
0.078
0.045
0.038
0.014
0.011
0.025
0.021
0.023
0.022
0.027
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.060
0.032
0.073
0.037
0.013
0.020
0.034
0.019
0.024
g
Includes breakfast foods made with grains such as pancakes, waffles,
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
and
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
french toast.
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0
0
0.37
0.56
0.31
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 •
0
0
• o
0.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
POO
0.46
0.57
1.54
1.63
1.12
0.65
0.31
0.23
0.41
0.49
0.34
0.53
0.55
0.42
0.39
0.52
0.24
0.20
0.53
0.40
0.51
0.38
0.43
0.42
0.67
P95
0.95
2.08
2.50
2.33
1.69
1.16
0.61
0.51
0.65
0.93
0.71
0.98
1.04
0.93
0.85
1.06
0.6!
0.78
0,61
0.43
0.97
0.75
1.02
0.92
1.14
P99 PIOO
2.46 13,61
3.82 5.72
4.62 9.92
3.92 11.90
2.82 13.61
3.06 5.38
1.53 4.41
0,95 2.98
1.37 3.09
2.61 6,83
2.32 6,23
2,02 7.41
2.94 13.61
2.61 7.17
1.97 7.41
2.45 13.61
1.04 1.46
2.46 7.41
1.23 6.83
1.40 2.33
2.56 13.61
2.06 7.41
2.61 13.61
2.33 4.59
2,58 6.96
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91.
1
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Table 12-6. Per Capita Intake of Pasta (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population Group Percent
Consuming
Total 13.6%
Age (years)
<01 13%
1-2 14.0%
3-5 15.3%
6-1 1 15.9%
12-19 14.3%
20-39 15.2%
40-69 12.5%
70 + 9.9%
Season
Fall 14.0%
Spring 13.9%
Summer ' 13.6%
Winter 12.9%
Urbanization
Central City 12.9%
Nonmetropolitan 11.4%
Suburban 15.4%
Race
Asian 18.8%
Black 6.6%
Other/NA 8.6%
White 15.1%
Region
Midwest 12.8%
Northeast 21.9%
South 9.2%
West 14.7%
MEAN
0.233
0.172
0.569
0.543
0.338
0.194
0.232
0.172
0.083
0.239
0.250
0.251
0.193
0.197
0.171
0.286
0.918-
0.138
0.115
0.243
0.182
0.367
0.179
0.252
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91
SE
0.018
0.124
0.212
0.142
0.063
0.047
0.027
0.028
0.029
0.038
0.036
0.039
0.034
0.034
0.032
0.028
0.355
0.054
0.083
0.019
0.030
0.043
0.035
0.038
CSFII.
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P5 P10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.70
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P90
0.90
0.00
1.72
2.19
1.47
0.77
0.96
0.62
0.03
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.68
0.65
0.63
1.12
3.80
0.00
0.00
0.94
0.74
1.47
0.45
1.07
P95
1.60
1.18
5.14
3.37
2.35
1.47
1.57
1.32
0.76
1.72
1.65
1.72
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.96
5.78
1.08
1.16
1.65
1.24
2.14
1.32
1.63
P99
3.67
3.79
6.68
6.51
3.43
3.36
2.83
2.67
1.57
3.77
3.28
3.80
3.22
3.43
2.48
3.92
6.51
3.27
2.43
3.46
2.76
4.62
3.63
3.25
PIOO
24.01
6.43
24.01
7.72
7.72
7.24
7.17
10.20
2.62
24.01
9.47
11.12
8.73
24.01
11.12
10.20
10.20
5.14
3.86
24.01
9.46
24.01
11.12
10.20
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Table 12-7. Per Capita Intike of Cooked Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Croup
Total
Age (years)
-------
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8
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Table 12-8, Per Capita Intake of Rice (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
-------
§
J
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Table 12-9, Per Capita Inuke of leady-to-Eat Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed}3
Population Percent MEAN
Group Consuming
Total 45.6% 0.306
Age (years)
< 01 38.9% 0,431
1-2 70.7% 0.954
3-5 77.3% 1.026
6-11 69.0% 0.631
12-19 50.8% 0,317
20-39 34.3% 0.174
40-69 37.1% 0.166
70.+ 52.4% 0.222
Season
Fall 45,2% 0.293
Spring 45.6% 0.320
Summer 46.6% 0.330
Winter 44.8% 0.280
Urbanization
Central City 46.6% 0.319
Nonmetropolitan 43.6% 0.283
Suburban 46.0% 0.307
Race
Asian 33.6% 0.218
Black 41.1% 0,2fi9
Native American 38.6% 0.298
Other/NA 42.9% 0.340
White 46.7% 0,311
Region
Midwest 48.7% 0.328
Northeast 46.9% 0.286
South 41.4% 0.284
West 47.7% 0.336
a Incluldes dry ready-to-eat corn, rice, wheat,
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
SE
0.007
0.059
0.057
0.044
0.025
0.019
0.010
0.008
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.011
0.065
0.018
0.078
0.050
0.008
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.016
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
and bran cereals in the
PS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
form of flakes,
P25
0
0
0
0.31
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
puffs, etc.
P50
0
0
0.74
0.83
0.45
0.16
0
0
0.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P75
0.42
0.64
1.46
1.48
0.92
0.48
0.23
0.25
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.45
0.39
0.43
0.38
0.44
0.24
0.40
0.32
0.43
0.42
0.47
0.38
0.40
0.46
P90
0.92
1.55
2.28
2.35
1.55
0.90
0,61
0.55
0.64
0.94
0.95
0.99
0.81
0.94
0.85
0.93
0.81
0.82
0.76
1.12
0.94
0.98
0.89
0.81
1.05
P95
1.37
1.94
2.89
2.99
1,97
1.14
0.88
0.74
0.83
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.22
1.42
1.33
1,36
1,28
1.16
1.23
1.59
1.39
1.37
1.33
1.26
1.47
P99
2.61
3.40
4.77
3.67
3.12
2.61
1,51
1.32
1.55
2,38
2.69
2.82
2.61
2.86
2.52
2.46
2.79
2.50
3.26
2.69
2.61
2.55
2.70
^2.34
'2.84
P100
7.12
4,40
6.47
5.65
7,12
4.06
5.11
3.36-
2.71
7.12
5,88
5.65
6.47
5.11
7.12
6.47
3.12
4.46
4.40
4.18
7.12
7.12
6.47
5.88
5.11
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91 CSFII.
Is)
I
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-------
R *
£ 2
•^ R
Table 12-10. Per Capita Intake of Baby Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed)
Population Group Percent MEAN
Consuming
Total 1.1%
Age (years)3
< 01 18.5%
Season
Fall 1.1%
Spring 1.1%
Summer 1.0%
Winter 1.0%
Urbanization
Central City 1.3%
Nonmetropolitan 0.9%
Suburban 1.0%
Race
Asian 0.7%
Black 2A%
Native American 1.2%
Other/NA 3.1%
White 0.8%
Region
Midwest 1.1%
Northeast 1.0%
South 1.0%
West 1.1%
0.037
1.205
0.036
0.059
0.017
0.035
0.048
0.011
0.042
0.017
0.092
0.010
0.050
0.029
0.020
0.084
0.016
0.046
SE
0.051
0.280
0.075
0.138
O.OC8
0.107
0.088
0.040
0.093
0.137
0.151
0.088
0.133
0.059
0.050
0.208
O.OCO
0.101
PI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a Data presented only for children less than 1 year of age. Available data
NOTE: SE = Standard error
P = Percentile of the distribution
Source: Based on EPA's analysis of the 1989-91 CSFII.
P5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•o
0
P10
0
0
0
0
o -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
for other age groups was
P25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
based
P50 P75 P90
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
on a very small
0 0
.64 4.59
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
P95
0
6.94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P99
0
16.99
0.69
0.13
0
0
1.05
0
0
1.10
4.59
0
2.94
0
0
1.25
0
1.18
P100
22.57
22.57
14.94
16.99
12.03
22.57
22.57
9.41
16.99
1.10
22.57
1.63
13.42
16.99
12.50
16.99
22.57
10.18
number of observations
i
I
Tl
o
o
a,
!
a
o
a
5 8 :
* 2«- :
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-11. Mean Daily Intakes of Grains Per Individual in a Day for
USDA 1977-78, 87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys
Food Product
Grains
Grains Mixtures
77-78 Data
(g/day)
215
52
87-88 Data
(g/day)
237
72
89-91 Data
(g/day)
273
89
94 Data
(g/day)
300
112
95 Data
(g/day)
303
107
Source: USDA, 1980; 1992; 1996a; 1996b.
Table 12-12. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Grains Based on All Sex/ Age/Demographic Subgroups
Raw Agricultural Commodity2
Oats
Rice-rough
Rice-milled
Rye-rough
Rye-germ
Rye-flour
Wheat-rough
Wheat-germ
Wheat-bran
Wheat-flour
Millet
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0825748
0.0030600
0.1552627
0.0000010
0.0002735
0.0040285
0.1406118
0.0008051
0.0121575
1.2572489
0.0000216
Standard Error
0.0026061
0.0004343
0.0083546
0.0000483
0.0002922
0.0050410
0.0000789
0.0004864
0.0127412
0.0000104
1 Consumed in any raw or prepared form.
Source; ORES data base (based on 1977-78 NFCS).
Page
12-16
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-13.
Mean Grain Intake Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for 1977-1978
Breads, Rolls, Other Baked
Group Age (years)
Males and Females
Under 1
1-2
3-5
6-8
Males
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74 .
75 and Over
Females
9-11
'12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75 and Over
Males and Females
All Ages
Total Grains
42
158
181
206
238 .
288
303
253
256
234
229
235 ,
196
214
235
196
161
163
161
155
175
178
204
Biscuits
4
27
46 . .
53
67
76
91
84
82
82
78
71
70
58
57
57 '
44
49
49
52
57
54
62
Goods
5
24
37
56
56
80
77
53
60
58
57
60
50
59
61
43
36
38
37
40
42
44
49
Cereals, Pasta
30
44
54
60
51
57
53
64
40
44
48
69
58
44
45
41
33
32
32
36
47
58
44
Mixtures,
Mainly Grainb
3
63
45
38
64
74
82
52
74
50
46
35
19
53
72
55
48
44
43
27
29
22
49
2 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78 data for one day.
b Includes mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source: USDA, 1980.
Table 12-14. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3
Quick
Breads, Cakes,
Group
Age (years)
Males and Females 5 and
Under
Males
6-11
12-19
20 and Over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and Over
All Individuals
Total
Grains
167
268
304
272
231
239
208
237
Yeast
Breads and
Rolls
30
51
65
65
43
45
45
52
Pancakes, Cookies,
French Pastries,
Toast Pies
8
16
28
20
19
13
14
16
22
37
45
37
30
29
28
32
Crackers,
Popcorn,
Pretzels,
Corn Chips
4
8
10
8
6
7
6
7
for 1987-1988
Cereals and
Pastas
52
74
72
58
66
52
53
57
Mixtures,
Mostly
Grainb
51
83
82
83
68
91
62
72
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-88 data for one day.
b Includes mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source: USDA, 1992.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
12-17
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-15. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed}* for 1994 and 1995
Group
Age (years) Total Grains
1994 1995
Miles and 213 210
Ferrates S and
Under
Mates
6-1 1 285 341
12-19 417 364
20 and 357 365
Over
Females
6-tl 260 286
12-19 317 296
20 and 254 257
Over
All Individuib 300 303
' Based on USDA CSFI1 1994 and
Quick Breads,
Yeast Breads Pancakes,
and Rolls
French Toast
1994 1995 1994
26 28
51 45
53 54
64 61
43 46
40 37
44 45
50 49
1995 data for one day.
11
15
30
22
16
16
16
18
1995
11
21
21
24
21
14
15
19
Cakes,
Cookies,
Pastries, Pies
1994
22
42
54
43
37
39
33
38
1995
23
46
43
46
51
35
34
39
Crackers,
Popcorn,
Pretzels, Com
Chips
1994
8
12
17
13
11
17
9
12
1995
7
18
22
15
14
16
10
13
Cereals and
Pastas
1994
58
66
82
86
57
63
59
70
1995
57
97
84
91
54
52
69
76
Mixtures,
Mostly Grainb
1994
89
101
180
128
94
142
92
112
1995
84
115
138
128
100
143
83
107
b Include! mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source; USDA, 1996a; 1996b.
Table 12-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Per Capita Intake of Grains, by Age (g/day as consumed)
Age (years)
All ages
Under 1
I lo 4
5to9
10 to 14
15 lo 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Source; U.S.
Breads
147.3±1.4
16.2±9.2
104,6i4.5
154.3±3.8
186.2±3.6
188.5±3.7
166.5±4.9
170.0+5.0
156.8±3.9
144.4+3.1 '
122.1±3.4
EPA. I9S4a (based on 1977-78 NFCS).
Cereals
29.9+1.3
37.9±8.2
38.4+4,0
39.5+3.4
36.4+3.2
28.8+3.3
20.2+4.3
18.2+4.4
18.8+3.5
24.7+2.7
42.5+3.0
Other Grains
22.9±1.7
1.8+10.9
14.8±5.4
22.7+4.5
25.6+4.2
27.8±4.4
25.0+5.B
26.6+5.9
26.4+4.6
23.3+3.6
19.3±4.0
Page
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Grains, by Region (g/day as consumed)
Region
Total Grains
Breads
Cereals
Other
Grains
All Regions
Northeast
North Centra]
South
West
200.0+3.0
203.5±5.8
192.8+5.6
202,2+4.7
202.6+6.9
147.3+1.4
153.1+2.8
150.9+2.7
143.9+2.3
139.5+3.3
29.9+1.3
24.6+2,5
28.7+2.4
34.6+2.0
30.9+3.0
2'2.9±1.7
25.9+3.3
13.3+3.2
23.7+2.7
32.1+4.0
NOTE: Northeast = Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
North Central = Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and
Kansas.
South = Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Soyth Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
West = Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1984b (based on 1977-78 NFCS).
Table 12-18. Consumption of Grains (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and
Estimated Lifetime Average Daily Food intakes for a U.S. Citizen
(averaged across sex) Calculated from the FDA Diet Data
Age (years)
(0-1) (1-5)
Wheat 27.60 42.23
Corn 4.00 . 15.35
Rice 2.22 4.58
Oats 3.73 2.65
Other Grain 0.01 0.08
Total Grain 37.56 64.82
a The estimated lifetime dietary intakes were estimated
Estimated lifetime = IR(O-l) + Svrs * 1R (1-5) +
(6-13)
60.80
19.28
5.24
2.27
0.41
87.58
by:
8 vrs * IR
where IR = the intake rate for a specific age group.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1989 (based on 1977-78 NFCS and NHANES
(14-19)
79.36
23.21
5.89
1.89
0.73
110.34
(6-13) + 6 vrs*
70 years
II data).
Estimated3
lifetime
(20-44) (45-70)
65.86 55.13 60.30
12.83 14.82 12.01
5.78 4.21 5.03
1.32 2.00 1.85
13.45 4.41 6.49
90.59 76.12 84.19
IR (14-19) + 25 vrs * IR (20-44) + 25 vrs * IR (45-70)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
12-19
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-19. Per Capita Consumption of Flour and Cereal Products in 1991"
Food Item
Per Capita Consumption
(g/day)a
Total Wheat Hour1"
Rye Flour
Rice6
Total Corn Products'1
Oat Products"
Barley Products'
Total Flour and Cereal Products8
169.8
0.7
20.9
27.2
10.7
1.1
230.6
* Original data were presented in Ibs/yr; data were convened to g/day by multiplying by a factor of 454 g/lb and dividing by 365 days/yr.
Consumption of most items at the processing level. Excludes quantities used in alcoholic beverages and fuel.
b Includes white, whole wheat, and durum flour.
c Milled basis,
a Includes corn flour and meal, hominy and grits, and corn starch.
' Includes rolled oats, ready-to-eat cereals, oat flour, and oat bran.
' Includes barley flour, pearl barley, and malt and malt extract used in food processing.
* Excludes wheat not ground into flour, for example, shredded wheat breakfast cereals.
Source: USDA. 1993. . .
Table 12-20, Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion
and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days
Food category
Yeast Breads
Pancakes
Waffles
Tortillas
Cakes and Cupcakes
Cookies
Pics
Doughnuts
Crackers
Popcorn
Pretzels
Corn-based Salty Snacks
Pasta
Rice
Cooked Cereals
Readv-to-Eat Cereals
% Indiv.
using food
in 3 days
93.7
8.3
2.9
2.9
25.5
30.8
11.9
9.9
26.2
5.6
2.2
5.9
11.4
18.5
12.4
43.4
Source: Paoetal., 1982 (based on 1977-78
Quantity consumed per
eating occasion
(g)
Average
46
113
87
69
79
32
129
64
22
19
29
33
153
147
203
36
MFCS).
Standard
Deviation
26
85
74
39
59
30
60
40
21
22
28
30
108
91
110
25
Consumers-only
Quantity consumed per eating occasion at specified percentiles (g)
5
21
27
20
28
23
7
57
26
6
5
3
9
35
41
31
8
25
25
54
40
30
41
14
97
42
12
9
12
18
70
88
123
22
50
44
81
78
60
63
26
120
43
15
15
21
21
140
165
240
29
75
50
146
100
90
99
40
150
84
24
18
36
40
210
125
245
45
90
75
219
158
120
144
60
195
106
42
36
57
60
280
263
360
60
95
100
282
200
140
184
84
236
126
57
45
85
80
320
350
480
84
99
140
438
400
210
284
144
360
208
113
108
160
156
560
438
490
120
Page
12-20
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-21. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Grains Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions
Food
Barley - pearled
Corn - grain - endosperm
Com - grain - bran
Millet
Oats
Rice - rough - white
Rye - rough
Rye - flour - medium
Sorghum (including milo)
Wheat - rough - hard white
Wheat - germ
Wheat - bran
Wheat - flour - whole grain
Moisture Content (Percent)
Raw Cooked
10.09 68.80
10.37
3.71
8.67 71.41
8.22
11.62 68.72
10.95
9.85
9.20
9.57
11.12
9.89
10.27
Comments
crude
crude
crude
Source: USDA, 1979-1986.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 72-27
-------
a
$?
5"
*'&
a
o
o
Table 12-22. Summary of Grain Intake Studies
Study
KEY STUDIES
EPA Analysis of 1989-91
CSFII Data
RELEVANT STUDIES
EPA's ORES
(White et ah, 1983)
Paoetal., 1982
USDA, 1980; 1992;
199fia; 1996b
USDA, 1993b
U.S. EPA/ORP,
1984a; 1984b
U.S. EPA/OST, 1989
Survey Population Used in
Calculating Intake
Per capita
Per capita (i.e., consumers and
nonconsumers)
Consumers only serving size
data provided
Per capita and consumer only
grouped by age and sex
Per capita consumption based
on "food disappearance"
Per capita
Estimated lifetime dietary
intake
Types of Data Used
1989-91 CSFII data;
Based on 3-day average individual
intake rates.
1977-78 NFCS
3-day individual intake data
1977-78 NFCS
3-day individual intake data
1977-78 and 1987-88 NFCS, and
1994 and 1995 CSFII
1-day individual intake data
Based on food supply and
utilization data
1977-78 NFCS
Individual intake data
Based on FDA Total Diet Study
Food List which used 1977-78
NFCS data, and NHANES 11 data
Units
g/kg-day;.as
consumed
g/kg-day; as
consumed
g; as consumed
g/day; as consumed
g/day; as consumed
g/day; as consumed
g/day; dry weight
Food Items
Distributions of intake rates for total
grain; individual grain items
Intake for a wide variety of grain
products presented; complex food
groups were disaggregated
Distributions of serving sizes for grain
products
Total grains and various grain products
Intake rates of grain products
Mean intake rates for total grain
products, and individual grain items.
Various food groups; complex foods
disaggregated
Table 12-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Grain Products
Mean
95th Percentile
Multiple Percentiles
Study
Total Grain Intake
4.1 g/kg-day
Individual Grain Products
see Tables 12-2 to 12-10
10.8 g/kg-day
see Tables 12-2 to 12-10
see Table 12-1
see Table 12-2 to 12-10
EPA Analysis of CSFII 1989-91 Data
EPA Analvsis of CSFII 1989-91 Data
*i
§'
O
5q
I- S
s &
tf a
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-24.
Considerations
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
• Accessibility
* Reprodueibility
• Focus on factor of
interest
• Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representativeness of the
population
• Characterization of
variability
• Lack of bias in study design
(high rating is desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
Confidence in Grain Products Intake Recommendation
Rationale
USDA CSFI1 survey receives high level of peer review.
EPA analysis of these data has been peer reviewed
outside the Agency.
CSFII data are publicly available.
Enough information is included to reproduce results.
Analysis is specifically designed to address food intake.
Data focuses on the U.S. population.
This is new analysis of primary data.
Were the most current data publicly available at the time
the analysis was conducted for this Handbook.
Survey is designed to collect short-term data.
Survey methodology was adequate.
Study size was very large and therefore adequate.
The population studied was the U.S. population.
Survey was not designed to capture long lerm day-to-day
variability. Short lerm distributions are provided for
various age groups, regions, etc.
Response rate was adequate.
No measurements were taken. The study relied on survey
data.
1
CSFII was the most recent data set publicly available at
the time the analysis was conducted for this Handbook,
Therefore, it was the only study classified as key study.
Although the CSFII was the only study classified as key
study, the results are in good agreement with earlier data.
The survey is representative of U.S. population.
Although there was only one study considered key, these
data are the most recent and are in agreement with earlier
data. The approach used to analyze the data was
adequate. However, due to the limitations of the survey
design estimation of long-term percentile values
(especially the upper percemiles) is uncertain.
Rating
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium confidence for
average values;
Low confidence for long term
percentile distribution
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
N/A
Low
High
High confidence in the
average;
Low confidence in the long-
term upper percentiles
•
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
12-23
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 12A
APPENDIX 12A
FOOD CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED IN THE
ANALYSIS OF THE 1989-91 USDA CSFII GRAINS DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 12A-1
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-------
Volume JI - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 12A
Table 12A-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in the Analysis of the 1989-9! USD A CSFII Grains Data
Food Product
Total Grains
Food Codes and Descriptions
51-
52-
53-
54-
55-
561-
562-
57-
breads
tortillas
sweets
snacks
breakfast foods
pasta
cooked cereals and rice
ready-to-eat and baby cereals
Food Product Food Codes and Descriptions
Pasta 561- macaroni
noodles
spaghetti
Also includes the average portion of grain
mixtures (i.e., 31 percent) and the average
portion of meat mixtures (i.e., 13 percent)
made up by grain.
Breads
Sweets
Snacks
Breakfast Foods
Grain Mixtures
51-
52-
53-
54-
55-
58-
breads
rolls
muffins
bagel
biscuits
com bread
tortillas
cakes
cookies
pies
pastries
doughnuts
breakfast bars
coffee cakes
crackers
salty snacks
popcorn
pretzels
pancakes
waffles
french toast
grain mixtures
Cooked Cereals 56200- includes grits.oatmeal,
. 56201- commeal mush, millet,
56202- etc.
56203-
562069-
56207-
56208-
56209-
Rice 56204- includes all varieties of
56205- rice
5620601
Ready-to-eat 570- . includes all varieties of
Cereals 571- ready-to-eat cereals
572-
573-
574-
575-
576-
Baby Cereals 578- baby cereals
Meat Mixtures 27- meat mixtures
28-
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
12A-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
13. INTAKE RATES FOR VARIOUS HOME
PRODUCED FOOD ITEMS
13.1. BACKGROUND
Ingestion of contaminated foods is a potential
pathway of exposure to toxic chemicals. Consumers of
home produced food products may be of particular
concern because exposure resulting from local site
contamination may be higher for this subpopulation.
According to a .survey by the National Gardening
Association (1987), a total of 34 million (or 38 percent)
U.S. households participated in vegetable gardening in
1986. Table 13-1 contains demographic data on
vegetable gardening in 1986 by region/section,
community size, and household size.
Table 13-1. 1986 Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors
Demographic
Factor
Total
Region/section
East
New England
Mid-Atlantic
Midwest
East Central
West Central
South
Deep South
Rest of South
West
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
Size of community
City
Suburb
Small town
Rural
Household size
Single, separated,
divorced, widowed
Married, no children
Married, with children
Percentage of
total households
that have gardens
(*)
38
33
37
•32
50
50
50
33
44
29
37
53
32
26
33
32
61
54
45
44
*
Number of
households
(million)
34
7.3
1.9
5.4
11.0
6.6
4.5
9.0
3.1
5.9
6.2
2.3
4.2
6.2
10.2
3.4
14.0
8.5
11.9
13.2
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
corn are among the vegetables grown by the largest
percentage of gardeners. Home produced foods can
become contaminated in a variety of ways. Ambient
pollutants in the air may be deposited on plants, adsorbed
onto or absorbed by the plants, or dissolved in rainfall or
Table 13-2. Percentage of Gardening Households
Growing Different Vegetables in 1986
Vegetable
Percent
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans
Beets
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Chard
Corn
Cucumbers
Dried peas
Dry beans
Eggplant
Herbs
Kale
Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Melons
Okia
Onions
Oriental vegetables
Parsnips
Peanuts
Peas
Peppers
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Radishes
Rhubarb
Spinach
Summer squash
Sunflowers
Sweet potatoes
Tomato
Turnips
Winter squash
0.8
8.2
43.4
20.6
19.6
5.7
29.6
34.9
14.0
5.4
3.5
34.4
49.9
2.5
8.9
13.0
9.8
3.1
3.0
1.2
41.7
21.9
13.6
50,3
2.1
2.2
1.9
29.0
57.7
25.5
10.2
30.7
12.2
10,2
25.7
8.2
5.7
85.4
10.7
11.1
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
Table 13-2 contains information on the types of
vegetables grown by home gardeners in 1986. Tomatoes,
peppers, onions, cucumbers, lettuce, beans, carrots, and
irrigation waters that contact the plants. Pollutants may
also be adsorbed onto plants roots from contaminated soil
and water. Finally, the addition of pesticides, soil
additives, and fertilizers to crops or gardens may result in
contamination of food products. Meat and dairy products
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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13-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
can become contaminated if animals consume
contaminated soil, water, or feed crops. Intake rates for
home produced food products are needed to assess
exposure to local contaminants present in homegrown or
home caught foods. Recently, EPA analyzed data from
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) to generate
distributions of intake rates for home produced foods.
The methods used and the results of these analyses are
presented below.
13.2. METHODS
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)
data were used to generate intake rates for home produced
foods. USDA conducts the NFCS every 10 years to
analyze the food consumption behavior and dietary status
of Americans (USDA, 1992). The most recent NFCS was
conducted in 1987-88. The survey used a statistical
sampling technique designed to ensure that all seasons,
geographic regions of the 48 conterminous states in the
U.S., and socioeconomic and demographic groups were
represented (USDA, 1994). There were two components
of the NFCS. The household component collected
information over a seven-day period on the
socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of
households, and the types, amount, value, and sources of
foods consumed by the household (USDA, 1994). The
individual intake component collected information on
food intakes of individuals within each household over a
three-day period (USDA, 1993). The sample size for the
1987-88 survey was approximately 4,300 households
(over 10,000 individuals). This is a decrease over the
previous survey conducted in 1977-78 which sampled
approximately 15,000 households (over 36,000
individuals) (USDA, 1994). The sample size was lower
in the 1987-88 survey as a result of budgetary constraints
and low response rate (i.e., 38 percent for the household
survey and 31 percent for the individual survey) (USDA,
1993). However, NFCS data from 1987-88 were used to
generate homegrown intake rates because they were the
most recent data available and were believed to be more
reflective of current eating patterns among the U.S.
population.
The USDA data were adjusted by applying the
sample weights calculated by USDA to the data set prior
to analysis. The USDA sample weights were designed to
"adjust for survey non-response and other vagaries of the
sample selection process" (USDA, 1987-88). Also, the
USDA weights are calculated "so that the weighted
sample total equals the known population total, in
thousands, for several characteristics thought to be
correlated with eating behavior" (USDA, 1987-88).
For the purposes of this study, home produced
foods were defined as homegrown fruits and vegetables,
meat and dairy products derived from consumer-raised
livestock or game meat, and home caught fish. The food
items/groups selected for analysis included major food
groups (i.e., total fruits, total vegetables, total meats, total
dairy, total fish and shellfish), individual food items for
which >30 households reported eating the home produced
form of the item, fruits and vegetables categorized as
exposed, protected, and roots, and various USDA fruit
and vegetable subcategories (i.e., dark green vegetables,
citrus fruits, etc.). Food items/groups were identified in
the NFCS data base according to NFCS-defined food
'codes. Appendix 13A presents the codes used to
determine the various food groups.
Although the individual intake component of the
NFCS gives the best measure of the amount of each food
item eaten by each individual in the household, it could
not be used directly to measure consumption of home
produced food because the individual component does not
identify the source of the food item (i.e., as home
produced or not). Therefore, an analytical method which
incorporated data from both the household and individual
survey components was developed to estimate individual
home produced food intake. The USDA household data
were used to determine (1) the amount of each home
produced food item used during a week by household
members and (2) the number of meals eaten in the
household by each household member during a week.
Note that the household survey reports the total amount of
each food item used in the household (whether by guests
or household members); the amount used by household
members was derived by multiplying the total amount
used in the household by the proportion of all meals
served in the household (during the survey week) that
were consumed by household members.
The individual survey data were used to generate
average sex- and age-specific serving sizes for each food
item. The age categories used in the analysis were as
follows: 1 to 2 years; 3 to 5 years; 6 to 11 years; 12 to 19
years; 20 to 39 years; 40 to 69 years; and over 70 years
(intake rates were not calculated for children under 1; the
rationale for this is discussed below). These serving sizes
were used during subsequent analyses to generate
homegrown food intake rates for individual household
members. Assuming that the proportion of the household
Page
13-2
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
quantity of each homegrown food item/group was a
function of the number of meals and the mean sex- and
age-specific serving size for each family member,
individual intakes of home produced food were calculated
for all members of the survey population using SAS
programming in which the following general equation was
used:
w. = W,
Em,
(Eqn.13-1)
where:
Wj = Homegrown amount of food item/group attributed to
member i during the week (g/week);
W,. = Total quantity of homegrown food item/group used by
the family members (g/week);
mj = Number of meals of household food consumed by
member i during the week (meals/week); and
cjj = Serving size for an individual within the age and sex
category of the member (g/meal).
Daily intake of a homegrown food item/group was
determined by dividing the weekly value (w{) by seven.
Intake rates were indexed to the self-reported body weight
of the survey respondent and reported in units of g/kg-day.
Intake rates were not calculated for children under one
year of age because their diet differs markedly from that
of other household members, and thus the assumption that
all household members share all foods would be invalid
for this age group. In Section 13,5, a method for
estimating per-capita homegrown intake in this age group
is suggested.
For the major food groups (fruits, vegetables,
meats, dairy, and fish) and individual foods consumed by
at least 30 households, distributions of home produced
intake among consumers were generated for the entire
data set and according to the following subcategories: age
groups, urbanization categories, seasons, racial
classifications, regions, and responses to the
questionnaire.
Consumers were defined as members of survey
households who reported consumption of the food
item/group of interest during the one week survey period.
In addition, for the major food groups, distributions were
generated for each region by season, urbanization, and
responses to the questionnaire. Table 13-3 presents the
codes, definitions, and a description of the data included
in each of the subcategories. Intake rates were not
calculated for food items/groups for which less than 30
households reported home produced usage because the
number of observations may be inadequate for generating
distributions that would be representative of that segment
of consumers. Fruits and vegetables were also classified
as exposed, protected, or roots, as shown in Appendix
13A of this document. Exposed foods are those that are
grown above ground and are likely to be contaminated by
pollutants deposited on surfaces that are eaten. Protected
products are those that have outer protective coatings that
are typically removed before consumption. Distributions
of intake were tabulated for these food classes for the
same subcategories listed above. Distributions were also
tabulated for the following USDA food classifications:
dark green vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, other
vegetables, citrus fruits, and other fruits. Finally, the
percentages of total intake of the food items/groups
consumed within survey households that can be attributed
to home production were tabulated. The percentage of
intake that was homegrown was calculated as the ratio of
total intake of the homegrown food item/group by the
survey population to the total intake of all forms of the
food by the survey population.
As disccussed in Section 13.3, percentiles of
average daily intake derived from short time intervals
(e.g., "7 days) will not, in general, be reflective of long
term patterns. This is especially true regarding
consumption of many homegrown products (e.g., fruits,
vegetables), where there is often a strong seasonal
component associated with their use. To try to derive, for
the major food categories, the long term distribution of
average daily intake rates from the short-term data
available here, an approach was developed which
attempted to account for seasonal variability in
consumption. This approach used regional "seasonally
adjusted distributions" to approximate regional long term
distributions and then combined these regional adjusted
distributions (in proportion to the weights for each region)
to obtain a U.S. adjusted distribution which approximated
the U.S. long term distribution.
The percentiles of the seasonally adjusted
distribution for a given region were generated by
averaging the corresponding percentiles of each of the
four seasonal distributions of the region. More formally,
the seasonally adjusted distribution for each region is such
that its inverse cumulative distribution function is the
average of the inverse cumulative distribution functions of
each of the seasonal distributions of that region. The use
of regional seasonally adjusted distributions to
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August 1997
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13-3
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
Table 13-3. Sub-category Codes and Definitions
Code
Definition
Description
Region*
I
2
3
4
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont
Includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin
Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia
Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming
Urbanization
1
2
3
Central City
Suburban
Noruneteopolitan
Cities with populations of 50,000 or more that is the main city within the metropolitan
statistical area (MSA).
An area that is generally within the boundaries of an MSA, but is not within the legal limit
of the central city.
An area that is not within an MSA.
Race
I
2
3
4
5,8,9
Other/NA
White (Caucasian)
Black
Asian and Pacific Islander
Native American, Aleuts, and Eskimos
Don't know, no answer, some other race
Responses to Survey Questions
Grow
Raise Animals
Fish/Hunt
Farm
Question 75
Question 76
Question 77
Question 79
Did anyone in the household grow any vegetables or fruit for use in the household?
Did anyone in the household produce any animal products such as milk, eggs, meat, or
poultry for home use in your household?
Did anyone in the household catch any fish or shoot game for home use?
Did anyone in the household operate a farm or ranch?
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
-
April, May, June
July, August, September
October, November, December
January, February, March
1 Alaska and Hawaii were not included.
Source: USDA 1987-88.
approximate regional long term distributions is based on
the assumption that each individual consumes at the same
regional percentile levels for each season and consumes
at a constant weekly rate throughout a given season.
Thus, for instance, if the 60th percentile weekly intake
level in the South is 14.0 g in the summer and 7.0 g in
each of the three other seasons, then an individual in the
South with an average weekly intake of 14.0 g over the
summer would be assumed to have an intake of 14.0 g for
each week of the summer and an intake of 7.0 g for each
week of the other seasons.-
Note that the seasonally adjusted distributions
derived above were generated using the overall
distributions, i.e., both consumers and non-consumers.
However, since all the other distributions presented in this
section are based on consumers only, the percentiles for
Page
13-4
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
the adjusted distributions have been revised to reflect the
percentiles among consumers only. Given the above
assumption about how each individual consumes, the
percentage consuming for the seasonally adjusted
distributions give an estimate of the percentage of the
population consuming the specified food category at any
time during the year.
The intake data presented here for consumers of
home produced foods and the total number of individuals
surveyed may be used to calculate the mean and the
percentiles of the distribution of home produced food
consumption in the overall population (consumers and
non-consumers) as follows:
Assuming that IRp is the homegrown intake rate of
food item/group at the p£l> percentile and Nc is the
weighted number of individuals consuming the
homegrown food item, and NT is the weighted total
number of individuals surveyed, then NT - Nc is the
weighted number of individuals who reported zero
consumption of the food item. In addition, there are
(p/100 x Nc) individuals below the pth percentile.
Therefore, the percentile that corresponds to a particular
intake rate (IRp) for the overall distribution of homegrown
food consumption (including consumers and
nonconsumers) can be obtained by:
From Table 13-8, the SOth percentile homegrown fruit intake rate
(IR50) is 1.07 g/kg-day. The weighted number of individuals
consuming fruits (Nc) is 14,744,000. From Table 13-4, the
weighted total number of individuals surveyed (NT) is
188,019,000. The number of individuals consuming fruits below
the SOth percentile is:
p/100 xNc = (0.5) x (14,744,000)
' = 7,372,000
The number of individuals that did not consume fruit during the
survey period is:
NT - Nc = 188,019,000 - 14,744,000
• = 173,275,000
The total number of individuals with homegrown intake rates at or
below 1.07 g/kg-day is
(p/100 x Nc) H- (NT - Nc) = 7,372,000 + 173,275,000
= 180,647,000
The percentile of the overall population that is represented by this
intake rate is:
rt = 100 x (180,647,000 / 188,109,000)
= 96th percentile
Therefore, an intake rate of 1.07 g/kg-day of homegrown fruit
corresponds to the 96th percentile of the overall population.
Plh . - 1£K
(-£-,*.
);elioo
",
<«r - Ay)
(Eqn. 13-2)
For example, the percentile of the overall population
that is equivalent to the SOth percentile consumer only
intake rate for homegrown fruits would be calculated as
follows:
Following the same procedure described
above, 5.97 g/kg-day, which is the 90th
percentile of the consumers only population,
corresponds to the 99th percentile of the overall
population. Likewise, 0.063 g/kg-day, which is
the 1st percentile of the consumers only population,
corresponds to the 92nd percentile of the overall
population. Note that the consumers only distribution
corresponds to the tail of the distribution for the overall
population. Consumption rates below the 92nd percentile
are very close to zero. The mean intake rate for the
overall population can be calculated by multiplying the
mean intake rate among consumers by the proportion of
individuals consuming the homegrown food item, Ng/Nj.
Table 13-4 displays the weighted numbers NT, as
well as the unweighted total survey sample sizes, for each
subcategory and overall. It should be noted that the total
unweighted number of observations in Table 13-4 (9,852)
is somewhat lower than the number of observations
reported by USDA because this study only used
observations for family members for which age and body
weight were specified.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13-5
-------
I
I
3
Table 134, Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations (Individuals) for MFCS Data Used in Analysis of Food Intake
All Regions
Total
Age (years)
< 01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Centra! City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you raise animals?
Do you hunt?
Do you fish?
Do you farm?
wgtd
188019000
2814000
5699000
8103000
16711000
20488000
61606000
56718000
15880000
47667000
46155000
45485000
48712000
56352000
45023000
86584000
2413000
21746000
1482000
4787000
157531000
68152000
10097000
20216000
39733000
7329000
unwgtd
9852
156
321
461
937
1084
3058
3039
796
1577
3954
1423
2898
2217
3001
4632
114
1116
91
235
8294
3744
631
1148
2194
435
Northeast
wgtd
41167000
545000
1070000
1490000
3589000
4445000
12699000
13500000
3829000
9386000
10538000
9460000
11783000
9668000
5521000
25978000
333000
3542000
38000
1084000
36170000
12501000
1178000
3418000
5950000
830000
unwgtd
2018
29
56
92
185
210
600
670
176
. .
277
803
275
663
332
369
1317
13
132
4
51
1818
667
70
194
321
42
Midwest
wgtd
46395000
812000
1757000
2251000
4263000
.5490000
15627000
13006000
3189000
14399000
10657000
10227000
11112000
17397000
14296000
14702000
849000
2794000
116000
966000
41670000
22348000
3742000
6948000
12621000
2681000
unwgtd
2592
44
101
133
263
310
823
740
178
496
1026
338
732
681
1053
858
37
126
6
37
2386
1272
247
411
725
173
South
wgtd
64331000
889000
1792000
2543000
5217000
6720000
21786000
19635000
5749000
13186000
16802000
17752000
16591000
17245000
19100000
27986000
654000
13701000
162000
1545000
48269000
20518000
2603000
6610000
13595000
2232000
unwgtd
3399
51
105
140
284
369
1070
1080
300
439
1437
562
961
715
1197
1487
32
772
8
86
2501
1136
162
366
756
130
West
wgtd
36066000
568000
1080000
1789000
3612000
3833000
1 1494000
10577000
3113000
10696000
8158000
7986000
9226000
12042000
6106000
17918000
577000
1709000
1166000
1192000
31422000
12725000
2574000
3240000
7567000
1586000
unwgtd
1841
32
59
95
204
195
565
549
142
365
688
246
542
489
382
970
32
86
73
61
1589
667
152
177
392
90
vs
9
Si
Ki
U)
i
SO
a
I
8.
8.
Cs
8.
5s
a
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
As mentioned above, the intake rates derived in this
section are based on the amount of household food
consumption. As measured by the MFCS, the amount of
food "consumed" by the household is a measure of
consumption in an economic sense, i.e., a measure of the
weight of food brought into the household that has been
consumed (used up) in some manner. In addition to food
being consumed by persons, food may be used up by
spoiling, by being discarded (e.g., inedible parts), through
cooking processes, etc.
USDA estimated preparation losses for various
foods (USDA, 1975). For meats, a net cooking loss,
which includes dripping and volatile losses, and a net post
cooking loss, which involves losses from cutting, bones,
excess fat, scraps and juices, were derived for a variety of
cuts and cooking methods. For each meat type (e.g.,
beef) EPA has averaged these losses across all cuts and
cooking methods to obtain a mean net cooking loss and a
mean net post cooking loss; these are displayed in Table
13-5. For individual fruits and vegetables, USDA (1975)
also gave cooking and post-cooking losses. These data
are presented in Tables 13-6 and 13-7.
The following formulas can be used to convert the
intake rates tabulated here to rates reflecting actual
consumption:
IA=Ix(l -
(Eqn. 13-3)
lA=Ix(l -
(Eqn. 13-4)
where IA is the adjusted intake rate, I is the tabulated
intake rate, Lj is the cooking loss, L2 is the post-cooking
loss and LP is the paring or preparation loss. For fruits,
corrections based on postcooking losses only apply to
fruits that are eaten in cooked forms. For raw forms of the
fruits, paring or preparation loss data should be used to
correct for losses from removal of skin, peel, core, caps,
pits, stems, and defects, or draining of liquids from
canned or frozen forms. To obtain preparation losses for
food categories, the preparation losses of the individual
foods making up the category can be averaged.
In calculating ingestion exposure, assessors should
use consistent forms in combining intake rates with
contaminant concentrations. This issue has been
previously discussed in the other food Chapters.
13.3. RESULTS
The intake rate distributions (among consumers)
for total home produced fruits, vegetables, meats, fish and
dairy products are shown, respectively, in Tables 13-8
through 13-32 (displayed at the end of Chapter 13). Also
shown in these tables is the proportion of respondents
consuming the item during the (one-week) survey period.
Homegrown vegetables were the most commonly
consumed of the major food groups (18.3%), followed by
fruit (7.8%), meat (4.9%), fish (2.1%), and dairy products
(0.7%). The intake rates for the major food groups vary
according to region, age, urbanization code, race, and
response to survey questions. In general, intake rates of
home produced foods are higher among populations in
non-metropolitan and suburban areas and lowest in central
city areas. Results of the regional analyses indicate that
intake of homegrown fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy
products is generally highest for individuals in the
Midwest and South and lowest for those in the Northeast.
Intake rates of home caught fish were generally highest
among consumers in the South. Homegrown.intake was
generally higher among individuals who indicated that
they operate a farm, grow their own vegetables, raise
animals, and catch their own fish. The results of the
seasonal analyses for all regions combined indicated that,
in general, homegrown fruits and vegetables were eaten at
a higher rate in summer, and home caught fish was
consumed at a higher rate in spring; however, seasonal
intake varied based on individual regions. Seasonally
adjusted intake rate distributions for the major food
groups are presented in Table 13-33.
Tables 13-34 through 13-60 present distributions
of intake for individual home produced food items for
households that reported consuming the homegrown form
of the food during the survey period. Intake rate
distributions among consumers for homegrown foods
categorized as exposed fruits and vegetables, protected
fruits and vegetables, and root vegetables are presented in
Tables 13-61 through 13-65; the intake distributions for
various USDA classifications (e.g., dark green vegetables)
are presented in Tables 13-66 through 13-70. The results
are presented in units of g/kg-day. Table 13-71 presents
the fraction of household intake attributed to home
produced forms of the food items/groups evaluated. Thus,
use of these data in calculating potential dose does not
require the body weight factor to be included in the
denominator of the average daily dose (ADD) equation.
It should be noted that converting these intake rates into
units of g/day by multiplying by a single average body
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
Table 13-5. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Meats
Meal Type
Mean Net Cooking Loss (%)a
Mean Range of Means
Standard
Deviation
Mean Net Post Cooking Loss (%)'
Mean Range of Means
Standard
Deviation
Beef
Pork
Chicken
Turkey
Lamb
Veal
Rshc
Shellfish11
27
28
32
32
30
29
30
33
11 to 42
1 lo 67
7 to 55
11 to 57
25 to 37
10.to45
-19 to 81
Ito94
7
10
9
7
5
11
19
30
24
36
31
28
34
25
11
10
10 to 46
14 to 52
16to51
8 to 48
14 to 61
18 to 37
1 to 26
IQto 10
9
11
8
10
14
9
6
0
* Includes dripping and volatile losses during cooking. Averaged over various cuts and preparation methods.
b Includes losses from cutting, shrinkage, excess fat, bones, scraps, and juices. Averaged over various cuts and preparation methods.
c Averaged over a variety of fish, to include: bass, bluefish, bunerfish, cod, flounder, haddock, halibut, lake trout, makerel, perch, porgy,
red snapper, rocklish, salmon, sea trout, shad, smelt, sole, spot, squid, swordfish steak, trout, and whitefish.
* Averaged over a variety of shellfish, to include: clams, crab, crayfish, lobster, oysters, and shrimp and shrimp dishes.
Source: USDA. 1975.
Table 1 3-6. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Fruits
Mean Net Post Cooking Loss (%)a
Type of Fruit
Apples
Pears
Peaches
Strawberries
Qrances
Range of
Mean Means
25 3to42
36 19 to 50
Standard
Deviation
13
12
Mean Paring or Preparation Loss (%)blC
Mean
22"
22"
41C
24b
10b
30C
29b
Range of
Means
13to40b
12to60b
25 to 47°
6 to 68b
6 to 14b
96to41°
19 to 38b
Standard
NAb
NAb
NAC
NAb
NAb
15C
NAb
11 Includes losses from draining cooked forms.
b Includes losses from removal of skin or peel, core or pit, stems or caps, seeds and defects.
e Includes losses from removal of drained liquids from canned or frozen forms,
Source: USDA, 1975
Page
13-8
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
Type of Vegetable
Asparagus
Beets
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Corn
Cucumbers
Lettuce
Lima Beans
Okra
Onions
Peas, green
Peppers
Pumpkins
Snap Beans
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Mean
23
28
14
11
19
26
18
22
-12
12
5
2
13
19
18
15
-22
Table 13-7. Percent Weight Losses
Mean Net Cooking Loss (%)a
Range of Means
5 to 47
4 to 60
Oto39
4 to 20
2 to 41
-1 to 64
5 to 40
6 to 36
-143 to 56
-10 to 40
-90 to 63
-147 to 62
3 to 27
8 to 30
5 to 42
2 to 34
-527 to 46 '
2 Includes losses due to paring, trimming, flowering the stalk
from Preparation of Various Vegetables
Mean Net Post Cooking Loss
Standard
Deviation Mean Range of Means
16
17
13
6
12
22
14
12
69 -
16
38
63
9
11
13
10
121 22 1 to 33
thawing, draining, scraping, shelling, slicing, husking,
(%}»
Standard
Deviation
—
_
-
-
—
-
-
..
-
..
..
..
-
„
-
-
11
chopping, and
dicing and gains from the addition of water, fat, or other ingredients. Averaged over various preparation methods.
b Includes losses
Source: USDA, 1975
from draining or removal of .skin.
weight is inappropriate, because individual intake rates
were indexed to the reported body weights of the survey
respondents. However, if there is a need to compare the
total intake data presented here to other intake data in
units of g/day, a -body weight less than 70 kg (i.e.,
approximately 60 kg; calculated based on the number of
respondents in each age category and the average body
weights for these age groups, as presented in Volume I,
Chapter 7) should be used because the total survey
population included children as well as adults.
13.4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
The USDA NFCS data set is the largest publicly
available source of information on food consumption
habits in the United States. The advantages of using this
data set are that it is expected to be representative of the
U.S. population and that it provides information on a wide
variety of food groups. However, the data collected by
the USDA NFCS are based on short-term dietary recall
and the intake distributions generated from them may not
accurately reflect long-term intake patterns, particularly
with respect to the tails (extremes) of the distributions.
Also, the two survey components (i.e., household and
individual) do not define food items/groups in a consistent
manner; as a result, some errors may be introduced into
these analyses because the two survey components are
linked. The results presented here may also be biased by
assumptions that are inherent in the analytical method
utilized. The analytical method may not capture all high-
end consumers within households because average serving
sizes are used in calculating the proportion of homegrown
food consumed by each household member. Thus, for
instance, in a two-person household where one member
had high intake and one had low intake, the method used
here would assume that both members had an equal and
moderate level of intake. In addition, the analyses assume
that all family members consume a portion of the home
produced food used within the household. However, not
all family members may consume each home produced
food item and serving sizes allocated here may not be
entirely representative of the portion of household foods
consumed by each family member. As was mentioned in
Section 13.2, no analyses were performed for the under
1 year age group due to the above concerns. Below, in
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13-9
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates/or Various Home Produced Food Items
Section 13.5, a recommended approach for dealing with
this age group is presented.
The preparation loss factors discussed in Section
13.2 are intended to convert intake rates based on
"household consumption" to rates reflective of what
individuals actually consume. However, these factors do
not include losses to spoilage, feeding to pets, food
thrown away, etc.
It should also be noted that because this analysis is
based on the 1987-88 NFCS, it may not reflect recent
changes in food consumption patterns. The low response
rate associated with the 1987-88 NFCS also contributes to
the uncertainty of the homegrown intake rates generated
using these data.
13.5. RECOMMENDATIONS
The distribution data presented in this study may be
used to assess exposure to contaminants in foods grown,
raised, or caught at a specific site. Table 13-72 presents
the confidence ratings for homegrown food intake. The
recommended values for mean intake rates among
consumers for the various home produced foods can be
taken from the tables presented here; these can be
converted to per capita rates by multiplying by the
fraction consuming. The data presented here for
consumers of home produced foods represent average
daily intake rates of food items/groups over the seven-day
survey period and do not account for variations in eating
habits during the rest of the year; thus the percentiles
presented here (except the seasonally adjusted) are only
valid %vhen considering exposures over time periods of
about one week. Similarly, the figures for percentage
consuming are also only valid over a one week time
period. Since the tabulated percentiles reflect the
distribution among consumers only, Eqn. 13-2 must be
used to convert the percentiles shown here to ones valid
for the general population.
In contrast, the seasonally adjusted percentiles are
designed to give percentiles of the long term distribution
of average daily intake and the percentage consuming
shown with this distribution is designed to estimate the
percent of the population consuming at any time during a
year. However, because the assumptions mentioned in
Section 13.2 can not be verified to hold, these upper
percentiles must be assigned a low confidence rating.
Eqn. 13-2 may also be used with this distribution to
convert percentiles among consumers to percentiles for
the general population.
For all the rates tabulated here, preparation loss
factors should be applied, where appropriate. The form of
the food used to estimate intake should be consistent with
the form used to measure contaminant concentration.
As described above, the tables do not display rates
for children under 1 year of age. For this age group, it is
recommended that per-capita homegrown consumption
rates be estimated using the following approach. First, for
each specific home produced food of interest, the ratio of
per capita intake for children under 1 year compared to
that of children 1 to 2 years is calculated using the USDA
CSFII 1989-1991 results displayed in Volume II,
Chapters 9 and 11. Note these results are based on
individual food intakes; however, they consider all
sources of food, not just home produced. Second, the per-
capita intake rate in the 1 to 2 year age group of the home
produced food of interest is calculated as described above
by multiplying the fraction consuming by the mean intake
rate among consumers (both these numbers are displayed
in the tables). Finally, the per capita homegrown intake
rate in children under 1 year of the food of interest is
estimated by multiplying the homegrown per-capita intake
rate in the 1 to 2 year age group by the above ratio of
intakes in the under I year age group as compared to the
1 to 2 year age group.
The AIHC Sourcebook (AIHC, 1994) used data
presented in the 1989 version of the Exposure Factors
Handbook which reported data from the USDA 1977-78
NFCS. In this Handbook, new analyses of more recent
data from USDA were conducted. Numbers, however,
cannot be directly compared with previous values since
the results from the new analyses are presented on a body
weight basis.
13.6. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 13
American Industrial Health Council (AIHC) (1994)
Exposure factors sourcebook. AIHC, Washington,
DC.
National Gardening Association. (1987) National
gardening survey: 1986-1987. Burlington,
Vermont: The National Gardening Association,
Inc.
USDA. (1975) Food yields summarized by different
stages of preparation. Agriculture Handbook No.
102. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Washington, DC.
Page
13-10
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
USDA. (1987-88) Dataset: Nationwide Food USDA. (1993) Food and nutrient intakes by
Consumption Survey 1987/88 Household Food individuals in the United States, 1 Day, 1987-88.
Use. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-88,
Washington, D.C. 1987/88 NFCS Database. MFCS Report No. 87-1-1.
USDA. (1992) Changes in food consumption and USDA, (1994) Food consumption and dietary levels of
expenditures in American households during the households in the United States, 1987-88. U.S.
1980's. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Washington, D.C. Statistical Bulletin No. 849. Service. Report No. 87-H-1.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ' " 13-11
-------
I
JJJ .^
^ 3!
s §
Table 1 3-S Consumer Only Intake of Hometrown FruiK (gAg-day) -All Regions Combined
Population
Group
Total
Age (years)
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-(i9
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmeiropolitan
Suburban
Race
Bizck
White
Questionnaire Response
Households who
garden
Households who farm
Nc
Nc
*
wgid urtwgid Consuming Mean
14744000
360000
550000
1044000
1189000
3163000
5633000
2620000
3137000
2963000
4356000
4288000
3668000
4118000
6898000
450000
14185000
12742000
1917000
817
23
34
75
67
164
309
134
108
301
145
263
143
278
394
20
793
709
112
7.84
6.32
6.79
6.25
5.80
5.13
9.93
16.50
6.58
6.42
9.58
8.80
6.51
9.15
7.97
2.07
9.00
18.70
26.16
2.68E+00
S.74EH-00
4.07E+00
3.59E+00
1.94E+00
i.95E+00
2.66E+00
2.25E+00
1.57E+00
1.58E+00
3.86E+OQ
3.08E+00
2.31E-HB
2.41E+00
3.07E+00
1.87E+00
2.73E+QO
2.79E+00
2.58E+00
SE
1.89E-OI
3.10E+00
1.48E+00
6.76E-01
3.66E-QI
3.33E-01
3.04 E-0!
2.34 E-Oi
1.59E-01
1.37E-01
6.40E-01
3.4IE-01
2.64E-01
3.09E-01
3.22E-01
8.53E-01
1.94E-01
2.IOE-01
2.S9E-01
PI
6.26E-02
9.59E-01
l.OOE-02
I.OOE-02
8.74 E-02
8.14E-02
6.26E-02
4.41 E-02
2.63E-01
8.89E-02
l.OOE-02
4.41 E-02
4.41E-02
6.26E-02
1.25E-01
1.32E-01
7.22E-02
5.60 E-02
7.22E-02
PS
I.68E-01
1.09E+00
l.OOE-02
1.91E-01
I.27E-OI
I.28E-01
1.9IE-01
2.24E-OI
3.04 E-01
1.98E-01
9.18E-02
1.72E-01
I.82E-01
1.27E-01
2.30E-01
2.84E-01
I.82E-01
1.84E-01
2.76E-OI
PIO
2.78E-OI
1.30E+00
3.62E-01
4.02E-OI
2.67E-OI
2.04E-01
2.86E-OI
3.80E-OI
3.90E-01
2.54 E-OI
1.56E-01
2.69E-OI
3.33E-OI
2.32E-01
2.95E-OI
4.55E-01
2.82E-01
2.87E-01
4.13&01
P25
4.97E-OI
1.64E+00
9.77E-OI
6.97E-01
4.41E-OI
3.74E-01
4.69E-01
6.1IE-01
5.70E-01
4.23E-01
4.45E-01
5.56E-OJ
5.67E-01
4.50E-OI
4.91E-01
6.08E-01
5.IOE-01
5.30E-01
7.53E-01
P50 P75 P90 MS PM
1.07E+00 2.37B+00 5.97E+00 I.11E+OI 2.40E+01
3.48E+00 7.98E+00 1.93E+01 6.06E+01 6.06E+01
1.92E+00 2.73E+00 6.02E+00 8.916+00 4.83E+01
1.31E+00 3.08E+00 1.18E+01 1.58E+01 3.22E+01
6.filE-01 Z3SE+00 6.76E+00 8.34E+00 1.85E+01
7.03E-OI 1.77E+00 4.17E+00 6.84E+00 1.61E+01
1.03E+00 2.33E+00 '5.81E+00 1.30E+01 2.38E+01
I.18E+00 2.35E+00 S.21E+00 8.69E+00 1.17E+01
1.04E+00 1.92E+00 3.48E+00 4.97E+00 1.06E+01
8.57E-01 I.70E+00 4.07E+00 5.10E+00 8.12E+00
1.26E+00 3.31E+00 1.09E+01 1.46E+01 5.33E+01
1.15E+00 2.61E+00 8.04E+00 1.53E+01 2.49E+01
1.08E+00 2.46E+00 5.34E+00 1.0SE+01 1.43E+01
1.15E+00 2.42E+00 4.46E+00 8.34E+00 2.40E+OI
9J3E-01 2.33E+00 7.26E+00 1.52E+01 3.70E+01
1.13E+03 1.53E+00 2.29E+00 2.29E+00 1.93E+01
1.07E+OD 2.46E+00 6.10E+00 1.I7E+01 2.40E+OI
1.12E+00 2.50E+00 6.10E+00 1.18E+01 2.49E+01
1.61E+00 3.62E+00 5.97E+00 7.82E+00 1.58E+01
PIOO
6.06E+01
6.06E+01
4.83E+OI
3.22E+01
1.85E+01
3.70E+01
5.33E+01
1.53E+01
1.06E+01
3.17E+01
6.06E+01
4.83E+01
1.93E+OI
5.33E+01
6.06E+0!
1.93E+OI
6.06E+OI
6.06E+01
1.58E+01
NOTE: SE = standard error
P * pereemiie of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers: Nc
Source: BasedonEPA'sanalysesofthe 1987/88 NFCS
unwgtc
= unweighted number of eonsumers in survey.
s
s
I
s
I
rj
a.
o
o,
i.
I
I.
o
-------
R X
*} "|j
S3. s
s
i3
s
Table 13-9. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (grttg-
9
a
!%
I
8.
8,
s
-------
Tabfc 13-11. Conjuror Only Intake of Homegrown Fruiti (isflsj-diy) • South
Population
firoup
Tool
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
QailralCUy
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Nc Nc
wjtd unwind
4148000 208
896000 29
520000 59
1328000 46
I3MOOO 74
1066000 39
1548000 89
1534000 80
3469000 174
296000 16
%
Consuming
645
680
3-69
7.48
7.86
6.18
8.10
5.48
16.91
13.26
' Mean SF.
2.97F.+00 3.00E-01
I.99E+00 4.39&01
2.05E+00 2.S5E-OI
2.84E+00 6.50&01
4.21E-MJO 6.51E-01
3.33E+00 S.39&4JI
2.56E+00 3.87E-OI
3.14E+00 6.02E-01
2.82E+00 2.94E-01
* *
PI
U2E-01
3.92 E-01
1.55E-01
8.14E-02
1.I2E-01
2.36&OI
8.14E-02
I.12E-01
I.56E-01
*
PJ pin
2.42E-OI 3.55E-CI
4.27&OI 4.46B-OI
2.82E-01 3.11E41
I.56&01 2.67E-OI
2.36E-OI 3.82E-01
3.92E-01 4.55E-OI
X67E-01 3.38&01
1.56E-OI 2.84E-01
2.84&01 3.84E41
* *
res
5,970-01
4.50&Q1
4.50E4)!
4.41E.OI
8.92E-01
8.34E-OI
6.12E4)!
5.08 E-01
6.SOE-01
*
PSO PJS
1.35EH-00 30IE+00
1.I3E+00 I.96E+00
1.06E+00 4.09E+00
U1E+00 2.83E+00
1.88E+00 3.71E+00
2.55E+00 4.77E-KM
1.40E+00 2.83E+00
l.IOE+00 2.29E+00
1.39E+00 2.ME+00
* •
P90
8I8E+00
4.97E+00
5.01E+00
O.IOE+00
1.41E+01
8.18E+00
5.97E+00
1.18E+OI
6.10E+00
*
MS
I.4IE+OI
8.18E+00
6.5SE+00
I.43E+OI
1.97E+01
1.06E+01
1.04E+01
1.55E+01
1.41E+01
*
P99
2 38E+01
1.06E+01
7.05E+00
2.40D+01
2.3SE-1-01
1.43E+01
2.40E+01
2.38E+01
2.UE+01
*
Pino
2,40E-i-01
1.Q6E+01
7.05B+00
2.40E+01
2.38E+01
1.43E+01
2.40E+01
2.38E+01
2.40E+01
*
* Intake data not provided for suboopulatins for which there were less dtan 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P =* pea'enttle of the distribution
Nc wgtd « weighted number of consumers; Ne unwgtd =
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
unweighted number of consumers in survey.
>«w
U)
s
&
I
I
- i?
a g
Population
Group
Toial
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
NonmetropoiMan
Suburban
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
NOTE: SE » standard error
Nc Nc
wgtd unwgtd
4574000 233
843000 28
837000 78
1398000 44
1496000 83
1494000 59
474000 32
2606000 142
4170000 207
795000 35
%
Table
Consuming Mean
12.68
7.88
10.26
17.51
16.22
12.41
7.76
14.54
32.77
50.13
2.62E+00
1.47E+00
1.37E+00
2.47E+00
4.10E+00
I.99E+00
2.24E+00
3.04E+00
2.76E+00
1.85E+00
13-12. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) -
SE
3.07E-OI
2.49E-01
1.59E-OI
4.72E-01
7.91E-01
4.24E-0!
5.25E-OI
4.63E-01
3.39E-01
1.59B-01
PI
1.50E-01
2.91E-01
1.73E-01
1.86E-0!
7.14E-02
7.14E-02
1.84 B-Ol
1.83E-01
l.OOE-01
2.75E-OI
P5
2.75E-01
2.91E-OI
1.96EOI
2.75B-Q1
2.96E-01
2.35E-01
2.76E-01
2.75E-01
2.75E-OI
2.76E-01
P10
3.33E-01
2.95E-01
2.5IE-OI
4.04E-01
3.33E-01
3,42E-01
4.24E-01
3.I4E-01
3.I4E-01
5.98E01
P25
6.17E-0!
4.83E-01
5.10E-01
6.17E01
7.74E-01
S.26E-01
6.25E-01
7.10E-01
6.29E-01
7.10E-01
West
PSO P75 P90 P95
1.20E+-00 2.42E+00 5.39E+00 I.09E+01
1.04E+00 2.15E+00 2.99E+00 4.65E+00
9.81E431 1.6IE-t-00 2.95E+00 5.29E+00
1.28E+00 3.ME*00 7.26E+00 1.09E+OI
1.51E+00 3.74E+00 l.lie+01 1.85E+01
8.63E-01 2.04E+00 4.63E+00 9.52E+00
7.68E-01 2.64E+00 4.25E+00 1.09E+01
1.39E+00 3.14E+00 5.81E+00 1.03E+OI
I.20E4-00 2.S4EtOO 5.81E+00 1.09E+01
I.16E+00 2.50E+00 4.63F.+00 5.00R+00
P99
2.49E+01
5.39E+00
6.68E+00
1.30E + 01
4.83E+01
1.93E+01
1.09E+01
* 3.22E+01
2.49E+01
AJIE+00
P100
4.83E+OI
5.39E-I-00
7.02E+00
1.30F.+01
4.83E+01
1.93E+01
1.09E+01
4.83E+01
4.83E+01
6.81E+00
P *= pea'cntile of the distribution ^
Nc wg!d — weighted number of consumers: Nc unwgtd =
unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
5.
o
a
o
3
«>
I
i-
rs
o
a.
S?
»
3
2"
o
a.
I
-
3
-------
c g
s
s
Table 13-13. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined
Population Nc Nc
%
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 34392000 1855
Age
01-02 951000 53
03-05 1235000 76
06-11 3024000 171
12-19 3293000 183
20-39 8593000 437
40-69 12828000 700
70+ 4002000 211
Seasons
Fall 11026000 394
Spring 6540000 661
Summer 11081000 375
Winter 5745000 425
Urbanizations
Central City 6183000 228
Nonmetropolitan 13808000 878
Suburban 14341000 747
Race
Black 1872000 111
White 31917000 1714
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 30217000 1643
Households who farm 4319000 262
18.29
16.69
15.24
18.10
16.07
13.95
22.62
25.20
23.13
14.17
24.36
11.79
10.97
30.67
16.56
8.61
20.26
44.34
58.93
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Mean SE
2.08E+00 6.76E-02
5.20E+00 8.47E-01
2.46E+00 2.79E-01
2.02E+00 2.54E-OI
1.48E+00 1.35E-OI
1.47E+00 9.59E-02
2.07E+00 1.02E-01
2.51E+00 1.94E-01
1.S8E+00 1.28E-01
1.36E+00 7.23E-02
2.86E+00 1.93E-01
1.79E+00 1.14E-01
1.40E+00 1.23E-01
2.68E+00 1.19E-01
1.82E+00 9.12E-02
I.78E+00 2.33E-01
2.10E+00 7.09E-02
2.17E+00 7.09E-02
3.29E+00 2.51E-01
PI P5
4.79E-03 1.10E-01
2.32E-02 2.45E-01
O.OOE+00 4.94E-02
5.95E-03 I.OOE-OI
O.OOE+00 6.46E-02
1.69E-02 7.77E-02
5.13E-03 1.19E-01
5.21E-03 1.5IE-01
4.98E-02 1.13E-01
2.44E-03 4.47E-02
6.93E-02 1.57E-01
3.73E-03 4.49E-02
1.01E-02 6.59E-02
2.12E-02 1.58E-01
3.34E-03 1.10E-01
O.OOE+00 7.77E-02
7.34E-03 I.13E-01
5.21E-03 1.11E-01
O.OOE+00 1.61E-01
P10
1.80E-01
3.82E-01
3.94E-01
I.60E-01
1.45E-01
1.57E-01
2.14E-01
2.39E-01
1.80E-01
1.35E-01
2.24E-01
1.56E-01
1.50E-01
2.58E-01
1.63E-01
1.39E-01
1.84E-OI
1.85E-01
2.92E-01
P25
4.47E-01
1.23E+00
7.13E-01
4.00E-01
3.22E-01
2.73E-01
5.26E-01
5.81E-01
4.13E-01
3.21E-01
7.12E-01
4.69E-01
3.00E-01
5.99E-01
3.94E-01
4.38E-01
4.54E-01
4.84E-01
8.46E-01
P50
1.11E+00
3.27E+00
1.25E+00
8.86E-01
8.09E-01
7.61 E-01
1.18E+00
1.37E+00
9.83E-01
7.04E-01
1.62E+00
1.05E+00
7.50E-01
I.45E+00
9.63E-01
9.32E-01
1.12E+00
1.18E+00
1.67E+00
P75
2.47E+00
5.83E+00
3.9IE+00
2.21E+00
i.83E+00
:.91E+00
2.47E+00
3.69E+00
2.11E+00
:.63E+00
3.44E+00
2.27E+00
:.67E+00
3.27E+00
2.18E+00
2.06E+00
2.48E+00
2.68E+00
3.61E+00
P90
5.20E+00
1.31E+01
6.35E+00
4.ME+00
3.71E+00
3.44E+00
5.12E+00
6.35E + 00
4.88E+00
3.37E+00
6.99E+00
3.85E+00
3.83E+00
6.35E+00
4.32E+00
4.68E+00
5.18E+00
5.35E+00
8.88E+00
P95
7.54E+00
1.95E + 01
7.74E+00
6.16E+00
6.03E+00
4.92E+00
6.94E + 00
8.20E+00
6.94E+00
5.21E+00
9.75E+00
6.01E+00
4.67E+00
9.33E+00
6.78E+00
5.70E+00
7.68E + 00
7.72E+00
1.18E+01
P99
1.55E + 01
2.70E+01
1.06E+01
1.76E + 01
7.71E+00
1.05E+01
1.49E + 01
1.25E+01
1.25E + 01
8.35E + 00
1.87E + 01
1.06E+01
9.96E+00
1.75E+01
1.25E + 01
8.20E+00
1.55E + 01
1.55E+01
1.76E + 01
P100
2.70E+01
2.70E+01
1.28E+01
2.36E+OI
9.04E+00
2.06E+01
2.29E+OI
1.55E+01
1.89E+01
2.36E+OI
2.70E+01
2.06E+01
1.66E+01
2.70E+01
2.06E+01
1.89E+01
2.70E+01
2.36E+01
2.36E+01
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
s
&
O
o
R
8.
o
ft,
S
6n
o
Si.
I
o
3
-------
Table 13-14 Cncnumer Only Intake of llometiown Vc«ctablci ((/kfday)
Population Nc Nc
*
Group wgid unwgtd Consuming
Total 4883000 236
Seasons
Fall 1396000 41
Spring 1204000 102
Summer 1144000 48
Winter 739000 45
Urbanizations
Central City 380000 14
Nonmelropolitan 787000 48
Suburban 3716000 174
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 4381000 211
Households who farm 352000 19
1186
14.87
11.43
16.32
6.27
3.93
14.25
14.30
35.05
42.41
Mean
I78E+00
1.49E+00
8.18E-01
2.83E+00
1.67E+00
•
3.05E+00
1.59E+00
I.92E+00
•
SE
I68E-01
4.06E-01
1.07E-0!
4.67E-OI
174E-OI
•
5.41E-01
I.74E-OI
I.84E-01
*
PI PI
2.I8E-03 8 27E02
8.27E-02 I.34E-OI
O.OOE+00 2.89E-03
1 11E-OI 1.45B-01
3.23E-03 4.23E-03
* •
O.OOE+00 4.68E-02
2.44E-03 8.27E-02
2.18E-03 8.27E-02
» t
P10
1.43E-01
1.74E-01
4.47E-02
1.59E-OI
9.I5E-02
•
1.14E-OI
1.42&01
1.42E-01
*
P25
280E-OI
2.69E-01
1.72E-OI
7.38E-OI
2.56E-01
•
102&01
2.75E-OI
3.IOE-01
•
-Northeast
P50
7.47E-OI
5.8IE-01
4.55 &01
1.29E+00
1.25E+00
•
2.18E+00
7.I8&01
8.83E-OI
"
P7S
1 S9E+00
I.17E+00
9.52E-OI
3.63E+00
2.77E+00
•
4.61E+00
I.64E+00
2.18E+00
*
P90
603E+00
064E+00
2.26E+00
782E+00
3.63E+00
•
9.04E+00
4.82E+00
6.16E+00
*
P9S P99
7.82E+00 1 27E+OI
9.97E+00 1.02E+OI
3.11E+00 6.52E+00
9.75E+00 I.49E+OI
6.10E+00 8.44E+00
• *
I.27E+01 1.49E+01
6.80E+00 1.02E+OI
7.82E+00 1.27E+01
* *
PIOO
I 49E+OI
1.02E+01
6.78E+00
1.49E+01
8.44E+00
•
1.49E+01
I.02E+01
1.49E+01
*
• Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Ne wgtd =* weighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
u>
I
Table 13-15. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day)
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 12160000 699 26.21
Seasons
Fall 4914000 180 34.13
Spring 2048000 246 19.22
Summer 3319000 115 32.45
Winter 1879000 158 16.91
UrbaniTatinns
Central City 3177000 113 18.26
Nonmctropoiitan 5344000 379 37.38
Suburban 3639000 207 24.75
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 10927000 632 48.89
Households who farm 1401000 104 52.26
NOTE: SE = standard error
Mean
2.26E+00
1.84E+00
1.65E+00
3.38E+00
2.05E+00
1.36E+00
2.73E+00
2.35E+00
2.33E+00
3.97E+00
SE
1.20E-01
1.76E-01
I.49E-01
3.87E-01
2.64E-01
1.91E-OI
1.86E-OI
2.16E-01
1.27E-01
4.31E-01
PI
1.59E-02
1.01E-02
6.04E-02
1.05E-01
2.41E-03
O.OOE+00
2.12E-02
3.26E-02
1.59E-02
I.40E-01
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
P5
7.77E-02
6.51E-02
I.53E-01
1.62E-01
2.14E-02
6.05E-02
1.13E-01
1.54E-01
I.04E-01
3.35E-01
in survey.
P10
1.80E-01
1.60E-01
2.21E-01
3.02E-01
6.59E-02
1.10E-01
2.61E-01
2.22E-01
I.76E-01
5.51E-01
P25
4.88E-01
4.16E-01
4.59E-01
8.47E-01
3.62E-01
2.45E-01
5.98E-01
6.36E-OI
5.03E-01
8.67E-01
- Midwest
P50
1.15E+00
1.03E+00
9.13E-01
2.07E+00
8.77E-0!
7.13E-01
1.31E+00
1.39E+00
1.18E+00
2.I8E+00
P75 P90
2.58E+00 5.64E+00
2.10E+00 5.27E+00
1.72E+00 4.49E+00
3.94E+00 7.72E+00
2.13E+00 5.32E+00
1.67E+00 3.94E+00
3.15E+00 7.19E+00
2.75E+00 4.87E+00
2.74E+00 5.81E+00
5.24E+00 1.06E+OI
P95
774E+00
6.88E+00
5.83E+00
1.40E+01
7.83E+00
5.50E+00
1.06E+01
7.18E+00
7.75E+00
1.44E+01
P99
1.75E+01
1.31E+01
1.28E+01
1.96E+01
1.67E+01
9.96E+00
1.75E+01
1.96E+01
1.67E+01
1.75E+01
P100
2.36E+01
1.31E+01
2.36E+01
2.29E+01
2.06E+01
1.66E+OI
2.36E+01
2.06E+01
2.36E+01
2.36E+01
c
I
2=
3.
1
§•
fi
8.
2
-------
R
««
a
5s
r
I
Table 13-16. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - South
Population Nc Ne %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 1125-1000 618 17.49
Seasons
Fall 2&7SQOO 101 21.80
Spring 2096000 214 12.47
Summer 4273000 151 24.07
Winter 2010000 152 12.12
Urbanizations
Central City 1144000 45 6.63
Nonmetropolitan 6565000 386 34.37
Suburban 3545000 187 12.67
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 9447000 522 46.04
Households who farm 1609000 91 72.09
Mean SE
2.19E+00 1.21E-01
2.07E+QO 2.82E-01
1.55E+00 1.13E-OI
2.73E+00 3.16E-01
1.88E+00 1.37E-01
I.IOE+OO 1.62E-01
2.78E+00 1.84E-01
1.44E+00 1.13E-01
2.27E+00 1.22E-01
3.34E+00 4.57E-01
PI
2.92E-02
9.S9E-02
1.41E42
1.10E-01
3.03E-03
1.10E-02
5.08 &02
O.OOE+00
3.46E-02
O.OOE+00
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pea-entile of the distribution
Nc wgtd =* weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA 's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
P5
1.60E41
1.13E-OI
9.21E-02
1.72E-01
1.63E-01
9.59E«
2.23E-01
I.13E41
I.61E-01
I.32E-0!
in survey.
P10
2.41E-01
1.9IE-01
2.61E-01
2.50E-01
3.53E-01
1.50E-01
J.50E-01
1.99E-01
2.62E-OI
2.33E-01
P25
5.63E-01
5.24E-01
5.33E-01
6.I5E-01
6.40EflI
2.63E-01
7.12E-0!
3.9SE-01
6.10E-01
1.03E+00
P50
1.24E+00
1.14E+00
9.35E-01
1.J4E+00
137E+00
6.15&OI
1.66E+00
9.33E-01
I.37E+00
1.72E+00
P75
2.69E+00
2.69E+00
2.07E+00
3.1JE+00
2.69E+00
1.37E+00
3.31E+00
1.72E+00
3.02E+00
3.I5E+00
P90
4.92E+00
4.48E+00
3.58E+00
5.99E+00
3.79E+00
2.79E+00
S.99E+00
3.61E+00
5.18E+00
9.56E-KM
P95
7.43E+00
6.02E+00
4.81E+00
9.70E+00
5.35E+00
3.70E+00
9.56E-I-00
5.26E+00
7.43E+00
1.18E+01
P99
1.70E+01
1.5SE+01
8.35E+00
2.36E+01
7.47E+00
4.21E+00
1.89E+01
8.20E+00
I.5SE+01
2.36E+01
P100
2.70E+01
1.89E+01
1.03E+01
2.70E+01
8.36E+00
4.58E+00
2.70EtOl
8.20E+00
2.36E+01
2.36E+01
3.
o
I
2
SI
o
Table 13-17. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - West
Population Nc Ne
Group wgtd unwgtd
Total 6035000 300
Seasons
Fall 1841000 72
Spring 1192000 99
Summer 1885000 59
Winter 1117000 70
Urbanizations
Central City 1482000 56
Nonrnctropoliian 1112000 65
Suburban 3441000 179
Response 10 Questionnaire
Households who garden 5402000 276
Households who farm 957000 48
NOTE: . SE = standard error
P - pefcentile of the distribution
%
Consuming Mean
16.73
17.21
14.61
23.60
12.11
12.31
18.21
19.20
42.45
60.34
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers: Nc
I.81E+00
2.01E+00
1.06E+00
2.39E+00
I.28E+00
1.80E+00
1.32E+00
I.90E+00
I.91E+00
2.73EtOO
unwgtd - unwe
SE
1.38E-01
2.93E-01
1.74E-OI
3.7IE-OI
1.72E-01
2.76E-01
2.24 E-01
1.98E-OI
1.04E-03
3.32E-03
PI P5
7.35E-03 9.85E-02
9.83E-02 l.JOE-01
3.31E-03 7.35E-03
6.93E-02 I.04E-01
I.29E-02 1.52E-01
2.58E-02 7.39E-02
3.42E-03 9.80E-03
1.29E-02 I.04E-01
8.53E-03 l.ME-Ot
1.17E-01 4.14E-01
P10
1.66E-01
2.04E-01
4.66E-02
2.46E-01
1.99E-01
1.57E-01
2.04E-01
1.52E-01
I.66E-01
4.69E-01
P25
3.79E-01
4J1E-01
1.95E-01
5.45E-OI
4.83E-OI
4.81 E-01
2.69E-01
3.94E-01
4.33E-0!
7.65E-01
PJO
9.01E-01
1.2IE+00
3.56E-01
I.37E+00
7.65E-01
1.10E+00
6.75E-01
9.32E-01
I.07E+QO
1.42E+00
PIS
2.21E+00
2.21E+00
9.08E-01
3.23E+00
1.43E+00
2.95E+00
2.13E+00
2.20E+00
2.37E+00
3.27E+00
P90 P95
4.64E+OQ 6.21E-KB
4.85E+00 7.72E+00
3.37E+00 5.54E+00
4.67E+00 8.36E+00
2.81E+00 5.12E+00
4.64E+00 4J5E+00
4.13E+00 5.12E+00
4.63E+00 7.98E+00
4.67E+00 6.21E+00
6.94E+00 1.09E+OI
P99
1.14E+01
1.25E+01
8.60E+00
I.S5E+01
7.57E+00
L14E+01
8.I6E+00
I.2SE+01
1.25E+01
1.55E+01
P100
1.SJE+OI
1.25E+01
8.60E+00
1.5SE+01
7.98E+00
I.HE-fOI
8.16E+00
I.55E+OI
l.SSE+OI
I.55E+OI
ghted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
&
<"»
«%
a.
o
a.
§
«
-------
I
•§
Table 13-18 Consumer Only Intake or Home Produced Molt (gftg-day) - All Regions Combined
Population Nc Me
%
Group wjttd unwind Consuming
Total 9257000 569
Age
01-02 276000 22
03-05 396000 26
06-11 1064000 65
12-19 1272000 78
20-39 2732000 158
40-69 2872000 179
70 + 441000 28
Seasons
Fall 2852000 107
Spring 1726000 197
Summer 2368000 89
Winter 2311000 176
Urbanizations
Central City 736000 28
Nonmeiropoltuu) 4932000 3IS
Suburban 3589000 226
Race
Black 128000 6
White 8995000 556
Response to Questionnaire
Households who 5256000 343
raise animals
Households who farm 3842000 243
4.92
4.84
4.89
6.37
6.21
4.43
5.06
2.78
5.98
3.74
5.21
4.74
1.31
10.95
4.15
0.59
3.71
52.06
52.42
Mean SE
2.21E+OQ 1.07E-01
3.65E+00 6.10E-01
3.6IE+00 5.09E-01
3.65E+00 4.51E-OI
t.TOE+00 1.68E-01
1.S2E+00 1.53E-OI
1.72E+00 U1E-01
1.39E+00 2.34E-01
1.57E+00 1.39E-G1
2.37E+00 1.52E-01
3.10E+00 3.82E-01
1.98E+00 1.74E-OI
1.15E-MM 1.83E-01
2.70E+00 1.76E-01
1.77E+00 1.03E-01
•
2.26E+00 I.09E-01
2.80E-(-00 1.45E-OI
2.86E+00 1.85E-01
PI PS
1.21E-01 2.37E-01
3.85E-01 9.49E-01
8.01 E-01 8.01 E-01
3.72E-01 6.52E-01
I.90E-OI 3.20E-01
1.13E-OI 1.85E-01
I.81E-02 2.12E-01
9.26E-02 9.26E-02
1.23E-01 2.10E-01
2.44E-OI 3.20E41
1.81E-02 I.85E-01
1.3SE-01 2.37E-01
1.82E-01 I.85E-OI
1.23E-0) 2.63E-01
2.90E-02 2.87E-01
* •
9.26&Q2 2.57E-OI
2.12E-01 3.86E-01
1.97E-01 4.45E.Q1
PIO
3.74E-OI
9.49E-01
I.51E+00
7.21 E-01
4.70E-01
2.95E-01
3.43E-01
1.25E-OI
3.52E-01
4.46E-01
4.06E-01
3.67E-01
2.10E-01
4.06E-01
3.67E-01
•
3.86E-0!
6.23E-01
5.98E-01
P25
6.60E-01
1.19E+00
2.17E+00
1.28E+00
6.23E-OI
5.28E-OI
5.84E-01
5.47E-01
5.21E4I
7.76&01
8.52MI
6.48E-01
4.42E-01
7.49E-01
«.80Efll
•
6.80E-0!
1.03E+00
8.94E^)1
Pffl
1.39E+00
2.66E+00
2.82E+00
2.09E+00
1.I3E+00
I.IIE+OO
1.17E+00
1.01E+00
1.11E+00
I.69E+00
1.77E+00
1.33E+00
7.21 E-01
1.63E+00
I.33E+00
*
1.41E+00
I.94E+00
I.84E+00
P75
2.89E+00
4.72E+00
3.72E+00
4.71E+00
2.35E+00
2.65E+00
2.38E+00
1.81 E+00
2.27E+00
3.48E+00
4.34E+00
2.43E+00
1.58E-fOO
3.41E+00
2.49E+00
•
2.9IE+00
3.49E+00
3.64E+00
MO
4.89E+00
8.68E+00
7.84E+00
8.0QE+00
3.66E+00
4.52E+00
3.67E+00
2.82E+00
3.19E+00
5.00E-KM
7.01E+00
3.96E+00
2.69E+00
6.06E+00
3.66E-rt»
•
5.00E+00
5.90E+00
6.09E+00
P95
6 78E+00
l.OOE+OI
9.13E+00
1.40E+01
4.34E+00
6.23E+00
5.16E+00
3.48E+00
4.41E+00
6.67E+00
1.05E+OI
6.40E+00
3.40E+00
8.47E+00
4.71E+00
•
7.01 E+00
7.84E+00
8.00E+00
P99
1.40E+OI
1.15E+01
1.30E+01
1.53E-(-01
6.I8E+00
9.17E+00
5.90E+00
7.41E+00
6.78E+00
1.01E+OI
2.23E+01
I.09E+OI
3.64E+00
I.53E+01
7.20E+00
•
1.40E+OI
1.40E+0!
1.40E+OI
P100
132E+01
1.15E+01
1.30E+01
I.53E+01
7.51E+00
1.09E+OI
7.46E+00
7.4IE+00
7.84E+00
1.30E+OI
2.23E+01
2.32E+OI
3.64E+00
2.32E+01
1.01E+01
•
2.32E+01
2.32E+01
2.32E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = aaxhrd error
P — persemile of the distribution
He wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Ne unwgtd - unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
I
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Table 13-19. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - Northeast
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 11 13000 52 2.70
Seasons
Fall ' J69000 18 6.06
Spring 66000 8 0.63
Summer 176000 6 1.86
Winter 302000 20 2.56
Urbanizations
Central City 0 0 0.00
Nonmclropolitan 391000 17 7.08
Suburban 722000 35 2,78
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 509000 25 43.21
Households who farm 373000 15 44.94
Mean SE
I.46E+00 2.WE-OI
2.02E+00 5.56E-01
« *
1.49E+00 I.53E-OI
2.03E+00 3.85E-OI
* f
PI P5 PIO P25 P50 P75 P90
2.92E-01 3.40E-01 3.52E-OI 6.44E-01 8.94E-01 I.87E+00 2.68E+QO
***** * *
***** * *
2.92E-01 3.14E-01 4.30E-01 6.19E-01 l.liE+00 2.3SE+00 2.93E+00
2.92E-01 3.52E-01 4.30E-01 6.80E-01 I.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.68E+00
6.19E-01 6.46E-OI 6.46E-01 8.78E-OI 1.62E+00 2.38E-1-00 2.93E+00
P9S P99 P100
2.89E+00 1.09E+OI 1.09E+01
# * *
* « *
* « *
7.44E-I-00 1.09E+01 1.09E+01
2.89E+00 3.61E+00 3.61E+00
7.46E+00 I.09E+01 I.09E-1-01
« * *
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE; SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Hcunwgtd = unweighted number af consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of Us 1987-88 NFCS
r
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9
Table 13-20. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) -
Population Nc Nc %
Group wptd unwgtd Consuming
Total 3974000 266 8,57
Seasons
Fall 1261000 49 8.76
Spring 940000 116 8.82
Summer 930000 38 9.09
Winter 843000 63 7.59
Urbanizations
Central City 460000 18 2,64
Nonmetropolilan 2477000 175 17.33
Suburban 1037000 73 7.05
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 2165000 165 57.86
Households who farm 1483000 108 55.32
Mean
2.55E+00
I.76E+00
2.58E+00
4.10E+00
2.00E+00
4
3.15E+00
1.75E+00
3.20E+00
3.32E+00
SE
1.8IE-OI
2.31E-OI
2.24 E-OI
7.45E-OI
2.4IE-01
*
2.58E-01
1.99E-01
2.23E-OI
2.91E-OI
PI
1.25E-01
2.IOE-01
2.44E-0!
9.26E-02
1.21E-01
*
9.26E-02
2.87&01
2.56E-OI
3.65&OI
PS
2.57E-01
2.57E-01
3.I1E-01
1.25E-01
2.37E-01
*
2.95E-01
3.65E-01
3.86 E-01
5.43E-01
PIO
3.85E-01
3.72E-01
4.08E-01
5.78E-01
3.28E-01
«
4.25E-01
4.08E-01
5.78E-OI
5.89E-OI
P25
6.60E-01
4.95E-01
7.33E-01
8.93E-OI
6.48E-OI
•
8.16E-01
6.60E-01
1.07E+00
I.07E+00
Midwest
P50
1.40E+00
I.19E+00
I.98E+00
2.87E+00
1.36E+00
»
2.38E+00
1.11E+00
2.56E+00
2.75E+00
P75 P90
3.39E+00 5.75E+00
2.66E+00 3.49E+00
3.67E+00 5.14E+00
5.42E+-00 8.93E+00
2.69E+00 4.11E+00
* *
4.34E+00 6.15E+00
2.03E+00 4.16E+00
4.42E+00 6.06E+00
4.71E+00 6.78E+00
P95
7.20E+00
6.06E+00
7.79E+00
I.S3E+01
5.30E+00
*
9.17E+00
5.39E+00
9.13E+00
9.17E+00
P99
1.53E+0!
6.78E+00
1.15E+0!
2.23E+0!
8.10E+00
»
1.53E+01
7.20E+00
1.53E+01
1.53E+OI
P100
2.23E+01
6.78E+00
1.30E+01
2.23E+01
1.22E+01
*
2.23E+01
1.01E+01
I.53E+OI
I.53E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE; SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgfd — weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Basal on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
— unweighted number of consumers in survev.
i-
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3
05
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-------
I
a*
Tafefc 13-21 Oxuun^rCWrln'^c of llorncPnxix-rd Meats ({'t{.dr,)-S<«j«h
Populauon Nc Nc »
Oroup w(id unwful Contumlnc
Tout 2355000 146 3.66
Seasons
Fill 758000 28 5.75
Spring 511000 S3 3.04
Summer 522000 18 2.94
Winter 564000 47 3.40
Urbanizations
Central City 40000 1 0.23
Nonmcirapolitan 1687000 97 8.83
Suburban _ 628000 48 2.24
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 1222000 74 46.95
Households who farm 1228000 72 55.02
* Intake data not provided for subpopulstions for which there were
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pereentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd =* weighted number of consumers; Nc unwg
Source: Based on EPA'S analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Mean
224E+00
1J1E+OQ
2.33E+00
*
1.80E+00
*
2.45E+00
1.79E+00
3.16E+00
2.85E+00
SE
1.94&OI
2.87E-01
2.66E-01
*
2.45E-0!
*
2.59&01
2.30E-01
3.16E-01
3.24E-OI
Pi
I.8IB42
1.23B-01
1.93E-01
»
3.70E-02
*
1.23E-OI
1J1E-02
2.63E-01
I.95E-01
P5 P10
I.56E-01 2.97E-OI
1.S6E-01 1.90M1
2.97E-01 4.99Efl!
* «
1.97E-01 2.SIM1
* •
1.90E«1 4,026-01
2.90&02 3.70E-02
6.67E-01. 8.3SE-01
4.99E-01 5.98E41
P2S
7.21&OI
8.19E-OI
7.52E-OI
•
7.I6E-01
•
7.77E-01
6.28E-01
I.34E+00
1.01E+00
P$0
I.53E+00
I.SJE+OO
l.SOE+00
«
1.40E+00
•
1.61E+00
1.40E+00
2.IIE+00
1.93E+00
P75
307E+00
2.38E+00
2.82E+00
•
2.I7E+00
*
3.19E+00
2.31E+00
3.79E+00
3.48E+00
PW
5.07E+00
3.19E+00
S.16E+00
«
3.55E+00
*
6.09E+00
4.56E+00
6.67E+00
6.23E+00
P95
6.71E+00
4.4IE+00
6.7IE+00
*
4.58E+00
*
7.84E+00
4.61E+00
8.47E+00
8.47E-I-00
P99
I.40E+01
7.84 E+00
7.S1E+00
•
8.47E+00
•
1.40E+OI
6.40E+00
1.40E+01
1.40E+01
P100
140E+OI
7.84E+DB
7.51E+00
*
8.47E+00
4
I.40E+01
6.40E+00
1.40E+OI
1.40E+01
ess than 20 observations
d - unweighted number of consumers in survey.
so
VO
Table 13-22. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (gftg-day) - West
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd ConsuminE
Total 1815000 105 5.03
Seasons
Fall 264000 12 2.47
Spring 209000 20 2.56
Summer 740000 27 9.27
Winter 602000 46 6.53
Urbanizations
Central City 236000 9 1.96
Nonmetropolitan 377000 26 6.17
Suburban 1202000 70 6.71
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 1360000 79 52.84
Households who farm - 758000 48 47.79
Mean SE
1.89E+QQ 2.12E-01
• *
1.86E+00 2.27E-01
2.20E+00 3.18E-01
2.1IE+00 4.55E-01
* *
2.IOE+00 7.00E-01
1.95E+00 1.99E-01
2.I2E+00 2.65E-01
2.41E+00 4.26&01
PI
I.52E-01
*
2.99E-01
I.SJE-OI
1.3SE-OI
•
3.30E-01
I.S2E-OI
1.52E4I
1.35E-01
P5
2.25E-01
•
4.25E-01
4.06E-01
3.56E^)l
•
3.30E-01
2.25E-01
2.25E-Q1
3.30E*1
P10
3.90E-01
•
S.70E-01
5.35E-01
4.28E-01
•
4.06E-01
3.67E-0!
3.90&01
4.67E-01
P25
6.58E^)1
*
1.22E+00
1.07E+00
6.72E-01
*
6.72E-01
7.80E-01
8.I5E-OI
7.85E-0!
PSO
I.42E+00
*
1.J6E+00
l.ME+00
I.I9E+OD
•
1.19E+00
1.52E+00
I.J6E+00
1.SJE4-00
P75
2.49E+00
•
2.4JE+00
3.27E+00
2.35E+00
•
1.77E+00
2.71E+00
2.71E+00
2. 91 E +00
P90
3.66E+00
•
3.48E+00
4.44E+00
3.64E+00
•
3.72E+00
4.20E+00
4.20E+00
4.71E+00
P95
4.7IE+00
*
4.20E+00
4.71E+00
7.02E+00
•
4.97E+00
4.71 E+00
4.97E+00
7.02E+00
P99
8.00E+00
•
4.20E+00
g.OOE+00
2.32E+01
«
2.32E+OI
S.OOE-fOO
8.00E+00
2.32E+OI
P100
2.32E+OI
*
4.20E+00
8.00E*00
2.32E+OI
•
2.32E+01
8.00E+00
2.32E+OI
2.32E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = stwdart error
P = pefcentile of die distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA'i analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
9
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1
-------
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2
Table 13-23. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - A!! Regions Combined
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
4M9
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
• Black
White
Response to Questionnaire
Households who fish
Nc
Nc
%
wttd unwgtd Consuming Mean
3914000
82000
142000
382000
346000
962000
1524000
450000
1220000
1112000
911000
671000
999000
1174000
1741000
593000
3228000
3553000
239
6
11
29
21
59
86
24
45
114
29
51
. 46
94
99
41
188
220
2.08 2.07E+00
1.44 •
1.75
2.29 2.78E+00
1.69 I.S2E+00
1.56 I.91E+00
2.69 1.79E+00
2.83 1.22E+00
2.56 1.3IE+00
2.41 3.08E+00
2.00 1.88E+00
1.38 2.0SE+00
1.77 1.79E+00
2.61 3.J5E+QO
2.01 1.50E+00
2.73 1.81E+00
2.05 2.07E+00
8.94 2.22E+00
SE
2.38E-OI
*
•
8.40E-01
4.07E-01
3.34E-OI
2.56E-01
2.30E-01
2.16E-01
5.55E-OI
4.24E-0!
3.68E-01
3.40E-01
5.74E-01
2.30E-01
3.74E-OI
2J1E-01
2.58E-01
PI
8.16E-02
*
•
1.60E-01
1.9SE-01
8.I6E-02
9.47E-02
9J8E-02
1.84E-01
9.S8E-02
8.16E-02
9.47E-02
9.47E-02
9.88E-02
8.I6E-02
1.84 E-01
8.16E-02
8.16E-02
P5 - PIO
9.11E-02 1.95E-01
* *
•
1.60E-01 1.84E-01
1.95E-01 1.95E-01
8.16E-02 9.11E-02
9.47E-02 2.10E-01
9.88E-02 2.33E-01
1.84E-01 1.96E-01
1.16E-01 3.08E-OI
8.16E-02 " 9.11E-02
9.47E-02 1.11E-01
9.47E-02 1.60E-01
1.16E.01 3.10E-01
8.16E-02 1.84E-01
1.84E-01 2.0IE-01
8.16E-02 1.60E-01
8.16E-02 L84E-01
P25
2.28E-OI
*
•
2.28E-01
1.95E-01
1.18E-01
2.75M1
2.33EOI
2.10E-01 -
3.40E-01
2.04E-01
1.60E-01
2.84 E-01
3.62E-01
2.01 E-01
2.86E-OI
2.27E-OI
2.27E-OI
P50
4.3IE-01
*
*
5.47E-01
3.IIE-01
4.43E-01
3.45E-01
5.68E-0!
3.18E-OI
5.59E-01
X01E-01 -
5.10E-01
6.08E-01
5.68E-01
2.86E-01
3.18E-01
3.93E-01
4.66E-OI
P75
9.97E-01
•
*
1.03E+00
9.84E-01
l.ME+00
9.85E-01
7.64E-01
9.16E-01
1.27E+00
7.64E-OI
1.06E+00
1.07E+00
1.88E+00
5.87E-01
9.84E-01
9.97E-01
1.09E+00
P90 P95
2.I7E+00 4.68E+00
* *
* *
3.67E+00 7.05E+00
1.79E+00 4.S8E+00
2.18E+00 4.46E+00
1.99E+00 4.43E+00
1.56E+00 3.73E+00
1.79E+00 2.64E+00
2.64E+00 6.68E+00 '
3.19E+00 4.43E+00
2.09E+00 5.89E+00
1J5E+00 3.73E+00
3.86E+00 6.52E+00
1.38E+00 4.37E+00
2.17E+00 4.68E+00
2.16E+00 4.99E+00
2.23E+00 5.61E+00
P99 PIOO
7.83E+00 1.55E+OI
* *
• •
7.85E+00 2.53E+Q1
6.67E+00 8.44E+00
9.57E+00 1.30E+01
«.S6E+00 1.08E+01
3.73E+00 5.12E+00
3.73E+00 6.56E+00
1.08E+01 3.73E+01
5-65E+00 9.57E+00
7.85E+00 I.31E+0!
9.57E+00 9.57E+00
7.83E+00 3.73E+01
7.05E+00 1.08E+01
9.57E+00 9.57E+00
6.68E+00 1.6IE+01
7.85EtOO 1.61E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percenlile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers;
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc'unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
re
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Page Exposure Factors Handbook
13-22 August 1997
Table 1 3-24 Consumer Only Intake of 1 lore Caufhi Fish ff t j-) - Northeast
Populaiion Nc Nc S
Group wtuJ unwetd Consuming Mem SE PI P5 P10 P2S PJO P75 POO P95 P99 PIOO
Total 334000 12 0.81 ............
Season
Fill 135000 4 1.44 • . • • • • • • • • • • •
Spring 14000 2 0.13 ,....,,.....
Summer 132000 3 1.40 ............
Winter 53000 3 0.45 ............
Urbanization
Central City 0
Nonmetropoliun 42000 4 0.76 ............
Suburban 292000 8 1.12 • • • • ' • • • • ... . .
Response to Questionnaire
Households who fish 334000 12 5.61 • • • • • • • • ' • •
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE - standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd - weighted number of consumers: Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Table 1 3-25. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - Midwest
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwsul Consuming Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 PIOO
Total 1113000 71 2.40 2.13E + 00 4.19E-01 8.16E-02 8.I6E-02 1.96E-01 2.27E-01 4.71E-01 1.03E+00 1.95E+00 6.IOE+00 6.56E+00 I 61E+OI
Season
Fall 362000 13 2.51 ....... . . .
Spring 224000 27 2.10 3.45E + 00 1.22E+00 I.16E-01 I.16E-01 1.18E-01 3.10E-01 4.87E-01 8.2IE-OI 1.67E+00 1.55E+01 1.61E+01 2.53E+OI
Summer 264000 8 2.58 ....... . . . . .
Winter 263000 23 2.37 2.38E+00 5.33E-OI 5.10E-01 5.10E-01 5.IOE-01 5.48E-01 1.03E + 00 1.56E+00 2.I3E+00 5.89E+00 6.10E+00 1.3IE+01
Urbanization
Central City 190000 9 1.09 • ..........
Nonrnelropolium 501000 40 3.50 3.42E+00 7.17E-01 1.16E-01 1.16E-01 3.30E-01 4.66E-OI 5.33E-01 1.88E+00 5.65E+00 6.56E+00 1.31E+OI 2.53E+01
Suburban 422000 22 2.87 9.09E-01 1.81E-01 8.16E-02 8.I6E-02 8.I6E-02 1.96E-01 3.01E-01 5.48E-01 1.28E+00 2.09E+00 2.78E+00 3.73E+00
Response to Questionnaire
Households who fish 956000 60 7.57 2.35E+00 4.85E-OI 8.16E-02 8.16E-02 1.18E-01 2.27E-01 4.66E-01 1.12E+00 2.I6E+00 6.52E+00 6.56E+00 2.53E+OI
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
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\ Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
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J Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
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Table 1 3-26. Consumer Only Intake of Home Cauf hi fish ((/kg-day) - South
Population Nc Nc %
Grour* wgtd unw^id Consuming
Total I44(XXX> Itll 2.24
Season
Fall 274IXX) 11 2.118
Spring 538IXX) 58 3.2D
Summer 376MX) 14 2.12
Winter 2S2MXI IE 1.52
Urbanization
CenlralCily 28KXXI 16 1.63
Nonmctropolitan 55IXXX) 41 2.88
Suburban 609E-t4XI 9.42E-01
.
.
. .
3.33E-KX) I.06E-MX)
2.73E44XI 4.98E-01
3,tXIE« 2.72E-OI 9J8E-02 I.60E-OI 2.II1E-IM 2.38E-I1I 4.43E-01 8.38E-III I.7'JE*(K) 3.73E+(KI 5.67E-t
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Table 13-21 . Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kiHby) . All Refioia
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seasons
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizations
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Response to Questionnaire
Nc He
5
wind urtwsid Consuming Mean SE PI PJ P10 P25 P50 P75
1409000 89
79000 6
57000 5
264000 16
84000 5
612000 36
216000 16
77000 3
211000 7
253000 27
549000 22
396000 33
115000 7
988000 58
306000 23
0 0
1382000 86
Households who raise animals 1228000 80
Households who farm
1020000 63
0.75 1.40E+01 1.62E+00 1.80E4JI 4.46E-OI 508E-01 3.UE+00 J.02E+OI 1.05E+OI
1.39 ........
0.70 ..... . . .
1.58 ..... . . .
0.41 ..... . . .
0.99 7.41E+00 1.02E+00 2.05E-01 3.96E-01 4.46B-OI 1.89E+00 6.46E+00 1.21E+OI
0.38 ........
0.48 »,»., . ..
0.44 ...,..«,
0.55 1.78E4-01 4.27E+00 6.28E-01 6.54E-01 6.72E-01 5.06E4-00 1.22E+01 1.95E+01
1.21 1.53E4-01 2.73E+00 4.46E-01 4.46E-01 5.08E-01 5.34E+00 1.06E+OI 2.51 E+01
0.81 8.08E+00 1.99E+00 1JOE-OI 2.05E-OI 2.80E-01 7.36E-01 5.47E+00 1.15E+01
0.20 ........
2.19 1.68E+01 2.10E+00 4.79E-01 9.58E-01 1.89E+00 6.74.E+00 1.08E+OI 2.04E+01
0.35 9.86E+M 2.38E+00 3.96E-01 3.96E-OI 4.46E-01 5.71E-01 5.36E+00 l.ME+OI
0.00
0.88 1.43E+01 1.65E+00 1.80E-01 4.46E-01 S.08E-01 3.82E+00 I.03E+OI 1.9SE+01
12.1o 1.59E+01 1.73E+00 1.80E-01 3.96E-01 1.89E+00 6.13E+00 I.08E+01 1.96E+OI
13.92 1.71E+01 1.99E+00 3.96E-01 1.36E-QI 3.18E+00 9.06E+00 1.21E+OI 2.04E+01
P90 P9S P99 P100
3.42E+01 4.40E+OI 7.26E+01 I.11E+02
....
....
* * * •
• * * *
1.54E+01 1.95E+01 2.30E+01 2.30E+01
• * » *
» « t *
* * * *
5.09E+01 8.01E+01 I.11E+02 1.11E+02
3.49E+01 3.67E4-01 4.68E+01 4.68E+01
1.98E+01 2.04E+01 7.26E+01 7.26E+01
....
3.49E+01 4.40E+01 8.01E+01 1.I1E+02
2.81E+01 2.89E-HH 5.09E+01 5.09E+01
3.42E+01 4.40E+01 8.01E+01 1.11E+02
3.49E+01 4.40E+01 8.01E+01 1.11E+02
3.49E+01 4.40E4-01 8.01E+01 1.11E+02
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE; SE = standard error
P = pea-entile of the distribution
Nu wgtd — weighted number of consumers;
Source; Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 MFCS
Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
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Table 13-29. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Northeast
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd umMgtd Consuming
Total 312000 16 0.76
Seasons
Fall 48000 2 0.51
Spring 4 0.34
Summer 116000 4 1.23
Winter 112000 6 0.95
Urbanizations
Central City 0 0 0.00
Nonmciropolitan 240000 10 4.35
Suburban 72000 6 0.28
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 312000 16 26.49
Households who farm 312000 10 37.59
Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 P» P75
****** * •
9 * * * * #** *
****** * •
«»***« * t
****** * *
*-*»*»* * *
P90 P95 P99 PICK)
* « * t
* * * »
« * * •
* * # »
* * * *
* Intake data riot provided for subpopuiations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P — pereemile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd ~ unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source; Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
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Table 13-30. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) ~ Midwest
Population Nc
Group wgtd
Total 594000
Seasons
Fall 163000
Spring 94000
Summer 252000
Winter 85000
Urbanizations
Central City 43000
Nonmetropolitan 463000
Suburban 88000
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 490000
Households who farm 490000
Nc %
unwgtd Consu Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90
ming
36 1.28 1.86E+OI 3.15E+00 4.46E-01 4.46E-01 1.97E+00 S.27E+00 1.24E+OI 2.30E+01 4.40E+01
5 j ,3 ,,....».,
12 0.88 .........
11 2.46 ... . . . . . . .
8 0.76 .........
1 0.25 .........
31 3.24 2.33E+01 3.40E+00 4.25E+00 8.27E+00 9.00E+00 1.21C+01 1.60E+OI 3.14E+01 4.40E+01
4 0.60 .........
32 13.09 2.23E+01 3.33E+00 4.25E+00 5.36E+00 8.27E+00 l.OSE+OI 1.54E+01 3.14E+01 4.40E+01
32 18.28 2.23E+01 3.33E+00 4.25E+00 5.36E+00 8.27E+00 1.08E+01 1.54E+01 3.14E-f01 4.40E+OI
P95 P99 P100
4.68E+OI 1.11E+02 1.11E+02
. . .
. .
. ,
* *
. . .
4.68E+0! I.IIE+02 1.11E+02
* * *
4.68E+01 1.11E+02 1.11E+02
4.68E+01 1.11E+02 l.HE-i-02
* Intake data not provided for subpopuiations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pereemi!e of the distribution
Nc wgtd — weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgid = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-S8 NFCS
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Table 13-31 Oxsfutner Only Intake of llom Produced Daily ff ftf -day) • South
Population
Group
Toal
Seasons
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizations
Central City
NonmetropoUtan
Suburban
Response Eo Questionnaire
Households who raise animals
Households who farm
Nc Nc
wttd unwud
242000 17
0 0
27000 3
131000 5
84000 9
27000 3
215000 14
0 0
215000 14
148000 8
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were
NOTE SE = standard error
%
Consimtog Mean SE PI PS P10 PH PSO PM MO P9S P99
Q_3g * * » » . . •*** *
0.00
0jg *. . . . * . . . . *
074 ** . * . . . . » * *
0,51 ...........
0)0 ...........
1.13 ...........
0.00
8.26 ...........
6.63 • • ' ' « • •
less than 20 observations
P100
.
»
•
4>
•
•
«
*
P = percemile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Ne urtwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Table 13-32. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - West
Population Nc Nu
*
Group weld unwgtd Consuming Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 PSO
Total 261000 20
Seasons
Fall 0 0
Spring 96000 8
Summer 50000 2
Winter 115000 10
Urbanizations
Central City 45000 3
Nonmciropolitan 70000 4
Suburban 146000 13
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals 211000 18
Households who farm 70000 7
0.72 l.OOE+01 2.75E+00 1.80E-Q1 1.80E-01 2.05E-01 5.08E-01 6.10E+00
0.00
1.18 • ......
0.63 ' ......
1.25 » ......
0.37 • ......
1.15 " ......
0.81 .......
8.20 ' • • " • • •
4.41 ' ......
P75 PM P95 P99 P100
1.33E+01 2J1E+01 2.89E+0! 5.09E+01 5.09E+01
* * * » «
• * * * *
* « » * *
V * « • *
• * * * »
* . * • .
• * m • *
* * * • *
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE - standard error
P = percentHe of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers;
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
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Table 13-33. Seasonally Adjusted Consumer Only Homegrown Intake (g/kg-day)
Population Group
Total Vegetables
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
All Regions
Total Fruit
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
All Regions
Total Meat
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
All Regions
Percent
Consuming
16.50
33.25
24.00
23.75
24.60
3.50
12.75
8.00
17.75
10.10
6.25
9.25
5.75
9.50
7.40
PI
1.16E-03
3.69E-03
4.78E-03
1.80E-03
5.00E-03
3.96E-03
1.22E-03
6.13E-03
5.50E-04
2.00E-03
3.78E-03
1.77E-03
6.12E-03
7.24E-04
3.20E-03
P5
1.59E-02
4.11E-02
3.24E-02
1.91E-02
2.90E-02
1.97E-02
7.01E-03
3.23E-02
5.66E-02
1.90E-02
3.01E-02
3.68E-02
2.88E-02
2.83E-02
3.90E-02
P10
3.56E-02
8.26E-02
5.58E-02
3.83E-02
5.90E-02
4.76E-02
1.46E-02
1.09E-01
8.82E-02
6.20E-02
7.94E-02
2.21E-01
5.02E-02
9.56E-02
9.20E-02
P25
1.99E-01
2.91E-01
2.05E-01
1.14E-01
2.19E-01
1.73E-01
1.36E-01
3.84E-01
2.87E-01
2.50E-01
1.25E-01
5.25E-02
1.86E-01
2.35E-01
2.20E-01
P50
4.55E-01
8.11E-01
6.10E-01
4.92E-01
6.38E-01
3.61E-01
7.87E-01
9.47E-01
6.88E-01
7.52E-01
2.11E-01
1.61E+00
5.30E-01
5.64E-01
6.55E-01
P75
1.37E+00
1.96E+00
1.86E+00
1.46E+00
1.80E+00
6.55E-01
2.98E+00
2.10E+00
1.81E+00
2.35E+00
7.00E-01
3.41E+00
1.84E+00
1.30E+00
1.96E+00
P90
3.32E+00
4.40E+00
3.95E+00
2.99E+00
4.00E+00
1.48E+00
5.79E+00
6.70+00
4.75E+00
5.61E+00
1.56E+00
5.25E+00
3.78E+00
2.29E+00
4.05E+00
P95
5.70E+00
7.41E+00
5.63E+00
5.04E+00
6.08E+00
3.00E+00
9.52E+00
1.02E+01
8.54E+00
9.12E+00
1.91E+00
7.45E+00
4.95E+00
3.38E+00
5.17E+00
P99
8.78E+00
1.31E+00
1.20E+01
8.91E+00
1.17E+01
.5.10E+00
2.22E+01
1.49E+01
1.45E+01
1.76E+01
4.09E+00 •
1.19E+01
8.45E+00
7.20E+00
9.40E+00
P100
1.01E+01
2.01E+01
1.62E+01
1.12E+01
2.01E+01
5.63E+00
2.71E+01
1.64E+01
1.84E+01
2.71E+01
4.80E+00
1.36E+01
9.45E+00
9.10E+00
1.36E+01
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£-
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£
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so o
PopuhUon ffc He %
Group wfid unwtid CbrKumlni;
Total 5306000 272 2.82
Age
01-02 199000 12 3.40
03-05 291000 16 3.59
06-11 402000 25 2.41
12-19 296000 12 1.44
20-39 1268000 61 2.06
40-69 1719000 90 3.03
70+ 1061000 52 6.68
Season
Fill 1707000 60 3.58
Spring 639000 74 1.38
Summer 1935000 68 4.25
Winter 1025000 70 2.10
Urbanization
Central City 912000 30 1.62
Nonmetropolitan 2118000 122 4.70
Suburban 2276000 120 2.63
Race
Black 84000 4 0.39
While 5222000 268 3.31
Region
Midwest 2044000 123 4.41
Northeast 442000 18 1.07
South 1310000 65 2.M
West 1510000 66 4.19
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 4707000 246 6.91
Households who farm 1299000 68 17.72
Mean
J. 196+00
*
•
1.28E+00
•
7.95E-OI
9.61E-OI
1.45E+00
1.28E+00
9.50E-01
1.12E+00
I.30E+00
1.24E+00
1.27E+00
1.09E+OQ
*
1.18E+00
1.38E+00
»
1.10E+00
1.20E+00
1.21E+00'
1.39E+00
Table 13-14
SE
7,58 E-02
*
*
1.88E-01
*
1.07E-01
1.37E-01
I.41E-01
1.24E-01
I.14E-01
1.69E-01
1.78E-01
2.60E-01
1.26E-01
9.I6E-02
•
7.67E-02
1.45E-01
*
1.07E-01
1.29E-01
8.22E-02
1.31E-01
Consumer Only Intake of Ifexnegrawn Apples fg fltf -da?)
PI K
S.34E-02 2.30E-OI
* •
« •
4.72E-01 4.72E-01
* *
1J5E-01 2.30E-01
5.57E-02 8.94E-02
1.99E-01 2.60E-01
2.56E-01 2.95E-01
1.94E-01 2.38E-01
5.57E-02 8.94E-02
I.85E-01 2.30E-01
2.31E-01 2.56E-01
5.57E-02 1.18E-01
1.86E-01 2.37E-01
t *
8.34E-02 2.30E-01
2.16E-01 2J5E-01
* «
1.99E-01 2.38E-OI
5.57E-02 1.86E-01
1.Z7E-01 2.49E-01
5.57E-02 3.57E-01
pin
Z84E-01
*
»
5.63 B-01
•
2.56E-01
2.S5E-01
4.45E-01
3.20E-01
2.84E-01
1.86E-01
3.23E-01
3.92E-01
2.49E-01
2.91 E-01
*
2.79E-01
3.04E-OI
*
3.01 E-01
2.64E-01
2.9SE-OI
5.ME-01
P25
4.50E-01
*
•
7.40E-0!
•
3.04E-01
3.98 E-01
6.27E-01
5.83E-01
3.76E-01
3.98E-01
5.71E-01
5.10E-01
4.11E-01
4.37E-01
*
4.48E-01
5.20E-01
*
4.39E-01
4.72E-01
4.70E-01
7.03 E-01
P50
8.17E-OI
•
*
9.56E-01
*
6. 02 E-01
6.48E-01
1.I8E+OQ
1.03E+00
5.67B-01
6.92&01
8J1E-01
9.17E-01
9.00E-01
7.74E-01
*
7.98E-01
9.23E-01
•
9.17E-01
7.89E-01
8.17E-01
9.56B-01
P75
1.47E-fOO
•
*
1.29E+00
•
9.22E-01
l.OSE+00
1.82E+00
1.66E+00
1.10E+00
I.41E+00
1.59E+00
1.59E+00
1.55E+00
1.29E+00
«
1.41E+00
1.61E+00
"
I.38E+00
1.82E+00
1.47E+00
I.58E+00
P90
2.3SE+00
*
*
2.98E+00
*
1.5JE+00
1.59E+00
3.40E+00
2.69E+00
2.00E+00
2.29E+00
2.75E+00
2.19E+00
2.92E+00
2.29E+00
*
2.38E+00
2.69E+00
t
1.90E+00
2.75E+00
2.38E+00
2.99E+00
PM
3-40S+00
«
*
4.00E+00
•
1.97E+00
2.38E+00
3.62E+00
3.40E+OQ
2.78E+00
2.98E+00
3.40E+00
2.26E+00
3.48E+00
3.40E+00
«
3.40E+00
3.40E+00
•
2.98E+00
3.62E+00
3.40E+00
4.00E+00
PW
5.42E+00
*
•
4.00EtOO
»
5.42E+00
9.83E+00
4.20E+00
4.25E+00
5.87E+00
9.83E-1-00
I.01E+01
1.01E+01
9.83E+00
5.42E+00
•
5.42E+00
9J3E+00
»
4.00E+00
4.2SE+00
3.87E+00
4.91E+00
P100
10IE+OI
*
t
4.00E+00
*
5.42E+00
9.83E+00
4.20E+00
4.25E+00
5.S7E+00
9.83E-I-00
1.01E+01
1.0IE+01
9.83E+00
5.42E+00
*
l.OIE+01
1.01E+01
«
4.91E-I-00
4.25E+00
1.01E+01
5.87E+00
* Intake data not provided for sabpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P ~ perccmileof the distibution
Nc wgtd - weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 MFCS
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Table 13-35. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Asparagus (g/kg-day)
Population Nc
Group wgtd
Total 763000
Age
01-02 8000
03-05 25000
06-11 31000
12-19 70000
20-39 144000
40-69 430000
70 + 55000
Season
Fall 62000
Spring 608000
Summer 0
Winter 93000
Urbanization
Central City 190000
Nonmetropolitan 215000
Suburban 358000
Race
Black 0
White 763000
Region
Midwest 368000
Northeast 270000
South 95000
West 30000
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 669000
Households who farm 157000
Nc
unwgtd
66
1
3
3
5
11
38
5
2
59
0
5
9
27
30
0
66
33
20
9
4
59
16
%
Consuming
0.41
0.14
0.31
0.19
0.34
0.23
0.76
0.35
0.13
1.32
0.00
0.19
0.34
0.48
0.41
0.00
0.48
0.79
0.66
0.15
0.08
0.98
2.14
Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 P50 P75
5.59E-01 5.12E-02 l.OOE-01 1.41E-01 1.91E-01 2.75E-01 4.00E-01 7.07E-01
• *••*•• *
• *••**• *
• * • • * * ••
• •••**• *
*»•*•*• •
4.65E-01 5.38E-02 1.10E-01 I.13E-01 1.81E-01 2.34E-01 4.00E-01 5.96E-01
»•*•*** •
• **•*** *
6.12E-01 5.75E-02 l.OOE-01 1.57E-01 1.91E-01 2.98E-01 4.46E-01 8.8/.4E-01
• •**•** *
• •*•••• *
7.59E-OI 1.19E-01 l.OOE-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 2.30E-01 5.43E-01 1.24E+00
4.27E-01 4.05E-02 1.10E-01 1.69E-01 1.81E-01 2.75E-01 3.65E-01 5.79E-01
5.59E-01 5.12E-02 l.OOE-01 1.41E-01 1.91E-01 2.75E-01 4.00E-01 7.07E-01
4.78E-01 6.49E-02 l.OOE-OI l.IOE-01 1.41E-01 2.28E-01 4.00E-01 6.14E-01
7.17E-01 9.99E-02 1.81E-OI 2.34E-01 2.34E-01 3.65E-01 5.96E-01 9.29E-01
• • • * • * •.*
* » • * * • •[•
5.33E-01 5.50E-02 l.OOE-01 1.41E-OI 1.8IE-01 2.75E-01 4.00E-01 6.99E-01
• ••*•** •
P90 P95 TO P100
1.12E+00 1.63E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
• • • *
* • * •
* • * •
* • • •
* • * •
8.84E-OI 1.24E+00 1.75E+00 1.75E+00
* • • •
• » • »
1.18E+00 1.63E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
* » • *
* * * *
1.75E+00 1.92E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
7.01E-01 9.31E-01 1.12E+00 1.12E+00
1.12E+00 1.63E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
9.31E-01 1.12E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
1.24E+00 1.63E+00 1.92E+00 1.92E+00
» » » «
• * * •
1.12E+00 1.63E+00 1.97E+00 1.97E+00
* • * •
• Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percenlile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers: Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
<*»
I
I
8.
1
I
a,
I
S
a.
I
-------
I
i
o> 5
so
so
TabfclJ-M. CociajmerOnJ.rlraaleorilomcPnxfoctdBnrfrt/lifKiayl
Population
Group
Tool
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central Ciry
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Nc Nc
wjtd unwjid
•1958000 304
110000 8
234000 13
693000 38
656000 41
1495000 83
1490000 105
188000 11
1404000 55
911000 108
1755000 69
888000 72
100000 5
3070000 194
1788000 105
0 0
4950000 303
2261000 161
586000 25
1042000 61
1069000 57
Households who raise animals 3699000 239
Households who farm
2850000 182
%
Consumirt
c
2.64
1.93
2.89
4.16
3.20
2.43
2.63
1.18
2.95
1.97
3.86
1.82
0.18
6.82
2.07
0.00
3.14
4.87
1.42
1.62
2.96
36.63
38.89
Mem SE
2.45E+00 1.49&01
• »
• •
3.77E+00 5.94E-01
1.72E+00 1.63E-01
2.06E+00 2.00E-01
1.84E+00 1.41E-01
• •
1.55E+00 1.74E-OI
2.32E+00 1.63E-01
3.48E+00 4.12E-01
1.95E+00 2.75E-01
• ' •
2.80E+00 2.18E-01
1.93E+00 1.50E-01
2.45E+00 1.50E-01
2.83E+00 2.31E-01
1.44E+00 2.13E-01
2.45E+00 3.46E-01
2.20E+00 2.83E-01
2.66E+00 1.60E-01
2.63E+00 1.96E-01
PI
1.83E-01
*
*
3.54E-01
3.78E-01
2.69E-01
1.83E-01
•
I.83E-01
2.70E-01
1.02E-01
3.93E-02
•
1.83E-01
2.67E-01
1.83E-01
1.83E-01
3.52E-01
1.02E-01
3.13E-01
1.83E-01
2.70E-01
PJ PIO
374E-01 4.65E-01
• *
• *
6.63E-01 7.53E-OI
4.78E-01 5.13E-01
3.52E-OI 3.94E-01
3.61E-01 4.55E-01
• •
3.52E-01 3.61E-01
3.90E-01 5.10E-01
6.08E-01 7.45E-01
3.75E-01 3.94E-01
•
3.77E-01 4.99E-01
3.75E-01 4.16E-01
3.74E-01 4.65E-01
3.54E-01 4.16E-01
3.52E-01 4.73E-01
3.90E-01 5.84E-01
3.80E-01 5.56E-01
3.88E-01 6.62E-01
3.94E-01 5.85E-01
P2J
8-78E-OI
•
•
I.32E+00
8.96E-01
6.80E-01
8.33E-OI
•
5.I7E-01
1.04E+00
1.02E+00
6.74E-01
•
8.64 E-01
9.07E-01
8.78E-01
8.47E-01
7.42E-01
8.16E-01
1.04E+00
1.04E+00
8.96E-01
P50 P75
1.61E+00 307E+00
• •
• •
2.11E+00 4.43E+00
1.51E+00 2.44E+00
1.59E+00 2.73E+00
1.52E+00 2.38E+00
• *
1.33E+00 2.01E+00
1.96E+00 3.29E+00
2.44E+00 4.43E+00
1.33E+00 2.14E+00
• •
1.81E+00 3.57E+00
1.52E+00 2.44E+00
1.61E+00 3.07E+00
2.01E+00 3.66E+00
1.06E+00 1.68E+00
1.59E+00 2.41E+00
1.60E+00 2.86E+00
1.83E+00 3.48E+00
1.64E+00 3.25E+00
P90
5.29E-KX)
•
•
1.14E+01
3.53E+00
4.88E+00
4.10E+00
•
2.86E+00
4.22E+00
7.51E+00
4.23E+00
•
6.03E+00
4.06E+00
5.29E+00
5.90E+00
2.62E+00
6.36E+00
4.06E+00
5.39E+00
5.39E+00
P95
7240+00
•
•
1.25E+01
3.57E+00
6.50E+00
5.39E+00
•
3.90E+00
5.23E+00
1.14E+01
5.39E+00
•
8.44E+00
5.10E+00
7.24E+00
8.39E+00
2.62E+00
7.24E+00
4.42E+00
7.51E+00
7.51E+00
P99
133E+Q1
•
•
I.33E+01
4.28E+00
8.26E+00
5.90E+00
•
7.24E+00
8.62E+00
1.87E+01
1.94E+01
*
1.87E+01
7.51E+00
1.33E+01
1.87E+OI
6.03E+00
1.33E+01
7.51E+00
1.25E+01
1.13E+OI
noo
1 94E+01
•
•
1.33E+01
4.28E+00
8.26E+00
5.90E+00
•
7.24E+00
9.28E+00
I.87E+01
1.94E+01
•
1.94E+01
9.28E+00
I.94E+01
1.87E+01
6.03E+00
1.33E+01
1.94E+OI
1.94E+01
1.94E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations tor which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
= unweighted number of consumers
n survey.
s
2=
a.
9
s
I
8.
I
-------
tfl
o •*
1
V*«?
Table 13-37.
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-1!
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Rae
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
Souih
West
Response to Questions
Nc
wgtd
2214000
27000
51000
167000
227000
383000
951000
408000
562000
558000
676000
418000
651000
758000
.805000
0
2S86000
885000
230000
545000
554000
re
Households who garden 2107000
Households who farm
229000
Nc
%
unwgtd Consuming
125
2
4
10
13
22
51
23
21
55
22
27
27
51
47
0
124
53
13
31
28
120
11
1.18
0.47
0.63
1.00
1.11
0.62
1.68
2.57
1.18
1.21
1.49
0.86
1.16
1.68
0.93
0.00
1.39
1.91
0.56
0.85
1.54
3.09
3.12
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were
i
Mean
5.12E-OI
"
*
«
«
3.81E-01
4.28E-01
5.80E-OI
S.45E-01
4.70E-01
3.85E-01
7.30E-01
5.18E-01
5.77E-OI
4.45E-OI
S.18E-01
6.30E-01
•
4.51E-OI
3.96E-01
5.26E-01
•
SE
4.96E-02
•
•
•
•
6.26E-02
4.34E-02
8.80E-02
9.36E-02
8.98E-02
4.54E-02
1.54E-01
1.15E-01
9.06E-02
5.77E-02
4.99E-02'
7.93E-02
•
1.17E-01
7.75E-02
5.16E-02
*
Consumer Only Intake of HorvKg rown Beeis (g/kg-day)
PI
3.21 E-02
*
*
"
•
7.57E-02
5.00E-02
3.2IE-02
3.21E-02
7.46E-02
7.57E-02
7.31 E-02
1.11E-01
5.00E-02
3.21 E-02
3.21 E-02
5.00E-02
•
7.46E-02
3.2IE-02
3.21E-02
*
P5 P10
7.37E-02 1.09E-01
. • .•
• *
• *
»
7.57E-02 1.22E-0!
7.31 E-02 7.46E-02
3.21E-02 4.76E-Q2
4.76E-02 5.00E-02
8.06E-02 1.09E-01
I.20E-01 1.22E-01
7.31E-02 7.37E-02
1.35E-OI 1.83E-01
7.31E-02 7.37E-02
4.76E-02 8.06E-02
7.46E-02 1.13E-OI
I.13E-01 1.83E-01
• *
7.57E-02 8.06E-02
4.76E-02 7.31E-02
7.37E-02 9.56E-02
* *
P25 P50 P75
1.88E-01 3.97E-01 5.87E-OI
. .
. . .
. . .
• * •
1.43E-01 2.85E-01 5.56E-01
2.05E-01 3.97E-01 5.49E-01
2.71E-01 4.49E-OI 9.09E-01
2.57E-01 3.56E-01 9.49E-OI
1.43E-01 2.73E-01 4.47E-01
1.84E-01 3.97E-01 5.49E-01
2.80E-01 5.20E-01 8.28E-01
2.57E-0! 4.01 E-01 5.49E-01
1.80E-OI 3J6E-01 6.61E-01
1.43E-01 3.97E-01 5.56E-01
2.05E-01 3.97E-01 5.87E-01
3.15E-01 4.54E-01 9.09E-01
.
1.80E-OI 2.64E-01 4.84E-OI
1.2IE-01 2.86E-01 5.49E-OI
2.05E-01 4.01 E-01 6.06E-01
* * *
P90
1.03E+00
•
'
*/
*
9.99E-01
9.25E-OI
1.36E+00
I-36E+00
8.73E-01
6.24E-01
1.13E+00
9.09E-01
1.36E+00
9.25E-01
1.03E+00
1.1SE+QO
•
6.61E-01
6.24E-01
I.03E+00
*
P95
1.36E+00
•
•
*
*
9.99E-01
1.15E+00
1.36E+00
I.36E+00
1.59E-KM
9.09E-01
2.32E+00
1.12E+00
1.40E+00
9.99E-01
1.36E+00
1.36E+00
•
9.44E-OI
7.04E-01
1.36E+00
*
P99 P100
3.69E+00 4.08E+00
* *
• *
* *
• •
1.12E+00 1.12E+00
1.40E+00 1.40E-t-00
1.59E+00 1.59E+00
1.40E+00 1.40E+00
4.08E+00 4.08E+00
9.09E-01 9.09E-01
3.69E+00 3.69E+00
3.69E+00 3.69E+00
4.08E+00 4.08E+OD
2.32E+00 2.32E+00
3.69E+00 4.08E+00
3.69E+00 3.69E+00
• •
4.08E+00 4.08E+00
2.32E+00 2.32E+00
3.69E+00 4.08E+00
* *
less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P — perccnttle of the distribution
Nc wgid = weighted number of consumers: Nc unwj
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
td — unweighted number of consumers
n survey.
3
I
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o
5
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o
Si.
o
o
a.
1
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-------
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fn
Table 13-38- Consumer Only Intake of Homcfrmm Broccoli ((sftj-^y)
Population Nc Nc
%
Gr&us wgtd uawfid Cofisumiag
Tool 1745000 80
*|e
01-02 0 0
03-05 13000 1
06-11 187000 9
12-19 102000 4
20-39 4J6000 19
40-69 761000 37
70 + 196000 10
Season
Fall 624000 20
Spring 2S8000 27
Summer 682000 22
Winter 181000 11
Urbanization
Central City 165000 5
Nonmelropolitan 647000 34
Suburban 933000 41
Race
Black 0 0
White 1719000 79
Region
Midwest 792000 38
Northeast 427000 19
South . 373000 16
West 153000 7
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 1729000 78
Households who farm 599000 29
0.93
0.00
0.16
1.12
0.50
0.19
1.34
1.23
1.31
0.56
1.50
0.37
0.29
1.44
1.08
0.00
1.09
1.71
1.04
0.58
0.42
2.54
8.17
Mean
4.20E-01
*
'
*
«
4.I2E-01
*
2.87E-OI
5.43E-01
5.08E-01
•
•
4.23E-01
4.29E-01
4.22E-01
2.63E-01
«
«
*
4.22E-01
4.66E-01
m
4.75E-02
*
•
*
«
6.50B-02
*
3.70E-02
LI8E-01
1.05E-01
*
•
4.21E-02
8.26E-02
4,81 E-02
5.86E-02
•
•
•
4.83E-02
8.37E-02
PI PJ PiO P25 P50 P75
7.61E-02 8.24E-02 I.S6E-0! 1.96E-01 2.90E-OI 4.59E-01
*•«**•
*•••••
»*•»*.
...«.,
8.24E-02 1.06E-01 1.64E-01 2.22E-01 3.51E-01 4.6I&01
. , . . .
7.99E-02 7.99E-02 8.24E-02 I.7SE-01 2.31E-01 3.79E-01
4.50E-02 1.54E-01 1.70E-01 2.65E-01 3.31E-01 5.89E-01
7.61E-02 1.29E-01 1.78E-01 2.15E-01 3.99E-01 6.61E-01
......
.....
4.50E-02 1.29E-OI 1.70E-01 2.23E-01 3.69E-01 5.89E-01
7.99E-02 8.24E-02 1.44E-01 2.13E-OI 2.44E-01 4.41E-01
7.61E-02 8.24E-02 1.56E-01 1J6E-01 2.88E-01 4.59E-01
7.61E-02 7.99E-02 8.24E-02 1.75E-01 2.13E-01 2.75E-01
......
....
......
7.61E-02 8.24E-02 1.64E-01 1.96E-01 2.90E-01 4.59E-OI
4.50E-02 7.61E-02 1.54E-01 1.95E-01 3.10E-01 6.61E-01
P90 MS
8.15E-01 9.74E-01
* *
' »
* *
* *
6.14E-01 8.15E-01
* '
4.52E-01 5.29E-OI
1.25E+00 2.37E+00
8.86E-01 9.74E-01
* *
•
7.47E-01 8.86E-OI
6J4E-01 2.37E+00
8.15E-01 9.74E-01
3.44E-01 4.03E-01
•
« «
* a
8.15E-01 9.74E-OI
8.86E-01 9.74E-01
W»
2.4IE+00
•
*
t
*
3.02E+00
•
8.I5E-01
3.02E+00
2.48E+00
*
•
9.74E-01
2.48E+00
2.48E+00
3.02E+00
'
.
*
2.48E+00
3.02E+00
PICO
302E+CO
*
*
*
•
3.02E+00
*
8.15E-01
3.02E+00
2.48E+00
*
•
9.74E-01
3.02E+00
3.02E+00
3.02E+00
•
'
*
3.02E+00
3.02E*00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulaiions for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SB - standard error
P = percemile of the distihution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
- unweighted number of consumers in survey.
a
»H.
«
8.
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o
o
a.
5s
o
a.
a-.
o
3
ft
s-
-------
tq
8 -g
«•» 2
**
Table 13-39. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Cabbage (g/kg-*
.......*
3.40E-01 4.54E-01 7.13E-01 1.33E+00 I.79E+00 2.35E+00 2.77E+00 2.77E+00
3.25E-01 4.49E-01 1.05E+0 1.37E+00 2.17E+00 5.29E+00 5.43E+00 5.43E+00
0
***« • * * *
2.46E-01 4.13E-01 7.88E-01 1.37E+00 I.97E+00 2.35E+00' 5.43E+00 5.43E+00
2.22E-OI 3.55E-01 5.95E-01 1.10E+00 1.29E+00 1.49E+00 I.82E+00 1.98E+00
***** * * *
2.17E-01 -4.49E-01 8.50E-01 1.79E+00 2.17E+00 2.35E+00 2.77E-t-00 2.77E+00
- ... . . . . .
3.17E-01 4.54E-01 7.88E-01 1.37E+00 1.97E+00 2.35E+00 5.43E+00 5.43E+00
3.51E-01 5.87E-01 8,28&fll 1.37E+QO I.79E+00 2.35E+00 2.35E+00 2.35E+00
there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE « standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd =
weighted number of
onsumers; Nc unwgtd
— unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source; Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
*t 3
Cft S
? a
%) *5
I* S
£55 rj*
&a S'
2s
a.
9
g-
f»
I.
a
S
rs
-------
I
o
fj
a
!
s
a
£>
TsMe 13-40. Consumer (My (nuke ef HbactRnm Citron fcflt|.
-------
11
<•»• R
Table 13-41. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Com (g/kg-day)
Population He Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 6891000 421 3.67
Age
01-02 205000 13 3.60
03-05 313000 24 3.86
06-11 689000 43 4.12
12-19 530000 32 2.59
20-39 1913000 108 3.11
40-69 2265000 142 3.99
70+ 871000 53 5.48
Season
Fall 2458000 89 , 5.16
Spring 1380000 160 2.99
Summer 1777000 62 3.91
Winter 1276000 110 2.62
Urbanization
Central City 748000 27 1.33
Nonmfliopotitan 4122000 268 9.16
Suburban . 2021000 126 2.33
Race
Black 188000 9 0.86
. .White . . 6703000 .412 4.26
Region
Midwest 2557000 188 5.51
Northeast . 586000 33 1.42
South 2745000 153 4.27
West 1003000 47 2.78
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 6233000 387 9.15
Households who farm 1739000 114 23.73
Mean SE
8.92E-01 6.48E-02
«
1.25E+00 2.57E-OI
9.32E-0! 1.66E-01
5.92E-01 9.56E-02
5.97E-01 6.00E-02
8.64E-01 1.05E-01
9.43E-01 2.59E-01
5.44E-01 8.37E-02
6.35E-01 5.57E-02
1.82E+00 2.62E-01
5.4SE-Q1 4.67E-02
7.37E-01 1.4IE-01
.9.63E-01 . 8.I8E-02
.8.04E-C1 1.30E-01
• •
8.87E-01. 6.51E-02
9.34E-01 9.74E-02
6.I4E-01 8.42E-02
8.73E-01 9.52E-02
9.WE.01 2.77E-01
8.75E-01 6.30E-02
1.20E+00 1.77E-01
PI
5.15E02
*
3.25E-01
1.10E-01
9.87E-02
6.59E-02
U3E-01
3.91 E-02
3.91 E-02
1.42E-01
6.59E-02
1.I4E-01
3.9IE-02
7.40E-02
1.05E-01
*
5.15E-02
3.91 E-02
9.87E-02
7.40E-02
• 1.05E-01
5.15E-02
3.91 E-02
• P5
1.22E-0!
*
3.25E-01
1.19E-01
1.05E-01
1.4IE-01
1.52E-01
5.I5E-02
1.05E-OI
1.68E-01
1.78E-01
UOE-Ot
3.91E-02
I.22E-01
1.53E-01
*
1.22E41
1.19E-01
1.66E-01
1.22E-01
1.47E-01
1.35E-01
L08E-01
P10
1.65E-01
*
4.00E-01
1.89E-01
I.35E-01
1.52E-01
I.66E-01
1.05E-01
1.42E-01
1.93E-01
3.43E-01
1.49&01
5.I5E-02
1.66E-01
I.66E-0!
*
1.-63E-0!
.1.68 E-01
•1.86E-Oi
.1.66E-01
1.52E-01
.,1.65 E-01
1.66E-01
P25
2.44E-0!
*
5.98E-01
2.52E-01
2.I2E-01
2.08E-01
2.55E-01
1.88E-01
1.88E-01
2.64E-OI
6.44 E-01
2.22E-01
I.77E-01
2.49E-01
2.39E-01
•
2.37E-01
2.47E-OI
2.44E-OI
2.83E-OI
I.77E-01
2.44 E-01
2.29E-01
P50
4.80E-01
*
l.OOE+00
5.13E-01
3.43E-01
3.71E-01
5.I6E-01
3.64E-OI
3.I7E-01
4.48E-01
9.36E-01
4.05E-01
5.46E-01
5.31E-OI
3.96E-01
*
4.80E-01
4.56E-01
3.81E-01
5.61 E-01
3.96E-OI
5.02E.01
3.81E-01
P75
9.07E-OI
•
1.21E+00
1.08E+00
7.1IE-OI
7.08E-01
8.83E-01
7.57 E-OI
5.46E-01
7.68E-OI
2.13E+00
6.14&01
9.29E-01
l.OOE+00
6.47E-01
•
8.84E-01
9.29E-OI
8.83E-01
9.35E-01
7.45E-01
9.14E-01
9.74E-01
P90
1.88E+QO
*
1.67E+00
3.13E+00
1.55E+00
1.53E+00
1.42E+00
1.34E+00
1.27E+00
1.21E+00
4.52E+00
1.I6E+00
2.04E+00
2.I3E+00
1.34E+00
•
1.88E+00
2.28E+00
1.34E+00
I.55E+00
2.23E+00
1.82E+00
3.37E+00
P95
3.37E+00
•
5.35E+00
3.37E+00
1.88E+00
2.04E+00
3.22E+00
6.49E+00
1.42E+00
1.57E+00
6.84E+00
1.47E+00
2.23E+00
3.38E+00
I.71E+00
3.22E+00
3.22E+.00
1.71E+00
3.37E+00
6.49E+00
3.13E+00
6.49E+00
P99
7.44E+00
«
5.15E+00
4.52E+00
1.88E+00
3.70E+00
7.44E+00
9.23E+00
5.35E+00
5.I5E+00
9.23E+00
2.04E+00
3.04E+00
7.44E+00
9.23E+00
•
7.44E+00
6.84E+00
1.71E+00
5.69E+00
9.23E+00'
6.84E+00
9.23E+00
P100
9.23E+00
»
.5.35E+00
4.52E+00
I.88E+00
3.70E+00
7.44E+00
9.23E+00
5.69E+00
6.68E+00
9.23EtOO
3.94E+00
3.04E+00
8.97E+00
9.23E+00
* .
9.23E+00
7.44E+00
I.71E+00
8.97E+00
9.23E+00
9.23E+00
9.23E+00
* Intake data not provided for sufepopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P — percentile of the distributions
Nc wgtd ~ weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd — unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA 's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
3"
8,
I
si
2"
-------
is
S
65
I
S
I
2
t:
Table 13-42 ronsumcrOnlylnuicof Horr«T;ro*iiCui.Timbrii(f/V[-ilJX)
Population
fitoup
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Nonheasi
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Ne
wi-td
3994000
132000
107000
356000
254000
864000
1882000
399000
370000
197000.
3427000
0
640000
1530000
1824000
86000
3724000
969000
689000
1317000
1019000
3465000
710000
Nc
%
unwgtd Omsummg
141
5
4
12
10
29
68
13
12
15
114
0
18
64
59
2
132
31
22
54
34
123
29
2.12
2.32
1.32
2,13
1.24
1.40
3.32
2,51
0.78
ft43
7.53
0.00
1,14
3.40
2.11
0.40
2.36
2.09
1.67
2.05
2.83
S.08
9.69
Mean
1.02E+00
•
»
•
*
5.04 E-01
1.33E+00
*
•
«
1.06E+00
•
1.74E+00
6.71E-01
*
9.35E-01
l.OOE+00
I.92E+00
8.85E-01
6.01E-01
1.05E+00
6.99E-01
SE
I.5SM1
*
«
t
*
9.27E-02
3.01 E-01
•
t
*
1.83E-01
*
3.43&01
7.52E-02
*
1.62E-01
3.92 E-01
6.78E-01
1.05E-01
1.06E-OI
1.7SE-01
1.07E-01
PI PS PIO res
3-08E-02 S.71E-02 l.OSE-OI 2.40&OI
* * * •
* * * *
* t * *
• • * *
3.08E-02 5.45E-02 6.31E-02 1.83E-OI
4.16E-02 7.46E-02 1.76E-01 3.93E-01
« * * *
* • • •
• * * «
O.OOE+00 7.46&02 1.08E-01 2.42E-01
. t
1.01E-01 1.21E-01 1.90E-01 3.86E-0)
O.OOE+00 7.46E-02 1.62E-01 2.78E-01
. .
3.08E-02 6.31E.02 1.01E-01 2.22E-01
3.08E-02 4.16E-02 5.45E-02 I.35E-Q1
2.33E-OI 2.78E-01 2.78E-01 4.75E-01
O.OOE+00 1.21E-01 1.83E-01 2.87E-01
6.71E-02 7.46E-02 1.01E-01 2.09E-01
3.08E-02 6,716-02 l.OIE-01 2.78E-01
O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 1.43E-01 1.88E-01
P50 TO no P9S P99 PIOO
5.40E-01 1.13E+00 2.1IE+00 2.79E+00 U4E+01 1.37E+01
* • * t * •
* * * « * *
• • • • * *
* t # » • •
3.09E-01 6.17E-01 1.35E4-QO I,49E*QG 2J2E*QO 2,12E-t-00
6.84&O1 1.29E4-00 2.UE4-00 3,27E+OQ !.37E-f01 I.37E4-Q1
» *****
* * • * • *
......
5.18E-01 1.13E+00 2.12E+00 2.79E+00 1.34E+01 1.37E+01
. . . .
1.06E+00 1.67E+00 3.09E+00 4.50E-VOO 1.37E+OI 1.37E+OI
4.99E-01 8.33E-01 1.34E+00 1.73E+00 3.27E+00 3.27E+00
• . « • . .
5J1E-01 1.03E+00 1.49E+00 2.40E+00 I.34E+01 1.37E+OI
4.53E«1 1.03E+00 2.35E+00 2.45E+00 1.34E+01 1.34E+01
6.84E-01 1.53E+00 4.18E+00 1.17E+OI I.37E+OI 1.37E+OI
7.53E-01 1.28E+00 1.73E-I-00 2.13E+00 4.50E+00 4.50E+00
4.30E-01 7.01E-01 1.29E+00 2.11E+00 3.27E+00 3.27E+00
5.18E-01 1.13E+00 2.11E+00 2J9E+00 1.346+01 1.376+01
3.86E-01 1.27E+00 1.49E+00 I.7IE+00 2.09E+00 2.09E+00
' Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd - weighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgEd
= unweighted number of omsumers in survey.
s
I
3-
I
I
8.
5s
Q
a.
o
a
-------
5 J3
9$ ^3
8 g
I
3
I
Table 13-43. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Eggs (g/kg-day)
Population
Group
Tool
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seasons
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Households who raise animals
- Households who farm
Ne Nc
wgtd unwgtd
2075000 124
21000 3
20000 2
170000 12
163000 14
474000 30
718000 43
489000 18
542000 18
460000 54
723000 ' 26
350000 26
251000 9
1076000 65
748000 ' 50
63000 9
2012000 115
665000 37
87000 7
823000 44
500000 36
1824000 113
741000 44
*
Consuming
1.10
0.37
0.25
1.02
0.80
0.77
1.27
3.08
1.14
1.00
1.59
0.72
0.45
2.39
0.86
0.29
1.28
1.43
0.21
1.28
1,39
18-06
10.11
Mean
7.31 E-01
•
«
•
*
6.32E-01
5.91E-01
*
•
1.31E+00
4.96E-01
8.60E-01
•
7.34E-OI
8.54E-01
•
7.41 E-01
7.93E-01
•
5.36E-01
9.2IE-01
7.46E-01
8.98E-01
SE
l.OOE-01
«
«
«
*
9.23E-02
5.77E-02
•
•
2.88E-0!
8.14E-02
9.50E-02
•
1.23E-01
1.98E-01
*
I.05E-01
1.96E-01
*
6.46E-02
2.75E-01
I.I1E-01
1.70E-01
PI
T.16E-02
•
«'
•
*
7.16E.02
1.37E-OI
•
*
1.57E-01
7.16E-02
1.67E-01
*
7.I6E-02
1.37E-01
-
• '
7.16E-02
7.16E-02
•
1.52E-01
1.67E-01
7.16E-02
1.S2E-01
P5
1.50E-01
»
•
•
•
7.16E-02
1.41E-01
*
•
3.25E-01
1.37E-01
1.75E-OI
•
1.41E-01
l.SOE-0!
•
1.50E-01
1.37E-01
*
1.77E-01
2.06E-01
l.SOE-OI
1.65E-01
P10
1.7SE-OI
*
•
•
«
2.15E-01
1.52E-OI
•
*
3.94E-01
1.41 E-01
2.I5E-01
*
I.67E-01
2.06E-01
*
1.75E-Q1*
1.4IE-01
•
1.96E-01
2.08E-01
1.6JE-OI
1.77E-Q1
P25 P50
2.68E-01 4.66E-Q1
• «
• •
' "
» *
3.00E-OI 4.I6E-OI
3.17E-01 5.14E-01
* *
» •
5.02E-OI 6-66E-01
2.60E-01 3.32E-01
4.03E-01 7.51E-01
• •
2.60E-OI 4.74E-01
3JOE-01 S.88E-01
• •
2.68E-01 4.82E-01
2.I7E-01 3.39E-01
•
2.6T1E-01 3.60E-01
4.58E-01 6.66E-01
2.S6E-01 4.82E-01
2.72E-01 6.66E-01
P75 P90
9.02E-QI I.36E+00
• *
.
* *
* »
8.14E-01 1.32E+00
8.44E-Q1 1.30E+00
* «
* *
1.3IE+00 2.10E+00
5.41E-01 1.36E+00
I.17E+00 1.62E+00
* *
9.16E-01 I.34E+00
1.17E+00' 1.36E+00
* " *
9.03E-01 1.36E+00
1.08E+00 1.51E+00
• *
5.99E-01 1.18E+00
I.05E+00 1.36E+00
9.02E-01 1.36E+00
1.19E+00 1.65E+00
P95 P99 P100
1.69E+00 6-58E+00 1.35E+01
...
• .
. . .
« * «
1.93E+00 2.SOE+00 2.SOE+00
1.36E+00 1.38E+00 1.38E400
* * *
* * •
3.26E+00 1.35E+01 1.35E+01
1.51E+00 1.65E+00 1.65E+00
1.93E+00 1.93E+00 1.93E+00
. . . •
1.6SE+00 6.58E+00 9.16E+00
1.85E+00 1.35E+01 1.35E+01
. . «
1.69E+00 6.58E+00 L35E+01
2.10E+00 9.16E+00 9.16E+00
. , .
1.62E+00 1.93E+00 I.93E+00
1.36E+00 I.35E+01 I.35E+01
1.85E+00 6.58E+00 1.35E+01
1.85E+00 6.58E+00 9.16E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P =* percemife of the distribution
Nc wgtd *= weighted number of consumers;
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of [he 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd =
unweighted number of consumers in survey.
a
I
SO
5s
a.
o
8
5s
8"
3
8,
8,
I
s
a.
-------
I
vo
3
&
Tibtc 13-44 Consumer Only Intake of Horn: Produced Oame fjflc{-
-------
s
is a
a
I
Table 13-45. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Lettuce (g/kg-dsy)
Population
Group
Total
01-02
03-05
06-1!
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Symmer
Winter
Urbanization
Gmtral City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
While
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
W«
Responses to Qucstionn
Nc Nc
%
wgtd unwgld Consuming
1520000 80
54000 4
, 25000 2
173000 7
71000 3
379000 17
485000 26
317000 20
214000 8
352000 35
856000 30
98000 7
268UOO 8
565000 36
686000 36
51000 3
1434000 75
630000 33
336000 16
305000 20
249000 1!
lire
Households who garden 1506000 78
Households who farm
304000 18
0.81
0.95
0.31
1.04
0.35
0.62
0.86
2.00
0.45
0.76
1.88
0.20
0.48
1.26
0.79
0.23
0.91
1.J6
0.82
0.47
0.69
2.21
4.15
Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25
3.87E-01 3.18E-02 O.OOE+00 4.49E-02 9.43E-02 1.70E-01
_ * * * • . *
• . . * • «
... ...
... . .
. . ... .
4.84E-01 6.07E-02 1.I5E-OI 1.I5E-01 1.24E-OI 2.21E-01
4.52E-01 7.17E-02 5.04E-02 6.71E-02 1.12E-01 2.23E-01
... ...
4.52E-01 4.86E-02 5.04E-02 6.71E-02 1.24E-01 1.99E-01
3.02E-01 3.96E-02 1.98E-02 3.35E-02 4.93E-02 1.42E-01
... ...
... » . *
3.67E-0! 4.78E-02 , 1.98E-02 3.35E-02 4.49E-02 1.23E-01
3.49E-01 4.32E-02 O.OOE+00 9.43E-02 9.68E-02 I.53E-01
. , . . . ,.
3.79E-01 3.33E-02 O.OOE+00 4.49E-02 9.43E-02 1.56E-OI
3.83E-01 5.54E-02 1.98E-02 3.35E-02 4.49E-02 1.56E-OI
... ...
3.52E-01 5.74E-02 O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 1.27E-01 1.64E-OI
t , . ...
3.90E-01 3.22E-02 O.OOE+00 4.49E-02 9.43E-02 I.74E-01
* . * » . .
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100
2.84E-01 5.45E-01 8.36E-01 1.03E+00 1.05E+00 1.28E+00
......
......
......
.... • .
......
4.910-0! 6.84E-OI 8.86E-01 1.05E+00 1.28E+00 1.2SE+00
2.88E-01 5.68E-01 I.03F.+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.030+00
......
4.53E-01 5.79E-01 7.98E-01 9.94E-01 1.28E+00 I.28E+00
2.30E-01 4.24E-01 5.98E-0! 8.14E-01 8.86E-01 8.86E-01
.... . •
* « . . . .
2.88E-01 5.45E-OI .8.I4E-01 8.86E-OI 1.28E+00 I.28E+00
2.30E-01 4.91E-01 7.67E-01 9.94E-01 1.05E+00 1.05E+00
. . . ...
2.75E-01 5.45E-01 8.86E-0! I.03E+00 1.05E+00 !.28E+00
2J4E-01 S.68E-01 9.42E-01 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00
..... .
2.75E-01 4.83E-OI 5.79E-01 I.04E+00 1.28E+00 1.28E+00
. . . ' . . . .
2.84E-01 5.15E01 8.36E-01 1.03E+00 I.05E+00 1.28E+00
. . * . . *
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P - percemile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Ne unwgtd
— unweighted number of consumers in survey.
s
5s
I I
*H CS)
I*NI S?"*
- ^ P*Nf
I
™ a
«
JJS C^j
I ?.
a.
&
5
ft
I
rs
|!
.ta.
ft
c%
-------
f
R
2"
§ 1
o
??«
Table 13-46 Consumer Only Intake of Honk: Produced Uma Beans (j>ffcg-day)
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Rate
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
Wen
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Nc
wRIrl
1917000
62000
35000
95000
108000
464000
757000
361000
375000
316000
883000
343000
204000
1075000
638000
213000
1704000
588000
68000
1261000
0
1610000
62000
Nc
%
unwjfd Consuming
109
3
2
7
6
20
44
25
14
39
29
27
8
69
32
9
100
36
6
67
0
97
6
1.02
1.09
0.43
0.57
0.53
0.75
1.33
2.27
0.79
0.68
1.94
0.70
0.36
2.39
0.74
0.98
1.08
1.27
0.17
1.96
0.00
2.36
0.85
Mean
4.53E-01
*
•
•
*
3.84E-01
4.S4E-01
S.23E-01
*
4,1964)1
4,996-01
5.27E-01
*
2.99E-01
7.53E-OI
•
3.83E-01
4.28E-01
*
4.72E-01
4.47E-OI
«
SE
4.11E-02
*
*
•
«
6.I7E-02
6.306-02
I.05E-01
*
5.50E-02
9.68E-02
6.25E-02
*
3.22E-02
9.60E-02
*
3.27E-02
6.17E-02
• •
5.62E-02
4.49E-02
*
PI P5 P10 PIS PSO P7S
O.OOE+00 9.I9E-02 I.21E-OI 1.88E-01 2.90E-01 S.45E-01
• » • * • t
» * * • • *
• * « • t •
• « » « * *
3.23E-02 1.08E-01 1.30E4H 1.77E-OI 2.34E-01 4.87E-01
9.I9E-02 1.066-01 1.21E-01 2.04B-01 2.93E-0! 5.60E-01
8.20E-02 I.86E-01 1J8E-01 2.25E-01 2.86E-01 6.38B-01
. .....
8.20E-02 9.02E-02 1.31E-OI 2.32E-01 3.06E-01 5.45E-OI
O.OOE+00 9.43E-02 1.21E-01 I.72E-01 2.90E-01 4.87E-01
O.OOE+00 3.23E-02 1.08E-01 3.05E-01 5.39E-01 7.58E-01
. .....
3.23E-02 9.43E-02 1.21E-01 1.71E-01 2.12E-01 3.206-0!
O.OOE+00 8.20E-02 9.19E-02 3.20E-01 6.78E-01 9.90E-01
. » • . . .
O.OOE+00 9.19E-02 1.08E-01 1.77E-01 2.54E-01 4.87E-01
O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 I.06E-01 2.53E-01 3.06E-01 4.15E-01
. .....
3.23E-02 1.03E-01 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 2.49E-OI 6.34E-01
3.23E-02 9.43E-02 I.2IE-01 1.77E-01 2.85E-01 5.26E-OI
• » * » « «
P90 P9S P99 P10TI
990E-01 1.69E+00 1 86E+00 I.91E+M
....
....
....
... *
9.37E-01 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00
8.69E-01 1.71E+00 1.91E+00 1.91E+00
1.86E+00 1J6E+00 1.86E+00 1.86E+00
. * . .
7.48E-01 1.31E+00 1.9IE+00 1.91E+00
1.53E+00 1.71E+00 1.86E+00 I.86E+00
8.6IE-01 8.69E-01 1,696+00 I.69E+00
....
4.87E-01 7.69E-01 1.69E+00 1.91E+00
1.7IE+00 1.86E+00 1.86E+00 1.86E+00
.
8.61E-0! 9.90E-OI 1.53E+00 1.91E+00
9.90Efll 1.53E+00 1.69E+00 1.69E+00
• • * • '
1.10E+00 1.7IE+00 1.86E+00 1.91E+00
9.37E-01 IJiE+00 1,866+00 1.91E+00
«...
* Intake data not provided for sufapopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd — weighted number of consumers; He uflwgtd — utiwe
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
ghted number of consumers in survey.
3
!
a3
o*
8,
o
a.
I
1
a.
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§ 1
«*• a
Table 13-47. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Okra (g/kg-day)
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
C6-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fail
Spring
S'jmmer
Winter
Urbanization
Csntral City
Nonmetropoiitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Nc
wgtd
1696000
53000
68000
218000
194000
417000
587000
130000
228000
236000
1144000
88000
204000
1043000
449000
236000
I4I9000
113000
1443000
140000
1564000
233000
Nc
xinwgtd
82
2
3
11
9
18
32
6
9
24
41
8
6
55
21
13
63
7
70
5
77
14
%
Consuming
0.90
0.93
0.84
1.30
0.95
0.68
1.03
0.82
0.48
0.51
2.52
0.18
0.36
2.32
0.52
1.09
0.90
0.24
2.24
0.39
2,29
3.18
Mean
3.91E-01
*
•
«
*
•
4.00E-01
•
•
3.87E-01
3.86E-01
*
*
3.65E-01
5.14E-01
«
4.26E-01
«
3.73E-01
•
3.84E-01
*
SE PI P5 P10 P25
3.8JE-02 O.OOE+00 5.036-02 9.59E-02 1.48E-01
.... *
.....
.....
. . . . »
*****
4.73E-02 6.57E-02 1.I1E-01 1.37E-01 2.47E-01
.....
.....
6.22E-02 2.98E-OI 4.58E-02 6.57E-02 1.10E-01
5.75E-OI O.OOE+00 5.03E-02 9.59E-02 1.44E-OI
.....
.....
4.99E-02 O.OOE+00 2.69E-02 8.48E-02 I.48E-OI
6.97E-02 6.57E-02 9.60E-02 1.11E-01 3.13E-01
*****
4.40E-02 O.OOE+00 6.57E-02 9.60E-02 1.76E-01
.....
4.21E-02 O.OOE+00 5.03E-02 8.4SE-02 I.44E-01
» * . * *
4.05E-02 O.OOE+00 5.03E-02 9.59E-02 I.48E-01
. * . * .
P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100
2.99E-01 4.58E-01 7.81E-01 U1E+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00
......
******
* f * * * *
******
* * * * * *
3.07E-01 4.62E-01 7.8IE-01 U4E-4-GG I.I4E+QO I.HE-t-00
******
******
4.10E-OI 5.95E-01 7.81E-01 9.99E-01 1.07E+00 1.07E+00
2.99E-01 4.38E-01 1.15E+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
2.57E-0! 4.38E-0! 7.816-01 t.$3E*00 1.53E+QG !.53E-t-00
4,62E-Ot 6.00E-OI t.I4E-fOO U5E+QQ USE-fOO IJ5E+QQ
******
3.30&01 5.23E-01 I.14E+00 1.21E+00 1.53E+00 I.S3E+00
......
2.59E-OI 4.38E-01 7.47E-01 1.2IE+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00
......
2.98E-01 4.52B-OI I.07E+00 1.21E+00 1.53E+00 1.S3E+00
. . * ... .
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P «= percetuile of the distribution
Nc wgtd — weighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
; Nc unwgtd
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
I
o
8,
Cs
a.
o
a
-------
I
a
Ik
Tabfc 13-48. Consumer (My Inokc of Homefra»-nOrnorK(g(l.g"djy)
Population Nc ffc
Group wgtd uowgid %
Consuming
foul 6718000 370
Age
01-02 291000 17
03-05 178000 9
06-11 530000 31
12-19 652000 37
20-39 15MOOO 78
40-49 2402000 143
70 + 1038000 52
Season
Fall 1557000 59
Spring 1434000 147
Summer 2891000 101
Winier 836000 63
Urbanization
Central Ciiy 890000 37
Nonmetropolilan 2944000 177
Suburban 2884000 156
Race
Black 253000 16
While " 6266000 345
Region
Midwest 2487000 143
Northeast 876000 52
South 1919000 107
West 1436000 68
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 6441000 356
Households who farm 1390000 81
3.57
5.11
2.20
3.17
3.18
2.54
4.23
6.54
3.27
3.11
6.36
1.72
1.58
6.54
3.33
1.16
3.98
5.36
2.13
2.98
3.98
9.45
18.97
Mean
296E-01
«
*
3.03E-01
2.1IB-01
2.88E-01
2.50E-01
4.33E-01
3.75E-Q1
1.9SE-01
3.06E-01
2.88E-01
2.16E-01
3.24E-01
2.92E-01
«
3.08 E-01
2.70E-01
2.32E-01
3.326-fll
3.32E-01
3.00E-01
3.75E-01
SE
I.S7E-02
•
•
5.61E-02
3.65E-02
3.40E-02
2.07E-02
8.86E-02
6.93E-02
1.96E-02
2.91E-02
3.86E-02
2J5E-02
2.06E-02
3.70E-02
•
1.99E-02
I.94E-02
4.43E-02
2.93E-02
6.90E-02
1.93E-02
3.84E-02
PI
3.G8B-03
*
•
9.80E-03
5.14E-03
9.09E-03
3.03E-03
4.76E-03
3.68E-03
2.01E-03
8.58E-03
3.03E-03
4.76E-03
8.12E-03
3.03E-03
«
3.57E-03
4.25E-03
2.01 E-03
4.79E-03
3.57E-03
3.68E-03
3.00E-Q2
PS
9.09E-03
•
9
I.08E-02
8.36E-03
3.80E-02
4.59E-03
6.68E-03
2.55E-02
5.47E-03
1.68E-02
4.59E-03
1.02 E-02
3.14E-02
5.20E-03
*
9.09E-03
4.02E-02
3.73E-03
2.76E-02
6.6SE-03
9.09E-03
4.04E-02
P10
2.90E-02
*
•
2.76E-Q2
8.5SE-03
5JOE-02
1.11E-02
2.68E.02
5.80E-02
2.68E-02
4.22E-02
5.04E-03
2.55E-02
6.75E-02
1.10E-02
«
3.06E-02
5.73E-02
8.36E-03
3.70E-02
1.68E-02
3.08E-02
5.15E-02
ra
8.81 E-02
•
t
I.06E-01
5.97E-02
9.40E-02
7.66E-02
I.35E-OI
I.23E-01
5.73E-02
1.08E-01
3.06E-02
6.60E-02
1.42E-01
5.85 E-02
«
9.16E-02
1.02E-01
1.08E-02
1.40E-01
5.68E-02
9. 11 E-02
1.11E-01
PJO
2.06E-OI
t
*
2.28E-OI
1.42E-01
1.91E-01
1.72E-01
2.86E-OI
2.55E-01
I.06E-01
2.28E-01
1.99E-01
1.93E-01
2.55E-01
1.30E4J1
«
2.24E-01
2.24E-01
1.08E-01
2.51E-01
1.52E-01
2.13E-01
2.78E-01
P75
3.77E-01
t
t
3.83E-OI
2.55E-01
3.04E-01
3.58E-01
4.61E-OI
4.36E-01
2.59E-OI
3.76E-01
4.60E-01
2.96E-01
4.33E-01
3.56E-01
"
3.86E-01
3.43E-01
3.53E-01
3.93E-01
3.86E-01
3.81E-01
5.15E-01
P90
609E-01
•
*
6.09E-01
S.74E-01
6.38E-01
5.52E-OI
5.63E-01
6.03E-01
4.26E-01
6.90E-01
6.42E-01
5.18E-01
6.30E-01
6.35E-0!
"
6. 18E-01
5.63E-01
6.35E-01
6.90E-01
5.49E-01
6.09E-01
9.35E-01
P95 P99 P100
9.I2E-01 1.49B+00 3.11E+00
. . .
, . .
1.36E+00 1.36E+00 1.36E+00
7.59E-01 9.12E-OI 9.12E-OI
9.35E-01 1.49E+00 1.49E400
6.90E-01 1.I1E+00 1.4IE+00
2.68E4-00 3.11E+00 3.11E+00
7.83E-OI 3.I1E+OQ 3.11E+00
5.23E-01 1.41E1-00 1.77E+00
9.69E-01 1.49E+00 1.496+00
9.I6E-OI 1.36E+00 1.36E+00
S.OEfll 5.63E-OI 5.63E-01
9.I2E4J1 1.49E+00 1.77E+00
9.69E-01 3.1IE+00 3.11E+00
. .
9.35E-01 I.77E+00 3.11E+00
7.24E-OI 1.34E+00 1.34E+00
1.05E+00 1.36E+00 1.41E+00
1.08E+00 1.49E+00 1.77E+00
9.69E-OI 3.I1E+00 3.116+00
9.16E-01 1.77E+00 3.I1E+00
1.11E+00 1.49E+00 1.49E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were- less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percendle of ins distributions
Nc wgld = weighted number of consumers;
Source Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd
™ unweighted number of consumers in survey.
8
I
I
S"
I
8.
o
a.
I
I.
-------
«•&
§•8
re §
c
I
3
g!
a
Tzblc 13-49. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Berries (g/kg-**•
0.63 * * * * '
0.39 * • * • • ...
0.50 3.90E-0! 6.3IE-02 7.95E-02 9.18E-02 9.18E-02 1.25E-01 3.30E-01
1.S4 4.89E-0! 5.72E-02 7.69E-02 l.OIE-01 1.34E-01 2.48E-OI 3.89E-01
1.00 * * * ' ' * * *
0.80 * •» . , » .
0.62 3.06E-01 4.11E-02 4.68E-02 4.68E-02 7.69E-02 I.84E-OI 2.54E-01
1.10 ... ....
0.94 S.35E-01 7.39E-02 0-OOE+OO 1.02E-OI 1.59E-01 2.32E-01 3.89E-01
0.67 * * * , . . ,
1.04 6.43E-01 8.96E-02 O.OOE+00 9.24E-02 1.02E-OI 2,516-01 4.39E-OI
0.83 4.48E-01 5.32E-02 9.18E-02 I.25E-OI 1.58E-01 2.58E-01 3.84E-01
0.35 , , , ....
0.95 5.03E-01 4.43E-02 4.68E-02 9.18E-02 l.OIE-01 2.51E-Q1 3.95E-01
1.59 4.57E-01 6.26E-02 O.OOE+00 7.69E-02 9.18E-02 1.25E-01 3.00E-01
0.51 * * , , . .
0.32 * • • . . . .
US * ' • • * ' ' *
1,96 4.72E-01 4.83E-02 l.OOE-02 O.OOE+00 9.18E-02 2.00E-01 3.53E-01
2.99 . - . . . . , ,
P75 P90 P95 P99 PIOO
5.89E-OI 1.07E+00 I.28E+00 2.2IE+00 2.21E+00
• * • • *
* • * * »
* r * * 9
m • • * *
5.52E-01 7.94E-01 • 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00
6.12E-0! 7.68E-01 1.28E+00 2.21E+00 2.21E+00
*****
....
4.08E-OI 5.40E-01 7.24E-01 1.07E+00 I.01E+00
» * * • *
6.23E-01 1.07E+00 I.95E+00 2.08E+00 2.08E+00
. , , , .
1.02E+00 I.3IE+00 2.2IE+00 2.2IE+00 2.21E+00
S.35E-01 5.89E-01 9.02E-OI 2.08E+00 2.08E+OP
* • * * *
6.04E-01 1.07E+00 1.31E+00 2.21E+00 2.21E+00
S.87E-01 U2E+00 1.28E+00 2.21E+00 2.21E+00
* * * • »
* * m 9 *
* • « * «
5.52E-01 I.07E+00 1.28E+00 2.2IE+00 2.21E+00
* * * * *
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pereentilc of the distribution
He wgtd - weighted number of consumers; Ne unwgfd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 MFCS
3.
o
9
3
9S
I
I
I
o
ft.
a.
I
-------
I
J
Table 13-50 Consumer Only Intake of tlometrowti Peaches (plf-djr)
Populakxi Nc Nc
X
Cinxip wfctd umvtf4 Consuming
foul 2941000 193
ABC
01-02 103000 !
03-05 65000 6
06-11 329000 26
12-J9 177000 13
20-39 573000 35
40-69 1076000 70
70 + 598000 33
Season
Fall 485000 19
Spring 756000 91
Summer 1081000 35
Winter 619000 48
Urbanization
Central City 429000 12
Nonmetropolitan 1110000 99
Suburban 1402000 82
Race
Black 39000 I
White 2861000 191
Region
Midwest 824000 75
Northeast 75000 5
South 852000 51
West 1190000 62
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 2660000 174
Households who farm 769000 54
1.56
1.81
0.80
1.97
O.S6
0.93
1.90
3.77
1.02
1.64
2,38
1.27
0.76
2.47
1.62
0.18
1.82
1.78
0.18
1.32
3.30
3.90
10.49
Mean
1.67E+00
«
•
3.1IE+00
»
I.17E+00
1.53E+00
l.OIE-t-00
•
1.G7E+00
2.26E+00
I.25E+00
*
I.87E+00
I.47E+00
*
1.70E+00
1.39E+00
*
1.67E+00
1.80E+00
I.75E+00
1.56E+00
SE
1.70E-01
«
•
6.32E-01
«
I.74E41
2.83E-01
I.97&01
*
3.04E-01
4.78B-01
1.03E-OI
*
2.59E-01
1.75E-0!
•
1.73E-01
2.91E-01
•
2.57E-01
3.26E-01
1.85E-01
2.49E-01
PI
5.20E-02
*
*
9.75&02
«
5.07E-02
5.87E-02
9.I3E432
•
S.07E-02
1.6SE41
3.52E-02
*
5.S7E-02
5.07E-02
•
5.2QE-02
1.76E-01
•
3.5ZE-02
5.07E-02
5.20E-02
6.79E-02
f>5
1.65E41
•
*
1.01E-01
«
S.SOE-02
I.90E-OI
I.38&01
*
s.sjE-m
2.25E<1
2.39E-01
•
2.62E-01
1.40E-01
»
1.65E-01
2.20E-01
•
1.38E-01
I.40E-01
1.66E-01
I.76E-01
PIO
225&01
*
•
I.40E-0!
•
2.25EOI
2.39E-01
I.79&01
*
1.01&OI
3.61E-01
5.56E-01
•
3.93&OI
2.CXE-Q1
'
2.30E-01
2.59E4JI
•
1.79E-01
2.25E4J1
2.59E-01
2-26E-01
P2S
4.74E-01
*
*
6.25E-01
«
4.74E-OI
5.56&01
2.S2E-01
*
2.76E-01
5.67E-01
7.79E-01
•
6.46E-01
4.61E-01
•
5.03E-OI
4.60E-01
•
6.43E-01
4.68E-01
S.26E-01
4.61E-01
P50 PTS
J.97E41 1.8SE+00
• «
. .
1.13E+00 6.36E+00
• «
8.09E-OI 1.30E+00
S.92E-01 1.61E+00
8.22Efll 1.19E+00
* *
7.74&01 1.4SE4-00
1.12E+00 2.99E+00
1.04E+00 I.71E+00
• •
1.02E+00 2.18E+00
9.20E-01 1.87E-i-00
. .
8.97E-01 1.96E+00
7.40E-01 1.19E+00
* *
I.02E+00 I.96E+00
8.43E-01 1.94E+00
9.25E-01 1.96E+00
9.02E-OI 2.02E+00
POT P9S
3.79E+00 6-36B+00
• *
• *
8.53E+00 S.53E+00
• «
2.92E+00 2.99E+00
2.u3E+00 4.43E+00
1.60E+00 3.79E+00
* *
4.44E+00 6.77E+00
6.36E+00 8.53E+00
2.35E+00 2.60E+00
* *
3.86E+00 6.36E+00
3.79E+00 4.43E+00
« *
3.79E+00 6.36E-fOO
3.06E+00 3.56E+00
• •
3.83E+00 6.36E+00
4.43E+00 7.37E+00
3.79E+00 6.36E+00
2.99E+00 6.36E+00
P»
1.23E+01
•
•
1.ISE-HH
*
5.27E+00
1.23E-J-01
7.13E+00
•
2.23E+OI
1.23E+01
3.56E+00
•
1.15E+01
7.37E-J-00
«
1.23E+01
1.15E+01
•
8.53E-)-00
1.23E4-01
1.23E+01
8.53E+00
P100
2 23E+01
«
•
I.I5E+OI
•
5.27E+00
1.23E+01
7.13E+00
'
2.23E4-01
1.23E+01
3.56E+00
•
2.23E+OI
7.37E+00
•
2.23E+01
2.23E+01
•
8.53E+00
1.23E+01
2.23E+01
8.53E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of Uie distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers:
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd
— unweighted number of
consumers
n survey,
U)
I
5s
a.
&
5
«ft
8.
§!
a-
5
-------
r
Table 13-51. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Pears (g/kg-day)
Population Me Nc
%
Croup wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 1513000 94
Age
01-02 24000 3
03-05 45000 3
06-11 145000 10
12-19 121000 7
20-39 365000 23
40-69 557000 33
70 + 256000 15
Season
Fall 308000 11
Spring 355000 39
Summer 474000 .16
Winter 376000 28
Urbanization
Central City 222000 11
NonrnettxspoHtan 634000 44
Suburban • 657000 39
Race
Black 51000 3
Whits 1462000 91
Region
Midwest 688000 57
Northeast 18000 2
South 377000 13
West 430000 22
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 1312000 85
Households who farm 528000 35
0.80
0.42
0.56
0.87
0.59
0.59
0.98
1.61
0.65
0.77
1.04
0.77
0.39
1.41
0.76 .
0.23
0.93
1.48
0.04
0.59
1.19
1.93
7.20
Mean SE PI P5 P10 P25 P50
9.37E-01 9.68E-02 1.01E-01 1.84E-01 2.38E-01 4.28E-01 6.82E-01
. . , . , . .
* * t . • • * *
« » ' • » • *
* **•»».
6.19E-01 6.42E-02 1.I3E-01 3.18E-01 3.79E-01 4.28E-OI 5.03E-01
6.57E-01 5.53E-02 1.01E-01 1.08E-01 3.33E-01 4.23E-01 6.45E-01
. - . • • . » . .
• . . . •' . . . .
6.87E-OI 7.89E-02 1.01E-01 1.13E-01 IJ2E-01 3.38E-OI 6.02E-01
* .*•*.»
1.48E+00 2.77E-01 1.08E-01 1.08E-01 3.79E-01 6.45E-01 9.49E-01
1
«.,,,,
7J1E-01 8.52E-02 3.33E-0! 3.52E-01 4.I9E-01 4.43E-01 5.70E-OI
8.50E-01 1.17E-01 1.01E-OI 1.08E-OI 1.82E-01 3.89E-01 7.29E-01
, .,,..,
9.65E-01 9.88E-02 1.08E41 2.38E-01 3.52E-01 4.43E-01 7.01E-OI
8.71E-01 9.49E-02 2.22E-OI 3.38E-01 3.76E-01 4.43E-01 6.45E-01
. , , . , . ,
» »...,..
U4E+00 2.89E-01 1.01E-01 1.08E-01 1.13E-01 3.56E-01 7.52E-OI
9.45E-01 1.04E-01 L01E-01 I.82E-01 3J2E-01 4.31E-01 6.75E-OI
1.09E+00 2.10E-01 1.08E-01 2.22E-01 3.76E-01 4.28E-01 6J4E-OI
P75 P90 P95 P99 P100
I.09E+00 l.SOE+00 2.76E+00 5.I6E+00 5.16E+00
• * * * - * -.
. . . . .
' • * * *
* * * » *
6.82E-01 1.22E+00 1.24E+00 1.24E+00 1.24E+00
9.22E-01 1.10E+00 1.13E+00 1.51E+00 l.SIE+00
» , ,
, , , . .
8.66E-01 1.15E+00 1.83E+00 2.54E+00 2.54E+00
. . . , ,
1.38E+00 4.82E+00 5.16E+00 5.16E+00 5.16E+00
.....
8.I3E-01 1.56E+00 1.86E+00 2,88E-*-00 2.88E+00
1.10E+00 1.50E+00 2.57E+OQ 4.79E+00 4.79E+00
.....
1.09E+00 1.6QE+QQ 2.88E+00 5.I6E+00 5.16E+00
1.04E+00 1.60E+00 2.57E+00 4.79E+00 4.79E+00
« • . . *
V . * * *
1.13E+00 2.76E+00 4.82E+00 5.16E+00 5.16E+00
1.09E+00 1.56E+00 2.88E+00 5.16E + 00 5.16E+00
1.09E+00 2.76E+00 4.82E+00 5.16E + 00 5.16E+00
" Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pereentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc utiwgl
d = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
3
I
9
s
&
o
a,
B
3
o
o
=1.
I
%
a.
o
a
-------
I
R
gj« ^^
1 s5
55 a
Table 13 52 Comtmwr Only Inlsfcc of ItamctroKn Peas (f «*•&?)
Populaion Nc Nc
Oroup wftd anwguj
Tool 42S2000 226
Ap=
01-02 163000 9
03-05 140000 7
06-11 515000 26
12-19 377000 22
20-39 1121000 52
4049 1366000 80
70 + 458000 26
Season
Fall 1239000 41
Spring 765000 78
Summer I5I6000 51
Winter 732000 56
Urbanization
Central City 558000 19
Nonmetropolitan 2028000 126
Suburban 166(000 81
Raw
Black 3S5000 19
White 3784000 203
Region
Midwest 1004000 55
Northeast 241000 14
Soulh 2449000 132
Wea 558000 25
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 3980000 214
Households who farai 884000 55
%
Consuming
226
2.86
1.73
3.08
1.84
1.82
2.41
2.88
2.60
1.66
3.33
1.50
0.99
4.50
1.92
1.63
2.40
2.16
0.59
3.81
1.55
5.84
12.06
Meat
505E-01
•
*
605E-OI
4.08E-01
4.08E-01
4.58E-01
3.34 E-01
3.03&01
4.38 E-01
5.85E-01
7.53E-01
•
4.8IE-OI
5.13E-01
•
4.95E-OI
4.03E-01
*
5.67E-OI
3.77E-01
5.I3E-OI
4.59E-01
SF.
3.23E-02
*
*
8.91E-02
4.28E-02
6.21E-02
4.61E-02
5.5SE-02
2.97E-02
4.26E-02
7.36E-02
8.860-02
•
3.55E-02
4.63E-02
*
3.35E-02
7.24 E-02
•
4.30E-02
5.70E-02
3.39E-02
S.83E-02
PI
4.S8E4B
*
«
1.54 &OI
5.81E-02
9,968-02
6.78G-02
3.48E-02
3.48E-02
5.81 E-02
6.786-02
1.17E-01
«
8.42E-02
6.78E-02
•
3.48E-Q2
3.48E-02
*
1.276-01
6.78E-02
3.48E-02
3.48E-02
PS
1.026.01
*
*
I.S4E-01
1.33E-01
I.15E-01
1.02E-01
3.48E-02
4.58B-02
1.08E-01
1.27&OI
1.84 E-01
•
1.36E-01
1.15E-OI
•
1.02E-OI
4.58E-02
•
1.74E-OI
6.78E-02
1.02E-01
4.58E-02
PIO
1.40E-OI
•
9
2.I8E-01
I.58E-01
1.40E-01
UOE-OI
4.5SE-02
1.1SE-01
1.18E-01
1.74 E-01
2.12E-OI
•
1.74E-01
1.34E-01
•
I.33E-01
9.96E-02
•
1.96E-01
1.02E-01
1.40E-01
8.65E-02
P2S
2.2SB-01
*
«
3-04E-01
2.35E-01
1JOE-01
2.26E-01
1.S4E-01
2.09E-01
1.90E-0!
2.24E-OI
2.73 E-01
•
2.48E-01
2.29E-01
•
2.18E-01
1.40E-01
*
2.62E-01
2.18E-01
2.28E-01
2.08E-01
P50 P75
3 21E-01 6 22E-01
* *
* *
3.87E-0! 9.00E-01
3.58E-01 5.02E4JI
2.54E-OI 4.06E-01
3.04E-01 6.10E.OI
2.73E-01 3.72E-01
2.62E-OI 3.53E-01
3.26E-01 5.16E-01
3.87E-01 8.22E-01
5.44E41 9.48E-01
• •
3.53E-OI 5.79E-01
3J7E-01 6.84E<1
• •
3.26E-OI 6.00E-01
2.52E-OI 3.53E-OI
• •
3.72E-OI 6.82E-01
2J3E-01 4.79E-01
3.2IE-OI 6.28E-01
3.53E-01 5.16&01
P90 P95
I.04E-I-00 146E+00
• •
4 *
I.35E+00 1.40E+00
7.10E-01 8.22E-01
8.47E-OI 1.36E+00
9.95E-OI 1.30E+00
9.95E-OI 9.95E-01
5.99E-OI 7.14E-01
9.19E-OI 1.40E+00
1.35E+00 I.60E+00
1.54E+00 2.36E+00
•
1.04E+00 1.36E+00
9.95E-01 1.30E+00
• •
9.99E-01 1.40E+00
8.80E4J1 I.54E+00
•
1.24E+00 1.60E+00
9.00E-01 9.40E-OI
l.ME+00 1.54E+00
9.00E-OI 1.40E+00
P99
266E+00
*
«
2.06E+00
822E^)I
2.7IE+00
2.36E+00
I.46E+00
9.95E-01
2.06E+00
2.66E+00
2.89E+00
*
I.89E+00
2.28E+00
*
2.66E+00
2.71E+00
•
2.66E+00
1.40E+00
2.66E+00
1.60E+00
PIOO
289E+00
*
«
206E+00
8.22E-01
2.71E+00
2.36E+00
I.46E+00
9.95E-01
2.06E+00
2.66E+00
2.89E+00
•
2.89E+00
2.36E+00
•
2.89E+00
2.89E+00
•
2.66E+00
1.40E+00
2.89E+00
2.89E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were iess than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P ™ pea-entile of the disiribution
Ne wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA 's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
s= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
U)
3.
o
9
3
8.
-
3
OX)
§
a-,
o
a
I
3
-------
3
&
3
I
I-
Table 13-53,
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-OS
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropoliian
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Nc
weld
5153000
163000
108000
578000
342000
1048000
2221000
646000
1726000
255000
2672000
500000
865000
1982000
2246000
127000
4892000
1790000
786000
1739000
178000
4898000
867000
Nc
%
unwptd Consuming
208
' 6
5
26
16
40
88
25
53
28
94
33
30
89
87
6
198
74
31
72
29
199
35
2.74
2.86
1,33
3,46
1.67
1.70
3.92
4.07
3.62
0.55
5.87
1.03
1.53
4,40
2.59
0.58
3.11
3.86
1.91
2.70
2.16
7,19
11.83
Mean
*
•
2.26E-01
•
2.24E-01
2.50E-OI
2.56E-OI
1.97E-01
2.95E-01
2.46E-01
2.42E-OI
2.47E-01
«
2.47E-01
2.34E-01
s
2.30E-01
2.13E-01
2.35E-01
3.03E-01
SE
•
*
4.09E-02
•
6.10E-02
2.78E-02
6.22E-02
2,51E-02
7.15E-02
4.23E:02
3.93E-02
3.00&02
«
2.23E-02
4.06E-02
2J9E-02
5.04E-02
2.09E-02
7.50E-02
Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peppers (g/kg-day)
PI
•
•
O.OOE+00
'
1.74E-02
5.32E-03
1.73E-02
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
3.86E-02
S.32E-03
O.OOE+00
*
I.74E-02-
5.32E-03
3.34E-02
1.73E-02
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
PS P10
* •
• «
O.OOE+0 3.03E-02
0
• •
3.26E-02 5.66E-02
3.40E-02 4.52E-02
2.15E-02 2.30E-02
3.26E-02 4.05E-02
1.73E-02 3.86E-02
5.66E-02 6.72E-02
2.22E-02 3.34E-02
2.70E-02 3.JOE-02
* " *
2.96E-02 4.05E-02
2.22E-02 3.26E-02
6.74E-02 7.60E-02
2.3QE-02 2.70E-02
2.22E-02 3.40E-02
2.70E-02 2.96E-02
P23 P50 P75
» • » • *
» * «
8.99E-02 1.62E-Q1 2.98E-OI
> . ,
8.55E-02 1.I9E.01 2.18E-01
7.58E-02 1.66E-01 3.21E-01
7.47E-02 1.38E-01 2.39E-01
8.55E-02 1.66E-01 2.39E-01
6.93E-02 1.47E-01 3.21E-01
1.10E-01 I.84E-01 2.73E-01
6.93E-02 1.19E-01- 2.72E-01
8.55E-02 1.60E-01 2.91E-01
* , * *
8.55E-02 I.54E-01 2.91E-01
5.98E-02 1.47E-01 2.57E-01
1.07E-01 1.66E-01 2.73E-01
4.05E-02 8.58E-02 2.53E-01
7.58E-02 1.54E-01 2.85E-OI
7.11E-02 1.66E-01 3.55E-01
P90 P95 P99 P100
• . • #
* * * *
4-25E-01 7.70E-01 8.45E-01 8.45E-01
....
3.97E-01 6.24E-01 2.48E+00 2.48E+00
4.77E-01 7.44E-01 1.50E+00 1.50E+00
9.24E-01 9.39E-01 1.Q7E+00 1.07E+00
3.49E-01 3.97E-01 1.07E+00 1.07E+00
1.09E+00 1.20E+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00
3.61E-01 9.39E-01 1.10E+00 1.10E+00
5.37E-01 7.70E-01 2.48E+00 2.48E+00
4.90E-01 9.73E-01 1.50E+00 1.53E+00
* * * > »
4.90E.01 9.24E-0! 1.8IE+00 2.48E+00
3.90E-01 8.45E-01 2.48E+00 2.48E+00
4.2SE-01 S.26E-01 1.81E+00 1.81E+00
5.37E-OI 9.24E-01 1.07E+00 1.07E+00
4.77E-01 8.4SE-01 J.50E+00 2.48E+00
6.00E-01 8.45E-01 2.48E + 00 2.48E+OQ
* Intake data not provided for subpopuiacions for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P — percent-He of the distribution
Nc wgid =
weighted number of consumers;
Nc unwgid
— unweigh&ed number
of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on.EPA's analyses of ihe 1987-88 MFCS
I3
I
I.
o
9
3
ft
a,
o
C!
ft.
2s
s-
§
o
a.
I
S
a.
o
a
2
-------
I
&
I
TaUe 13-54 CsnaHnerOnly Make of Home Produced Pork ftftj-day)
Population
Group
Tool
Age
01-02
0345
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonrnetropolitan
Suburban
Rate
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Nc Nc
wild unw(id
1732000 121
38000 5
26000 3
129000 1!
291000 20
511000 32
557000 38
180000 12
362000 13
547000 59
379000 15
444000 34
90000 2
1178000 77
464000 42
0 0
1732000 121
844000 64
97000 5
554000 32
237000 20
Households who raise animals 1428000 100
Households who farm
1218000 82
%
Conujmini
0.92
0.67
0.32
0.77
1.42
0.83
0.98
1.13
0.76
1.19
0.83
0.91
0.16
2.62
0.54
0.00
1.10
1.82
0.24
0.86
0.66
14.14
16.62
Mew
1.23E+OQ
*
•
*
1.28E+00
1.21E+00
1.02E+00
*
*
I.DE+00
«
1.40E+00
•
1.39E+00
8.77E-01
1.23E+00
1.06E+00
«
1.3SE+00
1.15E+00
I.34E+00
1.30E+00
SE PI
9.63E-CS 9 26E-02
* *
* *
* *
2.42B-01 3.05S01
LSOE-01 I.II&01
1.1S&OI L19&01
* *
* «
1.29E-01 1.11E-01
* *
2.39E-01 1.26E-01
* *
1.31E-01 9.26E-02
1.20E-01 1.IIE-01
9.63E-02 9.26E-02
1.19E-01 9.26E-02
• •
I.46E-01 I.8IE-01
3.WE-01 1.26E-OI
9.86E-02 1.40E-01
l.IIE-01 2.15E-01
PS
1.40E-OI
*
*
*
3.23E-01
2.83E-01
I.81E-OI
*
«
1.40E-OI
*
1.5864)1
•
2.15E-01
1.I9E-01
1.40E-01
1.19E-01
*
2.58E-01
3.23E-01
3.23E-01
3.42E-01
pin P25
3.05E-OI 5.4IE-01
* •
* •
# *
3.37E-01 5.24E-01
4.09&01 5.52E-OI
2.22&OI 4.03E-01
• *
• *
2.22E-01 3.52E-01
. .
3.77E-01 5.03E-01
* •
4.0SE-01 6.I7E-01
1.8IE-01 3.3IE-01
3.0SE-01 5.41E-01
2.13E-01 5.02E-01
« •
3.37E-01 8.IIE-01
3.77E-0! 4.40E-QI
4.05E-01 5.89E-OI
4.08&01 5.85E-01
P50 P75
8.96E-OI [7IE+00
• *
• *
* *
8.85E-01 1.75E+00
7.S9&OI 1.43E+OD
8.11&01 I.71E+00
• *
• *
8.96E-01 1.50E-1-00
•
8J3E-01 2.21 E+00
•
9.66E-01 1.75E+00
189E-OI I.IOE+OD
8.96E-01 I.71E+00
6.72E-01 I.20E+00
*
I.26E+00 I.75E+00
7.29E-OI 1.10E+00
9.66E-OI 1.75E+00
9.24E-01 I.71E+00
P90
2.73E+00
*
*
*
3.69E+00
2.90E+00
I.7SE+00
*
*
2.68E+M
*
3.08E+00
*
3.16E+00
2.28E+00
2.73E+00
2.68E+00
*
2.44E+00
I.7SE+00
2.90E+00
3.08E+00
P95
3 37E+00
*
*
»
3.69E+00
3.08E+00
2.28B+00
«
«
3.68E+00
•
4.93E+00
"
3.69E+QO
2.73E+00
3.37E+00
3.37E+00
*
3.08E+00
2.73E+00
3.37E+00
3.69E+00
P99
4 93E+00
•
*
*
4.29E+00
4.93E+00
3.16E+00
*
i*
4.29E+00
•
7.41E+00
•
4.93E+00
2.90E+00
4.93E+00
3.69E+00
«
4.29E+00
7.41E+00
4.29E+00
4.93E+00
Pino
74IE+00
*
•
*
4.29E+00
4.93E+00
3.16E+00
•
'
4.29E+OQ
•
7.41E+00
•
7.4IE+00
2.90E+00
7.41E+00
3.73E+00
•
4.29E+00
7.4 IE +00
•4.93E+00
4.93E+00
* intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = pereentile of the distribution
Ne wgtd = weighted number of consumers;
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 MFCS
Ne unwgtd
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
a
I
I
8.
o
a.
o
a.
o
at
o
5
-------
I!
11
I
Table 13-55. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Poultry (g/kg-day)
Population
Group
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-«9
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central Gey
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Nonheast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Nc
Nc
%
wgtd unwgtd Consuming
1816000
91000
70000
205000
194000
574000
568000
80000
562000
374000
312000
568000
230000
997000
589000
44000
1772000
765000
64000
654000
333000
Households who raise animals 1333000
Households who farm
917000
105
8
5
12
12
33
30
3
23
34
11
37
8
Sfi
41
2
103
41
4
38
22
81
59
0.97
1.60
0.86
1.23
0.95
0.93
1.00
0.50
1.18
0.81
0.69
1.17
0.41
2.21
0.68
0.20
1.12
1.65
0.16
1.02
0.92
13.20
12.51
Mean
1.57E+OQ
*
•
•
«
1.17E+00
1.51E+00
*
1.S2E+00
1.87E+00
•
1.55E+00
«
1.48E+00
1.94E+00
»
1.S7E+QO
1.60E+00
"
1.67E+00
I.24E+00
1.58E+OQ
1.54E+00
SE
1.15E-01
•
•
*
*
1.47E-01
2.43E-OI
•
1.75E-01
2.79E-01
*
2.00E-01
•
1.32E-01
2.30E-01
•
1.17E-01
1.40E-01
•
2.50E-OI
1.80E-OI
1.18E-01
1.79E-01
PI
1.95E-01
«
«
«
•
1.73E-01
1.95E-0!
*
4.07E-OI
I.73E-OI
«
1.95E-01
«
1.9SE-01
2.28E-01
*
1.95E-OI
4.07E-01
«
1.73E-01
2.67E-01
2.28E-01
1.95E-01
PS
3.03E-01
*
•
•
•
4.02E-01
1.97E-01
*
4.18E-01
2.28E-01
*
1.97E-01
•
2.82E-01
2.67E-01
•
3.03E-01
4.18E-01
•
1.97E-01
2.67E-01
4.07 E-01
2.28E-01
no
4.18E-01
V
«
*
*
4.02E-01
3.03 E-01
*
4.60E-01
3.03E-OI
*
4.33E-01
•
4.07E-01
4.33E-01
*
4.I8E-01
5.57E-01
«
3.03E-01
4.27E-01
4.-72E-01
3.03E-01
P25
6.37E-01
•
•
•
«
5.57E-01
4.91E-01
.'
8.11E-01
5.22E-01
•
5.95E-01
*
6.72E-01
6.24E-01
•
6.24E-OI
9.79E-OI
*
4.60E-OI
5.60E-OI
7.09E-01
5.95E-01
PJO P75 P90 P95 P99
1.23E+QO 2.19E+00 3.17E+00 3.83E+00 5.33E+00
« * * * *
• * * » *
. , . . .
* « * * *
U5E+00 I.37E+00 1.80E+00 2.93E+00 4.59E+00
7.74E-01 2.69E+00 3.29E+00 4.60E+00 5.15E+00
* • * * *
1.39E+00 2.23E+QO 2.69E+00 3.17E+00 3.17E+00
1.38E-tOO 3.29E+00 4.tJOE+00 5.1SE+00 5.33E+00
. . . . .
1.23E+00 2.18E+00 2.95E+00 3.47E+00 6.17E+00
. , « . *
1.I9E+00 2.10E+00 3.nE+00 3.29E+00 3.86E+00
1.59E+00 2.69E+00 4.59E+00 4.S3E+00 6.17E-(-00
* « * # *
1.23E+00 2.19E+00 3.17E+00 3.86E+00 5.33E+00
1.39E+00 2.19E+00 2.70E+00 3.J7E+00 3.86E+00
*****
9.08E4)! 2.I1E+00 4.59E+QO 4.83E+00 6.I7E+00
1.02E+00 1.89E+00 2.45E+00 2.93E+00 2.93E+00
1.37E+00 2.19E+00 2.93E+00 3.29E+00 S.33E-(-00
1.06E+00 2.18E+00 3.47E+00 4.83E+00 6.I7E+00
PIOO
6.17E+00
*
«
•
*
4.59E+00
5.1SE+00
*
3.I7E+00
5.33E+00
•
6.I7E+00
«
5.33E+00
6.17E+00
*
6.17E+OQ
5.33E+00
•
6.I7E+00
2.93E+00
6.I7E+00
6.17E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpofmlations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE; SE = standard error
P = pereenfile. of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted numberof consumers;
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Nc unwgtd
= unweighted number of consumers
n survey.
&
a
50
&
8.
8.
a
§
8-
ST.
-------
I
I
Tabfe 13-56. Cbnx»ncr(MyIiioUGriloffirpo«nIH^ki«{t*(-.
a *
-------
\0
s
5?
Table 13-57. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Snap Beans (g/kg-day)
Population Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 12308000 739 6.55
Age
01-02 246000 17 4.32
03-05 455000 32 5.62
06-11 862000 62 5.16
12-19 115JOOO 69 5.62
20-39 2677000 160 4.35
40-69 4987000 292 8.79
70+ 1801000 100 11.34
Season
Fall 3813000 137 8.00
Spring 2706000 288 5.86
'Summer 2946000 98 6.48
Wimer 2843000 216 5.84
Urbanization
Central City 2205000 78 3.91
Nonmetropolitan 5696000 404 12.65
Suburban 4347000 255 5.02
Race
Black 634000 36 2.92
White 11519000 694 7.31
Region
Midwest 4651000 307 10.02
Northeast 990000 52 2.40
.South 4755000 286 7.39
West 1852000 92 5.14
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 11843000 700 17.38
Households who farm 2591000 157 35.35
Mean
8.00E-01
•
1.49E+00
8.97E-01
6.38E-01
6.13E-01
7.19E-01
9.15E-01
8.12E-01
9.00E-01
6.33E-01
8.64 E-01
5.97E-01
9.61E-01
7.04E-01
7.55E-01
8.10E-01
8.60E-OI
5.66E-01
8.82 E-01
5.92E-01
7.90E-01
7.95E-01
SE PI
3.02E-02 5.65E-02
* *
2.37E-01 O.OOE+00
1.15E-01 O.OOE+00
6.10E-02 O.OOE+00
4.09E-02 7.05E-02
3.20E-02 9.99E-02
1.I6E-01 5.65E-02
8.19&02 5.65E-02
5.44&02 2.93E-02
4.81E-02 O.OOE+00
5.28E-02 1.14E-01
5.59E-02 5.65E-02
5.06E-02 9.35E-02
3.76E-02 9.67E-02
1.43E-01 2.51E-01
3.12E-02 7.05E-02
6.11E-02 7.44E-02
6.63E-02 O.OOE+00
4.04E-02 1.33E-01
4.35E-02 7.05E-02
3.08E-02 5.65E-02
4.78E-02 5.65E-02
P5
I.49E-01
•
O.OOE+00
1.99E-OI
1.61E-01
1.31E-01
1.61 E-01
7.44 E-02
1.50E-OI
1.51E-01
1.18E-01
1.80F.-01
7.44 E-02
1.77E-01
1.39E-01
2.51E-OI
1.50E-01
1.54 E-01
9.66E-02
2.13E-01
1.43E-01
1.49E-01
1.27E-01
P10
1.88E-OI
•
3.49E-01
2.21E-01
2.22E-01
1.57E-01
2.28E-01
1.51E-01
1.83E-OI
2.19E-OI
I.57E-01
2.44E-01
1.59E-01
2.29E-01
1.88E-01
2.79E-01
1.89E-01
1.89E-01
1.06E-01
2.51E-01
1.83E-01
1.87E-01
1.89E-01
P25
3.38E-01
•
9.01 E-OI
3.21 E-01
3.20E-01
2.60E-01
3.62E-01
3.69E-01
2.72E-01
3.70E-01
3.3IE-01
4.24E-01
2.56E-01
3.67E-OI
3:41 E-01
2.99E-01
3.49E-01
3.36E-01
1.81E-01
3.98E-01
2.72 E-01
3.31E-01
4.05E-01
P50
5.69E-01
•
1.16E+00
6.42E-01
5.04E-01
4.96E-01
5.61E-01
6.38E-01
5.39E-01
5.91E-01
5.04E-01
6.20E-01
5.12E-01
6.75E-01
5.20E-01
4.78E-01
5.73 E-01
5.50E-01
4.91E-01
6.75E-01
5.14E-01
5.63E-01
6.59E-01
P75
1.04E+00
*
1.66E+00
1.2IE+00
8. 11 E-01
7.85 E-01
8.59E-01
1.22E+00
1.I8E+00
1.I1E+00
8.50E-01
1.12E+00
7.12E-01
1.19E+00
9.32E-0!
1.04E+00
1.06E+00
9.88E-01
8.15E-01
1.22E+00
7.41 E-01
1.02E+00
1.12E+00
P90
1.58E + 00
•
3.20E+00
1.79E+00
I.34E+00
1.24E + 00
1.45E+00
1.70E+00
1.52E+00
1.72E+00
I.30E+00
1.72E+00
1.23E+00
1.89E+00
1.36E+00
1.30E+00
1.63E+00
1.70E+00
1.28E+00
1.72E+00
1.20E+00
1.60E+00
1.54E+00
P95
2.01E+00
'
4.88E+00
2.75E+00
1.79E+00
I.64E+00
1.77E+00
2.01E+00
2.01E+00
2.85E+00
1.70E+00
2.02E+00
1.54E+00
2.70E+00
1.77E+00
1.34E+00
2.01E + 00
2.47E+00
1.36E+00
2.01E+00
1.52E+00
2.01E+00
1.98E+00
P99
3.90E+00
•
6.90E + 00
4.81E+00
2.72E+00
2.05E+00
2.70E+00
9.96E+00
4.82E + 00
5.66E+00
2.05E+00
3.85E+00
1.93E+00
4.88E+00
2.98E+00
5.98E+00
3.90E+00
4.88E+00
1.97E + 00
3.23E+00
2.19E+00
3:85E+00
2.96E + 00
P100
9.96E+00
•
6.90E+00
5.66E+00
2.72E+00
4.26E + 00
4.23E+00
9.96E+00
9.96E+00
6.90E+00
2.63E+00
7.88E+00
3.35E+00
9.96E+00
6.08E+00
5.98E+00
9.96E+00
9.96E+00
3.09E+00
5.98E+00
2.19E+00
9.96E+00
4.23E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
I
S
I.
I
I.
3.
8.
-------
I
I
** Si.
K* P
VO <5
NO
a.
s,
s
05
-
3
£3
a.
o
-------
a *
£ a
I
Population Nc Nc
Group wptd unwgtd
Total 16737000 743
Age
01-02 572000 26
03-05 516000 26
06-11 1093000 51
12-19 1411000 61
20-39 4169000 175
40-69 6758000 305
70 + 1989000 89
Season
Fall 5516000 201
Spring 1264000 127
Summer 8122000 279
Winter 1835000 136
Urbanization
Centra! City 2680000 90
Nonmetropolilan 7389000 378
Suburban 6668000 275
Race
Black 743000 28
White 15658000 703
Region
Midwest 6747000 322
Northeast 2480000 87
South 4358000 202
West 3152000 132
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 14791000 661
Households who farm 2269000 112
NOTE: SE = standard error
%
Consuming
8.90
10.04
6.37
6.54
6.89
6.77
11.92
12.53
11.57
2.74
17.86
3.77
4.76
16.41
7.70
3.42
9.94
14.54
6.02
6.77
8.74
21.70
30.96
Table 13-59.
Mean SE
1.18E+00 5.26E-02
3.14E+00 5.30E-01
1.61E+00 2.65E-01
1.63E+00 2.68E-01
7.15E-01 8.52E-02
8.54E-01 1.03E-01
l.OS'E+00 5.23E-02
1.26E+00 9.40E-02
1.02E+00 8.55E-02
8.39E-01 6.26E-02
1.30E+00 8.75E-02
1.37E+00 1.77E-01
1.10E+00 1.27E-01
1.26E+00 7.35E-02
1.13E+00 9.I4E-02
6.14E-01 8.60E-02
1.22E+00 5.54E-02
1.18E+00 8.91E-02
1.17E+00 1.64E-01
1.15E+00 9.07E-02
1.23E+00 9.90E-02
1.21E+00 5.70E-02
1.42E+00 1.58E-OI
Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Tomatoes (g/kg-day)
PI
7.57 E-02
7.26E-01
4.96E-01
2.17E-01
O.OOE+00
7.32E-02
1.13E-01
1.I3E-01
7.32E-02
1.36E-01
1.05E-01
9.07E-02
O.OOE+00
1.13E-01
7.57E-02
O.OOE+00
1.05E-01
6.34E-02
7.57E-02
O.OOE+00
1.30E-01
7.57E-02
O.OOE+00
P = percentile of trie distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
P5
1.52E-01
8.55E-01
5.07E-01
3.10E-01
O.OOE+00
1.31E-01
1.73E-01
2.36E-01
1.35E-01
1.89E-01
1.66E-01
2.07E-01
1.52E-01
2.16E-01
1.35E-OI
O.OOE+00
1.68E-01
1.45E-01
1.35E-01
2.07E-01
2.39E-01
1.52E-01
1.80E-01
n survey.
P10
2.34E-01
9.34E-01
5.07E-01
3.92E-01
1.82E-01
1.47E-01
2.81E-01
2.98E-01
2.23E-01
2.39E-01
2.36E-01
2.85E-01
2.25E-01
2.62E-01
1.78E-01
7.32E-02
2.41E-01
2.06E.01
1.48E-01
2.53E-01
2.84E-01
2.34E-01
2.26E-01
P25
3.92E-01
I.23E+00
7.54E-01
5.30E-01
2.68E-01
2.54E-01
3.97E-01
4.82 E-01
3.43E-01
3.73E-01
4.08E-01
4.97E-01
3.54E-01
4.23E-01
3.70E-01
2.36E-01
4.06E-01
3.62E-01
3.50E-01
4.23E-01
4.1IE-01
4.06E-01
4.23E-01
P50
7.43E-01
1.66E+00
1.25E+00
7.55E-01
5.21E-01
5.15E-01
7.46E-01
1.14E+00
5.95E-01
6.31E-01
8.03E-01
8.29E-01
7.54E-01
7.62E-01
6.68E-01
5.07E-01
7.55E-01
6.82E-01
7.51E-01
7.46E-01
7.65E-01
7.58E-01
7.66E-01
P75
1.46E+00
4.00E+00
1.65E+00
1.66E+00
8.50E-01
l.OOE+00
1.41E+00
1.77E+00
I.34E+00
1.I1E+00
1.55E+00
1.49E+00
1.51E+00
1.47E+00
1.38E+00
9.02E-01
1.49E+00
1.41E+00
1.38E+00
1.43E+00
1.84E+00
1.50E+00
1.86E+00
P90 P95
2.50E+00 3.54E+00
7.26E+00 I.07E+01
3.00E+00 6.25E+00
5.20E+00 5.70E+00
1.67E+00 1.94E+00
K83E+00 2.10E+00
2.40E+00 3.05E+00
2.51E+00 2.99E+00
2.24E+00 2.87E+00
1.75E+00 2.00E+00
3.05E+00 4.05E+00
2.48E+00 3.38E+00
2. 16E+00 2.95E+00
2.77E+00 3.85E+00
2.35E+00 3.32E+00
1.18E+00 I.55E+00
2.55E+00 3.59E+00
2.51E+00 3.69E+00
2.44E+00 3.52E+00
2.32E+00 3.67E+00
2.78E+00 3.08E+00
2.5IE+00 3.52b+00
3.55E+00 5.20E+00
P99
7.26E+00
1.07E+01
6.25E+00
9.14E+00
3.39E+00
5.52E+00
4.50E+00
3.67E+00
6.25E+00
3.79E+00
7.26E+00
8.29E+00
7.26E+00
6.87E+00
5.52E+00
1.66E+00
7.26E+00
6.87E + 00
1.09E + 01
6.82E + 00
7.26E+00
7.26E+00
9.14F.+00
P100
1.93E+01
1.07E+01
6.25E+00
9.14E+00
3.39E+00
1.93E+01
5.00E+00
3.67E+00
1.07E+01
5.28E+00
1.09E+01
1.93E+01
8.29E+00
1.07E+01
1.93E+01
1.66E+00
1.93E+01
1.93E+01
1.09E+01
9.14E+00
7.26E+00
I.93E+01
9.14E+.00
a" 3.
9
3
I
-------
531
*
I
s
If
^ s
** a.
_
XI ??«
Table 13 60 Consumer Only Inule of HomegroKn White PDUIOCS (f 1tt-
-------
11
"»• SS
s>
a
Table 13-61 . Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Exposed Fruit (gflcg-day)
Population ' Nc Nc %
Group wgtd unwgtd Consuming
Total 11770000 679 6.26
Age
01-02 306000 19 5.37
03-05 470000 30 5.80
06-11 915000 68 5.48
12-19 • 896000 50 4.37 .
20-39 2521000 139 4.09
40-69 4272000 247 7.53
70+ 2285000 118 14.39
Season
'Fall 2877000 100 6.04
Spring 2466000 265 5.34
Summer 3588000 122 7.89
Winter 2839000 192 5.83
Urbanization
Central City 2552000 99 4.53
Nonmeuopolitan 3891000 269 8.64
Suburban 5267000 309 6.08
Race
Black 250000 12 1.15
While 11411000 663 7.24
Region
Midwest 4429000 293 9.5S
Northeast 1219000 69 2.96
Soulh 2532000 141 3.94
West 3530000 174 9.79
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 10197000 596 14.96
Households who farm 1917000 112 26.16
Mean
1.49E+00
•
2.60E+00
2.52E+00
1.33E+00
1.09E+00
1.25E+00
1.39E+00
1.37E+00
1.49E+00
1.75E+00
1.27E+00
1.34E+00
1.78E+00
1.36E+00
•
1.51E+00
I.60E+00
7.55E-OI
1.51E+00
I.60E+00
1.55E+00
2.32E+00
SE
8.13E-02
• *
7.18E-01
4.24E-01
2.06E-01
1.44E-01
1.10E-0!
1.17E-01
1.16E-01
I.5IE-01
2.50E-01
1.06E-0)
1.98E-01
1.67E-01
9.00E-02
•
8.33E-02
1.42E-01
1.18E-01
1.84E-01
I.43E-01
9.12E-02
2.50E-01
PI
4.41 E-02
*
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
8.46E-02
7.93E-02
6.46E-02
4.41E-02
2.59E-01
8.91 E-02
O.OOE+00
4.15E-D2
4.41E-02
6.46E-02
9.18E-02
*
6.49E-02
4.41E-02 '
8.08E-02
7.93E-02
l.OOE-01
4.I5E-02
7.21 E-02
P5
1.37E-01
•
O.OOE+00
1.71E-01
1.23E-01
UOE-Ol
1.64E-01
2.07&01
2.91E-01
1.98&01
8.66E-02
1.04E-01
1.01E-01
1.04E-01
2.07E-01
f
1.55E-01
1.2SE-01
8.66E-02
2.32E-01
2.40E-01
1.58E-01
2.76E-01
P10
2.55E-01
*
3.73E-01
3.73E-01
2.58E-01
1.67E-01
2.54E-01
2.82E-01
1ME-QI
2.54E-01
1.30E-01
2.31E-01
2.59E-01
1.67E-01
2.93E-01
•
2.59E-01
2.DE-OI
1.65E-01
3.01E-01
3.17E-01
2.58E-01
3.71E-01
res
4.46E-01
•
l.OOE+00
6.19E-01
4.04E-01
3.04 E-01
4.39E-01
5.71E-01
5.43E-01
4.32E-01
3.89E-01
4.59E-01
4.46E-01
4.15E-01
4.69E-01
*
4.49E-01
4.23E-01
3.00E-01
5.08E-OI
5.69E-01
4.49E-01
6.81E-01
P50
8.33E-01
•
1.82E+00
1.11E+00
6.09E-01
6.15E-OI
7.I9E-OI
9.57E-01
1.03E+00
8.56E-01
6.41E-OI
8.29E-01
8.63E-0!
9.42E-OI
7.73E-01
*
8.56E-01
8.78E-01
4.74E-01
9.16E-01
9.57E-01
8.78E-01
1.30E+00
P75
I.70E+00
•
2.64E+00
2.91E+00
2.27E+00
1.07E+00
1.40E+00
1.66E+00
I.88E+00
1.65E+00
1.76E+00
1.55E+00
1.60E+00
1.94E+00
1.65E+00
•
1.72E+00
I.88E+00
7.84E-01
1.63E+00
I.97E+00
1.73E+00
3.14E+00
P90 P95
3.16E+00 4.78E+00
. .
5.41E+00 6.07E+00
6.98E+00 1.17E+01
3.41E+00 4.78E+00
2.00E+00 3.58E+00
2.6IE+00 3.25E+00
3.73E+00 4.42E+00
2.88E+00 4.25E+00
2.9IE+00 4.67E+00
4.29E+00 6.12E+00
2.61E+00 4.66E+00
2.37E+00 2.88E+00
4.07E+00 5.98E+00
3.I6E+00 4.67E+00
# *
3.31E+00 4.78E+00
3.58E+00 4.78E+00
I.39E+00 2.86E+00
2.63E+00 5.98E+00
3.72E+00 5.00E+00
3.41E+00 S.OOE+00
5.00E+00 6.I2E+00
P99
1.20E+OI
f
3.25E+01
1.57E+01
5.90E+00
1.29E+OI
I.30E+01
5.39E+00
5.41E+00
8.27E+00
1.30E+01
8.16E+00
1.30E+01
I.57E+01
7.29E+00
'
1.20E+01
1.20E+01
5.21E+00
1.57E+01
1.30E+01
1.29E+01
1.57E+01
P100
3.BE+01
•
3.25E+01
1.59E+01
5.90E+00
1.29E+01
1.30E+01
7.13E+00
5.41E+00
3.25E+01
1.57E+01
1.13E+01
1.30E+01
3.25E+01
I.29E+01
•
3.25E+01
3.25E+01
7.13E+00
1.57E+01
1.30E+01
3.23E+01
1.57E+01
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
p *s percentile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd — unweighted number of consumers
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
n survey.
8 I
I 1
I
St.
O
-------
S5
I
i
K
Table 13-62 Consumer Only Inake of ttometrown PrakxKd Fniitt (jfifrdiy}
Populjtioo Nc Nc
*
firoup wetd imwRUl Consuming
Total 3855000 173
Ate
01-02 79000 5
03-05 80000 4
06-11 181000 9
12-19 377000 20
20-39 755000 29
40-69 1702000 77
70 + 601000 26
Season
Fall 394000 12
Spring 497000 36
Summer 1425000 47
Winter 1539000 78
Urbanization
Central City 1312000 50
Nonmctropolitan 506000 19
Suburban 2037000 104
Race
Black 200000 8
White 3655000 165
Region
Midwest 657000 24
Northeast 105000 5
South 1805000 74
West 1288000 70
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 3360000 146
Households who farm 357000 14
2.05
1.39
0.99
1.08
1,84
1.23
3.00
3.78
0.83
1.08
3.13
3.16
2.33
1.12
2.35
0.92
2.32
1.42
0.26
2.81
3.57
4.93
4.87
Mean
5.74E+00
*
«
«
2.96E+00
4.S1E+00
5.65E+00
4.44E+00
*
2.08E+00
7.39E+00
6.24E+00
3.94E+00
«
6.S3E+00
•
5.91E+00
1.07E+01
•
4.77E+00
4.85E+00
5.90E+00
*
SE
625E-01
•
•
*
9.93E-OI
l.OSE+00
8.66E-01
6.91 £01
«
3.47E-01
1.45E+00
9.10E-01
5.80E-01
•
9.38E-01
• •
6.48E-01
2.60E+00
•
6.47E-01
9.26E-01
6.97E-01
*
PI
I.50EOI
*
*
•
1.J7E-OI
1.81E-OI
I.12E-01
2.62E-01
*
1.60E-01
1.12E-01
1.50E-01
1.50E-01
*
1.12E-01
•
1.17E-01
2.53E-01
*
1.60&01
1.12E-OI
1.17E-01
*
PS PIO
2.66E-01 3.35E-01
• •
f *
* •
1.60E-01 2.83E-01
3.62EOI 4.87E-01
2.44 E-01 2.87E-01
2.62E*I 2.85E-01
• •
1.S1E-01 2J5E-01
2.66E-01 3.93E-01
3.02E-01 3.76E-01
2.62B-01 3.33E-01
' '
2.53E-01 2.92E-OI
* *
2.62E-01 3.33E-OI
2.62E-01 2.85E-01
* •
3.64E-01 4.50E-01
1.81E-01 2.68E-01
2.65E-01 3.35E-OI
* *
P25
9.33&01
*
•
*
3.93E-01
I.22E+00
6.69E-01
1.95E+00
•
3.78E-01
1.25E+00
1.39E+00
8.34E-OI
*
5.94E-01
*
1.06E+00
1.18E+00
«
.I.23E+00
4.94E-01
1.16E+00
*
P50 P75
2.34E+QG 7.45E+00
* *
* *
* »
1.23E+00 2.84B+00
1.88E+00 4.47E+00
2.22E+00 9.36E+00
3.29E+00 7.06E+00
« •
1.22E+00 4.08E+00
3.06E+00 1.03E+01
2.65E+00 8.23E+00
3.01E+00 5.01E+00
« •
2.01E+00 1.03E+01
• *
2.44E+00 7.46E+00
7.44E+00 1.46E+01
• •
2.54E+00 5.IOE+00
1.84E+00 5.34E+00
2.42E+00 7.46EtOO
* *
P90
160Et01
*
•
*
7.44E+00
1.46E+01
1.55E+01
8.97E+00
»
5.10E+00
1.66E+01
1.78E+OI
9.23E+00
«
1.79E+01
•
I.60E+01
2.41E+01
•
1.52E+01
1.23E+01
1.60E+01
*
P95
I.97E+0!
*
•
*
1.14E+01
1.61E+01
2.12E+01
9.97E+00
•
6.57E+00
2.41E+01
2.12E+01
9.97E+00
*
2.38E+01
f
2.12E+01
4.13E+01
*
1.66E+0!
1.88E+01
I.91E+01
*
P90
4.73E+01
•
*
•
I.9IE+01
2.41E+01
4.13E+01
1.52E+01
*
6.79E+00
5.36E+01
4.73E+01
1.88E+01
"
5.36E+01
*
4.73E+01
5.36E+01
1
2.38E+01
4.73E+OI
4.73E+01
*
P100
5.36E+01
*
*
*
1.91E+01
2.41E+01
4.13B+01
1.52B+01
*
6.7SE+00
5.36E+01
4.73E+01
1.88E+01
*
5.36E+01
*
5.36E+01
5.36E+01
*
2.40E+.01
4.73E+01
5.36E+01
•
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = perceniile of the distribution
Nc wgtd ** weighted number of consumers; Nc unwj
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
td ™ unweighted number of consumers in survey.
9
a
I
gi
•*i
a.
rj
§,
O
8,
«? O
I
s
o
8.
f
o'
a
-------
!^ t*5
a 41
R 9
I
Table 13-63, Consumer Only Intake of Homeg rown Exposed Vegetables (g/fcg-day)
Population Nc Nc
%
Group wgtd unwgrd Consuming
Total 28762000 1511
Age
01-02 815000 43
03-05 1069000 62
06-11 2454000 134
, 12-19 2611000 143
20-39 6969000 348
40-69 10993000 579
70 + 3511000 185
Season
Fall 8865000 314
Spring 4863000 487
Summer 10IS1000 348
Winter 4883000 362
Urbanization
Central City 4859000 173
Nonmetrepolitan 11577000 711
Suburban 12266000 625
Race
Black 1713000 100
White 26551000 1386
Region
Midwest 10402000 570
Norfhetst 4050000 191
South 9238000 503
West 5012000 245
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 25737000 1361
Households who farm 3596000 207
NOTE: SE = standard error
15,30
14.30
13.19
14.68
12.74
11.31
19.38
22,15
18,60
10.54
22,32
10,02
8,62
25,71
14,17
7.88
16.85
22.42
9,84
14.36
13.90
37.76
49,07
Mean
1.52E+00
3.48E+00
1.74E+00
1.39E+00
l.OTE+00
1.05E+00
1.60E+00
1.68E+00
L31E+00
I.14E+00
2.03E+00
I.21E+00
I.ME+00
1.87E+00
1.35E+00
1.23E+00
1.53E+00
1.48E+00
I.6SE+00
1.55E+00
1.43E+00
1,57
2,17
SE
5.IOE-02
5J4E-01
2.20E-01
1.76E-01
9.43E-02
8.14E-02
8.32E-02
1.21E-01
9.80E-02
S.35E-02
1.26E-01
9.50E-02
1.02&01
8.79&02
7.01E-02
1.27E-01
5.41E-02
8.91 E-02
1.78&01
7.79E-02
1.02E-OI
5.SOE-02
1.41&OI
PI P5
3.25E-03 9.15E-02
2.28E-02 2.39E-01
O.OOE+00 7.23E-03
O.OOE+00 4.44E-02
O.OOE+00 2.92E-02
8.20E-03 6.56E-02
3.25E-03- 1.4IE-01
5.21E-03 1.51E-01
5.24E-02 1.11E-01
2.35E-03 4.53E-02
2.17E-03 I.13E-0!
4.23E-03 2.28E-02
1.01E-02 6.04E-02
1.65E-02 1.72E-01
2.93E-03 9.68E.02
O.OOE+00 7.74E-02
4.67E-03 9.74E-02
l.OOE-02 7.14E-02
2.35E-03 8.05E-02
5.20E-02 1.63E-01
3.25E-03 2.6IE-02
3.25E-03 8.87E^)2
O.OOE+00 1.84E-01
P10
1.72E-01
8.34E-01
4.85E-02
9.42E-02
1.42E-01
1.17E-01
2.44E-01
2J9E-01
1JOE-01
1.53E-OI
2.04E-01
1.37E-01
8.02E-02
2.52E-01
1.56E-01
1.41E-01
1.77E-01
1.57E-01
I.3SE-OI
2.61E-01
1.4SE-01
1.68E-01
3.72E-01
P25
3.95E-01
1.20E+00
5.79E-01
3.12E-01
3.04E-01
2.55E-01
4.79E-01
5.22E-01
3.33E-01
3.38E-01
6.07E-OI '
3.70E-01
2.83E-OI
5.01E-01
3.55E-01
3.52E-01
3.95E-01
3.88&OI
2.61E-01
5.18E-01
3.91E-01
4.13E-OI
6.47E-01
P50
8.60E-0!
1.89E+00
1.16E+00
6.43E-01
6.56E-01
5.58E-01
9J1E-01
1.13E+00
6.49E-01
6.58E-01
L30E+00
6.67E-01
7.01 E-0!
1.16E+00
7.44E-01
8.93E-01
8.59E-01
8.06E-01
6.65E-01
9.99E-01
7.63E-01
8.89E-01
1.38E+00
P75
1.83E+00
4.23E+00
2.53E+00
I.
I
<%2 •«•
sr 3
r
I
3.
o
3
«»
J
&
1
a.
o
a
2
-------
I
I
c
I
O
Table 13-64. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Protected VefruMeJ (s/kg-daj)
Population
Group
Total
AEe
01-03.
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Suburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden
Households who farm
Nc
Nc
%
wjid tawjM Consumins
11428000
348000
440000
1052000
910000
3227000
3818000
1442000
3907000
2086000
3559000
1876000
1342000
5934000
4152000
479000
10836000
4359000
807000
4449000
1813000
10286000
2325000
656
21
32
63
51
164
226
89
143
236
118
159
49
391
216
27
625
273
48
253
82
602
142
6.08
6.11
5.43
6.30
4.44
5.24
6.73
9.08
8.20
4.52
7.82
3.85
2.38
13.18
4.80
2.20
6.88
9.40
1.96
6.92
5.03
15.09
31.72
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentiie of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers: Nc unv
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
Mean
I.01E+00
2.46E+00
1.30E+00
I.10B+00
7.76E-01
7.62E-01
9.30E-OI
1.03E+00
8.5IE-01
7.02E-01
1.40E+00
9.30E-01
9.96E-OI
I.07E+00
9.26E-01
1.50E+00
9.93E-01
I.01E+00
7.01E-01
1.08E+OD
9.57E-01
I.OIE+00
1.30E+00
SE
4.95E-02
4.91 E-01
2.13E-OI
1.34E-01
8.71E-02
6.03E-02
7.32E-02
1.62E-01
7.02E-02
4.48E-02
1.56E-01
7.70E-02
1,51 E-01
6.36E-02
7.97E-02
2.25E-01
4.83E-02
7.38E-02
8.99E-02
7.17E-02
1.62E-01
4.73E-02
1.45E-01
PI
1.03E-01
3.15E-OI
2.33E-01
1.89E-01
5.88E-02
1.13E-01
6.87E-02
1.19E-01
1.I9E-0!
5.88E-02
1.03E-01
1.18E-01
1.19E-01
1.14E-01
6.87E-02
1.62E-01
1.03E-01
1.13E-01
5.88 B-02
1.29E-OI
6.87E-02
1.03E-01
8.65E-02
«gtd = unweighted number of consumers
P5
I.54E-01
3.15E-01
2.33E-01
2.08E-01
1.61 E-01
I.52EOI
I.35E-01
2.10E-OI
1.6IE4I1
I.35E-01
1.77E-01
1.42E-01
I.53E-01
I.66E-C1
l.SOE-01
2.64E-OI
1.53E-01
1.71E-OI
1.50E-01
1.71E-01
1.19E-01
1.53E-01
1.66E-01
n survey.
PtO
1.94E-01
5.38M1
3.22E-01
3.18E-01
2.39E-01
1.71E-01
1.66E-01
2.42E-OI
2.04E-0!
1.70E-Q1
2.33E-01
1.82E-01
1.67E-01
2.14E-01
1.88E-01
3.31E-01
1J2E-01
2.31E-OI
1.68E-01
2.I4E-01
1.52E-01
1.92E-OI
2.09E-01
P2S
3.22E-01
1.36E+00
4.80E-01
3.87E-01
3.54E-OI
2.41E-01
3.16E-01
3.57E-01
3.22E-01
2.66E-01
3.81E-01
3.12M1
3.I8E-01
3.53E-01
2.94E-OI
8.66E-01
3.2IE-OI
3.26E-01
2.65E-OI
3.76E-01
2.08E-01
3.36E-01
3.37E-OI
P50
62JE-OI
1.94E+00
I.Q4E+00
7.91E-OI
5.83 E-01
5.08E-01
6.03E-01
5.72E-01
5.68E-OI
4.90E-01
7.81E-01
6.01E-01
7.21E-OI
6.48E-01
5.64 E-01
9.35E-01
6. lOE-01
5.72E-01
5.09E-01
7.12E-01
4.79E-01
6.42E-Q!
5.99E-01
P75 P90 P95 P99 PIOO
120E+00 2.24E+00 3.0SE+00 649H+00 9-42E+00
2.96E+00 3.88E+00 9.42E+00 9.42E+00 9.42E+00
1.48E+00 2.5IE+00 5.10E-KW 5.31E+00 5.31E+00
1.31E+00 2.14E+00 3.12E+00 5.40E-I-00 5.40E+00
8.24B-01 1.85E+00 2.20E+00 2.69E+00 2.69E+00
9.67E-01 1.73E+00 2.51E+00 3.63E+00 4.76E+00
1.1IE+00 1.87E+00 3.04E+00 6.84E+00 7.44E+00
1.21E+00 1.S6E+00 3.05E+00 9.23E-KM 9.23E+00
1.10E+00 1.73E+00 2.5IE+00 4.78E+00 5.31E+00
9.08B01 1.44E+00 1.86E+OQ 3.74E+00 5.73E+00
1.69E+00 3.05E+00 5.40E+00 9.23E-i-00 9.42E+00
1.20E+OQ 2.32E+00 3.06E+00 4.76E+00 6.39E+00
1.18E+00 2.36E+00 2.83E+00 4.78E+00 4.78E+00
1.30E+00 2.51E+00 3.55E+00 6.84E+00 9.42E+00
1.15E+00 1.85E+00 2.67E+00 6.49E+00 9.23E+00
•
2.20E+00 3-05E+00 3.23E+00 4.95E+00 4.95E+00
1.20E+00 2.17E+00 3.04E+00 6.49E+00 9.42E+00
1.08E+00 2.45E+00 3.68E+00 6.84E+00 T.44E+00
9.91E-01 1.71E+00 2.33E+00 2.77E+00 2.77E+00
1.38E+00 2.32E+00 3.05E+00 5.40E+00 9.42E+00
1.01E+00 1.86E+00 3.12E+00 9.23E+00 9.23E+00
1.21E+00 2.32E+00 3.05E+00 6-49E+00 9.23E+00
1.40E+00 3.55E+00 5.40E+00 9.23E+00 9.23E+00
a
s
I
<%
&
I
2s
5s
I- *
P) 95J
f^ (%
zj S.
5 a
<% a-
3 ^
t>i
-------
s
vs
I
O
o
Table 13-65. Consumer Oniy intake of Homegrown Root Vegetables (g^kg-day)
Population Nc Nc
Group wgtd unwgtd
Total 13750000 743
Age
01-02 371000 22
03-05 390000 23
06-11 1106000 67
12-19 1465000 76
20-39 3252000 164
40-69 4903000 276
70 + 2096000 107
Season
Fall 4026000 153
Spring 2552000 260
Summer 5011000 169
Winter 2161000 161
Central City 2385000 96
Nonmetropolitan 6094000 366
Suburban 5211000 279
Race
Black 521000 31
White ' 1286:000 697
Region
Midwest 5572000 314
Northeast 1721000 92
South 3842000 205
West 2555000 130
Response to Questionnaire
Households wno garden 1257SOOO 682
Households who farm 2367000 136
*.
Consuming
7.31
6.51
4.81
6.<2
7.15
5.28
8.64
13.20
8.45
5.53
11.02
4.44
4.23
13.54
6.02
2.40
8.16
12.01
4.18
5.97
7.08
18.46
32.30
Mean SE
1.16E+00- 5.84E-02
2.52E+00 6.10E-OI
1.28E+00 3.24E-OI
1.32E+00 2.14E-01
9.37E-01 L19E-01
8.74E-01 7.39E-02
1.13E+00 9.86E-02
1.22E+00 1.02K-OI
1.42E+00 I.53E-01
6.87E-01 6.08E-02
1.19E+00 1.20E-01
1.17E+00 1.19E-01
7.49E-01 8.40E-02
1.43E+00 9.81E-02
1.06E+00 8.62E-02
8.83E-0! 3.93E-01
1.18E+00 5.97E-02
1.3IE+00 9.54E-02
8.38E-OI 1.03E-01
1.38E+00 1.38E-OI
7.68E-OI 6.43E-02
1.15E+00 5.72E-02
1.39E+00 1.26E-OI
NOTE: SE = standard error
P - pea'emilc of the distribution
Mi* wgtd = weighted number of consumers; He unwgtd ~ unweighted number
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of tlie 1987-88 NFCS
PI
' 4.72E-03
1.66 E-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
7.59E-03
1.21 E-02
3.34E-03
1.73K-02
5.15E-02
3.34E-03
O.OOE+00
3.23E-03
2.68E-02
8.57E-03
3.73E-03
4.72E-03
7.79E-03
3.37E-02
3.23E-03
1.IOE-02
4.72E-03
4.79E-03
1.11E-01
of consumers
P5
3.64 E-02
1.66E-01
O.OOE+00
1.39E-02
8.00E-03
S.35E-02
3.29E-02
2.90E-02
I.38E-01
1.73E-02
4.76E-02
8.37E-03
3.90E-02
6.87E-02
l'.21E-02
9.28E-03
4,58 E-02
7.48E-02
7.79E-03
5.35E-02
2.24E-02
3.64E-02
1.58E-01
n survey.
P10
1.12E-01
2.19E-01
1.17E-OI
3.64E-02
6.84E-02
9.93E-02
I.17E-01
1.69E-OI
1.72 E-01
3.00E-02
1.32E-01
4.34E-02
1.43E-01
. 1.29E-01
7.17E-02
3.64 E-02
1.29E-01
1.66E-01
8.69E-03
I.32E-01
I.14E-OI
1.17&01
1.84E-01
P25
2.51E-01
3.59E-01
2.25E-01
2.32E-OI
2.69E-01
2.00E-01
2.51E-01
3.76E-01
3.09E-01
1.44 E-01
2.77E-01
2.38E-01
2.23E-01
2.78E-OI
2.32E-01
8.82E-02
2."6IE-OI
2.'69E-OI
I.43E-01
2.77E-01
2.38E-01
2.58 E-01
3.65E-01
P50
6.66E-01
9.20E-01
4.62E-01
S.23E-01
5.65E-01
5.64E-01
6.75E-01
8.5IE-01
9.20E-OI
3.65E-01
7.26E-01
5.57E-01
4.26E-OI
7.58E-01
7.34E-OI
5.42E-01
6.8QE-0!
7.39E-01
4.81&OI
6.90E-01
5.70E-OI
6.74E-01
8.83E-01
P75 P90
1.47E+00 2.81E+00
3.67E+00 7.25E+00
1.68E+00 4.26E+00
I.63E+00 3.83E+00
1.37E+00 2.26E+00
I.24E+00 2.I1E+00
1.27E+00 2.74E+00
I.71E+00 2J6E+00
I.67E+00 - 3.26E+00
7.69E-01 1.69E+00
1.51E+00 2.74E+00
1.56E+00 3.08E+00
9.16E-01 1.91E+00
1.85E+00 3.32E+00
1.19E+00 2.34E+00
7.65E-01 1.06E+00
I.50E+00 2.82E+00
1.67E+00 3.23E+00
1.18E+00 2.05E+00
1.70E+00 3.32E+00
9.77E-01 1.69E+00
i.SOE+00 2J1E+00
I.85E+00 3.11E+00
P95
3.71E+00
1.04E + 01
4.73E+00
3.59E+00
3.32E+00
3.08E+00
3.56E+00
3.21E+00
. 3.85E+00
2.80E+00
3.64E+00
4.14E+00
2.70E+00
4.24E+00
3.26E+00
1.25E+00
3.72E+00
4.26E+00
2.77E+00
3.83E+00
2.45E+00
3.64E+00
4.58E+00
P99
9.52E+00
1.04E + 01
4.73E+00
7.47E+00
5.I3E + 00
4.64E+00
9.52E+00
4.01E+00
I.23E+OI
4.24E+00
1.04E+01
6.21E + 00
3.56E + 00
1.13E+01
6.29E+00
1.23E+01
9.52E+00
1.04E+01
4.78E+00
1.23E+01
3.72E+00
7.47E+00
7.47E+00
P100
1.23E+01
1.04E+01
4.73E+00
7.47E+00
5.I3E+00
6.03E+00
1.28E+01
4.77E+00
1.28E+01
7.69E+00
1.19E+01
1.I3E+OI
3.93E+00
1.28E+01
1.19E+01
1.23E+01
1.28E+01
1.I9E+OI
6.03E+00
1.28E + 01
3.72E+00
1.28E+OI
7.69E+00
a"
S- §
a
5*3
a
a,
o
R
I
I
a,
<*>
-------
CK^
« *
I
I
3 a
58 I
XJ ??•
Table 13-66. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Dvfc Green Vegetables (gftgHby)
Population Nc Nc *
firoup wild luwfn) Consurim
Toll! S85SOOO 428 4.71
Aje
01-02 180000 8 3.16
03-05 226000 12 2,79
06-11 826000 39 4.94
12-19 628000 32 3.07
20-39 1916000 87 3.21
40-69 3710000 184 6,54
70+ 1253000 63 7,89
Season
Fill 2683000 88 5.63
Spring 1251000 127 2.71
Summer 3580000 124 7.87
Wimcr 1341000 89 2.75
Urbanization
Central City 1298000 48 2.30
Nonmetropoliun 3218000 167 7.15
Suburban 4279000 211 4.94
Race
Black 724000 49 3.33
White 7963000 373 5.05
Region
Midwest 2668000 121 5,75
Northeast 1554000 76 3.77
South 2945000 148 4.S8
West 1628000 81 4.51
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 8521000 412 12.50
Households who farm 1450000 66 19.78
Mean
3.9IE-OI
0
#
3.05E-OI
4.20E-01
3.366-01
4.01E-01
4.08E-01
4.4IE-01
5.59E-0)
3.39E-01
2.72E-OI
2.69E-01
3.31E-01
4.79E-OI
1.04E+Q
0
3.21E-01
2.81E-01
5.08E-01
4.78E-OI
3.18E-01
3.95E-01
3.80E-OI
SE
Z95E02
•
*
5.I9E-02
I.47E-01
6.09E-02
4.24E-02
7.27E-02
7.42E-02
7.90E-02
4.10E-02
3.92E-02
3.68E-02
3.54E-02
5.23E-02
1.80E-01
2.20E-02
3.54 E-02
9.14E-02
5.07E-02
7.2SE-02
3.03E-02
6.0SE-02
PI
2.0IE-03
•
«
O.OOE+00
4.92E-Q3
2.21 E-03
2.25E-03
2.84E-03
l.OIE-02
1.63E-03
O.OOE+00
2.01E-03
2.84B-03
2.21E-03
2.25E-03
O.OOE+00
2.25E-03
2.84E-03
2.17E-03
3.64E-02
2.25E-03
1.63E-03
1.62E-03
PS
4ME-03
•
*
(5.34 E-03
5J8E-03
3.74E-03
3.67E-03
4.23E-03
4.46E-02
3.66E-03
2.84E-03
3.97E-03
4.71 E-03
4.67E-03
5.21 E-03
l.OOE-OI
4.67E-03
4.77 E-03
2.80E-03
6.83E-02
3.3JE-03
4.23E-03
4.67E-03
PIO
I.OIM2
•
•
2.42E-02
6.65E-03
l.OOE-02
2.60E-02
3.68E-03
8.70E-02
5.72 E-03
5.6SE-03
5.21&03
1.01 E-02
1.70E-02
2.15E-02
1.13E-01
l.OIE-02
S.26E-03
4.23 E-03
9.23E-02
6.34E-03
1.05E-02
5.38E-03
PIS
870E-02
*
*
9.00E-02
5.626-02
8.70E-02
8.19E-02
I.10E-01
I.45E-01
1.01E-01
6.34 E-02
2.30E-02
1.06E-OI
6.86E-02
9.22E-02
2.2IE-01
7.7SE-02
6.34E-02
5.62E-02
1.45E-OI
3.SOE-02
8.76E-02
6.68E-02
P50
Z11BOI
•
«
1 81E-OI
2.03 i-01
I.76E-OI
2.33 E-01
2,31 E-01
2.38E-01
3.09E-01
I.51E-01
1.51E-01
2.05 E-01
1.72E-01
2.33E-01
5.52E-01
I.99E-01
2.I1E-01
1.96E-OI
2.17E-OI
I.10E-01
2.I2E-01
2.31E-01
PJ5
435E-OI
•
«
3.87E-0!
3.73E-01
3.79E-OI
4.80E-01
4.69E-01
4.59E-01
5.38E-01
4,05 E-01
3.71E-01
3.24E-01
4.52E-01
4.59E-01
I.17E+0
0
3.79E-01
3.58E-01
4.92E-01
6-43E-01
3.09E-01
4.48E-01
4.84E-01
PW
9I9E-OI
*
*
9.48E-OI
0.24&01
6.69&OI
9.79E-01
9.29E-01
7.90E-01
1.28E+00
9.79E-01
6.59E-01
6.32E-0!
7.52E-01
I.15E+00
3.29E+00
7.76E-01
4.96E-01
1.25E+00
9.24E-01
6.59E-01
9.19E-OI
9.48E-01
PM
1.25E+00
•
«
1.04E+00
1.64B+00
9.I9E-01
I.25E+00
1.08E+00
l.OSE+00
2.8IE+00
1.1SE+00
1.17E+00
9.19E-01
l.OOE+00
2.18E+00
3.86E+00
1.07E+00
9.796-01
1.93E+00
I.18E+00
B.29E-01
1.25E+00
I.25E+00
PM P100
3 53E+00 5.S2E+00
* «
• #
I.28E+00 I.28E+00
4.86E+00 4.86E+00
2.94E+00 4.29E+00
3.29E+00 5.82E+00
3.45E+00 3.45E+00
3.86E+00 4.29E+00
4.86E+00 5.82E+00
2.48E+00 2.48E+00
2.04E+00 2.18E+00
1.07E+00 1.07E+00
2.48E+00 5.82E+00
3.86E+00 4.86E+00
4.86H+OU 4.86E+00
1.37E+00 5.82E+00
2.48E+00 3.02E+OD
3.53E+00 5.82E+00
3.86E+00 4.29E+00
4.86E+00 4.86E+00
3.53E+00 5.82E+00
2.48E+00 3.02E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P - percemtie of the distribution
Ne wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
3.
o
a
Vs
o
a.
I.
-------
R ,*
O
Cn
S
a
a
i3
a
Table 13-67. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/kg-day)
Population Nc Ne
Group wgtd unwgid
Total 5467000 245
01-02 124000 8
03-05 61000 4
06-11 382000 17
12-19 493000 21
20-39 1475000 63
4049 2074000 96
70 -t- 76:000 32
Season
Fall 2664000 97
Spring 315000 34
Summer 1619000 52
Winter 869000 62
Urbanization
Central City 1308000 43
Nonmetrapolitan 210COOO 118
Suburban 2059000 84
tee
Black 129000 8
White 5093000 229
Region
Midwest 2792000 128
Nonlwast 735000 29
South 557000 30
West 1383000 58
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 5177000 233
Households who farm 1088000 51
%
Consuming
2.9!
2.18
0.75
2.29
2.41
2.39
3.66
4.79
5.59
0.68
3.56
1.78
2.32
4.66
2.38
0.59
3.23
6.02
1.79
0.87
3.83
7.60
14.85
Mean SE
6.43E-01 4.44E-02
* *
* *
* *
4.73E-Q! 9.18E-02
S.32E-01 7.54E-02
S.39E-OI 5.15E-02
7.81E-01 9.20E-02
7.38E-OI 8.18E-02
S.64E-01 7.52E-02
5.09E-01 6.37E-02
C.29E-01 9.15E-02
5.07E-OI 7.07E-02
6.66E-01 7.72E-02
7.07E-01 6.99E-02
* «
6.45E-01 4.03E-02
7.J2E-01 6.01E«
3.96E-01 8.06E-02
5.39E-01 2.08E-01
S.97E-OI 7.07E-€2
6.23E-01 3.93E-02
6.06E-01 8.52E.02
PI P5
4.34E-02 6.70E-02
, .
»
• •
6.05E-02 6.05E-02
489E-02 5.55E-02
3.90E-02 9.22E-02
7.64E-02 2.02E-01
9.2IE-02 1.22E-01
1.43E-01 1.45E-01
4.16E-02 5.49E-02
3.90E-02 4.34E-02
3.90E-02 6.29E-02
4.16E-02 5.55E-02
6.48E-02 9.22E-02
. .
4.89E-02 9.21 E-02
4.34E-02 1.32E-OI
4.16E-Q2 5.55E-02
4J9E-02 5.49E-02
6.48E-02 1.27E-01
4.16E-02 9.07E-02
9.21E-02 9.22E-02
P10
1.26E-01
,
*
*
6.29E-02
1.15E-01
1.43E.OI
2.77E-01
1.43E-01
1.98E-01
6.48E-02
6.29E-02
1.43E-01
9.07E-02
1.26E-01
*
1.43E-01
1.93E-01
6.05E-02
7.74E-02
1.43E-0!
1.32E-01
1.22E-01
P25
2.22E-01
,
»
*
9.07E-02
1.66E-01
2.21E-01
3.70E-01
2.61E-01
2.47E-01
2.26E-01
1.72E-01
2.13E-01
2.20E-01
2.62E-01
«
2.4IF.-OI
2.82E-01
9.22E-02
2.20E-01
2.21E-OI
2.32E-01
1.94E-01
P50
4.17E-01
.
«
*
3.63E-01
3.05E-01
4.03E-01
5.72E-01
4.J1E-01
4.45E-01
4.10E-01
3.52E-OI
3.88E-01
3.70E-01
4.25E-OI
•
4.25E-OI
5.09E-01
I.50E-01
3.05E-01
4.IOE-01
4.15E-01
3.40E-OI
P75
7.74E-Q1
,
«
•
7.79E-01
5.11E-01
6.54E-01
1.24E+00
9.74E-01
6.43E-01
6.35E-01
7.96E-01
5.88E-01
8.65E-01
9.74E-OI
*
7.96E-01
9.S5E-01
6.35E-01
4.38E-01
6.42E-01
7.50E-01
9.40E-01
P90
1.44E+00
*
*
*
1.13E+00
1.22E+00
1.09E+00
I.61E+00
1.73E+00
1.01E+00
9.64 E-01
1.54E+00
9.64E-OI
1.39E-KB
1.67E+00
*
l.SOE-t-QO
1.73E+00
1.09E+QO
7.74&OI
1.44E-1-00
1.42E + 00
1.28E+QO
P95
2.03E+00
.
«
•
1.44E+00
2.03E-)-00
1.33F.+00
I.99E+00
2.23E+00
1.42E+00
1.67E+00
2.23E+00
l.-tlE+OO
2,',2E+OQ
2.03E+00
•
I.03E+00
2.J3E+00
1.37E+00
1.22E+00
1.89E+00
1.99E+00
1.73E+00
P99
2.67E+00
.
*
•
I.58E+00
2.67E+00
3.02E+00
1.99E+00
3.02E+00
2.41E+OQ
2.31E+00
4.37E+00
2.24E+00
4.37E+00
2.67E+00
*
2.67E+00
3.02E+00
2.21E+00
6.63E+00
2.31E+00
2.67E+00
3.02E+00
P100
6.63E+00
,
«
•
1.58E+00
2.67E+00
3.02E+00
I.99E+00
6.OE+00
2.41E+00
2.31E+00
4.37E+00
2.24E+00
6.63E+00
2.67E+00
*
4.37E+00
4.37E+00
2.21E+00
6.63E+00
2.31E+00
4.37E+00
3.02E+00
* Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P — pea-entile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtc
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
= unweighted number of consumers in survey.
ft
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I
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s
3
o
o
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I
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a
-------
2
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§ ;
Tabfcl3-6f< rbnsima Only Inulr of Ihxnctrown Other Vctetabte (s/tj-thy)
PopBlMiOfi Nc Kc
I
firm*" wtnl unwfrd roojuminR Mean
Ttnal 25221000 1437
Af*
0142 613000 38
03-05 887000 59
06-11 2149000 134
12-19 2379000 141
20-39 6020000 318
40-69 9649000 547
70 + 3226000 174
Season
Fill 6934000 253
Spring 5407000 567
Summer 8454000 283
Winter 4426000 334
Urbanization
CeniralCity 4148000 161
Nonmclropolitan 10721000 710
Suburban 10292000 564
Race
Black 1347000 84
While 23367000 1327
Region
Midwest 8296000 522
Northeast 2914000 162
South 9218000 518
Wesi 4733000 233
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 22417000 1291
Households who farm 3965000 239
NOTE: SE = standard error
13-41
10.74
10.95
12.86
ll.il
9.77
17.01
20.31
14.55
11.71
18.59
9.09
7.3C
23.81
11.89
6.19
14.83
17.88
7.08
14,33
13.12
32.89
54.10
P = percentileof the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; No
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
IME»00
3.80B+00
2.15E+00
1JOE+00
9.SOE-0!
9.30E-01
1.40E+00
1.58E+00
1.19E+00
I.16E+00
1.79E+00
1.19E+00
9.66E-01
1.78E+00
1.14E+00
I.30E+00
I.39E+00
1.43E+00
1.33E+00
I.S3E+00
I.08E+00
1.44E+00
1.95E+00
SE
5006-02
6.27E-01
2.67E-OI
1J8E-01
8.S6E-Q2
6.00E-02
8.72E-02
1.4IE-01
8.62&02
6.19E-02
I.53E-OI
7.28E-02
8.81 E-02
8.99E-02
5.98E-02
I.70E-01
5.26E-02
9.25 E-02
1.65E-01
7.82 E-02
9.85E-02
5.25E-02
1.63E-OI
PI M
944E03 I01E-01
1.92E-OI 2.73E-01
O.OOE+00 2.2JE-01
O.OOE+00 1.21E-01
O.OOE+00 5.76E-02
3.19E-02 9.37E-02
5.20E-03 1.11E-01
1.85E-02 1.52E-01
4.92E-02 I.48E-OI
3.66E-03 4.32E-02
O.OOE+00 I.I8E*1
4.79E-03 I.41E-01
3.50E-02 9.37E-02
2.74E-02 1.60E-01
4.79E-03 8.98E-02
4.41E-02 1.74E-01
1.29E-02 1.10E-01
3.19E-02 1.2IE-01
1.97E-03 5.69E-02
1.41E-02 1.68E-01
1.11 E-02 7.06E-02
1.11E-02 1.11E-01
1.41 E-02 1.36E-OI
pin
1.76E 01
4 04E-01
3.72E-01
1.93E-01
1.1SE-01
I.48E-01
1.KE41
2.38E-01
1.86E-01
l-WE-Ol
1.81601
2.31E-01
1.63E-01
2.26E-01
1.46E-01
2.06E-01
1.79M1
1.90E-01
1.07E-01
2.53E-01
1.22E-01
1.80E-01
2.34E-01
P2S
3.62E-OI
1.04E+00
7.20E-01
3.54E4I
3.17E-01
2.43E-01
3.95E-OI
4.62E-01
3.28E-01
3.IOE-01
3.85E-01
4.09E-01
3.24E-OI
4.68E-01
3.06E-01
3.SOE-01
3.76E-Q!
3.66E4)!
2.44E-01
4.87E4I
2.55E-OI
3.84E-01
5.20E-01
P50
7-780-01
2.61E4-00
1.37E+00
S.OOE-fll
6.40E41
5.60E-01
8.43E-01
9.48E-01
7.16E-OI
7.10E-01
9.68E-01
7.33E-01
6.07E-01
1.01E+00
6.47E-01
7.11E-01
7.93E-01
7.29E-01
5.97E-01
1.03E+00
5.73 E-01
8.18E-01
1.21E+00
P75
1.65E+00
4,55E*00
3.16E+00
1.61E+00
1.33E+00
1.12E+00
1.58E+00
1.9IE-»00
I.44E+00
1.39E+00
1.97E+00
1.49E+00
1.23E+00
2.01 E+00
1.44E+00
1.49E+00
1.65E+00
1.65E-HW
1.54E+00
1.76E+00
1.21E+00
1.70E+00
2.04E-KJO
PM P95
3 09E+00 4 J2E+UO
7.74E+00 l.Ui+01
4.47E+00 S.96B400
3.WE+00 4.S7E+00
2.05E+00 3.17E+00
2.19E+00 3.04E+00
2.92E+00 4.65E+00
3.46E+00 5.79E+00
2.74E+00 4.00E+00
2.67E+00 4.21E+00
4.13E+00 6.14E+00
2.41 E+00 3.37E+00
1.97E+00 3.22E+00
4.05E+00 S.74E+00
2.69E+00 3.77E+00
3.88E+00 5.47E+00
3.04E+00 4.49B+00
3.05E+00 4.65E+00
3.07E+00 5.41E+00
3.37E+00 4.70E+00
2.41E+00 3.73E+00
3.22E+00 4.65E+00
5.32E+00 7.02EtOO
P99
9 95E+00
I.80E+01
8.4IEtOO
9.95E+00
5.41E-fOO
5.10E+00
1.41E+01
9.96E-J-00
6.74E+00
7.35EtOO
1.46E+01
7.00E+00
7.00E+00
1.41E+01
6.8IE+00
6.21E+00
9.96E+00
1.12E+01
1.20E+01
8.33E+00
8.02E+00
9.95E+00
1.46E+OI
pirn
1.84E+01
1.80E+01
1.40E+01
9.95E+00
5.4IE+00
7.00E+00
1.84E+01
I-I4E+OI
9.96E+00
I.40E-I-01
I.84E+OI
1.10E+01
8J5E+00
1.84E+01
1.14E+OI
7.72E+00
1.84E+OI
1.84E+01
1.41E+01
I.80E+01
I.14E+01
1.84E+01
1.59E+01
inwgfd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
8
a
I
»
I3
I
I
n
8.
o
a.
a
TO
-------
a
I
o
»
Population He
Ne
Group wgtd uriwgtd
Total 2530000
Age
01-02 54000
03-05 51000
06-1 1 181000
12-19 194000
20-39 402000 .
40-69 1183000
70 + 457000
Season
Fall ' 280000
Spring 437000
Summer 334000
Winter 1479000
Urbanization
Ccmral City 1053000
Nonrnetropolitari 0
Suburban 1477000
Race
Black 200000
While 2330000
Region
Midwest 64000
Northeast 0
South 1240000
West 1226000
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 2151000
Households who farm 130000
* Intake data not provided for subpopulat
125
4
3
9
14
18
55
21
8
33
II
73
43
0
82
8
117
4
0
55
66 •
102
5
%
Consuming
1.35
0.95
0.63
1.08
0.95
0.65
2.09
2.88
0.59
0.95
0.73
3.04
1.87
0.00
1.71
0,92
1,48
0,14
0,00
1.93
3.40
3.16
1.77
Mean
4.76E+00
«
•
'
*
•
4.54E+00
4.43E+00
*
2.31E+00
•
6.47E + 00
3.57E+00
5.61E+00
•
4.93E+00
•
5.18E+00
4.56E+00
4.55E+00
*
Table 13-69.
SE
6.05E-01
*
•
•
«
*
8.06E-01
7.58E-01
•
3.76E-01
•
9.53E-OI
5.1SE-01
9.14E-01
*
6.3IE-01
•
7.37E-01
9.79E-01
6.61E-01
•
Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Citrus (gftg-day)
PI
7.82E-02
•
*
•
•
*
8.11E-02
7.82E-02
«
I.57E-OI
*
1.50E-OI
1JOE-01
7.82E-02
»
7.82E-02
*
1.57E-OI
7.82E-02
7.82E-02
*
P5 PIO
I.57E-01 2.86E-01
. .
. .
, .
. .
* .
1.50E-01 2.47E-01
7.82E-02 4.94E-01
« •
1.84E-01 2.35E-01
• «
3.33E-01 4.94E-01
3.33E-OI 4.50E-01
I.14E-01 2.47E-01
. *
I.50E-01 2.84E-01
• " *
3.76E-01 6.44E-01
1.14E-01 2.3SE-01
1.50E-01 2.84E-01
• *
P25 PSO P75 P90 P95 P99 PIOO
7.56E-01 I.99E+00 5.10E+00 I.41E+OI 1.97E+01 3.22E+01 4.79E+OI
* It * • . * * *
*******
.......
.......
.......
5.21E-01 1.74E+00 5.24E+00 1.52E+01 1.97E+01 2.38E+01 2.38E+01
1.95E+00 3.53E+00 6.94E+00 8.91E+00 8.97E+00 1.57E+OI I.57E+01
.......
3.69E-01 1.36E+00 4.15E+00 5.10E+00 6.50E+00 7.52E+00 7.52E+00
.......
1.64E+00 2.93E+00 8.59E+00 1.9IE+01 2.38E+01 4.79E+OI 4.79E+OI
1.13E+00 3.0IE+00 4.97E+00 7.46E+00 8.97E+00 2.00E+01 2.00E+01
5.17E-01 1.81E+00 8.I2E+00 1.79E+01 2.38E+01 4.79E+01 4.79E+OI
.......
7.82E-01 2.34E+00 5.34E+00 I.41E+01 1.97E+OI 3.22E+01 4.79E+OI
......
1.60E+00 3.42E+00 6.50E+00 1.41E+OI 1.97E+01 2.3SE+01 2.38E+0!
3.69E-OI I.42E+00 4.53E+00 1.24E+0! 2.00E+01 4.79E+01 4.79E+OI
7.56E-01 1.99E+00 4.99E+00 1.24E+01 1.79E+01 3.22E+01 4.79E+01
.......
ons for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percentile of the distributions
Nu wgtd - weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers
Sources: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1987-88 NFCS
in survey.
3.
o
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8.
8.
r
to
a
o
8
21
n
-------
*
J O
so o
Tjblc 13-70 Consumer Only [note of I lotnrgnwn Other Frail (c&jHby)
Population Nc Nc I
Group wfKl ufnwd Coraarriins
Tool 12615000 706 671
01-02 306000 19 5.37
03-05 499000 31 6.16
06-11 915000 68 5.48
12-19 1021000 54 4.98
20-39 2761000 146 4.48
40-69 4610000 25S 8.13
70+ 2326000 119 14.65
Season
Fall 2923000 102 6.13
Spring 2526000 268 5.47
Summer 4327000 144 9.51
Winter 2839000 192 5.83
Urbanization
Central City 2681000 102 4.76
Nonnwropolian 4118000 278 9.15
Suburban 5756000 324 6.65
Race
Black 250000 12 1.15
White 12256000 690 7.78
Region
Midwest 4619000 298 9.96
Northeast 1279000 72 3.11
South 3004000 157 4.67
West 3653000 177 10.13
Response to Questionnaire
Households who garden 10926000 619 16.03
Households who fam 1917000 112 26.16
Mean SE
2.20E400 I-86E-01
« *
2.66E400 7.60E-OI
2.60E+00 4.38&01
1.62E400 2.77E-01
1.85E+00 3.72E-01
2.09E+00 3.08E-01
1.66E+00 1.84E-01
1.39E+00 1.14E-01
1.47E+00 1.51E-01
1.29E+00 1.08E-OI
1.79E+00 2.88E-01
2.43E+00 3.10E-01
2.25E+00 3.06E-01
* •
2.24E+00 1.91 E-01
3.07E+00 4.2SE-01
9.32E-01 2.20E-01
1.99E+00 2.59E-01
1.76E+00 1.64E-01
2.3SE+00 2.12E-OI
2.57E+00 2.65E-01
PI
5-41&02
*
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
8.40E-02
7.94 E-02
6.52E-02
4.41 E-02
2.59E-01
8.66&02
4.15E-02
4.41E-02
6.52E-02
1.25E-01
*
6.96E-02
4.41E-02
7.98E-02
7.94E-02
l.OOE-OI
4.41E-02
6.96E-02
fS
M7E-01
.
O.OOE400
1.77E-01
I.20E-0!
1.30&01
1.47E-01
2.07E-01
3.WE-01
1.98E-01
1. 01 E-01
1.66E-01
1.20E-01
1.99E-01
•
1.50E-01
1.25E-01
8.55E-02
2.38E-01
2.16E-OI
1.58E-01
2.76E-01
PIO
2.55E01
.
3.80E-OI
3.86E-01
2.57E-01
1.80E-01
2.54E-01
3.56E-01
3.81E-01
2.54E-01
2.25E-01
2.91E-01
2.38E-01
2.82E-01
•
2.59E-OI
2.3SE-01
1.62E-0!
2.99E-01
2.91E-OI
2.57E-01
3.61E-01
P25
4.60E-01
*
I.02E+00
6.37E-01
3.86E-01
3.07E-OI
4.44E-01
5.71E-01
5.67E-01
4.25E-01
4.54E-01
5.21 E-01
4.50E-OI
4.46B-OI
•
4.66E-01
4.J4E-01
3. 11 E-01
5.46E-01
S.44E-01
4.74E-01
7.33E-01
P50
9.06E-OI
.
1.87E400
1.14E+00
6-09E-01
6.20E-01
7.68E-01
1.07E+00
1.07E+00
8.33E-01
8.33E-01
8.87E-0!
I.13E+00
7.64E-01
•
9.16&01
1.04E+00
4.75E-01
1.10E+00
9.71E-01
.9.94E-01
1.55E+00
P7J
1.91E400
.
2.71E+00
2.99E+00
2.36E+00
I.39E+00
1.77E+00
1.6SE+00
1.88E+00
1.65E+00
1.55E+00
1.60E+00
2.43E+00
1.81E+00
«
1.94E+00
2.35E+00
8.12E-OI
1.82E+00
2.04E+00
1.96E+00
3.62E+00
P90
4.59E+00
*
5.54E+00
7.13E+00
3.92E+00
3.70E+00
3.17E+00
4.06E+00
2.89E+00
2.89E+00
2.70E+00
2.61E+00
4.60E+00
4.72E+00
*
4J5E+00
6.73E+00
1.29E+00
4.06E+00
4.35E+00
4.94E+00
5.80E+00
P9S
8.12E+00
*
6.30E400
1.2IE40I
6.S1E+00
6.ME+00
9.77E+00
S.21E+00
4.06E+00
4.59E400
4.79E400
1.04E+01
8.12E+00
7.61 E+00
•
8.26E+00
1.42E+01
2.I6E+00
6.30E+00
5.75E+00
I.04E+01
8.06E+00
P99
1. 8411+01
.
3.32E+01
I.62E+OI
8.12E+00
3.70E+01
1J4E+01
1.171+01
5.39E+00
8.26E+00
8.06E+00
1.54E+01
2.40E+01
1.84E+01
*
1.841+01
5.33E+01
1.17E+01
I.62E+01
1.30E+01
1.84E+01
1.62E+01
P100
626E+01
.
3J2E+01
1.65E+01
8.I2E400
3.70E+01
5.33E+01
1.I7E+01
5.54E+00
3.32E+01
1.13E+01
1.54E+01
5.33E+01
6.26E+01
6.26E+01
6.26E+01
1.17E+OI
2.40E+01
I.30E+01
6.26E+01
I.62E+01
• Intake data not provided for subpopulations for which there were less than 20 observations
NOTE: SE = standard error
P = percemile of the distribution
Nc wgtd = weighted number of consumers; Nc unwgtd = unweighted number of consumers in survey.
Source: Based on EPA's analyses of itw 1987-88 NFCS
s
I
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3.
o
c
I
3
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TO
o
a,
5?
«
3
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-
3
TO
O
a.
OtJ
g
st
o
s
1
-------
Tool
Season
Fall
i Spring
Summer
; Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Norunelropalitart
Surbufban
Race
Black
While
Regions
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Questionnaire Response
Households who garden
Households who raise animals
Households who farm
Households who fish
Total
Fruits
0.040
0.021
0.02!
0,058
0.059
0.027
0.052
0.047
0.007
0.049
0.005
0.059
0.042
0.062
0:101
0.16F
Toial
Vegetables
0,068
0.081
0.031
0.116
0.041
0.027
' 0.144
0.058
0.027
0.081
' 0,038
0.112
0.069
0.057
0.173
0.308
Table 13-71
Total
Meats
0,024
0.020
0.020
0.034
0.022
0.003
0,064
0.018
0.001
0.031
0,009
0.046
0.017
0,023
0.306
0:319
Fraction of Food Intake that is Home Produced
Total
Dairy
0.012
0.008
0.011
0.022 •
0.008 :
0.000
' 0.043
0.004
0.000
0.014
0.010
0.024
0.006
0.007
0.207
0.254
Toial
Fish
0.094
0,076
0.160
0.079
0.063
0.053
0,219
0.075
0.063
O.HO
0.008
0.133
0,126
0.108
0.325
Exposed
Vegetables
0.095
0.106
0.05
0.164
0.052
0.037
0.207
0.079
0.037
0,109
0.0fi2
0.148
0.091
0,079
0.233
0.420
Protected
Vegetables
0.069
0.073
0.039
0.101
0.048
0.027
0.134
0.054
0.029
0.081
0.016
0.109
0.077
0.060
0.178
0.394
Rool
Vegetables
0.043
0.06
0.02
0,066
0.026
0,016
0.088
0.035
0.012
0.050
0,018
0.077
0.042
0.029
0.106
0.173
Exposed
Fruits
0.050
0.039
0.047
0.068
0.044
0.030
0,100
0.043
0.008
0.059
0,010
0.078
0,040
0,075
0.116
. 0.328
Protected
Fruits
0.037
0.008
0.008
0.054
0,068
0.026
0,025
0.050
0.007
0,045
0,002
0,048
0,044
0,054
0.094
. 0,030
ts
f?" 5*
Ui
i,
S1
&
§
r
I
I
I
5
f>
o
o
a.
o
at
1
Table 13-7], Fraction of" Food intake that is Home Produced (continued)
Total
Season
Fail
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Race
Black
White
Regions
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Questionnaire Response
Households who garden
Households who farm
Dark Green
Vegetables
0.044
0,059
• 0.037
0.063
0.018
0.012
0.090
0.054
0.053
0.043
0,039
0.054
0.049
0.034
0.120
0.220
Deep Yellow
Vegetables
0,065
0,099
0.017
0,08
0.041.
0.038
0.122
0.058
0.056
0.071
0.019
0.174
0.022
0.063
0.140
0.328
Other
Vegetables
0.069
0.069
0.051
0.114
0,044
0.026
0.154
.0,053
0.026
0.082 ,
0.034
0.102
0.077
' 0,055
0,180
0,368
Citrus
Fruits
0.038
0.114
0.014
0.01
0.091
0.035
0.000
0.056
0.012
0.045
0.000
0.001
0.060
0:103
0.087
0.005
Other
Fruils
0.042
0.027
0.025
0,07
0.03 .
0.022
0.077
0,042
0.004
0.051
0.008
0.083
0.031
- 0,046
0.107
0,227
Apples
0.030
0.032
0.013
0.053
0,024
0.017
0.066
0.024
0.007
0.035
O.OW
0,052
0.024
0.043
0.070
0.292
Peaches
0.147
0.09
0.206
0.133
0.183
0,087
0.272
0.121
0,018
0.164
0.027
0.164
0.143
0.238
0.316
0,461
Pears
0.067
0.038
0.075
0.066
0.111
0.038
0.155
0.068
0.004
0,089
0,002
0,112
0.080
0,093
0.169
0.606
Strawberries
0.111
0.408
0.064
0.088
0.217
0.107
0.133
0.101
0.000
O.I2S
0.085
0.209
0.072
0.0«
0.232
0.057
Other Berries
0.217
0.163
0.155
0.232
0.308
0.228
0.282
0.175
0.470
0,214
0,205
0.231
0.177
0.233
0,306
0.548
-------
I
1 g!
6 1
TsMe 13-71. Fraction of food Intake thai b Home Prated (continued)
Tool
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
NonmetropoHtan
Surburban
Race
Black
While
Regions
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Questionnaire Response
Households who garden
Households who farm
Asparagus
0063
0.024
0.103
0
0.019
0.058
0.145
0,040
0,000
0,071
0.091
0.194
0.015
0.015
O.I2J
0,432
Beets
0203
0,199
0.191
0.209
0.215
0.212
0.377
0.127
0.000
0.224
0.074
0.432
0.145
0.202
0.420
0.316
Broccoli
0015
0.013
0.011
0034
0.006
0.004
0.040
0.016
0.000
0.018
0.020
0.025
0.013
0,006
0.043
0.159
Cabi»«e
0038
0054
0.011
0.08
0.008
0.004
0.082
0,045
0.001
0.056
0.047
0.053
0.029
0.029
0.099
0.219
Carrots
0043
0.066
0.015
0063
o.ozj
0.018
0.091
0.039
0.068
0.042
0,025
0.101
0,020
0.039
0.103
0.185
Com
0072
0.076
0048
0.118
0-043
0.025
0.173
0.047
0.019
0.093
0.020
0.124
0-088
0.069
0.220
0.524
Cucumbers
0.148
0055
0.04
0.32
0
0.029
0.377
0.088
0.060
0.155
0.147
0.193
0.140
0.119
0.349
0.524
Irttunr
0010
0.013
001
0.017
0.002
0.009
0.017
0.009
0.007
0.011
0.009
0.020
0,006
0.009
0.031
0.063
Lima Beans
0.121
007
0.082
0.176
0.129
0.037
0.132
0,165
0.103
0.135
0,026
0.149
0.140
0.000
0.258
0.103
Okra
0270
0.299
0.211
0.304
0.123
0.068
0.411
0.299
0.069
0.373
0.000
0.224
0.291
0.333
0.618
0.821
Onions
0056
0066
0.033
0.091
0.029
0.017
0.127
0.050
0.009
0.068
0,022
0.098
0.047
0.083
0.148
0.361
Table 13-71. Fraction of Food Intake that is Home Produced (continued)
Tool
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Wimer
Urbanization
Central City
Honmetropolitan
Surburban
Race
Black
White
Regions
Northeast
Midwest
South
Wesi
Questionnaire Response.
Households who garden
Households who farm
Households who raise animals
Households who hunt
Peas
0.069
0.046
0.048
0.126
0.065
0.033
0.123
0.064
0.047
0.076
0.021
0.058
0.106
0.051
0.193
0.308
Peppers
0.107
0.138
0.031
0.194
0.03
0.067
0.228
0.086
0.039
0.121
0.067
0.1 88
0.113
0.082
0.246
O.S64
Pumpkin
0.1S5
0.161
0.046
0.19
0.154
0.130
0,250
0.127
0.022
0.187
0.002
0.357
0.044
0.181
0.230
0.824
Snap Beans
0.155
0.199
0.152
0,123
0.147
0.066
0.307
0.118
0.046
0.186
0.052
0.243
0.161
0.108
0.384
0.623
Tomatoes
0.184
0.215
0.045
0.318
0.103
0.100
0.313
0.156
0.060
0.202
0.117
0.291
0.149
0.182
0.398
0.616
White
Potatoes
0.038
0.058
0.01
0.06
0.022
0.009
0.080
0.029
0.007
0.044
0.016
0.065
0.042
0.013
0.090
0.134
Beef
0.038
0.028
0.027
0,072
0.022
0.001
0.107
0.026
0.000
0.048
0.014
0.076
0.022
0.041
0.485
0.478
Game
0.276
0.336
0.265
0.1
0.33
0.146
0.323
0.316
0.000
0.359
0.202
0.513
0.199
0.207
0,729
Pork
0.013
0.012
0.015
0.01
0.014
0.00!
0.040
0.006
0.000
0.017
0.006
0.021
0.012
0.011
0.242
0.239
Poultry
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.007
0.014
0.002
0.026
0.011
0.001
0.014
0-002
0.021
0.012
0.008
0,156
0.151
Eggs
0.014
0.009
0.022
0.013
0.01 1
0.002
0.029
0.014
0.002
0.01?
0.004
0.019
0.012
0.021
0.146
0.214
Source: Based on EPA'sanalysesofthe 198748 NFCS
O
a.
1
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 13 - Intake Rates for Various Home Produced Food Items
Table 13-72. Confidence in Homegrown Food Consumption Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
* Level of Peer Review
• Accessibility
* Reproducibility
* Focus on factor of interest
» Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
* Currency
» Adequacy of data "
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representativeness of the
population
* Bias in study design (high
rating desirable)
« Measurement Error
(high rating desirable)
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
USDA and EPA review High
Methods described in detail in Handbook High
see above High
Yes ' High
U.S. population High
Yes High
1987-88 Medium
Statistical method used to estimate long-term High (Means & Short-term distributions)
distribution from one-week survey data.
Individual intakes inferred from household
consumption.
10,000 individuals, 4500 households
Nationwide survey representative of general
U.S. population
Non-response bias can not be ruled out due
to low response rate.
Individuals* estimates of food weights
imprecise
1
N/A
Highest confidence in means, lowest
confidence in long term percentiles
Low (Long-term distributions)
Medium (Means)
Low (Distributions)
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium (Means)
Medium
(Short-term distributions)
Low (Long-term
distributions)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13-67
-------
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
APPENDIX 13A
FOOD CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED IN ANALYSIS
OF THE 1987-88 USDA NFCS DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ; 13A-1
-------
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
MAJOR FOOD GROUPS
Total Fruits
50- Fresh Fruits
citrus
other vitamin-C rich
other fruits
512- Commercially Canned Fruits
522- Commercially Frozen Fruits
533- Canned Fruit Juice
534- Frozen Fruit Juice
535- Aseptically Packed Fruit Juice
536- Fresh Fruit Juice
542- Dried Fruits
(includes baby foods)
6- Fruits
citrus fruits and juices
dried fruits
other fruits
fruits/juices & nectar
fruit/juices baby food
(includes baby foods)
Total
Vegetables
48- Potatoes, Sweetpotatoes
49- Fresh Vegetables
dark green
deep yellow
tomatoes
light green
other
511 - Commercially Canned Vegetables
521 - Commercially Frozen Vegetables
531- Canned Vegetable Juice
532- Frozen Vegetable Juice
537- Fresh Vegetable Juice
538- Aseptically Packed Vegetable Juice
541- Dried Vegetables
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners)
7- Vegetables (all forms)
white potatoes & PR starchy
dark green vegetables
deep yellow vegetables
tomatoes and torn, mixtures
other vegetables
veg. and mixtures/baby food
veg. with meat mixtures
(includes baby foods; mixtures, mostly vegetables)
Total Meats
44- Meat
beef
pork
veal
lamb
mutton
goat
game
lunch meat
mixtures
451- Poultry
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
20- Meat, type not specified
21- Beef
22- Pork
23- Lamb, veal, game, carcass meat
24- Poultry
25- Organ meats, sausages, lunchmeats, meat spreads
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby foods)
Total Dairy
40- Milk Equivalent
fresh fluid milk
processed milk
cream and cream substitutes
frozen desserts with milk
cheese
dairy-based dips
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners)
1- Milk and Milk Products
milk and milk drinks
cream and crearn substitutes
milk desserts, sauces, and gravies ;
cheeses
(includes regular fluid milk, human milk, imitation milk
products, yogurt, milk-based meal replacements, and infant
formulas)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-3
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Total Fish
452- Fish, Shellfish
various species
fresh, frozen, commercial, dried
(docs not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-lo-eat dinners)
26- Fish, Shellfish
various species and forms
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks)
INDIVIDUAL FOODS
While
Potatoes
4811 - White Potatoes, fresh
4821- White Potatoes, commercially canned
4831- White Potatoes, commercially frozen
4841 - White Potatoes, dehydrated
4851 - White Potatoes, chips, sticks, salad
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-lo-eat dinners)
71- White Potatoes and PR Starchy Veg.
baked, boiled, chips, slicks, creamed, scalloped, au
gratin, fried, mashed, stuffed, puffs, salad, recipes,
soups, Puerto Rican starchy vegetables
(does not include vegetables soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Peppers
4913- Green/Red Peppers, fresh
5111201 Sweet Green Peppers, commercially canned
5111202 Hot Chili Peppers, commercially canned
5211301 Sweet Green Peppers, commercially frozen
5211302 Green Chili Peppers, commercially frozen
5211303 Red Chili Peppers, commercially frozen
5413112 Sweet Green Peppers, dry
5413113 Red Chili Peppers, dry
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-cat dinners)
7512100 Pepper, hot chili, raw
7512200 Pepper, raw
7512210 Pepper, sweet green, raw
7512220 Pepper, sweet red, raw
7522600 Pepper, green, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522601 Pepper, green, cooked, fat not added
7522602 Pepper, green, cooked, fat added
7522604 Pepper, red, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522605 Pepper, red, cooked, fat not added
7522606 Pepper, red, cooked, fat added
7522609 Pepper, hot, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522610 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat not added
7522611 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat added
7551101 Peppers, hot, sauce
755II02 Peppers, pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Onions
4953- Onions, Garlic, fresh
onions
chives
garlic
leeks
5114908 Garlic Pulp, raw
5114915 Onions, commercially canned
5213722 Onions, commercially frozen
5213723 Onions with Sauce, commercially frozen
5413103 Chives, dried
5413105 Garlic Flakes, dried
5413110 Onion Flakes, dried
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners)
7510950 Chives, raw
7511150 Garlic, raw
7511250 Leek, raw
7511701 Onions, young green, raw
7511702 Onions, mature
7521550 Chives, dried
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7522100 Onions, mature cooked, NS as to fat added
7522101 Onions, mature cooked, fat not added
7522102 Onions, mature cooked, fat added
7522103 Onions, pearl cooked
7522104 Onions, young green cooked, NS as to fat
7522105 Onions, young green cooked, fat not added
7522106 Onions, young green cooked, fat added
7522110 Onion, dehydrated
7541501 Onions, creamed
7541502 Onion rings
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Page
13A-4
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Daia (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Corn
4956- Corn, fresh
5114601 Yellow Com, commercially canned
5114602 White Com, commercially canned
5114603 Yellow Creamed Corn, commercially canned
5114604 While Creamed Corn, commercially canned
5114605 Com on Cob.-commercially canned
5114607 Hominy, canned
5! 15306 Low Sodium Corn, commercially canned
5115307 Low Sodium Cr. Com, commercially canned
5213501 Yellow Com on Cob, commercially frozen
5213502 Yellow Corn off Cob, commercially frozen
5213503 Yell. Corn with Sauce, commercially frozen
5213504 Corn with other Veg., commercially frozen
5213505 White Corn on Cob, commercially frozen
5213506 White Com off Cob, commercially frozen
5213507 Wh. Com with Sauce, commercially frozen
5413104 Corn, dried
5413106 Hominy, dry
5413603 Corn, instant baby food
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby food)
7510960 Corn, raw
7521600 Com, cooked, NS as to color/fat added
7521601 Com, cooked, NS as to color/fat not added
7521602 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/fat added
7521605 Com, cooked, NS as to color/cream style
7521607 Corn, cooked, dried
7521610 Corn, cooked, yellow/NS as to fat added
7521611 Com, cooked, yellow/fat not added
7521612 Corn, cooked, yellow/fat added
7521615 Corn, yellow, cream style
7521616 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh,/NS as to fat
7521617 Com, cooked, yell. & wh,/fat not added
7521618 Corn, cooked, yell. &, wh,/fat added
7521619 Corn, yellow, cream style, fat added
7521620 Corn, cooked, white/NS as to fat added
7521621 Corn, cooked, white/fat not added
7521622 Corn, cooked, white/fat added
7521625 Com, white, cream style
7521630 Com, yellow, canned, low sodium, NS fat
7521631 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat not add
7521632 Com, yell., canned, low sod., fat added
7521749 Hominy, cooked
752175- Hominy, cooked
7541101 Corn scalloped or pudding
7541102 Com fritter
7541103 Corn with cream sauce
7550101 Corn relish
76405- Corn, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures: includes baby food)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-5
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix13A
Appendix ISA. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Apples
5031- Apples, fresh
512210! Applesauce with sugar, commercially canned
5122102 Applesauce without sugar, comm. canned
5122103 Apple Pie Filling, commercially canned
5122104 Apples, Applesauce, baby/jr., comm. canned
5122106 Apple Pie Riling, Low Cal., comm. canned
5223101 Apple Slices, commercially frozen
5332101 Apple Juice, canned
5332102 Apple Juice, baby, Comm. canned
5342201 Apple Juice, comm. frozen
5342202 Apple Juice, home frozen
5352101 Apple Juice, aseptically packed
5362101 Apple Juice, fresh
5423101 Apples, dried
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
6210110 Apples, dried, uncooked
6210115 Apples, dried, uncooked, low sodium
6210120 Apples, dried, cooked, NS as to sweetener
6210122 Apples, dried, cooked, unsweetened
6210123 Apples, dried, cooked, with sugar
6310100 Apples, raw
6310111 Applesauce, NS as to sweetener
6310112 Applesauce, unsweetened
6310113 Applesauce with sugar
6310114 Applesauce with low calorie sweetener
6310121 Apples, cooked or canned with syrup
6310131 Apple, baked NS as to sweetener
6310132 Apple, baked, unsweetened
6310133 Apple, baked with sugar
6310141 Apple rings, fried
6310142 Apple, pickled
6310150 Apple, fried
6340101 Apple, salad
6340106 Apple, candied
6410101 Apple cider
6410401 Apple juice
6410405 Apple juice with vitamin C
6710200 Applesauce baby fd., NS as to sir. or jr.
6710201 Applesauce baby food, strained
6710202 Applesauce baby food, junior
6720200 Apple juice, baby food
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
Tomatoes
4931- Tomatoes, fresh
5113- Tomatoes, commercially canned
5115201 Tomatoes, low sodium, commercially canned
5115202 Tomato Sauce, low sodium, comm. canned
5115203 Tomato Paste, low sodium, comm. canned
5115204 Tomato Puree, low sodium, comm. canned
S311 - Canned Tomato Juice and Tomato Mixtures
5321 - Frozen Tomato Juice
5371 - Fresh Tomato Juice
5381102 Tomato Juice, aseptically packed
5413115 Tomatoes, dry
5614- Tomato Soup
5624- Condensed Tomato Soup
5654- Dry Tomato Soup
(does not include mixtures, and readv-to-eat dinners)
74- Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
raw, cooked, juices, sauces, mixtures, soups,
sandwiches
Page
13A-6
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued),
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Snap Beans
4943- Snap or Wax Beans, fresh
5114401 Green or Snap Beans, commercially canned
5114402 Wax or Yellow Beans, commercially canned
5114403 Beans, baby/jr., commercially canned
5115302 Green Beans, low sodium, comm. canned
5115303 Yell, or Wax Beans, low sod., comm. canned
5213301 Snap or Green Beans, comm. frozen
5213302 Snap or Green w/sauce, comm. frozen
5213303 Snap or Green Beans w/other veg., comm. fr.
5213304 Sp. or Gr. Beans w/other veg./sc., comm. fr.
5213305 Wax or Yell, Beans, comm. frozen
(does not include soups, mixtures, and ready-to-eat dinners;
includes baby foods)
7510180 Beans, string, green, raw
7520498 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/fat added
7520499 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/no fat
7520500 Beans, string, cooked, NS color & fat
7520501 Beans, string, cooked, green/NS fat
7520502 Beans, string, cooked, green/no fat
7520503 Beans, string, cooked, green/fat
7520511 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/NS fat
7520512 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/no fat
7520513 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/fat
7520600 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/NS fat
7520601 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/no fat
7520602 Beans, siring, cooked, yellow/fat
7540301 Beans, string, green, creamed
7540302 Beans, string, green, w/mushroom sauce
7540401 Beans, string, yellow, creamed
7550011 Beans, string, green, pickled
7640100 Beans, green, string, baby
7640101 Beans, green, string, baby, str.
7640102 Beans, green, string, baby, junior
7640103 Beans, green, string, baby, creamed
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods)
Beef
441- Beef
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
21- Beef
beef, nfs
beef steak
beef oxtails, neckbones, ribs
roasts, stew meat, corned, brisket, sandwich steaks
ground beef, patties, meatballs
other beef items
beef baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
Pork
442- Pork
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
22- Pork
pork, nfs; ground dehydrated
chops
steaks, cutlets
ham
roasts
Canadian bacon
bacon, salt pork
other pork items
pork baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
Game
445- Variety Meat, Game
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
233- Game
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-7
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Poultry
451- Poultry
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eal dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
24- Poultry
chicken
turkey
duck
other poultry
poultry baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items; frozen
plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish
base; and gelatin-based drinks; includes baby food)
Eggs
46- Eggs (fresh equivalent)
fresh
processed eggs, substitutes
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
3- Eggs
eggs
egg mixtures
egg substitutes
eggs baby food
froz. meals with egg as main ingred.
(includes baby foods)
Broccoli
4912- Fresh Broccoli (and home canned/froz.)
5111203 Broccoli, comm. canned
52112- Comm. Frozen Broccoli
(docs not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
722- Broccoli (all forms)
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Carrots
4921 - Fresh Carrots (and home canned/froz.)
51121- Comm. Canned Carrots
5115101 Carrots, Low Sodium, Comm. Canned
52121- Comm. Frozen Carrots
5312103 Comm. Canned Carrot Juice
5372102 Carrot Juice Fresh
5413502 Carrots, Dried Baby Food
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7310- Carrots (all forms)
7311140 Carrots in Sauce
7311200 Carrot Chips
76201- Carrots, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
Pumpkin
4922- Fresh Pumpkin, Winter Squash (and home
canned/froz.)
51122- Pumpkin/Squash, Baby or Junior, Comm, Canned
52122- Winter Squash, Comm. Frozen
5413504 Squash, Dried Baby Food
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
732- Pumpkin (all forms)
733- Winter squash (all forms)
76205- Squash, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods)
Asparagus
4941- Fresh Asparagus (and home canned/froz.)
5114101 Comm. Canned Asparagus
5115301 Asparagus, Low Sodium, Comm. Canned
52131 - Comm. Frozen Asparagus
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners: includes baby foods except mixtures)
7510080 Asparagus, raw
75202- Asparagus, cooked
7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures, or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Page
13A-8
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Lima Beans
4942- Fresh Lima and Fava Beans (and home
canned/froz.)
5114204 Comm. Canned Mature Lima Beans
5114301 Comm. Canned Green Lima Beans
5115304 Comm. Canned Low Sodium Lima Beans
52132- Comm. Frozen Lima Beans
54111- Dried Lima Beans
5411306 Dried Fava Beans
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures;
does not include succotash)
7510200 Lima Beans, raw
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
752041- Lima Beans, canned
75402- Lima Beans with sauce
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; does not include succotash)
Cabbage
4944- Fresh Cabbage (and home canncd/froz.)
4958601 Sauerkraut, home canned or pkgd
5114801 Sauerkraut, comrn, canned
5114904 Comm. Canned Cabbage
5114905 Comm. Canned Cabbage (no sauce; incl. baby)
5115501 Sauerkraut, low sodium., comm. canned
5312102 Sauerkraut Juice, comm. canned
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7510300 Cabbage, raw
7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw
7510500 Cabbage, red, raw
7514100 Cabbage salad or coleslaw
7514130 Cabbage, Chinese, salad
75210- Chinese Cabbage, cooked
75211- Green Cabbage, cooked
75212- Red Cabbage, cooked
752130- Savoy Cabbage, cooked
75230- Sauerkraut, cooked
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
755025- Cabbage, pickled or in relish
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Lettuce
4945- Fresh Lettuce, French Endive (and home
canned/froz.)
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
75113- Lettuce, raw
75143- Lettuce salad with other veg.
7514410 Lettuce, wilted, with bacon dressing
7522005 Lettuce, cooked
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Okra
4946- Fresh Okra (and home canned/froz.)
5114914 Comm, Canned Ota
5213720 Comm. Frozen Okra
5213721 Comm. Frozen Okra with Oth. Veg. & Sauce
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7522000 Okra, cooked, NS as to fat
7522001 Okra, cooked, fat not added
7522002 Okra, cooked, fat added
7522010 Lufta, cooked (Chinese Okra)
7541450 Okra, fried
7550700 Okra. pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-9
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA MFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Peas
4947- Fresh Peas (and home canned/froz,)
51147- Comm Canned Peas (incl. baby)
5115310 Low Sodium Green or English Peas (canned)
5115314 Low Sod. Blackeye, Gr, or Jmm. Peas (canned)
5114205 Blackeyed Peas, comm. canned
52134- Comm. Frozen Peas
5412- Dried Peas and Lentils
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7512000 Peas, green, raw
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75223- Peas, cowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked
75224- Peas, green, cooked
75225- Peas, pigeon, cooked
75231- Snowpeas, cooked
7541650 Pea salad
7541660 Pea salad with cheese
75417- Peas, with sauce or creamed
76409- Peas, baby
76411 - Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
Cucumbers
4952- Fresh Cucumbers (and home canned/froz.)
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7511100 Cucumbers, raw
75142- Cucumber salads
752167- Cucumbers, cooked
7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill
7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish
7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour
7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet
7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber, Kim Chee
7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
7550314 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Beets
4954- Fresh Beets (and home canned/froz.)
51145- Comm. Canned Beets (incl. baby)
5115305 Low Sodium Beets (canned)
5213714 Comm. Frozen Beets
5312104 Beet Juice
{does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
7510250 Beets, raw
752080- Beets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7540501 Beets, harvard
7550021 Beets, pickled
76403- Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
Strawberries
5022- Fresh Strawberries
5122801 Comm. Canned Strawberries with sugar
5122802 Comm. Canned Strawberries without sugar
5122803 Canned Strawberry Pie Filling
5222- Comm. Frozen Strawberries
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods
except mixtures)
6322- Strawberries
6413250 Strawberry Juice
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
Page
13A-10
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix ISA
Appendix ISA, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Other
Berries
Peaches
Pears
Household Code/Definition
5033- Fresh Berries Other than Strawberries
5122804 Comm. Canned Blackberries with sugar
5122805 Comm. Canned Blackberries without sugar
5 122806 Comm, Canned Blueberries with sugar
5122807 Comm. Canned Blueberries without sugar
5 122808 Canned Blueberry Pie Filling
5122809 Comm. Canned Gooseberries with sugar
5 1 228 1 0 Comm. Canned Gooseberries without sugar
5122811 Comm. Canned Raspberries with sugar
5122812 Comm. Canned Raspberries without sugar
5 1 228 1 3 Comm. Canned Cranberry Sauce
5122815 Comm. Canned Cranberry-Orange Relish
52233- Comm. Frozen Berries (not strawberries)
5332404 Blackberry Juice (home and comm. canned)
54231 14 Dried Berries (not strawberries)
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods
except mixtures)
5036- Fresh Peaches
5 1224- Comm. Canned Peaches (incl. baby)
5223601 Comm. Frozen Peaches
5332405 Home Canned Peach Juice
5423105 Dried Peaches (baby)
5423106 Dried Peaches
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods
except mixtures)
5037- Fresh Pears
5 1225- Comm. Canned Pears (incl. baby)
5332403 Comm. Canned Pear Juice, baby
5362204 Fresh Pear Juice
5423 107 Dried Pears
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods
except mixtures)
Individual Code
6320- Other Berries
6321- Other Berries
6341 101 Cranberry salad
6410460 Blackberry Juice
64105- Cranberry Juice
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
62116- Dried Peaches
63135- Peaches
6412203 Peach Juice
6420501 Peach Nectar
67 1 08- Peaches,baby
67 1 1450 Peaches, dry, baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
621 19- Dried Pears
63137- Pears
6341201 Pear salad
6421501 Pear Nectar
67109- Pears, baby
671 1455 Pears, dry, baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
EXPOSED/PROTECTED FRUITS/VEGETABLES, ROOT VEGETABLES
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-11
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix ISA
Appendix ISA. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of ihe 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Deflnition
Individual Code
Exposed
Fruits
5022- Strawberries, fresh
5023101 Acerola, fresh
5023401 Currants, fresh
5031- Apples/Applesauce, fresh
5033- Berries other than Strawberries, fresh
5034- Cherries, fresh
5036- Peaches, fresh
5037- Pears, fresh
50381 - Apricots, Nectarines, Loquats, fresh
5038305 Dates, fresh
50384- Grapes, fresh
50386- Plums, fresh
50387- Rhubarb, fresh
5038805 Persimmons, fresh
5038901 Sapote, fresh
51221- Apples/Applesauce, canned
51222- Apricots, canned
51223- Cherries, canned
51224- Peaches, canned
51225- Pears, canned
51228- Berries, canned
5122903 Grapes with sugar, canned
5122904 Grapes without sugar, canned
5122905 Plums with sugar, canned
5122906 Plums without sugar, canned
5122907 Plums, canned, baby
5122911 Prunes, canned, baby
5122912 Prunes, with sugar, canned
5122913 Prunes, without sugar, canned
5122914 Raisin Pie Riling
5222- Frozen Strawberries
52231- Apples Slices, frozen
52233- Berries, frozen
52234- Cherries, frozen
52236- Peaches, frozen
52239- Rhubarb, frozen
53321 - Canned Apple Juice
53322- Canned Grape Juice
62101-
62104-
62108-
62110-
62116-
62119-
62121-
62122-
62125-
63101-
63102-
63103-
63111-
63112-
63113-
63115-
63117-
63123-
6312601 Juneberry
63131- Nectarine
63135-
63137-
63139-
63143-
63146-
Apple, dried
Apricot, dried
Currants, dried
Date, dried
Peaches, dried
Pears, dried
Plum, dried
Prune, dried
Raisins
Apples/applesauce
Wi-apple
Apricots
Cherries, maraschino
Acerola
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Currants, raw
Grapes
Peach
Pear
Persimmons
Plum
Quince
63147- Rhubarb/Sapodillo
632- Berries
64101- AppleCider
64104- Apple Juice
64105- Cranberry Juice
64116- GrapeJuice
64122- Peach Juice
64132- Prune/Strawberry Juice
6420101 Apricot Nectar
64205- Peach Nectar
64215- Pear Nectar
67102- Applesauce, baby
67108- Peaches, baby
Page
13A-I2
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix I3A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Exposed
Fruits
(continued)
5332402 Canned Prune Juice
5332403 Canned Pear Juice
5332404 Canned Blackberry Juice
5332405 Canned Peach Juice
53421- Frozen Grape Juice
5342201 Frozen Apple Juice, comm. fr.
5342202 Frozen Apple Juice, home fr,
5352101 Apple Juice, asep. packed
5352201 Grape Juice, asep. packed
5362101 Apple Juice, fresh
5362202 Apricot Juice, fresh
5362203 Grape Juice, fresh
5362204 Pear Juice, fresh
5362205 Prune Juice, fresh
5421- Dried Prunes
5422- Raisins, Currants, dried
5423101 Dry Apples
5423! 02 Dry Apricots
5423103 Dates without pits
5423104 Dates with pits
5423105 Peaches, dry, baby
5423106 Peaches, dry
5423107 Pears, dry
5423114 Berries, dry
5423115 Cherries, dry
(includes baby foods)
67109- Pears, baby
67 H 450 Peaches, baby, dry
6711455 Pears, baby, dry
67202- Apple Juice, baby
6720380 White Grape Juice, baby
67212- Pear Juice, baby
(includes baby foods/juices except mixtures; excludes
fruit mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-13
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix I3A
Appendix ISA. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Protected
Fruits
501- Citrus Fruits, fresh
5021- Cantaloupe, fresh
5023201 Mangoes, fresh
5023301 Guava, fresh
5023601 Kiwi, fresh
5023701 Papayas, fresh
5023801 Passion Fruit, fresh
5032- Bananas, Plantains, fresh
5035- Melons other than Cantaloupe, fresh
50382- Avocados, fresh
5038301 Figs, fresh
5038302 Figs, cooked
5038303 Figs, home canned
5038304 Figs, home frozen
50385- Pineapple, fresh
5038801 Pomegranates, fresh
5038902 Cherimoya, fresh
5038903 Jackfruit, fresh
5038904 Breadfruit, fresh
5038905 Tamarind, fresh
5038906 Carambola. fresh
5038907 Longan, fresh
5121 - Citrus, canned
51226- Pineapple, canned
5122901 Figs with sugar, canned
5122902 Figs without sugar, canned
5122909 Bananas, canned, baby
5122910 Bananas and Pineapple, canned, baby
5122915 Litehis. canned
61- Citrus Fr.» Juices (incl. cit. juice mixtures)
62107- Bananas, dried
62113- Figs, dried
62114- Lychees/Papayas, dried
62120- Pineapple, dried
62126- Tamarind, dried
63105- Avocado, raw
63107- Bananas
63109- Cantaloupe, Carambola
63110- Cassaba Melon
63119- Figs
63121- Genip
63125- Guava/Jaekfruit, raw
6312650 Kiwi
6312651 Lychee, raw
6312660 Lychee, cooked
63127- Honeydew
63129- Mango
63133- Papaya
63134- Passion Fruit
63141- Pineapple
63145- Pomegranate
63148- Sweetsop, Soursop, Tamarind
63149- Watermelon
64120- Papaya Juice
64121 - Passion Fruit Juice
64124- Pineapple Juice
64133- Watermelon Juice
6420150 Banana Nectar
Page
13A-14
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume If - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix ISA. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Protected
Fruits
(continued)
5122916 Mangos with sugar, canned
5122917 Mangos without sugar, canned
5122918 Mangos, canned, baby
5122920 Guava with sugar, canned
5122921 Guava without sugar, canned
5122923 Papaya with sugar, canned
5122924 Papaya without sugar, canned
52232- Bananas, frozen
52235- Melon, frozen
52237- Pineapple, frozen
5331- Canned Citrus Juices
53323- Canned Pineapple Juice
5332408 Canned Papaya Juice
5332410 Canned Mango Juice
5332501 Canned Papaya Concentrate
5341- Frozen Citrus Juice
5342203 Frozen Pineapple Juice
5351- Citrus and Citrus Blend Juices, asep. packed
5352302 Pineapple Juice, asep. packed
5361- Fresh Citrus and Citrus Blend Juices
5362206 Papaya Juice, fresh
5362207 Pineapple-Coconut Juice, fresh
5362208 Mango Juice, fresh
5362209 Pineapple Juice, fresh
5423108 Pineapple, dry
5423109 Papaya, dry .
5423110 Bananas, dry
5423111 Mangos, dry
5423117 Litchis, dry
5423II8 Tamarind, dry
5423119 Plantain, dry
(includes baby foods)
64202-
64203-
64204-
64210-
64213-
64221-
Cantaloupe Nectar
Guava Nectar
Mango Nectar
Papaya Nectar
Passion Fruit Nectar
Soursop Nectar
6710503 Bananas, baby
6711500 Bananas, baby, dry
6720500 Orange Juice, baby
6721300 Pineapple Juice, baby
(includes baby foods/juices except mixtures; excludes fruit
mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-1S
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household.Code/Definition.
Individual Code
Exposed
Veg,
491- Fresh Dark Green Vegetables
493- Fresh Tomatoes
4941- Fresh Asparagus
4943- Fresh Beans, Snap or Wax
4944- Fresh Cabbage
4945- Fresh Lettuce
4946- Fresh Okra
49481- Fresh Artichokes
49483- Fresh Brussel Sprouts
49SI- Fresh Celery
4952- Fresh Cucumbers
4955- Fresh Cauliflower
4958103 Fresh Kohlrabi
4958111 Fresh Jerusalem Artichokes
4958112 Fresh Mushrooms
4958113 Mushrooms, home canned
4958114 Mushrooms, home frozen
4958118 Fresh Eggplant
4958119 Eggplant, cooked
4958120 Eggplant, home frozen
4958200 Fresh Summer Squash
4958201 Summer Squash, cooked
4958202 Summer Squash, home canned
4958203 Summer Squash, home frozen
4958402 Fresh Bean Sprouts
4958403 Fresh Alfalfa Sprouts
4958504 Bamboo Shoots
4958506 Seaweed
4958508 Tree Fern, fresh
4958601 Sauerkraut
5111- Dark Green Vegetables (all are exposed)
5113- Tomatoes
5114101 Asparagus, comm, canned
51144- Beans, green, snap, yellow, comm. canned
5114704 Snow Peas, comm. canned
5114801 Sauerkraut, comm, canned
5114901 Artichokes, comm. canned
5114902 Bamboo Shoots, comm. canned
5114903 Bean Sprouts, comm. canned
5114904 Cabbage, comm. canned
5114905 Cabbage, comm. canned, no sauce
5114906 Cauliflower, comm. canned, no sauce
5114907 Eggplant, comm. canned, no sauce
5114913 Mushrooms, comm. canned
5114914 Okra, comm. canned
5114918 Seaweeds, comm. canned
5114920 Summer Squash, comm. canned
721- Dark Green Leafy Veg.
722- Dark Green Nonleafy Veg.
74- Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
7510050 Alfalfa Sprouts
7510075 Artichoke, Jerusalem, raw
7510080 Asparagus, raw
75101- Beans, sprouts and green, raw
7510275 Brusse! Sprouts, raw
7510280 Buckwheat Sprouts, raw
7510300 Cabbage, raw
7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw
7510500 Cabbage, Red, raw
7510700 Cauliflower, raw
7510900 Celery, raw
7510950 Chives, raw
7511100 Cucumber, raw
7511120 Eggplant, raw
7511200 Kohlrabi, raw
75113- Lettuce, raw
7511500 Mushrooms, raw
7511900 Parsley
7512100 Pepper, hot chili
75122- Peppers, raw
7512750 Seaweed, raw
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75128- Summer Squash, raw
7513210 Celery Juice
7514100 Cabbage or cole slaw
7514130 Chinese Cabbage Salad
7514150 Celery with cheese
75142- Cucumber salads
75143- Lettuce salads
7514410 Lettuce, wilted with bacon dressing
7514600 Greek salad
7514700 Spinach salad
7520600 Algae, dried
75201- Artichoke, cooked
75202- Asparagus, cooked
75203- Bamboo shoots, cooked
752049- Beans, string, cooked
75205- Beans, green, cooked/canned
75206- Beans, yellow, cooked/canned
75207- Bean Sprouts, cooked
752085- Breadfruit
752090- Brussel Sprouts, cooked
75210- Cabbage, Chinese, cooked
75211 - Cabbage, green, cooked
Page
I3A-16
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Exposed
Veg. '
(cont.)
5114923 Chinese or Celery Cabbage, corhm. canned
51152- Tomatoes, canned, low sod.
5115301 Asparagus, canned, low sod.
5115302 Beans, Green, canned, low sod.
5115303 Beans, Yellow, canned, low sod.
5115309 Mushrooms, canned, low sod.
51154- Greens, canned, low sod.
5115501 Sauerkraut, low sodium
5211- Dark Or. Veg., comm. frozen (all exp.)
52131 - Asparagus, comm. froz.
52133- Beans, snap, green, yellow, comm. froz.
5213407 Peapods, comm froz, .
5213408 Peapods, with sauce, comm froz. ,
5213409 Peapods, with other veg., comm froz.
5213701 Brussel Sprouts, comm. froz.
5213702 Brussel Sprouts, comm. froz. with-cheese
5213703 Brussel Sprouts, comm. froz. with other veg.
5213705 Cauliflower, comm. froz.
5213706 Cauliflower, comm. froz. with sauce
5213707 Cauliflower, comm. froz. with other veg.
5213708 Caul., comm. froz. with other veg. & sauce
5213709 Summer Squash, comm. froz.
5213710 Summer Squash, comm. froz. with other veg.
5213716 Eggplant, comm. froz.
5213718 Mushrooms with sauce, comm. froz.
5213719 Mushrooms, comm. froz.
5213720 Okra, comm. froz.
5213721 Okra, comm. froz., with sauce
5311 - Canned Tomato Juice and Tomato Mixtures
5312102 Canned Sauerkraut Juice
5321 - Frozen Tomato Juice
5371 - Fresh Tomato Juice
5381102 Aseptically Packed Tomato Juice ,
5413101 Dry Algae
5413102 Dry Celery
5413103 Dry Chives
5413109 Dry Mushrooms
5413111 Dry Parsley
5413112 Dry Green Peppers
5413113 Dry Red Peppers
5413114 Dry Seaweed
5413115 Dry Tomatoes
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
75212- Cabbage, red, cooked
752130- 'Cabbage, savoy, cooked
75214- Cauliflower
75215- Celery, Chives, Chiistophine (chayote)
752167- Cucumber, cooked
752170- Eggplant, cooked
752171- Fern shoots
752172- Fern shoots
752173- Rowers of sesbania, squash or lily
7521801 Kohlrabi, cooked
75219- Mushrooms, cooked
75220- Okra/letluce, cooked
7522116 Palrn Hearts, cooked
7522121 Parsley, cooked
75226- Peppers, pimento, cooked
75230- Sauerkraut, cooked/canned
75231- Snowpeas, cooked
75232- Seaweed
75233- Summer Squash
7540050 Artichokes,.stuffed
7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese
75403- Beans, green with sauce
75404- Beans, yellow with sauce
7540601 Brussel Sprouts, creamed
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
75409- Cauliflower, creamed
75410- Celery/Chiles, creamed
75412- Eggplant, fried, with sauce, etc.
75413- Kohlrabi, creamed
75414- Mushrooms, Okra, fried, stuffed, creamed
754180- Squash, baked, fried, creamed, etc.
7541822 Christophine, creamed
7550011 Beans, pickled
7550051 Celery, pickled
7550201 Cauliflower, pickled
755025- Cabbage, pickled
7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill
7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish
7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour
7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet
7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber, Kim Chee
7550308 Eggplant, pickled
7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
7550314 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
7550500 Mushrooms, pickled
7550700 Okra, pickled
75510- Olives
7551101 Peppers, hot
7551102 Peppers.pickled
7551301 Seaweed, pickled
7553500 Zucchini, pickled
76102- Dark Green Veg., baby
76401- Beans, baby (exel. most soups & mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-17
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA MFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Protected
Vcg,
4922- Fresh Pumpkin, Winter Squash
4942- Fresh Lima Beans
4947- Fresh Peas
49482- Fresh Soy Beans
4956- Fresh Corn
4958303 Succotash, home canned
49583(34 Succotash, home frozen
4958401 Fresh Cactus (prickly pear)
4958503 Burdock
4958505 Bitter Melon
4958507 Horseradish Tree Pods
51122- Comm, Canned Pumpkin and Squash (baby)
51142- Beans, comm. canned
51143- Beans, lima and soy, comm. canned
51146- Com, comm. canned
5114701 Peas, green, comm. canned
5114702 Peas, baby, comm, canned
5114703 Peas, blackeye, comm. canned
5114705 Pigeon Peas, comm. canned
5114919 Succotash, comm. canned
5115304 Lima Beans, canned, low sod.
5115306 Com, canned, low sod.
5115307 Creamed Corn, canned, low sod.
511531- Peas and Beans, canned, low sod.
52122- Winter Squash, comm. froz,
52132- Lima Beans, comm. froz.
5213401 Peas, gr., comm. froz.
5213402 Peas, gr., with sauce, comm. froz.
5213403 Peas, gr., svith other veg,, comm. froz,
5213404 Peas, gr., with other veg., comm. froz.
5213405 Peas, blackeye, comm froz.
5213406 Peas, blackeye, with sauce, comm froz.
52135- Corn, comm. froz.
5213712 Artichoke Means, comm. froz.
5213713 Baked Beans, comm. froz.
5213717 Kidney Beans, comm. froz.
5213724 Succotash, comm. froz.
5411- Dried Beans
5412- Dried Peas and Lentils
5413104 Dry Corn
5413106 Dry Hominy
5413504 Dry Squash, baby
5413603 Dry Creamed Corn, baby
(docs not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners: includes baby foods except mixtures)
732- Pumpkin
733- Winter Squash
7510200 Lima Beans, raw
7510550 Cactus, raw
7510960 Corn, raw
7512000 Peas, raw
7520070 Aloe vera juice
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
752041 - Lima Beans, canned
7520829 Bitter Melon
752083- Bitter Melon, cooked
7520950 Burdock
752131- Cactus
752160- Corn, cooked
752161 - Corn, yellow, cooked
752162- Corn, white, cooked
752163- Corn, canned
7521749 Hominy
752175- Hominy
75223- Peas, cowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked
75224- Peas, green, cooked
75225- Peas, pigeon, cooked
75301- Succotash
75402- Lima Beans with sauce
75411- Com, scalloped, fritter, with cream
7541650 Pea salad
7541660 Pea salad with cheese
75417- Peas, with sauce or creamed
7550101 Corn relish
76205- Squash, yellow, baby
76405- Corn, baby
76409- Peas, baby
76411- Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Page
13A-18
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume H - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix ISA
Appendix 13A. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA MFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Row
Vegetables
48- Potatoes, Sweetpotatoes
4921- Fresh Carrots
4953- Fresh Onions, Garlic
4954- Fresh Beets
4957- Fresh Turnips
4958101 Fresh Celeriac
4958102 Fresh Horseradish
4958104 Fresh Radishes, no greens
4958105 Radishes, home canned
4958106 Radishes, home frozen
4958107 Fresh Radishes, with greens
4958108 Fresh Salsify
4958109 Fresh Rutabagas
4958110 Rutabagas, home frozen
4958115 Fresh Parsnips
4958116 Parsnips, home canned
4958117 Parsnips, home frozen
4958502 Fresh Lotus Root
4958509 Ginger Root
4958510 Jicama, including yambean
51121- Carrots, comm. canned
51145- Beets, comm. canned
5114908 Garlic Pulp, comm, canned
5114910 Horseradish, comm. prep.
5114915 Onions, comm. canned
5114916 Rutabagas, comm. canned
5114917 Salsify, comm. canned
5114921 Turnips, comm. canned
5114922 Water Chestnuts, comm. canned
51151 - Carrots, canned, low sod.
5115305 Beets, canned, low sod.
5115502 Turnip, low sod.
52121- Carrots, comm. froz.
5213714 Beets, comm. froz.
5213722 Onions, comm. froz.
5213723 Onions, comm. froz., with sauce
5213725 Turnips, comm. froz.
5312103 Canned Carrot Juice
5312104 Canned Beet Juice
5372102 Fresh Carrot Juice
5413105 Dry Garlic
5413110 Dry Onion
5413502 Dry Carrots, baby
5413503 Dry Sweet Potatoes, baby
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
readv-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures)
71- White Potatoes and Puerto Rican St. Veg.
7310- Carrots
7311140 Carrots in sauce
7311200 Carrot chips
734- Sweetpotatoes
7510250 Beets, raw
7511150 Garlic, raw
7511180 Jicama (yambean), raw
7511250 Leeks, raw
75117- Onions, raw
7512500 Radish, raw
7512700 Rutabaga, raw
7512900 Turnip, raw
752080- Beets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7521362 Cassava
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7521771 Horseradish
7521850 Lotus root
752210- Onions, cooked
7522110 Onions, dehydrated
752220- Parsnips, cooked
75227- Radishes, cooked
75228- Rutabaga, cooked
75229- Salsify, cooked
75234- Turnip, cooked
75235- Water Chestnut
7540501 Beets, harvard
75415- Onions, creamed, fried
7541601 Parsnips, creamed
7541810 Turnips, creamed
7550021 Beets, pickled
7550309 Horseradish
7551201 Radishes, pickled
7553403 Turnip, pickled
76201- Carrots, baby
76209- Sweetpotatoes, baby
76403- Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or
vegetable with meat mixtures)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-19
-------
Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A.
Appendix ISA. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
USDA SUBCATEGOR1ES
Dark Green
Vegetables
491- Fresh Dark Green Vegetables
Sill- Comni. Canned Dark Green Veg.
5! 154- Low Sodium Dark Green Veg.
5211- Comm. Frozen Dark Green Veg.
54131II Dry Parsley
5413112 Dry Green Peppers
5413113 Dry Red Peppers
(docs not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)
72- Dark Green Vegetables
all forms
leafy, nonleafy, dk. gr. veg. soups
Deep
Yellow
Vegetables
492- Fresh Deep Yellow Vegetables
5112- Comm. Canned Deep Yellow Veg.
51151- Low Sodium Carrots
5212- Comm. Frozen Deep Yellow Veg,
5312103 Carrot Jyice
54135- Dry Carrots, Squash, Sw. Potatoes
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)
73- Deep Yellow Vegetables
all forms
carrots, pumpkin, squash, sweetpotatoes, dp. yell.
veg. soups
Other
Vegetables
494- Fresh Light Green Vegetables
495- Fresh Other Vegetables
5114- Comm. Canned Other Veg.
51 i 53- Low Sodium Other Veg,
51155- Low Sodium Other Veg.
5213- Comm. Frozen Other Veg.
5312102 Sauerkraut Juice
5312104 Beet Juice
5411- Dreid Beans
5412- Dried Peas, Lentils
541310- Dried Other Veg.
5413114 Dry Seaweed
5413603 Dry Cr. Corn, baby
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures, and
ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)
75-
Other Vegetables
all forms
Citrus Fruits
501- Fresh Citrus Fruits
5121- Comm. Canned Citrus Fruits
5331 - Canned Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
5341 - Frozen Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
5351- Aseptically Packed Citrus and Citr. Blend Juice
5361 - Fresh Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
(includes baby foods: excludes dried fruits).
61 - Citrus Fruits and Juices
6720500 Orange Juice, baby food
6720600 Orange-Apricot Juice, baby food
6720700 Orange-Pineapple Juice, baby food
6721100 Orange-Apple-Banana Juice, baby food
(excludes dried fruits)
Page
13A-20
Exposure Factors Handbook
__ August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Appendix 13A.
Appendix I3A, Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food
Product
Household Code/Definition
Individual Code
Other Fruits
502- Fresh Other Vitamin C-Rich Fruits
503- Fresh Other Fruits
5122- Comm. Canned Fruits Other than Citrus
5222- Frozen Strawberries
5223- Frozen Other than Citr. or Vitamin C-Rich Fr,
5332- Canned Fruit Juice Other than Citrus
5342- Frozen Juices Other than Citrus
5352- Aseptically Packed Fruit Juice Other than Citr.
5362- Fresh Fruit Juice Other than Citrus
542- Dry Fruits
(includes baby foods; excludes dried fruits)
62- Dried Fruits
63- Other Fruits
64- Fruit Juices and Nectars Excluding Citrus
671- Fruits, baby
67202- Apple Juice, baby
67203- Baby Juices
67204- Baby Juices
67212- Baby Juices
67213- Baby Juices
673- Baby Fruits
674- Baby Fruits '
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
13A-21
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Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
14. BREAST MILK INTAKE
14.1. BACKGROUND
Breast milk is a potential source of exposure to
toxic substances for nursing infants, Lipid soluble
chemical compounds accumulate in body fat and may be
transferred to breast-fed infants in the lipid portion of
breast milk. Because nursing infants obtain most (if not
all) of their dietary intake from breast milk, they are
especially vulnerable to exposures to these compounds.
Estimating the magnitude of the potential dose to infants
from breast milk requires information on the quantity of
breast milk consumed per day and the duration (months)
over which breast-feeding occurs. Information on the fat
content of breast milk is also needed for estimating dose
from breast milk residue concentrations that have been
indexed to lipid content.
Several studies have generated data on breast milk
intake. Typically, breast milk intake has been measured
over a 24-hour period by weighing the infant before and
after each feeding without changing its clothing (test
weighing). The sum of the difference between the
measured weights over the 24-hour period is assumed to
be equivalent to the amount of breast milk consumed
daily. Intakes measured using this procedure are often
corrected for evaporative water losses (insensible water
losses) between infant weighings (NAS, 1991). Neville et
al. (1988) evaluated the validity of the test weight
approach among bottle-fed infants by comparing the
weights of milk taken from bottles with the differences
between the infants' weights before and after feeding.
When test weight data were corrected for insensible water
loss, they were not significantly different from bottle
weights. Conversions between weight and volume of
breast milk consumed are made using the density of
human milk (approximately 1.03 g/mL) (NAS, 1991).
Recently, techniques for measuring breast milk intake
using stable isotopes have been developed. However, few
data based on this new technique have been published
(NAS, 1991).
Studies among nursing mothers in industrialized
countries have shown that intakes among infants average
approximately 750 to 800 g/day (728 to 777 mL/day)
during the first 4 to 5 months of life with a range of 450 to
1,200 g/day (437 to 1,165 mL/day) (NAS, 1991). Similar
intakes have also been reported for developing countries
(NAS, 1991). Infant birth weight and nursing frequency
have been shown to influence the rate of intake (NAS,
1991). Infants who are larger at birth and/or nurse more
frequently have been shown to have higher intake rates.
Also, breast milk production among nursing mothers has
been reported to be somewhat higher than the amount
actually consumed by the infant (NAS, 1991).
The available studies on breast milk intake are
summarized in the following sections. Studies on breast
milk intake rates have been classified as either key studies
or relevant studies based on the criteria described in the
Introduction (Volume I, Section 1.3.1). Recommended
intake rates are based on the results of key studies, but
relevant studies are also presented to provide the reader
with added perspective on the current state of knowledge
pertaining to breast milk intake.
Relevant data on lipid content and fat intake,
breast-feeding duration and frequency, and the estimated
percentage of the U.S. population that breast-feeds are
also presented.
14.2. KEY STUDIES ON BREAST MILK INTAKE
Pao et al. (1980) - Milk Intakes and Feeding
Patterns of Breast-fed Infants - Pao et al. (1980)
conducted a study of 22 healthy breast-fed infants to
estimate breast milk intake rates. Infants were categorized
as completely breast-fed or partially breast-fed. Breast
feeding mothers were recruited through LaLeche League
groups. Except for one black infant, all other infants were
from white middle-class families in southwestern Ohio.
The goal of the study was to enroll infants as close to one
month of age as possible and to obtain records near one,
three, six, and nine months of age (Pao et al., 1980).
However, not all mother/infant pairs participated at each
time interval. Data were collected for these 22 infants
using the test weighing method. Records were collected
for three consecutive 24-hour periods at each test interval.
The weight of breast milk was converted to volume by
assuming a density of 1.03 g/mL. Daily intake rates were
calculated for each infant based on the mean of the three
24-hour periods. Mean daily breast milk intake rates for
the infants surveyed at each time interval are presented in
Table 14-1. For completely breast-fed infants^ the mean
intake rates were 600 mL/day at 1 month of age and 833
mL/day at 3 months of age. Partially breast-fed infants
had mean intake rates of 485 mL/day, 467 mL/day, 395
mL/day, and 554 mL/day at 1,3, 6, and 9 months of age,
respectively. Pao et al. (1980) also noted that intake rates
for boys in both groups were slightly higher than for girls.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
14-1
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-
Age
Completely Brcist-fed
1 month
3momhs
6momhs
Partially Breast-fed
1 month
3 months
6 months
9 months
* Data expressed as mean
Source; Facets!.. 1980.
1 . Daily Intakes of Breast Milk
Number of
Infants
Surveyed at
Each Time
Period
11
2
1
4
11
6
3
Mean
Intake
(mL/day) '
600 ± 159
833
682
485 ± 79
467 ± 100
395 ± 175
<554
Range of
Daily Intake
(mL/day)
426 - 989
645 - 1,000
616-786
398 - 655
242 - 698
147 - 684
451 -732
± standard deviation.
The advantage of this study is that data for both
exclusively and partially breast-fed infants were collected
for multiple time periods. Also, data for individual infants
were collected over 3 consecutive days which would
account for some individual variability. However, the
number of infants in the study was relatively small and
may nqt be entirely representative of the U.S. population,
based on race and socioeeonomic status, which may
introduce some bias in the results. In addition, this study
did not account for insensible water loss which may
underestimate the amount of breast milk ingested.
Dewey and Lonnerdal (1983) - Milk and Nutrient
Intakes of Breast-fed Infants from I to 6 Months - Dewey
and Lfinnerdal (1983) monitored the dietary intake of 20
breast-fed infants between the ages of 1 and 6 months.
Most of the infants in the study were exclusively breast-
fed (five were given some formula, and several were given
small amounts of solid foods after 3 months of age).
According to Dewey and Lonnerdal (1983), the mothers
were all well educated and recruited through Lamaze
childbirth classes in the Davis area of California. Breast
milk intake volume was estimated based on two 24-hour
test weighings per month. Breast milk intake rates for the
various age groups are presented in Table 14-2. Breast
milk intake averaged 673,782, and 896 mL/day at 1, 3,
and 6 months of age, respectively.
The advantage of this study is that it evaluated breast-
fed infants for a period of 6 months based on two 24-hour
observations per infant per month. Corrections for
insensible water loss apparently were not made. Also, the
number of infants in the study was relatively small and
may not be representative of U.S. population, based on
race and socioeeonomic status.
Table 14-2. Breast Milk Intake for Infants Aged 1 to 6 Months
Age
(months)
!
2
3
4
5
6
Number
of Infants
16
19
16
13
11
II
Mean
(mL/day)
673
756
782
810
805
896
SD
(mL/day) a
192
170
172
142
117
122
Range
(mL/day)
341-1,003
449-1,055
492-1,053
593-1,045
554-1,045
675-1.096
a Standard deviation.
Source:
Dewev and
Lo'nnerdal, 1983.
Butte et al. (1984) - Human Milk Intake and Growth
in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants - Breast milk intake was
studied in exclusively breast-fed infants during the first 4
months of life (Butte et al., 1984). Breastfeeding mothers
were recruited through the Baylor Milk Bank Program in
Texas. Forty-five mother/infant pairs participated in the
study. However, data for some time periods (i.e., 1,2, 3,
or 4 months) were missing for some mothers as a result of
illness or other factors. The mothers were from the
middle- to upper-socioeconomic stratum and had a mean
age of 28.0 ± 3.1 years. A total of 41 mothers were white,
2 were Hispanic, 1 was Asian, and 1 was West Indian.
Infant growth progressed satisfactorily over the course of
the study. The amount of milk ingested over a 24-hour
period was determined using the test weighing procedure.
Test weighing occurred over a 24-hour period for most
participants, but intake among several infants was studied
over longer periods (48 to 96 hours) to assess individual
variation in intake. The study did not indicate whether the
data were corrected for insensible water loss. Mean breast
milk intake ranged from 723 g/day (702 mL/day) at 3
months to 751 g/day (729 mL/day) at 1 month, with an
overall mean of 733 g/day (712 mL/day) for the entire
study period (Table 14-3). Intakes were also calculated
on the basis of body weight (Table 14-3). Based on the
results of test weighings conducted over 48 to 96 hours,
the mean variation in individual daily intake was
estimated to be 7.9±3,6 percent.
Page
14-2
Exposure Factors Handbook
. August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-3. Breast Milk Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed
Infants During the First 4 Months of Life
Number Breast Milk Breast Milk
Age of Intake3 Intake3
(months) Infants (g/day) (g/kg-day)
1 37 751.0*130.0 159.0*24.0
2 40 725.0 ±13 1.0 129.0*19.0
3 37 723.0 ±114.0 117.0 ±20.0
4 41 740.0 ±128.0 111.0*17.0
Body
Weigh!b
(kg)
4.7
5.6
6.2
6.7
a Data expressed as mean * standard deviation.
b Calculated by dividing breast milk intake (g/day) by breast milk intake
(g/kg-day).
Source; Butteetal., 1984.
infants. Also, a smaller number of subjects was included
than in the previous studies, and the population studied
may not be representative of the U.S. population, based on
race and socioeconomic status.
Table 144. Breast Milk Intake During a 24-Hour Period
Standard
Age Number Mean Deviation Range
(days) of Infants (g/day) (g/day) (g/day)
1 ' 7 44 7! -31-149 a
2 10 182 86 44-355
3 11 371 153 209-688
4 II 451 176 164-694
< tO AQQ 100 ^01 71f.
The advantage of this study is that data for a larger
number of exclusively breast-fed infants were collected
than were collected by Pao et al. (1980). However, data
were collected over a shorter time period (i.e., 4 months
compared to 6 months) and day-to-day variability was not
characterized for all infants. In addition, the population
studied may not be representative of the U.S. population
based on race and socioeconomic status.
Neville et al. (1988) - Studies on Human Lactation
- Neville et al. (1988) studied breast milk intake among
13 infants during the first year of life. The mothers were
all multiparous, nonsmoking, Caucasian women of
middle- to upper-socioeconomic status living in Denver,
Colorado (Neville et al., 1988). All women in the study
practiced exclusive breast-feeding for at least 5 months.
Solid foods were introduced at mean age of 7 months.
Daily milk intake was estimated by the test weighing
method with corrections for insensible weight loss. Data
were collected daily from birth to 14 days, weekly from
weeks 3 through 8, and monthly until the study period
ended at 1 year after inception. The estimated breast milk
intakes for this study are listed in Table 14-4, Mean
breast milk intakes were 770 g/day (748 mL/day), 734
g/day (713 mL/day), 766 g/day (744 mL/day), and 403
g/day (391 mL/day) at 1,3, 6, and 12 months of age,
respectively.
In comparison to the previously described studies,
Neville et al. (1988) collected data on numerous days over
a relatively long time period (12 months) and they were
corrected for insensible weight loss. However, the intake
rates presented in Table 14-4 are estimated based on
intake during only a 24-hour period. Consequently, these
intake rates are based on short-term data that do not
account for day-to-day variability among individual
Dewey et al. (1991 a; J99Jb) - The DARLING
Study - The Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant
Nutrition and Growth (DARLING) study was conducted
in 1986 to evaluate growth patterns, nutrient intake,
morbidity, and activity levels in infants who were breast-
fed for at least the first 12 months of life (Dewey et al.,
199la; 1991b). Seventy-three infants aged 3 months were
included in the study. The number of infants included in
the study at subsequent time intervals was somewhat
lower as a result of attrition. All infants in the study were
healthy and of normal gestational age and weight at birth,
and did not consume solid foods until after the first 4
months of age. The mothers were highly educated and of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
14-3
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Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
"relatively high socioeconomic status" from the Davis
area of California (Deweyetal., 1991a; 1991b). Breast
milk intake was estimated by weighing the infants before
and after each feeding and correcting for insensible water
loss. Test weighings were conducted over a 4-day period
every 3 months. The results of the study indicate that
breast milk intake declines over the first 12 months of life.
Mean breast milk intake was estimated to be 812 g/day
(788 mL/day) at 3 months and 448 g/day (435 mL/day) at
12 months (Table 14-5). Based on the estimated intakes
at 3 months of age, variability between individuals
(coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.3 percent) was higher
than individual day-to-day variability (CV = 5.4 percent)
for the infants in the study (Dewey et al., 1991a).
Tabfc 14
Age
(months)
3
6
9
12
•5. Breast Milk Intake Estimated by the DARUNG Study
Number of
Infants
73
60
50
42
Mean Intake
(g/day)
812
769
646
448
Standard Deviation
(g/day)
133
171
217
251
Source: Deweyetal. (1991b).
The advantages of this study are that data were
collected over a relatively long-time (4 days) period at
each test interval which would account for some day-to-
day infant variability, and corrections for insensible water
loss were made. However, the population studied may not
be representative of the U.S. population, based on race
and socioeconomic status.
14.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON BREAST MILK
INTAKE
Hofvander et al. (1982) - The Amount of Milk
Consumed by I- to 3-Month Old Breast- or Bottle-Fed
Infants - Hofvander et al. (1982) compared milk intake
among breast-fed and bottle-fed infants at ages 1, 2, and
3 months of age. Intake of breast milk and breast milk
substitutes was tabulated for 25 Swedish infants in each
age group. Daily intake among breast-fed infants was
estimated using the test weighing method. Test weighings
were conducted over a 24-hour time period at each time
interval. Daily milk intake among bottle-fed infants was
estimated by measuring the volumetric differences in milk
contained in bottles at the beginning and end of all
feeding sessions in a 24-hour period. The mean intake
rates for bottle-fed infants were slightly higher than for
breast-fed infants for all age groups (Table 14-6). Also,
boys consumed breast milk or breast milk substitutes at a
slightly higher rate than girls (Table 14-7). Breast milk
intake was estimated to be 656 g/day (637 mL/day) at 1
month and 776 g/day (753 mL/day) at 3 months.
Table 14-6. Milk Intake for Bottle- and
Infants by Age Group
Age
(months)
1
2
3
Breast Milk Substitutes
Mean (g/day)a
713
(500-1,000)
811
(670-1,180)
853
(655-1,065)
Breast-fed
Breast Milk
Mean (g/day)a
656
(360-860)
773
(575-985)
776
(600-930)
a Range given in parentheses.
Source: Hofvander etal.. 1982.
Table 14-7. Milk Intake
for Boys and Girls
Boys
Age
Breast milk
1
2
3
Breast milk substitute
1
2
3
Source: Hofvander et al
Mean
(g/dav)
663
791
811
753
863
862
, 1982.
N
12
14
12
10
13
13
Girls
Mean
(E/day)
649
750
743
687
753
843
N
13
11
13
15
12
12
This study was conducted among a small number of
Swedish infants, but the results are similar to those
summarized previously for U.S. studies. Insensible water
losses were apparently not considered in this study, and
only short-term data were collected.
KShler et al. (1984) - Food Intake and Growth of
Infants Between Six and Twenty-six Weeks of Age on
Breast Milk, Cow's Milk, Formula, and Soy Formula -
Kohler et al. (1984) evaluated breast milk and formula
intake among normal infants between the ages of 6 and 26
weeks. The study included 25 fully breast-fed and 34
formula-fed infants from suburban communities in
Sweden. Intake among breast-fed infants was estimated
Page
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August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
using the test weighing method over a 48-hour test period.
Intake among formula-fed infants was estimated by
feeding infants from bottles with known volumes of
formula and recording the amount consumed over a 48-
hour period. Table 14-8 presents the mean breast milk
and formula intake rates for the infants studied. Data
were collected for both cow's milk-based formula and soy-
based formula. The results indicated that the daily intake
for bottle-fed infants was greater than for breast-fed
infants.
14.4. KEY STUDIES ON LDPDD CONTENT AND
FAT INTAKE FROM BREAST MILK
Human miik contains over 200 constituents including
lipids, various proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals,
and trace elements as well as enzymes and hormones
(NAS, 1991). The lipid content of breast milk varies
according to the length of time that an infant nurses.
Lipid content increases from the beginning to the end of
a single nursing session (NAS, 1991). The lipid portion
accounts for approximately 4 percent of human breast
Table 14-
1 Intake of Breast Milk and Formula ..
"*"""* " Breast Milk
Age
(wks)
6
14
22
26
Source:
N
26
21
13
12
Kohleretal., 1984.
Mean
(g/day)
746
726
722
689
SD
(g/day)
101
143
114
120
N
20
19
18
18
Cow's Formula
Mean
(g/day)
823
921
818
722
SD
(g/day)
111
95
201
209
N
13
13
13
12
Sov Formula
Mean
(g/day)
792
942
861
776
SD
(g/day)
127
78
196
159
The advantages of this study are that it compares
breast milk intake to formula intake and that test
weightings were conducted over 2 consecutive days to
account for variability in individual intake. Although the
population studied was not representative of the U.S.
population, similar intake rates were observed in the
studies that were previously summarized.
Axelsson el al. (1987) - Protein and Energy Intake
During Weaning - Axelsson et al. (1987) measured food
consumption and energy intake in 30 healthy Swedish
infants between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Both
formula-fed and breast-fed infants were studied. All
infants were fed supplemental foods (i.e., pureed fruits
and vegetables after 4 months, and pureed meats and fish
after 5 months). Milk intake among breast-fed infants was
estimated by weighing the infants before and after each
feeding over a 2-day period at each sampling interval.
Breast milk intake averaged 765 mL/day at 4.5 months of
age, and 715 mL/day at 5.5 months of age. •
This study is based on short-term data, a small
number of infants, and may not be representative of the
U.S. population. However, the intake rates estimated by
this study are similar to those generated by the U.S.
studies that were summarized previously.
milk (39 ±4.0 g/L) (NAS, 1991). This value is supported
by various studies that evaluated lipid content from human
breast milk. Several studies also estimated the quantity of
lipid consumed by breast-feeding infants. These values
are appropriate for performing exposure assessments for
nursing infants when the contaminant(s) have residue
concentrations that are indexed to the fat portion of human
breast milk.
Butte et al, (1984) - Human Milk Intake and Growth
in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants - Butte et al., (1984)
analyzed the lipid content of breast milk samples taken
from women who participated in a study of breast milk
intake among exclusively breast-fed infants. The study
was conducted with over 40 women during a 4-month
period. The mean lipid content of breast milk at various
infants' ages is presented in Table 14-9. The overall lipid
content for the 4-month study period was 34.3 ± 6.9 mg/g
(3.4 percent). Butte et al. (1984) also calculated lipid
intakes from 24-hour breast milk intakes and the lipid
content of the human milk samples, Lipid intake was
estimated to range from 23.6 g/day (3.8 g/kg-day) to 28,0
g/day (5,9 g/kg-day).
The number of women included in this study was
small, and these women were selected primarily from
middle- to upper-socioeconomic classes. Thus, data on
breast milk lipid content from this study may not be
entirely representative of breast milk lipid content among
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-9, Lipid Content of Human Milk and Estimated Lipid Intake
Among Exclusively Breast-fed Infants
Age (months) Number Lipid Lipid
of Content Content
Observations (mg/g) a (percent)
1
2
3
4
37 36.2+7.5 3.6
40 34.4 ± 6.8 3,4
37 32.2 ± 7.8 3.2
41 34.8 ±10.8 3.5
Lipid Lipid
Intake Intake
(g/day) a (g/kg-day) a
28.0 ±8.5 5.9 ±1.7
25.2 ±7, 1 4.4 ±1.2
23.6 + 7.2 3.8 ±1.2
25.6 ±8.6 . 3.8±1.3
" Data expressed as means * standard deviations.
Percents calculated from iipid content reported in mg/g.
Source: Buuc, eta),, 1984,
the U.S. population. Also, these estimates are based on
short-term data and day-to-day variability was not
characterized,
Maxwell and Burmaster (1993) - A Simulation Model
to Estimate a Distribution of Lipid Intake from Breast
Milk Intake During the First Year of Life -Maxwell and
Burmaster (1993) used a hypothetical population of 5,000
infants between birth and 1 year of age to simulate a
distribution of daily Iipid intake from breast milk. The
hypothetical population represented both bottle-fed and
breast-fed infants aged 1 to 365 days. A distribution of
daily Iipid intake was developed based on data in Dewey
et ai. (1991b) on breast milk intake for infants at 3, 6, 9,
and 12 months and breast milk Iipid content, and survey
data in Ryan et at. (1991) on the percentage of breast-fed
infants under the age of 12 months (i.e., approximately 22
percent). A model was used to simulate intake among
1,113 of the 5,000 infants that were expected to be breast-
fed. The results of the model indicated that Iipid intake
among nursing infants under 12 months of age can be
characterized by a normal distribution with a mean of 26.8
g/day and a standard deviation of 7.4 g/day (Table 14-10).
The model assumes that nursing infants are completely
breast-fed and does not account for infants who are breast-
fed longer than 1 year. Based on data collected by Dewey
et al. (1991b), Maxwell and Burmaster (1993) estimated
the Iipid content of breast milk to be 36.7 g/L at 3 months
(35.6 mg/g or 3.6%) and 40.2 g/L (39.0 mg/g or 3.9%) at
12 months.
The advantage of this study is that it provides a
"snapshot" of daily Hpid intake from breast milk for
breast-fed infants. These results are, however, based on
a simulation model and there are uncertainties associated
%vith the assumptions made. The estimated mean Iipid
intake rate represents the average daily intake for nursing
infants under 12 months of age. These data are useful for
performing exposure assessments when the age of the
infant cannot be specified (i.e., 3 months or 6 months).
Also, because intake rates are indexed to the Iipid portion
of the breast milk, they may be used in conjunction with
residue concentrations indexed to fat content.
Table 14-10. Predicted Lipid Intakes for Breast-fed
Under 12 Months of Age
Statistic
Number of Observations in Simulation
Minimum Lipid Intake
Maximum Lipid Intake
Arithmetic Mean Lipid Intake
Standard Deviation Lioid Intake
Infants
Value
1,113
1 .0 g/day
51.5 g/day
26.8 g/day
7.4 g/day
Source: Maxwell and Burmaster. 1993.
14.5. OTHER FACTORS
Other factors associated with breast milk intake
include: the frequency of breast-feeding sessions per day,
the duration of breast-feeding per event, the duration of
breast-feeding during childhood, and the magnitude and
nature of the population that breast-feeds.
Frequency and Duration of Feeding - Hofvander et
al. (1982) reported on the frequency of feeding among 25
bottle-fed and 25 breast-fed infants at ages 1, 2, and 3
months. The mean number of meals for these age groups
was approximately 5 meals/day (Table 14-11). Neville et
al. (1988) reported slightly higher mean feeding
frequencies. The mean number of meals per day for
exclusively breast-fed infants was 7.3 at ages 2 to 5
months and 8,2 at ages 2 weeks to 1 month. Neville et al.
(1988) reported that, for infants between the ages of 1
week and 5 months, the average duration of a breast
feeding session is 16-18 minutes.
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-1 1 . Number of Meals Per Day
Age (months)
1
2
3
Bottle-fed Infants
(meals/day) a
5.4 (4-7)
4.8 (4-6)
4.7 (3-6)
a Data expressed as mean with range
Source: Hofvanderetal., 1982.
Breast-fed
(meals/day) a
5.8 (5-7)
5.3 (5-7)
5.1(4-8)
in parentheses.
Population of Nursing Infants and Duration of
Breast-Feeding During Infancy - According to NAS
(1991), the percentage of breast-feeding women has
changed dramatically over the years. Between 1936 and
1940, approximately 77 percent of infants were breast fed,
but the incidence of breast-feeding fell to approximately
22 percent in 1972. The duration of breast-feeding also
dropped from about 4 months in the early 1930s to 2
months in the late 1950s. After 1972, the incidence of
breast-feeding began to rise again, reaching its peak at
approximately 61 percent in 1982. The duration of
breast-feeding also increased between 1972 and 1982.
Approximately 10 percent of the mothers who initiated
breast-feeding continued for at least 3 months in 1972;
however, in 1984, 37 percent continued breast-feeding
beyond 3 months. In 1989, breast-feeding was initiated
among 52.2 percent of newborn infants, and 40 percent
continued for 3 months or longer (NAS, 1991). Based on
the data for 1989, only about 20 percent of infants were
still breast fed by age 5 to 6 months (NAS, 1991). Data
on the actual length of time that infants continue to breast-
feed beyond 5 or 6 months are limited (NAS, 1991).
However, Maxwell and Burmaster (1993) estimated that
approximately 22 percent of infants under 1 year of age
are breast-fed. This estimate is based on a reanalysis of
survey data in Ryan et al. (1991) collected by Ross
Laboratories (Maxwell and Burmaster, 1993). Studies
have also indicated that breast-feeding practices may
differ among ethnic and socioeconomic groups and among
regions of the United States. The percentages of mothers
who breast feed, based on ethnic background and
demographic variables, are presented in Table 14-12
(NAS, 1991).
Intake Rates Based on Nutritional Status -
Information on differences in the quality and quantity of
breast milk consumed based on ethnic or socioeconomic
characteristics of the population is limited. Lonnerdal et
al. (1976) studied breast milk volume and composition
(nitrogen, lactose, proteins) among underprivileged and
privileged Ethiopian mothers. No significant differences
were observed between the data for these two groups; and
similar data for well-nourished Swedish mothers were
observed. Lonnerdal et al. (1976) stated that these results
indicate that breast milk quality and quantity are not
affected by maternal malnutrition. However, Brown et al.
(1986a; 1986b) noted that the lactational capacity and
energy concentration of marginally-nourished women in
Bangladesh were "modestly less than in better nourished
mothers." Breast milk intake rates for infants of
marginally-nourished women in this study were 690±122
g/day at 3 months, 722+105 g/day at 6 months, and
719±119 g/day at 9 months of age (Brown et al., 1986a).
Brown et al. (1986a) observed that breast milk from
women with larger measurements of arm circumference
and triceps skinfold thickness had higher concentrations
of fat and energy than mothers with less body fat.
Positive correlations between maternal weight and milk
fat concentrations were also observed. These results
suggest that milk composition may be affected by
maternal nutritional status.
14.6. RECOMMENDATIONS
The key studies described in this section were used in
selecting recommended values for breast milk intake, fat
content and fat intake, and other related factors. Although
different survey designs, testing periods, and populations
were utilized by the key and relevant studies to estimate
intake, the mean and standard deviation estimates reported
in these studies are relatively consistent. There are,
however, limitations with the data. Data are not available
for infants under 1 month of age. This subpopulaiion may
be of particular concern since a larger number of
newborns are totally breast fed. In addition, with the
exception of Butte (1984), data were not presented on a
body weight basis. This is particularly important since
intake rates may be higher on a body weight basis for
younger infants. Also, the data used to derive the
recommendations are over 10 years old and the sample
size of the studies was small. Other subpopulations of
concern such as mothers highly committed to breast
feeding, sometimes for periods longer than 1 year, may
not be captured by the studies presented in this chapter.
Further research is needed to identify these subgroups and
to get better estimates of breast milk intake rates. The
general designs of both key and relevant studies and their
limitations are summarized in Table 14-13. Table 14-14
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
14-7
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14- Breast Milk Intake
presents the confidence rating for breast milk intake
recommendations.
Breast Milk Intake - The breast milk intake rates for
nursing infants that have been reported in the key studies
described in this section are summarized in Table 14-15.
Based on the combined results of these studies, 742
mL/day is recommended to represent an average breast
milk intake rate, and 1,033 mL/day represents an upper-
percentile intake rate (based on the middle range of the
mean plus 2 standard deviations) for infants between the
ages of 1 and 6 months of age. The average value is the
mean of the average intakes at 1,3, and 6 months from the
key studies listed in Table 14-15. It is consistent with the
average intake rate of 718 to 777 mL/day estimated by
NAS (1991) for infants during the first 4 to 5 months of
life. Intake among older infants is somewhat lower,
averaging 413 mL/day for 12-month olds (Neville et al.
1988; Dewey et al. 199la; 1991b). When a time weighted
average is calculated for the 12-month period, average
breast milk intake is approximately 688 mL/day, and
upper-percent!le intake is approximately 980 mL/day.
Table 14-16 summarizes these recommended intake rates.
Lipid Content and Lipid Intake - Recommended lipid
intake rates are based on data from Butte et al. (1984) and
Maxwell and Burmaster (1993). Butte et al. (1984)
estimated that average lipid intake ranges from 23.6 ± 7.2
g/day (22.9 + 7.0 mL/day) to 28.0 ± 8.5 g/day (27.2 ± 8.3
mL/day) between 1 and 4 months of age. These intake
rates are consistent with those observed by Burmaster and
Maxwell (1993) for infants under 1 year of age [(26.8 ±
7.4 g/day (26.0 ± 7.2 mL/day)]. Therefore, the
recommended breast milk lipid intake rate for infants
under 1 year of age is 26.0 mL/day and the upper-
percentile value is 40.4 mL/day (based on the mean plus
2 standard deviations). The recommended value for
breast milk fat content is 4.0 percent based on data from
NAS (1991), Butte et al. (1984), and Maxwell and
Burmaster (1993).
14.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 14
Axelsson, I.; Borulf, S.; Righard, L.; Ra'iha, N. (1987)
Protein and energy intake during weaning: effects
and growth. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 76:321-327.
Brown, K.H.; Akhtar, N.A.; Robertson, A.D.; Ahmed,
M.G. (1986a) Lactational capacity of marginally
nourished mothers: relationships between maternal
nutritional status and quantity and proximate
composition of milk. Pediatrics. 78: 909-919.
Brown, K.H.; Robertson, A.D.; Akhtar, N.A. (1986b)
Lactational capacity of marginally nourished
mothers: infants' milk nutrient consumption and
patterns of growth. Pediatrics. 78: 920-927.
Butte, N.F.; Garza, C.; Smith, E.O.; Nichols, B.L.
(1984) Human milk intake and growth in
exclusively breast-fed infants. Journal of
Pediatrics. 104:187-195.
Dewey, K.G.; Lonnerdal, B. (1983) Milk and nutrient
intake of breast-fed infants from 1 to 6
months:relation to growth and fatness. Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2:497-
506.
Dewey, K.G.; Heinig, J.; Nommsen, L.A.; Lonnerdal,
B. (1991a) Maternal versus infant factors related
to breast milk intake and residual volume: the
DARLING study. Pediatrics. 87:829-837.
Dewey, K.G.; Heinig, J.; Nommsen, L.; Lonnerdal, B.
(1991 b) Adequacy of energy intake among breast-
fed infants in the DARLING study: relationships to
growth, velocity, morbidity, and activity levels.
The Journal of Pediatrics. 119:538-547.
Hofvander, Y.; Hagman, U.; Hillervik, C.; Sjolin, S.
(1982) The amount of milk consumed by 1-3
months old breast- or bottle-fed infants. Acta
Paediatr. Scand. 71:953-958.
Kohler, L.; Meeuwisse, G.; Mortensson, W. (1984)
Food intake and growth of infants between six and
twenty-six weeks of age on breast milk, cow's milk
formula, and soy formula. Acta Paediatr. Scand.
73:40-48.
Lonnerdal, B.; Forsum, E.; Gebre-Medhim, M.;
Hombraes, L. (1976) Breast milk composition in
Ethiopian and Swedish mothers: lactose, nitrogen,
and protein contents. The American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition. 29:1134-1141.
Maxwell, N.I.; Burmaster, D.E. (1993) A simulation
model to estimate a distribution of lipid intake from
breast milk during the first year of life. Journal of
Exposure Analysis and Environmental
Epidemiology. 3:383-406.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS). (1991)
Nutrition during lactation. Washington, DC.
National Academy Press.
Neville, M.C.; Keller, R.; Seacat, J.; Lutes, V.; Neifert,
M.;etal. (1988) Studies in human lactation: milk
volumes in lactating women during the onset of
lactation and full lactation. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition. 48:1375-1386.
Page
14-8
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Pao, E.M.; Hines, J.M.; Roche, A.F. (1980) Milk Ryan, A.S.; Rush, D.; Krieger, F.W.; Lewandowski,
intakes and feeding patterns of breast-fed infants. G.E. (1991) Recent declines in breastfeeding in the
Journal of the American Dietetic Association. United States, 1984-1989. Pediatrics. 88:719-727.
77:540-545.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ; • 14-9
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Volume 11 - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-12
, Percentage of Mothers Breast-feeding Newborn Infants in
of Age in the United Stales in 1989
a, by Ethnic Background and
Total
Category
AH tranters
Parity
Primiparous
Multi porous
Marital status
Married
Unmarried
Maternal age
<20yr
20-24 yr
25-29 yr
30-34 yr
i35yr
Maternal education
No college
College"
Family income
-------
6 "*!
^ a
&
a
Table 14-13, Breast Milk Intake Studies
Study
KEY STUDIES
Butteetal,, 1984
Dewey etal.,
199Ia; 1991b
Dewey and
Lonnerdal, 1983
Neville et al,,
1988
Paoetal., 1980
Number of
Individuals Type of Feeding
45 Exclusively breast-fed for
first 4 months
73 Breast-fed for 12 months;
exclusively breast-fed for
at least first 4 months
20 Most infants exclusively
breast-fed
13 Exclusively breast-fed
infants
22 Completely or partially
breast-fed infants
Sampling Time and Interval
Most infants studied over 1 day
only, at 1,2, 3, 4 months some
studied over 48 to 96 hours to
study individual variability
Test weighing over 4-day
period every 3 months for 1
year
Two test weighings per month
for 6 months
Infants studied over 24-hour
period at each sampling
interval; numerous sampling
intervals over first year of life
Three consecutive days at 1, 3,
6, and 9 months
Population Studied
Mid- to upper-
socioeconomic stratum
Highly educated, high-
socioeconomic class from
Davis area of California
Mid to upper class from
Davis area of California
Nonsmoking Caucasian
mothers; middle- to upper-
socioeconomic status
White middle class from
southeastern Ohio
Comments
Estimated breast milk intake;
corrected for insensible water loss
Estimated breast milk intake;
corrected for insensible water loss
Estimated breast milk intake; did not
correct for insensible water loss
Estimated breast milk intake and
lipid intake; corrected for insensible
water loss; estimated frequency and
duration of feeding
Estimated breast milk intake; did not
correct for insensible water loss
0
a.
I.
-------
Page ' Exposure Factors Handbook
14-12 August 1997
Table 14-13. Breast Milk Intake Studies (conlinued)
Number of
Study Individuals Type of Feeding Sampling Time and Interval Population Studied Comments
RELEVANT
STUDIES •"
Axelssonetal., 30 Breast-fed infants and Studied over 2-day periods at Swedish infants Measured intake rates; not corrected
1987 infants fed formula with 4.5 and 5.5 months of age for insensible water loss
two different energy
contents
Brown et al., 1986a; 58,60 Breast-fed infants Studied over 3 days at each Bangledeshi infants; Measured milk and nutrient intake
1986b interval marginally nourished based on nutritional status; not
mothers .corrected for insensible water loss
Hofvander et at, 50 25 breast-fed and 25 Studied 24-hour period at 1, Swedish infants Estimated breast milk and formula
1982 formula-fed infants 2, and 3 months intake; no corrections for insensible
water loss among breast-fed infants;
estimated frequency of feeding
Kohier etal., 1984 59 25 fully breast-fed and 34 Studied over 48-hour periods Swedish infants Estimated breast milk and formula
formula-fed infants at 6, 14, 22, and 26 weeks of intake based on nutritional status; no
age corrections for insensible water loss
among breast-fed infants
Maxwell and 1,113 Population of 1,113 breast- NA NA Simulated distribution of breast milk
Burmaster, 1993 fed infants based on a intake based on data from Dewey
hypothetical population of 1991a; estimated percent of breast-fed
5,000 breast-fed and bottle- infants under 12 months of age
fed infants
NAS, 1991 NA Breast-fed infants NA NA Summarizes current
state-of-knowiedge on breast milk
volume, composition and
breast-feeding populations
•
^j. Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
^** Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
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Volume [I - Food [ngestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-14. Confidence in Breast Milk Intake Recommendations
Considerations
Study Elements
« Level of peer review
• Accessibility
• Reproducibility
* Focus on factor of interest
* Data pertinent to U.S.
* Primary data
• Currency
« Adequacy of data collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
* Representativeness of the population
• Characterization of variability
• Lack of bias in study design (high
rating is desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
* Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
Rationale
AH key studies are from peer review literature.
Papers are widely available from peer review journals.
Methodology used was clearly presented.
The focus of the studies was on estimating breast milk intake.
Subpopulations of the U.S. were die focus of all the key studies.
All the studies were based on primary data.
Studies were conducted between 1980-1986. Although incidence of breast
feeding may change with time, breast milk intake among breastfed infants
may not.
Infants were not studied long enough to fully characterize day to day
variability.
Methodology uses changes in body weight as a surrogate for total .
ingestion. This is the best methodology there is to estimate breast milk
ingestion. Mothers were instructed in the use of infant scales to minimize
measurement errors. Three out of the 5 studies corrected data for
insensible water loss.
The sample sizes used in the key studies were fairly small (range 13-73).
Population is not representative of the U.S.; only mid-upper class, well
nourished mothers were studied. Socioeconomic factors may affect the
incidence of breastfeeding. Mother's nourishment may affect milk
production.
Not very well characterized. Infants under 1 month not captured, mothers
committed to breast feeding over 1 year not captured.
Bias in the studies was not characterized. Three out of 5 studies corrected
for insensible water loss. Not correcting for insensible water loss may
underestimate intake. Mothers selected for the studies were volunteers;
therefore response rate does not apply. Population studied may introduce
some bias in the results (see above).
All mothers were well educated and trained in the use of die scale which
helped minimize measurement error.
There are 5 key studies.
There is good agreement among researchers.
Studies were well designed. Results were consistent. Sample size was
fairly low and not representative of U.S. population or population of
nursing mothers. Variability cannot be characterized due to limitations in
data collection period.
Rating
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Medium
High
High
Medium
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-15.
Mean (mL/day)
Age: 1 Month
600
729
747
673
weighted avg = 702
Age: 3 Months
833
702
712
782
788
weighted avg = 759
Age: 6 Months
682
744
896
747
weighted avg = 765
Age: 9 Manila
600
627
avg - 622
Age: 12 Months
391
435
weighted avg = 427
12-MOXTH TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE
688
Breast Milk Intake Rates Derived From
N
11
37
13
16
2
37
12
16
73
1
13
11
60
12
50
9
42
Upper Percentile,(mL/day)
(mean plus 2 standard
deviations)
918
981
1,095
1,057
l,007a
923
934
1,126
1,046
l,025a
978
1,140
1,079
l,059a
1,027
1,049
1,038
877
923
900
Range 900-1,059
(middle of the range 980)
Key Studies
Reference
Paoetal., 1980
Butte et al., 1984
Neville etal., 1988
Dewey and Lonnerda
Pao et al., 1980
Butte etal., 1984
Neville etal., 1988
Dewey and Lonnerda
Dewey et al., 1991b
Paoetal., 1980
Neville eta!., 1988
Dewey and Lonnerda'
Dewey et al., 1991b
Neville et al., 1988
Dewey et al., 1991b
Neville etal., 1988
Dewey etal., 1991a;
, 1983
, 1983
, 1983
1991b
a Middle of the range.
Page
14-14
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume II - Food Ingestion Factors
Chapter 14 - Breast Milk Intake
Table 14-16. Summary of Recommended Breast MilJc and Lipid Intake Rates
Age
Breast MiUc
1-6 Months
12 Month Average
Lipids*
<1 Year
* The recommended value
Mean
742 mUday
688 ml/day
26,0 mL/day
for the Hoid content of breastmilk is 4.0 percent
Upper Percentile
l,033.mL/day
980 mL/day
40.4mL/day
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
14-15
AU.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1998 650-001/80173
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